text:
Ezra Pound books and biography
Ezra Pound in 1913
30 October 1885(1885-10-30)
Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States
1 November 1972 (aged 87)
Poet, critic
Influences[show]
Guido Cavalcanti, Confucius, Arnaut Daniel, C. H. Douglas, Ernest Fenollosa, Ford Madox Ford, Leo Frobenius, Silvio Gesell, Rémy de Gourmont, Henry James, Alfred Richard Orage, Walt Whitman, William Butler Yeats
Influenced[show]
George Antheil, E. E. Cummings, T. S. Eliot, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, James Joyce, Wyndham Lewis, Marshall McLuhan, William Carlos Williams, Louis Zukofsky
Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States, October 30, 1885 – Venice, Italy, November 1, 1972) was an American expatriate poet, critic and intellectual who was a major figure of the Modernist movement in the first half of the 20th century.
Pound was the driving force behind several Modernist movements, notably Imagism and Vorticism.
1.2 London
1.3 Paris
1.5 St. Elizabeths
1.6 Death
2 Poetry
3 Legacy
4 Selected works
4.1 Selected posthumous works and editions
6 Further reading
9 Audio recordings
Pound was born in Hailey, Idaho Territory, to Homer Loomis and Isabel Weston Pound. His grandfather was the Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin Thaddeus C. Pound.[1] When he was 18 months old, his family moved to the suburbs of Philadelphia. He studied for two years at the University of Pennsylvania, then transferred to Hamilton College, where he received his Ph.B. in 1905. He then returned to Penn, completing an M.A. in Romance philology in 1906.
During his studies at Penn, he met and befriended William Carlos Williams and H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), to whom he was engaged for a time. H.D. also became involved with a woman named Frances Gregg around this time. Shortly afterwards, H.D. and Gregg, along with Gregg's mother, went to Europe. Afterward, Pound taught at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, for less than a year, and left as the result of a minor scandal. In 1908 he traveled to Europe, settling in London after spending several months in Venice.
The cover of the 1915 wartime number of the Vorticist magazine BLAST.
Pound's early poetry was inspired by his reading of the pre-Raphaelites and other 19th century poets and medieval Romance literature, as well as much neo-Romantic and occult/mystical philosophy. After moving to London, the influence of Ford Madox Ford and T. E. Hulme encouraged Pound to cast off overtly archaic poetic language and forms and begin to remake himself as a poet. Pound believed William Butler Yeats was the greatest living poet, and befriended him in England.[2] Pound eventually became Yeats' secretary, and soon became interested in Yeats's occult beliefs. During World War I Pound and Yeats lived together at Stone Cottage in Sussex, England, studying Japanese, especially Noh plays. They paid particular attention to the works of Ernest Fenollosa, an American professor in Japan, whose work on Chinese characters fascinated Pound. Eventually, Pound used Fenollosa's work as a starting point for what he called the Ideogrammic Method. In 1914, Pound married Dorothy Shakespear, an artist, and the daughter of Olivia Shakespear, a novelist and former lover of W. B. Yeats.
In the years before the First World War, Pound was largely responsible for the appearance of Imagism, and contributed the name to the movement known as Vorticism, which was led by Wyndham Lewis. These two movements, which helped bring to notice the work of poets and artists like James Joyce, Wyndham Lewis, William Carlos Williams, H.D., Jacob Epstein, Richard Aldington, Marianne Moore, Rabindranath Tagore, Robert Frost, Rebecca West and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, can be seen as central events in the birth of English-language modernism. Pound also edited his friend T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land, the poem that was to force the new poetic sensibility into public attention.
In 1915, Pound published Cathay, a small volume of poems that Pound described as "For the most part from the Chinese of Rihaku (Li Po), from the notes of the late Ernest Fenollosa, and the decipherings of the professors Mori and Ariga.".[3] The volume includes works such as The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter and A Ballad of the Mulberry Road. Unlike previous American translators of Chinese poetry, who tended to work with strict metrical and stanzaic patterns, Pound offered readers free verse translations celebrated for their ease of diction and conversationality. Many critics consider the poems in Cathay to be the most successful realization of Pound's Imagist poetics. Whether the poems are valuable as translations continues to be a source of controversy. Neither Pound nor Fenollosa spoke or read Chinese proficiently, and Pound has been criticized for omitting or adding sections to his poems which have no basis in the original texts though many critics argue that the fidelity of Cathay to the original Chinese is beside the point. Hugh Kenner, in a chapter entitled "The Invention of China" in his The Pound Era contends that Cathay should be read primarily as a book about World War I, not as an attempt at accurately translating ancient Eastern poems. The real achievement of the book, Kenner argues, is in how it combines meditations on violence and friendship with an effort to "rethink the nature of an English poem".[4] These ostensible translations of ancient Eastern texts, Kenner argues, are actually experiments in English poetics and compelling elegies for a warring West.
The war shattered Pound's belief in modern western civilization and he abandoned London soon after, but not before he published Homage to Sextus Propertius (1919) and Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920). If these poems together form a farewell to Pound's London career, The Cantos, which he began in 1915, pointed his way forward.
In 1920, Pound moved to Paris, where he moved among a circle of artists, musicians, and writers who were revolutionizing the whole world of modern art. He was friends with notable figures such as Marcel Duchamp, Tristan Tzara, Fernand Leger and others of the Dada and Surrealist movements. He was also good friends with Basil Bunting and Ernest Hemingway, whom Pound asked to teach him to box. (Hemingway would later write, in A Moveable Feast, "I was never able to teach him to throw a left hook.") He continued working on The Cantos, writing the bulk of the "Malatesta Sequence," which introduced one of the major personas of the poem. The poem increasingly reflected his preoccupations with politics and economics. During this time, he also wrote critical prose and translations and composed two complete operas (with help from George Antheil) and several pieces for solo violin. In 1922 he met and became involved with Olga Rudge, a violinist. Together with Dorothy Shakespear, they formed an uneasy ménage à trois which was to last until the end of the poet's life.
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Ezra Pound's annotations on his copy of James Legge's translation of the Book of Poetry (Shih Ching), in the Sacred Books of the East.
On 10 October 1924, Pound left Paris permanently and moved to Rapallo, Italy. He and Dorothy stayed there briefly, moving on to Sicily, and then returning to settle in Rapallo in January 1925.[5] In Italy he continued to be a creative catalyst. The young sculptor Heinz Henghes came to see Pound, arriving penniless. He was given lodging and marble to carve, and quickly learned to work in stone. The poet James Laughlin was also inspired at this time to start the publishing company New Directions which would become a vehicle for many new authors.
At this time Pound also organized an annual series of concerts in Rapallo, where a wide range of classical and contemporary music was performed. In particular this musical activity contributed to the 20th century revival of interest in Vivaldi, who had been neglected since his death. Pound made his first trip back home to the U.S. in many years in 1939, on the eve of World War II, and considered moving back permanently, but in the end he chose to return to Italy. Aside from his political sympathy with the Mussolini regime, Pound had personal reasons for staying. His elderly parents had retired to Italy to be with him, and were in poor health and would have difficulty making the trip back to America even under peacetime conditions. He also had an Italian-born daughter by his mistress Olga Rudge: Mary (or Maria) Rudge was a young woman in her late teens who had lived in Italy her whole life and who might have had difficulty relocating to America (even though she had American as well as Italian citizenship).
Pound remained in Italy after the outbreak of World War II, which began more than two years before his native United States formally entered the war in December 1941. He became a leading Axis propagandist. He also continued to be involved in scholarly publishing, and he wrote many newspaper pieces. He disapproved of American involvement in the war and tried to use his political contacts in Washington D.C. to prevent it. He spoke on Italian radio and gave a series of talks on cultural matters. Pound believed that economics was the core issue at hand. Specifically, his talks were largely about usury and the notion that representative democracy has been usurped by bankers' infiltration of governments through the existence of central banks, which made governments pay interest to private banks for the use of their own money. He maintained that the central bank's ability to create money out of thin air allowed banking interests to buy up American and British media outlets to sway opinion in favor of the war and the banks. Pound was not the first prominent American to make this assertion; for example New York City Mayor John Hylan had publicly said the same thing back in 1922 when he said "these international bankers control the majority of the magazines and newspapers in this country." Pound believed that economic freedom was a prerequisite for a free country. Inevitably, he touched on political matters, and incorporated antisemitism into his denunciations of the war.[6]
Ezra Pound - May 26, 1945.
It is not clear if anyone in the United States ever actually heard his radio broadcasts, since Italian radio's shortwave transmitters were weak and unreliable, though it is clear that his writings for Italian newspapers (as well as a number of books and pamphlets) did have some influence in Italy. The broadcasts were monitored by the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service of the United States government, and transcripts, now stored in the Library of Congress, were made of them. Pound was indicted for treason by the United States government in 1943.
On July 10, 1943, the Allied forces landed in Sicily and rapidly began to overrun the southern part of Italy. On July 25, 1943 King Victor Emmanuel III summoned Mussolini and dismissed him as the premier of the Kingdom of Italy. Upon leaving the palace, Mussolini was arrested and sent to Gran Sasso, a mountain resort in central Italy (Abruzzo). About two months after he was stripped of power, Mussolini was rescued by the Germans in Operation Oak and relocated to the north, where he declared himself the President of the new Salò Republic. Pound played a significant role[citation needed] in cultural and propaganda activities in the new republic, which lasted till the spring of 1945. On May 2, 1945, he was arrested by Italian partisans, and taken (according to Hugh Kenner) "to their HQ in Chiavari, where he was soon released as possessing no interest." The next day, he turned himself in to U.S. forces. He was incarcerated in a United States Army detention camp outside Pisa, spending 25 days in an open cage before being given a tent. Here he appears to have suffered a nervous breakdown. He also drafted the Pisan Cantos in the camp. This section of the work in progress marks a shift in Pound's work, being a meditation on his own and Europe's ruin and on his place in the natural world. The Pisan Cantos won the first Bollingen Prize from the Library of Congress in 1949.
St. Elizabeths
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After the war, Pound was brought back to the United States to face charges of treason. The charges covered only his activities during the time when the Kingdom of Italy was officially at war with the United States, i.e., the time before the Allies captured Rome and Mussolini fled to the North. Pound was not prosecuted for his activities on behalf of Mussolini's Saló Republic, evidently because the Republic's existence was never formally recognized by the United States. He was found incompetent to face trial by a special federal jury[7] and sent to St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., where he remained for 12 years from 1946 to 1958. His insanity plea is still a matter of controversy, since in retrospect his activities and his writings during the war years do appear to be those of a sane person.[8] Treason is potentially a capital offense. Pound's controversial insanity plea[9] is mirrored by the fate of Norwegian author and collaborator Knut Hamsun, who was dubbed insane by embarrassed authorities despite evidence in the form of subsequent published material to the contrary.[10]
Following his release, Pound was asked his opinions on his home country. He famously quipped: "America is a lunatic asylum." Subsequently he returned to Italy, where he remained in exile until his death in 1972.
E. Fuller Torrey believed that Pound was given special treatment by colluding authorities, specifically Winfred Overholser, the superintendent of St. Elizabeths. According to Torrey, Overholser admired Pound's poetry and allowed him to live in a private room at the hospital, where he wrote three books, received visits from literary figures and enjoyed conjugal relations with his wife. The reliability of Torrey's allegations has been questioned; other scholars have presented Overholser as behaving solely in a humane way to his famous patient, without allowing him special privileges. At St. Elizabeths, Pound was surrounded by poets and other admirers and continued working on The Cantos as well as translating the Confucian classics.
Pound was also frequently visited by his protegé, a Library of Congress researcher named Eustace Mullins. Pound commissioned Mullins to write a book about the history of the Federal Reserve and to tell it like a detective story. Pound believed that the bankers in charge of the Federal Reserve and their associates in the Bank of England were responsible for getting the United States into both World Wars, in an effort to drive up government debt beyond sustainable levels (the national debt did indeed rise astronomically because of the wars). The book, Secrets Of The Federal Reserve, charges that bankers hide behind the screen of the central banks and pull political strings to drive countries into the war, creating immense profits for themselves as the principal beneficiaries of wartime debt. Pound advocated an abandonment of the current system of money being created by private bankers. He favored government issued currency[11] with no interest to pay, preventing the need for an income tax and national debt, much like the system used by the Pennsylvania Colony from 1723 to 1764, a system which provided more economic stability than any other 40-year period in American history.[citation needed] Pound argued that his views on money aligned with those of Thomas Jefferson, as well as with Benjamin Franklin's Colonial Scrip.
Pound was also befriended there by Hugh Kenner, whose The Poetry of Ezra Pound (1951) was highly influential in causing a reassessment of Pound's poetry. Other scholars began to edit the Pound Newsletter, which eventually led to the publication of the first guide to The Cantos, Annotated Index to the Cantos of Ezra Pound (1957). Pound had many friends and admirers among his fellow poets, like Elizabeth Bishop, who recorded her response to Pound's situation in the poem "Visits to St. Elizabeth's," and Robert Lowell, who visited and corresponded extensively with Pound. The artist Sheri Martinelli, meanwhile, is believed to have inspired the love poetry in Cantos XC–XCV. Both William Carlos Williams and Louis Zukofsky were among Pound's visitors, as was Guy Davenport, who subsequently wrote his Harvard dissertation on Pound's poetry (published as Cities on Hills in 1983), and the Colonial French nonfigurative painter René Laubies, the first translator of the work of Pound into French (Cantos et poèmes choisis / Ezra Pound, Paris: P.J. Oswald, 1958. 77 pages). In his Portraits et Aphorismes (2001) Laubies writes that he did not remember having any "difficulties returning to visit Pound at the Asylum of St. Elisabeths." He asked Pound whether the surroundings obstructed him: "Not at all, they are the only acceptable Americans." When Laubies told Pound that he was born in Saigon: "Ah, that's why! Only Europeans with a master key to the Suez Canal are worth something...." Charles Olson was a frequent visitor (Pound wrote in a note to his attorney that "Olson saved my life" by providing sane conversation. Olson eventually became disgusted with Pound's anti-Semitic statements and stopped his visits. Pound was finally released after a concerted campaign by many of his fellow poets and artists, particularly Robert Frost and Archibald MacLeish. He was still considered incurably insane, but not dangerous to others.
Rudd Fleming, a professor at the University of Maryland, visited Pound often. They collaborated on a translation of Sophocles' Electra, which was published by Princeton University Press in 1989.[12] Fleming stated, when asked about Pound's anti-semitism, that Pound considered it a mistake.[citation needed] A statement from Pound's foreword to a collection of his prose writings (written on July 4th, 1972) would seem to support Fleming's assertion: "In sentences referring to groups or races 'they' should be used with great care. re USURY: I was out of focus, taking a symptom for a cause. The cause is AVARICE."[13]
Grave of Pound on the cemetery island of San Michele, Venice.
On his release, Pound returned to Italy continuing work on The Cantos. In 1972, two days after his 87th birthday, Pound died in Venice, where he is buried.
Pound's The Cantos contains music and bears a title that could be translated as The Songs—although it never is. Pound's ear was tuned to the motz et sons of troubadour poetry where, as musicologist John Stevens has noted, "melody and poem existed in a state of the closest symbiosis, obeying the same laws and striving in their different media for the same sound-ideal - armonia."
In his essays, Pound wrote of rhythm as "the hardest quality of a man's style to counterfeit." He challenged young poets to train their ear with translation work to learn how the choice of words and the movement of the words combined. But having translated texts from 10 different languages into English, Pound found that translation did not always serve the poetry: "The grand bogies for young men who want really to learn strophe writing are Catullus and François Villon. I personally have been reduced to setting them to music as I cannot translate them." While he habitually wrote out verse rhythms as musical lines, Pound did not set his own poetry to music.
In 1919, when he was 34, Pound began charting his path as a novice composer, writing privately that he intended a revolt against the impressionistic music of Claude Debussy. An autodidact, Pound described his working method as "improving a system by refraining from obedience to all its present 'laws'..." With only a few formal lessons in music composition, Pound produced a small body of work, including a setting of Dante's sestina, "Al poco giorno," for violin. His most important output is the pair of operas: Le Testament, a setting of François Villon's long poem of that name, written in 1461; and Cavalcanti, a setting of 11 poems by Guido Cavalcanti (c. 1250–1300). Pound began composing the Villon with the help of Agnes Bedford, a London pianist and vocal coach. Though the work is notated in Bedford's hand, Pound scholar Robert Hughes has been able to determine that Pound was artistically responsible for the work's overall dramatic and acoustic design.
During his years in Paris (1921–1924), Pound formed close friendships with the American pianist and composer George Antheil, and Antheil's touring partner, the American concert violinist Olga Rudge. Pound championed Antheil's music and asked his help in devising a system of micro-rhythms that would more accurately render the vitalistic speech rhythms of Villon's Old French for Le Testament. The resulting collaboration of 1923 used irregular meters that were considerably more elaborate than Stravinsky's benchmarks of the period, Le Sacre du Printemps (1913) and L'Histoire du Soldat (1918). For example, "Heaulmiere," one of the opera's key arias, at a tempo of quarter note = M.M. 88, moves from 2/8 to 25/32 to 3/8 to 2/4 meter (bars 25–28), making it difficult for performers to hear the current bar of music and anticipate the upcoming bar. Rudge performed in the 1924 and 1926 Paris preview concerts of Le Testament, but insisted to Pound that the meter was impractical.
In Le Testament there is no predictability of manner; no comfort zone for singer or listener; no rests or breath marks. Though Pound stays within the hexatonic scale to evoke the feel of troubadour melodies, modern invention runs throughout, from the stream of unrelenting dissonance in the mother's prayer to the grand shape of the work's aesthetic arc over a period of almost an hour. The rhythm carries the emotion. The music admits the corporeal rhythms (the score calls for human bones to be used in the percussion part); scratches, hiccoughs, and counter-rhythms lurch against each other—an offense to courtly etiquette. With "melody against ground tone and forced against another melody," as Pound puts it, the work spawns a polyphony in polyrhythms that ignores traditional laws of harmony. It was a test of Pound's ideal of an "absolute" and "uncounterfeitable" rhythm conducted in the laboratory of someone obsessed with the relationship between words and music.
After hearing a concert performance of Le Testament in 1926, Virgil Thomson praised Pound's accomplishment. "The music was not quite a musician's music," he wrote, "though it may well be the finest poet's music since Thomas Campion. . . . Its sound has remained in my memory."
Robert Hughes has remarked that where Le Testament explores a Webernesque pointillistic orchestration and derives its vitality from complex rhythms, Cavalcanti (1931) thrives on extensions of melody. Based on the lyric love poetry of Guido Cavalcanti, the opera's numbers are characterized by a challenging bel canto, into which Pound incorporates a number of tongue-in-cheek references to Verdi and a musical motive that gestures to Stravinsky's neo-classicism. By this time his relationship with Antheil had considerably cooled, and Pound, in his gradual acquisition of technical self-sufficiency, was free to emulate certain aspects of Stravinsky. Cavalcanti demands attention to its varying cadences, to a recurring leitmotif, and to a symbolic use of octaves. The play of octaves creates a surrealist straining against the limits of established laws of composition, history, physiology, reason, and love.
Pound's statement, "Rhythm is a FORM cut into TIME," distinguishes his 20th century medievalism from Antheil's SPACE/TIME theory of modern music, which sought pure abstraction. Antheil's system of time organization is inherently biased for complex, asymmetric, and fast tempi; it thrives on innovation and surprise. Pound's more open system allows for any sequence of pitches; it can accommodate older styles of music with their symmetry, repetition, and more uniform tempi, as well as newer methods, such as the asymmetrical micro-metrical divisions of rhythm created for Le Testament.
Because of his political views, his support of Mussolini, his opposition to central banking (The Federal Reserve, The Bank of England...) and the charge of anti-Semitism, Pound acquired many enemies throughout the second half of the twentieth century. Historians and scholars generally agree, however, that he played a vital role in the modernist revolution in 20th century literature in English. The location of Pound—as opposed to other writers such as T. S. Eliot—at the center of the Anglo-American Modernist tradition was famously asserted by the critic Hugh Kenner, most fully in his account of the Modernist movement titled The Pound Era. The critic Marjorie Perloff has also insisted upon Pound's centrality to numerous traditions of "experimental" poetry in the 20th century. As a poet, Pound was one of the first to successfully employ free verse in extended compositions. His Imagist poems influenced, among others, the Objectivists. The Cantos and many of Pound's shorter poems were a touchstone for Allen Ginsberg and other Beat poets; Ginsberg made an intense study of Pound's use of parataxis which had a major influence on his poetry. Almost every 'experimental' poet in English since the early 20th century has been considered by some to be in his debt.
As critic, editor and promoter, Pound helped shape the careers of some of the 20th century's most influential writers. These writers include W. B. Yeats, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Wyndham Lewis, Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, H.D., Marianne Moore, Ernest Hemingway, D. H. Lawrence, Louis Zukofsky, Basil Bunting, George Oppen, and Charles Olson. Immediately before the first world war Pound became interested in art when he was associated with the Vorticists (Pound coined the word). Pound did much to publicize the movement and was instrumental in bringing it to the attention of the wider public (he was particularly important in the artistic careers of Henri Gaudier-Brzeska and Wyndham Lewis).
As a translator, Pound did much to introduce Provençal and Chinese poetry to English-speaking audiences. For example, he helped popularize major poets such as Cavalcanti and Du Fu. He revived interest in the Confucian classics and introduced the West to classical Japanese poetry and drama (e.g. the Noh). He also translated and championed Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon classics and helped keep these alive for poets at a time when classical education and knowledge of Anglo-Saxon was in decline. In the early 1920s in Paris, Pound became interested in music, and was probably the first serious writer in the 20th century to praise the work of the long-neglected Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi and to promote early music generally. He also helped the early career of George Antheil, and collaborated with him on various projects. Pound was also interested in mysticism and the occult, but biographers have only recently begun to document his work in those fields. Leon Surrette wrote extensively of Pound's involvement in mysticism in The Birth of Modernism.
Pound's works by year published (with links to years-in-poetry pages; cities are location first editions published):
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
1908 A Lume Spento, poems (Venice)[14]
1908 A Quinzaine for This Yule, poems (London).[14]
1909 Personae, poems (London)[14]
1909 Exultations, poems (London)[14]
1910 Provenca, poems (Boston)[14]
1910 The Spirit of Romance, essays (London)[14]
1911 Canzoni, poems (London)[14]
1912 Ripostes, poems (London)[14]
1912 The Sonnets and ballate of Guido Cavalcanti, translations, (London)[14]
1915 Cathay, poems / translations
1916: Gaudier-Brzeska. A Memoir (London)[14]
1916 Certain noble plays of Japan: from the manuscripts of Ernest Fenollosa, chosen and finished by Ezra Pound, with an introduction by William Butler Yeats.
1916 "Noh", or, Accomplishment: a study of the classical stage of Japan, by Ernest Fenollosa and Ezra Pound.
1916 "The Lake Isle", poem
1916 Lustra, poems.[14]
1917 Twelve Dialogues of Fontenelle, translations
1918: Pavannes and Divisions, prose (New York)[14]
1919 Quia Pauper Amavi, poems (London)[14]
1918 Pavannes and Divisions, essays
1919 The Fourth Canto, poems
1920 Umbra, poems and translations (London)[14]
1920 Hugh Selwyn Mauberley, poems (London)[14]
1921 Poems, 1918–1921, poems (New York)[14]
1922 The Natural Philosophy of Love, by Rémy de Gourmont, translations
1923 Indiscretions, essays
1923 Le Testament, one-act opera
1924 Antheil and the Treatise on Harmony, essays (Paris)[14]
1925 A Draft of XVI Cantos, poems (Paris)[14]
1926 Personae: The Collected Poems of Ezra Pound (New York)[14]
1927 Exile, poems
1928 A Draft of the Cantos 17–27, poems
1928 Selected Poems, edited by T. S. Eliot (London)[14]
1928 Ta hio, the great learning, newly rendered into the American language, translation
1930 A Draft of XXX Cantos, poems (New York)[14]
1930 Imaginary Letters, essays
1931 How to Read, essays
1933 ABC of Economics, essays
1933 Cavalcanti, three-act opera
1934 Eleven New Cantos: XXXI-XLI, poems (New York)[14]
1934 Homage to Sextus Propertius, poems (London)[14]
1934 ABC of Reading, essays
1935 Make It New, essays
1936 Chinese written character as a medium for poetry, by Ernest Fenollosa, edited and with a foreword and notes by Ezra Pound
1936 Jefferson and/or Mussolini, essays
1937 The Fifth Decade of Cantos, poems (London)[14]
1937 Polite Essays, essays
1937 Digest of the Analects, by Confucius, translation
1938 Culture, essays
1939 What Is Money For?, essays
1940 Cantos LII-LXXI, poems
1944 L'America, Roosevelt e le Cause della Guerra Presente, essays
1944 Introduzione alla Natura Economica degli S.U.A., prose
1947 Confucius: the Unwobbling pivot & the Great digest, translation
1948 The Pisan Cantos, poems (New York)[14]
1950 Seventy Cantos, poems
1951 Confucian analects, translator
1953: The Translations of Ezra Pound, translations (London)[14]
1955 Section: Rock-Drill, 85–95 de los Cantares, poems (Milan)[14]
1956 Sophocles: The Women of Trachis. A Version by Ezra Pound, translation (London)[14]
1959 Thrones: 96–109 de los Cantares, poems (Milan)[14]
1968 Drafts and Fragments: Cantos CX-CXVII, poems
Selected posthumous works and editions
1975: The Cantos (London)[14]
1975: Selected Poems, 1908-1959, poems (London)[14]
1976: Collected Early Poems (New York)[14]
1997 Ezra Pound and Music, essays
2002 Canti postumi, poems
2003 Ego scriptor cantilenae: The Music of Ezra Pound, operas/music
Modernist poetry in English
Sieburth, Richard, ed. Ezra Pound, Poems and Translations (Library of America, 2003) ISBN 978-1-93108241-9
Bacigalupo, Massimo (1980). The Forméd Trace: The Later Poetry of Ezra Pound. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bischoff, Volker (1991). Ezra Pound and Criticism 1905–1985: A Chronicle Listing of Publications in English. Orono, Maine: National Poetry Foundation
Bush, Ronald. "Art Versus the Descent of the Iconoclasts: Cultural Memory in Ezra Pound's Pisan Cantos" in Modernism/Modernity 14.1 (January 2007), 71–95.
Carpenter, Humphrey (1988). A Serious Character: The Life of Ezra Pound. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Fisher, Margaret (2002). Ezra Pound's Radio Operas. Boston: The MIT Press.
Fisher, Margaret (2005). The Recovery of Ezra Pound's Third Opera: Collis O Heliconi; settings of poems by Catullus and Sappho. Emeryville: Second Evening Art.
Hughes, Robert (2004). Complete Violin Works of Ezra Pound. Emeryville: Second Evening Art.
Hughes, Robert and Fisher, Margaret(2003). Cavalcanti: A Perspective on the Music of Ezra Pound. Emeryville: Second Evening Art.
Ingman, Michael (1999). "Pound and Music" in The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound Ed. Ira Nadel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kenner, Hugh (1973). The Pound Era. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Laubies, René (1958). Cantos et poèmes choisis / Ezra Pound; traduction de René Laubies. Paris: P. J. Oswald, 77 pages.
Longenbach, James (1991). Stone Cottage: Pound, Yeats and Modernism. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oderman, Kevin (1986). Ezra Pound and the Erotic Medium. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press.
Perelman, Bob (1994). The Trouble with Genius: Reading Pound, Joyce, Stein, and Zukofsky. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Redman, Tim (1991). Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stock, Noel (1970). Life of Ezra Pound. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Stevens, John (1986). Words and Music in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Surette, Leon (1994). The Birth of Modernism: Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats, and the Occult. McGill-Queen's University Press.
Thomson, Virgil (1966). Virgil Thomson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Hilary Clarke, The Fictional Encyclopaedia: Joyce, Pound, Sollers (1990) Taylor & Francis.
Furia, Philip (1984). Pound's Cantos Declassified. ISBN 0271003731.
^ http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/odd/archives/001381.asp
^ Monroe, Harriet (1913). "Poetry". (Chicago) Modern Poetry Association. p. 123.
^ Ezra Pound: Translations (New York: New Directions 1963), p.187
^ The Pound Era (New York: New Directions, 1971), p.199
^ Ira B. Nadel (editor), The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound, page xxii. Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-64920-X
^ Flory, Wendy Stallard. "Pound and Antisemitism." The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound. Ed. Ira B. Nadel (Cambridge University Press, 1999) ISBN 0-521-64920-X, ISBN 0-521-43117-4
^ "Milestones", Time Magazine, December 19, 1994. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
^ "http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/trial/other.html". pbs.org. Retrieved on February 25, 2008.
^ Mitgang, Herbert. "Researchers dispute Ezra Pound's insanity. New York Times, October 31, 1981. Retrieved on February 25, 2008.
^ Hamsun, Knut, Paa gjengrodde stier (Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1949). ISBN 82-05-16389-8, translated as On Overgrown Paths
^ Richard Douthwaite. Government-Produced Money (Chapter 3) in The Ecology of Money. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
^ Rod Jellema "Rod Jellema on Ezra Pound" in Beltway: A Poetry Quarterly. Retrieved on 2007-06-04
^ Pound, Ezra. Ezra Pound: selected prose 1909-1965. New Directions, 3. ISBN 0-8112-0574-6.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Ackroyd, Peter, Ezra Pound, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London, 1980, "Bibliography" chapter, p 121
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
By Ezra Pound
Noble Plays Of Japan By Ernest Fenollosa
Theater , Play


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The Gender Ceiling Index: The jobs failing women in Australia
IF YOU'RE a woman and want the same chance of success as a man, there is nearly no good choice of job. For depressing proof, check out the Glass Ceiling Index.
LIZ BURKE
news.com.auJuly 7, 20152:54pm
A new analysis shows women have failed to crack the glass ceiling in most Australian industries.Source:istock
IF YOU'RE a woman in Australia and want the same chance of success as a man, there is nearly no good choice of occupation.
While it's not uncommon to believe the glass ceiling has been broken in a lot of industries in Australia, a new study has shown we have a long way to go with inequality rife among 95 per cent of Australia's 433 occupations.
Analysing 10 million tax returns over five years (2009-2013), data crunchers at Sydney agency Blackwattle Co used the ATO figures to rank occupations in Australia by equal opportunities for both genders, and what they found was not good news for women.
Figures released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics earlier this year revealed the gender pay gap was at an all-time high at 18.8 per cent nationally. But this new analysis goes further by identifying how much more likely each gender is to reach a high-paying role (the highest tax bracket in that occupation), and gives each occupation a glass ceiling "measurement".
The Glass Ceiling Index is calculated by looking at average wage by gender, whether the wage gap is widening and the "pink/blue" workforce composition. A Glass Ceiling Index of "10 inches" represents maximum disadvantage, while 0 inches means no apparent disadvantage.
The analysis found a man was 4.6 times more likely to reach a high paying role across all occupations than a woman, and men were found to be paid more in 95 per cent of occupations.
In the worst occupation for women, electrical distribution trades, men were 7.2 times more likely to reach a high-paying role and were found to earn $44,811 more than women.
Male bank workers are nine time more likely to be in a highly paid role than women, and on average earnt more than $37,000 extra.
There were only 11 occupations with no glass ceiling where women were found to get fair or better treatment. These occupations, including secretaries, library assistants and fast food cooks, were all among the lowest paid, ranging from $17,000 to $39,000 on average.
Even in many female-dominated occupations, men still hold the top paid positions according to the index, with male midwives five times likely to be in a high paying role and earn $16,000 more on average, despite only representing 2 per cent of Australian midwives.
The study's authors were expecting some differences when they set out to answer the question, "If your daughter and son enter the same occupation, how much more likely is your son to end up in a high paying role?" But they didn't anticipate such a yawning gap.
"We are clearly failing Australian women. There is no way to justify tens of thousands of dollars pay discrepancy, and a gap getting wider every year," Blackwattle director Robert d'Apice said.
"We believe that the only acceptable value on the Glass Ceiling Index is zero. Sadly, we could only award a zero to less than 3 per cent of occupations."
Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA) executive manager Yolanda Beattie told news.com.au that, while the figures were depressing, she saw no surprises.
"No matter which way you cut the data, men consistently earn more than women, and the main issue, as this shows, is … men have more opportunity to access higher paying and more senior roles," she said.
Citing the study's analysis of how likely men were to have higher paid positions, Ms Beattie said it was clear there were issues employers were in control of that need to be addressed.
"It really crystallises the challenge for employers and the opportunities for employees when it comes to leadership pipelines: workplaces are set up in such a way when they're designed to favour men in decision making forums," she said.
Ms Beattie said businesses could ensure that they didn't have pay inequity by conducting a pay gap analysis, which only one in four Australian employers do, according to WGEA.
"Australia has one of the most gender segregated employment markets in the world, and while it is absolutely beholden on employers to get this work right and support women in work places, we also know women aren't as confident in negotiating," she said.
"Employers need to make sure they're not favouring one gender over another because of that relative negotiation strength, so when that assertive guy comes in and asks for $50,000 more and the woman is happy with just $5000, they need to make sure their bonuses and incentives are based on performance."
Check out how your industry fares on the Glass Ceiling Index by clicking here.
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Exemplary Irish Units
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Each of the units below indicates a particular learner level (A1-C2). A summary of the unit's content is provided, along with a description of how the unit addresses the 5 main areas of CLIL (Content, Communication, Cognition, Competences, and Community). Learn more about CLIL: https://www.languages.dk/clil4u/index.html
Díol agus Ceannach Tithe
Muintir na n-oileán ag iarraidh vótáil ar an lá céanna le tír mór
Deontas na scoláirí Gaeltachta laghadaithe
Easpa scoláirí Gaeilge i nDún na nGall
Maoiniú d'aerfoirt réigiúnacha na hÉireann
Oifig Phoist an Bhuna Bhig: Coiste nua tofa le cur in aghaidh a druidime
Pádraig Ó Dochartaigh - Toghacháin Áitiúla
Borradh faoi mhargadh na dtithe i nDún na nGall
Tábhacht an tsuirbhé tí
Scéim nua Pobal ar Aire
Conspóid i bPáirc Náisiúnta Ghleann Bheatha
Tograí CPSE ag Pobalscoil Ghaoth Dobhair
Coiriúlacht Thrasteorann
Turas tacsaí conspoideach i nGlaschú
Comórtas na mBailte Slachtmhara - Ullmhúchán Choiste na Ceathrún Rua
Féinmhuinín - Comhairle ón Dochtúir Séamus Ó Beirn
Colaistéaról - Comhairle shláinte ón Dochtúir Séamus Ó Beirn
Johnny Kilbane - Agallamh le hÁine Ní Éalaí
Muiriseachaí An Spidéil - Agallamh leis an staraí Seán Ó Neachtain
Cuairt Uachtarán na hÉireann ar Shasana
Learner level
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to the solicitor Antoin Delap about everything you should think about when buying or selling a house.
An interview focused on advising people who find themselves in the real-world scenario of buying and selling a house.
The audio features a lot of legal terms that cover statutory obligations and current practices in the housing market. The interview format allows provides for more natural dialogue which is aimed at clarifing the information for the listener.
The learner will approach the unit having a general idea about its content from the title and summary, by working through the audio they will encounter new vocabulary and will also be challenged by the pace of the interview and the accent and pronunciation of the speakers.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to buying and selling houses; (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about a this key topic which is central to the lifestyle and economic life of the Irish language speech community.
Go to the unit: https://clilstore.eu/cs/8377
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to the county councillor Daithí Alcorn the communities of Ireland's offshore islands participation in national elections.
An interview focused on the case the county councillor Daithí Alcorn is making that people living on the islands should be allowed to vote in elections on the same day as everone else on the mainland.
The audio features a terminology relating to local government and negotiating within the county council. The interview format allows provides for more natural dialogue which is aimed at clarifing the information for the listener.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to voting in national elections; (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about a this key topic which is central to the community and political life of the Irish language speech community.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to the Minister of State Dinny McGinley about changes made to the grants paid to Gaeltacht families who keep students.
An interview focused on Irish summer colleges and how the Department of the Gaeltacht pays grants to the host families.
The audio features terminology relating to the student experience while staying in family homes and how grants are administered. The interview format allows provides for more natural dialogue which is aimed at clarifing the information for the listener.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to the adminstration of Irish summer colleges; (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to the Minister of State Dinny McGinley about the lack of student teachers who had come to Donegal recently. The minister explains that plans are being made to remedy the situation.
An interview focused on the lack of student teachers who had come to Donegal recently, and the plans the Government has to remedy the situation.
The audio features terminology relating to the approval and administration of training courses for teachers in Gaeltacht colleges.
The learner will feel better informed about this key issue which affects the community and political life of the Irish language speech community.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to Minister of State Dinny McGinley about European funds that are being invested in Ireland's regional airports.
An interview focused on European investment in Ireland's regional airports.
The audio features terminology relating to the infrastructure of the airports and the administration of the funding through the Government's schemes and departments.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to European funding for infrastructure projects (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about the ways in which European funding can support the physical infrastructure required to support of Irish language speech community.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to the members of a new committee selected in Gaoth Dobhair to coordinate the local campaign to keep Bunbeg Post Office open.
An interview focused on a Gaeltacht community's campaign to keep their local post office open.
The audio relates to local campaigning and features vocabulary explaining the importance of local services like the post office to the local community.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to the establishment of a local campaign and the importance of local post office services to a rural community (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about how the Irish language speech community feels about the essential services required to sustain their rural existence.
This unit is based on a radio interview Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to Pádraig Ó Dochartaigh who is an independent candidate for a seat in Donegal County Council in the local elections.
An interview focused on a local party politics in one of Donegal's Gaeltacht areas.
The audio focuses on electioneering and features terminology relating to the selection of candidates and local government.
The learner will approach the unit having a general idea about its content from the title and summary, by working through the audio they will encounter new vocabulary and will also be challenged by the pace of the The learner will approach the unit having a general idea about its content from the title and summary, by working through the audio they will encounter new vocabulary and will also be challenged by the pace of the interview and the accent and pronunciation of the speakers.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to electioneering and local party politics (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about how local political representatives operate within local political parties and independently.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Churreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to the auctioneer Éamonn Mac Giolla Bhríde about the rising house prices in Donegal.
An interview focused on the property market in North Donegal.
The audio features vocabulary relating to buying and selling houses, including some specialist terminology relating to that subject.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to the property market in North-west Donegal (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about the rise and fall of property prices in North-west Donegal.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to the auctioneer Éamonn Mac Giolla Bhríde about the importance of procuring a structural survey when buying a house.
An interview focused on surveying - an important practial consideration when buying and selling a house.
The audio features a discussion relating to house buying and features some terminology relating to construction and surveying.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to the practicalities of buying and selling a property (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about how to manage the practicalities of buying or selling a house through the medium of Irish.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Churreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to the county councillor Séamus Ó Domhnaill about a new Community Alert scheme that is planned for the Cloughaneely area in Donegal.
An interview focused on the establishment of a Community Alert scheme in a Gaeltacht area in Donegal.
The audio focuses on community development and features terminology relating to security and policing in rural areas.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to security and policing in rural areas (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about an important issue relating to living in rural Gaeltacht areas and the importance of collaboration within the community.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Michelle Nic Grianna from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to the county councillor Micheál Cholm Mac Giolla Easpaig about the management of Glenveagh National Park's plan to privatise the bus service that shuttles people between the visitor centre and the castle.
An interview focused on concerns about potential job losses at Donegal's top visitor attraction.
The audio focuses on a local county councillor's concerns about employment practices at Páirc Náisiúnta Ghleann Bheatha. Micheál uses some terms of his own design, these are underlined in the text and the closest standard form is provided below the transcript, along with a few dialectal forms.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to employment practices (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about some issues relating to how Páirc Náisiúnta Ghleann Bheatha operates.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to three pupils and the Principal from Pobalscoil Ghaoth Dobhair about the work they are doing in the Civic, Social and Political Education course that forms part of the Junior Certificate, and in particular, the charitable projects they are working on. There is also a discussion on new changes to the Junior Certificate curriculum.
An interview focused on young people engaging in civic, social and political projects at a school in a Gaeltacht area.
The audio focuses on school matters and charity work.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to civic, social, political projects and charity work (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will develop an awareness of how young people at a Gaeltacht school interact with their local community.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to her colleague Áine Ní Bhreisleáin about robbers who are engaged in criminality on both sides of the jurisdictional border in Ireland.
An interview based on a news story about cross-border robberies in Ireland.
The audio consist of a report on incidents of robbery happening across the border and features terminology relating to criminality and policing.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to criminality and policing (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about some problems relating to life along the border in Ireland.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to her colleague Áine Ní Bhreasláin about an incident that happened in Glasgow whereby three first cousins from Donegal were ejected from a taxi for speaking Irish to each other.
An interview based on a news story about a controversial taxi journey that three people from Donegal took in Glasgow, Scotland.
The audio consists of a news item and features terminology relating to the courts and employment practices.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to court proceedings and employment law (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about some of the problems encountered by native speakers of Irish while using their language outside of Ireland.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Máirín Nic Con Iomaire from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to Anna Ní Chualáin from the local tidy towns committee about how they began their work and about the challenges the have overcome to date.
An interview focusing on a local community's preparations for the annual Tidy Towns competition.
The audio features vocabulary relating to community development and the local environment.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to community development and the local environment (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will develop an awareness of the pride that a local Gaeltacht community has in its local community spaces.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Maggie Uí Chuaig from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to Dr Séamus Ó Beirn about self-confidence. Dr Ó Beirn explains how a lack of self-confidence may be identified and he gives advice on how to promote self-confidence in young people.
An interview focusing on the definition of self-confidence and how problems with self-confidence can be tackled.
The audio focuses on self-confidence and the role it plays in human health. A range of vocabulary relating to human feelings and behaviour is used.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to human emotions, behavior and self-confidence (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will develop an awareness of the role self-confidence plays in human health.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Seán Bán Breathnach from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to Dr Séamus Ó Beirn about cholesterol and its role in the body. He gives advice about how to avoid cholesterol related health problems
An interview focusing on cholesterol, its role in the body and how its levels should be monitored.
The audio features technical terms relating to the physiology of the body, the cardiovascular system in particular. Code-switching is a feature of this interview. Dr Ó Beirn tends to use English terms while discussing the technical aspects of the subject.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to understanding cholesterol and its effects on the body (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will develop an awareness of the ways to maintain a healthy cholesterol level.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Peadar Ó Cúláin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to Áine Ní Éalaí about the documentary Croí Trodach (A Fighting Heart) that was awarded a Torc at the 2014 Celtic Media Festival. The programme explores the life of the boxer Johnny Kilbane who came from Achill Island stock.
An interview focusing on the making of a film about the life of a famous boxer with Irish roots.
The audio focuses on biography and film-making. It features some specialist vocabulary relating to boxing.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to film-making and boxing; (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will develop an awareness of the life of a famous Irish American boxer and the importance of his life story to the people of Achill.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Seán Bán Breathnach from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to Seán Ó Neachtain, chair of Cumann Seanchais agus Staire Chois Fharraige about the Morris family who were landlords in the Spiddal area and whose descendants still have links to the area.
An interview with a local historian focusing on the life of a prominent local family and their family home.
The audio focuses on local and national history and features some specialist vocabulary relating to Landlordism and the British political system.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to the local history of Spiddal in Conemara and landlordism (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will develop an awareness of the history of Spiddal and some of its prominent inhabitants.
This unit is based on a radio interview where Áine Ní Chuirreáin from RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta speaks to her colleague Áine Ní Bhreisleáin about the President of Ireland Micheál D. Ó hUiginn's visit to England.
An interview focused on the Irish President Micheál D. Ó hUiginn's state visit to England.
The audio features language relating to diplomacy and the historical relations between Ireland and Britain.
Learners will be able to: (i) use vocabulary relating to international relations between Ireland and Britain (ii) follow/participate in conversations on this topic
The learner will feel better informed about the way the Irish President was treated during his state visit to England and the some of the significant events that formed part of the visit.
The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein..
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text:
Brazilian League 2013/2014
joanamss
NobodyKnows
Sesi (M)/Unilever (F) - Brazil NT(M/F)
I haven't the pleasure of watching both in their prime. What I heard in interviews is that Fernanda was the best in the 90's, even Fofão says it. I never saw Fofão whining about not having more oportunities. She always says that it was important to her to compete with Fernanda.
On the other hand, it seems Fofão affects the teams she plays for in a positive way much more than Venturini. Jaqueline was talking about how Fofão was the go-to guy at the Olympics to cool down the hitters at crucial times. Most of players out there never played the Olympics before and Fofão was the one to calm down the team every time. It's only to watch an interview with her teammates to be aware how much Fofão effects kick in. Players feel pretty comfortable when she is the leader in the pitch.
I guess everyone here is entitled to how important leadership and motivation is in a team sports or whatever a group wants to do. The most successful enterprises in the world invest a lot on Human Resources.
When it comes to team sports, it's not only how much you play but how much you make your mates play. That's why I'm leaning towards Fofão.
iceman008
Venturini to me looks like the one from devil wears prada not really bitchy but you have to be an afvanced player in order to keep up with her sets while fofao is like a big sister that is why rookies, sophomore players are so comfortable around her.
who is that woman on the second pic from bottom on the 37th page...the pic on which most of the players raised her arms (elbows etc)towards her foreheads ..
nice woman
meso mi ra se beno...
Women: Brazil NT, USA NT, Minas, Barueri, Vakifbank, LKS Lodz, Monza.
Gabi, Natália, Thaísa, Sheilla, Piccinini, Ferretti, Larson, Gozde, Fabi, Roberta, Lloyd.
Quote from Canter
I believe it's Bruna Honório (Sarah Pavan's back up OPP). She played in some 5x1 inversions at the final match. She is really good looking indeed
Volleyball Lover!
Volley Bergamo (Italy), Sesc-RJ (Brazil)
Very cool video with the backstage from the final.
http://sportv.globo.com/videos…e-janeiro-e-sesi/3311417/
Polish NT, USA NT, PTPS Piła, Vakifbank Stambuł, Unilever Rio de Janeiro
L. Tom, G. Glinka, M. Radecka, M. Rosner, K. Skowrońska, O. Dżagilo
http://globoesporte.globo.com/…utm_campaign=voleinaglobo
25-point sets are back!
Forever trusting who we are... and nothing else matters
Quote from estranged
I fell things will get slowly better with the end of Ary GRaça era in CBV..hehehe
players are making a campaign to end the ranking as well....because with AMIL closing doors, many players wont have where to play.
I agree the ranking is not the best system...but I do think the league should have some kind of control...otherwise...it will have no balance...so teams already make some crazy investments...and if they can sign anyone free...it will have many good players in bench just for the money and will have more than ever one, two teams only fighting for the title...and I dont think that is good...
but as the ranking is prejudicial to the players ranked...which is not fair...maybe could have a salary ceiling, like in the american leagues...like that...well, each club spent the money as they want...but without anything crazy...so its more fair between teams..
I think ranking system is one of the most absurd league system in the world. The aim is naive, to obtain the balance. But if it has been the same final in the last 10 years, noone can talk about balance in that league In practice, it obviously doesn't work, still there is a gap between top 4 teams and remaining
USAvolleyfan
Quote from serdar
I agree it's not working but I don't think there is a BIG gap because Brazil has many good local players.. We have seen what Praia and Pinheros can do.. So I would say Brazilian league is the most balanced league... but of course there is a gap between teams just it's not as big as for ex. Turkey
Quote from USAvolleyfan
I agree with you guys that the ranking system is not good. And it doesnt work because the smaller clubs dont have money to afford some of the 7 ranked players...but still the arrival of some clubs with money makes us have 5 teams in pretty much close level. Maybe if it was not the rank Dani Lins and Fabiana, for example would not be in SESI....so in that terms works..but its not really fair for the players..and if you dont have the teams to pay..like now..that Amil closed doors...than, 7 ranked players have no where to play...or they will have to earn much less then they deserve.
In other side, if we have no control, and teams with money can spent all they want...that is not good also, cause unbalace market. ITs is what happens in Turkey to Europe...and to world market as well, we could say. It spoils the system like someone wrote here. cause most clubs cant follow the salary growth clubs with money do. It has to be a health investment, other wise...it will become a sport of few.
Im always in favor of going and cpying systems that worked already....and the salary ceiling works quite well in US. There is always one or another team stronger and with more money of course...see Miami Heat for example....but still the league is quite balance...and its up to each club to make the investment of the amount of moneyt he way they want..they can pay a lot to have one top player..or they can make a more balance investment...
I dont know if that system would work in volleyball, but I think its worth the try..I think would be better than the ranking system.
Edited once, last by joanamss ( Apr 30th 2014 ).
no matter what method used there will be 2-4 teams who will always be title contenders
Quote from iceman008
probably, but I think that is more likely for those to chance between season when you have some kind of control...cause the gap between clubs stop being so big. So maybe this season A and B play final, next A and C, than C and D...and goes on.
Of course this is teory...we cant be sure...but I think it is worthy trying new systems..
Give bernardinho to sao cateno, give sheila and dani to usiminas and there you go 2 new strong teams
Some really nice photos from the final!
Preu Leao makes some really good photos in Brasilian League.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/…o/sets/72157644516676284/
I think this is my favorite.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/preuleao/13920992687/
what about C.Bosetti''s level there ? has she regressed or progressed ? what are her weak points to improve ? could she be a star?
She had a very regular season...as did the hole team of Osasco. When the team lost the last matches, she was actually I think imo, one of the best players in the team.
I guess she had a different role in Osasco as she used to have in Italy, when she played most of the times as opp. Here she had more of a reception-defense role, than an attacker...so in the beggining I think she felt a bit to adapt that..but then she got used to and improved her attack.
I think oversall she became a more complete player. But she missed a lot her family..she is only 20, and it was her first experience above..and in a place there is not that easy for your family to go all the time, like would be in a different country in Europe.
She did a good season imo, But she still has a lot of room to grow.
She had her ups and downs. As a first experience in a foreign league and especially in the hard, Brazilian one, I think she did okay. Better than Sanja for sure.
thx joanamss for the wide explanation
estranged as well...
i think playing in Italy better for her rather than Turkey.
what about Tandara ?
Is her game dependant mainly on her power or her technique is also good enough....what about the level of her reception ? the zone on which she can attack best ?
21 points rule don't have Brazilian clubs support
FIVB sent a request to the teams about the experience they had in Superliga regarding this issue and all teams that answered them, 15 overall, didn't approve it.
I guess it means an end to the topic. I don't believe Ary Graça will insist on the off chance that it's gonna happen anyway.


If you are looking for a HVAC Company, Air Conditioning Repair Service or Heating Repair Service in Glenwood, you are in the right place. The FindLocal-HVAC Directory displays Glenwood, AR HVAC, Air Conditioning & Heating Repair Services. We also display HVAC, Air Conditioning Repair Services & Heating Repair Services throughout the United States.
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Please use our zip code search function at the top of the page to search for HVAC Companies, Air Conditioning Repair Services or Heating Repair Services in your area if Glenwood is not the city where you are trying to find a Air Conditioning or Heating Repair Company.


The pants are getting tighter and your belt needed another notch this morning? Time to think about losing weight and getting your physique back in top shape. There are many diet plans that provide tips and hints to lose weight, but there is often conflicting information from plan to plan. Should you eat bread? Not eat bread? Is all sugar bad? Is fruit ok to eat? These are questions scientists are still studying in terms of effective weight loss. But there are some things you can do to help you lose weight that are definitely backed by science.
1. Get a full night's sleep. The time that you are asleep is your body's regeneration period. You need to take advantage of it to its fullest so your body can perform at optimum levels. All of the cells in your body recharge and prepare to carry you through the following day. Not getting enough rest is one of the largest risk factors for gaining weight.
2. Eat a lot of vegetables. No matter how you slice it, eating vegetables is always a good thing. They have a lot of fiber and help you to feel full. They are packed with tons of vitamins and nutrients to make you have good energy. They also have a lot of ruffage which can extend how long you full. Vegetables are nature's wonder foods that you can eat to your heart's desire to lose weight and stay slim. The only thing to watch is make sure you avoid too many starchy vegetables like potatoes, corn, and squash. These vegetables are higher in carbohydrates which can interfere with weight loss.
A great option for fast weight loss is to use a shake or supplement to replace meals. Some studies have shown that those who are overweight do better with meal replacements because they don't have to think about what they are eating. They know it is a shake for breakfast, a shake for lunch, and then they can eat mostly vegetables and perhaps a piece of chicken for dinner. Simplifying the process seems to help this group of people. A good plan to try is Isagenix as many people have had great success with their system. You can view all the products here.
3. Don't just exercise, lift weights. If you don't like spending hours on the treadmill, you're in luck! While cardio can be great for your heart and for helping your stamina, the best exercises for losing weight are weight bearing exercises. You can use your own body weight or lift weights, but the goal is to use as many of the muscle groups in your body on alternate days. Those who have higher muscle mass are able to lose weight faster, especially in the belly area.
Create a diet and exercise plan that includes getting enough rest, eating a wide variety of vegetables, and lifting weights to see quick weight loss. Pretty soon you'll be making hold on the other end of your belt!


Home staging and curb appeal are two of the biggest items on your agents checklist to help get your home to sell fast and at a great price. With so much emphasis placed on these trends it's a wonder that so many homeowners balk when it comes to incorporating these ideas into their home sales strategy.
Home Staging is Too Expensive.
It's natural to focus on return on investment when selling your home; of course you want your home to sell for as much as the market will allow. Think of home staging in this scenario: home staging typically costs from .5 to 1 percent of a homes asking price; studies show that staged homes not only sell faster but they sell for more money than those that aren't staged.
It's Not Worth it to Stage a Smaller, Less Expensive Home.
Au contraire! Big or small it's to your advantage to get top dollar for your home and staging can help make that happen. Staging a smaller home can actually be even more important because you can actually show potential buyers how they will be able to maximize the available space to suit their needs.
Nope! Staging is about presenting the home in it's best light. It's also about styling the home for it's big photo shoot. Do you think Dolce Gabbana would send their best model onto the runway without at least a once over? Forget it! Your home is the same way! De-cluttering can prove to be a large part of the process – especially if you have a lot of clutter – but it's not what it's all about.
Staging is Only Good for Empty Homes.
Think again! While staging is critical to empty homes it is also important to occupied homes because it costs less to do and can still have a huge impact. You definitely want to do some staging on an empty home – furniture alone can help give a better sense of "depth" to a space – but don't underestimate the impact of small accents added to a room that already is furnished.
50 shades of grey? Neutral walls, neutral ceilings, neutral neutrals! Sorry, but good staging is about more than just making everything blend in. A pop of color in the right place can not only show a little unique sense of style but it also can snap your buyers back to attention after doubtlessly being confronted with a legion of plain Jane paint jobs in other homes they've viewed.
It can be a challenge just to find a home stager who understands staging is an art form as well as a powerful marketing vehicle for your home. It's all about creating a space the buyer will fall in love with; when you do that the demand for the home can't do anything except go up – along with the price!


text:
UK: Seventh Person Charged In Alstom Bribery Investigation
A seventh person has been charged in connection with a long-running corruption investigation into the French conglomerate Alstom, the Financial Times (FT) said.
(Photo Credit: Flickr) Terence Stuart Watson faces charges of corruption and conspiracy in connection to the supply of trains to the Budapest Metro between Jan. 1, 2003 and Dec. 31, 2008, the UK Serious Fraud Office (SFO) said Tuesday. He is president of Alstom in the United Kingdom (UK) and managing director of Alstom Transport UK & Ireland.
Watson joins three other defendants--Alstom Network UK Ltd. and two other men--over the alleged bribery in Hungary, the FT said. The trial is expected in May 2017.
Alstom, a manufacturer in the rail, power and electricity transmission sectors, has been under a seven-year investigation for alleged corruption, Reuters said.
The SFO investigation began after the office received information from Swiss authorities. A total of three SFO cases are currently before the courts, including the Hungary case involving Watson.
In one of the others, Alstom Network UK Ltd. and two former employees are facing charges of alleged bribery to secure transport contracts in Delhi, Warsaw and Tunis, according to the FT and the SFO. The trial is due to start in June 2016.
And in the third, Alstom Power Ltd. and two former employees are accused in a separate case where bribes were allegedly paid over an eight-year period in connection with a refurbishment contract for a Lithuanian power plant, FT said. That trial is expected to begin in January 2017.
In 2014, parent company Alstom S.A. agreed to pay a US$ 772 million fine to resolve charges of widespread bribery in nations including Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the Bahamas, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) said. The company allegedly paid more than US $75 million to secure US$ 4 billion in projects in a scheme that "was astounding in its breadth, brazenness and its worldwide consequence," according to the DOJ.
bribery	united kingdom	Corruption


text:
U.S.A.: Franchise Anti-poaching Agreements Under Attack in U.S.
Carl ZWISLER
Carl ZWISLER | USA | 2018-09-17
According to a 2017 study, cited by two Princeton economists, 58% of franchisors with 500 or more outlets (90 franchisors) used some form of "anti-poaching" language in their franchise agreements. Some anti-poaching provisions apply only to managers or to skilled employees; others apply to all employees. Precise terms of the restrictions vary.
In September 2017, the New York Times published an article describing a study by two Princeton University economists, "Why Aren't Paychecks Growing? A Burger-Joint Clause Offers a Clue." In the article, the economists claimed that anti-poaching provisions are designed by franchisors to keep down wages for franchisees' employees and to limit their mobility.
Between June 2017 and January 2018, class action lawsuits were filed against McDonald's, CKE (Hardee's and Carl's Jr.), Pizza Hut and Jimmy John's alleging that their so-called "anti-poaching agreements" violated federal and state antitrust laws and other state laws.
In February 2018, the Washington State Attorney General issued "civil investigative demands" to quick-service restaurant franchisors doing business in Washington, demanding that they provide copies of all franchise agreements with anti-poaching language, and that they explain why they use anti-poaching language, whether they have modified it or discontinued using it, and why.
Two weeks later, U.S. Senators Booker and Warren introduced S. 2480, which would outlaw anti-poaching agreements. Within a month, a companion bill was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, along with a bill that would make non-compete agreements unlawful. A Senate version of the anti-non-compete bill was introduced around the same time.
In June 2018, the judge hearing the McDonald's anti-poaching case refused to dismiss the plaintiffs' claims, explaining that they had sufficiently plead a case under the Sherman Antitrust Act. Similarly, last month the Sherman Act clam survived the motion to dismiss in the lawsuit against Jimmy John's.
On July 9, 2018, eleven more state attorneys' general issued a press release stating that they were conducting a coordinated investigation of anti-poaching practices of eight prominent quick service franchisors. The same day, a staff representative of Senator Booker told the International Franchise Association that he planned to issue requests for information about anti-poaching practices to all 90 large franchisors who were identified in the Princeton study.
Curiously, anti-poaching language has been in use for at least 40 years, and no court has ever concluded that it is unlawful. Franchise anti-poaching agreements only apply to franchised businesses (and sometimes to franchisor-owned businesses) of the same brand, so they are less restrictive than non-compete agreements that typically prohibit employees or franchise owners from being involved in any competing business.
Although the U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission issued "Antitrust Guidance for Human Resource Professionals" in October, 2016 in which they argued that "naked" anti-poaching agreements are unlawful and will be prosecuted, the Guidance did not conclude that all anti-poaching agreements are unlawful. Notably, the U.S. Department of Justice is rumored to be currently investigating whether anti-poaching provisions are unlawful and whether franchisors have coordinated their efforts to impose these restrictions on franchisees' employees.
Franchisors that have adopted them have typically done so to protect the investment franchisees make in recruiting and training employees. Sometimes manager training can last as long as six weeks and can cost $40,000-$60,000. Franchisors and franchisees do not want franchisees of the same brand to recruit managers after having made that investment by offering them a pay increase over what their current franchisee employer is paying them. However, many anti-poaching clauses govern all or nearly all employees.
In their July 9, 2018 press releases announcing their investigations, the eleven state attorneys general expressed disdain for the fact that franchisees' employees don't even know about these restrictions when they become employed by a franchisee. Moreover, they claim, in the words of Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan, "It unfairly stops low-income workers from advancing and depresses their wages."
U.S. franchisors are re-evaluating their policies relating to poaching and preparing for possible litigation by state attorneys general. On July 12, 2018, the Washington State Attorney General announced via press release that the state entered into agreements with seven of the large quick service chain franchisors to immediately discontinue enforcing the anti-poaching provisions, and to ultimately remove them from their U.S. franchise agreements. Pursuant to these "assurances of discontinuance," six of the franchisors have agreed to amend their Washington franchise agreements accordingly within 120 days and their other U.S. franchise agreements when those agreements are up for renewal. The Washington State Attorney General expects that more franchisors will agree to remove these anti-poaching provisions from their U.S. franchise agreements to avoid litigation with the state. On the legislative front, while the sponsors of the legislation in Congress are all Democrats, and will not likely be able to enact anti-poaching legislation during this Congressional term, many observers think that control of one or both Houses of Congress will change following the November 2018 elections, and that anti-poaching and non-compete legislation could become a high priority in the next Congress.
Anti-poaching developments are moving quickly on the legal and legislative fronts. We expect to provide additional updates in a future edition of this newsletter.
Carl Zwisler and Diana Vilmenay practice U.S. and International Franchise Law in the Washington, D.C. office of Gray Plant Mooty. The firm is representing several franchisors in state anti-poaching investigations.
Carl E. Zwisler, IDI franchising country expert for U.S.A. and Diana V. Vilmenay, lawyer at Gray Plant Mooty, Washington, D.C.


text:
package set

import (
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net/http"
	"path"
	"strings"
	"testing"

	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"

	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
	appsv1beta1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1beta1"
	appsv1beta2 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1beta2"
	batchv1 "k8s.io/api/batch/v1"
	"k8s.io/api/core/v1"
	extensionsv1beta1 "k8s.io/api/extensions/v1beta1"
	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/schema"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/serializer"
	restclient "k8s.io/client-go/rest"
	"k8s.io/client-go/rest/fake"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api/testapi"
	cmdtesting "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubectl/cmd/testing"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubectl/genericclioptions"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubectl/genericclioptions/resource"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubectl/scheme"
)

func TestImageLocal(t *testing.T) {
	tf := cmdtesting.NewTestFactory()
	defer tf.Cleanup()

	tf.Client = &fake.RESTClient{
		GroupVersion:         schema.GroupVersion{Version: ""},
		NegotiatedSerializer: serializer.DirectCodecFactory{CodecFactory: scheme.Codecs},
		Client: fake.CreateHTTPClient(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
			t.Fatalf("unexpected request: %s %#v\n%#v", req.Method, req.URL, req)
			return nil, nil
		}),
	}
	tf.Namespace = "test"
	tf.ClientConfigVal = &restclient.Config{ContentConfig: restclient.ContentConfig{GroupVersion: &schema.GroupVersion{Version: ""}}}

	outputFormat := "name"

	streams, _, buf, _ := genericclioptions.NewTestIOStreams()
	cmd := NewCmdImage(tf, streams)
	cmd.SetOutput(buf)
	cmd.Flags().Set("output", outputFormat)
	cmd.Flags().Set("local", "true")

	opts := SetImageOptions{
		PrintFlags: genericclioptions.NewPrintFlags("").WithDefaultOutput(outputFormat).WithTypeSetter(scheme.Scheme),
		FilenameOptions: resource.FilenameOptions{
			Filenames: []string{"../../../../test/e2e/testing-manifests/statefulset/cassandra/controller.yaml"}},
		Local:     true,
		IOStreams: streams,
	}
	err := opts.Complete(tf, cmd, []string{"cassandra=thingy"})
	if err == nil {
		err = opts.Validate()
	}
	if err == nil {
		err = opts.Run()
	}
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
	}
	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), "replicationcontroller/cassandra") {
		t.Errorf("did not set image: %s", buf.String())
	}
}

func TestSetImageValidation(t *testing.T) {
	printFlags := genericclioptions.NewPrintFlags("").WithTypeSetter(scheme.Scheme)

	testCases := []struct {
		name         string
		imageOptions *SetImageOptions
		expectErr    string
	}{
		{
			name:         "test resource < 1 and filenames empty",
			imageOptions: &SetImageOptions{PrintFlags: printFlags},
			expectErr:    "[one or more resources must be specified as <resource> <name> or <resource>/<name>, at least one image update is required]",
		},
		{
			name: "test containerImages < 1",
			imageOptions: &SetImageOptions{
				PrintFlags: printFlags,
				Resources:  []string{"a", "b", "c"},

				FilenameOptions: resource.FilenameOptions{
					Filenames: []string{"testFile"},
				},
			},
			expectErr: "at least one image update is required",
		},
		{
			name: "test containerImages > 1 and all containers are already specified by *",
			imageOptions: &SetImageOptions{
				PrintFlags: printFlags,
				Resources:  []string{"a", "b", "c"},
				FilenameOptions: resource.FilenameOptions{
					Filenames: []string{"testFile"},
				},
				ContainerImages: map[string]string{
					"test": "test",
					"*":    "test",
				},
			},
			expectErr: "all containers are already specified by *, but saw more than one container_name=container_image pairs",
		},
		{
			name: "success case",
			imageOptions: &SetImageOptions{
				PrintFlags: printFlags,
				Resources:  []string{"a", "b", "c"},
				FilenameOptions: resource.FilenameOptions{
					Filenames: []string{"testFile"},
				},
				ContainerImages: map[string]string{
					"test": "test",
				},
			},
			expectErr: "",
		},
	}
	for _, testCase := range testCases {
		err := testCase.imageOptions.Validate()
		if err != nil {
			if err.Error() != testCase.expectErr {
				t.Errorf("[%s]:expect err:%s got err:%s", testCase.name, testCase.expectErr, err.Error())
			}
		}
		if err == nil && (testCase.expectErr != "") {
			t.Errorf("[%s]:expect err:%s got err:%v", testCase.name, testCase.expectErr, err)
		}
	}
}

func TestSetMultiResourcesImageLocal(t *testing.T) {
	tf := cmdtesting.NewTestFactory()
	defer tf.Cleanup()

	tf.Client = &fake.RESTClient{
		GroupVersion:         schema.GroupVersion{Version: ""},
		NegotiatedSerializer: serializer.DirectCodecFactory{CodecFactory: scheme.Codecs},
		Client: fake.CreateHTTPClient(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
			t.Fatalf("unexpected request: %s %#v\n%#v", req.Method, req.URL, req)
			return nil, nil
		}),
	}
	tf.Namespace = "test"
	tf.ClientConfigVal = &restclient.Config{ContentConfig: restclient.ContentConfig{GroupVersion: &schema.GroupVersion{Version: ""}}}

	outputFormat := "name"

	streams, _, buf, _ := genericclioptions.NewTestIOStreams()
	cmd := NewCmdImage(tf, streams)
	cmd.SetOutput(buf)
	cmd.Flags().Set("output", outputFormat)
	cmd.Flags().Set("local", "true")

	opts := SetImageOptions{
		PrintFlags: genericclioptions.NewPrintFlags("").WithDefaultOutput(outputFormat).WithTypeSetter(scheme.Scheme),
		FilenameOptions: resource.FilenameOptions{
			Filenames: []string{"../../../../test/fixtures/pkg/kubectl/cmd/set/multi-resource-yaml.yaml"}},
		Local:     true,
		IOStreams: streams,
	}
	err := opts.Complete(tf, cmd, []string{"*=thingy"})
	if err == nil {
		err = opts.Validate()
	}
	if err == nil {
		err = opts.Run()
	}
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
	}
	expectedOut := "replicationcontroller/first-rc\nreplicationcontroller/second-rc\n"
	if buf.String() != expectedOut {
		t.Errorf("expected out:\n%s\nbut got:\n%s", expectedOut, buf.String())
	}
}

func TestSetImageRemote(t *testing.T) {
	inputs := []struct {
		name                            string
		object                          runtime.Object
		apiPrefix, apiGroup, apiVersion string
		testAPIGroup                    string
		args                            []string
	}{
		{
			name: "set image extensionsv1beta1 ReplicaSet",
			object: &extensionsv1beta1.ReplicaSet{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: extensionsv1beta1.ReplicaSetSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "extensions",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "extensions", apiVersion: "v1beta1",
			args: []string{"replicaset", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image appsv1beta2 ReplicaSet",
			object: &appsv1beta2.ReplicaSet{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: appsv1beta2.ReplicaSetSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "extensions",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "apps", apiVersion: "v1beta2",
			args: []string{"replicaset", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image appsv1 ReplicaSet",
			object: &appsv1.ReplicaSet{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: appsv1.ReplicaSetSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "extensions",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "apps", apiVersion: "v1",
			args: []string{"replicaset", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image extensionsv1beta1 DaemonSet",
			object: &extensionsv1beta1.DaemonSet{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: extensionsv1beta1.DaemonSetSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "extensions",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "extensions", apiVersion: "v1beta1",
			args: []string{"daemonset", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image appsv1beta2 DaemonSet",
			object: &appsv1beta2.DaemonSet{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: appsv1beta2.DaemonSetSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "extensions",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "apps", apiVersion: "v1beta2",
			args: []string{"daemonset", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image appsv1 DaemonSet",
			object: &appsv1.DaemonSet{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: appsv1.DaemonSetSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "extensions",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "apps", apiVersion: "v1",
			args: []string{"daemonset", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image extensionsv1beta1 Deployment",
			object: &extensionsv1beta1.Deployment{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: extensionsv1beta1.DeploymentSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "extensions",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "extensions", apiVersion: "v1beta1",
			args: []string{"deployment", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image appsv1beta1 Deployment",
			object: &appsv1beta1.Deployment{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: appsv1beta1.DeploymentSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "extensions",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "apps", apiVersion: "v1beta1",
			args: []string{"deployment", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image appsv1beta2 Deployment",
			object: &appsv1beta2.Deployment{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: appsv1beta2.DeploymentSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "extensions",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "apps", apiVersion: "v1beta2",
			args: []string{"deployment", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image appsv1 Deployment",
			object: &appsv1.Deployment{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: appsv1.DeploymentSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "extensions",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "apps", apiVersion: "v1",
			args: []string{"deployment", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image appsv1beta1 StatefulSet",
			object: &appsv1beta1.StatefulSet{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: appsv1beta1.StatefulSetSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "apps",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "apps", apiVersion: "v1beta1",
			args: []string{"statefulset", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image appsv1beta2 StatefulSet",
			object: &appsv1beta2.StatefulSet{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: appsv1beta2.StatefulSetSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "apps",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "apps", apiVersion: "v1beta2",
			args: []string{"statefulset", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image appsv1 StatefulSet",
			object: &appsv1.StatefulSet{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: appsv1.StatefulSetSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "apps",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "apps", apiVersion: "v1",
			args: []string{"statefulset", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image batchv1 Job",
			object: &batchv1.Job{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: batchv1.JobSpec{
					Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "batch",
			apiPrefix:    "/apis", apiGroup: "batch", apiVersion: "v1",
			args: []string{"job", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
		{
			name: "set image v1.ReplicationController",
			object: &v1.ReplicationController{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: "nginx"},
				Spec: v1.ReplicationControllerSpec{
					Template: &v1.PodTemplateSpec{
						Spec: v1.PodSpec{
							Containers: []v1.Container{
								{
									Name:  "nginx",
									Image: "nginx",
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
			testAPIGroup: "",
			apiPrefix:    "/api", apiGroup: "", apiVersion: "v1",
			args: []string{"replicationcontroller", "nginx", "*=thingy"},
		},
	}
	for _, input := range inputs {
		t.Run(input.name, func(t *testing.T) {
			groupVersion := schema.GroupVersion{Group: input.apiGroup, Version: input.apiVersion}
			testapi.Default = testapi.Groups[input.testAPIGroup]
			tf := cmdtesting.NewTestFactory()
			defer tf.Cleanup()

			tf.Namespace = "test"
			tf.Client = &fake.RESTClient{
				GroupVersion:         groupVersion,
				NegotiatedSerializer: serializer.DirectCodecFactory{CodecFactory: scheme.Codecs},
				Client: fake.CreateHTTPClient(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
					resourcePath := testapi.Default.ResourcePath(input.args[0]+"s", tf.Namespace, input.args[1])
					switch p, m := req.URL.Path, req.Method; {
					case p == resourcePath && m == http.MethodGet:
						return &http.Response{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, Header: defaultHeader(), Body: objBody(input.object)}, nil
					case p == resourcePath && m == http.MethodPatch:
						stream, err := req.GetBody()
						if err != nil {
							return nil, err
						}
						bytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(stream)
						if err != nil {
							return nil, err
						}
						assert.Contains(t, string(bytes), `"image":`+`"`+"thingy"+`"`, fmt.Sprintf("image not updated for %#v", input.object))
						return &http.Response{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, Header: defaultHeader(), Body: objBody(input.object)}, nil
					default:
						t.Errorf("%s: unexpected request: %s %#v\n%#v", "image", req.Method, req.URL, req)
						return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected request")
					}
				}),
				VersionedAPIPath: path.Join(input.apiPrefix, testapi.Default.GroupVersion().String()),
			}

			outputFormat := "yaml"

			streams := genericclioptions.NewTestIOStreamsDiscard()
			cmd := NewCmdImage(tf, streams)
			cmd.Flags().Set("output", outputFormat)
			opts := SetImageOptions{
				PrintFlags: genericclioptions.NewPrintFlags("").WithDefaultOutput(outputFormat).WithTypeSetter(scheme.Scheme),

				Local:     false,
				IOStreams: streams,
			}
			err := opts.Complete(tf, cmd, input.args)
			assert.NoError(t, err)
			err = opts.Run()
			assert.NoError(t, err)
		})
	}
}