text:
Are CO2 levels increasing?
Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year. Around 43% remains in the atmosphere - this is called the 'airborne fraction'. The rest is absorbed by vegetation and the oceans. While there are questions over how much the airborne fraction is increasing, it is clear that the total amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing dramatically. Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.
CO2 is not increasing
"...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago." (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)
The 'airborne fraction' refers to the amount of human CO2 emissions remaining in the atmosphere. Approximately 43% of our CO2 emissions stay in the atmosphere with the rest being absorbed by carbon sinks. But is the airborne fraction increasing? A paper published in November 2009 found no statistically significant trend (Knorr 2009). Anthony Watts labeled this result the "Bombshell from Bristol" - A potentially devastating result for anthropogenic global warming. Was it such a shock? The 2007 IPCC verdict on the airborne fraction was "There is yet no statistically significant trend in the CO2 growth rate since 1958 .... This 'airborne fraction' has shown little variation over this period." (IPCC AR4) I'm not sure the move from "not much happening" "to "still not much happening" warrants the label "bombshell".
The airborne fraction is calculated from the rate of human CO2 emissions and changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. The global increase in atmospheric CO2 has been directly measured since 1959 and can be calculated from ice cores for earlier periods. Primarily, CO2 emissions come from fossil fuel combustion with a lesser contribution from land use changes. Fossil fuel combustion is calculated from international energy statistics. CO2 emissions from land-use changes are more difficult to estimate and come with greater uncertainty. Land use emissions are estimated using deforestation and other land-use data, fire observations from space and carbon cycle modeling.
There have been several recent studies determining the airborne fraction. Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (Le Quere 2009) examines the airborne fraction from 1959 to 2008. This period was chosen as we have directly measured atmospheric CO2 levels over this time. Fossil fuel emissions rose steadily in recent decades, contributing 8.7 ± 0.5 gigatonnes of carbon in 2008. This is 41% greater than fossil fuel emissions in 1990. CO2 emissions from land use was estimated at 1.2 ± 0.4 gigatonnes of carbon in 2008. Note the proportionally higher uncertainty compared to fossil fuel emissions.
Over this period, an average of 43% of each year's CO2 emissions remained in the atmosphere although there is much year-to-year variability. The noise in the airborne fraction was reduced by removing the variability associated with El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and volcanic activity. They found the airborne fraction increased by 3 ± 2% per decade. This is a slightly increasing trend although only barely statistically significant .
Knorr 2009 extends this analysis back to 1850 by combining direct CO2 measurements from Mauna Loa and the South Pole with CO2 data derived from Antarctic ice cores. This enabled Knorr to compare CO2 emissions to atmospheric CO2 levels for the past 150 years.
Figure 1: Observed increase atmospheric CO2 derived from direct measurements, taking the average of Mauna Loa (Hawaii) and the South Pole (thin solid line) and two ice cores: Law Dome (dashed thin line) and Siple (thin dotted line). This is compared to total anthropogenic emissions (thick solid line) and 46% of total emissions (thick dashed line). (Knorr 2009)
Knorr finds that since 1850, the airborne fraction has eemained relatively constant. When CO2emissions were low, the amount of CO2absorbed by natural carbon sinks was correspondingly low. As human CO2 emissions sharply increased in the 20th Century, the amount absorbed by nature increased correspondingly. The airborne fraction remained level at around 43%. The trend since 1850 is found to be 0.7 ± 1.4% per decade.
There are several differences in methodology between Knorr 2009 and Le Quere 2009. Knorr's result does not include the filtering for ENSO and volcanic activity employed by Le Quéré. However, when Knorr does include this filtering in his analysis, he finds a trend of 1.2 ± 0.9% per decade. This is smaller than Le Quere's result but is statistically significant.
Knorr also finds the 150 year trend while Le Quéré looks at the last 50 years. This may be significant. If the airborne fraction is increasing, it is possibly a recent phenomenon due to natural carbon sinks losing their absorption ability after becoming saturated. Several studies have found recent drops in the uptake of CO2 by oceans (Le Quere 2007, Schuster 2007, Park 2008). However, with such a noisy signal, this is one question that will require more data before being more fully resolved.
Lastly, some perspective. There are still areas of uncertainty associated with the carbon cycle. Because of this uncertainty, scientists are currently debating whether the airborne fraction is steady at 43% or slightly Increasing from 43%. Unfortunately, some skeptics use this uncertainty to hold the position that the airborne fraction is closer to 0%.
Additional videos from the MOOC
Andy Skuce: The CO2 rise is man man-made
Interviews with various experts
Expert interview with Corinne Le Quéré
Last updated on 8 July 2015 by pattimer. View Archives
Daniel Bailey at 23:45 PM on 9 October, 2010
Based on CBD's comment:
"There is a hemispheric seesaw in CO2 as spring and summer in each hemisphere allow plants to grow and absorb CO2 while fall and winter see plants dying and releasing CO2."
I thought I would kick off this thread with some visual evidence of this seesaw: This one, using 2008 CarbonTracker data, animates changes over time. View is global, looking down. This one, from the GlobalView-CO2 Project (using data from 1979 to 2006), also animates changes over time. View is horizontal, pole-to-pole. A neat way to present a similar concept, but in a different way. I'll link this back to CBD's post on the other thread. The Yooper
muoncounter at 00:59 AM on 10 October, 2010
"The 'airborne fraction' refers to the amount of human CO2 emissions remaining in the atmosphere." Denial of increasing atmospheric CO2 levels is absurd, but absurdity is a common theme among deniers. But in referring to an increase in the 'airborne fraction', you're really addressing the declining ability of natural 'sinks' to absorb excess CO2. Europe seems way ahead of the rest of the world in quantifying this: Researchers from 17 European countries cooperating in the EU-Integrated Project CarboEurope ... have compiled the first comprehensive greenhouse gas balance of Europe. Key findings: Net European sinks of CO2 only amount to 15% of fossil fuel emissions. For the EU as a whole, the sink capacity is only 11% of CO2 emissions. As sinks are degraded, airborne fraction must rise.
Canadell et al. 2007 document the degrading of carbon sinks since 1960: We estimate that 35+/-16% of the increase in atmospheric CO2 growth rate between 1970–1999 and 2000–2006 was caused by the decrease in the efficiency of the land and ocean sinks in removing anthropogenic CO2 (18 +/- 15%) and by the increase in carbon intensity of the global economy (17 +/- 6%). The remaining 65 +/- 16% was due to the increase in the global economy.
KirkSkywalker at 15:44 PM on 23 October, 2010
The problem with the use of ice cores as a proxy for CO2 measurements is that the ice is unavoidably contaminated by liquid water. Dr. Zbigniew Jaworowski of the Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection (CLOR) in Warsaw, Poland, in written testimony submitted to a U.S. Senate committee in March 2004 said: "Determinations of CO2 in polar ice cores are commonly used for estimations of the pre-industrial CO2 atmospheric levels. Perusal of these determinations convinced me that glaciological studies are not able to provide a reliable reconstruction of CO2 concentrations in the ancient atmosphere. This is because the ice cores do not fulfill the essential closed system criteria. One of them is a lack of liquid water in ice, which could dramatically change the chemical composition the air bubbles trapped between the ice crystals. This criterion, is not met, as even the coldest Antarctic ice (down to -73°C) contains liquid water. More than 20 physico-chemical processes, mostly related to the presence of liquid water, contribute to the alteration of the original chemical composition of the air inclusions in polar ice." Since global-warming evidence of C02-levels rests exclusively in ice-core samples, then this argument proves its Achilles-Heel.
Response: Moderator Response: You have posted related claims about ice cores in at least five different threads on this site. Please do not spread discussions of a single, narrow topic across many different threads. Another commenter (KR) has already responded to your claims in the thread where you first posted this material (What does past climate change tell us about global warming?), so it would be a good idea to respond there. Thank you.
archiesteel at 15:52 PM on 23 October, 2010
@KirkSkywalker: Zbigniew Jaworowski's views on the validity of ice core samples are hotly contested, and do not represent the current state of the science. There's no real reason to doubt the validity of ice cores samples with regards to CO2 levels in the last 600,000 years. It's all about evidence, and Jaworowski doesn't have much to support his claims (and neither do you).
doug_bostrom at 16:06 PM on 23 October, 2010
Make up your mind, Captain Kirk. Elsewhere just a few minutes ago you said the problem w/ice cores is sublimation of CO2, here something different. It's ruinous to your credibility when you spew hypotheses willy-nilly.
Tom Dayton at 16:10 PM on 23 October, 2010
KirkSkywalker, just one of several places you can find details of the problems with Jaworowski's claims is by Jim Easter.
Response: Thanks to all three of you for responding to KirkSkywalker's comment. However, in the interests of not diffusing this discussion all over the site, let's redirect any additional comments to the thread where KirkSkywalker first posted on this subject (What does past climate change tell us about global warming?).
Tom Dayton at 14:52 PM on 25 December, 2010
This is my response to a comment by NETDR on another thread, as my attempt to move that conversation to this appropriate thread. Tamino wrote an excellent post demonstrating that CO2 rise is exponential, not linear.
Daniel Bailey at 16:56 PM on 25 December, 2010
Here's a good illustration of the changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration over time (h/t to Lou Grinzo for alerting me to this much-updated animation):
You can literally watch the Earth "breath"... The Yooper
NETDR at 02:11 AM on 26 December, 2010
#8 Tom Dayton http://www.woodfortrees.org/plot/esrl-co2/from:1958/to:2010/plot/esrl-co2/from:1958/to:2010/trend The increase from 1958 to 2010 is a good indication of modern trends in CO2. It is the biggest "cherry " we have accurate data for. Before that the sites jump around and are hit and miss. How do thy correlate and is one the same as another on the same day ? I doubt it. Besides the argument is what is the trend now not 1,000 years ago ? The argument is that since the effect of CO2 is logarithmic and the increase in CO2 is almost linear the rate of warming should slow down in later years. I wish woodfortrees had a handy app for this but they don't. I pulled the CO2 data for 58 years into excel and did a simple log of the data. If the rate is increasing exponentially with a large enough exponent we should see a straight line output indicating increasing warming. The slope should tell us how log it would take to have a doubling of effect. In other words If y=X^2 and T = log(y) In this test case T is a straight line with a steep slope. [About 3/10 ] If this were the case I would agree this would show that the geometric increase in CO2 would cancel out the logarithmic effect of CO2. If however the effective warming [T] is almost flat the world has little to fear. If I take the data set in to Excel and take the log of the 58 years of data I get a straight line with very little slope [.09 / 58 years or .00155 per year ] at that rate a doubling of effect would take thousands of years. Go to the Mona Loa site and download the data and check me. This indicates to me that we have little to fear from CO2 causing rising temperatures for many hundreds of years.
Tom Dayton at 06:39 AM on 26 December, 2010
NETDR, this thread is about the rate of increase in CO2. You had claimed on another thread that CO2 is increasing nearly linearly. I pointed you to a very thorough analysis by a professional time series statistician, showing unequivocally that the increase is exponential. You completely ignored that, instead meandering off into something about doubling the effect of CO2 and something about temperature.
muoncounter at 07:09 AM on 26 December, 2010
#10: "The slope should tell us how log it would take to have a doubling of effect." Yes, linear trends can be used to extrapolate forever. How's that working for you in the stock market? Bet you won't get a linear fit to these data: . We add more than 2ppm/year and that rate is increasing. Go to the MLO site and look at the annual rate of change. Then go look at an Arctic site like BRW, where the annual rate change is even larger. Look at how the fossil fuel consumption rates are rising worldwide and project forward. Look at how the oceans/biosphere aren't taking as much CO2 out of the atmosphere as they once were. Then tell us when we'll be at 560 ppm. But why do you even care about atmospheric CO2? Is that 'rampy-siney thing' not working for ya?
Tom Dayton It is no digression. The warming of CO2 is proportional to the log of the amount of CO2. By taking the log of the CO2 we see how fast the warming can take place all other things being equal. The rate may be exponential but if the exponent is very small the increase in warming is itself slow and probably not a problem. This seems to be the case. Taking the log of an exponential function shows us the exponent. The increase in value of this log is an indication of the rate of warming Now go back and read my previous post #10 again.
Matthew at 07:37 AM on 26 December, 2010
muoncounter(12#) 170 PPM to get to 560 ppm, so we increase around 2 PPM per year. S0 170/2=85 years give or take. We will get there near 2095-2096.
dhogaza at 07:51 AM on 26 December, 2010
"The rate may be exponential but if the exponent is very small the increase in warming is itself slow and probably not a problem" The final equilibrium temperature depends on the accumulated amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, not the rate of increase. If the accumulation is fast, then equilibrium will be reached more quickly, of course. We'll be reaching a doubling of CO2 compared to pre-industrial levels this century, and at that point will be committed to about a 3C global rise in temps, with the average temperature over land in the NH being much higher than that (say, double). You claim this is "slow and probably not a problem". Many, many experts say otherwise. I'll listen to the experts rather than someone who tries to wave away exponential increases in the rate of accumulation of CO2 as being "nearly linear".
15 dhogaza Yes I do claim it will be slow and not a problem. The maximum warming with ADO PDO and a monster El Nino and sunspots the largest in recorded history only made the 1978 to 1998 warming rate 1.2 ° C per century. I am underwhelmed. Mother nature did everything she could to help your puny CO2 and that is the best it can do ? No wonder when the ADO and PDO go negative the rate of warming goes flat or negative !
Response: You are incorrect that solar activity since 1978 contributed to warming. See "It's the Sun" and especially "Climate Time Lag."
#14: "we will get there... " You missed the part about 'and that rate is increasing'? So the bets are in as to when 560 ppm will happen. In the words of that great American philosopher, Dirty Harry: "You gotta ask yourself one question, do I feel lucky?"
muoncounter at 09:12 AM on 5 February, 2011
Reply to comment here. "is it about 40% absorbed, 5.23*(0.4) ~ 2.0?" Actually, the most recent increase is back up to 2.3 ppm/year, a sure sign that the recession is ending. And the ~40% absorption is an average; it will vary by several points from year to year. Take the world's annual CO2 emissions in Gtons, convert to ppm by volume and divide. You can't make this increase -- and the inescapable fact that we are its source -- go away by a few back-of-the-envelope calculations.
KR at 01:05 AM on 9 February, 2011
mozart - Reply here, as it's a much more appropriate thread. It's well worth reading the topic, also see the video in post #9, also graphs in #12, and in particular #17. Exponential growth has a nasty effect of slamming in hard down the line, much more people expect. Your CO2 emissions scenarios are grossly overoptimistic.
mozart at 01:39 AM on 9 February, 2011
Ten years ago we would have said the curve was flat....and it's an odd explosive growth model that has it's highest observation 13 years ago in 1998.
Response: [Daniel Bailey] Not at all flat; current levels are the highest in over 400,000 years (you must be looking at the South Pole station data curve):
#20: "it's an odd explosive growth model that has it's highest observation 13 years ago in 1998" Odd indeed. So odd that one can only conclude that the observation you made must be incorrect. If you cared to look upthread, you would see that models are very close to observed (those are the dots on the emissions graph). If we stay at or near A1FI, we reach 560ppm (a doubling of pre-industrial CO2) mid century. That's what the science says; what you choose to believe is your own. I refer you once again to the noted futurist, H. Callahan, as quoted at the bottom of this comment.
scaddenp at 08:18 AM on 9 February, 2011
Mozart - Firstly the "percentage" arguments are smoke and mirrors. ppm for pre-industrial(1830) is 280, 560 is double that. Growth from 1830 to 1950 was 30ppm - 10% and 0.25ppm/yr Growth from 1950 to 2000 was 55ppm - 20% and 1.1 ppm/yr Growth from 2000 to 2010 was 25ppm - 9% and 2.5 ppm/yr Still need another 60% to get to doubling, but at 2.5ppm per year, this takes 66 years. Where did you get the idea CO2 rates were flat 10 years ago? Another assertion without evidence. Why exactly do you think that China and India (or US for that matter) will stop burning coal? Anyway, the point of SRES scenarios is that you can take the scenario that you think is best likely to describe the future (by looking at the assumptions it makes, not wishful thinking) and then looking at WG2 to see what world would look like with that scenario.
muoncounter at 13:01 PM on 10 February, 2011
Delightful news: Jan 2011 CO2 = 391 ppm; an annual increase of 2.7 ppm/year. Yes, the recession is over. Do we break 395 this year?
@ 23 Given the 2010 Amazon drought, another year of oceanic warming (especially in the polar oceans)...I say yes. Followed by a 50/50 shot at 400 in 2012. Speaking of 400, who's turn is it to watch Teddy Ballgame's head anyway? The Yooper
#24: "Teddy Ballgame's head" That would be 406; not 'til 2014 by a long shot. By now our Aussie friends must think that Yanks speak in code.
Matthew at 14:06 PM on 10 February, 2011
Id say since each year goes up 2 percent, so we avg near 391 ppm this year, 393 ppm in 2012, 395 ppm 2013, 397 ppm 2014, 399 ppm 2015. I think 2016 we make it. 2000 369.40 0.12 2001 371.07 0.12 2002 373.17 0.12 2003 375.78 0.12 2004 377.52 0.12 2005 379.76 0.12 2006 381.85 0.12 2007 383.71 0.12 2008 385.57 0.12 2009 387.35 0.12 2010 389.78 0.12 In May 2010 we came near 393, 2009 made it to 390, 2008 made it to 388 ppm. This is the months. Id say 2011 395 ppm 2012 397 ppm 2013 399 ppm 2014 401 ppm
Not 2 percent, but 2 ppm.
PT_Goodman at 12:21 PM on 17 February, 2011
Isn't the percentage of CO2 retained in the atmosphere increasing. I took the NOAA MLO CO2 annual increments from 1959 to 2010, calculated the percentage change for each year from 1960 to 2010, graphed that, and found that percentage of CO2 retained in the atmosphere (given here as 43%) is generally increasing during that period. Does this mean that the ocean and land CO2 sinks are becoming less effective?
Response: [DB] Perhaps I've missed it, but I have not seen anything conclusive yet (there is some natural variability in the uptakes). It is indeed being studied closely, for that event is what some models have indicated in a Business-As-Usual situation.
Acorn1 at 14:47 PM on 17 February, 2011
Sir: Homo s. has had his brain cage increase from 500cc to 1700cc over the short period of 3million years. He will be able to endure just about anything nature throws at him at the year 2100. Why link temperature and atmos CO2 and end there? We know plants and animals can cope better at "high" temperatures, and we know higher CO2 is supportive of more plants. (World food sources have increased, relative to all else,in the last 60 years) Homo S. died down to (near extinction?) about a mear 2000 during the last ice age. So why not get this discussion around to what's the best of both? Instead of they're both bad...which seems to be the thread. acorn1
Response: [Daniel Bailey] You're relatively new here, so let me take a moment to welcome you & to give you a quick tour and idea of how things work best here. We encourage you to read the Newcomers-Start-Here post, followed by the Big-Picture post, so you can get a synopsis of what's going on. I also recommend you watch this video on why CO2 is the Control Knob of temperatures. When you have questions, use the Search function in the upper left corner of every page to find out if there's an answer ready-made for you in the form of a blog post investigating that (chances are there is). Questions are to be posed on those threaded posts. If you still have questions, find the most appropriate post & ask it there. Someone will get back to you. Lastly, keep the Comments Policy in mind when formulating your questions (remember to use the Preview function to ensure readability). Thanks!
scaddenp at 17:50 PM on 17 February, 2011
Acorn1 - perhaps look at: CO2 is plant food and Its not bad. I don't know of any science that supposes humans as a species is going to die out. However, climate change that is too fast will be seriously bad for many individuals of the species. Its about the rate of change not about what's an optimal temperature. Have a look at the scenarios of what 2100 could look like and think about whether this seems to good thing, but its best to do so on the appropriate thread rather than throwing a bunch of skeptic talking points into a single post.
PT_Goodman at 11:14 AM on 18 February, 2011
Regarding my own comment 28. I'll look at my "analysis" again. But as I was lying in bed last night, and again this morning, I concluded that I was being overly-simplistic. I implicitly assumed/ was provided a constant rate of Carbon emissions increase (1%) from 1960 to 2010, and that probably is not the case. The 1% figure is no doubt an average rate of increase.
Re: koyaanisqatsi (31) This graphic shows the rise in emissions as well as the attribution: Data through 2003, so it's a bit dated. The Yooper
Koy: The EIA has data for annual worldwide carbon emissions, with country breakdown if you are so inclined. 1980: 18.4 Gtons; 2009: 30.4 Gtons. Net= +12.0 Gtons/yr. Over 30 years, that is actually an average growth rate of 1.7% per year.
DSL at 00:45 AM on 10 June, 2011
John, you might update the article with the recent news about CO2 increasing despite the recession. I recall NETDR claiming that recessions cause dips in CO2. While that's possible (and may still be possible with this double dip or super-dip), so far it hasn't been evident.
CBDunkerson at 01:09 AM on 10 June, 2011
The global recession did cause a dip in CO2 emissions for a couple of years, but emissions started rising again in 2010 and the emissions dip was much too small to have any impact atmospheric concentrations... which have continued increasing at about 2ppm per year through the recession.
Stop the presses! The Mauna Loa November CO2 data is in: [Click to enlarge] 6 more months of increases before the next peak in May 2012. My WAG (Wild-A**-Guess) for then: 396+
richieb1234 at 21:14 PM on 23 July, 2019
Sorry if this is the wrong comment string. I am having trouble finding quantitative answers to questions related to how temperature increase lags behind CO2 concentrations. Specifically: 1) if CO2 emissions stopped today, what global average temperature would we eventually reach, and 2) how soon would we reach it?Thanks
michael sweet at 22:54 PM on 23 July, 2019
Ritchieb1234,
Searching at RealClimate using the keywords "temperature change emissions stop" gives several interesting hits. The first three or four are advertisements.
This OP from 2010 seems to describe what you seek. The original letter is here. Follow the citations at Google Scholar to get more recent ideas.
They have covered a lot of material in the old posts at Realclimate. They are probably at a technical level that you would like. Currently they post less because they have already covered so many issues.
Michael SweetNice to hear from you again. Thank you for the references.
Daniel Bailey at 01:58 AM on 24 July, 2019
"1) if CO2 emissions stopped today, what global average temperature would we eventually reach, and 2) how soon would we reach it?"
Good questions. Looking to the most recent summary at hand, Canada's Changing Climate Report for 2019:
Section 3.4:
"Global temperature change is effectively irreversible on multi-century timescales. This is because the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted over time is the main determinant of global temperature change and because carbon dioxide has a long (century-scale) lifetime in the atmosphere."
"In summary, many aspects of climate change are irreversible on multi-century timescales. CO2 persisting for a century or more in the atmosphere is the main determinant of global mean temperature change, and global temperature will remain elevated even after emissions cease. GMST could be reduced only if human intervention could remove CO2 from the atmosphere over a sustained period."
"The difference between observed temperature and the multi-model average from roughly 2000 onward has been extensively analyzed (e.g., Fyfe et al., 2016) and is due to a combination of small errors in the observational record, decadal timescale internal variability, and incomplete early 21st century volcanic forcing in the models."
Figure 3.9 shows the persistence of elevated temperatures after emissions cease:


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text:
Parmi les fièvres se répétant plus ou moins régulièrement dans le temps, avec ou sans causes connues, on distingue 3 catégories :
 des fièvres récurrentes héréditaires (FRH) (maintenant incluses dans le groupe des maladies auto-inflammatoires)
 des fièvres récurrentes infectieuses (« relapsing fever » pour les anglophones), dues à des microbes (spirochètes du genre Borrelia) acquis lors de morsures par des insectes ou acariens (poux, tiques…), dont le type principal est la fièvre récurrente mondiale.
 des fièvres prolongées récidivantes non-expliquées.

En principe, le terme de fièvre récurrente (sans autre précision, au singulier ou au pluriel) désigne plus particulièrement les Borrélioses récurrentes ; mais il est parfois utilisé comme synonyme de toute fièvre périodique, intermittente, récidivante ou à répétition.

Fièvres récurrentes héréditaires
Ce sont quelques maladies liées à un dérèglement du système immunitaire inné ou « archaïque » ( immunitaire non spécifique). Les monocytes et polynucléaires neutrophiles sont excessivement stimulés et déclenchent une inflammation se traduisant par une fièvre régressant spontanément entre les épisodes fébriles.

Dans ce cas, le patient ne produit pas d'auto-anticorps spécifiques, ni de lymphocytes activés par un antigène spécifique. Il n'existe donc pas de test spécifique pour retenir le diagnostic de maladie auto-inflammatoire.

Clinique
Ces fièvres se manifestent par des épisodes fébriles de quelques jours, séparés par des intervalles libres parfois très long, et ce depuis plusieurs années. Des signes associés peuvent être présents : douleurs articulaires, éruptions cutanées, douleurs abdominales. Ces maladies se déclarent le plus souvent chez l'enfant de moins de 10 ans, mais le diagnostic est parfois fait à l'âge adulte .

Les examens biologiques montrent un syndrome inflammatoire non-spécifique, avec élévation de la protéine C réactive et augmentation des polynucléaires neutrophiles, sans marqueurs d'auto-immunité, ni « auto-réactivité T », ce qui orientera le diagnostic vers cette cause.

L'interrogatoire recherche des antécédents familiaux sur au moins 3 générations dans l'arbre généalogique, avec recherche de cas familiaux d'insuffisance rénale, de maladies inflammatoires du tube digestif (maladie de Crohn et rectocolite hémorragique), des surdités ou autres atteintes neurosensorielles, un retard mental, des maladies articulaires ou autres pathologies pouvant également évoquer une prédisposition génétique à une maladie auto-inflammatoire.

Le diagnostic différentiel vise à éliminer les pathologies exclusivement pédiatriques, sporadiques ou non héréditaires (syndrome de Marschall ou PFAPA pour Periodic Fever Aphtous stomatitis Pharyngitis Adenitis, arthrite juvénile...).

Maladies principales
Entre parenthèses, la date de leur identification :

La fièvre méditerranéenne familiale (1950) ou maladie périodique est liée à une mutation du gène MEFV (MEditerranean FeVer) sur le bras court du chromosome 16.

La fièvre familiale hibernienne ou syndrome TRAPS pour TNF receptor associated periodic syndrom (1982) est due à une mutation du gène d'un récepteur du TNF (Tumor necrozing factor ou facteur de nécrose tumorale) sur le bras long du chromosome 12.

La fièvre récurrente avec hyper-IgD, ou fièvre périodique hollandaise (1984), est liée à un déficit en mévalonate kinase.

Le syndrome CINCA pour Chronic Infantile Neurological Cutaneous and Articular syndrom (1987) est liée à une mutation du gène de la cryopyrine.

Fièvres récurrentes infectieuses
Elles sont dues à des Borrelia et transmises par le pou de corps (fièvre récurrente mondiale) ou des tiques molles ornithodores (fièvres récurrentes régionales).

Elles étaient semble-t-il déjà connues d'Hippocrate. L'étiologie de ces fièvres a été confirmée par deux médecins d'Odessa (Munch en 1874 (cité par Podjapolkski en 1926) et Motchoutkowski (1876) qui se sont injecté du sang provenant de malades touchés par des fièvres, avant qu'on ne comprenne que les poux en étaient, comme pour le typhus le principal vecteur. Des singes expérimentalement infectés par borrelia recurrentis par Sergent et Foley (1980, 1910) s'y montrent en laboratoire très sensibles (mortalité importante après un ou deux accès de fièvre) alors que cobaye, rat, lapin, hamster résistaient bien aux infections expérimentales.

Après quelques jours d'incubation, une forte fièvre survient brutalement, éventuellement avec nausées et maux de tête. La fièvre chute au bout de cinq ou six jours, laissant place à une grande fatigue.
L'épisode se répète dans le temps, avec parfois des complications viscérales, dont des méningites et encéphalites graves.

Les symptômes étant communs, la maladie peut être assimilée à son début à un syndrome grippal ou être confondue avec un paludisme résistant. Dans tous les contextes où cela est plausible, et où les épisodes fébriles semblent d'étiologie unique, la répétition de plus de 2 épisodes de fièvre doit faire évoquer une fièvre récurrente.

Le diagnostic est essentiellement clinique. Chez un enfant pour lequel la maladie est suspectée, la courbe de croissance est à suivre. En complément, une échographie abdominale ou rénale est éventuellement proposée.

Les données biologiques d'orientation montrent une augmentation des globules blancs et une anémie. Une augmentation des transaminases par cytolyse hépatique est fréquente.

Le diagnostic différentiel se pose surtout au début où il faut discuter : accès de paludisme, fièvre typhoïde, leptospirose, typhus, arbovirose...

Fièvres prolongées et récidivantes non-expliquées
Les fièvres prolongées sont celles dont la durée dépasse trois semaines. Lorsque l'évolution est intermittente on parle de fièvre périodique ou récurrente, récidivantes ou à répétition (au moins 2 épisodes fébriles séparés par un intervalle libre).

La problématique des fièvres prolongées non expliquées est celle des fièvres dont le diagnostic reste incertain après trois jours d'hospitalisation (investigations approfondies) ou trois consultations (on n'attend pas trois semaines pour se poser le problème).

Les principales causes finalement retrouvées sont infectieuses (40 %), d'origine bactérienne soit infection générale (à germe connu : tuberculose, brucellose, borrelioses...), soit locale (abcès profond, endocardite infectieuse, infection de matériel étranger, infection osseuse...). Dans un contexte d'immunodépression, sont en cause les infections virales, parasites, champignons et mycoses.

Les affections malignes (20 % avec tendance à l'augmentation) sont les tumeurs solides (notamment cancer du rein), les lymphomes et leucémies.

Les causes inflammatoires non infectieuses (10 %) sont des maladies de type vascularite comme la maladie de Horton chez le sujet âgé, ou encore les fièvres récurrentes héréditaires (voir plus haut).

Les autres causes (10 %) sont des causes médicamenteuses, des troubles vasculaires ou endocriniens, et enfin des fièvres factices ou simulées (pathomimie, syndrome de Münchhausen).

Selon les études, de 5 à 23 % de fièvres prolongées sont inexpliquées à 3 semaines.

La mortalité de ces fièvres dépend de leur cause, plus de 50 % pour les affections malignes, 15 % pour les causes infectieuses, et très faible pour celles restant sans cause (3 % à 5 ans), car un grand nombre d'entre elles disparaissent spontanément.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Maladie auto-inflammatoire
 Maladies inflammatoires héréditaires
 Fièvre
 Fièvre intermittente
 Fièvre récurrente mondiale
 Borrélioses

Bibliographie
 Furuno, K., Lee, K., Itoh, Y., Suzuki, K., Yonemitsu, K., Kuwata, R., etc. & Takano, A. (2017). Epidemiological study of relapsing fever borreliae detected in Haemaphysalis ticks and wild animals in the western part of Japan. PloS one, 12(3), e0174727.

Références

Infection bactérienne humaine
Maladie infectieuse tropicale

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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theJetsBlog
8 scenarios where Jets trade down in NFL Draft
Feb 12 | 3:08PM
Here's where the Jets sit in the latest Madden NFL 20 rankings
How Jets can overcome the loss of Chris Herndon to start the 2019 season
Jets' Adams excited for healthy Maye
10 under-the-radar Jets who could crack 53-man roster
Jets TE Chris Herndon suspended four games
WATCH: Jets' Avery Williamson tries his hand at broadcasting
Former Jets coach Walt Michaels dies
AFC East Power Rankings: Where the Jets stand
Jets with best odds for MVP
'They will make the playoffs': A way-too-early prediction for the Jets 2019 season
Why Gregg Williams could be key for Jets' Darnold
The Jets' options in the NFL supplemental draft
10 most important players for the Jets in 2019
Jets would be wise to bring in competition for C Jonotthan Harrison
Quinnen Williams is Madden 20's best rookie
WATCH tonight on SNY: Three titles, one year, one city
Mosley explains why NFL is 'sleeping on the Jets'
Jets have Patriots WR Julian Edelman's attention
Joe Namath explains why Tom Brady is the GOAT
McCown on Darnold: 'He'll be just fine'
Audio from Bell's 911 call released
Ty Montgomery knew Jets were right fit, hoping to stay in New York 'for a long time'
Jets GM Joe Douglas reportedly adds three experienced personnel staffers
5 things we learned about the Jets this offseason
McCown announces retirement, to join ESPN
Boyer confident Jets special teams won't falter despite losses
On the incredible bond between the 1969 Jets and Mets
5 dark horse candidates who could emerge for Jets in 2019
8 scenarios where Jets trade down in NFL Draft, including with Giants
With No. 3 pick, QB-needy teams will surely be giving Jets a call
By Ralph Vacchiano | Feb 12 | 3:08PM
Aug 26, 2017; East Rutherford, NJ, USA; New York Jets acting ceo Christopher Wold Johnson (left) talks to general manager Mike Maccagnan before a preseason game against the New York Giants at MetLife Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Brad Penner-USA TODAY Sports (Brad Penner)
The Jets are sitting in a sweet spot in the upcoming NFL Draft. They hold a high pick (No. 3) in a draft that isn't thought of as quarterback rich. That means any team that wants a quarterback should want to move up to get their first choice, rather than wait and settle for seconds.
And the Jets are just the type of team that should be very interested in trading down.
For one thing, they already have their franchise quarterback. For another, a pass rusher is one of their greatest needs, and there are plenty of quality pass rushers at the top of this draft. And maybe most importantly, the Jets are a rebuilding team with a ton of holes, yet they only have six picks in this draft and no second-rounder (which they sent to the Colts in the Sam Darnold deal last year).
They should explore trading down in the draft to recoup their second rounder and add additional picks - as long as they don't drop down too far.
So which quarterback-needy teams are most likely to be interested in moving up? There are several in the Top 10 and a few just outside it. It's impossible to even guess at what a trade package would look like without knowing how much competition there is. But the lower the Jets go, obviously, the more extensive the package could be. Who knows? They could even recoup their second-rounder and add a future first-rounder, too.
Here's a look at the teams that might want to strike a deal:
1) Oakland Raiders (at No. 4)
Jon Gruden seems like exactly the kind of coach/executive to take an early leap of faith on a guy like Kyler Murray. It's all speculation on Murray right now, but if he gets to 3, Gruden could be tempted to prevent someone else from dealing up to get him.
For the Jets, they could recoup their second-round pick and still get the player they would've taken at 3. The Raiders, by the way, have three first-round picks, though it's hard to see them giving one up to move up one spot.
2) Tampa Bay Buccaneers (at No. 5)
The Bucs have committed to Jameis Winston for 2019, but his contract runs out after the season and they've said nothing about 2020. Drafting a first-round quarterback would be a terrible way to show their faith in him, but he's been a lot of trouble in his short career with inconsistent results.
It's doubtful they'd do it, but if they were willing a trade, a deal would be similar to any deal the Jets could strike with the Raiders. They could get their second-rounder back and still get a top pass rusher since they wouldn't move far at all.
3) Giants (at No. 6)
A deal between these two intra-stadium rivals makes so much sense, yet because of their internal rivalry and proximity, it's almost certainly not going to happen.
But playing the hypothetical, it could be a win-win. If the Giants decide to take a quarterback - and it's still only an "if" - this might be the only way to guarantee they get their man. And the Giants could give up their high second-round pick, plus a bunch of others. They have seven picks between Rounds 4 and 7, and maybe more on the way in terms of compensatory picks.
Plus, to get a franchise quarterback, they can give up something from next year's draft too. The Jets get their picks. The Giants get their quarterback. I mean, why not?
4) Jacksonville Jaguars (at No. 7)
There is no doubt they are eyeing the quarterbacks in this draft, and there is no doubt they are looking at opportunities to leap-frog over the Giants if they decide to take one. Imagine the Jets holding an auction for their pick with Tom Coughlin and the Giants as the two fiercest bidders. It would be fascinating.
The Giants have more picks to offer. Both have extra third-round picks. All their picks are in the same range. Would one of them dangle a 2020 first-rounder to seal the deal?
5) Detroit Lions (at No. 8)
But don't they have Matthew Stafford under contract through 2022 on a deal that makes him uncuttable/tradeable for the next two seasons? OK, sure, but on Tuesday, GM Bob Quinn refused to rule out drafting a quarterback at No. 8. They're probably not in an urgent position where they need to trade up, but if they fall in love with someone who can be Stafford's successor …
6) Denver Broncos (at No. 10)
Now we're in the area where the Jets would definitely get a future first-rounder back in a deal. Broncos GM John Elway is, quite frankly, first-round-quarterback-crazy. It's like he's a collector. Of course, he's yet to find a franchise one, and this time around word is he's thought to be … um … locked in on Missouri's Drew Lock.
If he's absolutely certain that he's found his guy this time, that's got to be worth next year's first-rounder, this year's second-rounder, and maybe one of the four extra picks they currently have in Rounds 4 through 7. The Jets still would be in range for a pass rusher, probably.
7) Miami Dolphins (at No. 13)
This gets into an area the Jets might not want to be in, beyond the first tier of prospects in this draft and maybe even deep into the second tier. They could get a pass rusher, but it might be someone too far down their board to justify with such a high pick. They might have to switch to another position (which won't be a problem if they fix their pass-rush issue in free agency).
To drop this far, though, the package would have to look a little like what the L.A. Rams gave up to move up from 15 to 1 for Jared Goff in 2016. They gave up the entire top of their draft (a first-rounder, two seconds and a third), plus their first and third-round pick in 2017 (though they did get back a fourth- and sixth-rounder in 2016).
Sure, the Jets aren't dealing the first overall pick here, but the framework of a deal would be similar.
8) Washington Redskins (at No. 15)
The Redskins aren't sure Alex Smith will be back for the start of next season, or if he'll resume his career at all. Even if he does he'll be 34 in May and coming back from a terrible leg injury. What's it worth to them to jump up and secure their quarterback of the future?
They only have five picks in this draft. Would they be willing to part with most of them, plus a future first-rounder? How about two future first rounders? Owner Dan Snyder once gave up a second-rounder and two future firsts to move up from 6 to 2 to draft Robert Griffin III (in 2012) … so yes, he is indeed just crazy enough.
Madden isn't too high on Gang green despite Jets' big changes
New York Jets safety Jamal Adams reacts during the second quarter against the Buffalo Bills at MetLife Stadium. (Brad Penner/USA TODAY Sports)
Each year, football fans anxiously await the new Madden NFL game to hit the shelves. But their player ratings generate even more buzz.
Well, EA Sports has released their initial rankings for each team, and Jets fans may not like where their team has ended up.
At the moment, the Jets are a 78 overall with an 73 offense and 80 defense, which is good for the sixth-worst team in the game. The Dolphins, an AFC East rival, are the game's worst team at 72 overall, while the Bills are third-worst at 78 overall. The Super Bowl defending-champion Patriots are an overall 87.
Tags: Jamal Adams, Leonard Williams, Le'Veon Bell, Sam Darnold, Trumaine Johnson
Does Gang Green add another tight end like they did in 2017?
By Bent | Jul 15 | 11:24AM
Chris Herndon (89) Mandatory Credit: Brad Penner-USA TODAY Sports (Brad Penner)
Bent, theJetsBlog.com Follow on Twitter
Last week, the Jets announced that tight end Chris Herndon would be suspended for the first four games of the 2019 regular season. This will obviously be a blow for the team, as they look to establish their new-look offense under Adam Gase. Herndon caught 39 passes last year to lead all rookie tight ends, including 32 over the last 10 games.
However, if the Jets intend to make a move to improve their tight end depth and give themselves further cover at the position, the options are somewhat unappealing.
Last month, even before the Herndon suspension was announced, Bucky Brooks wrote on NFL.com that the Jets should consider trading for veteran Jimmy Graham. However, adding a veteran who is past his prime and still on a high salary would be an overreaction at this point, especially if they had to give up anything of value to acquire him from the Packers.
Tags: Austin Seferian-Jenkins, Chris Herndon, Eric Tomlinson
Jets' Jamal Adams excited for healthy Marcus Maye: He's 'one of the best free safeties' in the NFL
Safety duo weren't able to build on rookie momentum last season
(Seth Wenig)
Jamal Adams and Marcus Maye built a strong chemistry when the two were rookies in 2017. Last season injuries prevented the duo from building on that start to their careers.
Due to a slew of injuries, including shoulder and thumb issues, Maye was held to only six games played in 2018. Adams wasn't shaken by injuries. His season went in the opposite direction as he landed his first Pro Bowl nod.
However, Adams recognizes the success of the Jets' secondary takes more than just him and he recently told the team's website that he's excited to have Maye back healthy and ready to go for this year's training camp.
Tags: Jamal Adams, Marcus Maye
There are players whose training camp showing could propel them
Nov 12, 2018; Santa Clara, CA, USA; New York Giants receiver Quadree Henderson (15) during the game against the San Francisco 49ers at Levi's Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Kirby Lee-USA TODAY Sports (Kirby Lee)
The Jets' 2019 roster is already starting to take shape but finding unexpected contributions and building depth from unlikely sources is something that could really help them progress to the next level.
Let's highlight 10 players that haven't received much attention during the offseason, each of whom has a chance to end up on the final roster.
WR Quadree Henderson
Tags: Brandon Copeland, Brent Qvale, Charone Peake, Darron Lee
Jets TE Chris Herndon suspended for first four games of season
The 23-year-old pleaded guilty to a DUI earlier this year
Oct 14, 2018; East Rutherford, NJ, USA; New York Jets tight end Chris Herndon (89) catches a pass over Indianapolis Colts cornerback Chris Milton (28) during the first half at MetLife Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Vincent Carchietta-USA TODAY Sports (Vincent Carchietta)
Jets tight end Chris Herndon has been suspended without pay for the first four games of the 2019 season for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy, the team announced on Friday.
Herndon, 23, pleaded guilty to a DUI that occurred in June 2018 back in January.
He received a 90-day driver's license suspension and was fined $639 in municipal court while the NFL continued to investigate. A first-time offender is typically given a two-game suspension, per the league's alcohol policy, but the commissioner can impose additional discipline for aggravating circumstances.
Tags: Chris Herndon
The Jets linebacker recently stopped by the SNY Studios
Avery Williamson stops by SNY 00:03:39
Avery Williamson joins Jeane Coakley for a day at SNY. Williamson tries his hand at broadcasting and gets a behind-the-scenes look at SNY.
Avery Williamson's tenure with the Jets got off to a solid start in 2018, but could a career in sports broadcasting be in his future?
The Jets linebacker recently stopped by the SNY Studios and learned all the ins and outs of the business. Watch as he goes over his shot sheets, stops by the makeup room, and makes his way to the SNY desk.
Tags: Avery Williamson
Former Jets head coach Walt Michaels dies at 89
Michaels also part of Super Bowl III winning staff
A general view of a New York Jets helmet and an NFL football during the game between the Buffalo Bills and the New York Jets at Ralph Wilson Stadium. (Kevin Hoffman)
Walt Michaels, former head coach of the New York Jets, died on Wednesday, his daughter told the Wilkes Barre Times-Leader. He was 89.
Michaels spent six seasons with the Jets as the bench boss, racking up a 39-47-1 overall.
His playing cabegan in 1951 as a seventh-round pick by the Cleveland Browns, but was traded to the Green Bay Packers before his rookie season where he played one season. From 1952-1961, he returned to the Browns where he played linebacker. Michaels was a five-time Pro Bowler.
AFC East Power Rankings: Where the Jets stand before training camp
Will Gang Green's big changes see a much improved team?
By Bent | Jul 11 | 12:06PM
Dec 30, 2018; Foxborough, MA, USA; New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady (12) and New York Jets quarterback Sam Darnold (14) congratulate each other after New England's win at Gillette Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Winslow Townson-USA TODAY Sports (Winslow Townson)
With training camp just a couple of weeks away, it's a good time to take stock of the rest of the AFC East. Let's review some of the big storylines for each of the Jets' rivals, and assess where they should stand in the Power Rankings...
1. New England Patriots - 2018 record: 11-5
Ordinarily, you'd expect any team to struggle to overcome the loss of key contributors like Trey Flowers, Rob Gronkowski and Trent Brown, among others. However, the Patriots have traditionally had no problems integrating replacements for their departing stars.
Tags: Le'Veon Bell, Robby Anderson, Sam Darnold
Which Jets players have best odds for 2019 MVP
Two Jets' players land MVP odds
Dec 23, 2018; East Rutherford, NJ, USA; New York Jets quarterback Sam Darnold (14) throws a pass while Green Bay Packers defensive back Eddie Pleasant (35) defends during the second half at MetLife Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Ed Mulholland-USA TODAY Sports (Ed Mulholland)
Odds Shark released Bovada's latest odds for the NFL's 2019 MVP Award and both Jets running back Le'Veon Bell and Giants running back Saquon Barkley were listed by the odds makers. Both landed with +5000 odds to take home the top-individual silverware next season.
Tags: Le'Veon Bell, Sam Darnold
Could Gang Green make the playoffs for the first time since 2010?
By Ralph Vacchiano | Jul 10 | 10:56AM
Dec 15, 2018; East Rutherford, NJ, USA; New York Jets quarterback Sam Darnold (14) reacts after a touchdown by New York Jets running back Elijah McGuire (not pictured) during the fourth quarter against the Houston Texans at MetLife Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Brad Penner-USA TODAY Sports (Brad Penner)
There's a new general manager (Joe Douglas), a new head coach (Adam Gase), a new star (Le'Veon Bell), and a new attitude (Gregg Williams and many others). All of that has the Jets thinking this is going to be a great season.
But the "old" quarterback -- 22-year-old Sam Darnold -- is still the biggest reason for hope of all.
The Jets may not be ready to say it publicly, but internally they are thinking playoffs. In fact, they're expecting their first playoff berth since 2010. They may not be ready to win the AFC East, but they feel there's no reason why they can't emerge as an AFC contender.
Tags: Jamal Adams, Leonard Williams, Le'Veon Bell, Quincy Enunwa, Sam Darnold, Ralph Vacchiano
Why Jets DC Gregg Williams could be biggest key for Sam Darnold
Darnold should benefit most from Jets' defensive coordinator
By John Healy | Jul 9 | 4:32PM
New York Jets quarterback Sam Darnold is pressured by Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt during the first half at MetLife Stadium. (Kirby Lee/USA TODAY Sports)
Of all the new coaches that could help Sam Darnold in his second NFL season, it's Jets defensive coordinator Gregg Williams who could have the biggest impact on the quarterback.
Williams has a reputation for being intense and bringing that competitive energy into practices, which is one of the reasons why head coach Adam Gase hired him.
That intensity, coupled with the different schemes and looks he will deploy in the defense in practice, is something should benefit Darnold, according to offensive coordinator Dowell Loggains.
Tags: Sam Darnold
Weighing the Jets' options in the NFL Supplemental Draft
Are any available players worth a pick?
By Bent | Jul 8 | 10:00AM
Dec 28, 2018; San Antonio, TX, United States; Washington State Cougars safety Jalen Thompson (34) celebrates with teammates after an interception against the Iowa State Cyclones during the first half in the 2018 Alamo Bowl at Alamodome. Mandatory Credit: Soobum Im-USA TODAY Sports (Soobum Im)
The NFL's supplemental draft takes place on July 10th, with the potential for multiple selections for the second year in a row. Could any of the available players interest the Jets, though?
New general manager Joe Douglas has already stated his intent to investigate any and all options to upgrade the roster he inherited from his predecessor, Mike Maccagnan. With the option to forego a 2020 draft pick to add a draftable prospect at this late stage of the offseason, he might be tempted to pull the trigger.
When Douglas and new director of player personnel Chad Alexander were both on the Ravens staff, they opted to use a fifth-round pick on tackle Jared Gaither in 2007. This proved to be a nice pick-up as he started 28 games in his first three years. New assistant general manager Rex Hogan was also on a Bears team that used a seventh-round pick on fullback Harvey Unga in the 2010 supplemental draft. This pick was less successful, though.
10 most important players to Jets' success in 2019
Gang Green will rely heavily on these guys
(Robert Deutsch)
For the second straight offseason, the Jets went on a huge spending spree, and this time it looks like they spent their money more wisely. They brought in stars and players who can truly make a difference.
At least that's what they believe.
Tags: Jamal Adams, Leonard Williams, Le'Veon Bell, Quincy Enunwa, Sam Darnold, Trumaine Johnson, Ralph Vacchiano
Darnold seemed to like Harrison last season, but there are concerns about his game
By Bent | Jul 4 | 1:29PM
(Geoff Burke)
The Jets franchise has been blessed with consistency at the center position throughout most of its history. From the Super Bowl-winning John Schmitt to two-time Pro Bowler Joe Fields, the reliable Jim Sweeney, Hall of Fame nominee Kevin Mawae and all-pro Nick Mangold, the Jets have rarely had an extended period without a solid long-term solution at the position.
However, since Mangold's retirement, the Jets have been unable to adequately fill the position. While there seems to be plenty of optimism that Jonotthan Harrison could fill that role, fans and media remain skeptical.
Jets' Quinnen Williams named top-rated rookie in Madden 20
How the Jets' rookie class is rated in game
Apr 25, 2019; Nashville, TN, USA; Quinnen Williams (Alabama) is selected as the number three overall pick to the New York Jets in the first round of the 2019 NFL Draft in Downtown Nashville. Mandatory Credit: Christopher Hanewinckel-USA TODAY Sports (Christopher Hanewinckel)
The New York Jets selected defensive tackle Quinnen Williams with the third-overall pick at the 2019 NFL draft and despite that, some believed he was the top prospect.
The latest addition to that group is EA Sports, as the producers of the upcoming video game, Madden 20, gave the Alabama product the best ranking of any rookie in the game.
Williams' overall rating in Madden 20 is an 80. He edges out the Bills' first-round pick, another defensive tackle in Ed Oliver, and the second-overall pick, pass rusher Nick Bosa. Those two were rated 79 and 78 overall, respectively.
Tags: Quinnen Williams
Three titles, one year, one city 00:01:01
SNY's documentary on the magical year of 1969 in New York for the Mets, Jets, and Knicks premieres tonight after Mets Post Game!
C.J. Mosley explains why NFL is 'sleeping on the Jets'
New LB wants to lead Jets to next level on defense
Dec 30, 2018; Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore Ravens inside linebacker C.J. Mosley (57) reacts after sacking Cleveland Browns quarterback Baker Mayfield (not pictured) during the second half at M&T Bank Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Tommy Gilligan-USA TODAY Sports (Tommy Gilligan)
The New York Jets' new defensive star, C.J. Mosley, knows a thing or two about what makes a winning pedigree. The former Baltimore Raven made the playoffs twice with his old team and learned how to lead a defense from Ray Lewis and Terrell Suggs. He has already assumed a role as a vocal leader and a "culture changer" for the Jets' defense.
There's no doubt that Mosley's teammates will listen when he speaks up. That said, Mosley's latest bulletin-board statement is sure to get Gang Green's collective blood pumping.
"We know the whole NFL is sleeping on the Jets, so we're ready to prove them wrong," Mosley told NewYorkJets.com. "They always have been [doubting the team], even I was when I wasn't here."
Tags: CJ Mosley
New York Jets quarterback Sam Darnold unsnaps his helmet as he heads to the bench during the second half against the New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium. (Winslow Townson/USA TODAY Sports)
Why the Jets have Patriots WR Julian Edelman's attention
The Super Bowl MVP expects a 'tough matchup' from Gang Green this year
New England Patriots wide receiver Julian Edelman scores a touchdown against New York Jets cornerback Morris Claiborne during the third quarter at MetLife Stadium. (Brad Penner/USA TODAY Sports)
The Jets have not beaten the New England Patriots since Week 16 of the 2015 season, but this year could be different.
Just ask Patriots wide receiver Julian Edelman.
The Super Bowl LIII MVP has noticed what the Jets have done this offseason and expects Gang Green to be a challenge for the defending Super Bowl champions this upcoming season.
Tags: Jamal Adams, Le'Veon Bell, New England Patriots, Sam Darnold
Jets Hall of Famer Joe Namath explains why Tom Brady is greatest QB of all time
Namath's reasoning goes beyond the rings
Oct 14, 2018; East Rutherford, NJ, USA; New York Jets former quarterback Joe Namath Before the National Football League game between the New York Jets and the Indianapolis Colts at MetLife Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Vincent Carchietta-USA TODAY Sports (Vincent Carchietta)
Joe Namath says there is no doubt about it, Tom Brady is the best quarterback to play the game.
The Jets legend and Hall of Fame quarterback was asked about the greatest of all time at the position while on The Howard Stern Show on Monday, and while Namath has idolized many quarterbacks, none compare to the six-time Super Bowl champion who has tortured the Jets the last two decades.
"Tom is the best," Namath said. "I've been asked that question for many years -- Johnny [Unitas] was my hero, Otto Graham was great, Slingin' Sammy Baugh, I go back, these guys are great. But meantime, Tom has been challened more in recent history, certainly with huge games than anybody I can recollect -- and he stepped up every time."
Tags: Le'Veon Bell
Newly-retired Josh McCown on Jets' Sam Darnold: 'He'll be just fine'
'If he needs me, I'm only a phone call away'
New York Jets quarterbacks Sam Darnold and Josh McCown watch second half of play against the New York Giants at MetLife Stadium. (Noah K. Murray/USA TODAY Sports)
Josh McCown was a mentor to Sam Darnold in the Jets quarterback's rookie year.
And even though he won't be around Darnold in his second year with New York after announcing his retirement and transition to ESPN NFL analyst, he is confident Darnold will show vast improvement in 2019.
"I tried to empty the clip with him and give him everything I could," McCown told ESPN's Rich Cimini. "He'll be just fine."
Tags: Josh McCown, Sam Darnold
LISTEN: Audio from Jets RB Le'Veon Bell's 911 call released
Bell's girlfriends disappear with $500,000 of his jewelry
Pittsburgh Steelers running back Le'Veon Bell during AFC practice for the 2018 Pro Bowl at ESPN Wide World of Sports. (Kirby Lee/USA TODAY Sports)
TMZ Sports released audio from Le'Veon Bell's 911 call when he told the operator that two women left his house with more than $500,000 worth of jewelry.
Bell reported to police on May 25 that he returned home from the gym to find jewelry missing and his closets had been rummaged through.
On the phone call, Bell told the Hollywood (Florida) Police Department that when he returned home from his workout, the two girls "took my money, they took my watch, my jewelry, a couple more of my things of value out of my house."
Montgomery will be backing up Le'Veon Bell this season
Jan 6, 2019; Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore Ravens running back Ty Montgomery (88) during an AFC Wild Card playoff football game against the Los Angeles Chargers at M&T Bank Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Kirby Lee-USA TODAY Sports (Kirby Lee)
Versatile running back Ty Montgomery had a few destinations he could have pursued in free agency this offseason. But he eventually decided the Jets was the place for him, even though he wouldn't be the main man in the backfield.
That title, of course, goes to Le'Veon Bell this season after he signed a long-term deal with New York. Still, Montgomery believed the Jets was the right fit, mainly because of the offense Adam Gase brings with him.
"You have to be smart," Montgomery told newyorkjets.com's Ethan Greenberg about Gase's offense. "You have to be able to catch the ball and you have to be able to run the ball. You can't have an imbalance and be at running back in this offense. It's actually pretty cool, it's challenging. I think it suits my abilities and I'm loving it."
Tags: Le'Veon Bell, Scott Thompson
After adding former GM Phil Savage earlier on Tuesday, Douglas made two other personnel staff additions
GM Joe Douglas made key additions to the Jets' front office on Tuesday.
According to Ian Rapoport of NFL Network, the Jets added Browns GM Phil Savage and Ravens Director of Pro Personnel Chad Alexander. Later in the afternoon, ESPN's Adam Schefter reported that Colts VP of Player Personnel Rex Hogan has been hired by Gang Green to be Douglas' assistant GM.
The 54-year-old Savage's role is unclear, but he returns to an NFL front office for the first time since he was with the Eagles from 2010-12. Meanwhile, Alexander will serve as director of player personnel for the Jets.
Jets high on Sam Darnold, Leonard Williams entering 2019
New York Jets quarterback Sam Darnold passes the ball in front of Indianapolis Colts defensive tackle Grover Stewart during the first half at MetLife Stadium. (Vincent Carchietta/USA TODAY Sports)
The Jets' offseason has been a wild roller-coaster ride. It started at the bottom when they fired their head coach, peaked during free agency and the draft, then went on a wild spiral downward when they fired their general manager … and then somehow managed to come out of it OK.
In fact, not only do they seem OK now that GM Joe Douglas and his good buddy, head coach Adam Gase, are in charge; they are convinced they are on an uphill climb again. They are loaded with optimism. They feel like they are finally headed in the right direction. They believe a return to the playoffs is near.
Maybe they're right. Or maybe they're fooling themselves. For now, though, there has been an unusual amount of hope and excitement around the Jets as they wrapped up their spring organized team activities and mini-camps. Time will tell if that's warranted or not.
Tags: Chris Herndon, Derrick Jones, Leonard Williams, Le'Veon Bell, Parry Nickerson, Quincy Enunwa, Robby Anderson, Sam Darnold, Trumaine Johnson, Ralph Vacchiano
Jets QB Josh McCown announces retirement, to become ESPN analyst
McCown finished his final two seasons with the Jets
Oct 28, 2018; Chicago, IL, USA; New York Jets quarterback Josh McCown (15) warms up prior to a game against the Chicago Bears at Soldier Field. Mandatory Credit: Patrick Gorski-USA TODAY Sports (Patrick Gorski)
Jets QB Josh McCown is officially hanging up his cleats, as he announced his retirement after 17 NFL seasons.
Penning his retirement in a Players' Tribune article, McCown reflected on "one heck of a journey" that he has gone through in his NFL career.
While some have expressed their belief that McCown would be a great coach, he will join ESPN as an NFL analyst beginning Wednesday.
Brant Boyer confident Jets special teams won't falter despite losing Roberts, Myers
Roberts and Myers were both special teams Pro Bowlers in 2018
It's safe to say Jets special teams coach Brant Boyer was ecstatic to see not one, but two of his players reach the Pro Bowl last season. Kick and punt returner Andre Roberts and kicker Jason Myers both put together solid seasons, good enough to be voted among the NFL's best to represent the Jets.
But, now, Boyer doesn't have the luxury of those two on his depth chart any longer. Roberts is now a Buffalo Bill and Myers signed with the Seahawks, with both players not happy New York wasn't competitive in bringing them back.
Roberts, in particular, was one of the best return specialists in the NFL last season. He totaled 1,147 yards on 40 returns (29.4 ypr) with one touchdown, and had 324 yards on 23 punt returns (14.1 ypr) with a touchdown as well. That type of production will be hard to match, and Boyer knows it.
Tags: Andre Roberts, Jason Myers, Scott Thompson
'It was just pure family back then'
By Anthony McCarron | Jun 16 | 9:45AM
(New York Daily News)
Anthony McCarron, SNY.tv | Twitter |
To illustrate the lovely bond that bloomed between the 1969 Mets and their roommates at Shea Stadium, the Jets, John Schmitt tells the following story:
Schmitt, the center on the Jets' Super Bowl III champs, brought his young son, John-John, to the ballgame one night to see the great Tom Seaver pitch. Schmitt ushered John-John into the Mets' clubhouse, where Seaver was getting a pre-game massage. Schmitt did not want to disturb a fellow athlete's prep, but Seaver insisted.
"He got off the rubdown table, put on his jersey and hat and took a picture with us," Schmitt recalls. "He was great. Then he takes off his jersey, gets back on the table and went out and won the game that night.
Some new starters and scrappy rookies have shined at camp
Aug 9, 2018; Cincinnati, OH, USA; Chicago Bears tight end Daniel Brown (85) runs against Cincinnati Bengals linebacker Junior Joseph (48) during the second half at Paul Brown Stadium. Mandatory Credit: David Kohl-USA TODAY Sports (David Kohl)
Jets camp is in full swing, and there's a buzz in the Florham Park air. There's a new head coach, a new GM, and lots of fresh faces on the field.
Which players have the potential to be unheralded X-factors for the Jets this year? Here's five guys who have stood out so far.
Jonotthan Harrison (C)
Harrison is a familiar face after starting nine games over the last two years, but there was some thought that the Jets may pursue an upgrade at center this offseason. Instead, they stuck with Harrison, and the results are paying off.
Tags: Avery Williamson, Chris Herndon, Eric Tomlinson, Jordan Leggett, Leonard Williams, Neal Sterling, Sam Darnold, Trumaine Johnson
jets Archives

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Outdoor Athletic Facilities Volleyball courts, basketball courts, softball/baseball fields, soccer/football/lacrosse fields, tennis courts. These park amenities are available on a first-come, first-serve basis, unless they are being used for a City program or have been reserved. Outdoor athletic facilities are available for rent along with a park pavilion/building rental, for a fee. See the separate document "Guidelines for Priority Use of Public Facilities" for rental details.
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Non-Typical Park Locations – such as, but not limited to, parking lots, sun shelters, picnic areas, open fields, dog parks, disc golf, hockey rinks in the summer, etc. These locations cannot be rented for exclusive use.


text:
De Hermon of de Hermonberg (Hebreeuws: חרמון (הר) – (Har) Chermon; Arabisch: جبل الشيخ – Jabal al-Sjaikh 'berg van de sjeik', ook wel aangeduid als 'sneeuwberg') is een berg in de Anti-Libanon, op de huidige grens van Libanon, Syrië en Israël. Met 2814 meter boven de zeespiegel is het de hoogste berg in zowel Israël als Syrië. De Hermon grenst aan het uiterste noorden van de Golanhoogten.

Grensgebied en rivieren
De zuidelijke en zuidwestelijke hellingen van de Hermon worden met de ten zuiden ervan liggende Golanhoogten door Israël bezet sinds het einde van de Zesdaagse Oorlog op 10 juni 1967. De toppen zelf zijn onder Syrische controle gebleven. Aan de voet van de Hermon liggen de door Israël bezette bronnen van de rivier de Panias. Een andere rivier die aan de voet van de Hermon ontspringt, is de rivier de Dan. Beide maken deel uit van de vier rivieren die de oorsprong van de rivier de Jordaan vormen. De Dan geldt als de belangrijkste toeleverancier van deze rivier en was de enige bron van de Jordaan die reeds voor de Zesdaagse Oorlog in Israëlische handen was.

Hebreeuwse Bijbel
De Hermon wordt een aantal malen in de Hebreeuwse Bijbel genoemd. Zo wordt er drie maal in de Psalmen gezongen over de Hermon (Ps. 42, 89 en 133). De Hermon geldt in de Hebreeuwse Bijbel als de noordgrens van het door God aan de Israëlieten beloofde land.

Skigebied
Op de helling van de Hermon ligt een skigebied met skischool waar veel Israëli's komen. Er is  pistebewaking en er wordt gesleed en  Noords geskied. Onder- en bovenaan de piste bevinden zich restaurants.

Hoogste skiniveau: 2.073 m
Aantal skipistes: 14
Totale lengte van de skipistes: 45 km
Aantal skiliften: 5

Externe link
 Officiële website van de Hermon als skigebied

Berg in Israël
Berg in Libanon
Berg in Syrië
Golanhoogten
Betwist grondgebied in Azië
Plaats in de Hebreeuwse Bijbel
Nationaal park van Israël
Skigebied
Sport in Israël


This article discusses how the perennial focus on policies to mitigate vehicular sources of air pollution in Delhi ignores a significant contribution by sectors other than transport. This works to the detriment of framing sustainable transport policies for the city. Such policies should not be dictated by the sole objective to reduce vehicular air pollution; that should rather be seen as a co-benefi t within the larger gains of accessible and safe transportation system.


text:
ICOMOS-NIGERIA
Join ICOMOS-NIGERIA
Declared National Monuments in Nigeria
Tentative List of World Heritage in Nigeria
World Heritage Sites in Nigeria
World Heritage Sites in Africa
Publications on Heritage in Nigeria & Africa
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON MONUMENTS AND SITES
We aim to enhance the conservation, protection, rehabilitation and restoration of monuments and sites in Nigeria.
PRESERVING NIGERIA'S HERITAGE
Working with stakeholders and enthusiasts to identify and effectively document heritage sites across Nigeria.
PROMOTING ARTS AND CULTURE
Supporting grassroots initiatives for the protection and promotion of arts and culture across Nigeria.
Welcome to ICOMOS Nigeria
Advancing the sustainable conservation of cultural heritage sites in Nigeria in line with global best practices.
ICOMOS-Nigeria started as ICOM-ICOMOS in the early 80s.
Our actions are grounded in the framework of the UNESCO…
Supporting and actively promoting the conservation of heritage sites in Nigeria.
Our various activities ensure the deployment of good industry practices for the effective conservation of heritage sites.
Mobilizing arts, culture and heritage to address climate change in various communities.
We partner with other members of the Climate Heritage Network (CHN) to scale up culture-based climate actions and advance the cultural dimensions of climate policy.
Integrating cultural heritage and sustainable development in Nigeria.
We advocate for the positive integration of cultural heritage into urban development plans and policies as a way of enhancing the sustainability of urban areas.
Over 3 decades of commitment to cultural and natural heritage protection.
Since inception, ICOMOS-Nigeria, with its wide range of experts in the academia and heritage practice, has been relentless in initiating and sustaining programs that have proven critical for the future of heritage conservation in Nigeria.
Copyright © 2023 ICOMOS-Nigeria


text:
Q: Boost graph list or vec I've been spending quite a few days working with the boost graph library. As far as I understand, when considering VertexList and EdgeList storage :
vecS :

*

*possess an index, so can be access with it

*when removing vertices, iterator are invalidated

listS :

*

*no index

*does not invalidate iterator

It's a bit short but that's to the point for my problem. I need those index number and I want to be able to easily remove vertices later on.
I have a working algorithm with this graph structure :
typedef boost::adjacency_list<
        boost::vecS, boost::vecS, boost::undirectedS,
        topologicalmap::Intersection_Graph ,
        boost::edge_weight_t,
        boost::no_property > Graph_boost;

I have a custom structure Intersection_Graph for my vertices that I need to use. Here I use vecS.
I want to use listS instead to be able to remove vertices. As well, I want to be able to use it later with Dijkstra algorithm.
I kind of understand that I need to have boost::vertex_index_t in my list but I am really confused as to how to do it and keep my custom struct at the same time.
I tried something along those lines :
typedef boost::adjacency_list<
        boost::listS, boost::listS, boost::undirectedS,
        boost::property<boost::vertex_index_t, topologicalmap::Intersection_Graph>,
        boost::edge_weight_t,
        boost::no_property > Graph_boost;

But I can't even access my custom struct anymore. Plus, index access don't work.
I really need that index access capability since the algorithm my graph will depend on return the index of the parent node. I feel like I could get away with using a Vertex instead of indexes but it would imply a major re-writing of the code and I want to know if I can avoid it.
So my question is : is there any way to have listS behaving in a vecS like manner while keeping the advantages of listS ?
Please, bear with me if it sounds stupid. I'm quite confuse at the moment, so I might have say something stupid. If you need more information, just ask.

A: The interior properties formulation is:
property<tag, type, next_property>

Of course, unless you make Intersection_Graph behave like an integral type you cannot use it directly as the type of the vertex_index property. It's also likely not what you wanted.
This looks closer:
boost::property<boost::vertex_index_t, int, topologicalmap::Intersection_Graph>

And it would declare two properties:

*

*an interior property tagged vertex_index_t (type int)

*a bundled property (typed Intersection_Graph). Note that bundled properties are implicitly accessible through the vertex_bundle_t tag.

Now with this in mind, everything should be plain sailing:
Live On Coliru
#include <boost/graph/adjacency_list.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/random.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/graph_utility.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/iteration_macros.hpp>

#include <random>
#include <iostream>

using namespace boost;

namespace topologicalmap {
    struct Intersection_Graph {
        std::string bundled;
    };
}

typedef boost::adjacency_list<
        boost::listS, boost::listS, boost::undirectedS,
        boost::property<boost::vertex_index_t, int, topologicalmap::Intersection_Graph>,
        boost::edge_weight_t,
        boost::no_property > Graph_boost;

int main() {

    std::mt19937 prng { std::random_device {} () };
    Graph_boost g;

    generate_random_graph(g, 10, 20, prng);

    // assign indices
    int i = 0;
    BGL_FORALL_VERTICES(v, g, Graph_boost) {
        get(vertex_index, g)[v] = i;
        g[v].bundled = "id:" + std::to_string(i);

        i++;
    }

    // print the graph using the `bundled` property as a label:
    print_graph(g, get(&topologicalmap::Intersection_Graph::bundled, g));

    // do some index accesses:
    for (int i : {1,7})
        std::cout << "\nVertex at index #" << i << " has a bundled property of '" << g[vertex(i,g)].bundled << "'";
}

Which prints e.g. (random generated each run)
id:0 <--> id:8 id:8 id:7 id:6 id:1
id:1 <--> id:3 id:4 id:4 id:3 id:0 id:2
id:2 <--> id:7 id:1
id:3 <--> id:1 id:7 id:1 id:9 id:4
id:4 <--> id:1 id:1 id:5 id:6 id:3
id:5 <--> id:4 id:9
id:6 <--> id:0 id:9 id:4 id:8
id:7 <--> id:3 id:0 id:2 id:9
id:8 <--> id:0 id:0 id:6
id:9 <--> id:7 id:6 id:3 id:5

Vertex at index #1 has a bundled property of 'id:1'
Vertex at index #7 has a bundled property of 'id:7'

Notes:

*

*the fact that the graph "knows" vertex_index now doesn't mean it gets maintained; you have to fill it yourself:
int i = 0;
BGL_FORALL_VERTICES(v, g, Graph_boost) get(vertex_index, g)[v] = i++;

*you don't actually need to have vertex_index associated with your graph type, because you can pass it in as a named parameter to all relevant algorithms AFAIK. This includes constructing derived property maps that rely on a vertex_index (e.g. make_iterator_property_map)

*I believe it's also possible to associate a vertex index using graph traits (but I haven't done so in the past). This seems like a nice way to go if you e.g. wanted to store the index in a member of your Intersection_Graph struct.

*Like I said in my comment you could probably not require any of this if you stored vertex_descriptors instead of integral indexes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Un compactor este un utilaj, o mașină sau o instalație de comprimare pe verticală a terenului în vederea măririi rezistenței acestuia la presiunea clădirilor, instalațiilor sau materialelor ce stau pe el.

Categorii de compactoare

 După gradul de complexitate compactoarele pot fi simple sau complexe.

Compactoare simple nu necesită personal special calificat, acestea fiind maiuri mecanice sau plăci vibratoare.

Mai mecanic

Placă vibratoare

Compactoarele complexe necesită personal calificat pentru conducere directă sau pentru conducerea tractoarelor de remorcare. Compactoare complexe sunt de exemplu rulourile compactoare metalice, rulourile pe pneuri și compactoarele vibratoare.

 După procedeul de compactare utilajele respective se clasifică după metoda de lucru folosită

Compactoare cu acțiune statică

Compactoare cu acțiune dinamică

Compactoare prin vibrare

Compactoare cu acțiune combinată.

 După modul de deplasare se construiesc mașini de compactare remorcate sau cu autopropulsie.

Compactoarele cu autopropulsie pot fi cu mobilitate mare cum sunt compactoarele cu rulouri de toate categoriile sau cu mobilitate redusă cum sunt plăcile vibratoare, maiurile mecanice, plăcile compactoare cu acțiune dinamică.

Compactoare tractate

Compactoarele tractate sunt alcătuite din unul sau mai mulți tăvălugi remorcați de tractoare.Se folosesc în general pentru compactarea pământurilor afânate.Compactoarele netede sau pe pneuri pot fi folosite pentru compactarea terenurilor coezive sau necoezive, iar cele cu picior de oaie, îndeosebi pentru compactarea pământurilor coezive.

Parametri compactoarelor tractate sunt greutatea și forța activă specifică exercitată asupra solului.Forța activă specifică asupra solului pentru compactoarele netede este forța (greutatea) repartizată pe un centimetru liniar din lățimea ruloului, iar pentru cele cu proeminențe sau cu roți pe pneuri, forța(greutatea) repartizată pe un centimetru pătrat călcat de proeminență, sau peu centimetru pătrat al amprentei pneului.

 Din punctul de vedere al greutății și forței active specifice compactoarele tractate pot fi:

Compactoare ușoare

Au greutatea până la 50 kN și forța activă specifică liniară de 30-50daN/cm;

Compactoare mijlocii

Au greutatea de 50_100kN și forța activă specifică liniară de 40-65daN/cm;

Compactoare grele

Au greutatea de 100-150 kN și forța activă specifică de 50-80 daN/cm;

Compactoare foarte grele

Au greutatea de peste 150 kN și forța activă specifică mai mare de 80daN/cm.

Ruloul compactor metalic

Suprafața de compactare a tăvălugului poate fi netedă sau cu proeminențe.

Utilaje


When it comes to cable, there's a lot not to like. The monthly bill continues to go up, and no matter how many channels you add, there's still never anything good on to watch. This somehow manages to be the case even while many shows are still exclusively available on cable. Yet as frustrating as the major providers may be, there is one trend that I can readily get behind, and that's the addition of Android apps meant to supplement their traditional service.
Are you tired of seeing Starz on your television screen? Do you want to watch Starz as you sit on your back porch? Wouldn't it be great to have your favorite Starz content available on the go? If you feel this way, thank your lucky Starz, because the Play Store has just been hit by a trio of video streaming apps that allow you to see Starz wherever your heart desires.
A handful of cable TV providers have been working to bolster their offerings in an effort to keep customers content. Among the top requested features is streaming of content to screens that aren't directly tied to our cable boxes, particularly tablets. We can welcome Cox Communications to the streaming club with the recent release of Cox TV Connect.
The app is intended for homes with Cox TV Essential or AdvancedTV packages, plus Cox Preferred, Premier, or Ultimate Internet service.


text:
The bantamweight was the third lightest freestyle wrestling weight class held as part of the Wrestling at the 1904 Summer Olympics programme.  It was the first time the event, like all other freestyle wrestling events, was held in Olympic competition.  Seven wrestlers competed.

Results

Louis Strebler and John Cardwell were allowed to fight for the bronze medal as they both lost in this tournament against the gold medalist Isidor Niflot.

References

Sources

Wrestling at the 1904 Summer Olympics


text:
Showing Collections: 571 - 580 of 580
William V. Ballew, Jr. papers
Abstract: The collection consists of William V. Ballew, Jr.'s workpapers, correspondence, minutes, and news clippings relating to the Houston-Harris County Economic Opportunity Organization. William V. Ballew, Jr., a Houston attorney, served as Chairman, Board of Trustees, Houston-Harris County Economic Opportunities Committee, an organization that initiated welfare programs as part of President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty.
William V. Houston Personal Papers
Overview The William V. Houston Personal Papers document Houston's personal life and academic career beginning with his university education at Ohio State and Chicago in 1925, and continuing with his studies in Munich and Leipzig during 1927 and 1928 and his work at the California Institute of Technology from 1928 until he accepted the presidency of Rice Institute in 1946.
William W. Akers Chemical Engineering papers and Rice University Vice President for Administration records
Overview The bulk of these records relate to Akers' administrative roles at Rice University, particularly as Vice President for Administration. Correspondence, memos, articles, newsclippings reflect his interests both as university administrator and as professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering.
William Ward Watkin family papers
Overview Correspondence, photographs, family trees, vital records and other genealogical material related to the Watkin family of Houston, TX (1910s-current) and of Danville, Pennsylvania (late 19th century). William Ward Watkin (1886-1952) was the first Supervising Architect of Rice Institute and the first chair of the Dept. of Architecture at Rice Institute. His daughter, Ray Watkin Strange, is a Rice graduate and significant supporter of Rice University and the Fondren Library.
William Watson papers
Overview This collection contains the correspondence, manuscript verse, and proofs of poems of the poet Sir William Watson. Correspondents include R. Ellis Roberts, Clarence Winchester (of the Amalgamated Press), and T.N. Green-Armytage.
Woman's Building of Houston - Milford House papers, 1894-1976
Overview The collection consists of the membership documents, organizational documents and memorabilia of the Woman's Building of Houston, an organization founded in 1925 that was devoted to the creation of a building that would serve as a cultural and social center for Houston women. After over twenty-five turbulent years of fundraising and patience, the organization saw success when Milford House officially opened in 1953.
Women of Rice interviews and exhibition records
Overview Correspondence, interview transcripts and materials related to Dr. Linda Driskill's Rice Women's Conference in 1999. The 2012-2013 interviews were conducted by students in two classes of the Introduction to the Study of Women, Gender, and Sexuality, one under Dr. Lora Wildenthal and the other under Dr. Abigail Rosas, in preparation for the 2014 exhibition and symposium at Fondren Library.
Wylie Vale architecture collection
Overview Architectural drawings and related records for residential architecture projects by Wylie Vale, Jr.
Yellen Family Papers
Overview The Yellen Family papers are comprised of photographs and memorabilia related to Milton Yellen's time practicing dentistry in New Guinea for the army during World War II, and photographs and newsclippings of his wife Florence Kless Yellen throughout her life. The collection also contains religious and army certificates, publications, and correspondence depicting the Yellen family's connections to the Jewish community.
YWCA at Rice Institute records
Scope and Contents These early records of the Y.W.C.A. at Rice Institute include minutes of meetings, annual reports, newspaper clippings, and play programs.
Rice University 124
Rice University. 19
Huxley, Julian 12
Unknown 10
Congregation Beth Israel (Houston, Tex.) 4
Davis, Jefferson 4
Pitzer, Kenneth S. (Kenneth Sanborn) 4
Rice University -- history. 4
Rice University. Office of the President 4
Autry family 3
Davidson, Chandler 3
Furman, Joshua, Dr. 3
Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973 3
Rice University--residential college system 3
Richards, Ann, 1933-2006 3
United Orthodox Synagogues of Houston (Houston, Tex.) 3
Anderson, Clayton & Co 2
Auston, David 2
B'nai B'rith Youth Organization 2
Baker, James Addison 2
Baker, James Addison, 1930- 2
Baker, Rowena Crawford 2
Bentsen, Lloyd 2
Brown family 2
Brown, Alice Pratt 2
Cohen, Henry, Rabbi 2
Congregation Adath Yeshurun (Houston, Tex.) 2
Congregation Emanu El (Houston, Tex.) 2
Congregation Shearith Israel (Wharton, Tex) 2
Cullum, George W. (George Washington) 2
Davies, Joseph Ilott 2
Davis, Varina Howell 2
DePelchin Children's Center 2
Dessler, Alexander J. 2
Dugger, Ronnie 2
Fondren Library 2
Goyen, William 2
Gruber, Ira D., Dr. 2
Hackerman, Norman 2
Hobby, Oveta Culp, 1905-1995 2
Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906 2
House, Edward Mandell 2
Houston Art League 2
Houston, Sam 2
Houston, W. V. (William Vermillion) 2
Houston, W. V. (William Vermillion) , 1900- 2
Huxley, Aldous 2
Huxley, Aldous, 1894-1963 2
Huxley, Julian, 1887-1975 2
Huxley, Juliette 2
Huxley, Juliette, 1896-1994 2
James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. 2
Jones, Jesse H. (Jesse Holman) 2
Kelley, Edward Watson 2
Kinsey, James 2
Long, Elizabeth 2
Lovett, Edgar Odell 2
Lovett, Edgar Odell, 1871-1957 2
Lovett, Mary Ellen Hale 2
Marvins, Edward 2
Marvins, Libby 2
McVey, William M. 2
Mitchell, O. Jack 2
Moody, John Wyatt 2
Muir, Andrew Forest 2
Nicholson, Max 2
Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhouse), 1913-1994 2
Patten, Robert L. , 1939- 2
Pinero, Arthur Wing, 1855-1934 2
Ragan, Cooper Kirby 2
Rice University School of Architecture 2
Rice University. "R" Association 2
Rice University. Department of Architecture 2
Rice University. Jefferson Davis Association 2
Rice University. Office of the Provost 2
Rice, William Marsh 2
Rice, William Marsh, 1816-1900 2
Strange, Ray Watkin Hoagland, 1915-2011 2
Ulmer, Francita Stuart 2
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2
Watkin, Annie Ray Townsend, 1892-1929 2
Watkin, William Ward, 1886-1952 2
Abercrombie, John Joseph 1
Abramson, Ida Sue 1
Adams, John A. S. (John Allan Stewart), 1926- 1
Agricultural Livestock Finance Corporation 1
Ainsworth, William Harrison, 1805-1882 1
Akers, William W. 1
Allen, Herbert 1
Alley Theatre (Houston, Tex.) 1
Allgemeiner Musikverein (Düsseldorf, Germany) 1
Allingham, Helen Paterson 1
Allred, James V. 1
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 1
American Association of University Professors 1
American Defense Group 1
American Freedom Train Foundation 1
American Legion 1
American Republics Corporation 1


text:
Q: .live() to .on() issue I have a problem that can not solve.
This code works perfect for me.
// click row opens message, unless you click delete
$('.delete_message-link-js').live('click', function(e) {
    e.preventDefault();
});

$('.item-message').live('click', function(e){ //.item-message - tr lass
    window.location = $(this).find(".show_message-link").attr("href");
});

But when i change .live() to .on()
// click row opens message, unless you click delete
$('.delete_message-link-js').on('click', false );

$('.item-message').on('click', function(e){
     window.location = $(this).find(".show_message-link").attr("href");
  });

i have a bug in Firefox . When I click at .delete_message-link-js link in table row  i get a error

prompt aborted by user
  throw Components.Exception...by user", Cr.NS_ERROR_NOT_AVAILABLE);

But code works in Safari.
What i doing  wrong?
Thanks and sorry for my english

A: Read the documentation:
http://api.jquery.com/on/
From there we can see that the on equivalent of this:
$('.delete_message-link-js').live('click', function(e) {
    e.preventDefault();
});

is:
$( document ).on( "click", ".delete_message-link-js", function(e){
    e.preventDefault();
});

And so on.
You could also read the source code to see how live is transformed into on:
live: function( types, data, fn ) {
    jQuery( this.context ).on( types, this.selector, data, fn );
    return this;
}

this.context is document (the default context as you did not give any context) and this.selector is '.delete_message-link-js' for the above example.

A: You need to attach the .on() to the parent of the item:
// Pseudocode...
$('#parent of .delete_message-link-js').on('click', '.delete_message-link-js', false );