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Valuable Political Memorabilia at General Meeting July 6
June 7, 2017	 by 26th Dems	in 26th LD General Meeting
View and participate in an auction for these valuable political memorabilia at our next LD26 General Membership meeting on Thursday, July 6, 6:30 p.m.
George Robison presents these items from his personal collection:
Membership Meeting June 1: Speakers, Auction
May 27, 2017	 by 26th Dems	in 26th LD General Meeting
Come join us for our next General Membership Meeting on Thursday, June 1.
Doors open at 6:30 p.m. Enjoy dinner and good conversation!
Addressing us at our next meeting are the following:
South Kitsap Fire and Rescue Chief Steve Wright
Jay Rosapepe, candidate, Port Orchard City Council
John McCarthy, Port of Tacoma candidate
Nathan Schlicher on "Trumpcare"
We're making a few changes to our bylaws, for ratification at this meeting.
Don't miss the live auction of political memorabilia!
Click here for the AGENDA
DNC: We're Asking for Fair and Impartial Elections
May 20, 2017	 by 26th Dems	in Political Action Activity
Recently there has been concern about how the Democratic National Committee represents party members' will and considers party-members' votes. LD26 State Committeeman Drew Williams presented this resolution at our recent Executive Board meeting:
WHEREAS the right to vote is a fundamental right enshrined in the U.S. Constitution.
WHEREAS the recognition of integrity of the people's right to a fair and impartial election is an essential bulwark against tyranny as old as the Greek democracy and Roman republic.
WHEREAS the public expects those holding elections to conduct them impartially and evenhandedly and that the failure to do so breeds contempt and cynicism in the electorate and the party.
WHEREAS the Democratic National Committee (herein after the DNC) has, by virtue of its Charter and Bylaws, expressed its commitment to impartiality and fairness in the electoral process.
WHEREAS Debbie Wasserman Schultz and the DNC allegedly failed to conduct the 2016 primary in an evenhanded and impartial manner in violation of the DNC Bylaws and Article 5, Section 4 of the DNC Charter and were sued in a class action suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida Case 0:16-cv-61511-WJZ. Said class action suit alleges numerous instances wherein the DNC and Debbie Wasserman Schultz failed to conduct the democratic primary in an evenhanded and impartial manner in violation of the DNC Bylaws and Charter. The suit accuses the DNC of fraud, negligent misrepresentation, violation of DC Code section 28-3904, unjust enrichment, breach of fiduciary duty and negligence. Among other remedies the suit asks the court to enjoin the DNC to follow the Charter and Bylaws of the DNC.
WHEREAS in defense of said suit the DNC denied that it has an obligation to conduct the primary process in an evenhanded and impartial manner. The DNC called its own Bylaws and Charter unenforceable political promises.
WHEREAS the DNC defense attorney Bruce Spiva stated in said court that the impartiality clause is, "a discretionary rule that [the DNC] didn't need to adopt to begin with."
WHEREAS the DNC has placed its financial interests and desire to control the winner of the primary over the bedrock principles of conducting fair elections and enforcing its own rules.
WHEREAS the DNC has placed every state and local bylaw and charter as well as the delegate selection process in jeopardy by setting the example of calling its own Charter and Bylaws discretionary.
WHEREAS the DNC's continued refusal to acknowledge its obligation to provide an impartial and even handed primary deepens the disaffection of certain elements within the democratic party.
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED:
The Washington State Democratic Party hereby urges the DNC direct its attorneys to concede that its obligations stated in Article 5 Section 4 of the DNC Charter are enforceable and make a press release reaffirming its obligation to conduct an evenhanded and impartial election as determined by its Charter, Bylaws and applicable rules.
The Washington State Democratic Party demands a status report from the DNC in regard to this resolution within 90 days.
Auction: Valuable Political Memorabilia at General Meeting, July 6
May 20, 2017	 by 26th Dems	in 26th LD General Meeting Uncategorized
View and participate in an auction for these valuable political memorabilia at our next LD26 General Membership meeting. George Robison presents these items from his personal collection.
For information on attending the next LD26 meeting see the calendar entry.
Report: May General Membership Meeting
May 8, 2017	 by 26th Dems	in 26th LD General Meeting Local Leaders
Here are the minutes from our May 2017 General Membership meeting. These are some highlights:
Important words from guest speaker Leslie Daugs on local union-busting activity
Get the latest about "NO! on 1552" from guest speaker Lynn Goralsky.
Updates on candidates running for local office in our 26th LD
Upcoming events at which you can make a difference!
We unveiled our new poster for community events: LD26 Poster America Does Best


point of my position is that we don't have a free market!
Reply: I'm well-aware that markets aren't entirely free. But the deviations from the free market that Rod highlights wouldn't cause the problems he laments. Go to any micro textbook. Even a government-created monopolist still has a clear incentive to cut prices when its costs fall, and raise prices when its costs go up.
contract can potentially screw over the other. The point is that, given that context, the contracts are then skewed to favour one side.
Re-read Rod's original post. At minimum, it sounds like he thinks that shirking workers and delinquent tenants are barely worth mentioning. Still, I'll accept Rod's concession, then ask: Isn't there a connection between the "screwing" and the "skewing"? I say that's the heart of what's going on: Firms, landlords, and employers offer skewed contracts to make it harder for customers, tenants, and workers to screw them. And most customers, tenants, and workers happily accept these contracts because they sensibly prefer lower prices, lower rents, and higher wages to formal equality.
expected to pretend we haven't made them.
Frankly, the left-libertarian arguments to this effect that I've personally heard are so poorly reasoned I've seen no point in responding or reading further. But I respect Rod Long. If he wants to prove my blanket dismissal wrong, I'm happy to listen. My challenge for him: Tell me how tenant protection laws actually benefit the average landlord. But note: The mere existence of negative side effects for tenants is not enough to prove Rod's case. Neither does the mere existence of some landlords who benefit.
Tell me how tenant protection laws actually benefit the average landlord.
By creating a barrier for new landlords to enter the market.
It seems the fundamental issue is determining the net effect of the various government interventions. That is, do interventions benefit landlords and employers at the expense of tenants and workers? Or is it vice versa?
@Michael – or do the interventions create a deadweight loss so large that both sides suffer an expense?
Rod fails to add another example to his three: homebuyers with mortgages rarely get to write their mortgage contracts or even negotiate elements of them.
I am quite surprised that Rod Long's writing has garnered so much attention here. His thinking is so disconnected from market/legal reality as to be meaningless. Risk allocation in contracts is often the dominant issue affecting the consideration paid. To allow for negotiated (unskewed) contract writing in consumer/retail transactions – and the consequence custom risk valuation – would most certainly price the contracted service beyond the ability/desire of the market to pay. To require some governed "unskewed" (who decides those terms?) contract would have the same result. Whether they know it or not, we (the consumer) wants to be skewed.
These are adhesions and often neither party actually knows what they contain or if they are legal. This is especially true when the person offering the contract is merely a representative.
Before insisting that consumers prefer something, shouldn't we first establish that consumers are aware of its existence? Likewise, before we argue that the reason for the terms is to keep customers from "screwing" someone, shouldn't we first find out what the common contract terms are and whether they actually work to that effect?
The "shirking"/"screwing" stuff reminds me of a Soviet era joke: we pretend to work and they pretend to pay us.
Tenants have the benefit of the housing laws, while the landlord have virually no benefit in writing the lease. Housing court judges rarely care what is in the lease even if there is no conflict with the state's housing laws.
Jason, as a landlord, I still have to deal with the issues any new landlord has to deal with. There are no barriers of entry, unless you call actually owning a property a barrier.
BTW, does anyone else have a problem with 'left-libertarian'? The two groups seem to be mutually exclusive.
The summary: Long's argument makes sense if people see the kind of contracts he describes as inferior goods, which is a reasonable enough assumption because they are low-quality and it's possible to make higher-quality ones. We no doubt do have more recourse these days compared to an hundred years ago because we can afford it now.
To allow for negotiated (unskewed) contract writing in consumer/retail transactions – and the consequence custom risk valuation – would most certainly price the contracted service beyond the ability/desire of the market to pay.
Why are you treating "negotiated" and "unskewed" as equivalents? Make the relevant markets competitive and the standardised contracts will become unskewed pretty damn quick.
Indeed. Oligopsonistic labour markets have many of the same characteristics, albeit to a lesser degree, as a Soviet economy. Suppressing market competition crates incentival and informational perversities, for both managers and workers.


Discussion in 'Transportation' started by eng45ine, Aug 22, 2005.
to see if I can figure out how to attach images....this is a test and a test only!!!
I see it and it is good!!
Your test, like your images, work great.
Test OK - great picture!
And what if this had been an actual emergency?
If this was an actual emergency...reach up behind your ears and pull forward...be careful not to hit your head on the canopy!!!


text:
Q: How to count the occurrences of a string value row wise in a table I have a situation where i have a table containing some values where i have three columns which contains three names in every row ,now what my requirement is that, i have to count that occurrences of names in that table & repetition of occurrences will be treated as 1.And i have to show the occurrences in a  column  in comma(,) separated format like if occurrences is two then have to show like 1,1.This is my table structure and also i am posting what  format i want ,
This is the table i have,
id  name1  name2 name3
 1   A       A     B
 2   B       C     D
 3   A       A     A

Now what my requirement is that
 id name1 name2 name3  count
 1   A       A     B   1,1
 2   B       C     D   1,1,1
 3   A       A     A   1

How to achieve this ,somebody please help

A: Use a case:
select id, name1, name2, name3,
  case
    when name1 = name2 and name2 = name3 then '1'
    when name1 != name2 and name1 != name3 and name2 != name3 then '1,1,1'
    else '1,1' end count
from mytable

Note how the testing of cases when all same and all different first mean the else covers all other combinations that can result in 1,1.

If you just want the number of different values (as a numeric value - as per your comments):
select id, name1, name2, name3,
  case
    when name1 = name2 and name2 = name3 then 1
    when name1 != name2 and name1 != name3 and name2 != name3 then 3
    else 2 end count
from mytable

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Spiritual and Self help program | Are You Awake?
Are you awake? You don't know that, until you come out of your dream; the dream looks as real as your waking life till the time you are in it. What is real and what is not? Welcome to the bizarre world of human mind!
Our brain is said to be the seat of intellect, learning, reasoning, thought process (subjective and objective), logic, will power and many other attributes which are mostly manifested on the conscious level; let's not forget the unexplained mystical power which lies in the deeper layers of the sub-conscious mind and makes its presence felt in the form of intuition, visions, telepathy and paranormal behavior. Studies say that our brain retains images not only from our present lives but from our past lives as well, the snapshots of which sometimes get revealed to us in our dreams. Most of the times, we discard such dreams as meaningless, for the reason that the people and the locations we come across in our dreams, have (somehow) no nexus with our existing lives. A psychiatrist would probably relate it to our stressed and claustrophobic mind and would prescribe some stress buster exercises. How many of us do really know that our mind has the power to transcend the permissible limits of our consciousness and tread into the forbidden zone… our past life (or lives).
I always felt that the worst sarcasm of Nature was to strip off a human mind from the power of seeing the future and at the same time shutting the doors to all memories from the past lives; an ingenious way to hold a human mind in captivity of the present moment. Perhaps, that's the way it was meant to be. Imagine how much chaos it would have led to, if we had retained all the memories from our past lives; we would have possibly lived as disconnected and confused souls if we had not been blessed with starting over with a 'clean slate'. However, I am compelled to think sometimes, whether we are really given an opportunity to start with a clean slate, with no burden of past actions on our weary shoulders and no shadows of our misdeeds chasing us from our past. If that had been the case, then there would not have existed a word like 'retribution' or precisely, 'Nature's retribution'. Why do we say that we carry the burden of sins, committed by us in our past lives, until we compensate for them in our present lives? If that's the way it is, then we are definitely not born with a clean slate. If our misdeeds are not wiped off from our 'slate' then, so are not our memories from the past. Seems logical!
If nothing is lost in this universe, scientifically proven which is, then why do we shy away from the fact, that memories from the past exist and if we don't discard them as meaningless, they could remind us of some unfinished task or some barbaric act of ours which might have been the cause of misery to others? Who knows getting acquainted with our buried past may open new doors for us which may eventually help us to get reunited with our Higher Self. Isn't it worth? It might help us to learn from our past mistakes so that we could make our future better. So, friends if you ever had any such inkling in the past or if it's still continuing, don't discard it; use the power of your mind through meditation and open new vistas for your yearning and longing soul. Your search might just end. May be it's time!


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Véronique Besse, née le  à La Roche-sur-Yon, est une journaliste et femme politique française.

Élue municipale de Mouchamps en 1989, elle est maire de cette commune de 1995 à 2001. Parallèlement, sur la scène départementale, elle se faire élire conseillère générale dans le canton des Herbiers en 1998 et se voit être reconduite aux scrutins de 2004 et de 2011. Par ailleurs, à partir de 2001, elle est vice-présidente du conseil général de la Vendée, fonction qu'elle occupe jusqu'à la fin de son dernier mandat, en 2015.

Proche de Philippe de Villiers , elle lui succède en tant que députée en se faisant élire dans la quatrième circonscription de la Vendée en 2005. Réélue lors des législatives de 2007 et 2012, elle renonce à se présenter lors du scrutin de 2017 en raison de l'interdiction de cumul d'un mandat parlementaire avec un mandat exécutif local. En effet, désignée maire des Herbiers et présidente de la communauté de communes trois ans plus tôt, elle décide de se concentrer sur ses fonctions locales. Cependant, élue une nouvelle fois députée dans la même circonscription en 2022, elle démissionne de ses positions exécutives locales pour siéger au palais Bourbon.

Biographie

Formation et parcours professionnel
Véronique Besse est titulaire d'un DEUG de droit et diplômée de l'école de communication Sciences Com' où elle apprend le journalisme.

Elle est successivement journaliste pour la radio Alouette FM (1986-1990), chargée de mission au cabinet de Philippe de Villiers à la présidence du conseil général de la Vendée (1991-1994), assistante parlementaire de Bruno Retailleau (1994-1997), puis de Philippe de Villiers (1997-2004).

Engagements associatifs
Elle est membre de l'association du Puy du Fou depuis sa création en 1977. Impliquée dans les domaines du tourisme et de la santé, elle préside l'office de tourisme du pays des Herbiers de 1989 à 2014, le centre hospitalier Georges-Mazurelle jusqu'en 2014 et l'association départementale Audace (dépistage des cancers).

Parcours politique
Maire de la commune de Mouchamps de 1995 à 2001, Véronique Besse est élue députée de la  de la Vendée le , dans le cadre d'une élection partielle causée par le choix de Philippe de Villiers de quitter l'Assemblée nationale pour siéger au Parlement européen. À cette occasion, l'UMP lui apporte son soutien. En obtenant 70,8 % des suffrages, .

Députée sortante, elle se représente comme candidate unique de la « majorité présidentielle » (UMP, NC, MPF) dans la  de Vendée aux élections législatives de . Elle est élue dès le premier tour avec 60,9 % des voix. Son suppléant est alors Antoine Chéreau, maire (MPF) de Montaigu.

Conseillère générale de la Vendée, élue dans le canton des Herbiers depuis 1998, elle est réélue en mars 2011 avec 59,90 % des voix dès le premier tour, largement devant le radical Marcel Albert.

En 2012, elle est réélue députée au premier tour avec 57,04 % des suffrages exprimés. Elle est parmi les députés les mieux (ré)élus de France. Son suppléant est Jean-Pierre Lemaire, conseiller général (MPF) du canton de Pouzauges et ancien maire de La Meilleraie-Tillay.

Elle est la membre féminine de l'Assemblée nationale la mieux élue en 2007, elle conserve ce « titre » en 2012. Elle siège parmi les non inscrits.

Elle est candidate aux élections municipales de 2014 aux Herbiers. Le , sa liste l'emporte à l'issue du premier tour, avec 57,76 % des voix. Le , elle est élue maire lors de l'installation du conseil municipal.

En 2017, en raison de la loi sur le non-cumul des mandats, elle indique qu'elle ne sera pas candidate aux élections législatives, préférant se consacrer à son mandat de maire des Herbiers.

Elle se rapproche ensuite de Nicolas Dupont-Aignan dans la perspective d'une . En , elle participe à la « convention de la droite » et déclare à cette occasion qu'elle n'« [est] plus encartée » et que « le MPF n'existe plus ».

Prises de position
De  à , elle participe aux travaux de la commission spéciale de bioéthique. Le , elle fait partie des quatre-vingt députés qui demandent au ministre de l'Éducation nationale de retirer des manuels scolaires de biologie des éléments évoquant le  genre, au motif que « les personnes ne [seraient] plus définies comme hommes et femmes mais comme pratiquants de certaines formes de sexualités : homosexuels, hétérosexuels, bisexuels, transsexuels ». En , elle s'oppose à la hausse de TVA sur les entrées des parcs à thème. Elle lance un collectif parlementaire qui réunit une cinquantaine de députés. Le , elle s'oppose à l'ouverture du mariage et de l'adoption aux couples de personnes de même sexe.

Elle soutient le régime syrien dans le cadre de la guerre civile syrienne. Regrettant que la France n'ait plus de représentation diplomatique en Syrie, elle se rend à Damas en , aux côtés de Jean-Frédéric Poisson et Xavier Breton, pour rencontrer Bachar el-Assad. Elle déclare que « la France aide l'État islamique en fournissant des armes à des groupes soi-disant modérés proches d'Al-Qaïda, et donc proches de l'État islamique, comme al-Nosra ». Jugeant que « le choix est simple : c'est Bachar ou Daesh, et mon choix est fait », elle affirme que , que la Syrie est une « démocratie » et que .

Détail des mandats et fonctions

Mandats électifs
 Conseillère municipale des Herbiers (depuis le ).
 Députée, élue dans la quatrième circonscription de la Vendée (du  au  et depuis le ).
 Conseillère générale de la Vendée, élue dans le canton des Herbiers (du  au ).
 Conseillère municipale de Mouchamps (du  au ).

Mandats exécutifs
 Présidente du conseil communautaire de la communauté de communes du Pays-des-Herbiers (du  au ).
 Maire des Herbiers (du  au ).
 Vice-présidente du conseil général de la Vendée (de 2001 à 2015).
 Maire de Mouchamps (du  au ).

Résultats électoraux

Élections législatives

Élections cantonales

Élections municipales
Les résultats ci-dessous concernent uniquement les élections où Véronique Besse est tête de liste.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Portrait sur la Revue parlementaire

Personnalité du Mouvement pour la France
Femme politique française
Conseiller général de la Vendée
Président de communauté de communes
Naissance en août 1963
Naissance à La Roche-sur-Yon
Député de la Vendée
Député de la XIIe législature de la Ve République
Député de la XIIIe législature de la Ve République
Député de la XIVe législature de la Ve République
Député de la XVIe législature de la Ve République

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"Words are inadquate to describe the harm that has been done to those who have been abused by the clergy but I want to put on record my and my party's solidarity to the abused and commend them for their bravery in stepping forward to tell their story to the Commission.
"The fact that these crimes were perpetrated after 1996 by which time the Church was supposed to have had child protection measures in place in the wake of the Brendan Smith case demonstrates that the public repentance by the hierarchy cannot be taken at face value.
"Between the Murphy Report and the Cloyne Report it is clear that the Vatican was party to a criminal conspiracy to prevent the Irish authorities being informed in a timely fashion of reported cases of abuse.
"The refusal of the Papal Nuncio to respond to questions posed to them by the enquiry is a calculated snub not just to the authors of the report but to Irish society at large and the victims of abuse in particular.
"The Vatican is the ultimate seat of power for the Catholic Church internationally but also has the status of a nation state with the Papel Nuncio playing the role of ambassador in Ireland. I call on the Minister of Foreign Affairs Eamonn Gilmore to expel the Papal Nuncio as a minimal response to the belligerence of the Vatican who instructed the church locally not to inform the authorities of reports of abuse in the first instance.
On Wednesday 13 July, parents, teachers, special needs assistants, and pupils, will gather outside the Dail in a Day of Protest to demand a reversal of the devastating cutbacks that the government is standing over in primary education, particularly in relation to services for children with additional needs.
The protest action is coinciding with a discussion in the Dail around a motion initiated by TDs in the United Left Alliance and the independent TDs in the Technical Group demanding an end to this vicious attack on one of the most vulnerable sections of society.
4pm – Meeting to establish a national campaign committee, Buswells Hotel, Kildare Street, Dublin.
It is clear that Minister Quinn thought he could cynically cut across any opposition on this issue, by delaying the announcement of SNA resource cuts until the last week of the school term. How wrong he was!
Across all areas, groups are organising to demand justice on this issue.Important meetings have been held in every corner of the country under many different banners. It is absolutely crucial that these groups come together in united action to force a u-turn.
The 13 July can be an important date for this issue. On the one hand it is an opportunity to step up the pressure. There was already a determined protest of parents from schools in Wexford and Lucan outside the Dail in late June, and it is hoped that 13 July can serve to bring groups together for a major offensive on the issue in the autumn.
These cuts will have a seriously detrimental effect on the lives of children with special educational needs, their teachers, families, classmates and indeed society as a whole. Not to mind the SNAs who will lose their jobs.
The previous Government decided in December 2010 to cap the number of whole time equivalent posts at 10,575. At present there are 10,802 posts which is 227 over the cap to be reached by the end of 2011. While the Department is committed to meeting the cap figure of 10,575, the government is trying to create an illusion that the needs of all children will be met. This is patently untrue.
Already parents and teachers have been told of resources being axed. The role of the SNA has evolved to incorporate an educational remit, which was not previously envisaged. There is currently no alternative that would deliver the need for SNAs to deliver pedagogical support to children with special educational needs. Not only must the cap be lifted, but the numbers increased to take account of population growth.
Similarly the cuts in resource teaching hours and support for Travellers and children for whom English is not their first language must be reversed, along with the cuts in rural transport.
All of these issues will be debated in the Dail. It is a scandal that while children's futures are being traded in this way, the government plans to repay hundreds of millions in unsecured bonds at Anglo Irish Bank later in the year. This is not good enough.
It is hoped that a national campaign group can come together, to initially organise a major protest outside the Dail when school resumes, on Wednesday 14 September. Let the government take note – parents, teachers and SNAs will not rest until this injustice is reversed.


July 11, 2005 • The weekend release of Dark Water is the latest in a wave of Japanese horror movies to be remade for American audiences. The Ring and The Grudge are other examples, and at least a half-dozen other horror remakes from Asia are on the way.
July 1, 2005 • Grammy Award-winning R&B singer Luther Vandross has died at the age of 54. A hospital in New Jersey did not release the cause of death, but officials did say Vandross had never fully recovered from the stroke he suffered two years ago.
June 30, 2005 • Time magazine will hand over reporter Matthew Cooper's notes in response to a grand jury subpoena seeking to uncover a source who leaked a CIA operative's name. Cooper and New York Times reporter Judith Miller have been threatened with jail on contempt charges.
June 25, 2005 • Director George Romero unveils another installment in his series of B-movie zombie classics. At the world premiere of Land of the Dead in Pittsburgh, where Romero filmed most of his movies, fans sing his praises.
June 12, 2005 • The Japanese director won the Academy Award for Spirited Away. His latest animated work is Howl's Moving Castle. He and others talk about making serious films for audiences young and old.


Sebastien Bourdais qualified the No. 18 Team SealMaster – Dale Coyne Racing with Vasser-Sullivan car sixth for tomorrow's Kohler Grand Prix at Road America in Elkhart Lake, WI. Bourdais, who has a history of strong qualifying efforts on the picturesque 4.048-mile, 14-turn permanent road course, went out in group one in the first round and posted the sixth fastest lap of the 12 drivers in his group. He therefore advanced to round two where he struggled early but came on to place fourth putting him in the Firestone Fast Six, the final round of qualifying. In the last round, the team used a different strategy than the other five cars, running two stints while the others only ran one. Bourdais logged the sixth fastest time and will start the race on the third row.
Bourdais has qualified in the top-two four times with two poles, 2004 and 2007 and in the top-six five times in six attempts at Road America.


text:
LSU's Burrow, Auburn's Brown named AP SEC players of year
by: STEVE MEGARGEE, Associated Press
LSU quarterback Joe Burrow (9) looks to pass against Georgia during an NCAA college football game for the Southeastern Conference championship Saturday, Dec. 7, 2019, in Atlanta, Ga. (C.B. Schmelter/Chattanooga Times Free Press via AP)
LSU quarterback Joe Burrow is a unanimous selection as the offensive player of the year on The Associated Press All-Southeastern Conference football team.
The top-ranked Tigers also have the SEC's coach of the year in Ed Orgeron and the newcomer of the year in freshman cornerback Derek Stingley Jr., as selected by a 28-member media panel. The SEC defensive player of the year is Auburn tackle Derrick Brown.
Burrow, a leading Heisman Trophy candidate, was one of three players from LSU's high-powered offense to earn unanimous first-team all-SEC honors. The others were running back Clyde Edwards-Helaire and wide receiver Ja'Marr Chase.
LSU convincingly beat No. 5 Georgia 37-10 in the SEC championship game Saturday in Atlanta and has earned the No. 1 seed in the College Football Playoff. LSU (13-0) returns to Atlanta to face No. 4 Oklahoma (12-1) in a Dec. 28 Peach Bowl semifinal.
Burrow has completed 77.9% of his passes and is on pace to break the Football Bowl Subdivision single-season completion percentage record owned by Colt McCoy, who completed 76.7% of his attempts in 2008.
He has thrown for 4,715 yards and 48 touchdowns – both SEC single-season records – with only six interceptions. Burrow has helped LSU score 47.8 points per game, good for third place among all FBS teams.
"The best thing about Joe is he's a team player," Orgeron said after the SEC championship game. "All he wants to do is win this game. Individual awards are not high on his list."
Chase has caught 73 passes for 1,498 yards and 18 touchdowns, leading all FBS players in the latter two categories. Edwards-Helaire has rushed for 1,290 yards and 16 touchdowns.
Stingley, who is tied for second among all FBS players in passes defended, has six interceptions and 15 pass breakups. Brown has 50 overall tackles, 12 ½ tackles for loss and four sacks for No. 9 Auburn.
No. 9 Alabama had five first-team picks and 11 overall all-SEC selections to lead all teams in both categories. LSU had four first-team selections and 10 overall picks.
Alabama's first-team selections included cornerback Trevon Diggs, linebacker Anfernee Jennings, safety Xavier McKinney, wide receiver DeVonta Smith and offensive tackle Jedrick Wills Jr.
No player who earned first-team all-SEC honors last year was selected for the honor this year.
LSU safety Grant Delpit, Alabama wide receiver Jerry Jeudy, Texas A&M punter Braden Mann and Alabama quarterback Tua Tagovailoa were second-team selections this season after making the first team last year. Tagovailoa was the SEC offensive player of the year last season.
Brown, Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship and Georgia offensive tackle Andrew Thomas were second-team picks last year who moved up to the first team this season.
u-QB – Joe Burrow, LSU, 6-foot-4, 216, Sr., Athens, Ohio
u-RB – Clyde Edwards-Helaire, LSU, 5-8, 209, Jr., Baton Rouge, Louisiana
RB – Kylin Hill, Mississippi State, 5-11, 215, Jr., Columbus, Mississippi
T – Andrew Thomas, Georgia, 6-5, 320, Jr., Lithonia, Georgia
T – Jedrick Wills Jr., Alabama, 6-5, 320, Jr., Lexington, Kentucky
G – Trey Smith, Tennessee, 6-6, 325, Jr., Jackson, Tennessee
G – Logan Stenberg, Kentucky, 6-6, 322, Sr., Madison, Alabama
C – Drake Jackson, Kentucky, 6-2, 313, Jr., Versailles, Kentucky
TE – Kyle Pitts, Florida, 6-6, 239, Soph., Philadelphia
u-WR – Ja'Marr Chase, LSU, 6-1, 200, Soph., Harvey, Louisiana
WR – DeVonta Smith, Alabama, 6-1, 175, Jr., Amite, Louisiana
All-purpose – Lynn Bowden Jr., Kentucky, 6-1, 199, Jr., Youngstown, Ohio
K – Rodrigo Blankenship, Georgia, 6-1, 191, Sr., Marietta, Georgia
E – Marlon Davidson, Auburn, 6-3, 278, Sr., Greenville, Alabama
E – Jonathan Greenard, Florida, 6-3, 263, Gr., Hiram, Georgia
T – Derrick Brown, Auburn, 6-5, 318, Sr., Sugar Hill, Georgia
T – Jordan Elliott, Missouri, 6-4, 315, Jr., Missouri City, Texas
LB – Nick Bolton, Missouri, 6-0, 235, Soph., Frisco, Texas
LB – K.J. Britt, Auburn, 6-0, 236, Jr., Oxford, Alabama
LB – Anfernee Jennings, Alabama, 6-3, 259, Sr., Dadeville, Alabama
CB – Trevon Diggs, Alabama, 6-2, 207, Sr., Gaithersburg, Maryland
CB – Derek Stingley Jr., LSU, 6-1, 190, Fr., Baton Rouge, Louisiana
S – Xavier McKinney, Alabama, 6-1, 200, Jr., Roswell, Georgia
S – Nigel Warrior, Tennessee, 6-0, 190, Sr., College Park, Georgia
P – Max Duffy, Kentucky, 6-1, 186, Jr., Perth, Australia
QB – Tua Tagoailoa, Alabama, 6-1, 218, Jr., Ewa Beach, Hawaii
RB – Najee Harris, Alabama, 6-2, 230, Jr., Antioch, California
RB – D'Andre Swift, Georgia, 5-9, 215, Jr., Philadelphia
T – Alex Leatherwood, Alabama, 6-6, 310, Jr., Pensacola, Florida
T – Isaiah Wilson, Georgia, 6-7, 340, Soph., Brooklyn, New York
G – Landon Dickerson, Alabama, 6-6, 308, Jr., Hickory, North Carolina
G – Damien Lewis, LSU, 6-3, 322, Sr., Canton, Mississippi
C – Trey Hill, Georgia, 6-4, 330, Soph., Warner Robins, Georgia
TE – Jalen Wydermyer, Texas A&M, 6-5, 260, Fr., Dickinson, Texas
WR – Justin Jefferson, LSU, 6-3, 192, Jr., St. Rose, Louisiana
WR – Jerry Jeudy, Alabama, 6-1, 192, Jr., Deerfield Beach, Florida
All-purpose – Jaylen Waddle, Alabama, 5-10, 182, Soph., Houston
K – Cade York, LSU, 6-2, 189, Fr., McKinney, Texas
E – Chauncey Rivers, Mississippi State, 6-3, 275, Sr., Stone Mountain, Georgia
E – D.J. Wonnum, South Carolina, 6-5, 260, Sr., Stone Mountain, Georgia
T – Javon Kinlaw, South Carolina, 6-6, 310, Sr., Charleston, South Carolina
T – Justin Madubuike, Texas A&M, 6-3, 304, Jr., McKinney, Texas
LB – K'Lavon Chaisson, LSU, 6-4, 250, Soph., Houston
LB – De'Jon Harris, Arkansas, 6-0, 245, Sr., Harvey, Louisiana
x-LB – David Reese, Florida, 6-1, 239, Sr., Farmington, Michigan
x-LB – Monty Rice, Georgia, 6-1, 235, Jr., Huntsville, Alabama
x-CB – Israel Mukuamu, South Carolina, 6-4, 205, Soph., Bossier City, Louisiana
x-CB – Kristian Fulton, LSU, 6-0, 200, Sr., New Orleans
x-CB – Eric Stokes, Georgia, 6-1, 185, Soph., Covington, Georgia
S – Grant Delpit, LSU, 6-3, 203, Jr., Houston
S – Jeremiah Dinson, Auburn, 6-0, 191, Sr., Miami
P – Braden Mann, Texas A&M, 5-11, 195, Sr., Houston
u-Offensive Player of the Year – QB Joe Burrow, LSU
Defensive Player of the Year – DT Derrick Brown, Auburn
Newcomer of the Year – CB Derek Stingley Jr., LSU
Coach of the Year – Ed Orgeron, LSU
u-Unanimous selection
x-Ties
Follow Steve Megargee at https://twitter.com/stevemegargee

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Flora Botton Beja (born 1 March 1933) is a Mexican sinologist and gender studies scholar. She was born in Greece, but acquired Spanish nationality through her parents and naturalized as Mexican after her arrival in Mexico in 1949. She was a co-founder of the gender studies and a pioneer of Oriental studies programs at El Colegio de México. She was one of the first academics to focus on China in Mexico and Latin America. Her works have widely been influential in the region and she was one of the founders of the Asociación Latinoamericana de Estudios de Asia y África (Latin-American Association of Asian and African Studies).

Early life and education
Flora Botton was born on 1 March 1933 in Thessaloniki, Greece, to Spanish nationals, Sara Beja and Jaime Botton (Botón) Saporta, who dealt in the textile industry. Her family were part of the Sephardic Jewish diaspora. When she was seven, Thessaloniki became an occupied territory, first by Italy and then in 1941 by the Nazis. Assisted by friends, the family fled to Athens which was still under the control of Benito Mussolini's forces. In early 1944, the Nazis took over the occupation and in April, Flora's brother, parents, grandmother, aunts, uncles, and cousins were arrested in the middle of the night and transported to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. With the Allied Forces closing in, plans were made to transport prisoners to Austria. One week before the British liberation of the camp, three train loads carrying prisoners left the camp on 6, 7, and 9 April 1945. Close to five thousand evacuees in Botton's group were abandoned at Magdeburg where they were discovered by a Ninth United States Army soldier on patrol on 13 April. The Ninth Army had arrived in Magdeburg two days prior during the assault on the Ruhr pocket.

Cared for by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, the Botton family was evacuated in the summer of 1945 to Brussels, Belgium. After three months in a refugee camp, they were sent to Marseille, France, and continued on to Bari, Italy, finally arriving back in Athens in October. Jaime re-established his store, and Botton continued her education at the American School until 1949. That year at the end of the school term, the family moved to Mexico City, motivated by post-war tensions in Greece. Her paternal grandmother, Flor Saporta, after whom she was named, migrated with them. Botton completed her high schooling at the Colegios Garside, one of the first bilingual academies in Mexico. In 1950, she enrolled at Mexico City College, earning a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, cum laude, in 1952 and continuing her studies there, completing a master's degree (also cum laude) in 1953. Furthering her education, Botton moved to Paris and studied European history and Spanish literature for a year at the Sorbonne.

Career
In 1955, Botton returned to Mexico City and began her career teaching in a private finishing school. She was hired to teach philosophy at her alma mater in 1956. In 1964, she was accepted into the first 2-year master's degree program in Oriental studies at El Colegio de México (Colmex). Between 1966 and 1968, Botton studied at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London and then spent spent several months studying at the National Taiwan Normal University in Taipei. In 1969, she joined the Center for Asian and African Studies at Colmex. This was the first department in Latin America to focus on Chinese studies. Funded by UNESCO the program was initially taught by visiting scholars from around the world with the plan to replace the teaching staff with Mexicans once they were trained. Botton became the first Mexican sinologist to join the center. Between 1972 and 1974 she worked on her doctorate, studying modern and classical Chinese language, history, and culture at the University of Michigan.

Botton was one of the founding editors of Fem in 1976 and remained on the editorial board until 1990. That same year, she became one of the founders of the Asociación Latinoamericana de Estudios de Asia y África (Latin-American Association of Asian and African Studies). Between 1978 and 1980 she served as a cultural attaché at the Mexican Embassy in Beijing, China. She returned to Mexico in 1981 and served as the director of the journal  until 1987. Involved in the feminist movement, Botton founded, along with  and Elena Urrutia, the Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios de la Mujer (PIEM, Interdisciplinary Women's Studies Program) at Colmex in 1983, which at the time was not favorably considered by many academics in Mexico or Latin America. In 1991, she became the director of the Center for Asian and African Studies at Colmex, serving until 1997. In addition to teaching at Colmex, Botton, a naturalized Mexican, has been a visiting professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid, Harvard University, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore, and Renmin University of China in Beijing, among many others.

Awards and recognition
Botton is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (National System of Researchers). In 2012, a group of her students published China: estudios y ensayos en honor de Flora Botton Beja (China, Studies and Essays in Honor of Flora Botton Beja) in recognition of her influence over Sinology in Latin America. She was honored in Chile in 2016 for her work in founding the Asociación Latinoamericana de Estudios de Asia y África (Latin-American Association of Asian and African Studies). The 5th International Congress on Chinese Studies, hosted in March 2020, was held in her honor, recognizing her pioneering role in the field. In 2021, Arizpe, Botton, and Urrutia (posthumously) were recognized for their founding of the gender studies program at Colmex.

Selected works
Botton has extensively published varied works on China. Her preliminary works dealt with Chinese philosophy, but she moved into studies of history and then contemporary cultural and social issues.

Books
 (Second edition published in 2000.)

 (Second edition published in 2018.)

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1933 births
Living people
Holocaust survivors
Mexico City College alumni
University of Paris alumni
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
El Colegio de México alumni
Academic staff of El Colegio de México
Gender studies academics
Mexican ethnographers
Sinologists
Greek emigrants to Mexico
Jews from Thessaloniki
Mexican Jews


As its International weekend and you may be without a game to watch on Saturday afternoon, why not come to Wolgarston High School and watch our First Team kick off their season on the 3G pitch.
An historic weekend for Penkridge Juniors, in terms of the first competitive game on the 3g pitch, having an Adult side as part of the club and they will be the first team to be kicking off Penkridge Juniors 30th season.
They would welcome your support and below are fixtures for the rest of September, all at home.


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text:
Burn recidivism: a 10-year retrospective study characterizing patients with repeated burn injuries at a large tertiary referral burn center in the United States
Sarah L. Laughon1Email authorView ORCID ID profile,
Bradley N. Gaynes1,
Lori P. Chrisco2,
Samuel W. Jones2, 3,
Felicia N. Williams2, 3,
Bruce A. Cairns2, 3 and
Gary J. Gala1
Burns & Trauma20197:9
Psychiatric and substance use disorders are common among trauma and burn patients and are known risk factors for repeat episodes of trauma, known as trauma recidivism. The epidemiology of burn recidivism, specifically, has not been described. This study aimed to characterize cases of burn recidivism at a large US tertiary care burn center and compare burn recidivists (RCs) with non-recidivists (NRCs).
A 10-year retrospective descriptive cohort study of adult burn patients admitted to the North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center was conducted using data from an electronic burn registry and the medical record. Continuous variables were reported using medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). Chi-square and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare demographic, burn, and hospitalization characteristics between NRCs and RCs.
A total of 7134 burn patients were admitted, among which 51 (0.7%) were RCs and accounted for 129 (1.8%) admissions. Of the 51 RCs, 37 had two burn injuries each, totaling 74 admissions as a group, while the remaining 14 RCs had between three and eight burn injuries each, totaling 55 admissions as a group. Compared to NRCs, RCs were younger (median age 36 years vs. 42 years, p = 0.02) and more likely to be white (75% vs. 60%, p = 0.03), uninsured (45% vs. 30%, p = 0.02), have chemical burns (16% vs. 5%, p < 0.0001), and have burns that were ≤ 10% total body surface area (89% vs. 76%, p = 0.001). The mortality rate for RCs vs. NRCs did not differ (0% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.41). Psychiatric and substance use disorders were approximately five times greater among RCs compared to NRCs (75% vs. 15%, p < 0.001). Median total hospital charges per patient were nearly three times higher for RCs vs. NRCs ($85,736 vs. $32,023, p < 0.0001).
Distinct from trauma recidivism, burn recidivism is not associated with more severe injury or increased mortality. Similar to trauma recidivists, but to a greater extent, burn RCs have high rates of comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions that contribute to increased health care utilization and costs. Studies involving larger samples from multiple centers can further clarify whether these findings are generalizable to national burn and trauma populations.
Burn recidivism
Consult psychiatry
Repeat burn injury
Trauma, including injuries sustained from motor vehicle collisions (MVCs), falls, burns, gunshot wounds (GSWs), head injuries, stabbings, and more accounts for more years of life lost and disability among Americans than any other disease, including heart disease and cancer [1]. It is among the top three most costly health conditions in the United States, [2] highlighting trauma as a significant public health problem. Among trauma patients, those with psychiatric and/or substance use disorders have been found to require longer hospitalizations, accrue higher hospital costs, have increased rates of complications, and increased mortality when compared to trauma injured patients without psychiatric and/or substance use disorders [3, 4].
Although once considered to be an acute and random event, trauma is widely accepted as a chronic, recurrent, and often preventable condition [5, 6]. Repeat episodes of traumatic injury, known as trauma recidivism, have an average incidence rate of 20% [5, 7–13]. Recurrent injuries requiring medical treatment contribute to growing healthcare costs and increased mortality rates [11, 14, 15]. Consequently, investigators have sought to identify sociodemographic, clinical, and injury-specific patterns among trauma recidivists [12, 16–19] as a means to guide intervention and prevention strategies among this high-risk population. The risk factors most strongly associated with a primary traumatic injury—young age, male gender, lack of insurance, psychiatric disorders, and substance use disorders—are also associated with a primary burn injury [3, 4, 20, 21]. When a patient has comorbid psychiatric and/or substance use disorder, the rate of trauma recidivism has been found to increase two to threefold (40–60%) [5, 6, 22, 23]. Mechanisms of injuries found to be associated with recidivism include GSWs/stabbings [8, 16], falls [7, 23], assaults [16, 23, 24], and MVCs [8, 23]. Previous studies of trauma recidivism, however, generally exclude burn-injured patients [5, 8, 9, 12, 24]; when included, burn-injured patients account for less than 3% of the study population [7, 17, 23, 25]. This low incidence of burn-injured patients in trauma recidivism studies makes it difficult to characterize the patient with repeated burn injury. Given the heterogeneous nature of traumatic injury, the high rate of recurrence, shared risk factors between trauma and burn patients, and an opportunity for intervention, a thorough investigation into recurrent burn injuries is warranted.
We observed patients with repeat burn injuries at our institution. To the best of our knowledge, the phenomenon of burn recidivism, specifically, has not been described. Such a description could help clarify the frequency and costs of this type of recidivism, identify important risk factors for the development of burn recidivism, and guide future research in management and prevention strategies among this subset of burn-injured patients. Accordingly, this study aims to characterize cases of burn recidivism at the North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, a large tertiary care referral burn center in the southern region of the US, and compare burn recidivists (RCs) with non-recidivists (NRCs).
This study was conducted at the North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; a large tertiary referral burn center with over 1700 admissions in 2017. It is one of 66 verified burn centers in the US for adult and pediatric patients with burn injuries and adheres to the rigorous guidelines established by the American Burn Association (ABA) and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) [26].
Study design and patient population
The University of North Carolina Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this retrospective descriptive cohort study of all adult patients admitted to the North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center for treatment of a burn injury between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2015 (#15-3094). Patients were identified using the University of North Carolina burn registry, a large electronic database that contains demographic and clinical information on all patients admitted to the North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center from 1994 to present. Patients were excluded from the study if they were admitted for treatment of a cutaneous condition other than a burn, admitted for treatment complications related to a previous burn injury, less than 18 years old at the time of (all) admission(s), or admitted or discharged outside of the identified study period.
All identified patients admitted for a new burn injury were divided into two groups: RCs, defined as any patient admitted with two or more burn injuries, and NRCs, defined as any patient admitted for one burn injury during the identified study period (Fig. 1). The RC patients (n) were further divided into sub-groups based on the total number of new burn injuries (N). The RC2s sub-group included patients admitted for only two new burn injuries, RC3s for three burn injuries, RC4s for four, RC5s for five, RC7s for seven, and RC8s for eight burn injuries. The RC3 through RC8s patients were combined into a single group of RC ≥ 3s, defined as patients admitted with three or more burn injuries during the study period. The index burn was defined as the first burn injury a patient had during the identified study period. Thus, any burn injury that occurred before or after the study period was not included. Data was organized according to the number of burn injury admissions to ensure patients with multiple burn injuries were captured.
Stratification of all admitted burn patients (n) based on the number of burn injury admissions (N)
Variables of interest
Sociodemographic data included age, gender, race, ethnicity, and primary payer status. Clinical data included the percent total body surface area (TBSA) burned, etiology and characteristics of index and repeat burn(s), time between index and repeat burn(s), presence of inhalation injury, the revised Baux score [27], utilization of and days on mechanical ventilation (MV), utilization of and days in the intensive care unit (ICU), hospital length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, and mortality.
Additional key data, including blood alcohol level (BAL) and urine drug screen (UDS) at admission, was obtained from the electronic medical record (EMR). Any nonzero BAL, measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) was considered positive. A UDS with amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cannabinoid, cocaine, methadone, or opiates present was considered positive. We were not able to differentiate between positive UDS results that may have been iatrogenic, secondary to the administration of opiates for pain control and benzodiazepines for sedation. Nevertheless, we included all positive UDS results for analysis. The following were considered present if documented in the EMR or burn registry at any time during the study period: comorbid medical conditions, psychiatric disorders (divided into non-substance use and substance use disorders), and tobacco use disorder. A psychiatric consultation was considered to have occurred if it was documented during any admission for a burn injury.
All burn injury characteristics were categorized according to the ABA definitions [28]. Burn etiology was recorded for all admissions and categorized as fire/flame, scald, contact, chemical, electrical, and other/unknown. Burn circumstance was categorized as accident (non-work related or work-related), suspected assault/abuse, suspected self-inflicted, or other/unknown. Hospital costs included all hospital charges billed to the patient and/or the insurance company and did not include physician costs, which are billed separately and not captured in the burn registry.
Data was collected from the burn registry by burn registrar staff, including one of the authors (LC) and from the electronic medical record by one of the authors (SL) and then compiled into a secure spreadsheet. Continuous variables were reported using the median and interquartile ranges (IQR) with the 25th and 75th percentiles. Categorical variables and continuous variables were analyzed using chi-square and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, respectively, with significance levels set at 5% (p < 0.05). All analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Inc., Cary, NC).
Between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2015, a total of 7134 adult patients were hospitalized for a burn injury; 51 (0.7%) patients were identified as RCs, accounting for 1.8% (129/7212) of the total admissions and the remaining 7083 patients as NRCs (Fig. 1). Among all 129 admissions for burn injuries by RCs, 43% (55/129) of admissions were attributable to RC ≥ 3s and 57% (74/129) to RC2s. The median time between burn incidents was 10 months (IQR, 2.9–36.3). The hospital charges of all 51 RCs with 129 burn injury admissions totaled nearly 8 million dollars. There were no burn mortalities among RCs and few burn mortalities (0 vs 1.2%, p = 0.41) among NRCs.
Compared to NRCs, RCs were younger [median age 36 years (IQR 25–48) vs. 42 years (IQR 29–55), p = 0.02] and more likely to be white (75% vs 60%, p = 0.03), non-Hispanic (100% vs 91.5%, p = 0.03), and uninsured (45% vs 30%, p = 0.02). Standard sociodemographic measures of the RCs compared with the larger NRC group are detailed in Table 1.
Patient demographics based on the number of burn injury admissions to the North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, 2005–2015
Non-recidivist (NRC)
n = 7083
Recidivist (RC)
n = 51
RC2s
RC≥3
NRC vs. RC
Age, years, median (IQR)
39.5 (36–52)
5116 (72.2)
Race, n (%)
Othera
Ethnicity, n (%)
Non-hispanic
Primary payer, n (%)
Otherb
IQR interquartile range (25th–75th)
NRC, patients with only 1 burn injury admission
RC, all recidivists (RC2s + RC≥3)
RC2s, patients with exactly 2 burn injury admissions
RC≥ 3, patients with 3 or more burn injury admissions (range 3–8)
aOther includes American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
bOther includes workers' compensation, military, or other government-issued insurance
*p < 0.05
Burn injury characteristics
A pattern of smaller, less severe burns, with lower rates of inhalation injury, was noted among RCs compared to NRCs (Table 2). Of all burn injuries among RCs, nearly 90% (115/129) had burns ≤ 10% TBSA [median 2% (IQR, 1–4)] and 57% (73/129) were first or second-degree burn injuries. Chemical burns accounted for approximately three times more burns among RCs than NRCs and of the RCs with a chemical burn, 76% (16/21) were RC ≥ 3. In almost half [45% (23/51)] of RCs, the burn etiology and anatomical location of the burn injury were the same for at least two burn injuries, if not more. Burn injuries exclusively located on patients' extremities were common among RCs, with extremity burns alone accounting for 83% (107/129) of all RC burn injury admissions. Self-inflicted burn injuries were suspected in less than 1% (59/7083) of NRCs versus 21.7% (28/129) of RCs, p < 0.0001. During at least one, but sometimes numerous admission(s) for a burn injury among RC ≥ 3, there was suspicion for self-inflicted burn injury in 86% (12/14) of the group.
Burn characteristics and hospital service use of burn patients (n) based on the number of burn injury admissions (N) to the North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, 2005–2015
RC≥ 3
Burn injury admissions, N
Burn etiology, N (%)
0.0001*
Scald
< 0.0001*
Burn circumstance, N (%)
Accident, non-work
0.001*
Accident, work-related
Suspected self-inflicted
Suspected assault/abuse
Burn severity, N
TBSA, median (IQR)
≤ 10% TBSA, N (%)
Revised Baux, median (IQR)a
Inhalation injury present, N (%)
Outcome variables
LOS, days, median (IQR)
Required ICU, N (%)
ICU, days, median (IQR)
Required MV, N (%)
MV, days, median (IQR)
Mortality, n (%)
IQR interquartile range (25th–75th), TBSA total burn surface area, LOS length of stay, ICU intensive care unit, MV mechanical ventilation
RC, all recidivists (RC2s + RC≥ 3)
aRevised Baux score = age + % TBSA + 17 × (inhalation injury, 1 = yes, 0 = no)
Hospital service use characteristics
RCs compared to NRCs had similar lengths of hospitalizations [median 7 (IQR, 2–13) days; range 1–140 days vs 7 (IQR, 2–14) days; range 1–412 days], but lower rates of ICU (21% vs 33%, p = 0.005) and MV (8% vs 13%, p = 0.08) utilization (Table 2). Among RCs and NRCs requiring ICU level care and/or MV, the time utilizing each was similar across both groups. The total hospital charges for all 51 burn RCs with 129 admissions was $7,813,075. The median hospital charges per admission was similar for RCs ($30,882 per 129 admissions) and NRCs ($32,023 per 7083 admissions, p = 0.78). However, further analysis of hospital charges on a per patient basis revealed the median total hospital charge for each of the 51 RCs was $85,736 (IQR, $45,089–$149,602), nearly three times as much than the median total hospital charge for each of the 7083 NRCs of $30,882 (IQR, $87,123–$52,228), p = 0.0001.
Other key clinical data
Slightly more than half of all patients received a UDS (Table 3). Opioids were the most commonly detected substance in both groups though the overall percentage was higher among RCs compared to NRCs (82% vs 65.2%, p = 0.003). The following specific substances were detected in the UDS of RCs vs NRCs, respectively: cannabis (36% vs 26%, p = 0.056), benzodiazepines (37.5% vs 19.4%, p = 0.0001), and cocaine (15.3% vs 10.5%, p = 0.19). Furthermore, among all patients with a positive UDS, two or more substances were detected in 65.7% (44/67) of RCs compared with 44.9% (1341/2984) of NRCs, p = 0.0007. For those with a positive BAL, the mean BALs did not differ between RCs [145 mg/dL (± 134)] and NRCs [136 mg/dL (± 118)], p = 0.82.
Clinical key data of burn patients (n) based on the number of burn injury admissions (N) to the North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, 2005–2015
n = 7083 N = 7083
n = 51 N = 129
n = 37 N = 74
Psychiatric consult, n (%)
Alcohol and drug screening, N (%)
UDS obtained
UDS positivea
BAL obtained
BAL positiveb
Comorbidities, n (%)
Psychiatric disorder
UDS urine drug screen, BAL blood alcohol level
aPositive includes amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis, opiates, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates
bPositive includes any non-zero BAL
A comorbid psychiatric disorder was present in 75% (38/51) of RCs, five times more than in the NRC group, p < 0.0001 (Fig. 2). Among RCs with mental illness, 78.9% (30/38) had two or more psychiatric disorders. Trauma- and stressor-related disorders [posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or acute stress disorder (ASD)] and depressive disorders (major depressive disorder or unspecified depressive disorder) were the most common categories of psychiatric diagnoses among RCs, present in 47.4% (18/38) and 68.4% (26/38) of all RCs, respectively. Among NRCs with a psychiatric disorder, 28.9% (299/1034) had a depressive disorder and 21.6% (223/1034) had an anxiety disorder. PTSD and ASD accounted for just 6.7% (69/1034) of NRCs with a mental illness.
Psychiatric comorbidities among burn patients (n) based on the number of burn injury admissions (N)
Opioids were the most commonly abused substance among all RCs. Opioid use disorder accounted for more than 50% (29/51) of the substance use disorders in the RC group but was present in less than 1% (50/7083) of NRCs, p < 0.0001. Though substance use disorders were less common among NRCs compared to RCs, nearly 50% (426/881) of NRCs with a substance use disorder had an alcohol use disorder. The proportion of RC ≥ 3 and RC2s with cocaine (29% vs 32%, p = 0.84), cannabis (36% vs 46%, p = 0.52), and alcohol use disorder (42.9% vs 43.2%, p = 0.98) was similar. In contrast, more RC ≥ 3 than RC2s had opioid (79% vs 49%, p = 0.056) and benzodiazepine (43% vs 27%, p = 0.28) use disorder, respectively. Of the 16 RCs with benzodiazepine use disorder, all (16/16) had concurrent opioid use disorder. Furthermore, among the 92.9% (13/14) of RC ≥ 3 with a substance use disorder, all (13/13) had two or more substance use disorders.
All RC ≥ 3 (14/14) and the majority of RC2s (27/37) had at least two comorbid medical conditions with cardiovascular disease (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure), seizure disorder, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease being the most common. Chronic pain, considered distinct from other medical conditions in our study, was comorbid in 65% (33/51) of all RCs [79% (11/14) of RC ≥ 3 vs 59% (22/37) of RC2s]. Unfortunately, comparison data for these parameters was unavailable for the larger NRC group.
Nearly three decades of literature on trauma recidivism exists. To date, however, information on recidivism among patients injured by burns is limited. To our knowledge, burn recidivism specifically has not been previously identified or described in the trauma and burn literature. Our study introduces formative data about burn recidivism and its epidemiology. During the 10-year study period, the incidence of burn recidivism at our institution was approximately 1% and accounted for nearly 2% of all adult burn-injury admissions. Previous rates of trauma recidivism from any cause range from 0.4 to 45% [5–15, 18, 22–24, 29–31]; this variability in rates of recidivism reflects a significant heterogeneity among these studies' design, methodology, time frame, and population. Our rate of 1% is on the lower end of the range of recidivism described in the general trauma recidivism literature. This relatively low percentage rate may be explained by limiting the study sample to only admitted patients at a single burn center. RCs with burn injuries who presented to other institutions and/or other types of health care settings (e.g., emergency departments, outpatient clinics, and urgent care centers) would not have been captured under our study design. Thus, overall, this rate likely is an underrepresentation of the true incidence of burn recidivism.
Trauma recidivism has generally been associated with increased mortality, morbidity, healthcare utilization, and costs [5, 12, 13, 22, 29, 32–34]. Investigations of all-cause trauma recidivists have revealed mortality rates upwards of 7.5% [35]. Among penetrating trauma recidivists, one study found the likelihood of mortality increased twofold with each new penetrating trauma incident and the 5-year mortality rate was 20% [12]. In contrast to trauma recidivism, the mortality among all burn RCs in our study was zero. Furthermore, RCs had smaller burns and lower rates of inhalation injury compared to NRCs. In fact, there were no inhalation injuries or use of MV during any of the 55 burn injury admissions by RC ≥ 3. Not surprisingly, RCs were less likely to utilize the ICU and require MV, suggesting lower morbidity compared to NRCs. While we found burn RCs differed from trauma recidivists with regards to lower rates of mortality and morbidity, the cumulative effect from repeated hospitalizations among burn RCs at our institution resulted in increased healthcare utilization and costs, similar to data published on trauma recidivists. Individually, each of the 51 RCs had total median hospital charges of $85,736. These hospital charges are approximately three times those of the individual NRC median charge of $32,023, p < 0.0001. Our findings suggest the phenomenon of burn recidivism is contributing to increased healthcare expenditures.
Burn RCs, similar to trauma recidivists were more likely to be male, young, white, non-Hispanic, and uninsured (Table 1) when compared to NRCs. In addition, we found burn RCs had high rates of psychiatric and substance use disorders, known risk factors associated with trauma recidivism. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among trauma recidivists is estimated to range from 20 to 42% [8, 10, 11, 16, 20, 23, 36] and substance use disorders to be as high as 67% [5, 7–10]. In line with trauma recidivism, but to an even greater extent, our study revealed high prevalence rates of comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders among burn RCs (Fig. 2). Among RC ≥ 3, all (14/14) had a mental illness, 86% (12/14) had two or more psychiatric diagnoses, and 93% (13/14) had both psychiatric and substance use disorders. These findings highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to burn-injured patients, including the early involvement of a psychiatric consultant particularly when the patient has had a previous burn injury.
Self-inflicted injuries have been associated with trauma recidivism [34, 37, 38] and burn injuries [39–43]; generally, this population has significant psychiatric histories, with a high prevalence of personality, substance use, and psychotic disorders. In addition, high-risk behaviors and substance abuse, both associated with low-risk perception and high impulsivity, have been found to contribute to repeat injuries [44, 45]. While some repeated burn injuries among RCs, namely RC2s, occurred in the context of continued high-risk behaviors and/or untreated mental illness, a subset, particularly among RC ≥ 3 appeared to be strongly linked with aberrant drug-seeking behaviors. Among all burn recidivists, only 2% (1/51) endorsed self-inflicting a burn injury with the intention of causing death and/or disability. In contrast, 86% (12/14) of RC ≥ 3 were suspected of self-inflicting burn injuries despite reporting the circumstance surrounding the burn-injury as accidental; among these, 58% (7/12) were strongly suspected of being motivated by a desire for opioids and benzodiazepines. Indeed, since completion of this project's data collection in December 2015, we have observed 20 additional burn recidivists at our institution; nearly half of these RCs having at least one burn injury suspicious for being self-inflicted and motivated by a desire to receive opioids ± benzodiazepines. This type of deceptive intentionality strongly linked with the desire to obtain opioids and benzodiazepines appears unique among burn recidivists. Further research is needed to better understand this phenomenon of deceptive self-burning for opioids and benzodiazepines, particularly in light of the opioid epidemic.
There are limitations inherent of retrospective studies that are applicable to this study. Some of the elements obtained from the burn database were incomplete. We attempted to mitigate this limitation by individually reviewing each patients' EMR to verify and correct, when indicated, any element obtained by the registry; however, the size of the NRC group made this challenging. For instance, medical comorbidities, including chronic pain were not included in the burn registry until 2008 and were therefore unavailable for the large NRC group. As the presence of comorbidities have been found to be associated with increased burn mortality [46–48], specific details about the type and number of comorbid medical condition(s) among burn NRCs compared to burn RCs could help further characterize this population and also determine if there is variability among different types of recidivism. Additionally, information regarding marital, environmental, homeless, and employment status is limited in our registry; these variables have been associated with trauma recidivism in some studies [8, 10, 13, 16, 23, 49] and, if available, could expand our knowledge on burn recidivism. A psychiatric consultation was requested and provided among nearly 60% of RCs compared with less than 10% of NRCs. It is reasonable to wonder whether more psychiatric consults in the NRC group may have resulted in a higher prevalence of psychiatric and substance use disorders among the NRC group. Our study was limited to data from a single large, tertiary burn center that focused on burn injuries associated with hospitalization. This has implications regarding the generalizability of our findings and most likely highlights that the recidivism rate of nearly 1% is an underrepresentation of the true incidence of burn recidivism that would be obtained if a nationwide cohort were examined.
We hope that this study will raise awareness into the phenomenon of burn recidivism and serve as a platform for future research within the area of burn recidivism. Utilizing a national large-scale database that captures a diverse patient population, various geographic regions, and different types of medical encounters (e.g., visits to emergency departments, urgent care centers and physician offices), in addition to hospital admissions to both burn and non-burn centers, would expand our knowledge of burn recidivism and its true burden on society. Identifying patterns and characteristics of burn recidivists will allow providers to anticipate and intervene on those particular problems that contribute to burn recidivism, as well as implement appropriate treatment, and prevention measures. There is a growing body of evidence to support brief psychiatric and substance use interventions as effective in reducing the rate of recidivism and associated costs among trauma patients [50–54]. Similarly, interventions developed and aimed at targeting specific high-risk trauma recidivist populations have been implemented with some successful results [51, 55, 56]. A collaborative and multidisciplinary approach involving burn surgeons, general and trauma surgeons, emergency department physicians, consult-liaison psychiatrists, general psychiatrists, and addiction specialists could help to develop both prevention and intervention strategies to better address the issue of burn recidivism.
ABA:
American Burn Association
ACS:
BAL:
Blood alcohol level
ICU:
LOS:
MV:
NRC:
Non-recidivist
RC≥ 3 s:
Patients with 3 or more burn injury admissions
RC:
Recidivist
RC2s:
Patients with exactly 2 burn injury admissions
TBSA:
Total body surface area
UDS:
Urine drug screen
The authors would like to thank Paula D. Strassle, MSPH for her assistance with statistical analyses and Caitlin Michel for her assistance with data collection.
This study was partially supported by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Junior Faculty Development Award.
All data is presented in table and text format in the article.
All authors were involved in the research project. SLL and LPC collected and analyzed the data and BNG and GJG assisted in the data analysis. All authors were involved in editing and revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was approved by the International Review Board at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
Department of Surgery, 4001 Burnett-Womack Building, CB #7050, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7050, USA
North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, 101 Manning Drive, CB #7206, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7600, USA
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text:
September 10, 2013 September 10, 2013 hereandsphere
BOSTON MAYOR RACE : CONNOLLY, WALSH, ROSS DOMINANT AT ARTS FORUM; HERALD DEBATE LESS INSTRUCTIVE. BUT ….
^ so many would-be mayors, so few Will-be's…
—- —- —
Bostonians had not one but two Mayor Forums to attend to tonight. First came Create the Vote's Forum on Arts, Culture, and Creativity. Half an hour later came the campaign's first televised debate, hosted by Joe Battenfield of the Boston Herald. Nine of the twelve hopefuls answered questions at Create the Vote's Forum — Dan Conley, David Wyatt, and Charles Yancey missed out. All twelve took part in the televised debate.
Very little ground was covered in either Forum that earlier Forums had not already addressed. There were, of course, some specific questions that several candidates gave obviously ad hoc responses to. Yet none of the candidates surprised. All gave answers, to every question, well within the range of their agendas already long since worked out in admirable detail. This was as true of the Herald debate — of which we saw only part — as of the Arts Forum.
^ large audience — and fully aware of what it wanted to hear
The differences tonight were the size of the audience and the command that the various candidates demonstrated in applying their respective agendas to the specific questions. Here was surprise. Felix Arroyo's soft-spoken, highly personal narratives did not often command the same attention in these Forum's big-hall and aggressively moderated formats that he easily wielded in earlier, more intimate Forums. His best moment was his paean to the Jamaica plain Music Festival, which he had attended the previous day.
John Barros, too, gave less developed answers to questions than his usual. Barros has a message of change that requires time to explicate. Given little time, he resorted to quips and smiles as a kind of narrative shorthand that, probably, those seeing him for the first time missed the significance of. He also overreached noticeably when, in response to a question about arts classes in Boston schools, he said, "no kid should be allowed to graduate high school without at least one arts class."
Surprising, too, was the Arts Forum audience's applause for Bill Walczak, who repeated, with hardly any new elaboration, his usual mantras : he's from Codman Square, and he's against the casino.
Charlotte Golar-Richie had strong moments — "I will be an arts Mayor,' she promised; "I aspired to BE an artist. I will partner with non-profits to raise arts funds, and I will establish a blueprint for the arts. It's a social and an economic driver." But her response to a question, "what were your two most memorable moneys in the arts," was less inspired: "watching neighborhood kids do the Nutcracker." Rob Consalvo's responses sounded entirely generic — "we must assure every kid has arts classes…the budget must include cultural affairs" — except to that "memorable moments question, in which he cited his home area of Hyde Park for its Riverside Theater, perhaps Boston's most notable community stage play company.
^ no food in the foyer this time, but drinks were served and much conversation was exchanged.
In both Forums, command honors went to Marty Walsh and John Connolly; Mike Ross also spoke authoritatively at the Arts Forum. All three men have made it quite clear that they have a vision of the mayor's office broad as well as deep, detailed as well as thematic.
Ross's best moment — though he had many — was his response to the memorable arts question : "I am an oil painter. My oils hang on my walls at home…(Yes) arts in every school," he added. "We need arts and festivals of the arts, and we need in our affordable housing plan housing that includes for artists !" Much applause greeted this answer, and justly; hardly any artist living in Boston is not one step away from not being able to afford the place he or she lives in.
Marty Walsh answered every arts question clearly, concisely, but his best, most original moment responded to a question "which city outside Boston do you look to for inspiration ?" "Montreal," Walsh said without hesitation. "What they do: public arts and festivals all year round, all over the city. Here in Boston we struggle just to keep First Night !" He is right about Montreal, which hosts a Film Festival, the Juste Pour Rire comedy festival, one of the world's largest international Jazz Festivals, and two Franco-folies festivals (of francophone pop music. Montreal's not a city that many Mayor candidates would think of when answering this question. Walsh gets it.
His best applause arose from his answer to a question about raising the city's arts budget. (Every candidate agreed that this should be done.) Said Walsh, "Change the culture of the BRA ! Create an office of economic planning so that arts can be included (directly) in planning !"
Connolly, too, answered this question memorably : "We spend one one-hundredth of a percent of our budget on the arts. Lobby the legislature for more funds ! we need to work with institutions (in the city), so that if they invest in the arts…and yes, use the capital budget, to build an arts infrastructure !" the applause was loud and long.
Connolly promised to raise the office of city arts commissioner to cabinet status and, as he says at every Forum, to "make the office user friendly, like an apple store." The line continues to be a good one.
^ John Connolly : good one-liners and a seriously thematic agenda
Entirely missing from the arts Forum was any discussion of performance difficulties in Boston : no late night transit, the 2:00 A.M. closing hour — and the milling around as clubs empty their patrons onto streets with no transport option except scarce taxis; fights sometimes ensue; or the expense of parking, the racism in Theater District nightclubs, problems with bouncers. Not to mention drug mishaps that shut down entertainment arts. Nothing of all of this was discussed at the only Forum where it seemed to be a vital part of the purpose…
The Herald debate offered the candidates scant opportunity to explain at length or to imagine and create. With twelve on stage, it was difficulty enough to give the candidates time enough to say "hi.' (David Wyatt almost didn't say even that, bit that's how he is at every Forum he decides to attend.) in any case, the real action in this campaign is no longer in the Forums but outside, on the street. Forums worked during August, when the campaigns were just beginning to ramp up. Now, the ramp is so up it tweaks the heavens. Every candidate with any semblance of seriousness spends all day now doing meet and greets, shaking hands at T stations and at supermarkets. The truly ramped up go to house parties two and three a night, shake hands at bingos, go to street parties, block parties, hold fund raiders, even rallies. And they door-knock, while their volunteers phone-call to voters from phone banks. They garner big endorsements and hold press conferences to announce them. And their volunteers do huge stand-outs — sign-holds — that you cannot miss. Sometimes competing stand-outs buffet the traveler along various neighborhoods' main streets.
^ the real campaign was outside the theater, on the street.
The many Boston City Council candidates are doing the same thing.
We will continue to cover the Mayor Forums as they take place — including two Forums tomorrow. That said, we will, from Wednesday morning on, shift our focus to covering the campaign where it is most heated: on the streets where voters live, dine, work, and shop.
—- Michael Freedberg / Here and Sphere


text:
Australia Manages To Keep 'World Heritage' Status For Great Barrier Reef
UNESCO had recommended that its World Heritage Committee add the world's largest coral reef ecosystem off the northeast Australian coast to the World Heritage in Danger list, mainly due to rising ocean temperatures.
In 2014, Australia was warned that an in danger listing was being considered rather than being proposed for immediate action | Jumbo Aerial Photography/Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority via AP
2021-07-25T17:04:11+05:30 Australia Manages To Keep 'World Heritage' Status For Great Barrier Reef
Associated Press (AP)
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Australia has garnered enough international support to defer an attempt by the United Nations' cultural organisation to downgrade the Great Barrier Reef's World Heritage status because of damage caused by climate change.
Australian-proposed amendments to the draft decision at a committee meeting in China on Friday would have deferred the "in danger" question until 2023.
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But Norway moved amendments that put the reef back on the committee's agenda at its annual meeting next June.
In the meantime, a monitoring mission will visit the reef to determine how the impact of climate change can be managed.
Australian Environment Minister Sussan Ley on Friday told a virtual meeting that downgrading the reef's status before the committee had finalised its own climate change policy made no sense.
"Delegates, we ask only two things: time for experts to see first hand our commitment to the reef, its present condition and our management, and for the final climate policy to provide a consistent framework for addressing the impacts of climate change on all World Heritage properties," she said from Australia, where she in in quarantine after lobbying delegates in Europe and the Middle East on the decision.
In 2014, Australia was warned that an "in danger" listing was being considered rather than being proposed for immediate action.
Australia had time to respond by developing a long-term plan to improve the reef's health called the Reef 2050 Plan.
Since then, the reef has suffered significantly from coral bleaching caused by unusually warm ocean temperatures in 2016, 2017 and last year. The bleaching damaged two thirds of the coral.
Australia reacted angrily last month when the draft decision was published to remove the network of 2,500 reefs covering 348,000 sq km (134,000 square miles) from the World Heritage list it joined 40 years ago for its "outstanding universal value." The "in danger" listing is one step away from losing all World Heritage standing.
"This decision was flawed. Clearly there were politics behind it," Ley said at the time.
Many in Australia's conservative government saw the move as an attempt to pressure it into committing to reducing the nation's greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050 and to stop allowing coal mines to be expanded.
In arguing for the reef's downgrade, UNESCO World Heritage Centre's marine programme coordinator, Fanny Douvere, referred to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's conclusion that global emissions needed to fall to zero by 2050 to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit).
"Accelerated action on climate change on all possible levels, in accordance with the 1.5 degree target under the Paris Agreement for Climate Change, and the recovery of the property from poor water quality are both vital and are urgent to secure the outstanding universal value of the Great Barrier Reef for present and for future generations," Douvere said.
Greenpeace said in a statement that the committee had missed an opportunity to shine a light on Australia's neglect of a natural wonder.
The Chinese host of the committee meeting in the city of Fuzhou this week defended the proposed "in danger" listing against Australian government suspicion that China influenced the finding for political reasons.
"Australia, as a member state of the World Heritage Committee, should ... attach importance to the opinions of the advisory bodies and earnestly fulfill the duty of World Heritage protection instead of making groundless accusations against other states," said Tian Xuejun, the Chinese vice minister of education and the president of this year's session.
China's representative said during the debate that his nation "supports the emerging consensus" to defer the "in danger" question.
Before the committee's ruling, Jodie Rummer, a research fellow at the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, said the "in danger" designation was needed to get Australia to act on climate change.
"I think that's the wake-up call that we need here in Australia, very much so," Rummer said. "It's the wake-up call that we need to cut our emissions and commit to net zero. It's the wake-up call that we need to really put that spotlight on the Great Barrier Reef."
The deferral sidelines Australia's management of the reef as an issue at elections due by May next year at which the government will seek a fourth three-year term.
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