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Achalasia
Achalasia (primary achalasia) is a failure of organized esophageal peristalsis causing impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, and resulting in food stasis and often marked dilatation of the esophagus. Obstruction of the distal esophagus from other non-functional etiologies, not...
Tertiary esophageal contractions
Tertiary esophageal contractions are a type of contractions of the esophagus often described as as the irregular contraction or indentations of the distal esophageal wall. Isolated tertiary esophageal waves of the non-repetitive type are thought to occur in normal subjects. Swallowing induced re...
Thymic epithelial tumors
Thymic epithelial tumors are rare tumors arising from thymus in anterior mediastinum of middle age patients, these tumors encompass thymomas, invasive thymomas and thymic carcinoma. Despite their relative rarity, they are the most common primary neoplasm of the thymus and anterosuperior mediasti...
Miliary opacities (lungs)
The term miliary opacities refers to innumerable, small 1-4 mm pulmonary nodules scattered throughout the lungs. It is useful to divide these patients into those who are febrile and those who are not. Additionally, some miliary opacities are very dense, narrowing the differential - see multiple...
Lung volume reduction surgery
Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is an emerging promising palliative treatment option for select patients with severe, debilitating pulmonary emphysema. It usually involves bilateral wedge resection of 20-30% of the most diseased lung through a median sternotomy. It has been proposed that L...
Air trapping
Air trapping in chest imaging refers to retention of excess gas ("air") in all or part of the lung, especially during expiration, either as a result of complete or partial airway obstruction or as a result of local abnormalities in pulmonary compliance. It may also sometimes be observed in norma...
Nodular pulmonary amyloidosis
Nodular pulmonary amyloidosis is a subtype of pulmonary amyloidosis. It is considered a limited form of amyloidosis characterized by one or more pulmonary nodules or masses (amyloidomas). Epidemiology Albeit rare in general, the nodular form is more common than the diffuse parenchymal form. Th...
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) are multicystic masses of segmental lung tissue with abnormal bronchial proliferation. CPAMs are considered part of the spectrum of bronchopulmonary foregut malformations. Terminology Until recently, they were described as congenital cystic aden...
The thymus (plural: thymi) is a T-cell producing lymphoid organ in the anterior mediastinum that plays a role in the development of the immune system particularly, maturation of T-cells. It typically has a retrosternal location and hence may mimic retrosternal pathology. Gross anatomy It is re...
Asthma is a relatively common condition that is characterized by at least partially reversible inflammation of the airways and reversible airway obstruction due to airway hyperreactivity. It can be acute, subacute or chronic. Epidemiology Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in th...
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) is a chronic, often progressive fibrosing form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and is also often categorized as a form of interstitial lung disease. Manifestations previously categorized as chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis now fall under this categ...
Tree-in-bud sign (lung)
Tree-in-bud sign or pattern describes the CT appearance of multiple areas of centrilobular nodules with a linear branching pattern. Although initially described in patients with endobronchial tuberculosis, it is now recognized in a large number of conditions. Pathology Pathogenesis Simply put...
Azygos vein
The azygos vein is a unilateral vessel that ascends in the thorax to the right of the vertebral column, carrying deoxygenated blood from the posterior chest and abdominal walls. It forms part of the azygos venous system. Terminology The spelling azygous when referring to the vein is incorrect,...
Tracheal buckling
Tracheal buckling is a normal finding in young infants when the trachea is more flexible. There is typically deviation of the trachea anteriorly and to the right (up to 90°). Normal deviation to the left is observed only when aortic arch is locate to the right of the trachea 4. Any other configu...
CT pulmonary angiogram (protocol)
The computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA/CTPE) is a commonly performed diagnostic examination to exclude pulmonary emboli (PE). Each radiology department will have a slightly different method for achieving the same outcome, i.e. diagnostic density of the main pulmonary artery and its br...
Pulmonary embolism (PE) refers to embolic occlusion of the pulmonary arterial system. The majority of cases result from thrombotic occlusion, and therefore the condition is frequently termed pulmonary thromboembolism, which is what this article mainly covers. Non-thrombotic pulmonary emboli sou...
Medical devices in the thorax
Medical devices in the thorax are regularly observed by radiologists when reviewing radiographs and CT scans. Extrathoracic devices tubing, clamps, syringes, scissors, lying on or under the patient rubber sheets, foam mattresses, clothing, hair braids, nipple piercings, etc., may also be visi...
For a quick reference guide, please see our COVID-19 summary article. COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus. The first cases were seen in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 before ...
Inferior accessory fissure of the lung
The inferior accessory fissure of the lung, also known as Twining's line, divides the medial basal bronchopulmonary segment from the rest of the lower lobe. Epidemiology This accessory fissure is present in around 12% of people when examined with CT and is visible on 5-8% of frontal chest x-ra...
Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome
Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the ACTA2 gene, resulting in intracranial steno-occlusive disease and aortic dissection or aneurysm, among other complications. Epidemiology Most cases are diagnosed in childhood 1. Clinical pre...
Pulmonary Pneumocystis jiroveci infection
Pulmonary Pneumocystis jiroveci infection, also known as Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) or Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), is an atypical pulmonary infection and the most common opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Terminology Classically, "P...
Histoplasmosis is an endemic mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. Pulmonary histoplasmosis is the most common manifestation of this infectious disease. Disseminated histoplasmosis is often seen in immunosuppressed patients. As such, these are included among the infectious etiologies of AI...
Airway foreign bodies in children
Airway foreign bodies in children are potentially fatal, which is why immediate recognition is important. Unfortunately, delayed diagnosis is common. Epidemiology Children under the age of four years are at increased risk of foreign body (FB) aspiration, with a slight male predominance 1. Cl...
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), also referred as post-transplant lymphoproliferation disorder, represents a variety of conditions ranging from lymphoid hyperplasia to malignancy, included in the WHO classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. It can be a ...
Disseminated histoplasmosis
Disseminated histoplasmosis, also known as progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, is a severe form of histoplasmosis infection typically seen in immunosuppressed patients, especially in the setting of HIV infection. It results from hematogenous dissemination of the infection, involving multipl...
Thoracic histoplasmosis
Thoracic (or pulmonary) histoplasmosis refers to pulmonary manifestations from infection with the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum which is an organism endemic to the Central American state of El Salvador but can be found widely in other parts of both North and South America. It can have variable c...
Extrapleural fat
Extrapleural fat is a benign condition and refers to relative diffuse deposition of fat outside the parietal pleura. It can occur in various locations but typically occurs along the chest wall. It is a component of the loose connective tissue of the endothoracic fascia and is most abundant along...
Bochdalek hernia
Bochdalek hernias , also known as pleuroperitoneal hernias, (alternative plural: herniae) are the commonest type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. They occur posteriorly and are due to a defect in the posterior attachment of the diaphragm when there is a failure of pleuroperitoneal membrane cl...
Innominate artery compression syndrome
Innominate artery compression syndrome, also known as brachiocephalic artery compression syndrome, is a rare cause of tracheal stenosis that occurs in the pediatric population. It is due to abnormal compression of the anterior aspect of the trachea as the brachiocephalic artery crosses it. Diag...
Lipoid pneumonia
Lipoid pneumonia is a form of pneumonia associated with oily or lipid components within the pneumonitis component. This can either result from: aspiration of oily substances (exogenous lipoid pneumonia) or endogenous accumulation of lipid substances in the alveoli (endogenous lipoid pneumonia...
Valsalva maneuver
The Valsalva maneuver is the forced expiration of air against a closed airway, resulting in increased intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and pharyngeal pressure. It can be performed against a closed glottis or by one closing the mouth and pinching the nose while forcibly exhaling. It is commonly u...
Differential diagnosis for a small cardiothoracic ratio
A small cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) is defined as <42%/0.42 when assessed on a PA chest radiograph, and is often called small heart syndrome. A pathologically-small heart is also known as microcardia. It can be due to/associated with a number of entities: adrenal insufficiency, e.g. Addison...
Pulmonary pseudotumor
A pulmonary pseudotumor is no more than 'something' which mimics a tumor. Most frequently it is caused by a loculated pleural effusion (pleural pseudotumor) trapped in the pleural fissures. Other entities which have been described with the term pseudotumors include: round atelectasis p...
Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung
Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) of the lung is a relatively new category in the classification of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Lesions that fall into this category refer to small solitary adenocarcinomas <3 cm (i.e. <30 mm) with either pure lepidic growth or predominant lepidic growth wit...
Lepidic-predominant adenocarcinoma of the lung
Lepidic-predominant adenocarcinoma (LPA) of the lung, formerly known as non-mucinous bronchoalveolar carcinoma, is a subtype of invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung characterized histologically when the lepidic component comprises the majority of the lesion. Terminology The category of "lepidic...
Pulmonary gangrene
Pulmonary gangrene can be a complication of necrotizing pneumonia and often represents a final stage in a continuum of progressive devitalisation of pulmonary parenchyma and is characterized by sloughing of a pulmonary segment or lobe. Pathology In most instances, it occurs as a complication o...
Crescent sign (disambiguation)
The characteristic shape of the crescent has been given to many radiological signs over the years: air crescent sign (aspergillosis) crescent in a doughnut sign (intussusception) crescent sign (arterial dissection) crescent sign (intravenous pyelogram) crescent sign (lung hydatid) crescent...
Scimitar syndrome
Scimitar syndrome, also known as hypogenetic lung syndrome, is characterized by a hypoplastic lung that is drained by an anomalous pulmonary vein into the systemic venous system. It is a type of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return and is one of the several findings in congenital pulmonary ...
Unilateral pulmonary artery atresia
Unilateral pulmonary artery atresia (UPAA), also known as unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery (UAPA) or proximal interruption of the pulmonary artery, is a variant of pulmonary artery atresia. Terminology The term interruption is preferred by some to absence or atresia because the anom...
Right upper lobe consolidation
Right upper lobe consolidation refers to consolidation in part (incomplete) or all (complete) of the right upper lobe. Pathology Consolidation refers to the alveolar airspaces being filled with fluid (exudate/transudate/blood), cells (inflammatory), tissue, or other material. The list of caus...
Mediastinal lymphoma
Mediastinal lymphoma is common, either as part of disseminated disease or less commonly as the site of primary involvement. Epidemiology Lymphomas are responsible for approximately 15% of all primary mediastinal masses, and 45% of anterior mediastinal masses in children 1. Only 10% of lympho...
Esophagopleural fistula
Esophagopleural fistulas are abnormal connections between the esophagus and pleura. Pathology They can arise from a number of underlying pathologies which can result in an esophageal rupture 3: post surgical endoscopic procedures post esophageal dilatation secondary to tumor, e.g. esophag...
Foregut duplication cyst
Foregut duplication cysts are a type of congenital duplication cyst. They are sometimes classified under bronchopulmonary foregut malformations. Entities classified as foregut duplication cysts include: bronchogenic cysts neurenteric cysts other enteric cysts esophageal duplication...
Fluoroscopic evaluation of esophagectomy
Fluoroscopic evaluation of esophagectomy is an important study, given the high rate of complication following esophagectomy (~10-20% rate of leak). Although the approach will differ slightly depending on the type of esophagectomy performed, the principles are similar. Procedure Preprocedural e...
Small airways disease
Small airways disease comprise of a group infectious as well as non-infectious conditions that affect the small airways (i.e. airways that are more peripheral to the main bronchi and proximal bronchioles (4th the 14th generation) - arbitrarily considered to be those with an internal diameter of ...
Diaphragmatic slips
Diaphragmatic slips are the muscular bundles that attach the central tendon of the diaphragm to the inside of the bones and cartilage of the lower 6-7 ribs, xiphoid process, lumbar vertebrae 1. They can mimic or help identify pathology when seen on imaging modalities. Mimics Diaphragmatic slip...
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), also known as lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by lymphocyte predominant infiltration of the lungs. It is classified as a subtype of interstitial lung disease. It also falls under the umbrella of n...
Aortic intramural hematoma
Aortic intramural hematoma is an atypical form of aortic dissection due to a contained hemorrhage into the aortic wall usually from the vasa vasorum without an intimal tear. It forms part of the acute aortic syndrome spectrum along with penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer and classical aortic diss...
Thymus protocol (MRI)
Thymic MRI is a targeted mediastinal imaging protocol performed mainly to distinguish surgical from nonsurgical thymic lesions (eg. thymic hyperplasia, thymic cysts, and lymphoma). Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. The specifics will vary depe...
The diaphragm is the dome-shaped skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, enclosing the inferior thoracic aperture. Terminology On chest imaging, in particular chest radiography, an imaginary anteroposterior halfway line divides the diaphragm into two, form...
Bronchial artery
The bronchial arteries are the major supply of high-pressure oxygenated blood to the supporting structures of the lung, including the pulmonary arteries, but contribute only 1% of total lung blood flow. Blood in the bronchial circulation does not take part in gas exchange unless there is patholo...
The esophagus (plural: esophagi or esophaguses) is a muscular tube that conveys food and fluids from the pharynx to the stomach. It forms part of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Gross anatomy The esophagus is 23-37 cm long with a diameter of 1-2 cm and is divided into three parts: cervical:...
Aortic hiatus
The aortic hiatus is one of the three major apertures through the diaphragm and lies at the level of T12. Strictly speaking, it is not a real aperture in the diaphragm, but an osseoaponeurotic opening between it and the vertebral column. The hiatus is situated slightly to the left of the midli...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune multisystemic inflammatory disease that affects many organs but predominantly attacks the synovial tissues and joints. Epidemiology The overall prevalence is 0.5-1% and the disease is 2-3 times more common in women 1. Onset is generally in adu...
Aberrant right subclavian artery
Aberrant right subclavian arteries (ARSA), also known as arteria lusoria, are among the commonest aortic arch anomalies. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is 0.5-2% 1. Associations as can be expected from the embryological development of the artery, the right recurrent laryngeal nerve...
V/Q scan
V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) scan is a scintigraphic examination of the lung that evaluates pulmonary vasculature perfusion and segmental bronchoalveolar tree ventilation. Indications diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism monitor pulmonary function following lung transplant pro...
Paratracheal air cyst
Paratracheal air cysts are not an uncommon incidental finding in routine thoracic imaging. They characteristically occur on the right side, in the region of the thoracic outlet. Occasionally it may mimic pneumomediastinum, so-called pseudopneumomediastinum. Terminology Paratracheal air cysts e...
Primary effusion lymphoma
Primary effusion lymphoma is a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) characterized by malignant fluid accumulation in the absence of lymphadenopathy. Epidemiology Associations immunodeficiency states such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) infections inc...
Hypogammaglobulinaemia
Hypogammaglobulinaemia is an immune disorder characterized by a reduction in all types of gammaglobulins. Terminology While hypogammaglobulinaemia means some loss of gammaglobulins, a total loss is termed agammaglobulinaemia which can occur as an X-linked form (X-linked agammaglobulinemia). ...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare multisystem disease with a wide and heterogeneous clinical spectrum and variable extent of involvement. Terminology Langerhans cell histiocytosis was previously known as histiocytosis X. The newer term is preferred as it is more descriptive of its...
Acute interstitial pneumonitis
Acute interstitial pneumonitis (AIP), also known as Hamman-Rich syndrome, is a rapidly progressive non-infectious interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology. It is considered the only acute process among the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Terminology AIP has a similar clinical present...
Diffuse alveolar damage
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is a common manifestation of drug-induced lung injury that results from necrosis of type II pneumocytes and alveolar endothelial cells. Clinical presentation Affected patients present with dyspnea, cough, and occasionally fever. The diffusion capacity of the lung ...
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury and occurs as a result of a severe pulmonary injury that causes alveolar damage heterogeneously throughout the lung. It can either result from a direct pulmonary source or as a response to systemic injury. This is a disti...
AIDS-defining illness
AIDS-defining illnesses are conditions that in the setting of a HIV infection confirm the diagnosis of AIDS and do not commonly occur in immunocompetent individuals 2. According to the CDC surveillance case definition 1, they are: Infectious bacterial infections: multiple or recurrent ca...
Castleman disease, also known as angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia or giant lymph node hyperplasia, is an uncommon benign B-cell lymphoproliferative condition. It can affect several regions of the body but is commonly described as a solitary mediastinal mass. There are two distinct subtype...
Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura
Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura are rare benign pleural-based tumors that account for <5% of all tumors involving the pleura. Terminology Throughout much of the twentieth century, there was a continual debate about the precise histology of both normal pleura and pleural tumors. The prope...
Tracheomalacia, or sometimes described as tracheobronchomalacia, is a common incidental finding on imaging of the chest of older patients and manifests as an increase in tracheal diameter as well as a tendency to collapse on expiration. Tracheomalacia can be broadly considered as being congenit...
Garland triad
Garland triad, also known as the 1-2-3 sign or pawnbroker's sign, is a lymph node enlargement pattern on chest radiographs which has been described in sarcoidosis: right paratracheal nodes right hilar nodes left hilar nodes Hilar lymphadenopathy is symmetrical and usually massive...
Non-expandable lung
Non-expandable lung results from failure of the lung to re-expand even despite a therapeutic measure such as insertion of a chest tube. This can include two semantically similar but slightly different terms: trapped lung: non-expandable lung due to remote / prior pleural inflammation lung entr...
Fibrosing mediastinitis
Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare non-malignant acellular collagen and fibrous tissue proliferative condition occurring within the mediastinum. On imaging, the condition can sometimes mimic malignancy. Epidemiology Although it can potentially present at any age, it typically presents in young ...
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the non-small cell carcinomas of the lung, second only to adenocarcinoma of the lung as the most commonly encountered lung cancer. Epidemiology Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for ~30-35% of all lung cancers and in most instances is due to heavy smokin...
Nuss procedure
The Nuss procedure (also termed MIRPE - minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum) is one of the operative treatments employed in patients with pectus excavatum. It involves the insertion of one (or more) concave metal bars beneath the sternum in the anterior chest wall. It is significantly...
Haller index
The Haller index (HI), also known as the pectus index, is a simple mathematical way to assess and describe the chest cage on CT of the thorax and is used in the detection and pre/postoperative assessment of pectus excavatum 1,5. Measurement The Haller index is calculated by dividing the transv...
Pectus excavatum
Pectus excavatum, also known as funnel chest or trichterbrust 13, is a congenital chest wall deformity characterized by concave depression of the sternum, resulting in cosmetic and radiographic alterations. Epidemiology It is the most common chest wall deformity, accounting for approximately 9...
Tracheal and endobronchial lesions
Primary tracheal and endobronchial lesions are generally rare and can be either malignant or benign. The majority of these lesions are malignant. Pathology Malignant primary malignant endobronchial lesions bronchogenic adenocarcinoma squamous cell carcinoma: commonest malignant lesion in th...
Lung entrapment
Lung entrapment is a type of unexpandable lung and typically refers to lung tissue enclosed by active pleural inflammation or pleural tumor1. The thickened visceral pleura prevents full expansion of the lung and the diaphragm may be displaced affecting its function; both of these can cause dyspn...
Trapped lung
Trapped lung is a type of unexpandable lung, and the term is used when a thick, fibrotic visceral pleural rind prevents lung expansion. This is commonly post-pneumonic, occurring when active pleural inflammation heals with fibrosis. This differs from the situation of actively inflamed and thicke...
Pancoast tumor
Pancoast tumor, also known as superior sulcus tumor, refers to a relatively uncommon situation where a primary lung cancer arises in the lung apex and invades the surrounding soft tissues. Classically a Pancoast syndrome results, but in actuality this is only seen in one quarter of cases. Term...
Apical pleural cap
Apical pleural cap refers to a curved density at the lung apex seen on chest radiographs. Epidemiology The frequency of apical pleural thickening increases with age 3. There may be a slightly greater male predilection 7. Pathology It arises from a number of causes: pleural thickening/...
Psammoma bodies
Psammoma bodies are round microscopic calcific collections. It is a form of dystrophic calcification. Necrotic cells form the focus for surrounding calcific deposition. They have a lamellated concentric calcified structure, sometimes large enough to be seen on CT. Psammoma bodies are found in ...
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are rare vascular anomalies of the lung, in which abnormally dilated vessels provide a right-to-left shunt between the pulmonary artery and vein. They are generally considered direct high flow, low-resistance fistulous connections between the pulmona...
Carcinoid tumors of the lung
Carcinoid tumors of the lung are a subgroup of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung, of lower grade than small cell carcinoma of the lung and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. For a general discussion, please refer to the article on carcinoid tumors. Pathology Classification Car...
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (aTOS) is considered rarest from of thoracic outlet syndrome and can result in compression of arterial structures (especially the subclavian artery) at thoracic outlet, or superior thoracic aperture. Many of these patients may also have concurrent venous thora...
Bovine arch
Bovine arch is the most common variant of the aortic arch and occurs when the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery shares a common origin with the left common carotid artery. Epidemiology A bovine arch is present in ~15% (range 8-25%) of the population and is more common in individuals of Afri...
Paget-Schrötter syndrome
Paget-Schrötter syndrome, alternatively spelled Paget-Schroetter syndrome and also known as effort thrombosis, refers to primary thrombosis of the axillary and/or subclavian vein. It can be thought of as a venous equivalent of thoracic outlet syndrome (i.e. venous thoracic outlet syndrome). Epi...
Venous thoracic outlet syndrome
The venous thoracic outlet syndrome (vTOS) is the second commonest form of thoracic outlet syndrome (with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome being the commonest and the arterial thoracic outlet syndrome being the least common). Clinical presentation It may develop suddenly, often after unusua...
Thoracic outlet syndrome refers to a group of clinical syndromes caused by congenital or acquired compression of the brachial plexus or subclavian vessels as they pass through the superior thoracic aperture 11. Clinical presentation Clinical presentation will depend on the structure compresse...
Signet ring (disambiguation)
The term signet ring refers to the characteristic shape of the jewelry item and in radiology and medicine may refer to the following: signet ring sign (bronchiectasis) signet ring sign (scaphoid) signet ring cells in adenocarcinoma histology such as in the rectum, appendix and ovary (Krukenbe...
Head cheese sign (lungs)
The head cheese sign (more recently termed the three-density pattern refers to a juxtaposition of regions with three (or sometimes more) different densities/regions of different attenuation within the lungs: ground-glass opacities (high attenuation) mosaic attenuation pattern (low attenuation)...
Croup, also known as acute laryngotracheobronchitis, is due to viral infection of the upper airway by parainfluenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Although imaging findings are not required for the diagnosis, classic findings of narrowing of the subglottic airway and dilatation of ...
Steeple sign (trachea)
The steeple sign (also called the wine bottle sign, and inverted V sign), refers to the tapering of the upper trachea on a frontal chest radiograph reminiscent of a church steeple, suggestive of croup. A corresponding lateral x-ray would show narrowing of the subglottic trachea and ballooning of...
Cysts of Hattori
Cysts of Hattori, also known as posterior mediastinal paravertebral Müllerian cysts, are mediastinal cysts of Mullerian origin, lined by ciliated non-stratified cuboidal to columnar epithelium, that occur in the posterior mediastinum. Epidemiology Of all mediastinal masses, ~20% (range 10–30...
Signet ring sign (bronchiectasis)
The signet ring sign is seen in bronchiectasis when the dilated bronchus and accompanying pulmonary artery branch are seen in cross-section. The bronchus and artery should be the same size, whereas in bronchiectasis, the bronchus is markedly dilated. The signet ring analogy has also been applie...


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The devastating Tweet is the latest in a series of public complaints that the President has made against his Attorney General, a man who has broken with many of his party to support Trump early in his presidential run.
"Why does A.G. Jeff Sessions ask the Inspector General to investigate potentially massive FISA abuse, which will last forever, has no law-enforcement powers, and is already late in reporting Comey's, etc.," Trump wrote. "Is not the IG an Obama guy? Why not use Justice Department lawyers? CRAZY!"
Sessions said Tuesday that the Department of Justice is reviewing whether the FBI has properly processed applications for surveillance missions under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.
Sessions, who appeared at a press conference on a new Opioid Task Force, were interviewed on Housing Intelligence Chairman Devin Nunes controversial memo on alleged surveillance violations and told reporters that "the Inspector General considers this to be one of the issues." I will handle it. "
2 under then-President Barack Obama.
Trump's anger at Sessions stems from his decision to abandon all of the 2016 Campaign investigation, including the Special Counseling Service Robert Mueller, the collusion between de The Trump campaign and Russian activists wishing to interfere in the elections. Meetings made this decision after he did not fully answer questions during his confirmation of his talks with Russian diplomats during the 2016 campaign. Trump, in turn, said he had not called meetings to run the Department of Justice if he had known he had recaptured himself.
This animosity has since become public.
Trump harassed ] meetings in which he did not look at Hillary Clinton's deleted emails, suggested "very weak" on Clinton's "crime" and called him "besieged" in July.
As pressure Last year he had been at meetings, and his administrative standing seemed untenable to the people of the West Wing. For the first six months of Trump's presidency, Trump asked about the resignation of Sessions, called the Attorney General an "idiot", but later refused to accept the resignation of his Attorney General.
Sessions has so far weathered the incessant Believer House and sources close to the Attorney General have told CNN that he's likely to go nowhere soon. But the saga between the two top republicans has spread in public in Trump's first year in office, and the president's chronic dislike of the top prosecutor has defined Trump's view of the Ministry of Justice.
Trump's anger boiled over in June as the president pushed then-chief of staff Reince Priebus to resign from the meetings, according to sources familiar with the exchange. Priebus later said that he got Trump out of the firing.
The final chapter in the saga between Trump and Sessions came a week ago, when Trump called on Sessions to start an investigation into the Obama administration for not doing enough of the foreign interference of 2016.
"Question: If all the Russian interference during the Obama administration took place until January 20, why are not they being investigated? " Trump asked . "Why did not Obama do something about the interference, why are not Dem Crimes being investigated, ask Jeff Sessions!"


Co-authored with Koray Cosguner (Indiana University) and Seethu Seetharaman (Wash U).
The Bass Model (BM) has an excellent track record in the realm of new product sales forecasting. However, its use for optimal dynamic pricing or advertising is relatively limited. This is because the Generalized Bass Model (GBM), which extends the BM to handle marketing variables, uses only percentage changes in marketing variables and not the actual values of the marketing variables. This restricts the normative use of the GBM, for example, to deriving the optimal price path for a new product, conditional on an assumed launch price, but not the launch price itself. In this paper, we propose a utility-based generalization of the BM which can yield normative prescriptions regarding both the introductory price, as well as the price path after launch, for the new product. We propose two versions of our proposed diffusion model, namely the Bass-Gumbel Diffusion Model (BGDM) and the Bass-Logit Diffusion Model (BLDM). Using empirical data from three product categories, we show that our proposed diffusion models handily outperform the GBM and BM in forecasting new product sales both in sample and out of sample, with the BLDMoutperforming the BGDM. We derive optimal pricing policies for a new product that are implied by the BLDMunder various ranges of model parameters. We explain how managers can use our proposed diffusion model to derive optimal marketing policies in a computationally convenient manner without having to explicitly solve a dynamic optimization problem.
Collaboration Among Competitors Under Incomplete Information: An Empirical Matching Model RESEARCH Act global, protect local: Hollywood movies in China.


Small Business Majority is a national small business advocacy organization, founded and run by small business owners to ensure America's entrepreneurs are a key part of a thriving and inclusive economy. We actively engage small business owners and policymakers in support of public policy solutions, and deliver information and resources to entrepreneurs that promote small business growth and drive a strong, sustainable job-creating economy. Our extensive scientific opinion polling, focus groups and economic research help us educate and inform policymakers, the media and other stakeholders about key issues impacting small businesses and freelancers, including healthcare, access to capital, taxes, retirement, paid leave and other workforce issues.
A thriving small business ecosystem is central to creating a dynamic and inclusive American economy. We believe small businesses are not just the backbone of the American economy; they are its foundation. Indeed, small businesses represent 99% of all employer firms and account for half of our nation's jobs and economic output, and their creativity spurs innovation in all sectors of the economy.
Small business entrepreneurship is a proven pathway for Americans from all walks of life to build income, independence and financial security for themselves, their families and their employees. If provided the proper resources and public policies to unleash their potential, they inject life and vitality into communities, provide quality jobs and boost prosperity for all.
Small Business Majority advocates for policy solutions that create a strong, job-creating economy for all and provides education and resources to entrepreneurs to promote small business growth and prosperity.
We conduct extensive research on the attitudes and concerns of small business owners and freelancers and communicate our findings and message directly to stakeholders and through the media. We regularly engage our network of 58,000 small business owners and work with more than 1,000 business groups from our eight regional offices on issues including access to capital, healthcare, taxes, retirement, paid leave and other policies directly impacting entrepreneurship.
Policy & advocacy: We develop and support policies that benefit the entire small business ecosystem—ranging from boosting access to responsible capital, ensuring affordable access to quality healthcare, and growth-oriented equitable tax and employment policies. Our small business owners speak out publicly, sharing their unique personal stories about why they support such policies and how they will be beneficial to their bottom line. We participate in coalitions working to enact such policies, providing the small business perspective and effective messaging.
Research: Working with professional polling firms, we conduct scientific surveys of small business owners on a variety of issues to inform our policy positions and proposed solutions. We also conduct focus groups and economic research.
Spokespeople: We recruit, train and deploy small business owner spokespeople to share their personal perspectives on issues of importance to small businesses.
Media: We elevate the small business voice in the public sphere by sharing the results of our research with the media and putting a real small business face on the issues by having our small business spokespeople perform media interviews and place letters to the editor and op-eds in well-respected news outlets.
Entrepreneurship Program: We provide a suite of educational programs and resources to small business owners, their employees and self-employed entrepreneurs to empower them to start and grow their enterprises and maximize their economic prosperity.
In-person and online educational seminars: These events educate small business owners, small business employees and the self-employed on a variety of practical business topics and pertinent policy issues: (a) access to capital, (b) healthcare, (c) retirement/asset building and (d) workforce/employment issues. We partner with national, state, regional and local business organizations to co-host these events and invite their members.
Small business outreach: We use an array of channels (social media, email blasts, events, newsletters) to regularly engage our network of small business owners and organizations. We also work with our partners to distribute our educational resources to their members.
Online resources: We have developed and maintain several websites, including Venturize.org, to provide on-demand information for small business owners on a host of topics, including access to capital, retirement security and healthcare and other workforce benefits.


You, my friend, are a Ninja Mom.
Convince your toddler that folding towels is fun. Ninja Mom!
Slid carrots into his mac and cheese and spinach in his brownies: Ninja Mom!
Slipped out the door after the babysitter arrived without him noticing: Ninja Mom!
You always have to wake your toddler to check his fever?
Well that has just got to STOP. I mean, you worked so hard to help get him sleeping, why would you want to ruin all that hard work just because you're worried his little toddler fever is spiking?
Tie that receiving blanket around your head, wrap that robe up tight, and slip on those slippers. It's time to enter my Learning Dojo. I had to travel a treacherous road into the far misty mountains of China, crossing numerous rope bridges to learn these secrets. So listen closely.
When I first become a mom (my ninja skills were still untested), I remember being completely panicked at the idea of handling a sick child.
After all, up until this point, my mom was the person who knew how to do all that. Sure, she's just a phone call and 13 hours away…but she's wasn't physically there to do all that Mom stuff.
I was on my own. Can you relate?
We've all had to start somewhere, with our baby's first cold or toddler's first fever. But I think it's nice to skip ahead and start a little closer to the finish line, you know? Who wants to run through the swamp when there's a bus waiting? This article is your bus. Welcome aboard.
If you need help with a baby's fever, I talk about that in How to Decipher the Baby Cough Code: Easy Clues to Follow. It also has a free printable for your fridge!
What Defines a Toddler Fever?
Since that's, frankly, a MMA match you're never going to win, Dr. Bhargava suggests adding a degree onto that number to compensate for the fact you're getting the fever through the skin, rather than…other places.
Fevers: Misunderstood Victims? Or Evil Foes?
Actually…it's both. A toddler fever isn't always a bad thing. You see, fevers are the body's way of alerting the calvary that there's a problem somewhere and White Knight Blood Cells need to head down there STAT and check it out.
If you offer medication too early, you can actually mask those messages, and prolong your child's sickness.
On the other hand, a fever that's running too high (over that 100.4° mark) isn't the friendly SOS it normally is. There's a happy Goldilocks medium that we, as Ninja Moms, want to help our children attain when they're sick.
Stay home and clear your schedule. Your toddler needs rest.
Call the doctor. He/she is going to want to know that you're monitoring a toddler fever at home.
You can offer children's acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin), but realize that this isn't actually treating the fever. It's just managing the symptoms. It's like putting a towel over the dirty dishes in the sink and calling it a day.
Offer him chilled foods like yogurt, fruit popsicles, cottage cheese, and other cold foods to help lower the fever from the inside out.
You know how they always say Location, Location Location when talking about real-estate? Well, when it comes to toddler fevers you should be thinking Behavior, Behavior, Behavior.
Yes, there's a temperature number you're watching, but that shouldn't be the only thing you're observing.
Does your child seem listless and unusually weak?
Is he refusing to eat or drink anything?
Has the fever crested 103° F (39.4° C)?
Has the fever lasted longer than 24 hours?
Does your child have a rash or splotchy large purple blotches on his skin?
Remember, fevers are symptoms of something else. Even though 90% of all fevers are related to a viral infection (which means antibiotics won't help), your doctor is still going to want to do a thorough examination to discover the cause!
All of this leads us to the obvious problem: How do you monitor your toddler's fever without disturbing him from the essential sleepy rest his body so desperately needs to heal?
Use your Ninja Mom powers to monitor his fever without having to touch him.
A really really REALLY cool sticker.
This isn't any ordinary "sticker". It's not even scratch and sniff.
It's a sticker that should be in the next Star Wars movie, but really is sitting on shelf at Amazon, waiting for you.
You place the thin patch on your child (usually under the arm).
Download the TempTraq App on your phone.
Set your notification temperature alert level.
Get instant temperature readings for up to 24 hours.
Even better, it will send an alert to your phone if your toddler's fever goes above a certain level you choose.
This is HUGE! My "fever panic" is always at night. I will get up numerous times at night, just to try to sneak in a forehead feel because I'm worried the fever will climb and I won't realize it.
The TempTraq Patch takes that worry and tosses it out the window. I can rest all night knowing that if she needs me, I'll get a wakeup alert.
The time to get the TempTraq Patch is not when your toddler gets a fever. The time to buy one is now, when he's healthy and feeling good enough to terrorize the cats.
So click here to invest in some piece of mind.
Instead, you just have to raise up his pajama shirt, gently slide the TempTraq Patch under his armpit, and bring out your phone. Ninja Mom!
Then, of course, comes your greatest challenge: getting back to the hall without treading on Legos, slipping on trucks, or stepping on squeaky stuffed animals.


Enjoy delicious, home made ice pops all year round with this plastic ice pop maker! Add fruit juice and freeze for a healthy alternative to popsicles! Case contains 32 eight-packs. Case buy only. Save Money! Buy for a group or your extended family. Allow 14 days for shipment from warehouse. Delivery time to your destination is defined by the shipper according to the delivery option you selected. All shipments are by individual case. If you order a multiple number of cases they may not all arrive on the same day.


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Plesiosaur~ ~ Memorial
By postrockcafe / March 25, 2014 / Rock, Post-Rock, Folk & Jazz / One comment
For those who are wondering, that's not a typo. Plesiosaur~ is as much in love with the tilde as we are. This particular punctuation mark also implies the form of a plesiosaur ~ long, graceful and undulating, a fair way to describe this music as well.
Memorial may come as a surprise to Tonesucker fans, since Steven Elsey's solo effort is more expansive than abrasive. The album, comprised of three extended tracks, is an homage to Steven's father. These tracks collect improvisations recorded over an 18-month period, and reflect the state of hearts in grief. The track titles may refer to the period of intense mourning, but the full album tackles a much longer period. (Stateside readers: in this context, the word "wake" refers to the gathering after a funeral, not the viewing before.)
"Death" begins in numbness, akin to the first stage of grief. Extended tones grow gradually in stature like slowly-returning emotions. A slow, measured breath contributes a melancholy tinge. When the bass finally enters in the twelfth minute, the news sinks in. The depths of emotion are about to be breached. Thick guitar drones seep into the sonic field a couple minutes later like unwanted regrets. And then the bells ~ are last rites being administered, or is an angel getting its wings?
"Funeral" begins with a garbled transmission: "for I am still … once again …". A Scripture reading? EVP? Just as one fears the funeral section will descend into morbidity, the drones recede, revealing a lovely swath of choral melody. A funeral is a mix of emotions, light and dark, and Ramsey captures them well. The center section grows more active as drone turns to post-rock, a repeating guitar line joined by a low-toned, wordless choir. At 11:08. sludge turns to cacophony, and the entire project shifts to the metal realm. Some will hear anger, others grandeur; the character of mourning lies in the heart of the mourner. The bass repeats the choral notes as guitars swirl around the morass like angels and devils battling for a soul. Now that's what I call funeral music!
The voice returns in "Wake", which sounds less like a party than a slow-burning fire. Death can leave a gaping hole, and there's no telling what might rush in to fill the vacuum. In this case, it seems that the rage must run its course. Again, the interpretation is left to the listener: is this the rage against the dying of the night, or the anger stage of grief? Whatever one's interpretation, this album does not go gentle into that good night. Thanks to its willingness to plumb the depths of grief, Memorial sounds authentic, albeit at times uncomfortable: too close to home or just right.
Not all is dark. Intentional or not, the art contains a hint of hope: two versions are offered, pink and blue, like the colors of a newborn's crib. In the midst of death, we are in life. (Richard Allen)
Tags: Four Fins, Onoma, Plesiosaur, Richard Allen, Steven Elsey, Tonesucker
Pingback: REVIEW of 'Memorial' by Richard Allen of A Closer Listen | plesiosaur~

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
An introduction to Pro-Poker Legislation coming up
April 29, 2021 game by Alicia Woods
The poker community has been told that the congressional action regarding the reversal of the UIGEA (Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act) will happen very soon. This has been confirmed by both Congressmen Barney Frank and Jim Mc Dermott when they spoke about introducing the bills. On top of that, this week, showed in a clearer way how soon this action will take place.
Chief of staff for Congressman Jim McDermott (D-WA) Mike DeCesare, told Card Player earlier on his week: "I expect that we will introduce the legislation in 2-3 weeks. Like last session, we will introduce after [Congressman Barney Frank's legislation]".
Having fought for the taxation and regulation of online poker in the past, McDermott is best remembered in the H.R. 6501 bill he introduced last year. This bill was meant to use the income from the regulation of Internet gambling onto new opportunities and job training for past foster care part-takers.
Also at the heart of the fight for online poker is Frank (D-MA). Having previously introduced the Internet Gambling Regulation and Enforcement Act of 2007, this bill also never made it to the House floor for the vote. In fact, this would have revoked the UIGEA.
An assistant for Congressman Barney Frank (D-MA) spoke to Reuters last month about how the online poker players and fans could wait and see changes very soon. A spokesman said in February, "The bill introduction should happen in the next month," "Mr. Frank will bring back legislation to repeal the UIGEA."
During the SAFE Port Act in 2006, the UIGEA was passed as a last-minute attachment. The legislation does not criminalize the playing of online poker nenektogel in the United States, but it severely looks down on the industry because it makes it illegal for credit-card companies, payment processors, such as PayPal and the banks to make transfers of funds from such customers to the online casinos, and vice versa.
2005 saw the founding of The Poker Players Alliance, which is out there to protect the rights of poker players. This non-profit organization has been particularly pro-active in the past months in its dispute against the UIGEA. Last January, the PPA Chairman Alfonse D'Amato forwarded the case for a regulation in an article for the Congressional magazine Roll Call, and he called in with Card Player last month to discuss further the PPA's future.
Greg Raymer, former World Champ and a patent lawyer as well as member of the PPA Board of Directors, was also involved in this political trail defending the game. Raymer attended the Conservative Political Action Conference during the end of February on behalf of the PPA, and since then he has been seen on Fox Business News to explain why he and most people are pro the regulation of online poker.
nenektogel
BERMAIN JUDI CAPSA SUSUN ONLINE DI SITUS YANG PALING TERPERCAYA DI ASIA
April 27, 2021 game
FacebookTwitter Indonesia merupakan salah satu dari beberapa negara di dunia yang melarang adanya perjudian. Untuk itulah maka para penikmat judi di Indonesia tidak bisa mainkan judi dengan lebih bebas dan juga leluasa. Namun semuanya sudah menjadi masa lalu. Adalah karena adanya sistem judi online. Dengan adanya sistem judi online ini maka kalian para pemain […]
Why people prefer online sports betting platforms over offline one
February 26, 2021 game
FacebookTwitterBetting brings immense joy in individual life as it reduces stress and anxiety revolving around the head, whether it is online or offline. Online sports betting platforms are rapidly rising due to the accessibility of the internet, and there are several online gambling platforms over offline gambling platforms. However, online betting platforms still stand firm […]
10 Of The Perfect Android Casino Apps In Sweden Gambling
November 13, 2020 game
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One Las Vegas bettor must have eaten his Lucky Charms last Saturday.
According to Vegas Insider, one bettor wagered $2,000 that Texas State would beat Houston last weekend. Not only were the Bobcats playing their first Division-I game, they were 34.5-point underdogs. The Cougars were such huge favorites that few sports books even offered a line on the game.
Nevertheless, this extremely lucky and/or unbelievably savvy person bet that Texas State would outright beat Houston at 60/1 odds. And after the Bobcats finished off their 30-13 victory, this bettor was $120,000 richer.
Pregame.com notes that Texas State was the first team to go into a game as at least 34-point underdogs and win by double digits. Someone tell that bettor to buy a lottery ticket.


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2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee Earns IIHS Top Safety Pick
The 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee off-roader has won the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's (IIHS) Top Safety Pick award in the Institute's latest round of testing. To qualify, a vehicle must earn the highest rating of "good" in the institute's front, side, and rear tests and also be fitted with electronic stability control.
Not surprisingly the new Jeep Grand Cherokee has more than 45 different safety and security systems, including Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Electronic Roll Mitigation, Active Head Restraints, Adaptive Cruise Control, Forward Collision Warning and a Blind-Spot/Rear Cross-path detection system.
In the end it received a "good" rating in all three of the IIHS's crash tests, including side impact, offset frontal and rear impact seat tests.
The institute's frontal crashworthiness evaluations are based on results of 40 mph frontal offset crash tests. Each vehicle's overall evaluation is based on measurements of intrusion into the occupant compartment, injury measures recorded on a dummy in the driver seat, and analysis of slow-motion film to assess how well the restraint system controlled dummy movement during the test.
Side evaluations are based on performance in a crash test in which the side of a vehicle is struck by a barrier moving at 31 mph--the barrier representing the front end of a pickup or SUV. Rear crash protection, meanwhile, is rated using a test that simulates a collision in which a stationary vehicle is struck in the rear at 20 mph.
As a sign of Chrysler's improved safety credentials, the 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee joins the 2010 Dodge Journey, 2010 Dodge Avenger, 2010 Chrysler Sebring, and the 2010 Jeep Patriot (equipped with available seat mounted air bag) as 2010 Top Safety Picks.
[Jeep]
2011 Car Safety crash tests IIHS Jeep Grand Cherokee News Jeep News News SUVs
Saleen Unleashes S302 Package For The 2011 Ford Mustang GT
Video: 2012 Lexus LFA Shatters Glass With Exhaust Note
Saleen To Stop Building Mustangs
Aston Martin V12 Vantage Priced From $179,995
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2021 Mini Countryman spy shots Spy Shots January 29, 2020


text:
28 Pa.B. 18
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY BOARD
[25 PA. CODE CH. 103]
[28 Pa.B. 18]
The Environmental Quality Board (Board) by this order amends Chapter 103 (relating to financial assistance). The amendments include revisions to delete provisions related to the Federal Clean Water Act Title II construction grants program, retain the sewage project priority rating system used in the Federal Clean Water Act Title VI sewage construction loan program, delete text related to an obsolete design grant program and add language to allow use of a small amount of remaining Land and Water Conservation and Reclamation Act (act) (32 P. S. §§ 5101--5121) funds for a grant to one or more economically depressed communities.
The amendments were adopted by the Board at its meeting of October 21, 1997.
A. Effective Date
These amendments will go into effect upon publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin as final rulemaking.
B. Contact Persons
For further information contact Peter T. Slack, Chief, Division of Municipal Financial Assistance, Bureau of Water Supply Management, P. O. Box 8466, 11th Floor, Rachel Carson State Office Building, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8466, (717) 787-3481, or Pamela E. Bishop, Assistant Counsel, Bureau of Regulatory Counsel, P. O. Box 8464, 9th Floor, Rachel Carson State Office Building, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8464, (717) 787-7060. Persons with a disability may use the AT&T Relay Service by calling (800) 654-5984 (TDD users) or (800) 654-5988 (voice users). This rulemaking is available electronically through the Department of Environmental Protection's (Department) Web site (http://www.dep.state.pa.us).
C. Statutory Authority
The final rulemaking is being made under the authority of The Clean Streams Law (35 P. S. §§ 691.1--691.1001); and section 16(2) of the act (32 P. S. § 5116(2)) which authorize the Board to promulgate rules and regulations relating to the awarding of construction grants for sewage facilities to political subdivisions and municipal authorities. The final-form regulations are also adopted under the authority of section 1920-A of The Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P. S. § 510-20).
D. Background and Summary
Over the past 2 years, the Department has been conducting an overall review of its existing regulations through its Regulatory Basics Initiative as outlined at 25 Pa.B. 3343 (August 19, 1995). This initiative was designed to clarify and update regulatory requirements along with the goal of adopting environmental regulations that are no more stringent than Federal rules unless there is a compelling need for more stringent rules. In 1996, Governor Ridge issued Executive Order 1996-1 which directed executive agencies to conduct a similar review of existing regulations. This final rulemaking is one of a number of rulemakings resulting from these initiatives.
The revisions to Chapter 103, Subchapter A (relating to clean water state revolving fund project priority list ratings) delete provisions related to the Federal Clean Water Act Title II sewage treatment construction grants program. Almost all projects that received a Title II grant award for the construction of sewage treatment or conveyance facilities are nearing construction completion, and the last one will be under construction soon. These regulations are no longer needed to administer the Title II grant program. The sewage construction project priority rating system is being retained as it will continue in use for establishing project priority ratings for projects in the Clean Water Act Title VI loan program. The Federal Title VI loan program replaced the Title II grant program and is jointly administered by the Department and the Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority (PENNVEST).
The revisions to Chapter 103, Subchapter D (relating to State grants for construction of sewage facilities) delete provisions related to a State design grant program and a supplemental construction grant program. The design grant program provided funds to communities that had completed plans and specifications for a sewage treatment facility, but did not receive a Federal grant for construction of the facility. The supplemental grant program awarded a 5% grant to economically depressed communities that had received a 75% Federal construction grant. Eligible communities were identified and design and supplemental construction grants have been awarded and paid. A small amount of money remains available, and the Department proposes to award grants to one or more economically depressed communities to assist with the cost of construction of needed sewage treatment facilities. The source of these funds is the bond issue moneys made available and intended as aid to political subdivisions for the construction of sewage facilities. The $155,000 available cannot be awarded under the existing regulations, and these revised regulations will allow award of these funds as grants to one or more economically depressed communities.
E. Summary of Comments and Responses on the Proposed Rulemaking
The only comments received were from the Independent Regulatory Review Commission (IRRC). Comments received on the revisions to Subchapter A suggested a change to the definition for the ''Water Pollution Control Revolving Fund.'' Subsequent to publishing the proposed Subchapter A revisions for public comment, the name of the fund was changed to the ''Clean Water State Revolving Fund.'' IRRC comment suggested the regulations should be changed to clarify that PENNVEST administers the ''fund.'' Both PENNVEST and this Department share administration of the Title VI program. Also, the definitions section was revised to make the definitions of ''project priority list'' and ''intended use plan'' consistent with the definitions used in the PENNVEST program regulations in § 965.1.
Although no comments were received on this portion of the proposed amendments, upon further consideration, the language has been amended in the final-form regulations in § 103.5(c) (relating to preparation of project lists) to clarify the relationship of the project priority rating factors to the PENNVEST project evaluation procedure.
The comments received on the revisions to Subchapter D suggest that the Board consider retaining the definitions, clarifying the provisions to state clearly that potential grant recipients must meet both of the eligibility criteria delineated in § 103.82 (relating to eligibility) and adding a sunset repealer provision at the end of these regulations. The definitions section of these regulations does not apply to the proposed changes to these regulations. The Board elected to forego adding a new definitions section given the limited amount of money available and that only one or several grants will be awarded at this time. A change was made to the final-form regulations to indicate that potential grant recipients must meet all criteria to be considered for a grant award. The suggestion for a sunset repealer action in the regulations is a good suggestion. However, there is a possibility the Department may receive funds for State grant awards in the future and these regulations may be used for grant awards for financially distressed communities at a later time.
F. Benefits, Costs and Compliance
Executive Order 1996-1 requires a cost/benefit analysis of the final-form regulations.
The final-form regulations are intended to clarify the relationship of Subchapter A to the Federal Title VI loan program, and Subchapter D will allow award of approximately $155,000 of act bond issue funds to one or more communities to assist with construction of sewage treatment facilities. There are no costs associated with the final revisions to Chapter 103, Subchapters A and D. The Department expects to identify at least one or more economically depressed communities that meet the eligibility criteria and award grants, as appropriate.
Compliance Costs
There are no existing or new compliance costs to be created by these revisions.
Compliance Assistance Plan
The Department plans to encourage recipients of any of the act bond issue funds to abate water pollution occurring within its political boundaries. Recipients will use the funds to comply with applicable environmental requirements.
Paperwork Requirements
There are no new forms to be created or revisions to existing forms or other paperwork requirements relating to these final-form regulations.
G. Sunset Review
These final-form regulations will be reviewed in accordance with the sunset review schedule published by the Department to determine whether the regulations effectively fulfill the goals for which they were intended.
H. Regulatory Review
Under section 5(a) of the Regulatory Review Act (71 P. S. § 745.5(a)), on March 18, 1997, the Board submitted a copy of the proposed amendment to IRRC and the Chairpersons of the Senate and House Environmental Resources and Energy Committees. In compliance with section 5(b.1) of the Regulatory Review Act, the Board also provided IRRC and the Committees with copies of the comments as well as other documentation.
In preparing these final-form regulations, the Board has considered the comments received from IRRC. These comments are addressed in the comment and response document and Section E of this Preamble. The Committees did not provide comments on the proposed rulemaking, nor were there any comments received from the public.
These final-form regulations were deemed approved by the House and Senate Environmental Resources and Energy Committee on November 25, 1997. IRRC met on December 11, 1997, and approved the final-form regulations in accordance with section 5(c) of the Regulatory Review Act.
I. Findings
The Board finds that:
(1) Public notice of proposed rulemaking was given under sections 201 and 202 of the act of July 31, 1968 (P. L. 769, No. 240) (45 P. S. §§ 1201 and 1202) and regulations promulgated thereunder at 1 Pa. Code §§ 7.1 and 7.2.
(2) A public comment period was provided as required by law and all comments were considered.
(3) These final-form regulations do not enlarge the purpose of the proposal published at 27 Pa.B. 1553 (March 29, 1997).
(4) These final-form regulations are necessary and appropriate for administration and enforcement of the authorizing acts identified in Section C of this Preamble.
J. Order
The Board, acting under the authorizing statutes, orders that:
(a) The regulations of the Department, 25 Pa. Code Chapter 103, are amended by amending §§ 103.8, 103.11, 103.83 and 103.84 and by deleting §§ 103.2, 103.4, 103.13, 103.14, 103.71--103.76 to read as set forth at 27 Pa.B. 1553; and by amending §§ 103.1, 103.5, 103.6, 103.12 and 103.82 to read as set forth in Annex A, with ellipses referring to the existing text of the regulations.
(b) The Chairperson of the Board shall submit this order, 27 Pa.B. 1553 and Annex A to the Office of General Counsel and the Office of Attorney General for review and approval as to legality and form, as required by law.
(c) The Chairperson shall submit this order, 27 Pa.B. 1553 and Annex A to IRRC and the Senate and House Environmental Resources and Energy Committees, as required by the Regulatory Review Act.
(d) The Chairperson of the Board shall certify this order and Annex A and deposit them with the Legislative Reference Bureau as required by law.
(e) This order shall take effect immediately upon publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin.
JAMES M. SEIF,
(Editor's Note: For the text of the order of the Independent Regulatory Review Commission relating to this document, see 27 Pa.B. 6878 (December 27, 1997).)
Fiscal Note: Fiscal Note 7-311 remains valid for the final adoption of the subject regulations.
TITLE 25. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
PART I. DEPARTMENT OF
Subpart C. PROTECTION OF
ARTICLE II. WATER RESOURCES
CHAPTER 103. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
Subchapter A. CLEAN WATER STATE REVOLVING FUND PROJECTS PRIORITY LIST RATINGS
CLEAN WATER STATE REVOLVING FUND
§ 103.1. Definitions.
The following words and terms, when used in this subchapter, have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:
CWSRF--Clean Water State Revolving Fund--A fund administered by the Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority (PENNVEST) that provides low-interest loan funds to borrowers for the construction of facilities.
Facilities--Any device or system for the storage, treatment, recycling and reclamation of municipal sewage, domestic sewage or liquid industrial wastes or necessary to recycle or reuse water at the most economical cost over the useful life of the works. The term includes intercepting sewers, outfall sewers, sewage collection systems, individual systems, pumping, power and other equipment and their appurtenances; extensions, improvements, remodeling, additions and alterations thereof; elements essential to provide a reliable recycled supply such as standby treatment units and clear well facilities; and any works, including site acquisition of the land that will be an integral part of the treatment process or is used for ultimate disposal of residues resulting from the treatment, including land for composting sludge and temporary storage of the compost and land used for the storage of treated wastewater in land treatment systems before land application; or another method or system for preventing, abating, reducing, storing, treating, separating or disposing of municipal waste or industrial waste, including waste in combined stormwater and sanitary sewer systems.
Federal Act--The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C.A. §§ 1251--1387).
Intended use plan--A plan identifying the intended uses of the moneys in the Clean Water State Revolving Fund and describing how those uses support the goals of the fund.
NPDES--The National system for the issuance of permits under section 402 of the Federal Act including, any State or interstate program which has been approved by the EPA, in whole or in part, under section 402 of the Federal Act (33 U.S.C.A. § 1342).
Project equivalent population--The initial population equivalent which would be served by a project implemented for the rated area at the time that the area is rated.
Project priority list--The list of identified public sewerage project needs in this Commonwealth established under this subchapter.
Sewage facilities plan--A plan developed under the Pennsylvania Sewage Facilities Act (35 P. S. §§ 750.1--750.20) for the provision of adequate sewage facilities, adopted by municipal officials and approved by the Department.
Small municipality--A municipality having a population of 3,500 or less based on the most recent United States Bureau of Census figures.
§ 103.5. Preparation of project lists.
(a) The project priority ratings developed under this subchapter are water quality based assessments of sewage treatment needs. This priority rating system is mandated by section 216 of the Federal Act (33 U.S.C.A. § 1296) and has been approved by the EPA for ranking projects for the CWSRF project priority list and intended use plan. To be funded under the CWSRF, a project first shall appear on a project priority list and then an intended use plan list.
(b) The Department prepares project priority lists and assists PENNVEST with preparation of intended use plan lists required by Title VI of the Federal Act (33 U.S.C.A. §§ 1381--1387). These lists are prepared in conformance with 40 CFR Part 35, Subpart K (relating to State Water Pollution Control Revolving Fund) and submitted in support of annual CWSRF capitalization grant applications to the EPA.
(c) Once the Commonwealth receives its capitalization grant award, applications for funding are evaluated under the Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority Act (35 P. S. §§ 751.1--751.20) and the regulations thereunder in Part VII (relating to Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority,) including the wastewater evaluation criteria in § 963.8 (relating to wastewater project evaluation criteria). The water pollution control rating factors described in § 103.8 (relating to water pollution control) will be used by the Department in evaluating for PENNVEST the public health and safety and environmental impact criteria in the PENNVEST project evaluation process.
§ 103.6. Priority rating factors.
(a) Priority among eligible projects for the purpose of creating the project priority list shall be established according to the accumulation of points for each of the following rating factors weighted as shown:
(1) Water Pollution Control--80%
(2) Stream Segment Priority--10%
(3) Population Affected--10%
(b) A project's total priority points shall be the sum of the points assigned in each of the individual rating factors.
§ 103.12. Other considerations.
(a) If two or more projects receive the same number of total rating points, the relative rank of the projects on the project priority list will be based on points awarded under the water pollution control factor, the higher rank being assigned to that project with the higher water pollution control points. If, after this test, the projects remain tied, the factors of stream segment priority and then population affected shall be used to break ties.
(b) In the case of a regional project when the Department determines each portion of the regional project is essential to the integrity of the project, the Department will rank all portions of the project together as a single project and assign the same number of rating points to all portions of the regional project on the project priority list.
(c) Based on the findings and conclusions of the sewage facilities plan, the Department will consider the need to rerate projects for the purpose of ranking projects on the project priority list if the findings and conclusions of the sewage facilities plan significantly alter the definition of wastewater treatment need or the scope of the project.
STATE GRANTS FOR CONSTRUCTION
§ 103.82. Eligibility.
Projects which meet both of the following criteria are eligible for construction grants:
(1) The eligible costs of the project based on construction bids or actual construction and associated costs exceed the amount of grant funds made available from other State and Federal grant sources.
(2) The municipality to be served by the proposed project suffers from unusual financial hardship and State grant funds are available for the project. In evaluating the extent of financial hardship, the Department will consider the ratio of the median family income in the municipality to be initially served by the project to the State median family income and the annual sewer rental to be charged.


The Empire Theatre ca. 1895: Boasting three spires and fresh paint, the summer theater looks out on the intersection of High Street, Spring Street and Water Street. The statue of Rebecca was not erected until 1896.
They came ashore with the paraphernalia of their journey, looking to Block Island for respite and a bit of refreshment after the sea voyage. Their destination was the site of the Empire Theatre, where also perhaps, as a bonus to their main purpose, entertainment might be found meeting the quaint local people, so rooted on their isolated island.
These were not tourists with shopping bags and decorated T-shirts — these men carried muskets and swords. They were the empire — the British Empire — and they meant to preserve its mighty reign over the oceans of the earth. But first they needed to quench their thirst.
It was the War of 1812, and the new United States was fighting England for free use of the sea. Isolated Block Island could afford only to be neutral, and so British sailors often came to a tiny cove along the eastern shore to fill their water casks from a large shoreside pond. We call that spot Old Harbor.
In 1882, 70 years later at that site, during the midst of Old Harbor's frenetic building boom, the Empire Theatre was built as a roller-skating rink. By that time, the pond's edge had been eroded by the sea, and the remaining wetland filled in by islanders — although the stream that fed the pond still flows down between High Street and Spring Street, disappearing now in the swamp near their juncture.
For most of the past 111 years, the Empire has presided over the hub of Block Island, providing refreshment and entertainment for a new wave of usually neutral invaders.
But at the height of the island's recent popularity, the theater was inexplicably closed at the end of the 1986 season. It was a victim of Rhode Island's main product during the late 1980s: political, real estate and banking fraud. The space in newspapers formerly used for movie advertisements was replaced with photographs and stories of the theater's mainland owner, alleged to be one of the state's 10 worst offenders in the widespread scandal — the same developer who turned Peckham Farm, next to Rodman's Hollow, into a housing subdivision and enlarged the unobtrusive Cutting Cottages on Corn Neck Road.
During the next few years, several prospective purchasers of the Empire Theatre put forth plans to turn the site into a shopping mall, even an underground parking garage was proposed (with a large water pump, no doubt).
But — just as in a movie — Block Island experienced a real-life "Return Of The Empire" in 1992, when new owner Gary Pollard vowed to save the original building and reopen the theater. The new — or rather "newer" — padded seats still rest on the original hard pine floor, built with raised ramps along the side for skaters to roll back to their seats.
By the late 1880s, the building's owner — Block Island resident Cassius Clay Ball (1854-1925); known, understandably, as "C.C." to everyone — changed the rink to a summer theater, providing dancing classes, masquerade balls, and vaudevillian works until 1905 when the use reverted briefly to a roller-skating rink.
That nearly 100-year-old canvas banner — 30 feet of carefully hand-painted lettering proclaiming "2 hours FUN for 30 cts" — was found under the old stage by Gary Pollard during exploration of the theater's hidden areas, and now hangs inside on the wall opposite the movie screen. Other theater mementos — visible nourishment for the island's love affair with its past — are displayed in the enlarged lobby.
About 1910, movies were shown on a regular basis — during the great "silent era" — and the building was for the first time called the Empire Theatre.
The Empire persevered through the Roaring '20s, the Depression '30s (when movies were needed most), and the relaxed poverty of the '50s.
From the 1960s into the 1980s, under the able ownership of King Odell, shows were held twice nightly at 7 p.m. and 9 p.m., with titles remaining the same for two successive nights — except for Thursday, when the movies were one-night stands aimed at the younger kids. No one minded, in that age before video rental stores made reruns easy to see, that the movies were usually six months to a year old.
The frequently changing schedule plus the $1 ticket price (50 cents for children, dogs free) encouraged movie going without much thinking — just as it should be. If you didn't know what was playing, you went anyway, the expectancy of the event usually outweighing the reality of even the worst movie titles. In fact, the decision to go or not — for the youthful anyway — depended more upon who was in line along the sidewalk, or who could be enticed from the road as their car circled Water Street for the eighth time that night.


text:
import utils from "src/utils/Utils";
import Logger from "src/modules/Logger";

export default {

  /**
   * Split URL
   *
   * Code taken from:
   *   parseUri 1.2.2
   *   (c) Steven Levithan <stevenlevithan.com>
   *   MIT License
   *
   *
   * @param str {String} String to parse as URI
   * @param strict {Boolean} Whether to parse strictly by the rules
   * @return {Object} Map with parts of URI as properties
   */
  parseUri: function (str, strict) {

    var options = {
      key: ["source", "protocol", "authority", "userInfo", "user", "password", "host", "port", "relative", "path", "directory", "file", "query", "anchor"],
      q: {
        name: "queryKey",
        parser: /(?:^|&)([^&=]*)=?([^&]*)/g
      },
      parser: {
        strict: /^(?:([^:\/?#]+):)?(?:\/\/((?:(([^:@]*)(?::([^:@]*))?)?@)?([^:\/?#]*)(?::(\d*))?))?((((?:[^?#\/]*\/)*)([^?#]*))(?:\?([^#]*))?(?:#(.*))?)/,
        loose: /^(?:(?![^:@]+:[^:@\/]*@)([^:\/?#.]+):)?(?:\/\/)?((?:(([^:@]*)(?::([^:@]*))?)?@)?([^:\/?#]*)(?::(\d*))?)(((\/(?:[^?#](?![^?#\/]*\.[^?#\/.]+(?:[?#]|$)))*\/?)?([^?#\/]*))(?:\?([^#]*))?(?:#(.*))?)/
      }
    };

    var o = options,
      m = options.parser[strict ? "strict" : "loose"].exec(str),
      uri = {},
      i = 14;

    while (i--) {
      uri[o.key[i]] = m[i] || "";
    }
    uri[o.q.name] = {};
    uri[o.key[12]].replace(o.q.parser, function ($0, $1, $2) {
      if ($1) {
        uri[o.q.name][$1] = $2;
      }
    });

    return uri;
  },

  /**
   * Append string to query part of URL. Respects existing query.
   *
   * @param url {String} URL to append string to.
   * @param params {String} Parameters to append to URL.
   * @return {String} URL with string appended in query part.
   */
  appendParamsToUrl: function (url, params) {

    if (params === undefined) {
      return url;
    }

    var paramType = utils.getType(params);

    if (!((paramType == "String") || (paramType == "Object"))) {
      Logger.error("params must be either string or object");
    }

    if (paramType == "Object") {
      params = this.toParameter(params);
    }

    if (!params) {
      return url;
    }

    return url += (/\?/).test(url) ? "&" + params : "?" + params;
  },

  /**
   * Serializes an object to URI parameters (also known as query string).
   *
   * Escapes characters that have a special meaning in URIs as well as
   * umlauts. Uses the global function encodeURIComponent, see
   * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent
   *
   * Note: For URI parameters that are to be sent as
   * application/x-www-form-urlencoded (POST), spaces should be encoded
   * with "+".
   *
   * @param obj {Object}   Object to serialize.
   * @param post {Boolean} Whether spaces should be encoded with "+".
   * @return {String}      Serialized object. Safe to append to URIs or send as
   *                       URL encoded string.
   */
  toParameter: function (obj, post) {
    var key,
      parts = [];

    for (key in obj) {
      if (obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
        var value = obj[key];
        if (value instanceof Array) {
          for (var i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
            this.__toParameterPair(key, value[i], parts, post);
          }
        } else {
          this.__toParameterPair(key, value, parts, post);
        }
      }
    }

    return parts.join("&");
  },

  /**
   * Encodes key/value to URI safe string and pushes to given array.
   *
   * @param key {String} Key.
   * @param value {String} Value.
   * @param parts {Array} Array to push to.
   * @param post {Boolean} Whether spaces should be encoded with "+".
   */
  __toParameterPair: function (key, value, parts, post) {
    var encode = window.encodeURIComponent;
    if (post) {
      parts.push(encode(key).replace(/%20/g, "+") + "=" +
        encode(value).replace(/%20/g, "+"));
    } else {
      parts.push(encode(key) + "=" + encode(value));
    }
  },

  /**
   * Takes a relative URI and returns an absolute one.
   *
   * @param uri {String} relative URI
   * @return {String} absolute URI
   */
  getAbsolute: function (uri) {
    var div = document.createElement("div");
    div.innerHTML = '0';
    return div.firstChild.href;
  }

};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
'The strain of it all, I guess it just caught up with me': Man accused of killing family complained of nagging; drove around with bodies for days
Man accused of killing family complained of nagging
Fla. -- A Florida man is accused of killing his wife and their four kids, then driving around with the bodies for days.
Investigators believed the family was beaten to death and then dumped in Georgia.
Michael Jones is recorded in an audio interview with the Georgia Bureau of Investigations after his arrest. In it he describes a life of marital issues and money problems.
Jones' accuses his wife Casei of bombarding him with texts and being verbally abusive, reported WJXT.
"The strain of it all, I guess it just caught up with me," he said. "Between her and I, and support and stuff like that, as far as different family members and support whatever."
Much of the audio recording is muted, possibly because legally police can't release taped confessions.
But what you can hear is Jones describe in detail struggles in the marriage.
"It was just building up, building up, building up," Jones said. "Before I knew it, it was too much."
Then he even gives his feelings on being in police custody.
"Just, uh, relieved to be right here actually," Jones told police.
In a voicemail from Jones' ex-wife Sarah, who now lives in Jacksonville, she said it had been awhile since she saw Casei in person.
"It was really quick switchout, or rather visit with the kids, so I only can confirm I saw Michael, Sarah said. "But it's actually been awhile since I saw Casei in person. For what it's worth, a lot of drama comes along with her so I would be very surprised if this were not just some sort of stunt, if I may say so."
Investigators discovered the wife's body when Jones got into a car crash in September.
Authorities said he buried the bodies of the children on the side of a Georgia highway.
floridamurderhomicideu.s. & world
Suspect captured in killing of woman, 24, working at furniture store
Remembering ABC7 producer Anne Swaney 6 years after murder in Belize


I've had a number of projects on the boil of late… who am I kidding, my life is a long list of projects that I conjure up! One very enjoyable project was helping a local childcare centre "Little Peoples Early Learning Centre", where my boys attend, set up their veggie patch.
It was really lovely to have all the children so enthusiastic about gardening and wanting to help out. We donned hats and gloves and got to work adding lots of yummy goodness to the soil (compost and manure) and then the kids started burying the plants… literally. Luckily we had lots… not sure how many will survive the enthusiasm!
As you can see the space we had to work with was rather long and narrow, but perfect for little arms to reach for planting, and picking when the time comes! We put in a lovely winter crop of lettuce, peas, strawberries, chives, silverbeet, beetroot and carrots… with lots of marigolds for keeping the pests at bay and for lovely colour in the kids play ground.
'Little Peoples' cook their own meals on site, so hopefully the children will be able to pick part of their own lunch very soon. A most rewarding time, thank you Little Peoples!
Thanks Sarah… and they're still alive!!
Lovely! I know the veggie patch is a big hit at Cooper's centre along with potted colours in recycled paper pots. We have just done strawberry plants at home so hopefully the enthusiasm continues!
Brooke I'd love to see some pics of the recycled paper pots and your home strawberry plants…. as you can see from today's post… my strawberries met a sad end!


text:
Q: Name of third cumulant? The first cumulant is called the mean. The second is the variance.
Does the third cumulant have a name? The fourth?

A: The third and fourth cumulants do not have specific sames, but their standardised versions do.  The third and fourth standardised cumulants are given respectively by the skewness and the excess kurtosis:
$$\gamma = \frac{\mu_3}{\mu_2^{3/2}}
\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad
\kappa_* = \kappa - 3 = \frac{\mu_4}{\mu_2^2} - 3.$$
The skewness is a measure of the left or right skew in the data.  The kurtosis is a measure of the fatness of the tails of the distribution, and the "excess kurtosis" is the amount in excess of mesokurtosis (i.e., the amount in excess of a normal distribution).

A: The third cumulant is the third central moment, i.e. $\kappa_3=\mu_3=E[(X-E[X])^3]$. But, the fourth cumulant is not the fourth central moment. Specifically, it is the following:
$$\kappa_4=\mu_4-3\mu_2^2$$
where $\mu_i$ is the i-th central moment. I haven't seen it being referred as other than cumulant (on its own). Otherwise, it's worth noting @whuber's comment:

When standardized as $\kappa_4/\mu_2^2 = \mu_4/\mu_2^2-3$, it is called "excess kurtosis." A common name for the standardized third cumulant $\kappa_3/\mu_2^{3/2}$ is "skewness." – whuber

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
POWER PLAY. ANNA UDDENBERG
GOETHE'S GARDENS
VIRTUAL JOURNEY
Opening Times/Admission
ArtCard and ELLAH
Dancing Museums
Bundeskunsthalle
Research and Cooperation
Contact for Press
Gurlitt: Status Report
An Art Dealer in Nazi Germany
14 September 2018 to 7 January 2019, Gropius Bau, Berlin
News that the Bavarian Public Prosecutor's office had seized the art collection of Cornelius Gurlitt (1932–2014), caused a national and international sensation when it was made public in November 2013. The 1500 works the reclusive son of the art dealer Hildebrand Gurlitt (1895–1956) had inherited from his father raised suspicions: had they been looted by the Nazis before and during the Second World War?
To investigate these suspicions and to study the cache, the German government provided funding to establish an international team of experts, the Schwabing Art Trove Taskforce. Cornelius Gurlitt agreed to restitute any work identified as expropriated unlawfully. Thus far, four such works have been returned to the heirs of their rightful owners.
In the exhibition at the Gropius Bau, the Bundeskunsthalle Bonn and the Kunstmuseum Bern present some 200 works from the Gurlitt estate and a wide range of original documents and historical photographs. The exhibition traces the twists and turns of Hildebrand Gurlitt's career: from passionate champion of Modernism to participant in and beneficiary of the Aktion Entartete Kunst and, finally, ‒ despite a Jewish grandmother – to head buyer for Hitler's planned "Führer Museum" in Linz.
That notwithstanding, after the end of the war, he was able to resume his pre-war career as museum director without too much trouble. Complementing Gurlitt's ambiguous biography, the exhibition sheds light on the lives of some of his contemporaries, focusing on the fate of Jewish artists, collectors and art dealers who fell victim to the Nazi regime.
Spanning a wide range of eras and styles – from Dürer to Monet and from Cranach to Kirchner and Rodin – the exhibition presents works that have been hidden from public view for decades and provides an insight into the current state of the investigation of the Gurlitt trove. By tracing the provenance of each of the works on show, the exhibition also sheds light on the complex history of the individual objects. Many of them were seized as 'degenerate' from German museums in 1937, others may have been unlawfully expropriated from their owners. For a great number of works, the provenance is likely to remain unclear because conclusive documents are lost or because the dealers involved made sure to cover their tracks.
Read moreFewer
#Gurlitt | twitter | facebook | instagram
Photographing in this exhibition is not only allowed but desired. Share your photos on social media and use the official hashtags.
Official Audio-App
Available for free from the Apple Store or through Google Play
Conceptualisation and production of the audio guide and this app: www.linon.de
An exhibition organised by the Bundeskunsthalle and Kunstmuseum Bern
Rein Wolfs
Agnieszka Lulińska
Lukas Bächer
Members of the scientific working group of the exhibition
Andrea-Baresel-Brand
Head of Department Lost Art and Documentation
German Lost Art Foundation
Meike Hopp
Art historian and provenance researcher at the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte Munich
Birgit Schwarz
Art historian and provenance researcher at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg
Sven Bergmann
Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste
Project Provenienzrecherche Gurlitt
Patrons of the Exhibition
Minister of State Monika Grütters
Member of the German Bundestag and Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media, Federal Republic of Germany
Federal Councillor Alain Berset
Head of the Federal Department of Home Affairs (EDI), Switzerland
Show bibliography
Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Museumsmeile Bonn
Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 4
Mondays closed
Tuesdays and Wednesdays, 10 a.m.–9 p.m.
Thursdays–Sundays, 10 a.m.–7 p.m.
(including public holidays even those which fall on Mondays)
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