text:
\subsection{Time-Dependent}

The results of the time-dependent analysis are very comparable to Loredo and Lamb \cite{Loredo:2001rx} and Pagliaroli et al. \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur} work. Both authors also analyzed SN1987A data to respect to the same time-dependent model used here. In figure \ref{fig:Tc_Rc_contour}, we show the statistical limits on $T_c \times R_c$. Our bounds overlap with both works but it is not identical to them. We attribute this difference to our use of detector efficiencies reported by the original collaborations and shown in Figure \ref{fig:Detec_Eff} and up-to-date neutrino mixing parameters. For a more detailed view of our analysis, we also show $\Delta\chi^2$ profiles of parameters for the only Cooling and Cooling + Accretion models in Figures \ref{fig:Profile_Astro_Param_Time_Dependent_Coo} and \ref{fig:Profile_Astro_Param_Time_Dependent_Coo_Acc} respectively, as well as the best values found and intervals used shown in Tables \ref{tab:parameters_time-dependent_coo} and \ref{tab:parameters_time-dependent}.

\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering
\caption{Range and best-fit (BF) for all parameters in the time-dependent model Only Cooling. We show the best-fit for three flavor conversion scenarios: MSW with NH, MSW with IH, and a model-independent free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$.}
\label{tab:parameters_time-dependent_coo}
\begin{tabular}{ lllll }
 \hline
Parameter & NH BF & IH BF & Free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ BF & Range \\
 \hline
 $T_{0,c}$ [MeV]   & $3.66 ^{+0.56}_{-0.37}$  & $3.5 ^{+0.4}_{-0.4}$ &$3.66 ^{+0.024}_{-0.024}$ & 1-10 \\
 $\tau_c$ [s]      & $4.1 ^{+1.1}_{-0.9}$     & $4.1 ^{+1.2}_{-0.8}$ &$4.1 ^{+1.1}_{-0.8}$      & 1-40 \\
 $R_c$ [km]        & $36 ^{+15}_{-13}$        & $30 ^{+15}_{-9}$     &$34 ^{+16}_{-13}$      & 1-100\\

 $t^{\text{KII}}_{\text{off}}$ [s]   &$0.0 ^{+0.19}_{-0}$ &$0.0 ^{+0.19}_{-0}$ &$0.0 ^{+0.19}_{-0}$ & 0-6\\
 $t^{\text{IMB}}_{\text{off}}$ [s]  &$0.0 ^{+0.12}_{-0}$ &$0.0 ^{+0.12}_{-0}$ &$0.0 ^{+0.12}_{-0}$ & 0-6\\
  $t^{\text{Bak}}_{\text{off}}$ [s] &$0.0 ^{+0.41}_{-0}$ &$0.0 ^{+0.42}_{-0}$ &$0.0 ^{+0.41}_{-0}$ & 0-6\\
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figures/Param_Profiles_Time_Dependent_Coo.pdf}
    \caption{Marginal plots for the astrophysical parameters $T_c,\tau_c,R_c$ and detection off-set times $t^{\text{KII}}_{\text{off}},t^{\text{IMB}}_{\text{off}},t^{\text{Bak}}_{\text{off}}$ for the only cooling model.}
    \label{fig:Profile_Astro_Param_Time_Dependent_Coo}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering
\caption{Range and best-fit (BF) for all parameters in the time-dependent model Cooling+Accretion. We show the best-fit for three flavor conversion scenarios: MSW with NH, MSW with IH, and a model-independent free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$.}
\label{tab:parameters_time-dependent}
\begin{tabular}{ lllll }
 \hline
Parameter & NH BF & IH BF & Free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ BF & Range \\
 \hline
 $T_{0,c}$ [MeV]   & $4.81^{+0.72}_{-0.78}$ & $3.975^{+0.02}_{-0.02}$ & $5.37^{+0.78}_{-0.06}$ & 1-10 \\
 $\tau_c$ [s]      & $4.1^{+1.5}_{-1.0}$    & $4.6^{+1.6}_{-1.2}$       & $4.1^{+1.5}_{-1.0}$ & 1-40 \\
 $R_c$ [km]        & $12.3^{+8.7}_{-4.2}$   & $14.4^{+9.2}_{-7.7}$      & $11.3^{+7.8}_{-3.8}$ & 1-100\\
 $T_{0,a}$ [MeV]   & $2.00^{+0.13}_{-0.13}$ & $3.12^{+0.19}_{-0.18}$    & $1.91^{+0.17}_{-0.12}$ & 0.1-10\\
 $\tau_a$ [s]      & $0.57^{+0.38}_{-0.20}$ & $0.7^{+0.38}_{-0.2}$     & $0.58^{+0.37}_{-0.20}$ & 0.3-3.5\\
 $M_a$ [$M_\odot$] & $0.6^{+0}_{-0.46}$    & $0.6^{+0}_{-0.17}$        & $0.6^{+0}_{-0.43}$ & 0-0.6\\

 $t^{\text{KII}}_{\text{off}}$ [s]  & $0.0^{+0.03}_{-0}$  & $0.0^{+0.05}_{-0}$ & $0.0^{+0.03}_{-0}$ & 0-6\\

 $t^{\text{IMB}}_{\text{off}}$ [s]  & $0.4^{+0.4}_{-0.4}$  & $0.0^{+0.08}_{-0}$ & $0.45^{+0.42}_{-0.45}$ & 0-6\\

  $t^{\text{Bak}}_{\text{\text{off}}}$ [s] & $0.0^{+0.1}_{-0}$   & $0.0^{+0.11}_{-0}$ & $0.0^{+0.09}_{-0}$ & 0-6\\
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figures/Param_Profiles_Time_Dependent_Coo_Acc.pdf}
    \caption{Marginal plots for the astrophysical parameters $T_c,\tau_c,R_c,T_a,\tau_a,M_a$ and detection off-set times $t^{\text{KII}}_{\text{off}},t^{\text{IMB}}_{\text{off}},t^{\text{Bak}}_{\text{off}}$ for the cooling plus accretion model.}
    \label{fig:Profile_Astro_Param_Time_Dependent_Coo_Acc}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.52\textwidth]{Figures/Tc_vs_Rc_Comparison_LL_Pagliaroli.pdf}
    \caption{$T_{c,0}$ vs $R_c$ contour plots comparing our results with previous ones \cite{Loredo:2001rx,Pagliaroli:2008ur}}.
    \label{fig:Tc_Rc_contour}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Time-Integrated}

For the time-integrated model, we use the work of C. Lunardini \cite{Lunardini:2005jf} for comparison. Figure \ref{fig:Profile_Astro_Param_Time_Integrated} shows the marginalized plots of each of the four parameters $\bar{E}_e,\varepsilon_e,\bar{E}_x,\varepsilon_x$ for the three flavor conversion scenario. As already discussed in the paper, there is a preference for $\phi_{\bar{\nu}_e} \approx \phi^0_{\bar{\nu}_x}$, with almost no bound on $\varepsilon_e$ and only a hard upper bound in $\bar{E}_e$ due to the imposed hierarchy in the mean energy. This is consistent with the results shown in Table 1 of \cite{Lunardini:2005jf}.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figures/Param_Profiles_integrated_alpha_2.3_EH_Limit_1.pdf}
    \caption{Marginal plots for the astrophysical parameters $\bar E_{\bar \nu_e},\bar E_{\bar \nu_x}, \varepsilon_{\bar \nu_e},   \varepsilon_{\bar \nu_x}$ (bottom) in the time-integrated model. Here we consider a Fermi-Dirac emission $\alpha_e = \alpha_x =2.3$ and spectral energy hierarchy $\bar{E}_{x} > \bar{E}_{e}$.}
    \label{fig:Profile_Astro_Param_Time_Integrated}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering
\caption{Range and best-fit (BF) for all parameters in the time-integrated model. We show the best-fit for three flavor conversion scenarios: MSW with NH, MSW with IH, and a model-independent free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$.}
\label{tab:parameters_time-integrated}
\begin{tabular}{ llllll }
 \hline
Parameter & NH BF & IH BF & Free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ BF & Range \\
 &  &  &  & \cite{Lunardini:2005jf}\\
 \hline
 $\bar{E}_e\; [MeV]$           & $5.7^{+13.7}_{-2.7}$       & $5.8^{+5.8}_{-2.8}$     & $5.5^{+4.6}_{-2.5}$  & $3-30$   \\
 $\varepsilon_e\; [10^{52} ergs]$   & $1.518^{+43.48}_{-0.02}$ & $43.9^{+1.1}_{-23.3}$   & $1.5^{+43.5}_{-0}$  & $1.5-45$ \\
 $\bar{E}_x\; [MeV]$           & $11.50^{+0.03}_{-0.03}$ & $11.50^{+0.06}_{-0.06}$ & $11.50^{+0.03}_{-0.32}$  & $3-30$   \\
 $\varepsilon_x\; [10^{52} ergs]$   & $6.3^{+3.5}_{-2.5}$        & $2.1^{+0.6}_{-0.6}$     & $8^{+36}_{-7}$  & $1.5-45$ \\
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

A more direct comparison can be done with the contour plots of $\bar E_{e} \times \bar E_{x}$ and $\bar E_{x} \times \varepsilon_{x}$, which are explicitly shown in Figure 3 of \cite{Lunardini:2005jf}. The contour plot for $\bar E_{e} \times \bar E_{x}$ is shown in figure \ref{fig:Ee_vs_Ex}. The obtained bounds are similar to the one from \cite{Lunardini:2005jf}, where we get stronger bounds in $\bar{E}_x$ in the flavor conversion with fixed $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$, i.e., the MSW scenario with fixed mass hierarchy (NH or IH). This is expected given that $\sin \theta_{13}$ is treated as a free parameter in \cite{Lunardini:2005jf}, which results in a free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ within a specif range\footnote{The range used in \cite{Lunardini:2005jf} correspond to the interval $10^{-7}<\sin^2 \theta_{13} <10^{-2}$, which is smaller than our range $[0,1]$.}, given a bound similar to our free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}} \in [0,1]$. A similar behavior is found for the bounds on the $\bar E_{x} \times \varepsilon_{x}$ contour plot, where the results of \cite{Lunardini:2005jf} are somewhere between our fixed (NH or IH) and free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ scenarios, where in the last scenario no bound is found for $\varepsilon_e$. With this picture in mind, we can conclude that our analysis of the time-integrated model is in relatively good agreement with previous works, given the peculiarities discussed above.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figures/E_e_vs_E_x_time_integrated_alpha_2.3_EH_Limit_1.pdf}
    \caption{Contour plot $\bar E_{e} \times \bar E_{x}$ for the time-integrated model. Here we consider a Fermi-Dirac emission $\alpha_e = \alpha_x =2.3$ and spectral energy hierarchy $\bar{E}_{x} > \bar{E}_{e}$.}
    \label{fig:Ee_vs_Ex}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figures/E_x_vs_L_x_time_integrated_alpha_2.3_EH_Limit_1.pdf}
    \caption{Contour plot $\bar E_{x} \times \varepsilon_x$ for the time-integrated model. Here we consider a Fermi-Dirac emission $\alpha_e = \alpha_x =2.3$ and spectral energy hierarchy $\bar{E}_{x} > \bar{E}_{e}$.}
    \label{fig:Ex_vs_Lx}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Marcos}
The likelihood can be derived using a Poissonian p.d.f.  $P_i(x_i,\textbf{y})$, where $x_i$ and $\textbf{y}$ accounts measured variables (e.g. $x_i = t_i, E_i, \theta_i$ or combination of them in each bin $i$) and parameters from a model respectively, then

\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{L} = \prod^{N_{bins}}_{i=1} P_i(x_i, \textbf{y})
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{eq:poissonian likelihood}
    \mathcal{L} = \prod_{i=1}^{N_{bins}} \frac{{\mu(x_i, \textbf{y})}^{n_i}}{n_i!} e^{-\mu(x_i, \textbf{y})}.
\end{equation}
The mean of the distribution can be interpreted as the number of events in a bin size of $\delta x_i$, thus $\mu(x_i, \textbf{y}) = \delta x_i R(x_i, \textbf{y})$, and the likelihood becomes

\begin{equation}\label{eq:poissonian likelihood}
    \mathcal{L} = e^{-\sum_i^{N_{bins}} \delta x_i R(x_i, \textbf{y})} \prod_{i=1}^{N_{bins}} \frac{{[\delta x_i R(x_i, \textbf{y})]}^{n_i}}{n_i!} .
\end{equation}
As in the SN1987A we have low statistics, a binned likelihood could lead a loss of information, once any choice of event distribution on the bin would be arbitrary. To go around this, it is possible to make an infinitesimal size of bin $\delta x_i \rightarrow dx_i$, making the sum in the exponential becomes an integral. In this scenario, the bins have 1 or 0 events, then considering only the ones with events, dropping the others and making $n_i \rightarrow 1$, changes the likelihood to

\begin{equation}\label{eq:poissonian likelihood}
    \mathcal{L} = e^{-\int dx R(x, \textbf{y})} \prod_{i=1}^{N_{obs}} dx_i R(x_i, \textbf{y}),
\end{equation}
with $N_{obs}$ being the number of observed events, for a unbinned likelihood, where in our analysis $dx = dtdEd\cos\theta$. Details in the inclusion of background, efficiency and other additions (not exactly directly adopted by us) to the likelihood can be seen in \cite{ianni2009likelihood} and \cite{jegerlehner1996neutrino}.

\subsection{Dedin}

\added[id=Dedin]{Here we describe another way to derive the extended likelihood expression used in this work. In addition to the usual likelihood, where we multiply the probability density $f(x_i,\textbf{y})$ of a given of a set of $N$ measurements $x_i$  with model parameters $\textbf{y}$, the extended likelihood multiply the usual one by the probability of getting N number of events, considering that it follows a Poisson distribution with an expected number of events $\nu$. Therefore, we can define it as follows.

\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{L}_{ext}(\mathbf{\textbf{y}})= \frac{\nu^n}{N!} e^{-\nu} \prod_{i=1}^N f(x_i,\mathbf{\textbf{y}}) = \frac{e^{-\nu}}{N!} \prod_{i=1}^N \nu f(x_i,\mathbf{\textbf{y}})
\end{equation}

This method finds the set of parameters $\hat{\textbf{y}}$ that best-fit the data by maximizing the likelihood. We can improve this method by considering that the event may come from the signal (supernova) or a background source. In this case we can consider that the expected number of events $\nu$ have a signal contribution corresponding to a fraction $f_s$, and a contribution from the background, corresponding to a fraction $(1-f_s)$, so that $\nu=\nu_s+\nu_b = f_s\nu+(1-f_s)\nu$. Therefore, we can rewrite the likelihood as

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
     \mathcal{L}_{ext}(\mathbf{\textbf{y}})=& \frac{e^{-(\nu_s+\nu_b)}}{N!} \prod_{i=1}^N \nu [f_sp_s(x_i,\textbf{y})+(1-f_s)p_b(x_i,\textbf{y})]\\ =& \frac{e^{-(\nu_s+\nu_b)}}{N!} \prod_{i=1}^N [\nu_sp_s(x_i,\textbf{y})+\nu_b p_b(x_i,\textbf{y})]
\end{split}
\end{equation}

Where $p_s(x_i,\textbf{y})$ and $p_b(x_i,\textbf{y})$ are the p.d.f. for the signal and background respectively. In our case,  $\nu_s p_s(x_i,\textbf{y})$ and $\nu_b p_b(x_i,\textbf{y})$ correspond to the event rate $R(x,\textbf{y})$ and the background rate $B=B(E_i)$ respectively. In this case, the measured variables are the positron measured energy, time and cosine $x_i={E_{e,i},t_i,\cos{\theta_i}}$ and the parameters $\textbf{y}$ are the ones related to the astronomical emission models and to the flavor conversion mechanism.

In our treatment, as in \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur}, we consider that the time and angle uncertainties are irrelevant \footnote{colocar um exemplo das incertezas?}. However, the energy uncertainties are relevant and we introduce it by integrating over all possible measured energies considering a multiplication (conditional) by a Gaussian $\mathcal{L}_i(E_e)$ with mean in the measured energy $E_e$ and width corresponding to the uncertainty $\delta E_e$.

\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{L}_{ext}(\mathbf{\textbf{y}})\approx e^{-f_d \int R(t) dt}\prod_{i=1}^N e^{R(t_i)\tau_d} \left[\frac{B_i}{2}+\int R(t_i,E_{e,i},\cos\theta_i)\mathcal{L}_i(E_e) dE_e \right]
\end{equation}

Here, we have considered that the total number of background events is irrelevant when compared to the total number of signal events $\nu_s>>\nu_b$, eliminating it in the exponential. However, the probability of one event being from the background is relevant, so it remains in our event rate contribution. Also, we consider the deadtime of each event $\tau_d$ for each detector ($d=K,B,I$), so that $\nu_s = f_d \int R(t) dt - \sum_{i=1}^N R(t_i) \tau_d$. In the case of the time-independent model, we only have to consider a time integration in the event rate for the signal $R(t_i,E_{e,i},\cos\theta_i)$ and for the background $B(E_i)$).}

\subsection{\textbf{Neutrino Emission}}

Based on previous SN1987A neutrino data analysis \cite{Loredo:2001rx,Pagliaroli:2008ur,Lunardini:2000sw, Lunardini:2004bj, Lunardini:2005jf}, we use two distinct models for the neutrino emission: time-integrated and time-dependent ones.

\paragraph{\textbf{Time-dependent}}
Given that the neutrino emission evolves in time, a time-dependent model should be at least considered in data analysis. This approach can be found in the famous paper of Lamb and Loredo \cite{Loredo:2001rx} and some other works \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur}. In this approach, the antineutrino emission can be divided into two phases: the accretion and cooling phases. Here we will follow the path of \cite{Loredo:2001rx, Pagliaroli:2008ur} and model each phase by its most relevant mechanism of emission.

In this case, the accretion phase can be modeled as a positron thermal flux with temperature $T_a$ incident in a neutron target, that composes the mass in accretion in the proto-neutron star. Therefore, as in \cite{Loredo:2001rx, Pagliaroli:2008ur}, we consider that only electron antineutrinos are emitted in this phase and the flux is given by:
\begin{equation}
        \phi^0_{a, \bar{\nu}_{e}}(E_\nu,t) =\frac{8 \pi c}{(hc)^3} \left [ N_n(t) \sigma_{e^{+}n}(E_\nu) g_{e^+} (E_{e+},T_a) \right ],
\end{equation}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
     &&N(t)=\frac{Y_n}{m_n}\times M_a \times \frac{j_k(t)}{1+t/0.5s},   \nonumber \\
     &&g_{e^+} (E_{e+},T_a)=\frac{E_{e+}^2}{1+exp\left[E_{e+}/T_a\right]},
\end{eqnarray}
where $N_n(t)$ is the number of neutrons as a function of the time,  $\sigma_{e^{+}n}(E_\nu)$ the positron-neutron cross-section, and \linebreak $g_{e^+}(E_{e+},T_a)$ the thermal distribution of positrons with energy $E_{e+}$ in a temperature $T_a$. The number of neutrons is given by the initial accreting mass $M_a$ with a fraction of neutrons $Y_n$, and its time behavior is given  by the factor $j_k(t)=exp\left [ - \left ( t/\tau_a \right)^k \right]$, with  $\tau_a$ being the characteristic time of the accretion phase and the parameter $k=2$ following the parametrization in \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur}\footnote{In \cite{Loredo:2001rx} it is used $k=10$, however, as discussed in \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur} $k=2$ adjust better to supernova simulations.}. The denominator $1+t/0.5s$, as in \cite{Loredo:2001rx, Pagliaroli:2008ur}, is used to mimic the behavior from supernova simulations, where we have a constant flux within the first $0.5 \, s$ followed by a fast decrease.

The cooling phase, which is dominated by neutrinos emitted by the cooling neutron star, is modeled by a thermal distribution of fermions with temperature $T_c(t)$, with characteristic time  $\tau_c$, emitted from a sphere with fixed radius $R_c$ and is given by
 \begin{equation}
    \phi^0_{c}(E,t) = \frac{\pi c}{(hc)^3} 4\pi R_c^2 \frac{E^2}{1 + \exp[E/T_c(t)]},
\end{equation}
with the cooling temperature being a function of time
\begin{equation}
    T_c(t) = T_c \exp\left[ - t/\left ( 4\tau_c \right) \right].
\end{equation}

To combine the fluxes of both phases of emission, we follow \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur}  where the cooling phase starts after the accretion one. As argued in the cited work, if the accretion and cooling phases were contemporaneous the first seconds would be composed of two different spectra, given the different temperatures of each of these phases. As numerical simulations of supernovae do not show this feature, we assume that the different emission phases are separated in time. We do this using the following parameterization:
\begin{equation}
    \phi^{0}_{\bar{\nu}} (t)=  \phi^0_{a}(t)+ (1-j_k(t))\phi^0_{c}(t-\tau_a),
\end{equation}
where we have to remind that the accretion flux is considered only for the electron antineutrinos.

\paragraph{\textbf{Time-integrated}} In this model, we consider that the time-integrated flux can be described by the following pinched spectrum \cite{Keil:2002in}:
\begin{eqnarray}
    \phi^0_{\beta}(E)&=&\frac{L_\beta}{E_{0\beta}}\frac{1}{(\alpha_\beta+1)^{-(\alpha_\beta+1)} \Gamma(\alpha_\beta+1)E_{0\beta}} \nonumber \\
    &&\times \left ( \frac{E}{E_0}\right)^{\alpha_\beta} e^{-(\alpha_\beta+1)E/E_{0\beta}},
\end{eqnarray}
where, for a specific neutrino flavor $\beta$, $L_\beta$ is the total energy (time-integrated luminosity), $E_{0\beta}$ the mean energy, and $\alpha_\beta$ the pinching parameter. We are mainly motivated to use this model due to a collection of works which only use the energy information from the SN1987A \cite{Lunardini:2000sw, Lunardini:2004bj, Lunardini:2005jf}. Although the time data could bring new information, it is interesting to check if the energy  alone can say something about the flavor conversion.

\subsection{\textbf{Flavor Conversion}}
From  emission until detection, the neutrino may suffer flavor conversion. It is still an open question for supernova neutrinos which is the complete mechanism of flavor conversion, given the complications that arise with neutrino-neutrino interactions. However, due to unitarity and the equal initial flux of non-electron antineutrinos $\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_\mu}=\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_\tau}=\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_x}$, the equations for flavor conversion can be simplified so that it will only depend on the electron antineutrino survival probability $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ and initial fluxes \cite{Kuo:1989qe}, such that
\begin{subequations}
\begin{equation}
     \phi_{\overline{\nu}_e}= \phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_e} - (1-P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}})(\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_e} - \phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_x}),
\label{eq:phie}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
    2 \phi_{\overline{\nu}_x} = 2 \phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_x} + (1-P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}})(\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_e} - \phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_x}).
\label{eq:phix}
\end{equation}
\end{subequations}

Therefore, we can explore the survival probability $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ as a free parameter representing the flavor conversion occurring during the neutrino propagation. In this paper, we want to see how strong the SN1987A data can constrain $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ in the fitted models, given that the flavor conversion mechanism is still an open question in a supernova environment. Although this probability may be time and/or energy-dependent, we will consider it independent of these variables, given that we do not want to use a specific model.

We will also consider the MSW-only conversion scenario in order to compare it to our free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ model. In this scenario, the electron antineutrino is created as a $\bar{\nu}_1$ for normal mass hierarchy (NH) and $\bar{\nu}_3$ for inverted mass hierarchy (IH). Therefore, the survival probability for each mass ordering can be written as follows

\begin{subequations}
\begin{equation}
 P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}^{\text{NH}} = U_{e1}^2,
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
 P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}^{\text{IH}} = (1-P_f(E))U_{e3}^2 + P_f(E) U_{e1}^2,
\end{equation}
\end{subequations}

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Flip_Prob}
    P_f(E) = exp \left[ -\frac{U_{e3}^2}{3.5 \times 10^{-5}} \left( \frac{20 \text{MeV}}{E}\right)^{2/3}\right] ,
\end{equation}
where we have considered an adiabatic evolution, except on the high-density resonance of the IH, where the flip probability from $\bar{\nu}_3$ to $\bar{\nu}_1$ is parameterized by $P_f (E)$ which depends on the energy. This picture is similar to the  MSW effect considered in previous works \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur,Lunardini:2000sw,Lunardini:2004bj,Lunardini:2005jf}. The energy dependency in the MSW effect may appear when considering possible non-adiabaticity in the high-density resonance layer \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur,Dighe:1999bi}. However, for the usual parameterization (equation (\ref{eq:Flip_Prob})), the conversion probability in the resonance is negligible. Then, the constant and energy-independent $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ is a good representation of what has been done in SN1987A analyses until now.

Although this energy dependence of $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ is negligible in the standard MSW effect, other possible effects associated with collective effects, such as spectral split among different neutrino flavors lead to a strong energy dependency, changing drastically this scenario \cite{duan2010collective}. However, given the unknowns associated with such collective effects nowadays, we limit our analysis to consider a $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ that is uniform in energy, leaving the spectral split analysis for a future work.

\subsection{\textbf{Detection}}

In the case of the SN1987A, we have data from three detectors: Kamiokande-II, IMB, and Baksan. In all of them, the dominant channel for electron antineutrino detection is the Inverse Beta-decay (IBD), which is the only one that we will consider. Therefore, the event rate $R^{\text{IBD}}_{\bar{\nu}_e}$ as a function of the positron measured energy $E_{e^+}$, the angle between the incoming neutrino and the scattered positron $\theta$ and time (for the time-dependent model) can be calculated as follows
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:event_rate}
    R^{\text{IBD}}_{\bar{\nu}_e} (E_{e^+},t,\cos\theta)&=& N_p \times  \phi_{\bar{\nu}_e}(E_\nu, t) \nonumber \\
    &&\times \frac{d\sigma^{\text{IBD}}_{\bar{\nu}_e}}{d\cos\theta}(E_\nu)\times \eta^d(E_{e^+}),
\end{eqnarray}
where $N_p$ is the number of free protons, $\phi_{\bar{\nu}_e}(E_\nu, t)$ the electron antineutrino flux at the detector, $d \sigma^{\text{IBD}}_{\bar{\nu}_e}(E_\nu)/d\cos\theta$ the differential cross-section for IBD, and $\eta^d(E_{e^+})$ the detector efficiency. For the IBD, the incoming neutrino energy $E_\nu$ is related to the created positron energy by $E_{e^+} \approx E_\nu-1.293 MeV$, due to the mass difference between the initial proton and the final neutron. The energy threshold for the IBD is $E_{\bar{\nu}}^{th} =1.806 MeV$ \cite{Giunti_Carlo2007-lv}.

\subsection{Efficiency}

Instead of assuming the procedure followed in \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur}, where authors performed a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate an average efficiency, we decided to adopt the functions from  \cite{Alekseev:1988gp}, that simply fit the efficiency points reported from the three collaborations. These functions are shown in Figure \ref{fig:Detec_Eff}.

\subsection{Cross-section}

The exclusive interaction considered in the analysis was the inverse beta decay, given the high cross-section compared to other possible channels of KII, IMB, and Baksan. We adopted the differential cross section (in the scattering angle) calculated by Vogel and Beacom in \cite{vogel1999angular}.

\subsection{Off-set time}
Another thing that we have to be careful of is to not confuse the time of the first detected neutrino $t_1$ with the time $t_0=t=0$ which indicates the time that the first neutrino arrives at the detector, even if it was not detected. Not considering this may force that the first detected neutrino is originated from the initial accretion phase, which may not be the case. As we will discuss later, for the MSW conversion in the inverted mass hierarchy scenario (IH), the initial $\bar{\nu}_e$ flux contributes only to $2\%$ of the detected flux, which makes it probable that the first detected neutrino came from the cooling phase and then $t_1 \neq t_0$. To get around this problem, it is usual to introduce an offset time $t^d_{\text{\text{off}}}=t_1-t_0$ between the first detected neutrino and the time of arrival of the first neutrino, which may be different for each detector given that they do not have an equal absolute time.

\subsection{Background Modeling}
\label{sec:Background}
In a realistic approach, we have to consider that detected events may come from background sources. The background rate is considered to be constant over the time of exposure, and also uniform over space, i.e., it depends only on the positron energy of the event $B=B(E_i)=d^2N_{B}/dtdE$. The independence regarding the spatial position is an approximation, given that there is more background at the wall of the detector, due to the surrounding material.

The background can be measured and it is published by the collaborations. In our case, we use the background rate from \cite{Costantini2006-df} for Kamiokande-II and \cite{Loredo:2001rx} for Baksan. The background is irrelevant for the IMB detector. In the case of the Time-Integrated analysis, we have to integrate the background rate in time to get the event rate per energy $B=B(E_i)=dN_{B}/dE$. The integration has to be done on the time of exposure to the supernova signal, i.e., the data-taking duration ($\sim 30 s$).

\subsection{\textbf{Time-dependent model}}\label{subsec:time-dependent-model}

 For the time-dependent model, following the references \cite{Loredo:2001rx,Pagliaroli:2008ur}, we consider two possible cases, one with just cooling emission and the other with an initial accretion phase. For the cooling component, we have four astrophysical parameters, the initial cooling temperature $T_c$, the time constant of the phase $\tau_c$, the radius of the neutrinosphere $R_c$, and the ratio between the initial temperatures of the electronic and non-electronic antineutrinos $\tau=T_{\bar{\nu}_x}/T_{\bar{\nu}_e}$. Previous works \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur} fix this temperature ratio based on supernova simulations. Here, we check the impact of changing this ratio given that it has strong implications in how similar the initial spectra are, which reflects how well we can identify flavor conversion in the detected spectrum. Nevertheless, we limit ourselves to the range of temperature ratio expected from supernova simulations \cite{Keil:2002in}. When considering the accretion phase, we introduce three new astrophysical parameters: the initial accretion temperature $T_a$, the time constant of the phase $\tau_a$, and the accretion mass $M_a$. In addition to the astrophysical parameters, there is the offset time for each detector and the survival probability, resulting in a total of 8 parameters for the cooling model and 11 for the cooling plus accretion.

To analyze how the SN1987A data can put limits on $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$, we can do a marginal analysis, as described in section \ref{sec:Statistical_Analysis}. Figures \ref{fig:Pee_profile_time_dependent_Coo} and \ref{fig:Pee_profile_time_dependent_Coo_Acc} show the marginal plot of $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ for the models with only cooling component and for the one with cooling and accretion, respectively. For the model with just cooling, we can see that it is not possible to put limits on $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ up to the $1\sigma$ for $\tau$ values considered. This probably happens because both initial fluxes $\phi_{\overline{\nu}_e}^0$ and $\phi_{\overline{\nu}_x}^0$ come from the same mechanism, resulting in almost indistinguishable spectra, even allowing the temperatures to be different.

When we consider the accretion phase, we have a different scenario, where $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}} \sim 0$ is strongly rejected, as we can see in Figure \ref{fig:Pee_profile_time_dependent_Coo_Acc}. This stronger constraint in $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ happens because in the accretion mechanism only electrons antineutrinos are emitted, making their initial flux $\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_e}$ more distinguishable from the non-electronic one $\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_x}$, which in turns facilitates the identification of flavor conversion. Given that, the excluded region of $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}} \sim 0$ corresponds to the case where the detected flux is composed only by the initial $\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_x}$, i.e., a flux with no accretion component. This shows us that the detected electron antineutrinos are better described by a flux with an accretion component coming from $\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_e}$, as already found by \cite{Loredo:2001rx}. However, in \cite{Loredo:2001rx} they do not consider the role of flavor conversion, while here we can see that the existence of an accretion component has strong implications on the conversion mechanism. If we consider only the MSW effect with adiabatic propagation, this implies that the normal hierarchy scenario is favored over the inverted. Comparing them with the best-fit of free $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$, the normal hierarchy scenario is not significantly rejected, while the inverted one is rejected by $\sim 3 \sigma$ of significance.

We have also tested the implications of considering the cooling and accretion components as contemporaneous. As argued by \cite{Pagliaroli:2008ur}, there is no evidence of a composed spectrum in supernova simulations, so the two mechanisms with different mean energies should occur at different times. However, from supernovae physics, we may expect that the PNS starts to cool down by neutrino emission soon after its formation, simultaneously with the accretion mechanism \cite{Olsen:2022pkn}. Therefore, we decide to test the implications of that hypothesis in our analysis. As we can see in Figure \ref{fig:Pee_profile_time_dependent_Coo_Acc_Cont} there is no significant modification on $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ limits. The only modification appears on the best-fit of $t_\text{off}^\text{IMB}$, which can be seen in \ref{app:Compare_Other_Works}.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figures/Pee_SN1987A_time_dependent_Coo.pdf}
    \caption{$P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ likelihood ratio ($\Delta \chi^2 =-2\log\mathcal{L}/\mathcal{L}_{max}$) for the SN1987A data considering the time-dependent model with only the cooling component. The horizontal dashed lines corresponds to $1$, $2$ and $3\sigma$ of C.L.}
    \label{fig:Pee_profile_time_dependent_Coo}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figures/Pee_SN1987A_time_dependent_Coo_Acc.pdf}
    \caption{Same as Fig.~\ref{fig:Pee_profile_time_dependent_Coo} with two components: accretion and cooling. In this case, the two phases are considered to be separated in time. The horizontal dashed lines corresponds to $1$, $2$ and $3\sigma$ of C.L.}
    \label{fig:Pee_profile_time_dependent_Coo_Acc}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figures/Pee_SN1987A_time_dependent_Coo_Acc_Cont.pdf}
    \caption{Same as Fig.~\ref{fig:Pee_profile_time_dependent_Coo} with two components: accretion and cooling. In this case, the two phases are considered to be contemporaneous. The horizontal dashed lines corresponds to $1$, $2$ and $3\sigma$ of C.L.}
    \label{fig:Pee_profile_time_dependent_Coo_Acc_Cont}
\end{figure}

\subsection{\textbf{Time-integrated model}}\label{subsec:time-integrated-model}

For the time-integrated model, we considered a Fermi-Dirac emission ($\alpha_{\overline{\nu}_e}=\alpha_{\overline{\nu}_x}=2.3$), a choice that does not have big impact in the fitting for $2.3<\alpha<4$ \footnote{By letting $\alpha_{\overline{\nu}_e}$ and $\alpha_{\overline{\nu}_x}$ run free in this interval, the variation of the likelihood ratio $\mathcal{L}/\mathcal{L}_{max}$ was not above 1$\sigma$ (C.L. $\approx 68\%$).}. We also consider a hierarchy for the mean energy $\overline{E}_{\overline{\nu}_x}>\overline{E}_{\overline{\nu}_e}$, which is physically motivated given that non-electron neutrinos interact less (lack of $\tau$ and $\mu$ leptons in the environment) and then escape from deeper regions in the supernova with higher temperatures. The best-fit values for the astrophysical parameters are shown in Table \ref{tab:parameters_time-integrated} considering the 3 different conversion scenarios. As we can see, there is a preference for a detected spectrum $\phi_{\overline{\nu}_e}$ to be composed mostly by the initial non-electron neutrino spectrum $\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_x}$, given that there is basically no constraint for the total energy $\varepsilon_{\overline{\nu}_e}$, the same behavior was also found in \cite{Lunardini:2005jf}. Even in the MSW mechanism with inverted mass hierarchy, where the composition of $\phi^0_{\overline{\nu}_x}$ in the final flux is small ($P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}\approx 67.8 \%$), the flavor conversion is compensated by a higher total energy $\varepsilon_{\overline{\nu}_x}$. This preference is a combination of the imposed energy hierarchy $\overline{E}_{\overline{\nu}_x}>\overline{E}_{\overline{\nu}_e}$ and the low detection efficiency for lower energies, where the low energy events can be as well described as coming from the background. However, we did not investigate this preference deeply\footnote{We only tested a scenario with relaxed bound conditions for the parameters. However, we obtained nonsensical values for the electron antineutrino total energy, such as $\varepsilon_{\overline{\nu}_e} \sim 10^{55} \text{ergs}$ for the inverted mass hierarchy.}. As we are interested in the flavor conversion parameter $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$, we leave the \ref{app:Compare_Other_Works} to compare our marginal and contour plots with previous analyses to show the consistency of our method, at least regarding the astrophysical parameters.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figures/Pee_profiles_comparison_MSW.pdf}
    \caption{$P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ likelihood ratio  comparing the scenario with (solid) and without (dashed) the assumption of $T_a < 0.6T_c$. The vertical lines correspond to MSW-LMA solution to an adiabatic neutrino propagation. The horizontal grey lines correspond to $1$, $2$ and $3\sigma$ of C.L.}
    \label{fig:my_label}
\end{figure}

For the flavor conversion analysis, we again fix the initial temperature ratio (more precisely the mean energy ratio $\tau=\overline{E}_{\overline{\nu}_x}/\overline{E}_{\overline{\nu}_e} = T_{\overline{\nu}_x}/T_{\overline{\nu}_e}$) and let the other parameters run freely over the allowed range (Table \ref{tab:parameters_time-integrated}). Figure \ref{fig:Pee_profile_time_integrated} shows the marginal plot of $P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ minimizing over the other model parameters. Again, there is no constraint on the survival probability above $68\%$ of confidence, even for spectra with higher mean energy differences such as $\tau=1.4$.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figures/Pee_SN1987A_time_integrated_alpha_2.3_EH_Limit_1.pdf}
    \caption{$P_{\overline{e}\overline{e}}$ likelihood ratio  for the SN1987A data considering the time-integrated model.}
    \label{fig:Pee_profile_time_integrated}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Problems with fitting the data with some models}

In our numerical implementation, we found some difficulties in working with the two-component model (accretion + cooling). The main one is the existence of different local minima, which make the minimizer algorithm give different best fits depending on the initial conditions. To get around this problem, we  used two methods to find the global minimum. In the first method we fit this model multiple times ($\approx 1000$) fluctuating the initial conditions of parameters uniformly in the ranges shown in Table \ref{tab:parameters_time-dependent}, and taking the minimum value of $-2\log\mathcal{L}$ as the initial condition to find the global best-fit. The second method was based on using different minimizers (MINOS, scipy, simplex)\footnote{All of them implemented in the iminuit library \cite{iminuit}.} to see if this dependency on the initial conditions was algorithm dependent. In the end, we found that all the different minimizers obtained the same best fit given initial conditions around it, and in agreement with the first method. Given the concordance between the two methods and algorithms, we have confidence that the best fit obtained is the most probable one inside the allowed parameter space.

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
\input{Text/Introduction.tex}

\section{Model for the neutrino signal}
\label{sec:Neutrino_Signal}
\input{Text/Model.tex}

\section{Statistical Analysis}
\label{sec:Statistical_Analysis}
\input{Text/Statistical_Analysis.tex}

\section{Results and Discussion}
\label{sec:Results_Dicussion}
\input{Text/Results.tex}

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:Conclusion}
\input{Text/Conclusions.tex}

\section*{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) grants no. 2019/08956-2, no. 14/19164-6, and no. 2022/01568-0 and also financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Brat Camp was a reality television show.

The first season, featuring RedCliff Ascent, won an International Emmy. Subsequent seasons saw declining viewership. The American version of Brat Camp was cancelled after its one-season run, but is being aired in Canada on Slice as of early 2007. The UK version was also aired in the United States in 2004 on ABC Family, and its popularity resulted in ABC ordering an American version.

On 24 August 2007, it was announced that the show had been cancelled, along with shows such as Celebrity Big Brother and You Are What You Eat.

United Kingdom

There have been five UK series.

The format is distributed internationally by DRG and has been adapted in several territories.

Series 1

Redcliff Ascent was asked to be featured in a second round of Brat Camp, but declined when it became obvious that the next season would require tougher kids and increased drama. The first series won an International Emmy Award for best non-scripted program. RedCliff Ascent spokesman, Stephen Schultz mentioned that "RedCliff Ascent is a treatment program, not a TV show". James Fonfe' became quite a media icon after his return to the UK. While most students struggle a bit upon return home, a year later James was working with his mother teaching swimming and had been drug-free, as verified by urine tests administered by his mother. As James put it: "You do feel trapped. But it is worth it. I am glad I did it. I wouldn't go back now, but I don't have a problem any more – if I had a problem in the future then I would go back."

Series 2

Series 3

The third series followed a girls-only group with the principal activity being a single extended hike. This series aired from 8 February 2006 on Channel 4. In addition, Brat Camp Unseen, a half-hour show with additional footage, was aired on E4.

Series 4

The fourth series that followed a girls-only group, Family Brat Camp, aired from 4 October 2006, and brings along the parents of the four children to make them take responsibility for their kids' behaviour at the SUWS wilderness program in Idaho.

Sadly, Benjamin died of a drug overdose in 2009.

Series 5

The fifth UK version aired October 2007. According to a statement on ANASAZI's homepage, a special 21-day version of their normal 42-day program is being developed for television, after which Twenty Twenty Television will fund the remainder of the treatment if the parents and clinical staff consider it necessary.

United States

Germany
The German version is called Teenager außer Kontrolle (engl. Teenagers out of control) . The show is being broadcast on RTL

Series 1

Aspen Education Group revealed in a job ad that children from Holland would also be in a show.

Series 2

Series 3
The production company searched for new candidates for a third season. Filming did take place during the summer of 2008 at a wilderness program called Monarch Center in Colorado. It will be broadcast at RTL starting from 25 February 2009.

Netherlands
The Netherlands version did after extended negotiations end up with a customized program, where the teenagers were sent to Kenya. It was called Van etter tot engel (English: From brat to angel) and was aired by RTL5 in the fall of 2006. Keith Bakker was the teenagers' head coach.

In the news
The UK version of the show generated some criticism. An influential children's charity, Barnardo's, expressed concerns that the TV show sends a message to parents that a short period of "tough love" can resolve any problems.

The show also received some criticism for an incident in which a young woman was forced to strip to their underwear and then made to have a cavity search, the initial stages of which were implied but not shown.

See also
Behavior modification
Gooning
Intervention (TV series)
Teen escort company
Therapeutic boarding school
Residential treatment center
Wilderness therapy

Notes

External links
Brat Camp at Channel4.com
A website dedicated to Brat Camps
Production company programme entry
Redcliff Ascent, UK series 1
Turnabout ranch, UK series 2
Aspen Achievement Academy, UK series 3
SageWalk Wilderness School, US serie
Aspen Family Camp, UK series 4, German serie, Dutch serie
Anasazi Foundation, UK series 5
Nederland version

2000s American reality television series
2000s British reality television series
2005 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2005 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
ABC Family original programming
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American television series based on British television series
Channel 4 original programming
International Emmy Award for Best Non-Scripted Entertainment winners

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
IMF managing director Lagarde resigns in advance of ECB post
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Government receives nod of approval from IMF
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World economy forecast to slow in 2019 amid trade tensions
The world economy will be more sluggish this year, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) warned Monday, citing trade disputes that have seen China slow to its weakest pace in 30 years as well as the i...
Lowe: Government under IMF pressure
President of the Barbados Economic Society (BES), Shane Lowe, has commented on government's decision to cut public sector jobs, saying it is a critical move to meet the targets in the BERT p...
Committee set up to monitor BERT performance
An independent sub-committee has been set up within the Social Partnership to monitor Government's performance with regards to the attainment of targets under the Barbados Economic Recovery and Transf...
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IMF approves $290 million for Barbados
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Birthday Big Up: PM Mottley's birthday gift a huge deal for Barbados
Prime Minister Mia Mottley is celebrating 53 years of triumph, as many of her biggest dreams have recently come true. Maybe it was intuition, as she is reported to have told a s...
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Agreement reached between IMF and Government
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Develops an intense concern with self.
Once a person is away from longstanding emotional support and thus reality checks, it is fairly easy to set a stage for brainwashing. Spiritually abusive groups work to isolate individuals from friends and family, whether directly, by requiring the individuals to forsake friends and family for the sake of the "Kingdom" (group membership), or indirectly, by preaching the necessity to demonstrate one's love for God by "hating" one's father, mother, family, friends.
Abusive groups are not outwardlooking, but inwardlooking, insisting that members find all comfort and support and a replacement family within the group. Cut off from friends, relatives, previous relationships, abusive groups surround the recruits and hammer rigid ideologies into their consciousness, saturating their senses with specific doctrines and requirements of the group.
Isolated from everyone but those within the group, recruits become dependent upon group members and leaders and find it difficult if not impossible to offer resistance to group teachings. They become selfinterested and hypervigilant, very fearful should they incur the disapproval of the group, which now offers the only support available to them which has group approval.
The seed of extremism exists wherever a group demands all the free time of a member, insisting he be in church every time the doors are open and calling him to account if he isn't, is critical or disapproving of involvements with friends and family outside the group, encourages secrecy by asking that members not share what they have seen or heard in meetings or about church affairs with outsiders, is openly, publicly, and repeatedly critical of other churches or groups (especially if the group claims to be the only one which speaks for God), is critical when members attend conferences, workshops or services at other churches, checks up on members in any way, i.e., to determine that the reason they gave for missing a meeting was valid, or makes attendance at all church functions mandatory for participating in church ministry or enjoying other benefits of church fellowship.
Abusive groups insist on compliance with trivial demands related to all facets of life: food, clothing, money, household arrangements, children, conversation. They monitor members' appearances, criticize language and child care practices. They insist on precise schedules and routines, which may change and be contradictory from day to day or moment to moment, depending on the whims of group leaders.
At first, new members may think these expectations are unreasonable and may dispute them, but later, either because they want to be at peace or because they are afraid, or because everyone else is complying, they attempt to comply. After all, what real difference does it make if a member is not allowed to wear a certain color, or to wear his hair in a certain way, to eat certain foods, or say certain words, to go certain places, watch certain things, or associate with certain individuals. In the overall scheme of things, does it really matter? In fact, in the long run, the member begins to reason, it is probably good to learn these disciplines, and after all, as they have frequently been reminded, they are to submit to spiritual authority as unto the Lord.. Soon it becomes apparent that the demands will be unending, and increasing time and energy are focused on avoiding group disapproval by doing something "wrong." There is a feeling of walking on eggs. Everything becomes important in terms of how the group or its leaders will respond, and members' desires, feelings and ideas become insignificant. Eventually, members may no longer even know what they want, feel or think. The group has so monopolized all of the members' perceptions with trivial demands that members lose their perspective as to the enormity of the situation they are in.
The leaders may also persuade the members that they have the inside track with God and therefore know how everything should be done. When their behavior results in disastrous consequences, as it often does, the members are blamed. Sometimes the leaders may have moments, especially after abusive episodes, when they appear to humble themselves and confess their faults, and the contrast of these moments of vulnerability with their usual pose of being allpowerful endears them to members and gives hope for some open communication.
Threats sometimes accompany all of these methods. Members are told they will be under God's judgment, under a curse, punished, chastised, chastened if they leave the group or disobey group leaders. Sometimes the leaders, themselves, punish the members, and so members can never be sure when leaders will make good on the threats which they say are God's idea. The members begin to focus on what they can do to meet any and all group demands and how to preserve peace in the short run. Abusive groups may remove children from their parents, control all the money in the group, arrange marriages, destroy personal items of members or hide personal items.
Preoccupation with trivial demands of daily life, demanding strict compliance with standards of appearance, dress codes, what foods are or are not to be eaten and when, schedules, threats of God's wrath if group rules are not obeyed, a feeling of being monitored, watched constantly by those in the group or by leaders. In other words, what the church wants, believes and thinks its members should do becomes everything, and you feel preoccupied with making sure you are meeting the standards. It no longer matters whether you agree that the standards are correct, only that you follow them and thus keep the peace and in the good graces of leaders.
People subjected to this type of spiritual abuse become worn out by tension, fear and continual rushing about in an effort to meet group standards. They must often avoid displays of fear, sorrow or rage, since these may result in ridicule or punishment. Rigid ministry demands and requirements that members attend unreasonable numbers of meetings and events makes the exhaustion and ability to resist group pressure even worse.
Feelings of being overwhelmed by demands, close to tears, guilty if one says no to a request or goes against a church standards. Being intimidated or pressured into volunteering for church duties and subjected to scorn or ridicule when one does not "volunteer." Being rebuked or reproved when family or work responsibilities intrude on church responsibilities.
Leaders of abusive groups often sense when members are making plans to leave and may suddenly offer some kind of indulgence, perhaps just love or affection, attention where there was none before, a note or a gesture of concern. Hope that the situation in the church will change or self doubt ("Maybe I'm just imagining it's this bad,") then replace fear or despair and the members decide to stay a while longer. Other groups practice sporadic demonstrations of compassion or affection right in the middle of desperate conflict or abusive episodes. This keeps members off guard and doubting their own perceptions of what is happening.
Some of the brainwashing techniques described are extreme, some groups may use them in a disciplined, regular manner while others use them more sporadically. But even mild, occasional use of these techniques is effective in gaining power.
Be concerned if you have had an ongoing desire to leave a church or group you believe may be abusive, but find yourself repeatedly drawn back in just at the moment you are ready to leave, by a call, a comment or moment of compassion. These moments, infrequent as they may be, are enough to keep hope in change alive and thus you sacrifice years and years to an abusive group.
Abusive leaders are frequently uncannily able to pick out traits church members are proud of and to use those very traits against the members. Those with natural gifts in the areas of music may be told they are proud or puffed up or "anxious to be up front" if they want to use their talents and denied that opportunity. Those with discernment are called judgmental or critical, the merciful are lacking in holiness or good judgment, the peacemakers are reminded the Lord came to bring a sword, not peace. Sometimes efforts are made to convince members that they really are not gifted teachers or musically talented or prophetically inclined as they believed they were. When members begin to doubt the one or two special gifts they possess which they have always been sure were Godgiven, they begin to doubt everything else they have ever believed about themselves, to feel dependent upon church leaders and afraid to leave the group. ("If I've been wrong about even *that*, how can I ever trust myself to make right decisions ever again?").
Unwillingness to allow members to use their gifts.
Establishing rigid boot camplike requirements for the sake of proving commitment to the group before gifts may be exercised.
Repeatedly criticizing natural giftedness by reminding members they must die to their natural gifts, that Paul, after all, said, "When I'm weak, I'm strong," and that they should expect God to use them in areas other than their areas of giftedness.
Emphasizing helps or service to the group as a prerequisite to church ministry. This might take the form of requiring that anyone wanting to serve in any way first have the responsibility of cleaning toilets or cleaning the church for a specified time, that anyone wanting to sing in the worship band must first sing to the children in Sunday School, or that before exercising any gifts at all, members must demonstrate loyalty to the group by faithful attendance at all functions and such things as tithing. No consideration is given to the length of time a new member has been a Christian or to his age or station in life or his unique talents or abilities.
The rules apply to everyone alike. This has the effect of reducing everyone to some kind of lowest common denominator where no one's gifts or natural abilities are valued or appreciated, where the individual is not cherished for the unique blessing he or she is to the body of Christ, where what is most highly valued is service, obedience, submission to authority, and performance without regard to gifts or abilities or, for that matter, individual limitations.


When Hurricane Gonzalo crashed into Bermuda on 17 October, 2014 it brought winds of over 100 mph, blowing down trees, knocking out power-lines and causing considerable damage to buildings, including the island's main hospital. But there were no reported casualties.
One of the reasons for this was that the islanders had a very accurate forecast of where and when the hurricane would hit the island, which gave them plenty of time to prepare. The hurricane was being closely tracked by a range of weather satellites and "hurricane hunter aircraft" from the US' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, whose job it is to measure the eye of the storm and track, from close range, its fluctuating intensity and direction.
The NOAA aircraft are managed and operated by the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO) and operate throughout the world providing a wide range of capabilities including hurricane reconnaissance and research, marine mammal and fisheries assessment and coastal mapping. NOAA aircraft carry scientists and specialized instrument packages to conduct research for NOAA's missions. They can also immediate response capabilities for unpredictable events. Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita aerial images of disaster-torn areas taken by NOAA aircraft enabled residents and emergency workers to verify the condition of houses, bridges and roads.
Although satellites can provide increasingly accurate view of how and where hurricanes are developing only aircraft can give real-time measurements of atmospheric conditions in and around the hurricanes which can complete the picture. And the capability of meteorological aircraft to detect changes in local atmospheric conditions is increasing our understanding of the factors that contribute to climate change. In early 2014 a BAe 146 Atmospheric Research Aircraft (ARA) of the UK Met Office and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), managed by the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM), flew to an area just north of Papua New Guinea to study the chemical and physical properties of the tropical tropopause layer and their impacts on controlling the composition of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
But it is not just specialist aircraft that are providing invaluable data about our climate.
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) global Aircraft Meteorological DAta Relay (AMDAR) system now produces over 300,000 high-quality observations per day of air temperature and wind speed and direction, together with the required positional and temporal information and with an increasing number of humidity and turbulence measurements being made.


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Home/Triathlon News/Mario Mola «Sharing a podium in Tokyo with Gómez Noya or Fernando Alarza would be the best»
Mario Mola «Sharing a podium in Tokyo with Gómez Noya or Fernando Alarza would be the best»
Mario Mola starred in the third Instagram Live of the Spanish Triathlon Federation
Mario Mola interview
The Spanish triathlete Mario Mola He starred in the third Instagram Live of the Spanish Triathlon Federation, after those of Javier Gómez Noya and Miriam Casillas, in which he reviewed his beginnings in his sport of which he is three-time champion, confessed his passion for coffee and explained that his dream is the medal Olympic, among many other things.
Feeling like training again after the coronavirus capsized
«Not achieving a medal in Rio 2016 has made me hungrier»
On the podium of the Olympic Games. from Tokyo with Spanish would be the maximum
The good taste in the mouth for the runner-up of 2019 and the cycle to Tokyo
«I would like to compete in Spain»
The Balearic explained how he has lived through the coronavirus problem and related how his life has changed after "being able to compete in the National de Cross, and then everything happens very quickly and we have to run to join the training group changing flights, something in question of days, what started as an illusion ended in fiasco. Luckily I ended up in Banyoles with Carol ».
He details that "now it is time to gradually resume training to return as soon as possible to the new normal" and notes that "my hope is to return to compete in this 2020."
Mola started studying an Engineer and ended up in Companies and confesses to being a fan of golf and table tennis, in addition to sports associated with triathlon, and reveals that "at the moment I am not considering starting courses to be a coach".
Mario Mola in the interview
The three-time champion confesses that «in the Olympic Games. de Río 2016 the objective was to fight for the medals, but sometimes it is not enough just to arrive at the best moment of form. He is clear that "that medal was not everything but the process lived up to that point and it has made me more hungry to face a new cycle."
As for the Spanish triathlon in the Olympic Games. from Tokyo said that "sharing a podium with Gómez Noya or Alarza would be the best, that is my wish it would be beyond the colleagues I work with".
Asked about the great rivals to take into account in the next Games, Mola did not hesitate to point to Alistair (Brownlee) and stated that "we have never ruled him out nor can he be ruled out. He will continue to be a candidate for a medal and it can affect your career and it must be taken into account.
Regarding what he lived in 2019, where he achieved the world runner-up after three consecutive world titles, Mola revealed that "I went from having no aspiration to fight for the title to earn a silver behind Vincent Luis".
The Balearic explained what it means to compete in Spain and pointed out that "I value ProTour very positively and what I achieved in Pontevedra was good, and once again enjoying the people who follow you the most and appreciate you is what most encourages you to continue squeezing yourself" .
It is clear that «sharing the starting line in Spain with Gómez Noya or Raña and your people following you is the best.
And he pointed out that "of course I would like to compete in the Spanish championship, today is the most feasible".
Mario Mola
Mario Mola achieves his best mark in the 3.000 meters
Mario Mola best personal mark and tenth in the 3.000 meters of the Ciutat de Barcelona International Meeting
Mario Mola returns to compete on the track in Barcelona
Mario Mola could leave the 2021 World Series in the background


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Álvaro Pires de Castro  (c. 1310 – 11 June 1384 in Lisbon) was a powerful Galician-Portuguese nobleman, stem of the Portuguese branch of the House of Castro.  He was the first Count of Viana (da Foz do Lima), the first Count of Arraiolos and the first Constable of Portugal.

Background
Álvaro Pires de Castro (sometimes written as "Peres de Castro" or "Pérez de Castro") was the illegitimate son of the powerful Galician nobleman Pedro Fernández de Castro and his mistress Aldonza Lorenzo de Valladares.  As a result, he was the half-brother of the powerful Galician nobleman Fernando Ruiz de Castro, the Castilian queen Juana de Castro (wife of King Peter of Castile) and a full brother of the controversial Inês de Castro, mistress and consort of King Peter I of Portugal.

The Galician Castro family had strong connections to the Kingdom of Portugal, to which they were intermittently exiled. Inês de Castro came to Portugal in 1340, in the capacity of a maid to Constanza Manuel. But Constanza's husband, Infante Peter, fell in love with the young Inês, and carried on openly with her, much to the scandal of the Portuguese court. Peter's father, King Afonso IV of Portugal had tried to banish her, but to no avail.  Inês brother, Álvaro Pires de Castro, came to Portugal sometime in the 1340s, and ingratiated himself in the company of Infante Peter. The influence of Álvaro and other exiled Galician-Castilian nobles upon Infante Peter alarmed Afonso IV, who feared they might drag Portugal into the internal quarrels of neighboring Castile, part of which were orchestrated by their half-brother Fernando Ruiz de Castro.   At length, when it became clear that the Castros were pushing Infante Peter to declare himself pretender to the throne of Castile-León, Afonso IV authorized the assassination of Inês de Castro in 1355.

This setback to the Castros was quickly reversed in 1357, when Afonso IV died and Infante Peter ascended to the throne as King Peter I of Portugal.  Álvaro Pires de Castro was once again in the saddle, and quickly became one of the most influential men in Peter I's court and one of the most powerful men in the kingdom.  At Peter I death in 1367, his son (from Constance) ascended as King Ferdinand I of Portugal, but the succession was contested by other parties.  With the resolution of 1371, Álvaro Pires de Castro was settled by Ferdinand I in Portugal with the title of Count of Viana (da Foz do Lima).  His power only grew from there.  Álvaro Pires de Castro, his grown son Pedro de Castro and his nephews (Inês's surviving sons) John and Denis, formed a powerful clique in Ferdinand's kingdom, at first in alliance with the powerful queen Leonor Telles de Menezes, but gradually distanced himself from her.

Ferdinand I went on to appoint Álvaro Pires de Castro as the first Count of Arraiolos in 1377.  During the 1381-82 Portuguese-Castilian war, Álvaro Pires de Castro was chief commander of the king's army.  In 1382, Ferdinand I created the position of Constable of Portugal (leader of the Portuguese nobility) and named Álvaro Pires de Castro as its first holder.  He was also alcaide-mor of Lisbon for a spell and held the lordships of Cadaval and other lands.

When the 1383–1385 Crisis broke out with the death of Ferdinand in 1383, Álvaro Pires de Castro broke openly with the queen-regent Leonor Telles de Menezes and tried to secure the succession of his nephews.  His relationship with John, Master of Aviz was ambivalent. He originally supported the revolt against the queen, but distanced himself when John proved too indulgent with the towns and unlikely to support the succession of the Castro nephews.  Nonetheless, his children Afonso de Castro and Brites de Castro and his daughter-in-law Leonor de Menezes (wife of Pedro de Castro) appear in contemporary records as members of John of Aviz's household, and his grandsons would emerge as significant figures during his reign as John I of Portugal.

Álvaro Pires de Castro died in July, 1384, and he was buried in a tomb alongside his wife in the monastery of São Domingos of Lisbon.  After his death, the regent John of Aviz nominated his own lieutenant Nuno Álvares Pereira as the second constable of Portugal and Count of Arraiolos.

Descendants

Álvaro Pires de Castro married Maria Ponce de León (daughter of Pedro Ponce de León, Lord of Marchena)  around 1340. They had the following children:

 Pedro de Castro, Lord of Cadaval, married to Leonor de Meneses, daughter of João Afonso Telo, 4th Count of Barcelos
  Brites de Castro, wife of Pedro Nuñez de Lara, Count of Mayorga
 Isabel of Castro, wife of Pedro Enriquez of Castile, Count of Trastámara
  Afonso de Castro, Lord of Castro Verde

References

Bibliography

Portuguese nobility
People from Lisbon
Constables of Portugal
1310 births
1384 deaths
14th-century Portuguese people
House of Castro


PVC banners are one of the most common substrates used in wide format printing. Economical and durable, they are widely used in outdoor advertising to promote products, events and exhibitions. This document provides tips and tricks for getting the best results from the HP Latex 3000 Printer when printing on PVC-based flexible banner substrates.
Although many people associate 'banners' uniquely with PVC, there are an increasing number of banner substrates made from other base materials, such as Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene (PE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polyester (PET), Tyvek, and Textiles.


Take back control of your house with 25 Ways to Get Organized for the New Year! These tips and tricks will get you started in no time!
Like these recipes? Pin them to your HOME pinboard!
Stop finding towels on the floor and get your kitchen in order with these tips to get organized in the bathroom & kitchen.
Kids are the hardest group to get organized, but with these tips, it's a little easier.
Sometimes you need to see your goals to get them done. These free printables are sure to help you get organized!
Get organized in your home workspace with these cheap and easy organization tips!
Tackling one or two areas of your home at a time can make it easier get organized. Take some inspiration from these DIY hacks to get you started!


You may need your Bala Cynwyd hair restoration expert to tell you that winter is a difficult season, especially for those of us who live in colder climates. Less sunlight takes a toll, as does snow and ice, not to mention colder temperatures. But what you may not know is that winter's seasonal challenges include the impact on your hair.
In fact, winter can have serious repercussions for your hair if you do not take the right precautions. While those precautions may depend on the length and thickness of your hair, as well as outside temperatures, the primary issues are still the same.
Wet Hair: We are all familiar with the problem of going out with wet hair in winter, although we may not always draw the right conclusion. Going outside with wet hair should not put you at greater risk of catching a cold, although there may be a connection between wet hair and sinus issues.
However, winter cold can pose a serious problem for wet hair. If the temperature is low enough, hair may freeze. While that may seem obvious, you may not appreciate the problem that this can pose for hair. When hair freezes, it is not simply a fashion inconvenience. Frozen hair may result in more permanent damage to hair.
Why? When water freezes, it becomes solid and expands. When this happens to hair, it not only hardens and expands, but it also becomes less flexible and in greater danger of breaking. Needless to say, this is not good for your hair, especially if you are already worried about thinning or lost hair.
One simple solution is to wear scarf around your head if you go out with wet hair, which will protect hair and avoid the problem of hat hair.
Dry Hair: Another major hair challenge during winter is the general dryness, both inside and out. The combination of cold, often dry winter air along with dry heat can dry out hair. Even if you have a healthy head of hair, your hair may suffer.
A couple of strategies that you might consider are washing hair less often (since hair washing dries out hair), and regularly applying conditioning treatments (especially when you wash your hair). These strategies will ensure that your hair can retain and replenish its moisture, and avoid any unpleasant repercussions from harsh winter months. If you feel that you need additional moisture, you might consider using a humidifier.
If you are worried about your hair in winter, make sure you take these necessary precautions to ensure your hair stays healthy.


Earwax is a naturally produced yellow substance that helps keep a person's ears clean and free of debris. Black earwax can sometimes appear, but it is usually the result of an excessive buildup of earwax and is rarely a cause for concern.
In most people, earwax naturally and regularly exits a person's ears. However, if this does not happen quickly enough or the glands produce too much earwax, it can build up in the ear canal and become darker.
If at-home treatments are not successful or pain accompanies the black earwax, a person should speak to their doctor about potential treatments. A doctor may check for underlying conditions if this is the person's first visit for this symptom.
A doctor may prescribe medication to help soften a person's earwax over time. This medication can help prevent the accumulation of earwax that can lead to black earwax and other side effects.
Fletcher, Jenna. "What to know about black earwax." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 15 Apr. 2019. Web.


Bag brand Fiorelli, recently invited me to take part in their new #Fiorelli24seven campaign. Staring influences from the fashion & beauty industry, we all got to style up a bag from the new range and I totally fell for the elegant Rita Tote in this gorgeous tropical print. With 3 large sections and an inside pocket, this bag is perfect for everyday use or even for a trip to the beach or pool on your hols. I really love the contrasting brown and blue print and the style of this bag really gets me in the mood for a very sunny holiday somewhere ASAP.
As well as providing us ladies with a gorgeous bag, Fiorelli have also teamed up with some amazing beauty brands to gift their customers with products when they make a purchase online. I got to try 'For All My Eternity's' Gradual 10 Tan lotion and the Tan saving shower gel. Both products were ace to try as it's not something I would normally buy and I love how easy both were to use in my daily beauty routine.
This was a really fun campaign from Fiorelli to get involved with. Celebrating the launch of their new chic summer range has been a hoot but this new collaboration also helps it's customers get beauty ready for summer 2015.


In 2016, dozens of the world's largest donors and humanitarian groups pledged to put more power – and funding – in the hands of local aid groups. But reforms have been slow.
When crises hit, local aid work is often overshadowed by UN agencies and big international aid groups – who receive the bulk of donor funding and largely control how it's used.
But away from the spotlight, local people are already tackling crises where they live: grassroots NGOs in conflict zones that are off limits to international aid groups; village leaders preparing for disasters in remote areas where the humanitarian sector can't reach; doctors and nurses, educators, local leaders, traditional aid workers, and everyday volunteers responding to emergencies in their own communities.
With humanitarian needs soaring and donor funding struggling to keep pace, local aid workers believe they are the key to a more sustainable future for humanitarian response. But is the global aid sector prepared to change?
Here's an overview of the push to reshape aid, and stories from our continuing coverage of local humanitarian response on the front lines of crises around the world.
What is the aid community saying?
The broader aid sector has struggled to define what a shift to "localisation" means in practice, and how to balance the roles of local aid responders with international donors and humanitarian groups.
Caribbean leadership is taking charge of managing the emergency response, asking the UN to play a supporting role - a "glimpse of the future"?


The first recorded mention of Milton is from the days of William the Conqueror in his Domesday Book, when he seized the lands of those who opposed him and for good reason made disparate grants of land to his Followers.
When the Wills family acquired The Manor House, it had been standing empty for nearly twelve months and was in need of most extensive repairs. The west wall of the dovecote in particular was in a state of imminent collapse. Accordingly, it was decided to restore the whole property to the standard of a large family house, with all the comforts and amenities of the late 20th century. However considerable care and attention had to be afforded to this venture because The Manor House and the dovecote are both Grade II Listed Buildings.
The major strategic decision was to turn The Manor House ground floor back to its original 17th century orientation. The blocked front entrance on the west was opened up and widened, supplementing the original stonework. Within the reopened doorway, a new entrance. A guest washroom and wardrobe were also introduced, and a Japanese oak screen was erected between the new entrance hall and an enlarged dining hall, in both of which additional roof beams were placed. A modern kitchen was added to the north, sweeping away the former conservatory and outhouses there. This was further redesigned in 1998 when the present Victorian style fittings were introduced.
On the first floor the only major work required was the introduction of ample en suite bathroom facilities for the master bedroom to the north west, and the main facility to the north east. The library to the south west received, solely for decorative purposes, the marble fire surround removed from the downstairs morning room, and all the best of the early oak floor-boarding was gathered together in this room, cleaned and re-polished. The library retains some of the best examples of early glass window panes in the house. Until 1979 it had been a bedroom. Its final conversion with pine shelving and panelling was completed in 1989.
The need to rebuild the west entrance on the ground floor exposed dangerous deterioration throughout the roof valley area, and this led to the rebuilding of the airing cupboard in the master bedroom and the incorporation of an additional cupboard into the north study wall. The top floor attics of The Manor House were totally dilapidated but they were restored and converted to a suite of rooms with bathroom facilities. All the original timbers were treated and exposed. The old door with its myriad of key holes and ancient interior wooden bolt in the north bedroom was retained. The restoration was preceded lifting all the tiled sections of the roof to the south and within the valley. After relining, insulating, and timber replacement as necessary, the useable old tiles were repositioned to the south slope and slates positioned in the valley. At the same time the central chimney stack was lowered by the removal of the brick section that had been added in Victorian times but subsequently created major smoke problems in the sitting room, only to be overcome by the construction of a new chimney and an extractor fan.
To the north of the new kitchen a utility room for laundry and full gas central heating was added with a sauna bath beyond. Its north and east exterior walls were rebuilt and the old 18th century sitting room to the south was reopened to its full glory from east to west. The fireplace therein was re-opened into the central stack and the fireback with the Wills family badge was cast in 1993. The stained glass Wills coat of arms was placed in the sitting room window facing north west in 1988 and the arms of Prestoungrange added in 2000. Beyond the re-opened sitting room to the south a new cedar wood conservatory was built. The outbuildings to the north were removed and replaced with a stone-faced, but brick-built, double garage and workshop.
The dovecote and building was totally renovated using many of the now redundant timbers and fittings, and regained convenient interior access to its upper level, with leaded windows added to north and south. It became a study with fine roof and timbers. The glover on the roof was restored from earlier photographs to the way it had been in the 1920s. Downstairs, the horse box and store were incorporated as a home office, providing all the contemporary electronic equipment needed for 21st century office communications. Wood storage was transferred to the area connecting the sauna bath and the barn, with new roofing introduced to keep it dry. In the garden to east and south concrete pavers were introduced to replace the now decaying concrete paths. The Wills family badge was carved into the date stone on what was now called The Barn. A weathervane was placed on the roof including the family name with styling from a Victorian example in Buckingham. The flagpole was erected on the north west Victorian extension wall to fly the Wills' flag as authorised by the Grant of Arms and The Baronial Standard of Prestoungrange. Finally, the main gates were modified to open automatically and a wicket gate added for ease of access.
More details of this interesting building and the history surrounding it can be found on the Prestoungrange web site.


Taking Action Express: Linking Mental and Physical Health; 86M with Prediabetes…and More!
More than half of American adults now regularly take prescription drugs — four on average — according to a new nationally representative Consumer Reports Survey. Much of that medication is lifesaving or at least life-improving. But a lot is not.
In fact, an estimated $200 billion per year is spent in the U.S. on the unnecessary and improper use of medication, for the drugs themselves, and for related medical costs, according to a new study from the IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Read the full text here.
The Action Group's Specialty Drug Guiding Coalition is a multi-stakeholder group, whose members are working together to determine specific action items, deliverables and a multi-year timeline to effect change in Minnesota and nationally.
Today, 85 percent of employers have implemented wellness programs. But according to PwC, less than one in five believe their programs are effective at reducing health care costs, improving performance and productivity, or enhancing employee engagement, attraction or loyalty.
At our September member meeting, we will facilitate the sharing of ideas about what works, and discuss how we can individually and collectively advance employee well-being.
Mike Anderson, Director – Global HR Vendor Strategy and Total Rewards Programs at 3M, will provide an overview of the company's approach to wellness and disease management, sharing insights about 3M's strategy, tactics and results. We will also orchestrate a fun, fast-paced information-sharing session where members will actively engage in small group discussions about a variety of topics.
The number of Americans who say they've taken an antidepressant over the past month rose by 65 percent over just 15 years, a new government study finds.
September is Suicide Prevention Awareness Month! For free tools and resources to share with your employees, click here.
Type 2 diabetes is by no means affecting only the senior population. One in three American adults — or about 86 million people — have prediabetes, and 90 percent of them don't know it. Without intervention, up to 30 percent in this group will develop type 2 diabetes within five years, leading to significant cost and quality of life challenges.
The Minnesota Department of Health is collaborating with The Action Group to engage employers and insurers statewide to make the National Diabetes Prevention Program a covered benefit for employees. This proven lifestyle change program can cut the risk of diabetes in half. To view and use the Centers for Disease Controls' newly updated Diabetes Prevention Impact Toolkit, designed for states, employers, and insurers, please click here.
Complimentary September Choosing Wisely employee communications (click on 2017 MN Campaign in the left column) from The Action Group and Consumer Reports are ready! These complimentary employee communications help improve patient/provider conversations and reduce health care system waste.
As fall weather sets in, it's a sure bet that cold and flu season is ahead. The new Choosing Wisely content will help your employees understand when antibiotics are and aren't needed.
And in breaking news, a recent analysis fails to find evidence to support the notion that patients who do not take the full course of prescribed antibiotics will put themselves and others at risk for antibiotic resistance. Click here to read how prescribing antibiotics just got even more complicated.


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Players form new Canadian Women's Hockey League
A new women's hockey league has risen from the ashes of a previous one with players themselves performing the resurrection.
Thu., Sept. 27, 2007timer4 min. read
The seven-team Canadian Women's Hockey League resembles the National Women's Hockey League, which announced at the end of last season it was suspending operations for a year, in geography and player personnel.
But this league will run as a non-profit business and the teams are affiliated with girls' hockey associations, instead of the semi-professional style of the NWHL in which teams were individually owned and financed.
The league retains four teams in the Greater Toronto Area, one in Ottawa and two in Montreal and each has already embarked on a 40-game schedule plus playoffs.
Small and Canadian teammate Jennifer Botterill, as well as former U.S. player Kathleen Kauth were among the players who, faced with having no place to play this winter, pulled the CWHL together with the donated business expertise of the Toronto company Birchhill Equity Group.
"It was a direction we never expected to go in," Canadian national team goaltender Sami Jo Small said Thursday from Toronto. ``We never expected the league to not exist. The NWHL was where we played.
"I think players should be involved. Maybe that's what we got away from and maybe that's how some of the problems started."
Small's team, the Mississauga Chiefs, has several players from the former Aeros of the NWHL.
The team is now the women's senior triple-A team in the Mississauga Chiefs Girls' Hockey Association, which provides the players with ice time and jerseys.
In return, the players provide coaching and conduct clinics to younger teams in the organization "so that those girls become our fan base and they have something to aspire to," Small said.
The other teams in the league are the Brampton Canadette-Thunder, Burlington Barracudas, Vaughn Flames, Ottawa Capital Canucks, Montreal Stars and Quebec Phoenix.
A player participated in a corporate street hockey event involving Birchhill and that's where the connection was made.
The company has helped the players construct a business plan and sponsorship package model and is providing the league with a lawyer and an accountant. The board, comprised of players from each team, meets weekly at the company's downtown office.
"At first, it was an interim league," Small said. "Now that we have what we see as a really good structure and some great business minds involved, we have what we see as a really great league and we're not seeing it as a one-year entity. We're seeing it as our future.
"The difference with this league is its centrally-based. We raise the money for the league and each team is dispersed the exact same amount of money. Everybody is on the same playing field."
A significant offshoot of this league is that, after years of duplication and fragmentation in women's hockey, there will finally be a single Canadian women's hockey championship March 13-15 in Charlottetown with the final game televised on TSN.
The top two teams from the CWHL will face the best two out of the seven-team Western Women's Hockey League in the annual Esso Women's Nationals, which Hockey Canada has revamped to incorporate it.
The Esso Nationals previously involved clubs or provincial teams representing each province, while the women's leagues held their own championship.
Now the Esso Nationals is two tournaments with the CWHL and WWHL playing off for the ultimate women's championship, while provinces not represented in those leagues – New Brunswick, P.E.I., Nova Scotia and Manitoba – will have also have their own separate senior women's championship.
Hockey Canada has to do it this way because they are mandated to provide every province the chance to play in a national event.
Teams in CWHL and NWHL are classified as senior women's triple-A teams, which every province doesn't have, but does have senior women's hockey.
"It's exciting we have two distinct events because we get to bring the best of women's hockey from every province and they play at the level they play at their province," explained Julie Healy, Hockey Canada's director of female hockey.
The vision of Canadian team captain Hayley Wickenheiser, who plays for the WWHL's Oval X-Treme, is to one day have a women's professional hockey league affiliated with the NHL as the WNBA is to the NBA.
"We have to get the best players in the world together in one league," Wickenheiser said in Calgary this week. "I see it as a reality down the road. I hope it happens in my career."
Small feels it isn't that far away.
"It's not something we're every going to stop pursuing," Small said. "We need to create something that (the NHL) wants and that's what we're trying to do.
"We're trying to create an entity on our own that is viable and perhaps can be the future of a professional game in this country."


We use a suite of add on solutions here at CloudCounting that makes our business life so much easier.
In this post, we would like to share with you our favourite Xero Add On Solutions and the cost for each solution.
All of these solutions are totally cloud based. Each has an internet site and we have all five bookmarked in our internet browser. Think of Xero as the 'smart phone' and each add on solution as an 'app' that can be customized to each particular business.
There you have it! These five solutions have made our work processes so much easier. The total cost for all solutions based on the most common plan is less than $250 per month and free up countless chargeable hours for our staff.
Of course the best set of add on solutions may be different for your business – that is the unique advantage the Xero Eco System can give you over other accounting platforms.
We would love to have a chat with you about the best fit for your business. Give us a call at CloudCounting on 04 266 CLOUD or book us for an appointment.


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Q: GORM Model and Table function I'm still learning about go and gorm, and following the tutorial from the gorm page itself (https://gorm.io/docs/advanced_query.html). It is stated that results from Find and First can be stored in map[string]interface{} or []map[string]interface{}. However, upon testing this functionality it doesn't seem to work:
package main

import (
    "fmt"

    "github.com/jinzhu/gorm"
    _ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/sqlite"
)

const (
    dbtech = "sqlite3"
    dbname = "test.db"
)

var db *gorm.DB
var err error

type TestStruct struct {
    Name string
}

func main() {
    db, err = gorm.Open(dbtech, dbname)
    defer db.Close()
    db.AutoMigrate(&TestStruct{})

    db.Create(&TestStruct{Name: "Alice"})
    db.Create(&TestStruct{Name: "Bob"})

    structResults := []TestStruct{}
    db.Find(&structResults)
    fmt.Println(structResults)

    var mapResult map[string]interface{}
    db.Model(&TestStruct{}).First(&mapResult)
    for k, v := range mapResult {
        fmt.Println(k, " - ", v)
    }
    fmt.Println(mapResult)

    var mapResults []map[string]interface{}
    db.Model(&TestStruct{}).Find(&mapResults)
    for k, v := range mapResult {
        fmt.Println(k, " - ", v)
    }
    fmt.Println(mapResult)
}

and the output is:
[{Alice} {Bob}]
map[]
map[]

Am I doing something wrong? Or does this feature is no longer available?
EDIT: It is not working both with Model() and Table() functions.

A: I noticed that you are browsing the Gorm V2 docs, but are importing the Gorm V1.
You should change your imports to:
"gorm.io/gorm"
_ "gorm.io/driver/sqlite"

This will make the code work as expected.
If you can't upgrade the Gorm version, you'll have to store the results on a struct or slice of structs.

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Alberto Moravia was a novelist and journalist of Italian origin. This biography of Alberto Moravia provides detailed information about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline.
Alberto Moravia was a renowned Italian novelist and journalist. He authored novels which explored modern sexuality, social alienation and existentialism. He had a keen moralistic approach which focuses mainly on the iniquities of a bourgeois society. Someone who portrayed social alienation and loveless sexuality as the theme in his novels, he was a prominent figure in 20th century Italian literature. It is said almost one billion copies of his books were sold in United States during 1940's and 1950's. Besides founding literary review magazines like "Characters" and "Today", he used to write for the newspaper "La Gazetta del Popolo". He also founded a literary magazine, titled "New Arguments". Besides writing prefaces to works like Belli's "100 Sonnets" and Stendhal's "Roman Walks", he also wrote critical review of films for weekly magazine "L'Europeo" and "L'Espresso". His noteworthy novel "The Empty Canvas" won the Viareggio Prize and its story provided inspiration for a film by Damiano Damiani. The book became so popular that another film, "The Ennui" was also made based on its story. He also won the title of 'European Personality' and received prestigious awards like the Strega and Viareggio. His popularity can be gauged from the fact that his works were translated into 27 languages.
Coming from a wealthy middle class family of Via Sgambati in Rome, Moravia was the son of Carlo, an architect and painter and Teresa Iginia de Marsanich.
On account of suffering from tuberculosis of the bone, he was confined to bed for five years. Therefore, he could not finish conventional schooling. Instead, he spent three years at home and the remaining two years in a sanatorium.
He was a voracious reader; some of his favourite authors included Giosu� Carducci, Dostoevsky, Boccaccio, Joyce, Goldoni, Shakespeare, Ariosto, Moli�re, Gogol, Mallarm�. He was also well versed in French and studied English and German languages. He could write poems in both languages.
After leaving the sanatorium in 1925, he moved to Bressanone. In 1927, after meeting with Corrado Alvaro and Massimo Bontempelli, he started his journalism career with the magazine "900".
Magazine "900" published several of his short stories like "The Tired Courtesan", "Crime at the Tennis Club" and "The Curious Thief". He published, "Time of Indifference", his first novel in 1929.
In the year 1930, he collaborated with "La Stampa", a newspaper. In 1933, along with Mario Pannunzio, he started the publication of literary review magazine "Characters" and "Today".
In 1935, he went to the United States to deliver lectures on Italian literature. In the same year his reviews of "Le Ambizioni Sbagliate" faced a ban by the Fascist regime.
In 1937, his work "The Cheat" appeared. To avoid Fascist censorship, he discussed about surrealist and allegoric genres in it. After the Fascist seized the second edition of "La Mascherata" in 1941, he started writing under a pseudonym.
In the year 1941, his writing titled "Two Adolescents" was banned from publication by the Fascist regime. He took shelter in Fondi, situated on the border of Ciociaria after the Armistice in 1943.
He returned to Rome in the month of May 1944. After returning, he collaborated with Corrado Alvaro and wrote for newspapers like "II Mondo" and "II Corriere della Sera".
After the end of the second world war, his works became more popular and he wrote books like La Romana (The Woman of Rome) (1947), La Disubbidienza (Disobedience) (1948), L'Amore Coniugale e altri racconti ("Conjugal Love and other stories") (1949) and Il Conformista ("The Conformist") (1951). He won the Premio Strega for I Racconti in 1952. As his books started to become popular worldwide, they also began to be translated in many languages.
In this year, Mario Soldati adapted his novel "La Provinciale" for a film. In 1954, Luigi Zampa directed "The Woman of Rome", based on his novel and in the next year, Gianni Franciolini directed The Roman Stories".
His visit to Africa in 1972 inspired his work "Which Tribe Do You Belong To?" His visit to Hiroshima in Japan in 1982 acted as the inspiration for a number of articles on atomic bomb written for "L'Espresso" magazine.
In 1984, he was elected to the European Parliament as member from the Italian Communist Party. In 1990, he published his autobiography "Vita di Moravia" ("Life of Moravia").
His first novel "Time of Indifference", published in 1929, was his analytical view of the moral decadence of a middle-class mother and two of her children. Literary critics praised this novel by referring it as a remarkable example of contemporary Italian narrative fiction.
One of his most famous novels was "The Empty Canvas". It is a story about the troubled physical relationship between a young, rich painter and an easygoing girl in Rome.
He met novelist Elsa Morante in 1936 and married her in 1941. After their marriage, they lived in Capri. They separated in 1962 and thereafter he started living with writer Dacia Maraini.
In 1986, he married Carmen Llera. He dedicated his short story collection "The Thing and other stories" to Carmen.
At the age of 82, he was found dead in the bathroom of his Lungotevere apartment in Rome.
This notable writer served as the President of the worldwide association of writers PEN International between the year of 1959 and 1962. This London based organization works to promote intellectual co-operation among writers.


The Bar U Ranch is the only Parks Canada-administered National Historic Site that commemorates the importance of ranching to Canada.
Founded in 1882 as the Northwest Cattle Company, the Bar U was one of the first and most enduring of the large corporate ranches established in southern Alberta.
Three key personalities guided the ranch through seven decades of change up to 1950: Fred Stimson set the foundation and infrastructure for the Bar U Ranch, which under George Lane achieved international repute as a centre of breeding excellence for cattle and purebred Percheron horses. Patrick Burns and his company modernized the ranch by replacing horses with tractors and streamlined operations which took the Bar U though the depression and World War II.
Explore one of the largest collections of original buildings in Canada. Treasures include the blacksmith shop, harness repair shop, roundup camp and saddlehorse barn. Taste the freshly-baked cookies at the cookhouse, hear the clattering hooves of our Percheron team and smell the cowboy coffee roasting over an open fire. Experience life on the ranch from 100 years ago.
On the doorstep of the Rocky Mountains, the Bar U Ranch National Historic Site is only an hour's drive from Calgary.


text:
Natcaféens Dronning er en film fra 1912 med ukendt instruktør.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
Danske film fra 1912
Stumfilm fra Danmark