text:
BooksLanguage and LiteratureSavarkar...
Savarkar - Echoes from A Forgotten Past (1883-1924)
About the Book AS THE INTELLECTUAL FOUNTAINHEAD Of the ideology of Hindutva, which is in political ascendancy in India today, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar is undoubtedly one of the most contentious political thinkers and leaders of the twentieth century. Accounts of his eventful and stormy life have oscillated from eulogizing hagiographies to disparaging demonization. The truth, as always, lies somewhere in between and has unfortunately never been brought to light. Savarkar and his ideology stood a...
AS THE INTELLECTUAL FOUNTAINHEAD Of the ideology of Hindutva, which is in political ascendancy in India today, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar is undoubtedly one of the most contentious political thinkers and leaders of the twentieth century. Accounts of his eventful and stormy life have oscillated from eulogizing hagiographies to disparaging demonization. The truth, as always, lies somewhere in between and has unfortunately never been brought to light. Savarkar and his ideology stood as one of the strongest and most virulent opponents of Gandhi, his pacifist philosophy and the Indian National Congress.
An alleged atheist and a staunch rationalist who opposed orthodox Hindu beliefs, encouraged inter-caste marriage and dining, and dismissed cow worship as mere superstition, Savarkar was, arguably, the most vocal political voice for the Hindu community through the entire course of India's freedom struggle. From the heady days of revolution and generating international support for the cause of India's freedom as a law student in London, Savarkar found himself arrested, unfairly tried for sedition, transported and incarcerated at the Cellular Jail, in the Andamans, for over a decade, where he underwent unimaginable torture.
From being an optimistic advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity in his treatise on the 1857 War of Independence, what was it that transformed him at the Cellular Jail to a proponent of `Hindutva', which viewed Muslims with suspicion?
Drawing from a vast range of original archival documents across India and abroad, this biography in two parts-the first focusing on the years leading up to his incarceration and eventual release from the Kalapani-puts Savarkar, his life and philosophy in a new perspective and looks at the man with all his achievements and failings.
DR VIKRAM SAMPATH, Bangalore-based historian, is the author of three acclaimed books, Splendours of Royal Mysore: the Untold Story of the Wodeyars, My Name Is Gauhar Jaan: The Life and Times of a Musician and Voice of the Veena, S. Balachander: A Biography. Vikram was awarded the Sahitya Akademi's first Yuva Puraskar in English literature and the ARSC International Award for Excellence in Historical Research in New York for his book on Gauhar Jaan. The book has also been adapted as a play, Gauhar, by Lillete Dubey and is being adapted to a Hindi movie by Ashutosh Gowariker.
Vikram has a doctorate in history and music from the University of Queensland, Australia, and is currently a senior fellow at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi. An engineer/mathematician from BITS-Pilani and an MBA in finance from. S.P. Jain Institute of Management, Mumbai, he is also a trained Carnatic vocalist. He has established the Archive of Indian Music, India's first digital sound archive for vintage recordings, and is the founder-director of the Bangalore Literature Festival, Indic Thoughts Festival and the ZEE Group's ARTH: A Culture Fest.
Item Code: NAT053 Author: Vikram Sampath Cover: HARDCOVER Edition: 2019 Publisher: PENGUIN RANDOM HOUSE INDIA PVT ISBN: 9780670090303 Language: ENGLISH Size: 9.50 X 6.50 inch Pages: 604 (36 Color and 28 B/W Illustrations) Other Details: Weight of the Book: 0.94 Kg
Viewed 580 times since 18th Sep, 2019
Items Related to Savarkar - Echoes from A Forgotten Past (1883-1924) (Language and Literature | Books)
Veer Savarkar in the Andamans
काला पानी: Kala Pani (Black Water)
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya - Ideology and Perception (Set of 7 Volumes)
20th Century Sanskrit Poets and Their Contribution (Set of 2 Volumes)
Panchali's Pledge (Panchali Sabadham)
Leaders: Stories of People Who Left a Mark (Set of 10 Amar Chitra Katha Comics)
Great Freedom-Fighters


Ive been playing with more village stuff of late including a zine booklet to record each village coming soon. Village life is lots of fun and a good place for beginning adventurers. I realized my a-z dungeon key will be handy system for village creation also. This A-Z format might be good for hell or xor too. This is for rural villages mostly surrounded by woodlands. I would do different one for coastal settlement.
Basicly roll a random building type and define detail yourself or pick or roll one of the ten examples of each type. Should be able to create lots of villages using this.
Most businesses and government have heraldic like painted wooden signs for the mostly illiterate public to find them. Feel free to merge any two identities with skills into a single one like a holy healer or a wise head person or a magician sheriff.
Villages on Exile Island copy elements of communities from the model of the empire. Basic buildings tend to follow similar purpose and style. On Exile island you see more varieties of faith. In the Barrony people sneer at druidry as it is weak and backward. In the Empire territories Druidry is persecuted like witchcraft.
Each 7th day villages have a day off attending church usually followed by meetings, defence training run by sheriff or his sergeant. Then a few beers, perhaps a contest or sing along. Children are often given extra lessons at church to help them go to the good place when they die.
Once a month is a great holiday or feast which coincides on a seventh day also.
Every village has a head person who acts as a leader to represent the comunity. They deal with the lord they owe fealty to, perhaps with religious authorities, bandits, merchants and even to solve petty disputes and lead village assemblies. The do their best to deal with problems without bringing in more senior authorities. Some villages are more independent or have a assembly typically comprising of everyone over 40. Some might only include men or land holders or persons of a certain class or faith. Head persons might even face punishment from higher authorities.
Most villages have a general store that handles trade for the whole village. The store keeper is pretty important and influential. Some goods are for sale on behalf of farmers especially livestock. If you cross a shopkeeper you might get your whole family banned and this will force them to travel miles.
Every village has several crafters who toil in their home workshops and sell their own goods mostly by barter. Crafters are important and respected as are their children and apprentices. Evil villagers might cripple or imprison important craftsmen or keep them as slaves. Nice villagers often include them in assemblies. Many belong to town trade guilds and travel yearly to visit them. Crafters often have complex guild symbols and secret signs to identify members and bewilder everybody else.
Shrines are small religious sanctuaries with often a wood or stone idol under a shelter at the least to a fully staffed chapel. The regional villagers may operate older forms of worship frowned on by city folk. Some have a shrine for travellers which is a welcome site. A shrine might have local significance and include footprints from a giant or marks made by a saint or hero, a sacred well or tree or grave. Most villagers have one obvious one and possible a few more out of common sight.
Healers vary from religious magicians to simply skilled medics or herbalists. Healers might sometimes be oppositional to priests using different methodologies. If they become too popular a priest might acuse them of witchcraft. Some have good relations and might also be the holy person.
Country folk make food and need to store it some simple others complex. Other goods and items might be stored also. Large wooden sheds are commonplace. They can be communal or owned by a person in the village. The local lord might own shed and the headman leases it out on lords behalf. Outsiders might store goods in out of the way places and merchants might hire them to ply market manipulation schemes. A dog or a few locals will keep an eye on them typically telling strangers to "clear off" and/or call the sheriff.
Every village has a specialist who makes a liking from the wilderness rather than farming. Such persons also warn see threats to the village first and help lead rescue attempts, mobs or deputised manhunts. They also tend to deal with dangerous animals and watch the villages forest resources. Hunters are often poor and loners but many belong to secret societies. Most think of hunters as loners who avoid living among people but plenty are quite popular and sociable. they tend to win archery contests.
Oldest villager might have some clues or be just crazy. On a good day they remember some story or event from the past. They might be head person or wise person also. Typically many have huge families but some are loners who rist having the mob or witch hunters investigate them some day.
Not every village has a spell user but plenty have one. Often failed apprentices settle down in lonley rural places and get t be big shots. Other spell users might retire or settle down where they were born for a life away from everyday occult life.
Cults operate even at the village level and many secret societies cross national borders. Demanding loyalty and setting men against each other is par for the course. Sometimes the cult meet in another village other than home to throw off suspicion. Cults also rent abandoned houses for this purpose and many are haunted by evil rites and vile rituals held inside. Such hell houses are often left with traps and guardians. Some cult halls are secret or disguised or buried. Sacrifices do happen but sometimes are for feasts or just cult business.
Every community has graveyards. Some have multiple types from older religion or perhaps remains of a exotic foreigner. Several villagers care for the graves and help with funeral rites with a elder or head or holy person. Bigger villages might maintal a part time caretaker (probably a homeless drunk or old person).
Common green is where festivals and public outdoor events are held and travellers who don't use the inns use to pitch tents on. A stone lined bonfire pit is common possibly several smaller ones. On well travelled routed the green will be used uften. In quieter villages the locals will be more curious and suspicious. Some travellers are not welcome and villagers might drive them off or worse.
Many old houses become abandoned. Occasionally some one repairs and resettles them and the headman will arrange the sale or lease. If you repair it yourself the rent is usually cheap. Sometimes these places are occupied by vagrants or even criminals or cults. More often youths like to hand about in them to drink stolen beer.
Every village needs a idiot. It is bad luck to not have one. They double as scapegoats and entertainers and all kinds of uses. Villages are competitive of their idiots and hold regional contests. If a idiot dies the village will seek a new one. If a new idiot arrives they will compete for love of the village and drive loser away. Idiot houses are oddly decorated and ramshackle messes.
Most houses in rural villages fit into this catagory housing typical families even three generations.
1 A sagging shack with leaky roof and several unlivable rooms lived in desperate looking family. Most are one room but some have two to five. Most have a fireplace and stove and some have a cellar for storing food or even a attic. Some have a outhouse or shed and most have a cottage garden. Many have a dog, goat or pig or cat around the house.
These are good condition houses rented out to mostly outsiders by the headman rather than letting empty houses go to ruin. Most are harmless tenants seeking a break from towns or cities but some troublesome tenants come to the countryside to hide. Occasionally a suspicious tennant alarms the village and demands the head person evict them. Worst cases a mob forms.
These old houses were abandoned and people fear them too much to re occupy them. Many have strange manifestations and locals have many tales telling of the cursed place. Sometimes criminals or cultists take advantage of such places.
A local evil doer dwells here plotting evil schemes. Some prey on the locals others use them as cover and plots concern other places. Villains don't like nosy strangers or meddling kids and might plot to remove them.
Most villages require a body of water for drinking, livestock, irrigation or livelihood. Some waters are good for trade or fishing also. Villages fear water being contaminated or poisoned and toxic industries are kept to down stream or well away from clean water. Water might attract ducks also and most keep pigs and sewerage away from drinking water.
Many villages have some local ruins pre dating the local houses from previous ages. Most are avoided and parents warn their children of fairies or goblins or worse lurking on the ruin grounds.
Farm sheds are used for various goods and livestock. Farmers maintain them well as animals might escape or be injured. Where thieves and predators abound such pens will have locks and barred windows. Higher fences and spiked wall in worst cases. Often communal or belong to the richest farmers or administered by the head man for the local lord. Villagers are suspicious of any strangers meddling with livestock or food supplies.
Uncanny timing. I'm working up an area with dozens of villages and this will help out nicely.
This is bloody terrific, thank you!


The Forex market is the biggest financial market and it's the place where the currencies are traded for one another. These currency trades are being done by individuals, organizations, brokers and banks and the fluctuation in the exchange rates of the currencies allow them to make a profit, as long as the right decisions are made when buying or selling. The Forex market is a bit similar to a stock market, since the exchange rates of currencies will vary depending on the events from the real world. Something that is special about this market is that there isn't a single central location where this business id done. Computer networks help organize the trade, and traders use it to buy or sell currency, no matter where they are in the world. This market runs for the entire duration of the work week, 24 hours a day. No matter in what time zone you are, you can do Forex trading with the help of the Internet.
The second world war made the nations of the Western world to sign an agreement which gave each currency a certain value, based on the value of the dollar. At the time, the dollar had a value of $35 for one ounce of gold, which was fixed. This agreement helped the economy of the world to stabilize, which was needed, because of the war. In the beginning it was OK, but eventually the agreement ended, in 1971. At that time, the exchange rates were allowed to fluctuate again and the US was leading the market. The practice of trading currency started at that point, though the Internet really helped to develop the Forex day trading system. These days, around $3 trillion are traded on the Forex Market on a daily basis.
If you or an organization wants to trade and make money with Forex, it can be done in one of three ways: by using the futures market, the forwards or the spot market.
The spot market allows currency to be sold or bought, at the price which is currently in place. The spot market is the biggest market of the three we mentioned. As for the forwards market and the futures market, these deal with the contracts which have a settlement date in the future. They also have a certain price per unit and certain currencies which are traded. These two markets are mainly used by companies these days, when they're looking to make sure they don't risk too much with their trades. The Internet helped the spot market rise, since the futures market was much bigger before trading and information became so easy.
The regular Forex market is based on liquidities and it just trades a currency for another. The volatility is quite high and it can fall or grow quickly, so you can make a profit or lose money after just a couple of minutes after the trade begins. There is some software available though, which you can use to make sure that the risks are minimized as much as possible. This type of software can help you make a profit even during tougher times.
The Forex market stands for foreign exchange and it's used to buy and sell currency. This is a market which is considered over the counter and you can use it to trade currency from all the countries in the world. The CFTC is an organization which regulates this market, while the NFA looks after the brokers. This market is the most liquid in the world and it's open 24 hours a day, during the work week, stopping for the weekend.
The currency rates are always expressed in pairs, since no trades for real goods are done. Everything is done by bartering, so each currency has a certain value when compared with another currency. An example would be a dollar, which could trade fo 0.709 Euro.
A small currency movement is known as a pip and it's the unit which tells you how much profit or loss you have. One pip would be a movement of .0001 for example, when EUR and USD are compared. An increase of 1% between these two currencies would mean a 100 pips increase.


Czarek armchair is a classic piece of furniture, always fashionable, comfortable and compact. It's not big. Armrests coming out of the backrest are a great support for the hands. Perfect for modern interiors, such as a salon, restaurant or in a fashionable club.
Jump Armchair is very nice and simple. It is upholstered, comfortable and stable piece of furniture. Also such armchair has got slanted armrests and straight legs. Jump Armchair is perfect for lounges, restaurants, hotels,dining rooms and modern offices.
* Such model as is presented at the photo has got a tape and a knocker.
The Lisbon armchair has a beautiful appearance and a well-designed structure to ensure maximum comfort. The rounded shape of the furniture attracts attention and distinguishes it from others. The furniture has beautiful semi-circular armrests turned gently to the sides, finished with trimming, which gives it class and elegance. Extremely comfortable backrest, perfectly fits the back. The seat has springs and the cushion is made of highly elastic foam.
**VERY COMFORTABLE! This is a model from the new collection.


Re: Gaming channels on YouTube, or just the internet in general.
I'll check out Game Grumps from time to time when they're doing something that looks interesting.
I keep up with most Runaway Guys stuff, except for Mario Party/Wii Party, Fortune Street, & Wheel of Fortune.
Still following Run Button's Sonic & Mario series, but they upload so rarely that it's easy to forget about them.
Nintendo Thumb's Mario Maker videos are nice, too.
And, of course, a good Retsupurae now & then is always a delight.
^You gotta check out Oneyplays' short, short letsplay of OOT, dude.
The Grumps' version was intolerable, but Oney's damn near killed me with laughter. Those guys truly go off the wall, homey.
Not that many that aren't music focused, but I really only watch Youtube in the morning to help myself stay focused on Anki reviews. Gameinformer is my go-to since they put out enough silly content that I don't really have to check any other channels, but I also watch Errant Signal and sometimes ProJared on the rare occasion either of them put out reviews. Also Jim Sterling, although he's kind of devolved into just saying the same few things over and over again.
As for music, Richardeb, LittleVMills, FamilyJules, Sapphire, Liz Robinett, Tsuko G., and the only-sometimes-gaming Caleb Hyles for covers. Miracleofsound for original music.
Since posting in this thread I've gone and checked out some of the NormalBoots crew. I like ProJared a lot. The Completionist is alright, too.
Also discovered A+Start. The "Son of a Glitch" videos are really fascinating to watch.
I quite like the YouTube channel Shesez. Their show 'Boundary Break' is really fun and interesting.
Not an actual gaming channel but I watch a lot of videos from Extra Credit. They critique many games and styles of games, among other things. The very first video I ever watched from them was this one about Missile Command, and it blew me away.
i tend to miss a lot of streams so highlight/compilation channels help me get caught up, also SaveAsUntitled does really good analyses of players and their results in comparison to themselves/others. also subscribed to a few players like armada or mang0 who post interesting things.


text:
Aisha Badru announces new EP 'Transcendence'
The EP will be out on February 7, 2020
In just a few years, singer-songwriter Aisha Badru has gone from living in a low-income neighborhood in Yonkers, NY to creating her own oasis in the outskirts of Orlando, FL, replete with two ponds and a food garden, fruit trees and butterflies, birds and bees. This transformation is nothing short of stunning, which Badru recounts ever-so-gorgeously on her latest EP 'Transcendence', out February 7th, a release that's at turns intimate and inspiring.
At the heart of Transcendence lies 'Soil's Daughter', a wispy hymn with earthy vocals, about our collective roots. "This is me reflecting on the world, and this huge disconnect between us as a people and us with the planet," says Badru, who's given herself over to a sustainable existence, which includes daily immersion in nature.
She continues, "At a time when our forests are disappearing, ecosystems are collapsing, and self-interested corporations are determining the well-being of the planet and its people, more than ever we need to harness our individual power to create change through understanding and collective action. I hope that 'Soil's Daughter' will touch the forgotten place within us that knows that all life is connected. I believe that it won't be until we begin to live in accordance with this truth that we will see true change in the world."
Badru wrote much of 'Transcendence' with a mix of intention and whimsy. Her explorations of nature sparked lyrics, which she'd then flesh out at home while strumming her guitar. This modest-yet-gutsy window into her soul is key to how she connects so meaningfully with her fans. It's won her more than 16M Spotify followers, a fanbase spanning from America to Europe, and media praise (from outlets such as NPR, who praised her "warm and inviting" approached) that seem unanimously enchanted by her disarming, analog ways.
'Transcendence', like Badru's previous works, is produced by the U.K.-based Chris Hutchison. They have never worked together in person (for all her organic ways, technology, specifically the Internet, has always played a pivotal part in her process), but have an intuitive musical bond. In the past, Hutchison built lush soundscapes around her stripped-down tunes, adding electronic-tinged elements to her indie folk sound. But for this EP, she says, "I knew I wanted it to be acoustic. I wanted it to be a bit more intimate, so my lyrics could really take center stage."
Her debut album, 'Pendulum', captured her leaving her old life behind. 'Road to Self', the EP that followed it, chronicled how her journey began. And 'Transcendence' is the sound of Badru today, achieving an almost zen-like state of being. "I can look into the future but also create what the future is going to be, because I'm able to see everything I went through," she says. "And in redesigning my life, I can influence the design of the world I wish to live in."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bruno Bussotti, dit Bruno Sx ou Bruno Aissix, est un acteur pornographique français, né de parents italiens le .

Biographie
Il débute dans les années 1990 et est toujours en activité. Avant sa carrière de star du X, Bruno a été un pilote de motocross de haut niveau (top 5 français) et s'est également illustré en entraînant deux champions du monde de la spécialité.

En 2011, il joue dans le film DXK, inspiré de l'affaire Dominique Strauss-Kahn.

Bruno SX est marié avec l'actrice Tiffany Doll.

Filmographie

Films pornographiques

 1996 : Le Désir dans la peau (Marc Dorcel)
 1996 : Cyberix de John B. Root
 1997 : L'Indécente aux enfers (Marc Dorcel)
 1999 : Le Prix de la luxure (Marc Dorcel)
 1999 : À feu et à sexe (Alain Payet)
 1999 : L'Espionne au sexe d'or (Jürgen Woolf)
 1999 : La Dresseuse (Alain Payet)
 1999 : Tatiana (Pierre Woodman)
 1999 : Stavros
 1999 : Niqueurs-nés de Fred Coppula (Blue One)
 1999 : Machos (Fred Coppula)
 2000 : Orgie en noir d'Ovidie (Marc Dorcel)
 2000 : L'Enjeu du désir (Alain Payet)
 2000 : La Marionnette (Alain Payet)
 2000 : Tatiana 2 (Pierre Woodman)
 2002 : La Soirée de connes de Patrice Cabanel (JTC Vidéo)
 2004 : Infirmières de nuit (John Love)
 2004 : La Rentation d'Anna (Silvio Bandinelli)
 2004 : Protection très rapprochée (Hervé Bodilis)
 2005 :  (Hervé Bodilis)
 2006 :  (Hervé Bodilis)
 2010 : Infidélité d'Ovidie
 2011 : DXK de Christophe Clark
 2011 : Journal d'une femme de chambre de Max Antoine (Fred Coppula Productions)
 2012 : Scènes X de ménages (parodie)

Autres
 2002 : Choses secrètes de Jean-Claude Brisseau

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur pornographique français
Nom de scène
Naissance en avril 1963
Naissance dans le 20e arrondissement de Paris
Acteur français de cinéma

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It has an altitude of 8,701 feet, and its impressive conical shape rises majestically opposite to the town of Frutillar , of which only the clear waters of Llanquihue Lake separate it.
This volcano has not been active for over a century and a quarter. On its slopes, there are shelters that enable tourists to enjoy some winter adventure sports, such as skiing, snowboarding, and many others. In summer, when the snow has melted, the volcanic fissures can make for a very dangerous hike.
Legend says that according to Mapuche mythology, an ancient and powerful spirit called "Peripillán" (a great evil spirit who was banished and thrown to the ground, giving rise to the volcano) lives and is imprisoned in the Osorno Volcano.
It is winter from June to mid-September. There are some periods of frost, which makes for some interesting weather. In July it is considered to be the coldest month on average. Its summer is from January to March with an average temperature of 21°C or 69°F. It can get chilly, even in summer and especially when you are at higher altitudes, so be prepared.
Many families can travel by car through a road that is well-paved. You can go with a tour, or travel in your own car, needless to say that if you go by yourself it is cheaper than going on a tour, even though there are many tours with different prices. At 3,937 feet from the bottom, there is a restaurant & several cafeterias as well as a ski resort. At the ski resort, you can rent the equipment necessary for you to enjoy a good skiing experience.
If you desire, you can pay $ 20 USD to go on a gondola ride. These rides will take you about 656 feet above the snow. The scenery is impressive; you can enjoy a beautiful view of the volcano, and the beautiful Llanquihue Lake. It's a great experience that you have to try, including families with little ones.
National Park Vicente Pérez Rosales is where you can enjoy the beauty of this park. No matter which path you choose, if trekking, mountain biking or road cycling, either way the experience and the nature are unique. There are excursions offered where you'll learn about the park, the flora and fauna, the animals, and more.
Lake Todos Los Santos (All The Saints), a blue-green lake where you can enjoy the picturesque views while doing some kayaking or enjoy a boat ride offered by many guides. You can also find a few fishing lodges around for those who love to fish.
Petrohue River is where you can experience one of the most beautiful rafting trips ever.
Village La Ensenada, there are a variety of restaurants that offer typical Chilean food. In the month of April, a festival named "Festival de la Murta" is celebrated in which the locals celebrate the endemic fruit (fruit used on the preparation of various gastronomic recipes). Here, you will also find many camping spots where you can unwind and enjoy some quiet time.
The climb is an unforgettable alpine experience.
For those that decide to climb this volcano, you will find yourself surrounded by a beautiful Patagonian wilderness.
There are different tours offered to suit everyone's budget.
The nature and the beauty it offers is a great way to get an escape from the norm.
There is more to do than just climbing.
It's a place that you can explore with your family.
On a clear night, you can see the volcano surrounded by stars. It is simply beautiful.
Depending on the weather, it can be a very dangerous hike.
While descending, the ice can be very challenging.
If you decide to hike the volcano during summertime, please take into account all the conditions before doing so. It can be very dangerous, especially because of all the unseen, melted snow in all of the crevasses.
Bring special gear for trekking such as axes, pitons, and ropes.
If you have no trekking experience, it's better for you to avoid trekking this volcano. If you do have experience, avoid going by yourself. Either a small group or an experience guide is recommended.
Dress in layers, even in summer. It can get really cold.
Do not expect people to speak English. Many of the tours do have some employers that can communicate in English, but most of the locals don't. So be prepared for that.


text:
\section{\sf Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

In string theory, the perturbative two-dimensional
world-sheet data contains information about the
target-space geometry background on which the string
propagates. Perturbatively one expects that an effective target-space
theory will have  on its world volume a definite geometry, the
very same as that encoded
in the two-dimensional world-sheet theory.
 However,  one knows  from $T$-duality
that the metric on that world-volume may  actually be ambiguous \cite{trev}.
 Moreover
there is no {\it a priori}  reason why  new ambiguities may not emerge
also non-perturbatively. Actually in some topological world-sheet
theories
the
topology of the target space in the sigma-model does not define
unambiguously the topology of
the world-volume in target space \cite{efr}.
 In other cases such as type IIA string
theory  the  world-volume dimensionality of the effective target-space
theory is larger than ten and is actually eleven \cite{mth}.

 Recently \cite{malda, gkpw}  it was
found that the world-volume of the effective target-space theory
may be smaller than that expected from the two-dimensional sigma-model,
 moreover the
effective target-space theory may   be just a field theory not containing
gravity.
 For example  ${\cal N}} \def\CS{{\cal S}=4$, $D=4$, supersymmetric Yang--Mills (SYM)
 describes a string
propagating in the ten-dimensional target space  $AdS_{5} \times {\bf S}^5$.
 Not only
are the geometry, the dimensionality and topology of the target-space manifolds
largely modified but also the commutativity properties of the
target-space coordinates were found to be ambiguous: in a certain limit
\cite{SW},
in which the background field $B$ is non-vanishing in some directions,
the metric components are of  $O(\epsilon)$ and the string Regge slope
 $
\alpha'$ is
of order $O(\sqrt{\epsilon})$, a
string probe will not distinguish between one gauge system on a target-space
manifold whose variables are commutative  and
another gauge system on a noncommutative (NC) target space  whose
coordinates satisfy \cite{conn}
\begin{equation}
[x^i , x^j] = i \,\theta^{ij},
\end{equation}
with $\theta \sim B^{-1}$.
This limit was originally introduced \cite{cds} as a limit of $M$-theory in
the context of the matrix model of ref. \cite{mmodel}.  The weak-coupling
picture in terms of standard open strings on D-branes was presented in
\cite{dhull} (see also \cite{li}) and further studied
  from various points of view in \cite{bunch}.

 For many years one has been curious about the manner in which
such non-commutativity would influence the behaviour of the
system. Given that in  string theory there are equivalences between
theories on commutative and non commutative spaces it may have not been
a total surprise that the entropies of both systems were found to be
indentical in a certain large $N$ limit. In fact it was shown that, at
the level of
the large $N$ diagrammatic combinatorics,
 the modifications implied by the presence of the
torsion can be relegated to torsion-dependent phase factors mutiplying
torsionless $n$-point functions in momentum space \cite{comb, suskbig}.
 In particular
zero-point functions such as the free energy and the entropy are
unchanged. Although the  close similarity of thermodynamical functions
 at low  temperatures (compared to  the
noncommutativity scale) was  expected, the fact that similarities
 persist, for large $N$, at high temperatures
 was   more of a surprise. These identities  have
been demonstrated  also by applying the AdS/CFT correspondence and
considering the supergravity limit on the AdS side, a description valid
at strong 't Hooft coupling $g^2_{\rm YM} N \gg 1$. The appropriate
masterfield has been identified for the zero-temperature system \cite{HI, MR}
 and the
additional masterfield, a black-hole configuration, has been identified
for the finite-temperature case \cite{MR}.
 While these supergravity configurations
do depend on the background torsion field, it has been shown by
calculating classically the black-hole entropy  that large $N$ thermodynamical
functions are
 $B$-independent.

 The classical supergravity results
capture the leading  $N$ properties of  the gauge-theory side.
There are no known limitations, based on diagrammatic analysis,
 on the $B$-dependence of the entropy to
next to leading order in $1/N^2$. It may not be so easy to estimate these
corrections in the non-commutative gauge-theory language. However one may
also approach the calculation from the supergravity side of the
correspondence. We
have used in ref. \cite{us}
a WKB approximation to estimate the next to leading order
effects on the entropy for vanishing values of $B$. This method did not
take into account stringy quantum corrections but did account for
quantum  corrections to the classical supergravity picture. This is
actually usefull for the limit at hand in which stringy effects are
decoupled.

 As the main result of this paper, we
 find that the indroduction of the magnetic $B$-field, or
 in other variables  a non-infinite $ \theta$ background, leads to a
large  suppression of the next to leading order free energy and
entropy,
in fact the entropy correction vanishes at large temperatures,
leaving only the leading order
entropy. Equivalently, the limit of infinite NC  length $\theta\rightarrow
\infty$, at {\it fixed} energy is completely saturated by the planar
limit.  For vanishing $\theta$, \mbox{{\em i.e.~}} for the gauge theory on a commuting
manifold the next to leading order results are of the same
qualitative properties as the leading result.

In section 2 we review the WKB approximation to the $1/N$ corrections to
the free energy and entropy. We apply the method to obtain highly
suppressed $1/N$ corrections in the case of the four-dimensional gauge
theory, \mbox{{\em i.e.~}} the case of a large stack of $N$ D3-branes. We also
recover the commuting case results for
 a vanishing value of $\theta$, that is in the limit of small and large
$B$ fields.

 In section 3 these results are generalized to D$p$ branes (as well as
NS5-branes).
We study the entropy of the system as a function of both $p$ and the
rank $r$ of the magnetic field $B$. For all $p<7$ the
large-temperature  planar entropy of
the black-hole configuration does not depend on the value of $B$. The
more complicated behaviour for $ 7>p>4 $ is  also  unchanged.
 The
 $1/N^2 $
corrections do depend on the value of $B$. The main result is again that
we find  them to be  always
much softer than those corresponding to the $B=0$  case. We finally
touch upon the most general configuration which supposedly describes the
supergravity side in the aditional presence of a constant electric field.

After this work has been completed we received the article \cite{oz}, which
contains some overlap with the material in section 3.

\section{\sf WKB Estimations of 1/N Corrections to the Entropy}

In the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence, the sum over diagrams
with toroidal topology in the 't Hooft classification should be
related, at strong coupling, to the one-loop diagrams of the corresponding
dual string theory. In our case,
we are interested in the one-loop
(toroidal world-sheet) diagram of type IIB string theory in the appropriate
string background  which leads to a  gauge theory.

Lacking an operative description in terms of an exact CFT, the calculation
of this diagram in closed form is beyond our capabilities. We can, however,
produce  estimates  by means of approximations to its low-energy limit:
 the one-loop diagrams of IIB supergravity.

One observable which is rather independent  of  the regularization
 ambiguities of supergravity is the vacuum-subtracted
statistical free energy. At one-loop, the supergravity
fields can be regarded as free (interacting only with the background) and
the thermal free energy can be evaluated by means of an oscillator sum for
each field:
\begin{equation}
\label{fen}
\beta\,F(\beta) = \sum_{\rm species} {\rm Tr\,} \,(-1)^{\rm F} \, {\rm log}\,
 \left(1-
(-1)^{\rm
F} \, e^{-\beta \,\omega} \right)
,\end{equation}
where F is the space-time fermion number and the trace is over the
spectrum of physical fluctuations in the  background, with frequencies
$\omega$ given by the eigenvalues of the operator  $i\partial_t$, associated
to one particular temporal Killing vector of the background, which we assume
static. If we evaluate (\ref{fen}) by  some determinant on the compactified
 euclidean
continuation of the background, the
inverse temperature $\beta$ is the period of identification of the euclidean
time.

 The vacuum
energy has been subtracted in this definition of the free energy, so that
the relation to the one-loop path integral is
\begin{equation}
I^{(1)}
 = \beta \,E_{\rm vac} + \beta\, F(\beta)
.\end{equation}
Under the assumption of {\it local extensivity} we can estimate the
statistical sum by
\begin{equation}
\beta \, F(\beta) \approx \int {\rm d}^d x \sqrt{|g|}
 \; \beta_{\rm loc} \, F_0 (\beta_{\rm loc})
,\end{equation}
with a red-shifted local inverse temperature  $\beta_{\rm local} = \beta
\sqrt{g_{tt}}$, and $F_0$ the flat-space free energy. Namely, this is
an adiabatic approximation in which one assumes local thermal equilibrium
in cells which are still small compared to the global features of the
geometry, so that their contribution to the total free energy is given by
the red-shifted flat-space free energy of the cell, and one further assumes
extensivity with respect to the partition in cells.  These assumptions
can be justified with a standard application of the WKB approximation to
the solutions of the wave equation $\omega^2 + \partial_t^2 =0$ (see for example
refs. \cite{wkb}). Thus, the WKB approximation is good if the metric
is sufficiently smooth. For example, for $AdS_{d+1}$ with radius $R$, the
derivative of the inverse local temperature $|\partial_r \beta_{\rm loc}|$ is bounded
by $\beta/R$, with $\beta$ the temperature at the centre. According to the
AdS/CFT correspondence, this ratio is small precisely in the high-temperature
limit, and our WKB approximation is better the higher the temperature.

For  massless fields in $d$ space-time dimensions, one has $\beta F_0 = -A
\,T^{d-1}$, with
 $A$ a constant proportional to the total number of particle degrees of
freedom.
 Thus, the WKB approximation
involves integration of $(\sqrt{g_{tt}})^{1-d}$ over the volume. A more
geometrical characterization can be given  defining the {\it optical metric}
\cite{opticalm} by the conformal transformation
\begin{equation}
ds^2_{\rm optical}  = {1\over g_{tt}} \,
 ds^2_{\rm euclidean},
\end{equation}
from the Wick-rotated metric with compact time $t\equiv t + \beta$.
Then, the contribution of a given region ${\bf X}$
of space-time
to the one-loop free energy is proportional to the optical volume of this
region, which we shall denote by ${\widetilde{\rm Vol}}({\bf X})$.

For space-times with a black hole, we should consider only the optical
volume of the region  not  excluded by the black-hole horizon. The reason being
that the euclidean metric of a black hole terminates at the horizon, which
represents a radial cut-off.
 Strictly speaking, the red-shift estimate
breaks down very close to the horizon, because the local temperature diverges.
 This local divergence can
be interpreted as contributing to the renormalization of the Newton constant,
as in ref. \cite{suskugl}. Thus, in dealing with black-hole spacetimes,
we shall consider only the optical volume of the asymptotic region,
sufficiently far from the horizon, \mbox{{\em i.e.~}} we consider the free energy of
the Hawking radiation in equilibrium with the black hole. This naive
subtraction of the horizon divergence is enough for the purpose of
order of magnitude  estimates \cite{us}.

  For a curved space-time, a field is regarded as massless
if its mass is smaller than the local temperature $T_{\rm loc} =
T/\sqrt{g_{tt}}$. Otherwise, it is massive, and can be decoupled from the
statistical sum in that region of space-time. This means that, for a situation
with locally varying Kaluza--Klein thresholds one may partition the whole
manifold ${\bf X}$ in cells ${\bf X}_i$ of effective dimension $d_i$, defined
by the condition that the effective radii be sufficiently large compared to
the local temperature:
\begin{equation}
\beta_{\rm loc} \ll R_{\rm loc}
.\end{equation}

  Finally,
 neglecting threshold effects,
from the regions where $\beta_{\rm loc} \approx R_{\rm loc}$,
  the WKB approximation to the   one-loop free energy can be written:
\begin{equation}
I^{(1)}_{\rm WKB}
 = \beta \,E_{\rm vac} - \sum_i A_i \,T^{d_i} \,{\widetilde{\rm
Vol}} ({\bf X}_i)
,\end{equation}
for a decomposition in ``cells" ${\bf X}_i$,
each of effective naive dimension $d_i$.

If we can isolate a regime where the dominant asymptotics is of the form
$\beta F \sim -A \, T^\gamma$, the corresponding one-loop entropy is
\begin{equation}
S^{(1)}_{\rm WKB} \sim  (\gamma+1)\,A\,T^{\gamma}
.\end{equation}
In this case, we can define
\begin{equation}
d_{\rm eff} = \gamma+1
\end{equation}
to be
 the effective dimension, as determined by the high-temperature asymptotics.
Notice that this dimension is in general different from the naive dimensions
$d_i$ of the cells in which we have partitioned the manifold. The reason
is that the optical volume of a given cell
 may depend non-trivially on the asymptotic
reference temperature. For example, for $AdS_{d+1}$,  and generalizations
involved in the AdS/CFT correspondence, the   effective dimension as
defined by the high-temperature asymptotics is $d$ instead of $d+1$,
\cite{us, usk}. This
is in fact a manifestation of holography at the level of $O(1/N^2)$ corrections.

\subsection{\sf The Basic Example}

The simplest example is given by the gravitational description
of the ${\cal N}} \def\CS{{\cal S}=4$ SYM theory at large $N$, obtained from a stack of D3-branes
with a non-zero
 $B$-field on a  single  spatial two-plane.
 At large 't Hooft coupling $\lambda = g_{\rm YM}^2 N$, the
master field of the theory with a NC
 parameter $
\theta$ is encoded in the metric derived in refs. \cite{HI} and
\cite{MR}:
\begin{equation}\label{mblow}
{ds^2 \over \alpha' } =  {U^2 \over \sqrt{\lambda}} \left(
-dt^2 + dy^2 + {\hat f} (U)
\,d{\bf x}^2 \right) + \sqrt{\lambda} \left({dU^2 \over U^2} + d\Omega_5^2
\right)
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
{\hat f} (U) = {1\over 1+ (U\Delta)^4}
\end{equation}
and  $\Delta  = \lambda^{-1/4} \,\sqrt{\theta}$. Notice
that the perturbative NC energy scale, $\theta^{-1/2}$, differs
by powers of the 't Hooft coupling from the value of the  $U$-coordinate
threshold for the onset of NC effects in the metric (\ref{mblow}), which is given
by $U_\Delta = 1/\Delta$.  The associated length scale in the gauge theory,
according to the UV/IR correspondence
  \cite{uvir}, is given by
\begin{equation}
a={\sqrt{\lambda}\over U_\Delta} = \lambda^{1/4} \, \sqrt{\theta}
,\end{equation}
it differs from the weak-coupling NC  length
scale, $\sqrt{\theta}$, by powers of
the 't Hooft coupling\footnote{
We have absorbed various $O(1)$ constants in the definition
of $\lambda$ and $\alpha'$.}.  The small $U$ or infrared  region is the
standard $AdS_5 \times {\bf S}^5$  space
with radius $R= \sqrt{\alpha'} \,\lambda^{
1/4}$, in agreement with expectations, since NC effects should be irrelevant
in the deep infrared regime. Conversely, the $\theta \rightarrow 0$ limit
at fixed energy and coupling gives back the standard large $N$ master field
of the commutative theory.

 In the non-extremal
case
the horizon sits at $U_0 = T \sqrt{\lambda} $. The local value of the inverse
temperature is $\beta_{\rm loc} = \beta \,U\,R /\sqrt{\lambda}
$ for $U\gg U_0$, while the local value of the ${\bf S}^5$ radius is
$R({\bf S}^5) = R$. So, for $U>U_0 =T\sqrt{\lambda}$ we
drop the five-sphere and the effective (euclidean)
 optical metric of interest is
\begin{equation}
ds^2_{\rm optical}
 = dt^2 + dy^2 + {\hat f} (U) \,d{\bf x}^2  +
\lambda \,{dU^2 \over U^4}
,\end{equation}
with optical volume
\begin{equation}
{\widetilde{\rm Vol}} =\sqrt{\lambda} \int_{U_0}^{\infty}
 dt\,dy\,d{\bf x} \,dU \,{{\hat f} (U) \over U^2}
.\end{equation}
So we finally obtain
\begin{equation}
I^{(1)}_{\rm WKB} = \beta \,E_{\rm vac} - A \, (LT)^3 \,{\cal I} (aT)
\end{equation}
in terms of the integral
\begin{equation}
{\cal I} (aT) = \int_{1}^{\infty} {dx
\over x^2 (1+ (aT)^4 x^4)}
,\end{equation}
which can be explicitly evaluated:
$$
{\cal I} = 1 -{\pi aT \over \sqrt{8}} + {aT \over 4\sqrt{2}} \left[ 2
\;{\rm arctan} \;(1+\sqrt{2} aT) -2\;{\rm arctan}\;(1-\sqrt{2}aT) + {\rm
log} \; \left({1-\sqrt{2} aT + (aT)^2 \over 1+ \sqrt{2} aT +
(aT)^2}\right)\right]
$$
The important feature of this function is that it represents a small
correction at low temperature $aT \ll 1$:
\begin{equation}
{\cal I} = 1-{\pi aT \over \sqrt{8}} + {(aT)^4 \over 3} - {(aT)^8 \over
7} + \dots
,\end{equation}
but a large suppression for very high temperatures, compared to the NC scale
 $aT \gg 1$:
\begin{equation}
{\cal I} \longrightarrow {1\over 5 (aT)^4} - {1\over 9 (aT)^8} + \dots
\end{equation}

This means that the one-loop free energy scales like a vacuum contribution
in the large temperature limit $aT \gg 1$. In other words, the
 $1/N^2$ corrections to entropy {\it vanish} in
such a limit:
the extra contribution from the extreme ultraviolet
 regime is as if it represented a
zero-dimensional volume.
As mentioned in the introduction, the planar $O(N^2)$
 entropy is expected to be the same as the non-commutative
one, on the grounds of  weak-coupling arguments  \cite{suskbig}. This fact was verified
at strong-coupling  in ref.
\cite{MR}, \mbox{{\em i.e.~}} the horizon area in Einstein frame does not change beyond
the NC scale $a$. Our result indicates that,
 at least to leading order,   the source
of all the
high-temperature entropy is in the planar evaluation of  degrees of freedom.

Conversely, we can say that, in the limit of large NC parameter $\theta\rightarrow\infty$,
at fixed energy, we are led to a purely planar theory, in the sense that
the
large $N$ description is effectively classical (trivial $1/N$ corrections).

\section{\sf Generalizations}

Most of the previous discussion  admits generalization
 to general D$p$-branes with $1<p<7$. The supergravity string-frame
solution for a stack of $N$ D$p$-branes with an aligned $B$-field
(before the decoupling limits)    is given  in ref. \cite{MR}:
\begin{equation}
\label{bbrane}
ds^2 = {1\over \sqrt{H(\rho)}}
 \left(-dt^2 + d{\bf y}^2 + f(\rho)\, d{\bf x}^2 \right)  + \sqrt{H(\rho)}
\left(
d\rho^2 + \rho^2 d\Omega^2_{8-p} \right)
.\end{equation}
There is a $B$-field of  rank $2r$
 in the  {\it spatial} directions ${\bf x}$ of intensity\footnote{We write here
the value of the skew-eigenvalues, which we assume all equal in magnitude, for
 simplicity of notation.}
\begin{equation}
\alpha' {\bar B} = {\rm tan}\,\vartheta \; {f(\rho) \over H(\rho)}
\end{equation}
and dilaton
\begin{equation}
e^{2\phi} = e^{2\phi_{\infty}}\, H(\rho)^{3-p \over 2} f(\rho)^r
.\end{equation}
The functions $H(\rho)$ and $f(\rho)$ are given by
\begin{equation}
H(\rho)= 1+ (R/\rho)^{7-p}
,\qquad
f(\rho)^{-1} = {\rm sin}^2 \,\vartheta \; H(\rho)^{-1} + {\rm cos}^2 \,
\vartheta
.\end{equation}
The basic low-energy  scaling of ref. \cite{malda} $\rho= \alpha' U$ leads to
\begin{equation}
H(U) \longrightarrow {\lambda \over  (\alpha')^2 U^{7-p}}
,\end{equation}
where $R = \sqrt{\alpha'} \;(G_s N)^{1\over 7-p}$ in terms of the
NC string coupling $G_s$ and the corresponding  't Hooft
coupling
$
\lambda = g^2_{\rm YM} N = (\alpha')^{p-3 \over 2} \; G_s N
,$
where we have again absorbed  various constants of $O(1)$ into the definitions
of the parameters.

The low-energy scaling introduced by  Seiberg and Witten in ref. \cite{SW}
  shrinks
  the closed string metric in
 the direction of the ${\bf x}$ coordinates, with a constant $B$-field.
We may achieve this in the previous solution by a rescaling of
 the coordinates ${\bf x} \rightarrow \alpha' {\bf x} /{\theta}$, in
the $\alpha' \rightarrow 0$ limit
 with constant ${\theta}= \alpha' \;{\rm tan}\,
\vartheta$.
At the same time, the original string coupling is scaled $e^{\phi_\infty}
 \rightarrow G_s \,
(\alpha' / {\theta})^r$, and the $B$-field transforms like a normal tensor
under the rescaling:
$
{\bar B} \rightarrow  B \cdot (\alpha' /{\theta})^2
.$
 In terms
 of the convenient NC length scale $\Delta$ defined by
\begin{equation}
\Delta^{7-p} = {{\theta}^2 \over \lambda}
,\end{equation}
we get the following
 string metric after this double Maldacena--Seiberg--Witten scaling:
\begin{equation}\label{mfield}
{ds^2 \over \alpha'} = {U^{7-p \over 2} \over \sqrt{\lambda}} \left( -dt^2 + d{\bf
y}^2 + {\hat f} (U) \, d{\bf x}^2 \right) + {\sqrt{\lambda} \over  U^{7-p \over 2}}
\; \left( dU^2 + U^2 d\Omega^2_{8-p} \right)
,\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}\label{efe}
{\hat f} (U) = {1\over 1+ (U \Delta   )^{7-p} }
.\end{equation}
This result agrees with the recent determination of this function in
ref. \cite{lit}. The $U$-dependent $B$-field profile is
\begin{equation}
 B =  B_{\infty} \; (U  \Delta )^{7-p} \;{\hat f} (U)
,\end{equation}
with $ B_{\infty} = 1/{\theta}$.
This asymptotic value of the $B$-field agrees with the zero slope limit
of ref. \cite{SW} for the NC parameter matrix:
\begin{equation}
\theta^{ij} = 2\pi \alpha' \left( {1\over g + 2\pi \alpha'  B_\infty} \right)^{ij}_A
\end{equation}
with $g_{ij}$ the closed-string metric.
A potential confusion stems from the fact that the NC parameter in this formula
vanishes {\it both} for large and small values of the $B$-field. On the other hand,
if $B_{\infty} = 1/ \theta$, the limit of vanishing $B$-field seems to
make NC effects blow up. This is resolved by noticing that the NC parameter
vanishes with the $B$-field {\it only} if $\alpha'$  and the closed-string metric are
 kept fixed, namely the two limits  that  turn-off $\theta$ do not commute. In the
supergravity solution, keeping the open-string scale fixed (Born--Infeld corrections)
amounts to keeping the ``neck" of the throat at $U_s \sim (\lambda/(\alpha')^2)^{1\over
7-p}$ in place in the full solution (\ref{bbrane}). If we now take the vanishing $B$-field
limit with constant $g_{ij}$ and constant $\alpha'$, we find $f(\rho) \rightarrow 0$
and NC features vanish as it should be.

Coming back to the scaled solution, the dilaton is
\begin{equation}
e^{2\phi} = G_s^2 \; {\hat f}(U)^r \; H(U)^{3-p \over 2}
 = e^{2\phi_{\rm C}} {\hat
f}(U)^r
,\end{equation}
where  $\phi_{\rm C}$ denotes
 the dilaton of the $\Delta=0$ theory.

 With these data, one could
study the interplay of
phase transitions in these models, depending on
the local duality transformations appropriate   for each description.
 Compared
to the analysis of the  commutative case in ref. \cite{maldais},
 the NC character introduces a new scale in
the problem at $U_{\Delta} = 1/\Delta$, associated to the onset of NC effects.
The corresponding {\it length scale} in the gauge theory, according to the
generalized UV/IR correspondence of \cite{uvir} is
\begin{equation}\label{coeq}
a =\sqrt{\lambda \over U_\Delta^{5-p}} = \sqrt{\lambda \,\Delta^{5-p}}
.\end{equation}

Following \cite{maldais}, the  applicability of the
supergravity description is  controlled by the size of $\alpha'$ corrections
in the string-metric background. In terms of the ``correspondence point"
$U_c =\lambda^{1\over 3-p}$  of ref.  \cite{horpol},
 one finds that the geometric description
is good for $U\ll U_c$ when $p<3$. Therefore, we need $U_\Delta < U_c$ in
order to trust the supergravity solution in the region where NC effects
are sizeable.  In terms of the 't Hooft coupling versus the gauge-theory
 NC length scale,
 this condition is
$\lambda^{3-p} \,a < 1$, \mbox{{\em i.e.~}} we require a sufficently {\it weak}
 coupling. Otherwise, the NC features of the
ultraviolet regime must be studied entirely by means  of perturbative techniques.

For $p=3$, the condition for the supergravity picture to capture NC features
in the ultraviolet is the ordinary one,  independent of the  scale: $\lambda >1$.

On the other hand, for $p=4$ the supergravity patch is $U \gg U_c = 1/\lambda$,
so that the NC features are visible in the supergravity description for
sufficiently {\it strong} coupling: $\lambda > a$.

 Finally,
 the cases $p=5,6$ are somewhat different since they do not
follow a standard IR/UV correspondence (equation (\ref{coeq}) does not have a
clear physical interpretation in these cases).
Still, we can associate NC effects to the {\it energy} scale $U_\Delta$, as measured
for example by the mass of a
 stretched fundamental string probe. The condition
for the metric (\ref{mfield}) to accurately describe the NC effects is thus
$\lambda \,(U_\Delta)^{p-3} >1$.

The non-perturbative thresholds associated with large values of the
string dilaton are generally relaxed by turning on the NC moduli. Since
${\hat f} \rightarrow U^{p-7}$ vanishes in the large $U$ regime, this means
that the present metrics have small local string coupling in the $U\rightarrow
\infty$ region for {\it all} values of $p$,
 provided $r\geq 1$ (in fact, one needs the slightly stronger
condition $r\geq 2$ for $p=6$).
 Following the general rule, the infrared
 thresholds
associated with small $U<U_\Delta$ singularities are qualitatively
 the same in the NC case.

 In general, there could be intermediate regimes
with large local string coupling, but such transients can be ignored when
 working
in the 't Hooft limit with fixed values of the typical energies in the system,
as well as  $\lambda$ and $\Delta$, of $O(N^0)$.

\subsection{\sf Planar Thermodynamics}

The (somewhat surprising)   robustness of the
planar thermodynamics of the $p=3$ case, discussed in \cite{MR},
 persists for general values of $p$. The non-extremal
metric is obtained by replacing
\begin{equation}\label{repl}
-dt^2 \rightarrow  + h\, dt^2,  \qquad dU^2 \rightarrow dU^2 / h
,\end{equation}
with the euclidean time identified with period the inverse temperature $t
 \equiv t+ \beta$ and
\begin{equation}\label{hache}
h= 1- (U_0 / U)^{7-p}
\end{equation}
as usual. Since no $B$-field lies in the time direction, these replacements do not
affect the parts of the metric which depend on $\Delta$ (the ${\bf x}$ space).
Therefore, the NC Hawking temperature is the same as in the commutative
 case.
\begin{equation}
T_{\rm NC} = T_{\rm C} ={7-p \over 4\pi} \sqrt{U_0^{5-p} \over \lambda}
.\end{equation}

Moreover, the planar entropy is also independent of the NC deformation
parameter. Since it must be computed in  the Einstein frame,
we have to multiply the string metric by
$
e^{-\phi_{\rm NC}/2} = e^{-\phi_{\rm C} /2} {\hat f}(U)^{-r/4}
$.
The horizon being eight-dimensional, this
 yields a factor of $({\hat f}^{-r/8})^8
$, which exactly cancels the extra factor of $\left(\sqrt{\hat f}
\right)^{2r}$ coming from
the $2r$ directions with a non-vanishing  $B$-field. So, the NC horizon area is
\begin{equation}
A_{\rm NC} = A_{\rm C} \; ({\hat f}^{1/2})^{2r} \; ({\hat f}^{-r/8})^8 =
A_{\rm C}
.\end{equation}
Both the planar entropy and the temperature are exactly the same as in
the commutative case, which means that all {\it planar}
 thermodynamical functions are the same.

\subsection{\sf   WKB Corrections to the Entropy}

In order to estimate the $1/N$ corrections, we consider the corresponding
 optical metric
\begin{equation}
ds^2_{\rm optical}
 = dt^2 + d{\bf y}^2 + {\hat f} (U) \,d{\bf x}^2 + {\lambda \over
U^{7-p}} \; \left( dU^2 + U^2 d\Omega^2_{8-p} \right)
,\end{equation}
and compute the optical volume of the region $U_0 < U <\infty$.
The conditions for decoupling the angular sphere ${\bf S}^{8-p}$ are the
same as in the commutative case, again because the NC character only
affects the
${\bf x}$--space. We discuss the qualitatively different cases in turn.

\vspace{0.5cm}

{\underline {\sl D$p$-branes with $ p<5$}}

\vspace{0.5cm}

For $p<5$, the temperature is small:
$\beta_{\rm loc} > R({\bf S}^{8-p})_{\rm loc}$ in the region of
interest, so that  we can drop the angular sphere in
estimating   the free energy of thermal radiation outside the black-brane.
\begin{equation}
I_{\rm WKB}^{(1)}  \sim -T^{p+2} \,
{\widetilde {\rm Vol}}_{p+2} = - T^{p+1} \,L^p
\int_{U_0}^{\infty} dU {\hat f}(U)^r \sqrt{\lambda U^{p-7}}
 \sim  - (L\,T)^p  \int_1^\infty
{dx \sqrt{x^{p-7}} \over (1+ (x U_0 \Delta  )^{7-p})^r}
.\end{equation}
This is the standard result of the commutative theory $I_{\rm WKB}^{(1)} \sim -(L\,T)^p$
 for $U_0 \Delta
 \ll 1$. On the other hand,   in the opposite limit
 $T a \equiv T \sqrt{\lambda \Delta^{5-p}} \gg 1$,  we get a strong
suppression
\begin{equation}
I_{\rm WKB}^{(1)}   \longrightarrow
 - {(L\,T)^p \over (a\, T)^{2r(7-p) \over 5-p}}
.\end{equation}
Thus, we find
 the soft behaviour at high
 temperatures of the one-loop free energy, much like the D3-brane
 case. Notice that for all $p<5$, the asymptotic effective
exponent of $T$ is negative provided $r\geq 1$. Therefore,
 the effective dimensionality, as determined by
 the one-loop corrections, drops to zero or  is even ``negative''
at $T a \gg 1$.

\vspace{0.5cm}

{\underline {\sl D5-branes}}

\vspace{0.5cm}

For $p=5$ one gets, independently of the issue of angular decoupling:
\begin{equation}
I_{\rm WKB}^{(1)}
 \sim -(L\, T)^5 \int_1^\infty {dx \over x} {1 \over (1+ (x U_0 \Delta  )^2
)^r}
.\end{equation}
As long as $r > 0$, the integral converges! This is an
improvement with respect to the commutative
 case, with $\Delta =0$, in which one gets a logarithmic divergence
of dubious interpretation. In the $U_0 \Delta  \gg 1$ regime one finds
\begin{equation}
I_{\rm WKB}^{(1)}
 \longrightarrow -{(L\,T)^5 \over (U_0 \Delta  )^{2r} }
.\end{equation}
However, now the energy-density
 parameter $U_0$ is unrelated to the temperature,
which is constant and equal to $\lambda^{-1/2}$, \mbox{{\em i.e.~}}  there is a suppression
of the non-planar corrections, although the effective dimension  remains
$d_{\rm eff} = 6$.

\vspace{0.5cm}

{\underline {\sl D6-branes}}

\vspace{0.5cm}

On the other hand, for $p=6$, the local temperature outside the horizon is higher
than the mass of angular modes and  we must consider the optical volume of the
 angular sphere ${\bf S}^{8-p}$ as well. The
resulting one-loop free energy is
\begin{equation}
I_{\rm WKB}^{(1)}  \sim -(L\,T)^6 \int_1^\infty {dx \sqrt{x} \over ( 1 + x U_0
\Delta  )^r}
.\end{equation}
Now, we need a $B$-field turned on in at least two  planes ($r>1$), in order to achieve
convergence at large $U$ (this is reminiscent of the analogous condition to have a
vanishing string coupling at infinity). In any case, the interpretation is not clear, because
the standard UV/IR relation breaks down at the level of the formula for the
Hawking temperature, since large energies (large $U_0$),
 correspond to low temperatures. In fact, the  scaling at
 large temperature is that of
a higher-than-seven-dimensional theory:
\begin{equation}
I_{\rm WKB}^{(1)}
 \sim -{(L\,T)^6 \over (U_0 \Delta )^r} \sim - L^6 \, a^{2r} \, T^{6+2r}
.\end{equation}

Therefore, the cases $p=5,6$ continue to have non-standard features, although we
do see a general tendency of the $B$-fields to make the large $U$ behaviour
less singular in all cases.

\vspace{0.5cm}

{\underline {\sl Other Models} }

\vspace{0.5cm}

These WKB estimates can be extended to other interesting models. For example,
we may consider NS5-branes of type IIB and IIA  related to D5-branes by a sequence of
$S$- and $T$-dualities. The behaviour of $1/N^2$ corrections for all these models
is essentially equivalent to that of type IIB D5-branes, \mbox{{\em i.e.~}} the commutative versions
have semi-infinite  cylinders that produce logarithmically divergent Hawking-radiation
entropies \cite{malstro, us, usk}. On the other hand, turning on $B$-fields regulates this divergence and
implies an effective quenching of $1/N$ corrections at large temperature. This is particularly clear
for the case of type IIB NS5-branes, whose metric is $S$-dual to that of D5-branes.
Since this duality amounts to a conformal transformation of the metric, to which
 the optical
metric is insensitive, we get the same physics of
$1/N^2$ corrections: for large energy densities $\Delta U_0 \gg 1$,
\begin{equation}
\left[{I_{\rm NC} \over I_{\rm free\;gas}}\right]^{(1)}_{\rm IIB \;NS5}
 \longrightarrow (U_0 \Delta)^{-2r}
.\end{equation}

Type IIA NS5-branes can be obtained from type IIB NS5-branes by a further $T$-duality
along a commutative direction.  We have a global factor of ${\hat f}^{-r/2}$
 from
the $S$-duality transformation from D5-branes to type IIB NS5-branes. $T$-duality
inverts this factor on one of the commuting coordinates. In addition, there are
the usual factors of ${\hat f}$ for each NC coordinate. Thus, the optical volume
integrand gets an additional factor of ${\hat f}^{r/2}$ in all, leading to
\begin{equation}
\left[{I_{\rm NC} \over I_{\rm free\;gas}}\right]^{(1)}_{\rm IIA \; NS5}
 \longrightarrow (U_0 \Delta)^{-3r}
,\end{equation}
again in the large density limit.
 When the type IIA D4-brane solution is lifted to
eleven dimensions, one obtains a NC
 M5-brane model with $AdS_7 \times {\bf S}^4$
geometry in the infrared region. The previous scaling gives now
\begin{equation}
\left[{I_{\rm NC} \over I_{\rm C}}\right]^{(1)}_{\rm M5}
 \longrightarrow (U_0 \Delta)^{-9r/2}
\sim (a\,T)^{-9r}.
\end{equation}

 We remark that
one interesting  case was  not discussed here in detail. It is the case
in the presence of a
 nonvanishing ``electric" NS-fields: $B_{0i} \neq 0$. Naively,
one expects similar results to the purely  ``magnetic" case,
at least as far as the arguments of ref. \cite{suskbig} concern. However,
it was pointed out in ref. \cite{MR}  that, at least in the particular case
of $p=3, r=2$, the supergravity picture of the
thermodynamics is fundamentally different at temperatures of the order
of the timelike noncommutative scale.

Assuming that, for $B_{0i}\neq 0$,
 the dominant finite-temperature master field (the black hole) is also
given by the substitutions (\ref{repl}) and (\ref{hache}) on the extremal
solution, one finds that the behaviour described in \cite{MR} for
$p=3$ actually generalizes to all D$p$-branes (this assumption might
actually hide important subtleties, related to the proper treatment of the
Wick rotation).
 The perturbative  scale of ``electric"
non-locality is $\sqrt{\theta_e} = 1/\sqrt{B_{0i}}$. At large 't Hooft
coupling it develops into the length scales
\begin{equation}
\Delta_e = \left({\theta_e^{\,2} \over \lambda}\right)^{1\over 7-p}, \qquad
a_e = \sqrt{\lambda \, \Delta_e^{5-p}},
\end{equation}
that characterize the supergravity solution. The temperature is related
to the horizon radius $U_0$ by $T= T_{\rm C} (U_0) \, \sqrt{{\hat f}_e
 (U_0)}$,
where $T_{\rm C}$ is the temperature of the commutative theory and
${\hat f}_e (U)$ is given by eq. (\ref{efe}) upon
 replacing $\Delta$ by $\Delta_e$. This temperature/mass relation
leads to negative specific heat for $U_0 \gg 1/\Delta_e$ and a maximum
temperature of order $T_{\rm max} \sim 1/a_e$, a behaviour reminiscent
of standard black-branes in asymptotically flat space,
 before the near-horizon scaling is taken as in eq.
 (\ref{bbrane}).
In fact,  the Einstein-frame metrics are  exactly equal to the string-frame
metrics of such asymptotically flat D-brane metrics  (up to
some rescalings of the coordinates,)  precisely if $2r=p+1$,
\mbox{{\em i.e.~}} when all the world-volume of the brane is noncommutative. This property
was noticed in ref. \cite{MR} for the $p=3, r=2$ case. However, we
see that the important qualitative features (a maximum temperature
 and a negative specific heat branch at large energy
densities) generalize for arbitrary values of $p$ and $r$,
provided the {\it time} direction is noncommutative.

Having asymptotically flat regions at large $U$ will surely complicate
the workings of holography in these models. In particular, our WKB estimate
for the one-loop entropy gives a {\it
 ten-dimensional} contribution, $S^{(1)} \sim
T^9$,  from
supergravity modes at large $U\gg 1/\Delta_e$ in these models.
Perhaps the theory imposes an effective cut-off of order $U_{\rm max} \sim 1/
\Delta_e$ already at the planar level, as suggested by the existence of
a maximum temperature at this scale. In this respect, it is interesting
to notice that the branch with negative specific heat at large energy
densities is dynamically suppressed in the canonical ensemble. The planar
 entropy
in these models is given by  $S = {\hat f}_e (U_0)^{-1/2} \, S_{\rm C}$, with
$S_{\rm C}$ the entropy function of the commutative theory. Using the $T(U_0)$
function one finds that the entropy scales
as $S \propto N^2 \, T^{p-8}$ in the negative specific
heat branch. From here one can get the free-energy excess over the vacuum:
\begin{equation}
(I -\beta\;E_{\rm vac})_{\rm planar} \longrightarrow + {C_p \over 7-p}\,
 {N^2 L^p \over \lambda^{11-p \over 2}}
 \; \Delta^{-(p-7)^2 /2} \, (\beta_{\rm NC})^{8-p} >0
,\end{equation}
with $C_p >0$. It is {\it positive} in the region with negative specific heat.
 Therefore, there is
an $O(e^{-N^2})$ suppression of this unstable branch in the canonical ensemble.

Another aspect of these solutions that we did not analyze in detail is the
presence of light thermal winding modes at large radial coordinates. These
cannot be eliminated through $T$-duality, and are sure to affect the
physics at large values of $U$.

\newpage

\section*{\sc Acknowledgements}

J.L.F.B.    would like to thank A. Gonz\'alez-Arroyo and C. G\'omez for
 useful discussions and hospitality at
 the ``Instituto de F\'{\i}sica Te\'orica,
C--XVI, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid,"
	   where part of this
work was carried out, as well as to the Spinoza Institute, University of
Utrecht, where this work was initiated.

E.R. would like to thank A. Hashimoto,  N. Itzhaki and N. Seiberg
 for discussions,
  the ``ITP Program on Gauge Theories and String Theory"
 at Santa Barbara,
and the Randall Laboratory of Physics at the  University of Michigan,
 where part of this work was done, for providing  stimulating enviroments.
The research of
E.R. is  partially supported by the BSF-American Israeli Bi-National
Science Foundation and the IRF Centres of Excelency Program.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
A love affair with Irish America's history
Author: Arts and Letters
University of Notre Dame historian Jay P. Dolan is retired, sort of.
Precision is a challenge in calculating the date. Dolan's "emeritus" status became official six years ago, but he continued teaching a very popular course in Irish American history for two years after that.
While evidently quite happy to be retired, Dolan obviously is a man who dislikes idleness. After joining Notre Dame's history faculty in 1971, he founded the University's Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism in 1975 and served as its director until 1993.
He taught courses in American Catholic history, American religious history and immigration history. He also wrote and edited numerous books, including the magisterial "The American Catholic Experience: A History from Colonial Times to the Present." During his Notre Dame tenure, his teaching, scholarship and lectures nationwide soon ranked him among the most authoritative historians of the Catholic Church in America and the experience of the immigrants who were its members.
A preoccupation with the immigrant experience in general, to say nothing of his own ancestry—both of Dolan's parents were Irish, and he was born on St. Patrick's Day—naturally gave way to a fascination with Irish America in particular. By 1986, when a Fulbright fellowship took him to Ireland to teach and study at University College, Cork, he had begun to specialize in Irish American history.
"In many ways it was a love affair that intensified over the years," he wrote recently.
In the four years since he retired from his post-retirement teaching duties, Dolan's love affair with Irish America has borne fruit in a 384-page book, "The Irish Americans," forthcoming from Bloomsbury Press in November. Critics are beginning to agree that it is the most ambitious and comprehensive such history to be written in the last 50 years.
Much of the book's structure arises from the four major themes of Dolan's Irish American history course: politics, religion, labor and nationalism. In a slight but conspicuous departure from the conventional approach to Irish American history, Dolan introduces his story not with the catastrophic famine which drove so many Irish refugees across the Atlantic to America in the 1840s, but with the early 18th century. This, Dolan insists, is where the narrative properly begins, "and it is not only a Catholic narrative, but also an Irish one that includes both Protestants and Catholics." Before delving into the more familiar historical terrain, Dolan devotes two chapters to this "forgotten area," tracing the paths and telling the stories of the Irish immigrants who settled, hunted, farmed, and fought and traded with Native Americans on the America frontier long before the Revolutionary War.
Written nearly a half-century after the election of President Kennedy, Dolan's narrative also is able to include an unprecedented examination of what the penultimate chapter describes as "the triumph of the Irish," that multifaceted cultural resurgence that has given rise to such phenomena as the "Riverdance" dance troupe, the U2 rock band and Frank McCourt's bestselling memoir, "Angela's Ashes." The triumph was memorably and humorously summarized by the Irish poet and Nobel laureate Seamus Heaney, who said, "Ireland is chic!" Dolan used Heaney's quip for the title of his concluding chapter.
One early reader of "The Irish Americans," the sociologist Rev. Andrew Greeley, called it "a superb history of the Irish in this country, both scholarly and popular. Indeed, it is the best available story of the Irish in America. [Dolan] covers the poverty of the immigrants, their loyalty to one another, their struggles to create a place for themselves in this country against intense hostility and deep-seated prejudice, and their ultimate success despite all their enemies. The book explains why so many Americans who have an option to choose their own ethnic identity decide that they want to be Irish."
Dolan was lavish in expressing gratitude for the research assistance he received from Notre Dame's Hesburgh Libraries.
"Not only does the library have a rich collection of books, but it has a wonderful staff," he said.
He also thanked his successor as Cushwa Center director, Timothy Matovina, adding that "during my retirement the center has become my academic home."
He is far from idle in his residence there, and as he describes, over lunch, plans for a documentary film based on his most recent book, a friend marvels.
Jay Dolan is indeed retired, but it's difficult for him or anyone else to say exactly what that means.
View the original press release at News and Information
Originally published by Michael O. Garvey at newsinfo.nd.edu on August 06, 2008.
Originally published by Arts and Letters at al.nd.edu on August 05, 2008.


Are you satisfied? Are you content?
With the murder and mayhem in Mumbai?
But what have you achieved? By killing hundreds of innocents. By injuring women and children. By smashing up wonderful buildings. By creating fear and terror. By bringing this death and destruction? Yes. Tell us. What have you achieved? What have you gained?
In what way do you think you have furthered your cause? Did you? Bunkum! Hogwash!
You think your cause is so great? That life has became so cheap? You think your freedom is so important? That you can wreck others' freedom? You think your wicked minds are so great? That you take pride in bringing this devastation?
You know what? You are just evil and shameless. You are daft and brainless. You are depraved and soul-less. You are wicked and heartless…. I can go on and on like this. But do my words hurt you? Of course No. They won't.
How can reason penetrate thick-skulled people like you? How can remorse or regret be ever felt by those numbed in senses? How can love or respect have any meaning to you who spread hate and violence? How can care or compassion be ever felt by those driven by irrationality and insanity?.
Otherwise, which sane man will open fire on simple people, waiting with loved ones, at a railway station? Which sound individual would plan to bring down historical buildings? And for heavens sake, which rational person would use guns and grenades to try and kill people at 'a hospital'??
Accept it, my dear terrorists, you are twisted. You may be thinking you are masterminds - that you used satellite maps, AK 47s, grenades and RDX. You may be thinking that you are clever – that you have hijacked boats, beheaded people, infiltrated into territory that is not yours, and planted bombs.
But, you know what we think? We think that you have contorted minds. That you are gullible birdbrains and brainwashed cowards. That you have spun your web of lies and deceit without any human feelings.
But remember. You cannot bring us down. Your blazing guns speak no reason. Your cunning plans lack the soul. We are the ones who stand tall with courage. Because we can defend our beliefs. Because we have the will to persevere against dastardly acts like yours.
We won't give up. We will fight terror. And we will fight terror mongers you. With your limited capacities to think, and with our unlimited potential to persist, you will surely be defeated. Again and again. Like how you just got defeated.
Your malevolent acts will be no match to our will power based on love and respect for one another - irrespective of differing ideologies.
So, give up arms. And sit across the table if you can. Choose brains over brawn. Stop these cowardly acts and be courageous. And stop these inhuman acts and be human.


NEW YORK, NY – 12-13-2018 (PRDistribution.com) — The holiday season is upon us and celebrations are in full swing. From celebrating the end of the year, the beginning of a new one, or just all of those family functions- it is no surprise that we end and begin the year in celebration.
For the original news story, please visit https://prdistribution.com/news/how-celebration-is-more-than-just-a-morale-booster.html.


text:
Q: unable to scrape google results I'm new to python and i'm learning from automating boring stuff with python, so currently i'm in the webscraping chapter in the book. SO, i want to just scrape the titles of the results of search results.
Here is my code -
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import webbrowser

term = 'python'
req = requests.get('https://www.google.com/search?q=' + term)
req.raise_for_status()

soup = BeautifulSoup(req.text, 'lxml')
title = soup.find('div', class_ = 'r')

print(title)

The problem is this is always returning None. I even attacked the inspect element tool screen shot so that you can see the div and class name I'm using.

Any help is appreciated
Thanks

A: To get correct response from the server, specify User-Agent HTTP header:
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:79.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/79.0'}

term = 'python'
req = requests.get('https://www.google.com/search?q=' + term, headers=headers)
req.raise_for_status()

soup = BeautifulSoup(req.content, 'lxml')
title = soup.find('div', class_ = 'r')

print(title.get_text(strip=True, separator=' '))

Prints:
Welcome to Python.org www.python.org www.python.org ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Eggcorn Database - v. 0.5
Topsy » top seed
Chiefly in: grow like top seed
Classification: English – final d/t-deletion – idiom-related
Spotted in the wild:
"That's what's insidious about club drugs," he says. "One: We didn't recognize the problem. Two: It's growing like top seed."	(Orlando Weekly, July 26, 2000)
The Amado Territory Ranch is anchored by an 11-room bed and breakfast inn, Amado Territory Inn, that has spectacular views and serene natural surroundings. The rest of the land was quickly leased by other vendors. "It just grew like top seed," Art Gould said.	(Arizona Daily Star, Jan. 5, 2004)
In fact, these grow ops, which are fuelled by organized crime, are growing like top seed right now under the current law, which criminalizes any kind of possession or trafficking of marijuana.	(Parliament of Canada, Edited Hansard, Mar. 8, 2004)
"The commandos and the public order brigades sort of grew like top seed, very quickly, without much control, and without much training," the American commander said.	(International Herald Tribune / New York Times, Dec. 29, 2005)
[Robert Altman:] I get a bunch of actors together, I say, "Let's do this—you be this character; oh, you want to do that? Okay." It kind of grows like top seed.	(Time Out New York, June 8-14, 2006)
Analyzed or reported by:
Ben Zimmer (alt.usage.english, Sep. 28, 2004)
Liz Hood (via email)
The original expression is "just grew like Topsy," referring to Topsy in Uncle Tom's Cabin, who "jes grew." As the original referent of "Topsy" becomes less and less familiar, the term has been reanalyzed by some as "top seed," which sounds like something that might grow quickly.
| 2 comments | link | entered by Ben Zimmer, 2006/08/10 |
landline » LAN line
Classification: English – final d/t-deletion
Barbara Wallraff (Atlantic Monthly "Word Court" column for September 2006)
Wallraff reports:
Suzanne Staszak-Silva, of Scotch Plains, N.J., writes: "My husband and I have a dispute regarding the use of the term landline. When people receive or make calls on a cellular phone but decide they would like to take the call on a phone connected to the wall via a phone jack, they usually refer to this phone as a landline. My husband says this is incorrect and the right term is LAN (local-area network) line. I say he's wrong. I think people use landline to denote a phone that is connected to the large brown poles that line our streets, and that LAN line refers to computer connections. Who is correct?"
You are. Anyone who doesn't want to call a phone line a phone line ought to call it a WAN (wide-area network) line. And thanks for the new eggcorn.
This one is not easy to search for, because "LAN line" is a high-frequency expression, abbreviating "local area network line", a line (telephone line or cable) serving a local area network; such connections involve lines only indirectly, usually wirelessly, rather than having computers directly plugged into a phone line.
As for Wallraff's advice, anyone who wants to refer to a phone directly connected to a phone line should call it a landline phone. WAN lines are something else.
In any case, Staszak-Silva's husband has improved on "landline", with its unclear connection to land, by eggcorning it to "LAN line", using a term he's familiar with.
| 7 comments | link | entered by Arnold Zwicky, 2006/08/09 |
offended » offened
Classification: English – questionable – final d/t-deletion
Thanks to everyone for all the kind words about the NYT article and the move. And don't be offened if I don't get back to you right away.	(link)
Vix, I apologize to you and any one else who was offened by my use of a slur to describe illegal immigrants	(link)
[Edited by Ben Zimmer, 5 June 06: Marked questionable, since it's unclear whether this is categorizable as an eggcorn. It would appear to be more of a back-formation, reanalyzing offend as offen + -ed. (Compare, for instance, the word mix, a historical back-formation from mixt.)]
| 4 comments | link | entered by Lee Rudolph, 2006/06/03 |
lost » loss
Chiefly in: no love loss
Now naturally, the Shiites, as you were saying earlier, have no love loss for the Iraqi leader President Saddam Hussein.	(CNN transcript, Apr. 2, 2003)
For Red Sox fans, especially in New England, there is no love loss between the two teams.	(New Paltz Oracle, Oct. 16, 2003)
Those games are always competitive and fiery and there is certainly no love loss between us.	(Amherst College Athletics, Mar. 10, 2005)
No love loss between Williams and Sharapova.	(Edinburgh News, June 29, 2005)
Really, no love loss between the two of you certainly now.	(CNN transcript, Oct. 12, 2005)
Sobule has no love loss for the Bush administration.	(WorldNetDaily, Feb. 16, 2006)
No love loss for Zhang Ziyi in Hong Kong.	(USA Today, Mar. 27, 2006)
Mind you, I've got no love loss for Phoenix.	(Arizona Daily Star, UA Fans Sports Blog, May 17, 2006)
The idiom "no love lost," i.e., 'no love that is lost,' is reinterpreted as "no love loss," i.e., 'no loss of love.' Since lost and loss are closely related, this eggcorn is rather subtle — so subtle that it has even worked its way into newspaper headlines (Edinburgh News, USA Today).
The reinterpretation may help to clarify the idiom, since "(there is) no love lost" has never been particularly transparent. As the American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms explains, the expression actually had two contrary senses through the 18th century: implying either extreme affection or extreme dislike. The latter sense eventually won out.
In the Eggcorn Forum Sphinxie notes the reverse substitution from loss to lost, as in "I am sorry for your lost" (appearing frequently in online memorials and guest books).
| Comments Off link | entered by Ben Zimmer, 2006/05/18 |
Sanskrit » sandscript
adam and eve were not the original two in creation. lilith was edited out of the bible, but she is in the old sandscript documents antd the old jewish religion. you can probably find it in google somewhere.	(Comparative Religion forum, Feb 21, 2005)
Yama is the sandscript term encompassing concepts of social restraint such as non-violence, non-stealing, truthfulness, non-attachment and moderation. Niyama, also a sandscript term, refers to internal restraints including contentment, purity, self-study, discipline and surrender.	(The Yoga Loft)
One question - does anyone here have the ability to write sandscript, arabic, or something along those lines….?	(WipeOut Forum, March 31, 2004)
On May 15, 2005, Christophe B. enquired via e-mail:
> Are you interested only in written or also spoken eggcorns?
> I am very intrigued by some wods I hear spoken by people who are intelligent but who clearly do not read, so that they use words from a average- to advanced vocabulary in a way that reflects having only heard them… an example of this is one I often hear: "Sandscript" (for Sanskrit). […]
Well, first of all thanks for the excellent eggcorn _Sanskrit»sandscript_. The examples show that it does indeed exist in written form as well, with the variants _sand script_ and _sandscrit_.
Second, Christophe's question is an interesting one. To me, a reshaping of any aspect of a word or idiom (spelling, pronunciation, …) that is clearly linked to a new way to make sense of the original material, is much more eggcornish than a random misspelling that just happens to coincide with a pre-existing term. This would be true even in cases where the spelling _doesn't_ change (where homographs, like _tear_/_tear_ etc., are involved): these would then have to be classified as "hidden eggcorns".
| 1 comment | link | entered by Chris Waigl, 2006/05/16 |
There are now 648 eggcorns in the database.
Browse eggcorns
nearly mainstream
citational
not an eggcorn
cross-language
/t/-flapping
and «» in/en
on «» un-
resyllabification
vocalized /l/
cot/caught merger
off «» of
final d/t-deletion
idiom-related
/r/-dropping
Fresh eggcorns
hurtle»hurdle
death nail
at hominem
at infinitum
at nauseam
teem»team
teem up with
first of all»firstable
dusk off
when/after all is set and done
new leash on life
cole slaw»cold slaw
holland day sauce
holiday(s) sauce
pansy-waist, pansy-waste
straddled with
chuck (it) up (to)
chock (it) up (to)
disingenuous»disingenuine
one such»once such
ilk»elk
euphemism»youthamism
imprimatur»impremature
cacophony»cacoughany
(curled up) in the feeble position
eavesdrop»eardrop
eavesdrop»ease drop
car links
front and center»front in center
22 queries. 0.096 seconds. Powered by WordPress


std::ostream that is given as argument to EncryptBuf's constructor.
object. What is important, though, is that they contain random data when used `for  real'.
will be extended with the required number of 0-bytes.
thwarted  when  a  message authentication code is added to the information as well.
constructor (as std::streambuf doesn't support either).
All members of std::streambuf are available, as FBB::EncryptBuf inherits from this  class.
situations these inherited members will not be used by programs using EncryptBuf objects.
member is called for another encryption method than RC5.
encryption has started an FBB::Exception exception will be thrown.
function's second parameter can be used to specify the length of the key in bytes.
throw Errno("1st arg: method, 2nd arg: key, 3rd arg:  (opt): iv, "


Atlantis Underwater Music / Fairtrade Tunes (SESAC) (admin. at EssentialMusicPublishing.com); So Essential Tunes / Fellow Ships Music (SESAC) (admin. at EssentialMusicPublishing.com); David Songs (STIM) (admin. by David Media AB c/o Music Services, Inc.). All rights reserved.


This beautiful fretwork sleigh can be displayed on its own, or with any combination of my standing reindeer figures (patterns available on my website: SLD476 and SLD477. It was created to be a nice size as a centerpiece for a dining room table, but would also look amazing along with the reindeer on a fireplace mantle or under a Christmas tree.
The sleigh is a nice size to hold pretty glass ornaments, or even some artificial poinsettia plants or holly. It would also be a wonderful gift filled with gourmet candies, coffee or tea. And once the treats are gone, the sleigh itself will be an heirloom quality piece that will certainly be cherished for generations.
I tried to make the construction of the sleigh as simple as possible and have included 28 step-by-step photos to help you along the construction process.


Nothing's left to chance when Guyon Espiner puts on his headphones for RNZ National's flagship news programme, Morning Report.
Broadcaster Guyon Espiner leaves his Mt Eden home for RNZ's Auckland studios soon after 4.30am each weekday, armed with coffee and a meticulously prepared plan. Notes are compared with his Wellington-based Morning Report co-host Susie Ferguson and they confer with their producers on breaking news and last-minute interviews. There's about an hour to do final research before 6am, when the three-hour programme starts.
Espiner is from a Christchurch family in which opinions matter. He recalls his mother Mary and father Eric encouraging their three sons to express their views and debate current events around the dinner table. A strong work ethic was also passed on; at 83, Professor Eric Espiner still works as an endocrinologist. The younger Espiner says his dad probably works more hours a week than he does.
Forty-six-year-old Espiner set his sights on a journalism career after completing a BA in English literature and a diploma in journalism. He's amused to hear that Wikipedia lists his first job as a TVNZ fashion reporter. Not true, he says, noting it's a good lesson on not taking Wikipedia at face value.
He and wife Emma, a third-year medical student at the University of Auckland, have a four-year-old daughter, Nico, and three cats. He's a long-distance runner, something he took up to relieve the stress of his previous job as a TV political editor. He's learning te reo and with Tim Watkin co-authored The 9th Floor: Conversations with Five New Zealand Prime Ministers, which also featured online and on TV. He also writes occasional features for the Listener.
I love writing, but the art of the interview, which I came to later in my career, is still my favourite thing. I like cricketing analogies. Interviewing is like bowling an over – not every ball is at the same pace or in the same direction, but you have to make the person play. Sometimes you bowl a slower one to catch them by surprise; sometimes you'll start in an unusual place. It's also a story, and a live interview should follow a bit of an arc. It should start in a fairly welcoming position, rise to a point of tension, and probably leave on a friendlier note.
Is there room for more regular long-form interviews at peak times?
Absolutely. I'd love to see that come back, and maybe with greater interest around these issues, we might see more of that.
Do you see that as being part of the so-called RNZ Plus?
I'm not in the position to make those decisions, but it's pretty exciting that people are talking about putting more money into this. There has been talk in the Labour policy about an RNZ Plus situation, some sort of television station. I'd hope there would be scope for that and appetite for it. When we made The 9th Floor, we thought, "We'll get some political scientists and some academics watching", but we ended up with about 400,000 who viewed it in some way.
Which of those 9th Floor interviews did you find the most revealing?
Most of them were revealing, with the possible exception of Helen Clark. We found the further we went back, the more reflective people were and the more revelations we got. For Clark, I wonder if the paint was dry enough, even though she left office in 2008. In terms of the others, Jim Bolger's repudiation of neo-liberalism was surprising. Saying unions are possibly too small – and this from a guy who put through the Employment Contracts Act. There were some surprises in character with Jenny Shipley and Mike Moore as well.
I was struck by the degree to which Jenny Shipley is a conviction politician. An utter lack of populism about her was amazing. You can say what you like about Shipley, and there is a lot of ill feeling towards her out there, but she didn't do any of those things for her own gain or popularity. And the poetry of Mike Moore's lines – haunting – have stuck with me. He said, "It's not the criticisms of your enemy, it's the silence of your friends that you need to worry about", and I often think about that. The poetry and the sadness. He's still wounded by not getting another shot [after National survived a 12.7% swing against it in 1993] and being rolled by Clark. To many, it's on-the-field stuff and they can retire to have a drink, but he's still massively wounded.
Do you have to shut off sentiment?
Yes. When Jacinda Ardern first came into the Auckland studio [after the Government was formed]. I know her a little bit and have for the nine-odd years she's been in Parliament, but when we're on, there are questions we need answers to.
Government starts on day one. You're probably going to be more frustrated by and aggressive with someone who's had nine years to fix a problem, but at the same time, you don't give someone a free ride because it's day one. I'm not interested in being either nice or mean.
Some critics are adamant that RNZ is the voice of the left. What's your response?
I say listen to our interviews. I challenge anyone to present me with facts that support their allegation that we're too nice to the left. Good luck – you won't find it. Look at the history of Morning Report – Mike Hosking, Maggie Barry, Kim Hill, Geoff Robinson, Sean Plunket. You're not going to find a consistent, coherent left-wing narrative.
Are there interviews you regret?
Yes. I said to David Cunliffe, "You've done the Woman's Weekly interview, you've told people about your family, you've told us that people just need to know you. Maybe people just don't like you." Listening back, I thought that was way too harsh. You always walk that tightrope – maybe it was true, maybe it was a fair question, maybe it wasn't. When I started on Morning Report, I went in too hard. Tone is the key thing and you have to change tone according to circumstances.
Did Jack Tame go too hard in his interview with Ardern on TVNZ 1's Breakfast this week when asking about Donald Trump reportedly thinking she was Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's wife?
It was a legitimate issue and she answered the questions. One of the great things about our prime ministers is that on Monday mornings, they do four or five live interviews. She did pretty well over those interviews and Jack Tame did his job.
But you didn't take up the issue with her in your interview a short time later.
I listened to the interview [with Tame] and I chose different issues. I sometimes catch those interviews if I can on Three and on TVNZ 1 on Monday mornings, to see what she is saying. I decided not to follow that, but I support Tame in doing it. The story was picked up internationally, which doesn't mean it's necessarily a great story, but it was a legitimate line of questioning.
So, you think it was newsworthy?
Yes. Is it a diplomatic issue? Yes, it is, of a type, because you are effectively saying Trump was a fool. People can make their own call on that, but it was newsworthy, and Tame was right to pursue it.
The BBC has had a major pay-equity issue, especially regarding the disparity in pay between top male and female presenters of Today, its Morning Report equivalent. Are you and Susie paid the same and has it led to RNZ looking at itself?
There is both a reporting on what the gender inequities are and a commitment to getting rid of them by a certain time. I saw that from [RNZ CEO] Paul Thompson recently. I don't know whether Susie and I are paid the same.
Would it bother you if you and Susie Ferguson weren't being paid the same?
Yeah. I think if you're doing the same job, then you deserve to be paid the same money.
Donald Trump. I'd work really hard on that. Some people can just go in and do it off the top of their heads, but I'm not like that. I work out my question line. I don't ask random questions unless it's a breaking story.
How do you plan your interviews?
If I'm talking to the Prime Minister or a minister of the Crown in a planned interview, there won't be random questions. The first question has been thought about and is being asked because of what the next question is, and where we'll go. It involves a lot of research.
What's the burning question that makes Trump someone you want to interview?
It would be an amazing interview. Have you ever seen a longish-form interview with Trump where the person properly digs into what he's about and what he's doing? Amazingly, I haven't.
That's why I want to do it. And domestically, I'd like to interview Winston Peters, because since he became Foreign Minister, he hasn't given us an interview.
What are your "go to" resources or publications?
RNZ has one of these old-fashioned things that most news organisations don't: a library. They send you periodicals such as the New Scientist, the New Statesman, the Atlantic and the Economist. I've curated a fantastic Twitter feed and read everything from the Wall St Journal and the Financial Times to the Telegraph, CNN, BBC and Japan Times.
What have you read for pleasure recently?
The Great War for New Zealand: Waikato 1800-2000, by Vincent O'Malley. I did an hour with him at the Tauranga Arts Festival. That was an amazing book. Now I'm reading Haruki Murakami's Men Without Women. I read everything he ever puts out. This is the exact opposite of the Waikato book – a series of delicate short stories.
Do you have much time for leisure reading?
I don't have a lot, because any spare time goes into my te reo studies. I do that on Tuesdays from 6-9pm, which makes Wednesday mornings a bit hard on the radio. I'm also doing my own thing with Scotty Morrison's [te reo] books. Emma can hold a good conversation in te reo. She learnt it to quite a high level at school, but wants to ramp it up again.
She's one of the prime motivations for doing this. We speak te reo at home. I'm teaching her, because I spend a lot of time with her. Next year, she's going to a school with a bilingual unit. She'll be a fluent speaker, which is pretty awesome. Commands such as, "Don't leave your toys on the floor" – "Kaua e waiho ō taputapu tākaro kia marara noa ki te papa" – she knows and is picking it up.
What response has your use of te reo on Morning Report had?
What makes learning Māori so important to you, your broadcasting role or your family?
It's a convergence. My wife is Māori from Ngāti Raukawa and Ngāti Porou. Her father is fluent. You go to a tangi at Otaki, and you love the experience but can't understand what's going on. Why can't you? Because you haven't bothered to learn the language. When you have a child, you want her to have her culture and language.
The final bit is I really want another language, so it fits together. I have a microphone and I want to use it. It's a beautiful language and we can use and embrace it.