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Reading: Nutritional risk in major abdominal surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – protocol of a pr...
Nutritional risk in major abdominal surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – protocol of a prospective observational trial to evaluate the prognostic value of different nutritional scores in hepatic surgery
Pascal Probst ,
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, DE
Juri Fuchs,
Michael R. Schoen,
Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Moltkestraße 90, 76133 Karlsruhe, DE
Georgios Polychronidis,
Tobias Forster,
Arianeb Mehrabi,
Alexis Ulrich,
Philipp Knebel,
Katrin Hoffmann
Background: Malnutrition is commonly known as a risk factor in surgical procedures. The nutritional status seems particularly relevant to the clinical outcome of patients undergoing hepatic resection. Thus, identifying affected individuals and taking preventive therapeutic actions before surgery is an important task. However, there are only very few studies, that investigate which existing nutritional assessment score (NAS) is suited best to predict the postoperative outcome in liver surgery.
Objective: Nutritional Risk in Major Abdominal Surgery (NURIMAS) Liver is a prospective observational trial that analyses the predictive value of 12 different NAS for postoperative morbidity and mortality after liver resection.
Methods: After admission to the surgical department of the University Hospital in Heidelberg or the municipal hospital of Karlsruhe, all patients scheduled for elective liver resection will be screened for eligibility. Participants will fill in a questionnaire and undergo a physical examination in order to evaluate nutritional status according to Nutritional Risk Index, Nutritional Risk Screening Score, Subjective Global Assessment, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, Mini Nutritional Assessment, Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire, Imperial Nutritional Screening System, Imperial Nutritional Screening System II, Nutritional Risk Classification and the ESPEN malnutrition criteria. Postoperative morbidity and mortality will be tracked prospectively throughout the postoperative course. The association of malnutrition according to each score and occurrence of at least one major complication will be analysed using both chi-squared tests and a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Already established risk factors in liver surgery will be added as covariates.
Discussion: NURIMAS Liver is a bicentric, prospective observational trial. The aim of this study is to investigate the predictive value of clinical nutritional assessment scores on postoperative morbidity and mortality after hepatic resection. This is necessary, as only a validated identification of malnourished patients at high risk for postoperative complications, enables targeted preventive action.
Keywords: Malnutrition, Nutritional score, Nutritional assessment, Liver surgery, Liver resection, Hepatic resection
How to Cite: Probst P, Fuchs J, Schoen MR, Polychronidis G, Forster T, Mehrabi A, et al.. Nutritional risk in major abdominal surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – protocol of a prospective observational trial to evaluate the prognostic value of different nutritional scores in hepatic surgery. International Journal of Surgery: Protocols. 2017;6:5–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29337/j.isjp.2017.09.001
Published on 09 Sep 2017
Accepted on 5 Sep 2017 Submitted on 12 Aug 2017
Malnutrition is frequently observed among surgical patients. Between 16 and 67 per cent of surgical patients are malnourished before their operation [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]. The estimates vary depending on the population examined and the diagnostic instruments used. Patients scheduled for liver resection are a particularly affected group: in a study at the National Cancer Centre in Korea patients with cancerous diseases of the liver had the highest prevalence of malnutrition with a rate of 86.6%. In the total sample of 8895 patients 61% were malnourished [8].
Several studies have identified poor nutritional status as an independent risk factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality in certain patient populations [6], [9], [10], [11]. However, different instruments for diagnosing malnutrition often show varying and sometimes even contradicting results [12]. In a meta-analysis van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren et al. [12] compared construct/criterion validity and predictive value on clinical outcome of 32 NAS. The authors come to the conclusion that only a few scores are suited to assess nutritional status and accurate in predicting the clinical outcome. Nevertheless, they argue that the development of new scores would be redundant and not likely to achieve higher sensitivity and specificity. Instead, the authors call for trials that analyse different NAS in specific patient populations. This would allow for a better comparison of the diagnostic instruments and could further validate the scores with regard to their predictive value on the clinical outcome.
For patients undergoing hepatic resection, the nutritional status is particularly relevant [13], [14]. One of the predictive variables for successful outcome after liver resection, is the remnant liver's ability to regenerate and hence its capacity to sustain metabolic, synthesizing and detoxifying functions [13], [15]. Nutritional status before surgery is regarded as one of the key factors that influence this process [2], [16]. Yet, there are only few studies that investigate which nutritional markers and screening instruments for malnutrition are suited to predict postoperative liver failure (PLF) and other complications after hepatic resection. Bo et al. investigated the predictive value of the Nutritional Risk Index (NRI) on postoperative survival time after liver resection in patients with primary liver cancer [2]. They showed that patients suffering from malnutrition according to the NRI (values ≤ 100) had a significantly shorter postoperative survival time compared to patients with NRI values > 100. Huang et al. identified low preoperative prealbumin values as an independent risk factor for PLF after resection for primary liver cancer [17]. In a database analysis of 2313 hepatectomies, Aloia et al. identified low preoperative serum albumin levels as major risk factor for poor outcome [18]. They defined albumin levels as a marker for nutritional status.
The disparity of markers and definitions used in the mentioned studies mirrors the lack of validated instruments for identifying malnourished patients that have a higher risk for complications and need additional treatment. There are no studies that compare different nutritional screening tools in terms of their predictive value on postoperative complications in liver surgery.
This trial is part of a series of studies on nutritional risk in major abdominal surgery (NURIMAS), that aims at testing different NAS for their predictive value on postoperative complications in certain patient populations. Trials with patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal and colorectal surgery are planned for the future. Recently published results of the first study, "NURIMAS Pancreas", suggest that none of the tested nutritional scores adequately predicts the clinical outcome for patients undergoing pancreatic surgery [19].
Aim of the trial
With the NURIMAS Liver trial we want to investigate whether commonly used NAS are suited to predict postoperative complications after hepatic resection.
Validation of these tools is necessary, since a screening for malnutrition and possible preventive therapeutic actions are only beneficial, if those individuals can be identified, who have a higher operative risk due to their poor nutritional status. Based on a validated screening method in a certain population, measures like peri-operative parenteral nutrition or immunonutrition could be taken effectively.
Study design, measures and statistical analyses of NURIMAS Liver are based on the structure of NURIMAS Pancreas (DRKS00006340) [20].
All patients that are scheduled for elective liver resections at the surgical department of the University Hospital Heidelberg and of the municipal hospital in Karlsruhe, will be included. The following criteria will be applied for eligibility (Table 1):
Eligibility criteria.
Age ≥ 18 and ≤ 90 years Language problems
Elective liver resection Inability to understand the trial
Written informed consent
The study population comprises patients with all diseases that result in a hepatic resection. This includes malign oncologic diseases (HCC, CCC, metastasis), as well as benign ones, for example symptomatic cysts, echinococcosis or haemangiomas. Thus, collected data will allow analyses of a representative population, with patients at different ages and health status.
Diagnostic intervention (Nutritional assessment scores)
Before surgery, information for a total of 12 NAS will be gathered. 11 scores were chosen based on the systematic review by Van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren et al. [12]. In a meta-analysis, they looked at construct and predictive validity of 32 NAS. 11 scores were chosen, that seemed most suitable or promising in a surgical context. In addition, the malnutrition criteria defined by the European Society of clinical nutrition and metabolism (ESPEN) [21] is included. Table 2 gives an overview of the 12 NAS that will be analysed.
Nutritional assessment scores.
Classification for nutritional risk
Nutritional Risk Index [22] Normal/Mild/Moderate/
Nutritional Risk Screening Score and revised version [23], [24] Low/Moderate/
Subjective Global Assessment [25] No/Moderate/
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool [26] Low/Medium/
Mini Nutritional Assessment and revised version [27], [28] Normal/At risk/
Malnourished
Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire [29] Low/Moderate/
Imperial Nutritional Screening System I [30] Not at risk/
Imperial Nutritional Screening System II [30] Green/Amber/
Nutritional Risk Classification [31] Low/
ESPEN malnutrition criteria [21] Normal/
The association between nutritional risk, as evaluated by the NAS, and complications after liver resection, will be analysed. Thus, postoperative morbidity and mortality is the primary endpoint in this study. Secondary endpoints are comprehensive complication index [32], length of stay in hospital, length of stay in intensive care unit, administration of postoperative enteral or parenteral nutrition and place of discharge (to home, rehabilitation or care facility).
Trial site and sample size calculation
The trial will be conducted at the department of general, visceral and transplantation surgery of the University Hospital Heidelberg and the department of general and visceral surgery of the municipal hospital of Karlsruhe.
The sample size calculation is based on nomograms for diagnostic studies [33]. Prevalence of malnutrition in liver surgery patients is known to be about 56% [34]. For the sample size a prevalence of 60% was assumed. With a specificity and sensitivity of 95% and a confidence interval of 0.05, according to the nomograms a total of 180 patients will be needed. Taken into account a drop-out of 10% patients will be consecutively recruited until the study population will consist of 200 patients undergoing liver resections of any kind. Based on the departments' data (about 150 liver resections per year in Heidelberg and 80 in Karlsruhe), recruitment will be completed within 12 months after inclusion of the first patient.
Planned study conduct and trial rounds
All patients admitted for elective surgery at the department of general surgery at the University Hospital will be screened. If they are eligible, patients will be informed about background, purpose and procedures of the study on the day before their operation. They have to give a written informed consent in order to participate in the trial. Afterwards, participants will undergo a physical examination and fill in a questionnaire. The information gathered contains the data for the 12 NAS plus already established risk factors for postoperative complication in liver surgery [35], [36], [37], [38].
After surgery, a series of rounds will be performed in pre-set time intervals to follow the clinical course. Table 3 shows the outline for the conduct.
Flowchart of the NURIMAS trial – course of examinations.
Preoperative Screening
POD 3-7
POD 10-14
Discharge or
Eligibility x
Informed consent x
Baseline data x
Nutritional scores x
Laboratory analyses x x x x
Assessment of surgical procedure x
Assessment of complications/SAE x x x
Secondary endpoints x x x
Depending on the length of hospital stay, between one and three rounds will be conducted. A third round will be conducted on POD 30, if a patient stays at the hospital for more than 30 days, an additional round on the day of discharge will be implemented. On these occasions, complications will be recorded using the scheme as depicted in Table 4. Moreover, relevant data for all secondary endpoints will be collected during the rounds.
Assessed postoperative complications.
Post-hepatectomy liver failure [39]
Bile leakage [40]
Post-hepatectomy haemorrhage [41]
Surgical Site Infection [42]
Other Infections and Sepsis [43]
Chylous ascites (Triglycerides in drainage) [44]
Serious adverse event [45]
All required data will be recorded on a paper based case report form. After a participant's discharge, data will be entered in a password-protected and validated relational database (SQL Server 2008 Express). After finishing the last participant's entry, the database will be soft locked. 100% of the data relevant for evaluation of the primary endpoint will be monitored; randomly selected 20% of the remaining data will also be monitored. Finally, the database will be hard locked and made ready for statistical analyses.
Main interest of this study is to investigate the association between nutritional risk, as evaluated by the NAS, and complications after liver resection. The 12 tested NAS use different classifications for grading the severity of malnutrition, distinguishing between two, three or four degrees of nutritional risk, respectively. Thus, a simplification of the NAS-results is necessary in order to make the patient's scores comparable. Only patients in the highest nutritional risk group of each NAS (see Table 2) will be assigned the label "at risk for malnutrition"; patients in all other risk categories will be assigned to the "not at risk for malnutrition" group. Furthermore, patients will be separated into two groups for assessing the outcome variable (postoperative morbidity). That is, whether they had one or more major complications (i.e. Clavien-Dindo III-IV) or not. This allows for compilation of a contingency table for each of the 12 NAS (Fig. 1). Sensitivity, positive predictive value and c-index will be calculated. The association of the label "at risk for malnutrition" with the occurrence of at least one major complication will be given as odds ratio with 95% confidence interval for each of the NAS.
Contingency table for calculation of primary study endpoint for the prognostic value of every nutritional assessment score [20].
Two statistical test will be applied to assess the significance of the association. First, association between nutritional risk and major complications will be tested by using a chi-squared test at a level of significance of 5% (without Yate's-correction). Second, a multivariable logistic regression analysis will be performed (level of significance 5%). As covariates age [years] and operation time [minutes] will be included. Factors will be malignancy, gender, use of laparoscopy, intraoperative radiotherapy, resection of vessels (portal vein, hepatic vein or artery), inclusion in an interventional trial, ASA classification, upper gastrointestinal surgery in patient's history, preoperative serum albumin level < 35 mg/dl and liver surgery associated risks (intraoperative blood loss, number of segments resected [35], [36], [37]). For different resection types, subgroup analyses will be performed separately, as well as for the predictive value of all others than the highest risk category of the NAS.
Analyses of the secondary endpoints will be performed descriptively. Measures of the empirical distributions will be noted in tabular form, i.e. depending on the level of variables, means, standard variations, medians, 1st and 3rd quartiles, minima and maxima or absolute and relative frequencies will be given. Descriptive p-values of the corresponding statistical test and the associated 95% confidence intervals will be entered.
For all analyses, statistical computing software R will be used.
Methods for minimising bias
Minimising selection bias: All patients admitted to the trial site will be screened for eligibility. Everyone who meets inclusion criteria and gives an informed consent to the study, will participate in this single-arm trial.
Minimising performance and detection bias: No analyses of neither pre- nor postoperative data will be performed before ending the trial. Since data for the different NAS is collected in an aggregated form, it is not possible to see whether a patient is rated as being at risk for malnutrition by any of the scores, before entering the data into the database. Thus, the postoperative course will be followed unbiased, without knowing a patient's nutritional status as assessed by the NAS.
Minimising attrition bias: to minimise bias due to incomplete outcome data, statistical techniques like imputation will be employed [46]. Furthermore, the trial will be reported in accordance with the STARD statement [47].
Minimising reporting bias: The trial was prospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00010923). Selective reporting will be avoided by publishing this trial protocol with complete information about endpoints and outline of statistical analyses using the SPIRIT statement as guideline [48]. Report on association of survival in cancer patients and malnutrition is planned separately.
Minimising other bias: Any financial relationship or any conflict of interest that could inappropriately influence this project will be stated explicitly [49].
Confounding will be minimised by inclusion of covariates and factors in the statistical analysis of the primary endpoint as mentioned in the statistical analysis section.
Ethics, informed consent and data protection
The NURIMAS Liver trial is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki in its actual version [50]. As provided in the professional code for physicians in Germany (§15 BOÄ), the trial protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the medical faculty of the University of Heidelberg (S-336/2016).
Before inclusion in the NURIMAS Liver study, patients will be informed both verbally and in writing about all relevant aspects of the trial, i.e. aims, methods, possible benefits, risks and discomfort the study may entail. The patients' free decision to participate will be documented by signature on the informed consent form. All patient related information comes within medical confidentiality and the German Federal Data Protection Act. Data transfer will be performed pseudonymised, third parties will not have any insight intro original data.
NURIMAS Liver is a bicentric, prospective observational trial. It is part of a series of studies, which aim at investigating whether commonly used NAS are suited to predict postoperative complications after major abdominal surgery. Only if patients who have a higher risk for complications due to their poor nutritional status can be detected properly, preventive therapeutic actions can be taken. Recently published results of the first study in the series, NURIMAS Pancreas, suggest that none of the tested nutritional scores adequately predicts the clinical outcome for patients undergoing pancreatic surgery. This calls into question the validity of those scores in other patient populations, in particular patients undergoing liver resections.
All authors declare to have no competing interests that could possibly compromise the outcome of the trial.
This is an investigator initiated study. For this study, no additional funding source is available. However, the resources and the facilities available at the University of Heidelberg are availed for conducting the trial.
The trial protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the medical faculty of the University of Heidelberg (S-336/2016).
Author contribution
Pascal Probst, Juri Fuchs, Philipp Knebel and Katrin Hoffmann developed the study concept and wrote the manuscript. Michael R. Schoen, Georgios Polychronidis, Tobias Forster, Arianeb Mehrabi and Alexis Ulrich helped to develop the study concept and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Furthermore, all authors agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Registration of Research Studies
Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (www.germanctr.de): DRKS00010923.
Pascal Probst.
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Probst, P., Fuchs, J., Schoen, M.R., Polychronidis, G., Forster, T., Mehrabi, A., Ulrich, A., Knebel, P. and Hoffmann, K., 2017. Nutritional risk in major abdominal surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – protocol of a prospective observational trial to evaluate the prognostic value of different nutritional scores in hepatic surgery. International Journal of Surgery: Protocols, 6, pp.5–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29337/j.isjp.2017.09.001
Probst P, Fuchs J, Schoen MR, Polychronidis G, Forster T, Mehrabi A, et al.. Nutritional risk in major abdominal surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – protocol of a prospective observational trial to evaluate the prognostic value of different nutritional scores in hepatic surgery. International Journal of Surgery: Protocols. 2017;6:5–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29337/j.isjp.2017.09.001
Probst, P., Fuchs, J., Schoen, M. R., Polychronidis, G., Forster, T., Mehrabi, A., … Hoffmann, K. (2017). Nutritional risk in major abdominal surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – protocol of a prospective observational trial to evaluate the prognostic value of different nutritional scores in hepatic surgery. International Journal of Surgery: Protocols, 6, 5–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29337/j.isjp.2017.09.001
1. Probst P, Fuchs J, Schoen MR, et al.. Nutritional risk in major abdominal surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – protocol of a prospective observational trial to evaluate the prognostic value of different nutritional scores in hepatic surgery. International Journal of Surgery: Protocols. 2017;6:5-10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29337/j.isjp.2017.09.001
Probst P and others, 'Nutritional Risk in Major Abdominal Surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – Protocol of a Prospective Observational Trial to Evaluate the Prognostic Value of Different Nutritional Scores in Hepatic Surgery' (2017) 6 International Journal of Surgery: Protocols 5 DOI: http://doi.org/10.29337/j.isjp.2017.09.001
Probst, Pascal, Juri Fuchs, Michael R. Schoen, Georgios Polychronidis, Tobias Forster, Arianeb Mehrabi, Alexis Ulrich, Philipp Knebel, and Katrin Hoffmann. 2017. "Nutritional Risk in Major Abdominal Surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – Protocol of a Prospective Observational Trial to Evaluate the Prognostic Value of Different Nutritional Scores in Hepatic Surgery". International Journal of Surgery: Protocols 6: 5–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29337/j.isjp.2017.09.001
Probst, Pascal, Juri Fuchs, Michael R. Schoen, Georgios Polychronidis, Tobias Forster, Arianeb Mehrabi, Alexis Ulrich, Philipp Knebel, and Katrin Hoffmann. "Nutritional Risk in Major Abdominal Surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – Protocol of a Prospective Observational Trial to Evaluate the Prognostic Value of Different Nutritional Scores in Hepatic Surgery". International Journal of Surgery: Protocols 6 (2017): 5–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29337/j.isjp.2017.09.001
Probst, P, et al.. "Nutritional risk in major abdominal surgery: NURIMAS Liver (DRKS00010923) – protocol of a prospective observational trial to evaluate the prognostic value of different nutritional scores in hepatic surgery". International Journal of Surgery: Protocols, vol. 6, 2017, pp. 5–0. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29337/j.isjp.2017.09.001
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July 30, 2015 , Regulations/Legal
Price-fixing suit names Goldman, 21 other primary Treasury dealers
By Editorial Staff Thu, Jul 30, 2015
The suit by Boston's public employees' pension accuses traders at the 22 prominent firms of conspiring via Internet chatrooms and text messages to widen the spreads, or profit margins, on trades of government debt.
In a federal class-action lawsuit, Boston's public employees pension fund has accused 22 large financial institutions of using their privileged positions as primary dealers of U.S. government debt to manipulate the Treasury auction market and boost their own profits at investor's expense.
All of the institutions entrusted with underwriting and distributing Treasury debt—Bank of America's Merrill Lynch unit, Citigroup, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, HSBC, JPMorgan Chase, UBS and 14 others—were named in the suit, which State-Boston Pension Fund filed July 23 in U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York.
The State-Boston Pension Fund manages $5.4 billion for more than 20,000 active and more than 14,000 retired employees of all city departments and agencies as well as the School Department, the Boston Redevelopment Authority, the Boston Housing Authority, the Public Health Commission, and the Boston Water & Sewer Commission.
The suit was filed about a month after Bloomberg News reported that the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) was investigating possible misconduct in the $12.7 trillion Treasury market, where primary dealers operate with little oversight and where tiny fluctuations in spreads represent millions of dollars gained or lost.
The plaintiffs linked the alleged manipulation with the similar manipulation of the benchmark LIBOR (London Interbank Order Rate) in 2012. The Treasury "conspiracy ultimately collapsed around the time DOJ secured a plea agreement from UBS Securities Japan Co. Ltd. in connection with its investigation of LIBOR in or around December 2012—a scandal involving similar manipulative conduct that would ultimately engulf several of the same Defendants, their parents, or affiliates," the State-Boston suit said.
The suit claims that traders at the 22 firms conspired via Internet chatrooms and text messages to widen their spreads, or profit margins, on trades of government debt. Primary dealers typically sell government securities "short" prior to a Treasury auction, and then cover their positions by buying debt instruments from the U.S. Treasury.
Sharing information on order flow before the auction, the suit said, the traders agreed to charge investors such as pension funds and other investors a slightly higher, "supra-competitive" price for Treasury bills, notes and bonds, then conspired to pay a slightly lower, less competitive price on their own purchases from Treasury.
Because the prices and yields that are set during the Treasury auction become the benchmarks for prices in related markets, the effects of the manipulation included mis-pricing of Treasury futures and options, the lawsuit said. The New York law firm of Labaton Sucharow represents the plaintiffs.
According to the suit:
Using "electronic methods of communication, Defendants' Treasury securities traders employed a two-pronged scheme to maximize the spread between their short positions in the when-issued market and their acquisition costs of obtaining Treasury securities at Treasury Department auctions.
"First, Defendants' traders agreed to artificially inflate the prices of Treasury securities in the when-issued market through coordination of bid-ask spreads. Defendants communicated with each other during the when-issued market to ensure that prices of when-issued Treasury securities would stay at supracompetitive levels.
However, because Defendants are primary dealers—and thus were required to bid at Treasury Department auctions—Defendants, individually and collectively, generally maintained short positions in the when-issued market. Defendants needed to be able to cover these positions profitably. Thus, they needed to fix the prices at which they bought Treasury securities from the Treasury Department.
And that's exactly what Defendants did. Defendants coordinated their bidding strategies at the Treasury Department auctions to artificially suppress the prices they would pay for their bids. This had the effect of benefiting the short positions they maintained in the when-issued market by allowing Defendants to cover their positions with low-cost Treasury securities purchased at auction.
By artificially increasing the spread between prices of Treasury securities in the when-issued market and at auction, Defendants were able reap supracompetitive profits— essentially shorting (selling) Treasury securities artificially high in the when-issued market and then buying them at artificially low prices in the Treasury Department auction to cover their short positions.
Through Defendants' unlawful conduct, they were able to keep the spread between when-issued and auction prices at supracompetitive levels that would otherwise not have been possible in a competitive market."
The lawsuit seeks class-action status on behalf of investors in Treasury securities, including futures and options, from 2007 to 2012, and unspecified triple damages.
Reuters sought responses from the primary banks named in the suit but said it did not receive any.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Scientific Games TO add NEW james bond Slot – live and let die - IN EMEA
Newest 007 slot game to join library of four other action-packed titles.
Las Vegas – December 10, 2019 – Scientific Games Corporation (NASDAQ:SGMS) ("Scientific Games" or the "Company") through its subsidiary Bally Gaming Inc., announced the upcoming addition of JAMES BOND – LIVE AND LET DIE to its growing series of slot machines based on the iconic spy character, James Bond, in the EMEA region.
Image: Live and Let Die
Based on the 1973 motion picture starring Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent, JAMES BOND – LIVE AND LET DIE is showcased on the new, immersive Gamefield 2.0® cabinet which boasts a 43" J-curve UHD main monitor paired with a 55" curved UHD top box. It features action-packed film clips, and the beautiful tarot-card reader, Solitaire, who reads fortunes in the Tarot Bonus, awarding a jackpot pick feature. This game includes a spellbinding Voodoo Free Spins Bonus, and a Chip Feature where landing more chips offers more ways to win.
JAMES BOND – LIVE AND LET DIE is the newest title available in the EMEA region. Other 007 slots already available include:
James Bond - Goldfinger, featuring the iconic film that established many of the famous James Bond story elements, such as 007's Aston Martin, showcased on the TwinStar J43® and TwinStar® V75 cabinet;
James Bond - Casino Royale based on the action-packed 2006 feature film centered around a high-stakes poker game;
James Bond - Thunderball which was inspired by the 1965 feature film famous for its nail-biting aquatic action scenes; and
James Bond - Tomorrow Never Dies, showcased on both the TwinStar J43 and the TwinStar V75, featuring action-packed film clips and game features based on the 1997 film highlighting agent 007's legendary driving, skiing, and sniper skills.
"We recently debuted our highly-anticipated JAMES BOND slot games at some of the most prestigious casinos throughout Europe and are thrilled that the games are performing extremely well. The James Bond brand is synonymous with intrigue and class and these games are the perfect addition to these popular casino destinations," said Marco Herrera, Senior Vice President and General Manager, EMEA, for Scientific Games. "As the Company releases new titles like JAMES BOND – LIVE AND LET DIE, we look forward to partnering with our valued casino partners in offering these exciting new games to their players throughout the region."


On the afternoon of June 6th, the ceremony for Beijing University of Chemical Technology(BUCT) to appoint Professor Nilakantan Mohankrishnan from University of Detroit (UD) as visiting professor was held in Room 218 of the Huaxin Building where Vice-president Chen Dongsheng, Party Branch Secretary Liu Zhenjuan directly under International Education College, Vice-director Chen Guohua of Personnel Department, Vice-director Wang Yongsheng of International Affairs Department, Vice-dean Zhang Yajun of College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Vice-dean Feng Jianghong of International Education College, and other faculty representatives attended. Secretary Liu Zhenjuan presided over the ceremony.
Vice-dean Feng Jianghong introduced Prof. Mohankrishnan's education background, teaching experience and scientific researches. Vice-president Chen Dongsheng awarded him the appointment letter, and the student representative presented him flowers and helped him wear the school badge. Vice-president Chen extended warm welcome to Prof. Mohankrishnan as BUCT visiting professor and hoped him make more contributions to the improvement of cooperative education programs and the development of two universities' partnership. With the honor of being BUCT visiting professor, Prof. Mohankrishnan expressed his gratitude to BUCT for its warm reception. He said that he was full of confidence in students under the cooperative education program and looked forward to their studying in the United States in the next stage. After being BUCT visiting professor, he hoped to promote the establishment of long-term relations in academic exchanges and research cooperation in the future.
After the ceremony, Prof. Mohankrishnan gave an academic lecture titled "Introduction of Autonomous Mobile Robots" for BUCT teachers and students. It focused on autonomous mobile robotics (including the basic concepts of sensing, perception, motion planning, execution, locating, mapping and recognition) and autonomous mobile robot applications. At the end of the lecture, Prof. Mohankrishnan interacted with the audience and answered their questions.
Professor Nilakantan Mohankrishnan achieved his bachelor and master degrees in Electric Engineering Technology in Indian Institutes of Technology, and in 1984 got his PHD in Electrical Engineering in University of Windsor, Canada. After 1984, he has been working in University of Detroit for 32 years. Now his researches mainly involve digital signal processing, especially the application of one-dimensional and two-dimensional signal patterns recognition, application of computational intelligence, modeling of electron-mechanical system and engineering education. Prof. Mohankrishnan has published several high-level academic articles in top journals of robot industry. Besides, he is a senior member of Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers(IEEE), American Society of Engineering Education(ASEE) and Eta Kappa Nu.


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THYROID is a butterfly shaped gland situated in the neck just above the collar bone, it is a endocrine gland which makes hormone namely Thyroxin (T4) and Tri-Iodothyronine (T3). T4 and T3 are released in the ratio of 4:1. T3 is more active form. T4 is converted by the liver to T3 hence liver disease can affect thyroid function.
Thyroid gland is controlled by pituitary gland, which is located in front of the brain behind the eyes. Pitutary gland secretes many hormone out of which one is Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which directly stimulates the thyroid gland to released T3 and T4. Thyroid hormone controls various activities of the body ranging from, how fast you burn your calories to your heart rate.
If your thyroid is not active enough to maintain the body homoeostasis it is called hypothyroidism. It refers to any state in which the thyroid hormone production is below normal.
Symptoms depends on ageand how long you have hypothyroidism, mild hypothyroidism manifests with no symptoms or vague symptoms which may be attributed to aging such as dry skin, fatigue, memory weakness. Most of the symptoms of hypothyroidism are non specific i.e there are many other conditions that can cause these symptoms and hence blood investigation is necessary y to establish a diagnosis.
Diagnosis is usually suspected when certain symptoms are present and confirmed by blood investigation.
In most cases TSH is the most sensitive marker, T4 levels may be normal or low.
In rare cases where hypothyroidism is due to pituitary problems, TSH may be normal or low and diagnosis has to be established by low T4 and normal/low TSH.
In autoimmune thyroid conditions, antibodies in the blood against the thyroid may be detected.
Hyperthyroidism or overactive thyroid disease is a condition in which thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. It can affect your metabolism. It tends to speed up every function of the body. It usually begins slowly but In some young patients it may begin abruptly.
Diagnosis is suspected when the symptoms are present and confirmed by blood investigation.
If the blood test is positive for hyperthyroidism then thyroid scan is done to see the type of hyperthyroidism. Eg in Grave's whole gland is affected whereas in multinodular goiter, there are hyper functioning nodules.


text:
Q: How can I find the distance between two points using only two variables and after that store all points and obtain the shape? I tried to declare two variable x and y, then create constructor for them and getters with setters. So, for this I used class Distance, while for the obtaining shape I need another class.
package com.company;
import java.lang.Math;

public class Point {
    //fields
    private int x;
    private int y;

    //constructor
    public Point(int x, int y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }

    //method
        //getters
    public int getX() {
        return x;
    }
    public int getY() {
        return y;
    }
        //setters
    public void setX(int x) {
        this.x = x;
    }
    public void setY(int y) {
        this.y = y;
    }

    public int getPoint(){

    }

    //function distance
    public void distance() {
        //**here I need somehow use only two variables instead of four**
        double res = Math.sqrt((Math.pow(getX1(), 2) - Math.pow(getX2(), 2))
                + (Math.pow(getY1(), 2) - Math.pow(getY2(), 2)));
        System.out.println(res);
    }
}

A: Create a function that accepts object of type Point. The function returns the distance between the original point and passed point
public void distance(Point po) {
    //**here I need somehow use only two variables instead of four**
    double res = Math.sqrt(
                     Math.pow(getX() - po.getX(), 2) +
                     Math.pow(getY() - po.getY(), 2)
    );
    System.out.println(res);
}

Also your function to calculate distance was wrong.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Your students will learn how to identify, construct, and use compound words with these worksheets.
The following collection of activity sheets will introduce your students to compound words. Students will practice identifying and constructing compound words by finding them in the given sentences, building them from a given collection of words within a word bank, choosing whether a word pair is compound or not, and more. Answer keys have been provided for instructors. If these do not fit within your curriculum, these sheets may be used as extra credit assignments.
Fun Contest Idea: Have your students list as many compound words as they can, and give a prize to the students with the longest list.
Put each set of smaller words together to make a compound word.
Put the words in the Word Box together to form a single words. Write the words on the lines. Make as many compound words as you can.
Match up the small words below to form compound words. Write the single words on the line.
Circle the compound word in each sentence.
Draw a picture of each word. Write the word on the line.
Read each pair of words below. Can they be combined to create a compound word? Color in YES or NO. If the words form a compound word, write it on the line.
The words below are all mixed up. Can you take them apart and put them back together again so that they make proper words?
There is nothing wrong with being made of small parts!
Where is that bad boy in the sentence?
Write a sentence with each compound word below.
Match the word parts below to form one word. Write your words on the lines.
Underline the compound word(s) in each sentence.
Is penguinhula a compound word?
This is a brainstorming activity and rite.
Fill in the blank in each sentence with a compound word that makes sense.


For many, MSF is synonymous with emergency medical teams tackling disasters, wars and epidemics around the world. But we also work to raise awareness and create debate about these crises through our policy of 'témoignage'.
This means MSF acts as a witness and will speak out, either in private or in public, about the plight of populations in danger for whom we work.
In doing so, MSF sets out to alleviate human suffering, to protect life and health and to restore respect for human beings and their fundamental human rights.
MSF and témoignage – what does it mean?
In MSF, this means willingness to speak on behalf of the people we assist: to bring abuses and intolerable situations to the public eye.
When MSF was first created in 1971, its original members had experience of working for the Red Cross in a civil war in Nigeria which pitted government forces against rebels from the region of Biafra.
Hundreds of thousands of people died in the Biafran war because of a deliberate government policy.
On their return from the region, a group of young French doctors were frustrated and outraged by the inability of the Red Cross to say publicly what had happened.
They joined journalists from a French medical journal to create an association, Médecins Sans Frontières, which would provide aid in war zones, but also talk about what they saw.
They hoped that by bringing abuses to light they could bring them to an end.
Acting and speaking, treating and witnessing were the key words used during the creation of MSF. Today, these are still valid.


text:
Monday 17th May 2021
Israel and Palestine are continuing cross-border attacks during the worst violence in twenty years. The Gaza Health Ministry has said that 182 people have been killed in Gaza since last Monday, including Hamas militants and civilians. In Israel 9 civilians have been killed by Hamas rockets and hundreds have been injured. Israel's defence systems are able to destroy around 85% of the rockets that Hamas fires at Israel. In the West Bank at least ten Palestinian protesters have been killed by security forces during protests. In Gaza Israel destroyed a building that was used by Al Jazeera and the Associated Press. Nobody was harmed in the attack as Israel told people to leave an hour before the building was destroyed. Israel said that it had evidence that Hamas was using the building. On Saturday Prime Minister Benjamin Natanyahu said that Israeli airstrikes will continue...
"It's been 5 days since Hamas brazenly fired rockets at Jerusalem and other Israeli cities in a totally unprovoked attack. This past week millions of Israelis were forced into bomb shelters as missiles rained downs on our cities. Several Israelis have been killed. Many more have been wounded. You know and I know no country would tolerate this. Israel will not tolerate this. Israel has responded forcefully to these attacks and we will continue to respond forcefully until the security of our people is reinstated and restored."
Around the world there have been protests in support of Palestine, with large demonstrations in many European cities, as well as in the United States and in the Middle East. There were also some pro-Israel demonstrations. The United Nations Security Council held a special meeting yesterday to discuss the situation in Israel and Palestine.
India will import 36 million doses of the Russian Sputnik V vaccine against COVID19. India is the world's largest producer of vaccines, however a devastating second wave of the virus has lead to a huge demand. Only 10% of India's population has received at least one dose of a vaccine, and only 3% is fullly vaccinated. In the world around 1.4 billion COVID vaccines have now been administered, and around 9% of people have received at least one dose.
In China at least 10 people have been killed by tornadoes this weekend. Many homes have been destroyed in central China, around the city of Wuhan.
Taiwan has reported panic-buying after a fast rise in coronavirus cases. Over 200 cases were reported on Sunday and the capital city Taipei has closed many businesses. Taiwan has generally been considered one of the most successful countries in preventing the spread of coronavirus. Only 12 people have died ov COVID19 in Taiwan, despite it being one of the first places in the world to report a case - in January last year.
Chile voted yesterday for members of a new constitutional assembly. 155 members are being chosen to re-write Chile's constitution. Chile's current constitution was written in 1980 during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. This is the first national election in world history where men and women will be guaranteed equal representation in the results.
In the United States, The Colonial Pipeline company paid $5million dollars to cyber attackers according to news companies CNBC and Bloomberg, . Last week the pipeline from Texas to New York was shut down for days. President Joe Biden has said that although the hackers were Russian, there was no evidence that the attack was ordered by the Russian government.
In the United Kingdom bars and restaurants will open inside today for the first time since January. Prime Minister Boris Johnson has told people to continue to be cautious, especially because to a rise in cases of the Indian strain of the virus...
"But I urge everyone to exercise the greatest caution because the choices we each make in the coming days will have a material effect on the road ahead."
In Austria Chancellor Sebastian Kurz is being investigated for lying about corruption. In 2019 Kurz's government lost a confidence vote because of allegation of corruption. However, a snap election gave Kurz's Austrian People's party even more seats than it had before.
Ethiopia has delayed elections again. Elections should have taken place last year but were delayed because of the coronavirus pandemic. The National Electoral Board has said that logistical problems won't allow the vote to happen on June 5th.
And in Zimbabwe, the former first lady Grace Mugabe has been ordered to attend court for not burying her husband correctly. Grace, the widow of President Robert Mugabe, is accused of going against local culture by burying him at their family home instead of a place chosen by Robert Mugabe's relatives. Mugabe ruled Zimbabwe for almost forty years until a coup d'etat in 2017.
That's your world news in 7 minutes. Find transcripts and more at send7.org I am Stephen Devincenzi. Tomorrow you'll be with Namitha Ragunath. Have a great day.


The entry of Reliance Jio brought about severe price cuts in the telecom space but those are unlikely to sustain going forward, according to Morgan Stanley's Parag Gupta.
Tariff correction at the start of the year due to the new entrant increased the pain in the industry, Parag Gupta, executive director at Morgan Stanley told BloombergQuint on the sidelines of the Morgan Stanley summit. Tariffs at current levels are unsustainable, so they have to move up," Gupta added.


Thriving on fatty acid derivatives in a biodiesel blend, microbes can cause a fresh fuel sample (top left) to become a turbid liquid in a couple of weeks (top right) and eventually form a slimy mess (bottom, close-up view).
Most people exercise a healthy dose of caution when handling fuels like gasoline and diesel. Health-wise, they know you shouldn't deeply inhale the fuels' vapors or splash the liquids on your skin. Ingesting them is out of the question.
But it turns out that not everyone avoids contact with fuels: Some microbes love the stuff. In fact, various microorganisms thrive on gasoline and diesel fuel, substances that are clearly toxic to humans and animals. Unfortunately, this bug love can lead to fuel contamination, clogged or fouled equipment, and if left unchecked, even engine failure.
Scientists have long known about the threat of microbial fuel fouling. But they have more cause for concern now that the popularity of biofuels, such as biodiesel, is on the rise. Some bacteria and fungi crave the generous quantities of fatty acid compounds that make up biofuels.
Private motorists have little to worry about because they tend to use and replace small quantities of fuel frequently. But for airlines and other organizations that store enormous quantities of fuel, contamination could be a problem. For the U.S. Air Force, which has a mandate to rely increasingly on biobased fuels, extreme caution is in order.
That's why Wendy J. Goodson studies the effects of microorganisms on Air Force weapons systems and fueling infrastructure. Goodson leads a research group at the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio. Together with collaborators, these researchers are studying the effects of fuel biocontamination, the factors that promote this type of degradation, and improved ways of detecting it. They're also zeroing in on the identities and genomes of the troublemaking organisms and devising ways of stopping them in their tracks.
Although people may find it surprising that some microorganisms happily eat engine fuels, it's not exactly a secret. "Biodeterioration of fuels has been known and studied for more than a century," asserts Frederick J. Passman, a consultant who specializes in controlling microbial contamination.
The earliest study, which focused on biocontamination of gasoline, was published in 1895 in a German-language journal, Passman says. And most of the follow-up studies were published in the microbiology literature, "not in the sort of journals likely to be read by petroleum engineers and organic chemists," he adds.
Goodson concurs. She says fuel maintenance specialists were aware that fuel could become contaminated and fouled with biological growth, but the possibility seemed remote and "resided in the background of people's knowledge and concern." That led to some troubles for the military.
A decade ago, as the Air Force prepared to ramp up its use of bioderived fuels to comply with green energy initiatives developed during the George W. Bush administration, researchers examined alternative fuels for materials compatibility, Goodson says. They were confirming, for example, that the fatty acid methyl esters that are found in biodiesel would not react adversely with materials in fuel tanks, hoses, pumps, O-rings, and other fueling equipment.
"But they did not consider the effects of microbiology on the fuel system," she notes. That's because most fuels used by the Air Force and other organizations in the past 50 years—meaning petroleum-derived fuels—are not overly susceptible to biofouling.
Fleet operators don't normally use pure biodiesel as a transportation fuel. It's expensive, can gel at low temperatures, and may void some engine manufacturers' warranties. So to go green, the Air Force began using blends of conventional diesel and biodiesel in its trucks and other ground vehicles.
These fatty acid methyl esters, which are common in biodiesel, are readily metabolized by some microbes and enable the organisms to grow in fuel.
Not so, Goodson contends. "There are a whole set of conditions—biological, physiological, and environmental—that have to be met to set off the perfect storm of fuel degradation." Preventing fuel fouling calls for evaluating those details thoroughly. And given that worldwide biodiesel production is on the rise—the Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development projects an increase from 31 billion L in 2015 to 41 billion L by 2025—the U.S. military isn't the only organization that needs to consider the effects of microbiology on fuels.
The common denominator in biocontamination of fuels, alternative and conventional alike, is water. As Passman explains, the reason is simple: Water is an essential factor for microbial activity. Yet preventing its accumulation in fuel systems is difficult.
Hot fuel leaving a refinery reactor is sterile, but it doesn't stay that way. While sitting in tanks and pipelines, which aren't airtight, fuel comes into contact with air and water vapor. As the fuel cools during shipping or in storage at tank farms, water becomes less soluble and condenses.
Immersed for several weeks in a microbe-contaminated biodiesel blend, these steel plates (7.5 cm long) have undergone corrosion and become coated in a gooey biofilm.
Even when tank farm operators follow best housekeeping practices, the condensed water, which is more dense than fuel, accumulates at the bottoms of tanks and low points in pipelines, forming habitats in which fuel-feeding microbes can thrive. "The volume of accumulated water may seem trivial to an engineer, but it's an ocean to a microbe," Passman says.
Water problems can be even worse in underground storage tanks and worse still in ones that hold biodiesel, which is more hygroscopic and therefore absorbs more water than conventional diesel does. So underground biodiesel tanks are exactly where a team led by Goodson and University of Oklahoma microbiologist Bradley S. Stevenson recently focused their attention.
In a yearlong study, the team examined the growth of microbial communities and the extent of bioinduced corrosion in several large underground storage tanks at two U.S. Air Force bases. The study was unique in that it quantitatively probed microbial activity in tanks that were actively in service—specifically, they were being used to store and dispense B20, a commercial biodiesel blend composed of 20% fatty acid methyl esters and 80% conventional ultra-low-sulfur diesel.
To look for microbial activity, the researchers immersed polymer-coated metal plates—simulating the materials that storage tanks are made of—to various depths in the tanks. They withdrew and analyzed them at regular intervals. They also collected fuel samples from the bottoms of the tanks and compared them with reference samples taken directly from fuel-delivery trucks.
What they found was that several microorganisms were wreaking biohavoc in the tanks. The list includes Acetobacteriaceae and other types of bacteria, as well as various yeasts, including Candida and Pichia. But the most prevalent microbe, and the worst actor by far, was a filamentous fungus of the genus Byssochlamys, a microorganism known to cause food spoilage. That bug, with a little help from its friends, caused the metal plates to visibly foul—become coated with orange and red slimy films—and led to fuel samples that showed varying degrees of turbidity and slime accumulation.
The study, which the team has not yet published, also showed that the most heavily fouled plates were the most pitted and corroded ones and that corrosion correlates with levels of fuel acidification. When microbes decompose the fatty acid compounds in the biofuels, they generate organic acids and CO2, species known to promote corrosion.
Now that the researchers know which bugs are the troublemakers, they are studying ways to control them. They are also aiming to understand relationships among coexisting microorganisms. As an example, Stevenson explains that the metabolic product of one microbe might be the energy source for a different microbe in that community. Such information could be helpful in combating fuel fouling.
Elsewhere at AFRL, biologist Oscar N. Ruiz works with collaborators at the University of Dayton Research Institute to fight fuel fouling in other ways. They use genomics methods to understand the molecular machinery in microbes that enables them to metabolize fuel. That's the first step in mitigating the problem, Ruiz says.
A few years ago, Ruiz and coworkers studied Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium that readily decomposes jet fuel alkanes, especially those in the C11–C18 range. To thrive, the microbe needs to protect itself from toxic aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons also found in jet fuel.
It turns out that P. aeruginosa uses efflux pumps, protein transporters in cell membranes, to drive the poisonous jet fuel components out of its cells. Armed with that information, the team showed that a peptide-based molecule could shut down the organism's efflux pumps and prevent the bacteria from growing in jet fuel (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, DOI: 10.1021/es403163k). Compared with treating the fuel with a biocide that's toxic to people, the peptide strategy, for which the team filed a patent, provides a distinct safety advantage.
To gain the same type of molecular upper hand over other fuel-degrading microbes, Ruiz and coworkers recently sequenced the genomes of several previously uncharacterized strains of microbes that they isolated from fuel environments. The list includes a strain of Nocardioides luteus, an alkane-degrading bacterium collected from soil polluted with a type of jet fuel called JP-7; Fusarium fujikuroi, a fungus recovered from Jet A fuel; and Pseudomonas stutzeri strain 19, a Gram-negative bacterium that metabolizes aromatic hydrocarbons.
"This type of biodegradation is like a fuel disease," Ruiz says. The first step in controlling it is understanding the microorganism that causes the disease. That means determining the fuel components that a microbe is capable of decomposing and then identifying the genetic basis for that metabolic function.
Microorganisms exist everywhere, including in fuel and fuel systems, Goodson says. There are many circumstances under which they will cause a degradation problem and plenty under which they won't.
Sorting through the good guys, the bad guys, and all the fuel types is a major project, but Goodson doesn't let the complexity of the project bug her. "That's the puzzle I like to work on," she says.


text:
SYNONYM

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
Führ. Pilzk. (Zwickau) 70 (1871)

#### Original name
Agaricus microrhizus Lasch, 1828

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Justin Guarini Net Worth 2021, Age, Height, Weight, Biography, Wiki and Career Details Net Worth, Biography, Age, Birthday, Family, Partner & Wiki
Real Name/Full Name Justin Guarini
Nick Name/Celebrated Name: Justin Guarini
Birth Place: Columbus, Georgia, United States
Parents Name: Father – Eldrin Bell
Mother – Kathy Pepino Gaurini
School: Central Bucks High School
Spouse Name: Reina Capodici (m. 2009)
Kids/Children Name: Asher Orion Guarini, William Neko Bell Guarini
Profession: Singer, Actor
Justin Guarini is a personality who has been known for his singing skills over the years. He has been a widely known singer, musician, and actor over the years. American Idol, where he was the runner-up in the first season, could earn him lots of public appreciation. After his extraordinary journey in the show, he could star in many television commercials, and he is a character as Diet Dr in Pepper soft drink ad remains as his stand out performance.
Well, how well do you know about Justin Guarini? If not much, we have compiled all you need to know about Justin Guarini's net worth in 2021, his age, height, weight, wife, kids, biography and complete details about his life. Well, if you're all set, here is what we know about Justin Guarini to date.
Justin Guarini took birth in Columbus, located in Georgia. His father's name is Eldrin Bell, who is a Chief of Police by profession and is claimed to be an African-American. His mother was a very famous Journalist whose name was Kathy Pepino Guarini. It was for the WTVM TV, for whom she was working as a journalist, and later, he was working for the CNN channel. He was raised by his mother and stepfather, who was a physician.
So, how old is Justin Guarini in 2021 and what is his height and weight? Well, Justin Guarini's age is 42 years old as of today's date 8th August 2021 having been born on 28 October 1978. Though, he is 6′ 0″ in feet and inches and 183 cm in Centimetres tall, he weighs about 178 lbs in Pound and 81kg in Kilograms.
Justin Guarini studied at Central Bucks High School to complete his primary education. However, there is no information about his college days and the way he went on to complete his secondary education since he has revealed nothing to the media. According to Justin, he was brought up by his mother and his step father whose name was Jerry Guarini.
Justin Guarini has revealed no information about his personal life to the media. He has been more involved in his work and has given very little information about his marital and personal life to the press. He has been someone who is very workaholic and likes speaking more about his work in front of the media. He got married to Reina Capodici in the year 2009, and are proud parents of two children named Asher Orion Guarini and William Neko Bell Guarini.
Is Justin Guarini Gay?
Justin Guarini has not confirmed much, given much information about his sexual orientation. However, it is being assured that he is not gay since he is married to his wife Reina.
Justin Guarini has a pretty impressive professional career. It was only at the age of 4 when he started his music career as he was able to sign for the Atlanta Boy Choir. From his school day itself, he was very much into music as he could participate in many music choirs his school day itself. After a few years, he went on to be the leading singer for the group named The Midnight Voices.
In 1999 the group even released an independent album that earned a music scholarship to Justin Guarini in Central Bucks High School. Later in his career, he went on to participate in the famous reality show named American Idol, where he was praised significantly by Judge Simon Cowell, and later he was, even more luckier to sign a record deal with RCA.
Justin Guarini is a remarkable artist with some notable achievements. As of now, there is no information about the awards that he has received since he has not confirmed any of those to the media. But his contribution to the industry is immense. To count his achievements, he worked as an associate for an award function in TV Guide's Network's awards. He also made on air coverage of award ceremonies such as Grammy and Emmy Awards.
Net Worth, Salary & Earnings of Justin Guarini in 2021
As of 2021, The net worth of Justin Guarini is estimated to be around $1 million. He has earned most of this by being a remarkable singer over the years. He has also made some part of this money by being a very successful actor after his remarkable career in music.
It was in the year 2002 when he participated in the very famous reality show named American Idol. He was among the first ten thousand contestants to participate in that show.
Justin Guarini is no doubt a wonderful personality with some versatile skills. He was indeed an excellent singer and a very talented actor. He has really been a significant prospect as far as the American music industry is concerned.


The Hertford House Hotel is situated in a 300 year old Georgian style building in the center of the historic county town of Hertford (our home town!).
It is always a treat to work in your home town, particularly when the project is as beautiful as this. This hotel has rapidly become the jewel in the center of Hertford's crown. We are very proud to have provided furniture for the restaurant in our local hotel.


The Christmas cactus in this farm home could hold its own against the colorful blooms of plants rooted in tropical climates where garish flowers are a norm. How can the answer be improved? Christmas cactus makes a great addition to nearly any indoor setting.
It's not only easy to care for but propagates easily too, making it an exceptional candidate for holiday gift giving. Learn more here. Aug 13, 2018 · How to Care for a Christmas Cactus. A beautiful holiday plant (botanically known as Schlumbergera or Zygocactus), the Christmas Cactus unsurprisingly blooms at Christmas and also sometimes around Easter time if cared for properly. A month. Learn about the classic holiday plant, Christmas cactus, and how to grow it best in your small, indoor space.
With proper care, it can live for decades. Propagating Christmas cactus is easy. In fact, when it comes to the Christmas cactus, propagating is a great way to share this wonderful plant with others.
Learn more about Christmas cactus propagation here. Facts on Christmas cactus, including biology of the Christmas cactus plants, growing, care and tips with pictures and recommended Christmas cactus arrangements to. Looking for something non-traditional this holiday season? Decorate for the holiday season with a Christmas Cactus that is both unique and festive!
This plant (Schlumbergera bridesii or Schlumbergera truncata), although known as cactus, is really a succulent, having its origins in the tropics. Like the poinsettia, the Christmas cactus needs to follow a pretty strict regimen in the fall in order to bloom at holiday time. In order for the plant. But certain factors can help (or hinder) your Christmas cactus's potential. Here's how to ensure this festive plant keeps brightening up your home year after year.
Keep plants cool (50 degrees. The Christmas cactus is a long lived plant with flat, segmented stems. Most of the year its appearance is fairly unassuming. Some potted green in the corner of the living room or parked under a tree in the back yard.
Around Christmas, however, something magical happens. With care, this plain looking. Schlumbergera is a small genus of cacti with 6-9 species found in the coastal mountains of. In the Northern Hemisphere, they are called Christmas About christmas cactus, Thanksgiving cactus, crab cactus and holiday cactus. In Brazil, the genus is referred to. Jan 2, 2018. Christmas cactus makes a great addition to nearly any indoor setting. It's not only easy to care for but propagates easily too, making it an.
Christmas cactus, (hybrid Schlumbergera ×buckleyi), popular cactus of the family Cactaceae that has flattened stems and is grown for its striking cerise flowers. Facts on Christmas cactus, including biology of the Christmas cactus plants, growing, care and tips with pictures and recommended Christmas cactus. How to care for Christmas Cactus. Why your cacti drops flowers and more tips. The Christmas cactus is a favorite holiday houseplant. Learn about their bloom cycle and how to grow a Christmas cactus.
Feb 2, 2018. Give your Christmas Cactus bright but indirect light. Keep the plant in a well-lit location (like near a window) away from direct sunlight – too. Jun 16, 2018. Christmas cacti have blooming periods corresponding to the holidays, hence their name. They're pretty stunning, too: The hanging branches. The Christmas cactus (Schlumbergera bridgesii) blooms for a long time indoors with some of the most exotic-looking flowers in the plant kingdom. This cactus is.


The positions for Mayor and two council members will be open for election this spring.
If interested please file at Carbondale City Hall or at the Osage County Courthouse by 1/27/15 @ noon.
There is a $5.00 filing fee.


CHICAGO, IL  – Every year it seems Chicagoland transit riders get less transit service for our money. The CTA today released its proposed 2013 budget, proposing another fare increase for transit riders next year. This closely follows Metra's proposal to increase fares for 2013.
Service cuts and fare increases have become a regular tradition, making it more difficult and more expensive for people to get around. Demand for transit has been increasing for years, and people want better transit service. Transit in our region needs to stop moving backwards. Riders for Better Transit encourages Chicagoland residents to tell their elected leaders that it's time to stop the cuts and fare hikes and invest in moving transit forward.
The CTA next month will cut a number of routes because it was the only way it could afford to add service on overcrowded buses and trains. In 2010, CTA cut bus service 18 percent and train service 9 percent Metra raised fares 25-30 percent this year. CTA train fares have increased 80 percent since 1990. And for too long now our trains and buses have been plagued by slow zones, overcrowding and deteriorating stations. It's clear that elected leaders have decided transit isn't a priority.
Riders for Better Transit is a project of Active Transportation Alliance (Active Trans). Active Trans is a non-profit organization with more than 7,000 members advocating to improve conditions for biking, walking and transit in the Chicago region.


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Providing propane at a reasonable price with quality customer service. Our office also includes a full show room complete with multiple functional gas logs, grills, heaters, water heaters and much, much more!
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"Been doing business with this company since they opened their doors in Liberty County. We met the owner Hank in Lowes around beginning of 2005 in search of secondary heat. We found a gas fireplace we liked. Instead of him trying to turn us away, and going with his products he recommended it. Therefore, we called his company to install it and purchased a 100 gallon tank. His office staff is very polite and knows how to treat people. And there gas is always mainstream cheapest with no hidden delivery fees. We recommend this company to EVERYONE. Keep up the great work."
Friendly staff. Went out of their way to top off a couple of my small tanks before Hurricane Matthew.


text:
Corravahan House & Gardens
Centenary of Maj. Cecil George "Choppy" Leslie MC, 1879-1919
Coravahn and the Leslies
Corravahan's great Cedar of Lebanon
Opening times 2021
The Leslie family of Corravahan House
Captain Frank King Leslie killed at Gallipoli 100 years ago
Captain Frank King Leslie, Royal Fusiliers (1885-1915)
The 25th April 2015 marks the centenary of the death of a brave young son of Cavan, just one of many who gave their lives for their king and country during the Great War. Captain Frank King Leslie, aged 29, fell on the very first evening of the Gallipoli Campaign, in a hitherto unimportant corner of the Middle East, far from the familiar fields of his native county. Leslie is one of the first Irishmen to die in this theatre of conflict, serving as he was with the Royal Fusiliers (London regiment), which landed at "X" Beach, Cape Helles. Though the Royal Dublin Fusiliers and Royal Munster Fusiliers, landing at nearby "V" Beach, suffered enormous casualties the same day, the bulk of Irish losses at Gallipoli came following the landing of the 10th (Irish) Division at Suvla Bay on 7th August, many months later in the campaign. Innumerable books and articles have been written on this disastrous episode in the war, which one need not dwell on here. However, no matter one's beliefs and politics, it is still fitting to note the passing of a gallant soldier and officer, who died performing his duties to the best of his abilities.
Frank King Leslie was born on 6th September 1885, the only son of Henry King Leslie and Ruth Hungerford-Eagar. His father, a member of the Leslie family of Corravahan House (aka Coravahn), Drung, Co. Cavan, was a land agent, and was sometime resident at Kilnahard, Mountnugent, Co. Cavan (unpubl. diary of Charles Robert Leslie), where he may have been steward on the Bobsgrove estate.
Frank's birth was recorded in the "Dublin North" D.E.D., at the family's home at Moyville, on Castle Avenue in Clontarf .
He was baptised in Drung Parish Church on Sunday 22nd November. His godmother was Lady Alice Elizabeth Cole (1853 – 1931), daughter of William, 3rd Earl of Enniskillen.
Frank followed his father into Harrow School, Middlesex, in 1899, where he appears in the UK Census of 1901. He graduated to Sandhurst military academy in 1903, from where he entered the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) as 2nd Lieutenant on 28th January 1905, with a posting to India. His parents were at this time resident at Glenburne, Rockcorry, Co. Monaghan (Wood, J., Old Harrovian, p. 803), where Henry Leslie was agent to the estate of Lord Dartrey. Frank was promoted to Lieutenant on 30th May 1907, and Captain in March 1914, serving for much of this period with his regiment in India.
In these happier times he was photographed, with his parents and sister, Joan, at Corravahan House.
Henry Leslie, Esq., Ms Joan Leslie, Mrs Ruth Leslie, Frank King Leslie, Corravahan House, c. 1904
In the 1911 UK Census, he is recorded as "overseas military", and in 1912 he was stationed at Totley camp, near Sheffield, Yorkshire.
On 20th April 1915, he wrote to his younger sister, Madge, from on board the Cunard liner "SS Alaunia", which had been requisitioned as a troop transport during the Gallipoli campaign. Sadly, Frank was dead before the letter was received, at Rockcorry, on 10th May.
A letter home to his sister from Frank on board the troop ship "SS Alaunia", then somewhere in the Mediterranean Sea.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission records his death (KIA) on 25th April 1915, while serving as Captain with the Royal Fusiliers "X" Company, 2nd Battalion (www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/690321/LESLIE/FRANK KING). He was recorded as killed on "X" Beach at Cape Helles.
The landings at Cape Helles (source: www.britishbattles.com)
Having landed from HMS Implacable, the company appears to have had some success in advancing to the cliffs behind the beach, and the Fusiliers secured the Turkish trenches by 9am. By 3pm, however, advancing Turkish reinforcements forced Leslie's detachment into retreat.
HMS Implacable approaching X-Beach (source: www.WW1Photos.com)
Some days later, a letter was sent to his mother, informing her of his tragic death. As the place is not named, it may have been many months before the family knew where he had fallen.
Dear Mrs Leslie,
I hope you will forgive me for having to write you such sad news, but I wish to let you know that Capt. Frank Leslie who commanded my company passed away peacefully on the 25th. His gallantry and coolness under heavy fire saved many lives. He ordered me to leave him and take some men back to another position to cover his retirement, and after I left him he was shot in the head. He suffered no pain. He was buried where he so gallantly fell.
Maurice O'Connell
Lieutenant R. F.
Letter received by Mrs Ruth Leslie, informing her of her son's death.
Frank Leslie's actions on that fateful day are recorded in The Royal Fusiliers in the Great War (H. C. O'Neill, O.B.E.)
…If I were asked to say what incident
in the three landings in Gallipoli,] "X," " W " and " Y,"
appealed most to me, I should say with little hesitation
it was the stand of the gallant company (" X ") of the
Royal Fusiliers under Captain Leslie on the left of the
" X " beach. The company dwindled to a platoon in the
day's fighting. Leslie himself fell. But he held off the
repeated onslaughts of the Turks, protected the landing
of the 87th Brigade, and made possible that swift march
to the right that secured elbow-room for the Lancashire
landing (Preface, viii)
…By this time Y and Z Companies, with Brandreth, were
disembarking from the boats which had landed the first
half of the battalion ; and Lieut.-Colonel Newenham, with
an instant appreciation of the situation, sent X (Captain
F. K. Leslie) to the left front, W (Major G. S. Guy_on) to
the centre and right front, and then, taking all the troops
he could gather, marched towards the right to effect a junction with the Lancashires at " W " beach (p. 89).
…The first 300 yards of the advance to the left from " X " beach was made against little opposition ; and the Turks, retiring
at 9 a.m., left the first line of trenches in Captain Leslie's
hands (p. 90).
… A remnant of Leslie's
company began to fall back under cover of a platoon of
Z, commanded by Lieutenant Jebens (p. 91).
… The battalion's losses had been very heavy.
Lieut.-Colonel Newenham * and Major Brandreth, second
in command, were both wounded. Of X Company only
O'Connell remained, with about a platoon. Captain
Leslie and Lieutenant R. E. G. A. de Trafford were killed (p. 93).
(http://www.archive.org/stream/royalfusiliersin00onei/royalfusiliersin00onei_djvu.txt)
The publication Harrow Memorials of the Great War, Vol. II (1918, Warner) gives the following
CAPTAIN F. K. LESLIE
Royal Fusiliers
The Headmaster's '99 – '03; Aged 29 April 25th, 1915
Only son of Henry King Leslie (O.H.), of Glenburne, Rockcorry,
Co. Monaghan, and of Ruth Leslie.
R.M.C., Sandhurst, 1903.
Captain Leslie was gazetted to the Royal Fusiliers in 1905, joining his
Regiment in India, and served with them at Secunderabad and Fort William,
Calcutta, returning to England in January, 1915. In March, 1915, he left
with his Regiment for Alexandria, and was sent straight on to Mudros
Harbour, en route for the Dardanelles. On April 25th, 1915, he was killed
at the landing on X Beach, Gallipoli.
(http://www.archive.org/stream/harrowmemorialso02warn/harrowmemorialso02warn_djvu.txt)
Leslie is commemorated in the small parish church at Drung, along with his cousin (Cecil George Leslie MC), and also on the Helles Memorial, near where he fell, and still lies, at Cape Helles in modern-day Turkey.
The memorial at Drung Parish Church.
The Helles memorial, Gallipoli (CWGC).
Cenotaph to those 20,000 British servicemen whose remains lie unrecovered, Cape Helles, Gallipoli (CWGC).
Some years later, a description of Frank's memorial was sent to Madge by Julia, Countess of Dartrey, who was on a cruise in the eastern Mediterranean, in May 1928.
Letter to Madge Leslie from Julia Dartrey, May 1928
Consequent to Frank's death, and that of his cousin Cecil in 1919, also as a result of wounds inflicted during the war, it was Madge and her sister Joan who inherited the house at Corravahan in 1930. Unmarried, the pair lived here until their deaths in 1972, sharing the house for many years with their late brother's fiancée, May Haire-Forster.
© Ian S.Elliott 2015-2019
e: corravahan@gmail.com
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IanSElliott on Gallery
Clogher Historical Society on Gallery
IanSElliott on The Leslie family of Corravahan House
tina smith on The Leslie family of Corravahan House


text:
In 1998 werd het achtste voetbalseizoen gespeeld van de Wit-Russische Vysjejsjaja Liha. De competitie werd gespeeld van 12 april tot 31 oktober. Fusieclub Dnjepr-Transmasj Mahiljow werd kampioen.

 MPKC Mazyr wijzigde de naam in Slavija Mazyr
 Dinamo-93 Minsk trok zich na 15 speeldagen terug en werd ontbonden. De club werd uitgesloten van de einstand.

Eindstand

Er worden zowel Wit-Russische als Russische namen gebruikt, bv Dinamo Minsk gebruikt de Russische naam.

Kampioen

Externe link
 RSSSF

Wit-Russische voetbalcompetitie
Competitievoetbal 1998

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Anoka Conservation District is part of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resource's effort to track groundwater levels. The MN DNR maintains a network of groundwater observation wells across the state. These deep groundwater wells are not as sensitive to precipitation as other hydrologic systems such as wetlands and streams, but rather, respond to longer term trends. The ACD is contracted to take monthly water level readings at 14 wells in Anoka County during March - December. The MN DNR incorporates these data into a statewide database that aids in groundwater mapping.
The data are reported by the MN DNR on their web site. To see the locations of the monitoring sites, use the mapping utility and check the "monitor sites" box.


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