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Komunistická strana Řecka (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας, Kommunistikó Kómma Elládas, zkratka KKE) je řecká parlamentní politická strana. Hlásí se k marxisticko-leninské ideologii, usiluje o vystoupení země z Evropské unie a NATO. V červnu 2014 strana opustila celoevropské seskupení Evropská sjednocená levice a Severská zelená levice, kterému vytýká ústup od původních komunistických principů.

Historie
Stranu založil roku 1918 v Soluni učitel bulharsko-židovského původu Avraam Benaroja pod názvem Socialistická dělnická strana Řecka. V roce 1920 strana vstoupila do Kominterny a roku 1924 přijala současný název. V meziválečném období byla na okraji politického dění, jednak proto, že neuznávala řecký zábor Makedonie a Thrákie, jednak pro četné vnitřní konflikty. V roce 1936 diktátor Ioannis Metaxas stranu zakázal. Za druhé světové války sehráli komunisté a jimi vedená Řecká lidová osvobozenecká armáda (ELAS) významnou roli v protiněmeckém odboji a v říjnu 1944 zasedli zástupci KKE ve vládě osvobozeného Řecka. V prosinci téhož roku však nastala Řecká krize, komunisté bojkotovali volby v březnu 1946 a následovala britská intervence, která přerostla v občanskou válku. V roce 1949 ustala podpora komunistických jednotek ze strany Jugoslávie, mnozí členové strany byli popraveni (Nikos Belojannis) nebo odešli do exilu, převážně do Československa.

KKE byla v Řecku zakázána, řada jejich příslušníků však kandidovala v rámci koalice Spojená demokratická levice (EDA). Za vojenské vlády působila strana v ilegalitě, podporu mezi studenty získávala díky mládežnické organizaci Komunistická mládež Řecka, založené roku 1968. Ve stejném roku se od strany v důsledku invaze vojsk Varšavské smlouvy do Československa odštěpilo eurokomunistické křídlo. Po obnovení demokracie v roce 1974 se KKE stala jednou z nejdůležitějších stran v zemi. V roce 1988 vytvořili komunisté se stranou Řecká levice volební koalici Synaspismos (Spojenectví), která ve volbách v červnu 1989 získala přes třináct procent a komunisté se poprvé v dějinách stali vládní stranou, když vstoupili do velké koalice s Novou demokracií. Koalice se rozpadla v roce 1990.

Politika
Komunistická strana Řecka je výrazně konzervativní, jako jedna z mála evropských komunistických stran se nedistancovala od stalinismu. SYRIZU označuje za maloburžoazní reformistickou stranu, pro zásadní programové rozpory s ní odmítla vstoupit do vlády po volbách v lednu 2015. Dva poslanci KKE v Evropském parlamentu vystupují jako nezařazení poté, co je ve frakci GUE-NGL nahradili zástupci SYRIZY.

V únoru 2015 navrhli komunisté v řeckém parlamentu hlasování o prodloužení úvěrového programu, které by mohlo vést k vystoupení země z eurozóny.

Média
Tiskovým orgánem strany je deník Rizostpastis (Radikál), založený roku 1916.

Volební výsledky (od roku 1974)
 1974: 9,5 %
 1977: 9,4 %
 1981: 10,9 %
 1985: 9,9 %
 1989 (červen): 13,1 %
 1989 (listopad): 11 %
 1990: 10,3 %
 1993: 4,5 %
 1996: 5,6 %
 2000: 5,5 %
 2004: 5,9 %
 2007: 8,2 %
 2009: 7,5 %
 2012 (květen): 8,5 %
 2012 (červen): 4,5 %
 2015 (leden): 5,5 %
 2015 (září): 5,6 %

Reference

Externí odkazy

 http://www.sds.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2015011102
 http://encyklopedie.vseved.cz/Komunistick%C3%A1+strana+%C5%98ecka

Politické strany v Řecku
Komunistické strany
Politické strany založené roku 1918
Sekce Kominterny


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This pretty little ring is so easy to make! 3 components and 2 minutes is all you need to create this feminine piece of jewelry.
Take your wire and thread it through one side of the tube ring shank and push through until it comes out the other end. Center the wire so that it is equal on both sides.
Pick up your glass button and put it in position on the ring. Feed the wires through the holes so that the wire ends cross over and come out on the other side, straight across from where you started.
Take one end in your pliers and begin to wrap it around the base of the button- the shank. I did it quite organically (not all neatly) to give it a funky feel.
Take the other end of wire and wrap it around the shank in the opposite direction, keeping good tension and tucking the end neatly away.
Thanks Teresa:) I still get compliments whenever I wear this cute ring.


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Player Math Video games
in open world games
It's nice to have the ability to play multi-player games with your pals. Multi-person games developed on this system included 1973's Empire and 1974's Spasim ; the latter was an early first-particular person shooter Different early video games included turn-based multiplayer modes, fashionable in tabletop arcade machines In such games, play is alternated in some unspecified time in the future (usually after the lack of a life ). All gamers' scores are sometimes displayed onscreen so gamers can see their relative standing.
I'm presently a marketing consultant to Patrick Soon-Shiong and appearing normal supervisor of his new recreation trade startup called NantG, which just acquired H1Z1 and relaunched it. We're doing a whole lot of new and fun stuff in the esports and on-line cellular area.
What started off as a barebones online mode some six years ago has evolved into among the finest online co-op experiences on COMPUTER. While enjoying with strangers tends to be shambolic, gather a crew of pals and you'll have all of the madness of San Andreas at your fingertips.
Our panelists included Nelson Rodriguez , head of media partnerships at Akamai; Michael Condrey , head of the new game studio 2K Silicon Valley and former co-head of Sledgehammer Video games; Paul Sams , marketing consultant and former chief working officer of Blizzard Leisure; Anthony Castoro , former common manager at NantG, operator of the battle royale recreation H1Z1.
Finest Multiplayer Video games On-line
Snap is unlocking a new revenue stream while giving you something to do between chats and Stories. A prior examine has considered that gamers' social influence impacts the strategy dispersal, which in turn modifies players' social affect 67 Such a coevolution actually corresponds to a dynamic structure for technique dispersal, different from the static structure on this paper.
It was introduced at Gamescom 2016 and was launched on November 29, 2016 for Microsoft Home windows, PlayStation four and Xbox One alongside the Ultimate Version, which bundles the bottom sport, all the previously-released downloadable content material, and both Calling All Models and Wild Run expansions.
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a Congregational Church, but by the early 1880s it became a Grange Hall. In 1906 it was purchased by the town and used as a town hall, alternating with the one in South Chittenden. Having fallen into disrepair, it is being restored for use as a cultural and recreational center to embrace all ages of residents.
It is a landmark building sitting on a hill overlooking the village of Holden and still retains many of its original features, beaded wainscoting, period moldings, a small balcony and coffered ceilings.
to the original. See the completed work in the photo gallery below.


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16 Transformational Festivals You Need To Experience
July 2, 2014 By Tyler Almodovar
Many of us attend music festivals for the musical experience. We want to see our favorite DJs, dance to dirty beats, headbang to the bass, and sing out loud to our favorite songs. When Monday morning arrives we often wake up with throbbing heads, aching legs and feet, and sometimes a fuzzy memory. I call that a great weekend, sometimes. However after attending Summer Camp Music Festival in Chillicothe, Il, I discovered I wanted to chase a new reason for attending music festivals. I was ready for a new experience, but most of all I was ready for a transformation.
What is a Transformational Festival?
Transformational festivals are a global phenomenon that originated about 18 years ago and remains heavily dominated in Northwest America. Their central features are not much different from any other musical festival we may frequently attend. They are built around music stages/dance floors and the most common genre is electronic dance music. All of the festivals are held outdoors in a remote area; you could find yourself in a forest, a desert, or maybe even a beach. As the campers gather around in different clusters, one may begin to notice a small community forming. Sounds like almost any other camping music festival, right?
So what makes transformational festivals different? There is a sacred stream surrounding the entire festival and the journey does not stop even after the festival gates are closed. Every festival's main focus is to immerse their crowd into interactive and thought provoking environments filled with inspiration to spark new-age sustainability and self-realization.
There is an entire art movement infused within the transformational culture as well. The visionary art probes you to think of the transforming perception of yourself and our entire universe. The art goes hand-in-hand with the performance. Multiple workshops and seminars are held throughout the festival ranging from yoga, glass blowing, live art, composting, hooping, cob building, planting, etc. It's a co-creative experience that has the potential to alter and change how future generations think and interact.
We've complied a list of transformational festivals throughout North America that are well-worth the visit.
Lightning in a Bottle – Southern California
Lightning in a Bottle (LIB) provides a simple motto, "Leave it better, Leave it beautiful." They rely on their fans to help take care of the planet we live on by cleaning up their own trash at the end of the festival. LIB is the only festival to win the "Outstanding Award" from A Greener Festival all four years. Which makes it the greenest festival in the entire America!
Biodiesel fuels their light towers, camping shuttles, crew vehicles, and generators. They also provide a solar powered cell phone charging station for festival goers. Their Lucent Temple of Consciousness provides a space for personal healing through yoga and temple music and mental engagement with different speakers and workshops. Many of their workshops provide low cost, do-it-yourself projects people can learn to create a more sustainable community back home.
For the seventh year in a row, participating artists and The Do Lab will collaborate through live painting and auction off pieces to raise money for local public art programs. 2014's lineup included Moby, Little Dragon, Phantogram, Beats Antique, Gramatik, Amon Tobin, Baauer, and many more. Entire lineup here.
Connect with Lightning in a Bottle:
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Sonic Bloom Festival – Colorado
The amount of experimental performances and activities are endless. This year, festivalgoers can clean up in Dr. Bronner's Magic Soap walk-in bath, watch Andrew "Android" Jones create an electro-mineral portrait, become mesmerized by AlaDance, or warm up with fire poi and dance artists. The list could go on and on.
Sonic Bloom also prides themselves on not only supporting local acts but choosing local food and gift vendor companies, marketing teams, and even their production staff to give back to their local community and economy. Their commitment to GMO free foods means an endless amount of vegetarian and organic food options, so you'll never feel sluggish after a feast.
This year's Sonic Bloom was on June 19-22 with acts including Tipper, Shpongle, EOTO, The Polish Ambassador, Michael Menert, and more. Entire lineup here.
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Lucidity Festival – Southern California
Lucidity follows seven different core values: participation and immersion in the artistic process, personal growth and healing, awake and aware consciousness, environmental and social responsibility, family fun and creative play, communal reciprocity, and transparency. The festival is completely open-sourced and co-created, meaning they rely on you! They want you to bring the art and lead a workshop. Don't worry, they'll bring the worldly musical acts and galleries.
One of the most unique features at Lucidity is "Lucid City University." The Lucid City University houses the lecture stages of "Lucid University" and "Fishbon University". The lecture stages run from morning until midnight and include panel discussions ranging from financial freedom, world peace, adventures in lucid dreaming, beer, Burning Man culture, self-empowerment, and so much more. 2014's lineup included musical acts from Tipper, Love and Light, Haywire, and many more eclectic artists. Entire lineup here.
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Shambhala Music Festival – Canada
Shambhala's inaugural event in 1998 hosted around 500 people. Fast forward 16 years and Salmo River Ranch now hosts 10,000+ eager fans. The "Shambhalove" has made this festival one of the largest and longest running electronic music events in Canada. Since the beginning, Shambhala has been owned by the Bundschuh family, who maintain the 500-acre farm year-round. They continue to deny any corporate sponsorship making the festival produced and managed entirely by volunteers. Their ethos relies on idea that people who attend and volunteer reflect their own beliefs and visions onto the music festival and turn it into what they want it to be.
To further the idea of independent thinking, each of the six stages are managed by their own stage director. The stage director is in charge of talent, vibes, and everlasting experiences. You have a lot of stage directors to thank for booking Andy C, Bassnectar, Beardyman, Beats Antique, Caked Up, Datsik, and more. Checkout the entire lineup here. This years Shambhala will take place August 6-11. Purchase tickets here.
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Summer Camp Music Festival – Illinois
Fun fact: in 2001, Summer Camp Music Festival's first lineup featured around 20 bands over two days. Today, the lineup has grown to include over 100 jam bands and electro-soul artists making this four day event a music lovers dream. Head over to the Soulshine Tent and gain the proper and tools and knowledge to maintain a sustainable world. You can participate in multiple interactive activities ranging from companion planting to stepping into the hoop and partner hooping. Summer Camp is super interactive with their fans and take any chance they can to get you to join in on the fun. It takes place every Memorial Day weekend and this year's lineup included Bassnectar, Umphrey's McGee, moe., Primus, Slightly Stoopid, and more. Read the entire lineup here.
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Oregon Country Fair – Oregon
Oregon Country Fair (OCF) originated in 1969 as a benefit for an alternative school. In August 1972 and August 1982, Grateful Dead headlined OCF and funds supported the Springfield Cemetery…which is owned by members of Ken Kesey's family. Whoa.
The OCF has a rich and diverse history of educational opportunities, alternative arts, philanthropy, land stewardship, and performance promotion. OCF is one of the original counter-culture movements. With 20 different stages, areas, and live performances to explore, you are never bored. Interested in belly dancing? Head over the Gypsy Caravan stage. Watch unique play performances at the Morningwood Odditorium. Listen to spoken word artists at the Rabbit Hole. Popular acts like Beats Antique, Everyone Orchestra, and Indubious grace the main stage this year. Purchase tickets for OCF here. This years fair runs July 11-13.
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Photosynthesis Festival – Washington
Founded in 2008, Photosynthesis started as a celebration for the Makah Tribe of Neah Bay, WA. Today, the celebration is still going strong with three days filled with music, circus performances, ritual theatre, dance performances, healing workshops, and art from all different cultures. Photosynthesis' goal is to cultivate unconditional love, acceptance, compassion, creativity, and community. With a large musical lineup, fans remain calm knowing there is only three different stages to travel between. Which makes this community really close-knit. The vibe at Photosynthesis is so deep and it starts the moment a Mekah elder blesses the ground we dance on and call home for the weekend. This year you can catch Bird of Prey, The Flashbulb, Jay Tripwire, KiloWatts, and more. Photosynthesis will take place July 25-27 at Masonic Family Park in Granite Falls, WA. Purchase tickets here.
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Electric Forest – Michigan
Double JJ Ranch has been home to one of the largest transformational festivals in the United States since 2008. What started as "Rothbury Festival" and later evolved to "Electric Forest," this production has become one of the leading events produced by Insomniac Events and Madison House Presents. Many fans travel to Sherwood Forest for a weekend full of extravagant lights and chart-topping musical acts but when you stray away from the main stage, explorers can find something much more beautiful. They can find art installations, yoga, BLVisuals, and so much more. This year fans can catch The String Cheese Incident, Umphrey's McGee, STS9, The Glitch Mob, and more. Electric Forest will run June 26-29, tickets are sold out.
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The Evolve Festival – Canada
Evolve is an annual arts and music festival near Antigonish, Canada. Their dedication to environmental awareness and sustainable living has earned them the title of "Best Festival in Canada" by CBC Radio 3. The venue is nestled in the heart of the Nova Scotia's highlands and the view is quite breathtaking. Imagine waking up to the Atlantic coastline every morning. Fans can take a short walk to the Black Avon waterfalls or a 10 minute drive to the beach.
It's like a vacation in a wilderness paradise mixed with amazing music. 2014's lineup includes Peaches, Keys N Krates, Grandtheft, Grandmaster Flash, and more. This years Evolve will run July 11-13 and tickets are still available here.
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The Bounce Festival – Northern California
Bouncers hearts weighed heavy this year as Bounce Festival took a hiatus this year to reboot and refresh their creative energy before the sixth Bounce Festival in 2015. What started as a love for the genre turned into a movement. Bounce showcased the ultimate music festival experience all while maintaining a strong sense of community within the crowd.
Bouncers could explore their own chakras at Chakra Village. Each of the seven chakras were represented in seven different tipis and each participant could indulge in chromotherapy and guided information. Talk about a spiritual awakening! 2013's lineup included acts like Ana Sia, Boombox, Break Science, Griz, Luminox, and more.
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Burning Man- Nevada
Burning Man founder, Larry Harvey, had written the ten principles in 2004 for the Regionals Network and they served as reflection of the community's ethos and culture. The ten principles included; radical inclusion, gifting, decommodification, radical self-reliance, radical self-expression, communal effort, civic responsibility, leaving no trace, participation, and immediacy. These ten simple principles have fueled this vibrant culture for 28 years now. Fans become lost within the mesmerizing art installations and create experiences that can never be duplicated. 2014's theme is "Caravansary." You have until August 25 to prepare! Purchase tickets here.
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What The Festival – Oregon
What The Festival is the "crème de la crème" of transformational festivals. Not only is there music, arts, and movement classes but you can also indulge in film screenings, a hookah lounge, the Splash Pool Party, and the Oasis Spa to name a few. Each night until dawn, WTF attendees can enjoy Decked Out Cinema which showcases independent films from all over the world. The Splash stage serves as the Pacific Northwest's biggest poolside party. 21+ attendees can head over the OMG Lounge for private DJ sets and exclusive drinks. The hookah lounge is a designated chill zone for attendees to relax with shisha.
This years headliners include The Glitch Mob, Nightmares On Wax, RL Grime, Claude VonStroke, Cashmere Cat, Kygo, and many more here.
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Gratifly Music & Arts Festival – South Carolina
Gratifly takes place in the large grassy fields and wooded are of Avalon in Westminster, South Carolina. With countless workshops aimed at unleashing your inner creativity and moving your body/spirit, you can't help but leave feeling awakened and refreshed. Gratifly provides the basic fundamentals of any transformational festival but with some southern hospitality. Groove the night away with Papadosio, The Polish Ambassador, and Little People this year July 24-27. Purchase tickets here. Full lineup here.
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Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival – Tennessee
Bonnaroo has grown into one of the largest music festivals in North America with their large array of musical genres ranging from indie rock, hip hop, jazz, bluegrass, reggae, country, pop, alternative, and electronic. The festival began primarily with jam bands and rock but continues to pay tribute despite it's significant growth.
Bonnaroo promotes itself as a sustainable festival and has been recognized by Greener Festival for the past three years now. Head over to Planet Roo to heighten your global consciousness! 2014's lineup included Elton John, Kanye West, Skrillex, Kaskade, and many more world class acts. Read the entire lineup here. Bonnaroo typically starts on the second Thursday in June. This years festival ran June 12-15.
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Rootwire Transformational Arts Festival – West Virginia
Rootwire is four day transformational experience that gathers an impressive collection of visual artists, unique performers, and thriving underground musicians who will most likely be tomorrow's headliners. As they plan their fifth year, fans can look forward to jaw dropping names from local and international regions. Some visual artists include the admired Alex and Allyson Grey along with visuals from Zebbler Visuals. Embrace the earth with Anthony Ward's floral sculptures and Osirian Flora Design's earthworks and stage decor.
Another space to explore is the "Fabric of the Universe" and "Cuddle Dome." The FOU is a jewel like design that creates a magical experience for those who are drawn to enter and the cuddle dome is literally a community building for guided or supervised cuddle sessions (non-sexually, of course.)
Musicians this year include Tipper, Shpongle, Beats Antique, EOTO, Quixotic, Conspirator, and Zilla among many more. Check out the entire lineup here. Tickets for Rootwire 2014 are available for purchase here. Rootwire will run July 17-20 in Terra Alta, West Virginia.
Connect with Rootwire Transformatinal Festival:
Phases of the Moon Music & Art Festival – Illinois
Join us as we discover Phases of the Moon Music & Art Festival together! 2014 marks the first year of Phases of the Moon and we're excited to see what this grassroots festival has in store for us. This is an exciting, new four day camping festival nestled in Kennekuk County Park that will feature feel good jams, outdoor exploring, 100% organic foods and crafts, workshops, and visual/performing art installations.
The Phases of the Moon will introduce their very own "Sanctuary." The sanctuary will feature gongs, crystal singing bowls, Tibetan singing bowls, drums, rattles, and more to create a sacred, healing, quiet zone to refresh the mind and body.
The lineup includes Widespread Panic and The String Cheese Incident among others. Check out the entire lineup here and purchase tickets for the inaugural event here.
Connect with Phases of the Moon Music & Art Festival:
Best OfBonnarooburning manelectric forestEvolve Festivallightning in a bottleLucidty FestivalOregon Country FairPhotosynthesis FestivalShambhala Music Festivalsonic bloomthe bounce festivalwhat the festival
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Tyler Almodovar
President of WhiteRaverRafting.com | Contact: tyler@whiteraverrafting.com | Twitter: @TyGuyMusic
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Matt Ellis says:
Not sure if I would include Bonnaroo in this list.
Alex Conry says:
Defqon 1!
Jessica Devnani says:
Great list, although some of these I would classify as a music festival rather than transformational… http://pinkplankton.com/music-festival-vs-transformational-festival/
David Mitchell says:
Check out Firefly Gatherings in Flagstaff Arizona!
Michael Purves says:
Astral Harvest \
Michelle Hippie says:
I dont see Ultra
Evan Samuel says:
I don't think you know what a Transformational festival is
porn movie says:
Teofila Vahey says:
jooouli
The Dead played that benefit for The Springfield Creamery, not cemetery lol
You forgot FARMFest! All good though! Hopefully we make your list next year!
The Canadian electronic label Monstercat has officially announced their highly interactive plans for "The Uncaged Tour,"...


After three open house discussions and debates, the Indian telecom regulator feels it would be able to furnish its recommendations on net neutrality to the government within a month.
"I think today's discussion was very fruitful. This is the third in the series of discussions that we had on net neutrality. The kind of responses that we have got, the vibrancy in the open house discussion," R.S. Sharma, Chairman, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) told reporters after the open house discussion here on Wednesday.
"TRAI should be able to propose to the government appropriate recommendations , which they have asked for on the issue of net neutrality...should not take more than a month. There is a huge amount of literature and thoughts. It should not take more than a month," he added.
The watchdog along with industry stakeholders discussed the nuances of net neutrality for three hours.
He mentioned that though TRAI looks at all international experiences, but most importantly this whole concept should be guided by the Indian context.
"We are now going to decide the principles of net neutrality," he added.


Wakes can be produced by placing a cylinder in a flowing soap film. In this experimental work we show the differences between wakes in the vicinity of the cylinder, produced at different speeds. Soap solutions are non newtonian fluids. The basic tunnel flow was characterized via Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV), for the four cases shown in the videos. The maximum speeds of the stationary flows measured in the test area are: 0.8, 1.2, 1.9 and 2.1 m/s. Two different methods were used to visualize the dynamics of the wakes: iridescence and a variation of a shadowgraph technique. Both depend on the local variations of the thickness of the soap film. Each method shows different aspects of the flows.


Innovation Management, Business and management consultancy activities, listed under "Business And Management Consultancy Activities" category, is located at Oak Farm Cambridge Cambridgeshire, CB5 0BA, United Kingdom and can be reached by (01638) 742242 phone number. Innovation Management has currently 0 reviews.
Browse all Business And Management Consultancy Activities in Cambridge Cambridgeshire.


Welcome to the Street Food Risk Fire Assessment Tool. This free of charge tool is a quick and easy form that will allow you to complete a full Fire risk assessment in just a few minutes!
One Month Twelve Months Would you like a one month or twelve month Fire Risk Assessment?
Yes No Would you like to send a copy of this report to be sent to a third party? Email address of third party?
Gas appliances: Electrical Appliances: Deep fat fryers: Open coal/wood fires: Petrol generators: Diesel generators: Do you have any of the following?
Yes No Do you have any other sources of fire ignition? Enter the details of the ignition sources?
Packaging: Oils: Flamables: Cardboard boxes: Napkins: Plastic cutlery: Does your unit/stall, carry any of the following?
Dry powder extinguishers: CO2 Extinguishers: Water Extinguishers: Foam Extinguishers: Wet chemical: Fire blankets: Do you carry any of the Following Fire fighting equipment?
How many people work on your unit?
How many people work on your unit under the age of 18?
Yes No Do you have an inspection / gas safety certificate for the appliances and pipe work? (copy to be available for inspection)? Area identified of non compliance - Please supply your Additional control measures in the free text box further in this risk assessment What date was the last inspection completed (DD/MM/YYYY)?
Yes No Are the gas cylinders readily accessible to enable easy isolation in case of an emergency?
Yes No Has the fire-fighting equipment been tested within the last 12 months? Area identified of non compliance - Please supply your Additional control measures in the free text box further in this risk assessment What was the date of the last extinguishers serviced (DD/MM/YYYY)?
Yes No Have your staff been made aware of what to do should an incident occur, how to raise the alarm, evacuate and the exit locations and have recognised formal training on use of extinguishers? Area identified of non compliance - Please supply your Additional control measures in the free text box further in this risk assessment What was the date of the last formal training (DD/MM/YYYY)?
Yes No Is the every electrical item Pat Tested or less than 3 months old? Area identified of non compliance - Please supply your Additional control measures in the free text box further in this risk assessment What date was this last conducted (DD/MM/YYYY)?


text:
Termitodiellus interruptus är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Jan Krikken och Huijbregts 1987. Termitodiellus interruptus ingår i släktet Termitodiellus och familjen Aphodiidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Skalbaggar
interruptus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


An assessment of predictors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival found that the overall survival rate of, and key predictors of survival for, OHCA have not changed in 30 years.
The authors analyzed 79 studies published between 1984 and 2008 that discussed key factors in OHCA survival in adults. Based on previous research, key factors were: bystanders or EMS witnessing an OHCA; bystander CPR; patients being in ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia; or achieved return of spontaneous circulation.
Overall survival rate to hospital admission was 23.8 percent, while survival rate to hospital discharge was 7.6 percent. The five key factors consistently predicted better rates of survival—return of spontaneous circulation was the most significant predictor. The number of cases needed to save one life ranged from 16 to 23 for EMS-witnessed or 17 to 71 for bystander-witnessed OHCA cases, and 24 to 36 cases for those receiving bystander CPR.
In spite of technological progress and increased research spending, OHCA survival rates have not significantly improved between 1984 and 2008. The authors attribute this lack of improvement to a decrease in ventricular fibrillation arrests, an aging population and longer EMS response times in cities. Improving OHCA survival should center on improving pre-hospital cardiac care, especially the effective interventions of witnesses.


We tried this venison mac 'n cheese recently and it was so delicious! Beef can be easily substituted for venison. The best part is that there are only 4 steps, so you don't have to waste time preparing food when you could be enjoying the great outdoors!
2 cups macaroni, cooked before you leave home!
Cook venison and macaroni before you leave on the camping trip.
Line bottom of Dutch oven with foil.
Mix all ingredients together in the Dutch oven and sprinkle breadcrumbs on top.
Bake 30-40 minutes; use 10 coals on the bottom of the Dutch oven and 14 on top.
Serve with a salad or something green for some color contrast.
So delish! 6/6 hungry campers agree.
No Replies to "Venison Mac 'n Cheese on the Dutch Oven"


Neymar's objective on Friday against Costa Rica was his 56th objective for Brazil and now he is the third most astounding objective scorer for Brazil behind Ronaldo (62) and Pele (77).
He overwhelmed Romario simultaneously, who has 55 objectives for Brazil from 77 appearances.
The Paris Saint-Germain forward is 33rd in the rundown of most universal objectives with 56. Ali Daei of Iran finish the diagrams with 109 objectives to his name. He is trailed by Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo (85) and Hungary's Ferenc Puskas (84).
After various fouls against him, a yellow card and a denied punishment, the Brazilian at long last had a say late in the match.
Neymar scored in the seventh moment of damage time with for all intents and purposes the last kick of the match, volleying home Gabriel Jesus' square ball following a snappy counter-assault as Costa Rica pushed for an equalizer. This was his first objective of the current year's World Cup and it additionally gave Brazil a 2-0 win against their South American adversaries.
His objective coordinated at 96 minute and 49 seconds is the most recent recorded 90th moment objective in a World Cup since 1966.
Brazil's prevail upon Costa Rica likewise implied that they have now won 10 of the last 11 gatherings between the two nations. The main misfortune returned in an inviting in 1960.
The 26-year-old was enthusiastic and cried after the match got over and later on in the day, he took to Instagram to share his contemplations after the diversion.
Brazil mentor Tite protected the player and said that the Brazilians and others shouldn't put excessively weight on him.
"The delight, the fulfillment, and the pride of speaking to the Brazilian national group is a considerable measure. He has the duty, the delight, the weight and the fearlessness to indicate it. We each show it in our own specific manner." Tite told journalists.
"He was three-and-a-half months out (with damage) and he played the full match," Tite included, alluding to the foot damage that kept the PSG player on the sidelines amongst February and June.


If British interest rates change, what happens? If you lend your right to your credit If you are borrowing you should be asked to enter into an arrangement that establishes what both sides agree on. With most loan contracts, the creditor also has legally binding privileges under the Consumer Loan Act. This page will help you find out how to determine whether the arrangement you have entered into is subject to the Consumer Loan Act and what your privileges are if it is, including: What happens if you want to repay an arrangement early?
Lending from an illicit creditor (loan shark) does not give you any right under the Consumer Loans Act, so try to prevent such use. More information about illicit creditors can be found at Kredithaie. The majority of consumer loans and leases are governed by the Consumer Finance Act, which gives you some important privileges.
A legally governed arrangement is referred to as a regulatory arrangement. Agreements are governed when: they are not exempted agreements. When you have entered into a contract of sale before 6 April 2008, it could only be a contract of sale if it is a contract of sale of less than a certain amount. Where your contract is governed by the Consumer Goods Act, the creditor must provide you with a copy of the contract in writing, stating your right to cancel and whether you can repay the contract early.
You can find more information about APR under Getting the Best Lending. So if your arrangement does not contain all of this information and you have trouble to pay, the creditor may not be able to take steps to get their funds back without the approval of a judicial authority. Guaranteed loans are loans that give the creditor the right to take possession of your home again if you do not maintain it.
One of the most frequent types of collateralized loans is a homeowner' s note. A number of secure loans are protected by the Consumer Credit Act, but not residential loans. When your collateralized loans are legally backed, you may be able to request a time order if you have trouble repaying your debt.
Temporary regulation is a specific order that the court can issue so that you have time for payment. When you are in arrears with payment for a secure credit, get immediate help from a consultant. Types of arrangements not subject to the Consumer Credit Act are as follows: some short-term commercial arrangements.
Green Deal Plan, which provides loans of over 25,000, mainly for commercial use. They only have a right to these arrangements depending on what is in the contracts, not on what is in the Consumer Credit Act. Creditors should provide you with the following information before entering into a loan so that you know what you are getting into: how to reimburse the amount lent, how much you need to reimburse, the amount of the installments, and how often they are due.
Often, in reality, creditors give you this information only shortly before signing the covenant. Don't get under stress to make an arrangement if you haven't had time to review and record the information. At any time you can ask to take the information you can view with you and come back to subsequently subscribe to the arrangement.
As soon as you have entered into an arrangement, the creditor should provide you with a declaration at least once a year stating what you have to pay under the arrangement. However, you can ask for a response at any time. At any time before conclusion of the contract or within 14 workingdays of its conclusion, you may terminate a loan contract.
These include loans purchased by telephone, distance selling, the web or via television. They must inform the creditor that you are terminating the contract. When you make the communication orally, make sure that you note and keep track of the date and time and the person you have spoken to.
They have no right to terminate the following kinds of contracts: loans to the payment of inheritance taxes. Although under the Consumer Credit Act you have no right to a reimbursement if you decide to alter your opinion, it is still a good idea to review the arrangement you have entered into to see if it states that you can give the goods back within a specified period and receive a full reimbursement.
When you have purchased goods on loan and cancelled the contract, you must otherwise purchase or refund them. This does not happen, however, if you have taken out your own loans, for example, if you have taken out a separate line of credit for payment of the goods or services. Under the Consumer Loans Act, if you want to repay a mortgage prematurely, you should receive a discount on all interest and fees that you have made.
You must contact the creditor in writing and ask him to give you an early payment for the credit. That is the amount you must repay in order to fully repay the credit, plus any discount. If you ask for it, the creditor must inform you of the amount and allow you 28 workingdays from receipt of your enquiry to fully settle the amount.
The interest you have to owe will depend on when you took out the mortgage and how much of it you have already disbursed. There is no need to repay the loans just because you requested an early payroll number. Unless the creditor replies to your request for an early payment, or if you think he is overcharging you, get help from a professional advisor.
However, if you do not want to repay the entire amount due, you can still repay part of the credit early. You will receive a discount of less than the full disbursement of the credit. Early disbursement of part of the credit has an impact on how you repay the remainder of the credit.
Your contract can be clear about how a partially early repayment will impact your residual installments. Unless it says otherwise, you can talk to the creditor about reducing the normal installments or paying the remainder of the debt over a short time.
Orally or in written form, you must notify the creditor that you plan to repay part of the credit and make your payments within 28 working days. As soon as you have made the final settlement, ask the creditor to certify how much remains to be paid and how this will affect the remainder of the amount due.
When you are already in default with your loans under the contract, any partially early compensation you make will be used to repay the outstanding amount first. You can improve your power consumption in England, Wales and Scotland by making installments on your electric bill. Paid by your bill is like a credit.
This is a contract for the granting of credits to consumers. At any time, you can pay back a Green Deal plan prematurely, partially or in full. There is no early redemption fee if your Green Deal Scheme was completed before 16 May 2014 and if the seniority was less than 15 years old and the early redemption is less than £8,000.
You may be obliged to repay the entire amount of the principal plus the interest that would have been payable during the initial period of the principal if the principal is to be redeemed over 15 years or more for £8,000 or more. Within the framework of a rental contract or a contingent contract of sale-purchase, you do not own the goods until you have fully settled them.
That means that you can terminate the contract at any time and send the goods back. Further information on the termination of a lease contract or a contingent sales contract can be found here. Lenders may terminate a contract by giving two months' written notice. However, a creditor may terminate the contract by giving two months' written notice. 2. You may also terminate your right to use your card either for a permanent or transient purpose, but they must notify you in written form that they will do so and have a good cause.
As an example, the creditor may accuse you of cheating or have a good chance that you will not be able to pay back your debt. Failure to accept your cards because you are over the limits does not mean that your arrangement has been terminated. They should be able to sort things out by repaying some of the amount due or reduce the amount they want to pay out.
In the event of late payment, the creditor must issue a reminder with an information leaflet from the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). However, before they can take any further steps to recover what you have owed, the creditor must provide you with a standard notification, which must also contain an information bulletin.
Creditors must also notify you if they wish to impose additional fees, e.g. because you are in default with a loanayment. They are not entitled to take you to the courthouse or to attach more interest or charges to your backlog until they have sent you the right message.
Should a creditor attempt to take further measures in this unfortunate circumstance, get counsel on what you can do.


text:
The Great, The Bad and Women Of Puerto Rico
We have already stated that crime is developed in the country, so you need to be alert. The relationship between husband and spouse is favorable.
Such a blood combine is the direct result of a typical Latino appearance.
Tell your girlfriend kind words about her appearance and show her your appreciation.
For a girl, it's overwhelming to be with a associate who only promises issues and does not ship.
ValenTime.com is home to white, Asian, black and exquisite Latin women.
The island has an space of thirteen,790 km2 (5,320 sq. mi) and a inhabitants of more that 3.6 million.
The cooking and cleansing abilities of Puerto Rican women are second to none.
At some level after a long-lasting period collectively, a girlfriend will introduce you to her dad and mom.
Modern and educated Puerto Rican ladies are unable to search out party regulation in their international locations. Most males in Puerto Rican countries are alcoholics and usually are not interested in their households.
During conversation, you need to avoid adverse feedback about her nation, culture, traditions, and historical past. Puerto Rican ladies never thoughts marrying a foreigner and have joint kids. Locals attempt to protect not solely their own but also different people's youngsters. A Puerto Rican woman would appreciate a person who loves and knows how to care for kids. Physical punishment of children for wrongdoings could be very rare.
Top Puerto Rican Girls Secrets
While Puerto Rico ladies gained the right to vote in local elections in 1935, they nonetheless cannot vote in presidential elections. With no senators, residents of Puerto Rico can't vote in Senate elections, both. At the time, solely a small minority of Puerto Rican women were literate. The literacy requirement basically stored most girls from voting till 1935, when the federal government of Puerto Rico finally allowed all ladies to vote. The nineteenth amendment mentioned that girls couldn't be denied the proper to vote as a end result of they have been girls. Puerto Rican women had been U.S. residents in 1920, having achieved citizenship in 1917 under the Jones-Shafroth Act.
First of all, they like to hang around through the night. [newline]They typically spend their free time in nightclubs or sunny beaches. This makes it easier to strategy them when you really feel like it. In this text, you'll learn a lot of information about such girls, which ought to be useful when you contemplate relationship Puerto Rican ladies. You are going to determine out what makes them stand out from the gang, in addition to how one can impress one. As a rule, a Puerto Rican girl for marriage wants to have a man who can protect her from all of the negativity. However, he doesn't have to be a powerful guy, as it's enough to know the method to calm his beloved, encompass her with devotion and tenderness.
The first one is LatinAmerican cupid.com, where a minimal of a thousand of those ladies register day by day. You have excessive chances of meeting a woman that fits your wants and preferences. Communication gadgets are offered that can assist you meet and chat with the love of your life. The hot temper of a Puerto Rican mail order bride is common to Latin women.
They have very easy-going characteristics, such as energetic temper, sexy body, sweet persona, intelligence, and excessive stage of vitality. Women in Puerto Rico have a lot of benefits and a few minor disadvantages. Before your first date with a Puerto Rican girl, you should pay consideration to the following information. A typical Puerto Rican woman can have lots of issues in her calendar, from work and purchasing to youngsters and pals. However, the one factor she always draws inspiration from is cooking. A Puerto Rican spouse doesn't need any recipe books or TV shows to tell her what to do in the kitchen. She is a whole pure and her cooking is a real murals.
Because a Puerto Rican lady can be many issues, however she is rarely a liar. After you stroll via the door for the primary time, you might be likely hugged by the dad and kissed on the cheek by the mother. Puerto Ricans are very affectionate people and they will proceed doing it, so you'll have to reciprocate. There is an efficient probability your Puerto Rican lady depends on her pals for advice about her personal life. Getting to know her associates and charming them will definitely add a couple of points to your score. On the opposite hand, if you are focusing on extra conservative and serious girls, you need to play the shot cautiously. Show that you are critical and that you are not there just for enjoyable.
This scorching Puerto Rican girl may be very successful in the United States of America. However, she was born within the family of an Ecuadorian dad and a Puerto Rican mom. Such a blood mix is the direct results of a typical Latino look.
But still many of the ladies here are very reminiscent of Spanish ladies. They are brilliant and textured girls with brown or dark brown hair always appears thick and iridescent. Attractive dark pores and skin, shiny eyes and sparkling dark hair with gold shine, make them goddesses.
This Is One Way You Fix Your Broken Women Of Puerto Rico
But whenever you start courting her, you'll want to hold up preserving consistent eye contact together with her as properly. Considering that Puerto Rico is a tropical island within the Caribbean, this shouldn't be shocking. At EliteMailOrderBrides, we conduct exhaustive analysis and verify prices, features, and guarantees to write down detailed reviews. We also examine out there communication channels, discover data safety measures, and analysis the audience. If our consultants discover fraudulent exercise on a matchmaking site, we warn our readers to protect them from scams.
Puerto Rican girls are by no means shy to precise their feelings, be it discontent or approval. You will have to get used to your Puerto Rican bride confronting you with a lot of hand gestures when you do something of which she disapproves. At first, this can seem uncommon, but with time, you'll get used to these Italianesque mannerisms.
Otherwise, your woman will take the lead of your get together, and in the blink of a watch, your folks will be dancing reggaeton or bachata. The different Puerto Rican women constructive side is that they're nice and optimistic. You will hardly see them in a pessimistic temper saying that every thing goes wrong and so they see no mild on the end of the tunnel. Therefore, if you typically lack a constructive angle towards the world, a Puerto Rican girlfriend can turn into your guide through your whole dangerous days. If you'd like to have more enjoyable in your life, consider relationship Puerto Rican brides and getting married to them.
Foreigners normally strive hard to reach Puerto Rican girls for marriage who like the thought of staying home when relationship. The shortcut is extra girls from puerto rico obtainable than you assume, and everybody has entry to it. This country welcomes you with gorgeous and glamorous Puerto Rican girls.
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BURGE. Frederick Charles 06/09/1923 - 06/11/2018. Passed away peacefully at the Austin Hospital. Loving Husband of Roma (dec). Father & Father in law of Lynette & Eric Cook; Judith & Kevin Cronin. Loving Pa to Tammy, Jayson, Simone, Hanna, Damian & Jess. Great Pa to Kinga & Connor. Together again.


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text:
Harry Dent
Financial Expert, Best-Selling Author and Economic Futurist
Speaker Categories: Intellectual Capital | Economic | Personal Finance | Aging | Business & Consumer Trends
Travels From: FL, United States.
Harry Dent Bio
Harry S. Dent Jr. studied economics in college in the '70s, but found it vague and inconclusive. He became so disillusioned by the state of his chosen profession that he turned his back on it. Instead, he threw himself into the burgeoning new science of finance where identifying and studying demographic, technological, consumer and many, many other trends empowered him to forecast economic changes.
Since then, he's spoken to executives, financial advisors and investors around the world. He's appeared on "Good Morning America," PBS, CNBC and CNN/Fox News. He's been featured in Barron's, Investor's Business Daily, Entrepreneur, Fortune, Success, U.S. News and World Report, Business Week, The Wall Street Journal, American Demographics and Omni. He is a regular guest on Fox Business's "America's Nightly Scorecard."
The Great Boom Ahead
Harry has written numerous books over the years. In his book The Great Boom Ahead, published in 1992, he stood virtually alone in accurately forecasting the unanticipated boom of the 1990s. That same year he authored two consecutive best sellers: The Roaring 2000s and The Roaring 2000s Investor (Simon and Schuster).
The Great Crash Ahead
In 2011, Harry published,The Great Crash Ahead, where he outlined how the next great crash is likely to unfold in the coming months. He explained why there is nothing the government can do to protect us as deflation takes hold of the economy. In The Demographic Cliff (2014), Harry revealed why America is facing a "great deflation" after five years of desperate stimulus —and what investors need to do about it now.
The Sale of a Lifetime
In his most recent bestseller, The Sale of a Lifetime: How the Great Bubble Burst of 2017 Can Make You Rich (2016), Harry looks at the upcoming economic crisis and reveals how it could be the single greatest chance to build wealth we'll ever see and how we can capitalize on such a unique and historical opportunity. He explains how many of the richest Americans in history have used this same kind of opportunity to quickly accumulate incredible amounts of money, in a short period of time.
In his latest book, Zero Hour: Turn the Greatest Political and Financial Upheaval in Modern History to Your Advantage, Harry Dent reveals why the greatest social, economic, and political upheaval since the American Revolution is on our doorstep. Discover how its combined effects could cause stocks to crash as much as 80% beginning just weeks from now…crippling your wealth now and for the rest of your life.
Mr. Dent received his MBA from Harvard Business School, where he was a Baker Scholar and was elected to the Century Club for leadership excellence.
Our Power to Predict
Dent brings a lively and common sense approach to helping financial advisors and everyday investors understand the fundamental trends driving this incredible boom. He ties the baby boom generation's massive spending, saving, and debt trends along with the fast-paced information revolution, the pervasive workplace changes, and the coming population shift outside of suburbs into one simple, cohesive picture that leaves audiences feeling very clear and confident about the future.
Zero Hour: Turn the Greatest Political and Financial Upheaval in Modern History to Your Advantage Purchase Book
The Sale of a Lifetime: How the Great Bubble Burst of 2017-2019 Can Make You Rich Purchase Book
The Great Depression Ahead: How to Prosper in the Crash Following the Greatest Boom in History Purchase Book
The Next Great Bubble Boom: How to Profit from the Greatest Boom in History: 2005-2009 Purchase Book
The Roaring 2000s: Building The Wealth And Lifestyle You Desire In The Greatest Boom In History Purchase Book
Great Boom Ahead: Your Comprehensive Guide to Personal and Business Profit in the New Era of Prosperity Purchase Book
Rosabeth Moss Kanter


For a sweet and savory garnish for sweet potato soup, we cook bacon pieces until crisp. When brown sugar is added to the pan, it melts onto the bacon and creates a candy-like coating. A small amount of cider vinegar keeps the sweetness in check.


The application and enforcement of the law can be very complex in many situations. This can be especially true in cases related to allocated parental responsibilities—formerly child custody—and parenting time, or visitation. One of the fundamental principles of law is the concept of jurisdiction, which refers to the authority that a particular county, state, or federal court system maintains over the parties and the subject matter of the case in question. Only a court with appropriate jurisdiction can make decisions and enter orders in accordance with applicable statutes.
In some situations, jurisdiction may be fairly straightforward. For example, if you live in DuPage County, and were injured in an accident near your home caused by another resident of DuPage County, you probably realize that the DuPage County circuit court has jurisdiction over your case, and your claim should be made there. In other cases, however, jurisdiction may not seem quite so clear, at least to the average citizen. One such example can be found in the area of family law. If your parenting plan and parental responsibilities orders were entered in Illinois, and you decide to move out of state, which state has continuing jurisdiction over your family's case? Fortunately, there are laws in place to address this exact scenario.
When you decide to move out of Illinois with your child, you will need to obtain the other parent's consent if your move to a new state will exceed 25 miles from your previous home. According to the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (IMDMA), such a move is called a relocation and is considered a substantial change in circumstances for the purposes of modifying a child custody order or parenting plan. If the other parent does voluntarily grant consent, you can seek permission for the move from an Illinois court, who will consider a number of factors contained in the IMDMA and the child's best interests.
Presuming the court grants approval for the relocation, you should be aware that a separate Illinois law specifies that moving under such circumstances may allow your case to remain under the jurisdiction of Illinois courts. The Uniform Child-Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) provides that the Illinois court's exclusive jurisdictional authority over your case will continue until the child, both parents, and any person acting as a parent no longer reside in or "have a significant connection" to Illinois. This means that as long as one parent still lives in Illinois, issues regarding the parenting plan or custody order can still be heard in Illinois courts.
If you have questions about family law jurisdiction and how your case may be affected, contact an experienced Lombard family law attorney for assistance. At A. Traub & Associates, we can help you find the answers you need so that you can better understand your current situation and make informed decisions. Call 630-426-0196 to schedule a confidential consultation today.


text:
Correlation between apelin and VEGF levels in retinopathy of prematurity: a matched case–control study
Yimin Zhang1 na1,
Jing Feng2 na1,
Shuming Shao1,
Qing Mu3,
Jie Liu1,
Chaomei Zeng1 &
Xiaorui Zhang1
Although several clinical studies have analysed the relationship between the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and apelin-13 in venous blood and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), no definitive conclusions have been reached. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between apelin-13 levels and VEGF levels and ROP.
Differences in plasma apelin-13 and VEGF levels were analysed in two groups of infants born with birth weight < 1500 g and gestational age < 32 weeks at Peking University People' s Hospital. One group comprised infants diagnosed with ROP and the other group was a control group comprising infants without ROP.
Apelin-13 levels were significantly lower in the ROP group than in the control group, while VEGF levels showed the opposite result (both P < 0.001). Infants with severe ROP had lower apelin-13 levels and higher VEGF levels than with mild ROP (both P < 0.05).The receiver operating characteristic curve for apelin-13 level as the indicator of ROP showed that a cut-off value of 119.6 pg/mL yielded a sensitivity of 84.8% and a specificity of 63.6%, while for VEGF level, the cut-off value of 84.3 pg/mL exhibited a sensitivity of 84.8% and a specificity of 66.7%.
Plasma apelin-13 and VEGF levels at 4–6 weeks of age may play a role in assisting the diagnosis of ROP.
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was first reported in 1942, and since then, it has attracted widespread attention. With the wide application of ventilators and pulmonary surfactants, the survival rate of preterm infants has increased significantly, and consecutively, the incidence of ROP has also increased. ROP is the most important cause of blindness in children worldwide [1], and therefore, early detection and treatment of ROP are very important.
The pathophysiology of ROP can be divided into two stages. The first phase involves cessation of vessel growth and some loss of the already formed vessels, which is driven by the higher than normal physiologic intrauterine blood oxygen levels associated with premature birth. The second phase occurs when the avascular retina becomes more metabolically active; pathologic neovascularisation, which carries a potential for retinal detachment, then follows. Most scholars believe that the second stage is jointly regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is produced by the ischaemic retina, and other angiogenic factors, resulting in typical abnormal angiogenesis in ROP [2]. Several clinical studies have analyzed the relationship between ROP and systemic VEGF concentrations; however, the reported findings have been inconsistent. Some studies have shown that the level of VEGF in venous blood is not related to the occurrence of ROP; whereas, others have reported contradictory findings that preterm infants with ROP have lower blood VEGF levels [3] and that circulatory concentrations of VEGF were elevated in infants with ROP [4].
In terms of angiogenic factors, apelin is a recently discovered angiogenic factor, which together with the angiotensin I receptor-related protein, APT, forms the apelin/APJ system. This system is widely distributed and expressed in various organs of the human body, and there are several active formulations of this system consisting of 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 28, 31, and 36 amino acid residues as well as a pyroglutamate apelin-13 form [5]. All bioactivity is thought to be in the terminal 13 aa fragment (apelin 13) [6]. In recent years, oxygen-induced neonatal retinopathy mouse experiments have suggested that the expression of apelin-13 can affect vascular density and morphology [7, 8]. Furthermore, it may play an important role in pathological retinal neovascularisation and affect the occurrence and development of ROP. However, few in vivo studies have analyzed the relationship between ROP and systemic apelin-13 concentrations [9]. Moreover, the relationship between apelin-13 and VEGF is unclear. In vitro studies have found that apelin-13 can promote neovascularisation by up-regulating the level of VEGF, suggesting that the apelin/APJ pathway may have a synergistic effect with VEGF [10], while other experiments have found that apelin-13 antagonists can prevent pathologic retinal formation without affecting the expression level of VEGF, supporting the hypothesis that apelin-13 and VEGF are independent of each other in pathological angiogenesis [7]. Moreover, there are limited in vivo studies in the current literature. Therefore, the relationship between apelin-13 and ROP and the expression of apelin-13 and VEGF in infants with ROP remains unclear.
Based on the inconsistent previous findings, this study aimed to analyze the association between systemic apelin-13 and VEGF concentrations and ROP and explore the correlation between the abovementioned cytokines to provide a basis for the development of future ROP screening methods.
Study design and population
This was a prospective case-control study conducted in the ophthalmology clinic and paediatric clinic of Peking University People's Hospital. The study applied the ROP screening guidelines of the UK [11]. All participants had a birth weight < 1500 g and gestational age < 32 weeks and underwent regular ophthalmological screening from January 2016 to January 2018. Participants with a chromosomal or major congenital anomaly, those without blood samples, and those who declined participation or were lost to follow-up were excluded. This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics review board (2015PHB108-01). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of included patients.
Ophthalmologic examination for ROP was performed between 4 and 6 weeks of age and repeated after 1–2 weeks according to the examination results until the retinal vascularisation was well into zone III. The presence or absence of ROP and other diseases and zone, stage, and extent of ROP were recorded according to the international ROP classification (stages 1–5). The ROP group comprised infants with any ROP stage. The control group comprised infants without ROP who were randomly matched with the ROP group 1:1 by gestational age and birth weight. Infants with ROP were divided into mild and severe groups. We used the term 'severe ROP' to include patients treated for type 1 pre-threshold and threshold disease and those presenting with stages 4 and 5 ROP, according to the international classification system (stage 1: demarcation line; stage 2: ridge; stage 3: extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation; stage 4: partial retinal detachment; and stage 5: total retinal detachment) [12].
At registration in the ophthalmology clinic or paediatric clinic, information on infants' demographic characteristics (e.g. gestational age and birth weight) and post-natal illness (e.g. post-natal Apgar score, history of oxygen inhalation, and history of blood transfusion) were recorded.
Sample collection and measurement
Samples were collected when blood was drawn for other purposes from a patent line during the period of 4–6 weeks after birth (at the time of the first ophthalmological examination) for measurement of plasma apelin-13 and VEGF levels. Venous blood samples (0.5 mL) were collected in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and centrifuged for 10 min at 3,000 rpm. Then, the plasma was separated. The blood was stored at -80 °C in polypropylene tubes until the time of the assay. All samples from an individual infant were analysed using the same assay. The blood levels of apelin-13 peptide and VEGF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (RayBiotech, Inc., Norcross, GA, USA) [13]. All the samples were diluted two-fold with the diluent provided with the system and were analyzed in duplicate according to the manufacturer's instructions. The optical density was determined at 450 nm using an absorption spectrophotometer. Each sample was analyzed in duplicate, and the mean value of the two readings was used for quantitative analysis.
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics 23 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) and GraphPad Prism 8.2.0 (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA). Continuous variables, expressed as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range), were compared using Student's t-test or Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables, presented as count (percentage), were compared using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test for small cell counts (n < 5). A P value of < 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the potential of apelin-13 and VEGF expression to differentiate ROP group samples from control group samples. Pearson's correlation test was used to assess the correlation between apelin-13 and VEGF in infants.
A total of 66 participants, including 33 in the ROP group and 33 in the control group, were included in the final analysis (Fig. 1). The baseline characteristics were similar in both groups of infants (Table 1). There were no significant differences in gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, oxygen supplementation history (all infants had a fraction of inspiration below 40%), or blood transfusion history between the two groups.
Flow chart of the study
Table 1 Perinatal characteristics of babies eligible for the case–control study
Correlation between apelin-13 and VEGF levels
Plasma apelin-13 levels were significantly lower in the ROP group (91.8 ± 26.9 pg/mL) than in the control group (126.0 ± 27.0 pg/mL), while plasma VEGF levels were significantly higher in the ROP group (113.1 ± 27.3 pg/mL) than in the control group (81.8 ± 20.9 pg/mL) (both P < 0.001; Table 2; Fig. 2). Moreover, lower plasma apelin-13 levels were correlated with higher stages of ROP (75.4 ± 17.7 pg/mL versus 92.4 ± 20.7 pg/mL) and higher plasma VEGF levels were correlated with higher stages of ROP (129.0 ± 25.4 pg/mL versus 109.7 ± 23.7 pg/mL) (both P < 0.001; Table 3). The scatter plots of apelin-13 and VEGF levels at different ROP stages are shown in Fig. 3. Pearson's linear correlation analysis using apelin-13 level as the dependent variable and VEGF level as the independent variable showed a negative correlation between apelin-13 and VEGF levels in infants with and without ROP (r = 0.946, P < 0.001 and r = 0.868, P < 0.001, respectively; Figs. 4 and 5).
Table 2 Plasma apelin and VEGF levels at 4–6 weeks among the studied groups
Comparison of blood apelin-13 and VEGF levels in the ROP group and control group. *P < 0.05. ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
Table 3 Plasma apelin and VEGF levels at 4–6 weeks with mild and severe ROP infants
Scatterplot showing the association between apelin-13 and VEGF levels in ROP. ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
Scatterplot showing the association between plasma VEGF and apelin-13 levels in infants with ROP, with a statistically significant negative correlation between the parameters (r = 0.931, P < 0.001). ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
Scatterplot showing the association between plasma VEGF and apelin levels in infants without ROP, with a statistically significant negative correlation between the parameters (r = 0.868, P < 0.001)
Prediction of ROP
The ROC curve was plotted to assess the appropriate values of apelin-13 and VEGF for the diagnosis of ROP (Table 4; Fig. 6). The ROC curve for apelin-13 as the indicator of ROP showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.804 (95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.702–0.907; P < 0.001), and a cut-off value of 119.6 pg/mL yielded a sensitivity of 84.8% and a specificity of 63.6%. The ROC curve for VEGF as the indicator of ROP showed an AUC of 0.810 (95% Cl, 0.695–0.896; P < 0.001), and a cut-off value of 84.3 pg/mL yielded a sensitivity of 84.8% and a specificity of 66.7%.
Table 4 ROC curve analysis results of apelin and VEGF level diagnosis of ROP
Receiver operating characteristic curve of apelin-13 and VEGF for prediction of ROP in preterm infants. The Y-axis represents sensitivity, and the X-axis represents the false-positive rate. ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
This study demonstrated that systemic apelin-13 and VEGF may play a role in assisting the diagnosis of ROP with a relatively high sensitivity and specificity and that systemic apelin-13 concentrations are negatively correlated with systemic VEGF concentrations in infants with ROP.
Improvements in our understanding of the molecular basis of diseases and advances in technology have fuelled the search for novel biomarkers for many diseases. Biomarkers can potentially improve our ability to identify, manage, or prevent a wide range of conditions that jeopardise patient health. Biomarkers are mostly used to identify the presence of a disease, selectively treat the population at greatest risk, and provide a low risk–benefit ratio [14].
Preterm infants usually require supplemental oxygen during post-natal treatment. Exposure to relatively high oxygen levels delays the formation of retinal blood vessels, causing vascular occlusion. This stage usually occurs at 30–32 weeks of gestation. When blood vessels resume growth, new abnormal blood vessels are formed by the involvement of multiple cytokines [15]. Animal models of oxygen-induced retinopathy have shown that VEGF is a key player in the pathogenesis of ROP [16]. An in vivo study on ROP has found a retinal VEGF pattern consistent with that detected in in vitro studies [17]. Concurrently, animal studies on retinal endothelial cell lines have demonstrated that apelin-13 has angiogenic activity [18, 19]. Many animal studies and a small number of human studies have demonstrated that apelin-13 is associated with the occurrence of ROP [7,8,9]. Thus, systemic apelin-13 and VEGF may be meaningful biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of ROP [9, 20].
Currently, there is a consensus on the inverse correlation between the incidence of ROP and gestational age and birth weight. Given the different manifestations of ROP and various external factors, neonatal birth conditions and peri-natal treatment strategies, such as oxygen supply and blood transfusion strategies, must be given appropriate consideration in the neonatal intensive care unit [21, 22]. In our study, the selected control infants were matched in terms of gestational age and birth weight, and after comparison, sex, number of multiple births, Apgar score, oxygen supplementation, and blood transfusion were similar between the ROP and non-ROP groups. This enabled us to avoid the bias that might have been caused by the above factors in the comparison of apelin-13 and VEGF cytokines.
Our study found that preterm infants with a gestational age of < 32 weeks and birth weight of < 1500 g had higher plasma VEGF levels and lower plasma apelin-13 levels in infants with ROP than those in infants without ROP at 4–6 weeks after birth; and infants with severe ROP had higher plasma VEGF levels and lower plasma apelin-13 levels than infants with wild ROP. The results of several other in vivo studies on venous blood VEGF levels [4, 20] are consistent with the results of this study, particularly in terms of gestational age, birth weight, and sample evaluation time. However, our results are different from those reported by Pieh et al. [23] and Kandasamy et al. [24]; this may due to the different gestational ages, birth weights, and sample evaluation times of preterm infants in these studies. Differences in gestational age at birth, birth weight, and oxygen supplementation time after birth may affect cytokine levels. In terms of research on blood apelin-13 levels, both Ali et al. [9] and Cekmez et al. [2] observed significantly lower blood apelin-13 levels in the ROP group than in the control group, which is consistent with the results of our study. These two studies were also single-center studies with small-sample sizes; therefore, further research is needed. Feng et al. [3], also from our institution, reported results that are opposite to ours. They found that the VEGF levels in the ROP group were lower than those in the control group, while the apelin-13 levels were higher in the ROP group than in the control group. The reason may be that their study population included all pre-mature babies as they did not specify that the gestational age should be < 32 weeks. Another reason for the difference in the results may be due to their specimen sampling time, which was > 6 weeks after birth until approximately 3 months, as it is generally known that cytokine levels will change with time after birth [25]. The time point used for ROP screening in our study—4–6 weeks post-partum—maybe more meaningful for detecting differences in cytokine levels and, therefore, for predicting the disease. Data on the systemic levels of VEGF and apelin-13 related to ROP have been inconclusive; thus, our results provide evidence that plasma apelin-13 and VEGF levels measured at 4–6 weeks of age may play a role in the diagnosis of ROP.
In terms of the relationship between apelin-13 and VEGF, Huang et al. [26] demonstrated that apelin markedly upregulated VEGF protein expression at all selected time points after middle cerebral artery occlusion, whereas Uribesalgo et al. [27] showed that apelin, at least in part, suppressed the VEGF transcriptome in tumour vessels. In addition, Hou et al. [10] performed experiments in mice to confirm that apelin could effectively promote angiogenesis under hypoxic–ischaemic conditions, which is related to the up-regulation of VEGF. Likewise, the relationship between systemic apelin and VEGF levels in neonates with ROP is inconclusive. Zhang et al. [28] reported that there was no correlation between apelin and VEGF expression in neonates with ROP, whereas Feng et al. [3] found that the plasma levels of apelin and VEGF were negatively correlated in children with ROP. In this study, we found a negative correlation between plasma apelin-13 and VEGF levels, not only in ROP group but also in non-ROP group, which suggesting that apelin and VEGF may mutually regulate each other [29], but the mechanism is still unclear. Since the negative correlation may be related to ROP or preterm birth, further studies with large samples are needed to confirm this correlation.
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in determining the related pathogenic mechanisms of ROP [16] and related biomarkers such as apelin-13 and VEGF, but there is insufficient conclusive evidence to support their usefulness; our research results provide some evidence. The ROC curve was used to define the best apelin-13 cut-off value for our patients, which was 119.6 pg/mL, with a sensitivity of 84.8%, specificity of 63.6%, and diagnostic accuracy of 80.4%. Another ROC curve was used to define the best VEGF cut-off value for our patients, which was 84.3 pg/mL, with a sensitivity of 84.8%, specificity of 66.7%, and diagnostic accuracy of 81.0%. This finding is in agreement with that reported by Ali et al. [11] and suggests a role of plasma apelin-13 and VEGF in the diagnosis of ROP.
This study has some limitations, including its single-center study design and relatively small number of included cases. Future multi-center studies with large samples are needed to confirm the clinical relationship between various biomarkers, such as apelin-13 and VEGF, in patients with ROP to provide innovative ideas for the screening of ROP.
Differences in plasma apelin-13 and VEGF levels measured at 4–6 weeks of age may play a role in the diagnosis of ROP. This finding may provide a basis for new methods of ROP screening in the future.
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article. Further enquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
ROP:
Sommer A, Taylor HR, Ravilla TD, West S, Lietman TM, Keenan JD, et al. Challenges of ophthalmic care in the developing world. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132:640–4.
Cekmez F, Pirgon O, Aydemir G, Dundar B, Cekmez Y, Karaoglu A, et al. Correlation between cord blood apelin and IGF-1 levels in retinopathy of prematurity. Biomark Med. 2012;6:821–5.
Feng J, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Jiang Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor and apelin in plasma of patients with retinopathy of prematurity. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95:e514–5.
Hellgren G, Löfqvist C, Hård AL, Hansen-Pupp I, Gram M, Ley D, et al. Serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in relation to retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatr Res. 2016;79:70–5.
Kalantaripour TP, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Sheibani V, Asadi-Shekaari M, Pasban-Aliabadi H. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of apelin-13 on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in male rats. Biomed Pharmacol. 2016;84:258–63.
Lu Q, Feng J, Jiang YR. The role of apelin in the retina of diabetic rats. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e69703.
Ishimaru Y, Shibagaki F, Yamamuro A, Yoshioka Y, Maeda S. An apelin receptor antagonist prevents pathological retinal angiogenesis with ischemic retinopathy in mice. Sci Rep. 2017;7:15062.
Zhang W, Zhang DG, Liang X, Zhang WL, Ma JX. Effects of apelin on retinal microglial cells in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy of prematurity. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119:2900–10.
Ali YF, El-Morshedy S, Imam AA, Abdelrahman NI, Elsayed RM, Alkholy UM, et al. The role of serum apelin in retinopathy of prematurity. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017;11:387–92.
Hou J, Zhong T, Guo T, Miao C, Zhou C, Long H, et al. Apelin promotes mesenchymal stem cells survival and vascularization under hypoxic-ischemic condition in vitro involving the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. Exp Mol Pathol. 2017;102:203–9.
Wilkinson AR, Haines L, Head K, Fielder AR. UK retinopathy of prematurity guideline. Eye (Lond). 2009;23:2137–9.
International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity revisited. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:991–9.
Than A, Cheng Y, Foh LC, Leow MK, Lim SC, Chuah YJ, et al. Apelin inhibits adipogenesis and lipolysis through distinct molecular pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;362:227–41.
Ioannidis JPA, Bossuyt PMM. Waste, Leaks, and Failures in the Biomarker Pipeline. Clin Chem. 2017;63:963–72.
Cayabyab R, Ramanathan R. Retinopathy of Prematurity: Therapeutic Strategies Based on Pathophysiology. Neonatology. 2016;109:369–76.
Hartnett ME. Pathophysiology and mechanisms of severe retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:200–10.
Young TL, Anthony DC, Pierce E, Foley E, Smith LE. Histopathology and vascular endothelial growth factor in untreated and diode laser-treated retinopathy of prematurity. J AAPOS. 1997;1:105–10.
Fleck BW, McIntosh N. Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity and possible preventive strategies. Early Hum Dev. 2008;84:83–8.
Kasai A, Shintani N, Oda M, Kakuda M, Hashimoto H, Matsuda T, et al. Apelin is a novel angiogenic factor in retinal endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;325:395–400.
Villegas-Becerril E, González-Fernández R, Perula-Torres L. Gallardo-Galera JM [IGF-I, VEGF and bFGF as predictive factors for the onset of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2006;81:641–6.
Fierson WM. Screening Examination of Premature Infants for Retinopathy of Prematurity. Pediatrics. 2018;142:e20183061.
Kim SJ, Port AD, Swan R, Campbell JP, Chan RVP, Chiang MF. Retinopathy of prematurity: a review of risk factors and their clinical significance. Surv Ophthalmol. 2018;63:618–37.
Pieh C, Agostini H, Buschbeck C, Krüger M, Schulte-Mönting J, Zirrgiebel U, et al. VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and Tie2 levels in plasma of premature infants: relationship to retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:689–93.
Kandasamy Y, Hartley L, Rudd D, Smith R. The lack of association between vascular endothelial growth factor and retinopathy of prematurity in an observational study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31:2202–8.
Zhu D, Chen C, Shi W. Variations of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Pigment Epithelial-derived Factor Are Related to Retinopathy of Prematurity in Human Babies. West Indian Med J. 2015;65:251–5.
Huang C, Dai C, Gong K, Zuo H, Chu H. Apelin-13 protects neurovascular unit against ischemic injuries through the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor. Neuropeptides. 2016;60:67–74.
Uribesalgo I, Hoffmann D, Zhang Y, Kavirayani A, Lazovic J, Berta J, et al. Apelin inhibition prevents resistance and metastasis associated with anti-angiogenic therapy. EMBO Mol Med. 2019;11:e9266.
Zhang Y, Jiang YR, Lu Q, Yin H, Tao Y. Apelin in epiretinal fibrovascular membranes of patients with retinopathy of prematurity and the changes after intravitreal bevacizumab. Retina. 2013;33:613–20.
Kidoya H, Ueno M, Yamada Y, Mochizuki N, Nakata M, Yano T, et al. Spatial and temporal role of the apelin/APJ system in the caliber size regulation of blood vessels during angiogenesis. EMBO J. 2008;27:522–34.
The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Huixin Liu (Department of Academic Research, Peking University People's Hospital) for her help with data analysis.
This work was supported by the Foundation of 2018 Beijing Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project-Pediatrics (2199000726), Peking University People's Hospital Research and Development Funds (RDC 2015–21) and National Natural Science Foundation-Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth (No. QML20190303). The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Yimin Zhang and Jing Feng shared first authorship.
Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
Yimin Zhang, Shuming Shao, Jie Liu, Chaomei Zeng & Xiaorui Zhang
Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Jing Feng
Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
Qing Mu
Yimin Zhang
Shuming Shao
Chaomei Zeng
Xiaorui Zhang
Xiaorui Zhang and Yimin Zhang conceived and designed this study. Yimin Zhang and Shuming Shao collected the clinical data and blood samples. Yimin Zhang and Qing Mu performed the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments. Yimin Zhang and Jing Feng analyzed the data. Yimin Zhang and Jing Feng wrote the manuscript. Xiaorui Zhang, Jie Liu, and Chaomei Zeng performed the follow-up examination. All authors have approved the final version of this manuscript.
Correspondence to Xiaorui Zhang.
The study protocol was approved by the medical ethics committee of the Peking University People's Hospital (2015PHB108-01) and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the study patient's guardians after the research purpose was explained.
The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.
Zhang, Y., Feng, J., Shao, S. et al. Correlation between apelin and VEGF levels in retinopathy of prematurity: a matched case–control study. BMC Ophthalmol 22, 342 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-022-02565-x
Apelin-13
Preterm infant


text:
Q: Invalid operand type error NASM gives the following error message:
> ipl.asm:33: error: invalid operand type

Where the error appears:
    RESB    0x7dfe-$

Here is the code:
        ORG     0x7c00

        JMP     entry

entry:

        MOV     AX,0
        MOV     SS,AX
        MOV     SP,0x7c00
        MOV     DS,AX
        MOV     ES,AX

        MOV     SI,msg
putloop:

        MOV     AL,[SI]
        ADD     SI,1
        CMP     AL,0
        JE      fin
        MOV     AH,0x0e
        MOV     BX,15
        INT     0x10
        JMP     putloop
fin:

        HLT
        JMP     fin

msg:

        DB      0x0a, 0x0a
        DB      "hello, world"
        DB      0x0a
        DB      0

        RESB    0x7dfe-$

        DB      0x55, 0xaa

A: It may be because the operand for resb has to be a critical expression. That means it has to be knowable on the first pass of the assembler (a).
What you can do instead is to ensure you only use values already known in the first pass.
First, place a start label at 0x7c00:
          org 0x7c00
start:    jmp entry

Then change the space reservation to define another label and use the difference between them to calculate how many bytes are needed:
marker:   resb 0x1ffe-(marker-start)

What this does is calculate the number of bytes already output (marker-start, both values known before the resb statement) and subtract that from the number of bytes you wanted (0x7dfe - 0x7c00 = 0x01fe). Then it reserves that much space, as shown by the listing output:
0000039 00                       DB      0
000003A <res 000001C4>   marker: RESB    0x01fe-(marker-start)
        * warning: uninitialized space declared in .text section: zeroing
000001FE 55AA                    DB      0x55, 0xaa

You can see the final two bytes are at offset 0x01fe which, given the 0x7c00 base, is actually 0x7dfe as desired.

(a) The reason why your expression is considered unknowable has to do, I think, with the fact that it uses an actual address, which is not necessarily known in pass 1. This is supported by the fact that 0xffff - start will also cause the same error despite the fact it's using a real, already declared, label rather than $.
By instead using an expression like 0xffff - (label1 - label2), the labels themselves may not be known but the difference between them is.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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