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Obituary – Waldrip, Margaret "Jo Anne" (Kruse)
1947 Maroon Spotlight
Jo Anne Kruse
Band '44-'47; Librarian '45-'46; Jr. Play '45-'46; Homeroom Treasurer '46-'47; Perryscope Staff '46-'47.
Margaret "Jo Anne" (Kruse) Waldrip
July 20, 1929 – September 22, 2009
Funeral services are scheduled for 3:30 PM, Monday, September 28, 2009 at First United Methodist Church for Jo Anne Kruse Waldrip, age 80, of Roswell, who passed away September 22, 2009. Rev. Gorton Smith of First United Methodist church will officiate.
Jo Anne was born July 20, 1929 in Perry, Oklahoma to Theodore and Elva Kruse. Her parents preceded her in death.
Jo Anne graduated from Perry High School where she was a member of the Perry Maroon Band. She graduated from Oklahoma A & M, now Oklahoma State University, with a Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education and Home Economics. She began her 31 year teaching career in Pawhuska, Oklahoma.
Jo Anne married James W. Jim Waldrip in Perry, Oklahoma on December 20, 1952. Their first residence was at Scott AFB, near Bellville, Illinois. In 1954, Jo Anne accompanied her husband to Muskogee and Ponca City, Oklahoma, where he played minor league baseball. The couple moved to Roswell in 1955.
Jo Anne resumed teaching in Roswell at Washington Avenue, Missouri Avenue, Del Norte and El Capitan Elementary Schools. She retired in 1991. Jo Anne loved gardening, baking, and was an accomplished confectioner and seamstress. Jo Annes greatest pleasure was spending time with her grandchildren.
Jo Anne dedicated numerous hours of community service through the Assistance League of Chaves County. She especially enjoyed working with the Leagues School Bell Project, which clothes over 600 in need Pecos Valley school children annually.
Survivors include her husband James Jim Waldrip of the home; three daughters: Suzie Waldrip of Roswell, NM, Deborah Waldrip Teeter and husband Michael of Los Angeles, CA and Elizabeth Waldrip Urrea and husband Rick of Albuquerque, NM; a son: Ted Waldrip and wife Myungsuk of Arlington, TX; five grandchildren Miren and Helena Urrea, Elizabeth and Michael Teeter, and Wylie Waldrip.


The Artworks blog is delighted to hear that Kit Price Moss has had one of her watercolours selected for the Society of Wildlife Artists Annual Exhibition 2013 at the Mall Galleries, 31st October-10th November 2013.
Kit's watercolour study, 'Bass Rock: Cliff Activity', was painted on site at Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth, near North Bewick, Scotland. We wish Kit Price Moss every success with the exhibition.
The annual exhibition of the Society of Wildlife Artists takes place at the Mall Galleries in London, from Thursday 31 October to Sunday 10 November 2013.
The annual exhibition of the Society of Wildlife Artists is a showcase for the very best of art inspired by the natural world. A superb mix of painting and drawing, sculpture and printmaking will be complemented by a display area of projects and expedition work.
This entry was posted in artworks news and tagged exhibition, kit price moss, london, watercolours on October 24, 2013 by admin.


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Airedale Terrier As a Security Dog
The Airedale Terrier is one of the largest terrier type breeds, and the largest among those originating in Britain. However, Airedales bred for dog shows are often much smaller. The Airedale has a medium-length double-layered coat with a soft undercoat underneath a coarse, wiry topcoat. The coat is most often black around the back and sides of the dog, with tan around the head, legs and tail. The tail is sometimes docked shortly after birth, although this practise has been made illegal in Britain.
The Airedale Terrier was originally bred in the late 1800's, and is most likely a cross between smaller Terrier breeds and a larger hunting dog known as the Otterhound. Like the Otterhound before it, the Airedale became popular among hunters. However, unlike Terriers before them who were often accompanied by a pack of Bloodhounds, and expected to enter the dens and burrows of prey after the Bloodhounds had sniffed them out, Airedales became more of a jack-of-all trades breed capable of both sniffing out and taking down larger animals. As well as being efficient hunting dogs, the size and temperament of the breed suited it well to work as a guard dog on British farms. During the the First World War, Airedales were used to deliver messages during battle. Later, they were also given the task of finding and retrieving wounded soldiers from the front lines.
After seeing the impressive work of Belgian Malinois police Protection Dogs in Belgium, Airedales were also adopted into British police forces. However, they were later replaced by the German Shepherd as the most common breed used for police work. During the 1930s, American breeders in Ohio developed what is known as the Oorang strain of Airedale Terrier. Bred to be larger and sturdier than previous Airedales, an attempt was made to market the Oorang as "the greatest utility dog in the history of the world." The kennel closed and breeding of Oorangs ended in 1970 upon the death of its creator, Walter Lingo. However, some kennels still claim to produce original Oorang Airedale Terriers today.
Today, the Airedale Terrier is still an impressive breed. However, they have mostly been replaced by other breeds for work as Guard Dogs or police dogs, and their role as a hunting breed is now largely obsolete.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Non Life Sciences => Physics, Astronomy & Cosmology => Topic started by: PeteJ on 08/05/2015 10:51:36
Title: In quantum mechanics, does the observation preceed the event?
Post by: PeteJ on 08/05/2015 10:51:36
Hi folks. My first post here. I have a question, most probably a naïve one...
In QM, whether we favour MW or CI as an interpretation, there is the idea that an observation causes an event, either a 'collapse' or a splitting of worlds.
Does the observation preceed the event, or is it simultaneous with the event?
Or something else..?
Title: Re: A Measurement Problem Question
Post by: alancalverd on 08/05/2015 12:06:20
An observation cannot logically precede the observed event, and given the finite speed of light (which defines the limiting speed for transmission of information) it cannot even be simultaneous.
It is important to distinguish between the process of observation, which could indeed precipitate an event (say by a photonuclear interaction), and the resulting observation itself (an emitted electron or whatever). Bouncing hypothetical photons off particles does indeed lead to Heisenberg's indeterminacy equation but isn't the cause of indeterminacy.
Beware of confusing a mathematical model (wave function collapse, world splitting, whatever) with reality. The model is merely our best shot at predicting the outcome of a future event.
Thanks Alan, very clear.
It seems to me that you're right. But it doesn't quite answer my question.
If the observation is not prior to the event and not simultaneous, then what?
How can the process of observation be different from the observation?
Process of observation: kick it
Observation: landmine explodes
Hmm. That does not help. The landmine explodes well before we observe the explosion, and if we sense the kick connecting then that is an observation.
I know my question is naïve but it's proving difficult to find an answer. I've tried elsewhere but had no luck.
Title: Re: In quantum mechanics, does the observation preceed the event?
Post by: David Cooper on 08/05/2015 17:40:19
The following is speculation:-
What I suspect happens is that the wavefunction is only able to be sustained up to a certain level of complexity beyond which it must burst (simplify). By creating data in a brain or computer to represent what is observed, the complexity increases because the computer has to be maintained in multiple states to maintain the data in multiple states, so that is where the simplification is most likely to be forced to take place, after which a matching simplification will be forced to take place in the original object being observed to match up to the data which describes it.
Post by: lightarrow on 08/05/2015 18:02:13
Quote from: PeteJ on 08/05/2015 12:12:07
Usually with "event" in this context, in the sense of "measure event", we mean the physical interaction with a measure device. "Observation" is the subjective act of take awareness of the event from a sentient being.
The first can come without the (unnecessary) second.
Someone has speculated on the possibility that the act of observation could modify the wavefunction, but it's not the main idea between physicists.
Physics, in my opinion, shouldn't be affected by subjective acts, so only the physical measure has a meaning.
lightarrow
Post by: chiralSPO on 08/05/2015 22:29:20
I agree with lightarrow here--I do not think (at least it hasn't been shown) that there is any requirement for a human or computer, or any other entity to "observe" a system for decoherence (wavefunction collapse) to occur. Only an interaction (often called measurement, but doesn't have to involve any type of measurement) is required.
When are measurements made without the data ever being processed by a computer or mind? Up until the point where they are processed, the wavefunction could continue to represent multiple possible realities without simplifying. If you then look at the results and that forces a simplification, how are you going to know if you caused that collapse or if it happened back at the time of the measurement? Indeed, it may be that a computer or brain isn't always adding sufficient complexity to cause the collapse, so it might maintain two possible states of that computer/brain which both believe there has been a collapse of the wavefunction when it has not actually occurred yet.
Great. This is getting interesting.
David - I like your idea and haven't come across it before,. Are you suggesting that there is a law of conservation of complexity? .
Lightarrow - I get the picture and do not see it differently. But I don't think the question of whether only the measurement has meaning is a free decision for physicists. To say that only unobserved events have meaning and then they lose it when they are observed would be a bit odd, and not the usual meaning of 'meaning'.
The thing is, your description leaves a finite time between the event and the observation, and this what I'm exploring. But then...
chiralSPO - You say that an observation is unnecessary, that the event (the detection by the detector) is enough for decoherence. This is not my understanding of things. It would answer my question if it is true, but is it true? It doesn't seem to match with the mainstream ideas that I read about.
Is it widely agreed that no sentient observation is necessary for decoherence?
I have to dig around to find it, but I'm pretty sure that there have been experiments that show, very explicitly, that a wavefunction has collapsed by looking at successive interactions of a particle--for the first few, it behaves as a wave, and then, after a sufficiently disruptive interaction, it behaves as a particle...
Also, recall that A) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy relies on the half life of coherent quantum states of populations of particles; and B) one of the most difficult obstacles to practical quantum computing is spontaneous decoherence/collapse.
Post by: PmbPhy on 09/05/2015 05:53:13
Quote from: PeteJ
Where did you get that notion from? When you make a measurement of a system which is in an eigenstate of the system. E.g. if the system is in an eigenstate of energy and you measure the energy then all you get is a measurement of the energy, period. Nothing happens to the system. If the system is not in an eigenstate of the observable you are measuring then when you measure that observable you'll get one of the eigenvalues of the observable. That's all. You didn't cause anything physical to happen. If you write down the expression for the system in an arbitrary quantum state and then measure an observable then the mathematical expression for the system will change to an eigenstate of the observable that you measured. But again, nothing physical happens to the system other than it now being in an eigenstate. But you can't observe the quantum state. It's simply a mathematical expression which represents the system. It's a misconception to think that something physical happens when the system collapses. That's merely mathematical lingo to describe what's going on with the mathematical description of the probabilities of measuring observables.
Carefully study what I wrote above and you'll understand that this question is meaningless.
If you could obtain information about an event before it occurred, you could prevent or modify it, thus invalidating the information you used, ad infintum.....
Post by: evan_au on 09/05/2015 10:02:32
Quote from: ChiralSPO
the event (the detection by the detector) is enough for decoherence.
This is not my understanding of things.
I understand that one of the barriers to quantum communication is tiny imperfections in the optical fiber, which result in the entangled photons (rarely) interacting with one of these imperfections.
Nobody is observing all the imperfections in the fiber, and nobody (and no test equipment) has seen that the photon has struck a particular imperfection, but the photon is scattered, and coherence is lost.
So decoherence can be triggered by interaction with the environment.
Okay. Thanks. Things are becoming more clear. I'm confused as to how the subject changed to a question that isn't mine but no matter.
PmbPhy - You may be giving the answer to my question but I must admit I don't fully understand it. You seem to be saying that the measurement has no effect on anything except our knowledge of the system.
Is that it?
Evan-au - says that decoherence can be triggered by the environment, but if decoherence is only about our knowledge of the system then how can this be?
Sort of. If you're confused then I'd have to say - Join the club! [;D]
Here's what is referred to as the orthodox position: Suppose you have a system which is an particular quantum state which isn't an eigenstate of any observable. Before a measurement of, for example, the position of a particle, is made then The particle wasn't really anywhere.
As Pascual Jordan put it: "Observations not only disturb what has to be measured, they produce it….We compel [the electron]
to assume a definite position…. We ourselves produce the results of measurements."
If a particle assumes a specific position in space then it might be said that the measurement process "caused" it to happen. If you wish to look at it that way then, in this particular example, cause and effect are simultaneous.
The quote above was taken from the article called Is the Moon There When Nobody is Looking? by N. David Mermin, Physics Today. It's available online at: http://maltoni.web.cern.ch/maltoni/PHY1222/mermin_moon.pdf
You might want to read it. It might help you to understand what you're seeking to learn.
I remind you that what I said is pure speculation, and I'm not suggesting anything about conserving complexity beyond the idea that there may be some limit to how much complexity a wavefunction can maintain before it collapses, but that detecting where that limit is reached may not be possible. If we take Schrödinger's cat as an example, it has not been ruled out that the wavefunction of the cat may be compatible with it being dead and alive. A collapse of the wavefunction could simplify it to eliminate one of those two possibilities, and it may be that the cat is sufficiently complex to force that collapse all by itself, long before anyone looks in the box to see if the cat's dead or alive. When a person looks in the box, again there's the question of whether that person can force the collapse of the wavefunction - it may be that (s)he can't, in which case the wavefunction of the person may have to remain compatible with two contradictory outcomes, one of which registers the cat as alive while the other registers it as dead. At some later point, maintaining the two possibilities may no longer be possible due to there being more complexity than the universe can handle, at which point one of the possibilities must be junked and the cat is then either dead or alive, no longer maintained in an uncertain state where it may yet become either, and at that point the wavefunction of the human will simplify to match (if it didn't simplify first, which is probably more likely), leaving us with a human which knows whether the cat is alive or dead rather than incorrectly thinking (s)he knows while actually maintaining both contradictory beliefs. What we certainly don't see is a human opening the box and finding a cat that (s)he determines is both alive and dead at the same time, but that does not guarantee that the wavefunction has collapsed at that point.
What we do see though are experiments where matter can be seen to be maintaining two contradictory states at the same time, though they aren't really contradictory as the matter hasn't actually been forced to simplify what it's doing. That really is like looking at a cat and seeing it as both dead and alive at the same time, only it hasn't yet been done with anything as complex as a cat. The particular experiment I have in mind involved an item made out of several hundred atoms which vibrated from side to side, but it did so by moving from left to right while at the same time moving from right to left, etc. That experiment showed the effect in something much more complex than a single particle and it opened up the possibility of doing the same thing with bigger, more complex items which are doing more complex things. Perhaps it can be extended to a cat, but perhaps not, and we may never know.
Schrödinger's cat is a terrible thought experiment, and I wish it were not so overused. Schrödinger originally proposed this experiment to expose how ridiculous QM logic is on a macroscopic scale.
Forget about whether or not the cat is complex enough to disrupt the wavefunction, whatever device measures whether or not the quantum event has happened and tells the poison to be released or not has already collapsed the wavefunction.
There are different interpretations of what the wavefunction actually represents, if it is a real thing, or just a useful model etc. Ultimately QM tells us what is knowable and what is unknowable (given our current understanding, but it has yet to fail us)--but this does not mean that we can actually measure anything that is theoretically knowable... Unfortunately the question of whether QM mechanisms are actually deterministic or probabilistic is fundamentally unknowable and cannot be probed.
I wonder why the thread question has been changed. The OP said nothing about the event preceeding the cause. Not sure I'm happy about this.
Quote from: PmbPhy on 09/05/2015 12:55:10
Your summary here is just fine and very helpful. I'm not really trying to learn QM but, rather, what physicists think about QM. I think you've answered my question. If it is allowable that the measured particle is not really anywhere until the measurement and is 'reified' by the measurement then the problem I was investigating evaporates. I had thought that physics rejected this idea since it would lend credence to idealism of some sort and also mad ideas like David's [;D]
... Which I suspect has some truth in it. It is not quite the same idea, but it seems to make some sense that stable complexity requires a material substrate. I.e that mind requires matter. It's a pet theory.
No need to go there though. Many thanks for all the excellent replies. On one science forum I know this discussion would have descended into a raging argument within five posts.
Your summary here is just fine and very helpful.
Wonderful. I'm so glad to hear that you've got your question answered to your satisfaction. [:D]
On one science forum I know this discussion would have descended into a raging argument within five posts.
That's why when I opened my own company I added physics forums to my companies website. Membership is by invitation only. I wait until I get to know a member in one of the forums I frequent and if they have what it takes to be in my forum I send them an invitation. It's simple. I do my best to try to predict whether the person will be able to respect and follow the forum rules. If the person objects to the rules then they're not invited. If they're invited and they join then we can discuss whether any changes should be made to the forum rules. I'm very good about that and am always looking for input from members. Problems sometimes arise when a member doesn't like a rule and then quits because of it. The problem with that is that it was their responsibility to discuss their objections to the rules until we're both satisfied. It's an ongoing process to, not a one time thing. So if I enforce a rule and the member convinces me and other members of the forum that the rule was wrong or didn't apply then I undo the enforcement. The rules are what one typically finds in all forums except that I strictly enforce them.
Post by: Atomic-S on 12/05/2015 07:40:35
I find this an interesting concept, which brings up the following question regarding the double-slit experiment. As it is typically conducted, a particle is sent through two parallel slits, behaving wave-like, during which, I suppose, it has no position. Then it hits a screen as, for example, photographic film, is detected at a specific position, and is deemed to be a particle having that position. I have wondered if there is any way of detecting it that does not demand that it assume a definite position, and if so, that would be a significant experimental breakthrough showing that a particle indeed not need be in a definite position to be a particle. It would appear that the nature of the detector is significant in this regard. When photographic film is placed there, it becomes part of the experiment. What if we used something else? We would have to be clever about what it was in order to elicit the desired result. We want something that would indicate the presence of the particle, but in a way that did not demand that it assume a definite position. If we were able to do that, it suggests the possibility that the particle could continue to travel beyond there still following much of its original wave configuration, that would become evident in a second detection of some kind. With the conventional double-slit experiment, particles hit the detector with a distribition governed by their wave nature up to that point, but whemn each hits, it is recorded in a specific place, and as such, now has a state function that is different, so that (assuming the particle has enough energy to continue on from that point), its subsequent behavior should be different than its original wave distribution indicated. The point is t hat the first detection, by requiring it to assume definite position, has altered its subsequent behavior. So the objective would be to show that if we could detect its presence in a way that did not require it to assume a definite position, then its subsequent behavior would be much less disrupted and would largely be the same as its earlier wave function would indicate. Can such an experiment be done? The first thing that comes to mind as a possible way of doing so is to change the chemistry of the detector so that it is characterized by large molecules having electron orbits that run throughout their entire length and thus do not have narrowly localized locations. You would also want to try to set this up so that the molecules had a dearth of closely-confined electron orbits that would be sensitive to the particular particle to be detected. The result would be that when the particle interacted, an electron from a wide-ranging orbit would be kicked up into another higher-energy wide-ranging orbit, which could triger other phenomena that would be recorded. But because the process did not pin the detected particle to a particular location, its wave function would not have "collapsed" as much as would ordinarily be the case, allowing the particle, with such residual energy as it had, to proceed further on and be detected a second time by a conventional detector. The result of that would be, executed on many particles, a diffraction pattern more closely resembling what would have come out of the slits (probably some weak fringes), rather than what would have come out of a narrow-position detector (probably diffuse).
Quote from: Atomic-S
I find this an interesting concept, ...
And it might be interesting to read if you didn't write it as one long sentence. It's easier to read when you break things up into paragraphs. If you choose to do so I'd like to read what you wrote. Otherwise it's a strain on my eyes.
To make a long story short, we do the double slit experiment as follows: There are the slits, and there is a conventional detection screen. It produces an indication of where each particle hits. Between the slits and the screen we place another detector. It is to detect the passage of the particle without detecting its position. When the particle passes through it, its presence is recorded but its position is not. Because its position was not, it remains indefinite. The purpose is to test to see if, by leaving it indefinite, the wave characteristics that emerged from the slits remain in force. We find the answer to that by allowing the particle to strike the final detection screen and record a position. We repeat the experiment with many particles. If the statistical pattern on the final detection screen is consistent with the diffraction expected from the slits, then we would know that the wavelike behavior was not nullified by the earlier detection as a particle. That would be interesting because this experiment would have demonstrated an object possessing both particle-like and wave-like properties at the same time.
The detector to be first encountered might be constructed of a semiconductor having two conductive energy bands separated by a small energy difference. Because such energy bands are characterized by electrons free to wander extensively, their electrons are of indefinite position. If the energy difference is substantially less that that of the incident photon (for example), the amount of energy lost from the photon when it kicked an electron from the lower band to the upper band would not greatly affect it, so that as it proceeded from that point on toward the final screen, the photon's wavelike character would undergo only limited change. This change would probably appear as an increase in wavelength. The result of that could be that the diffraction pattern would widen a little. But the experiment should still be doable.
To make a long story short, we do the double slit experiment as follows: There are the slits, and there is a conventional detection screen. It produces an indication of where each particle hits.
Between the slits and the screen we place another detector. It is to detect the passage of the particle without detecting its position.
What you just said is impossible. One can't merely make such statements and expect them to be taken as a valid statement. You have to state exactly how such a thing is possible by stating at least one way on how to do it. And detecting a passage of something means that you've taken a position measurement. You don't appear to understand that those two things are identically the same thing.
When the particle passes through it, its presence is recorded but its position is not.
Again, impossible. To demonstrate what I mean please draw a diagram of what you're saying and the actual physics of how it would be accomplished.
Things like this are the main problems with ideas in this forum. The ideas presented are so vague as to appear possible but so vacuous that it can't be accomplished in practice.
The position of the particle has three components. The component in the direction from the source to the final target is indeed recorded to the precision of the position of the central detector, but the position in the other two dimensions is not. It is those transverse measurements that matter in this experiment.
As for the first detection itself, I turn to the antenna principle to attempt to discuss it in a bit of detail. The antenna principle attempts to understand the absorption and emission of radiation on the basis of the behavior of radio antennas, which, although it may seem inapplicable to a quantum situation, actually is if you examine the mathematics closely.
The state function of an electron in a specific energy state is a function of x, y, z, and t in a way such that the absolute square of the function is everywhere time-independent, although the function itself varies with time according to the factor exp(iω1t), ω1 being determined by the energy level. If the electron moves to a different orbit with a different different energy level, its state function is again of x, y, z, and t in like manner, except that the dependence on x, y, and z will in general be different, and that the time dependency will be exp(iω2t), with ω2 being determined by the different energy of that state. But as before, the time dependency of the absolute square will be constant. The absolute square is associated with the probability that a process to find an electron at a given point would find it there, and thus can be thought of as equivalent to a classical charge density, and what this all says is that when the electron is definitely in one or the other state, its charge-density distribution is independent of time, which corresponds to a classical electrostatic situation. (Note that this is true despite the kinetic energy the electron possesses).
When, however, the electron is absorbing or emitting EM radiation, it will be, for a short time, in both states at once. Now if you add the two states, you will find that the absolute square is no longer time-independent, but varies at a frequency 2π(ω2 - ω1), a frequency that corresponds to the frequency of the emitted or absorbed radiation. During this time, the charge probability density is varying with time, very much like the currents in a classical antenna. As such, this gives us a method of calculating the radiation pattern, i.e., the probability that the photon will be found in the various possible directions of flight. For the purposes of this experiment, therefore, the task is to devise a first detector that will have such available electron orbits so that when the photon encounters it, the electron that it excites will conform itself to its wave pattern during the transition to the higher energy level, in such a manner as to replicate that wave pattern as nearly as the loss of energy will permit.
Of course, when so doing, the photon must not lose all its energy to the transition process, but only a small part of it. Thus we must contrive that the electron when being energized by the photon not simply be ejected from the detector as in a phototube. Achieving this will likely require that the detector be carefully designed. It must absorb the photon, but then retransmit as much of it as possible on nearly the same frequency and with as near to the original wave pattern as possible. Properly designed, the detector would be able to respond to any wave pattern (within the wavelength range of interest) that were to impinge upon it, retaining that wave pattern and re-emitting the photon with slightly less energy to continue its journey. I am not able to describe the exact details of such a detector, but believe it can be done through a system of wide-ranging electron orbits made available through a correctly structured system of conduction bands that give us electrons that have no definite position in the transverse directions, as well as slight energy gaps that can be crossed using substantially less energy than in the incident photon. It may be that more than two such energy bands would have to be provided, and that the detector may have to have layers of differing material that would allow these processes to be carried out in sequence. It may be necessary, for example, to have an intermediate energy band whose energy is high enough to absorb most of the photon energy (so that the electron is not ejected from the material), from which the electron would then transition into the final energy band that would be just a little different than the incident energy. But the key to everything is that all this takes place in spatial phase, so that the original wave pattern is maintained. Doing all this may require cooling the material to a very low temperature to depopulate the higher energy levels and make them available to clearly receive the activated electron. With a first detector build on these general principles, the process should be possible.
Post by: SciencyGummyWorms on 21/05/2015 01:22:51
Quote from: Atomic-S on 16/05/2015 06:44:33
In practice you say that the particle, after the slits, crosses a plane parallel to the screen before this one, without interacting in a specific point of this plane but making the generation of a signal when it crosses it. Correct? I don't know if what you say is actually possible.
Assuming it is possible, measuring the position x of the particle means to put its state in an autoket eigenvector of position so its momentum Px (x component of momentum) is then completely undetermined in this new state.
As a result, I think, you would have an interference pattern which should be the overlap of infinite patterns of different momentum, that is colours (now I assume to use photons) each, that is, a white diffuse area on the screen.
But it's just a thought, not sure of it.
Quote from: lightarrow
Assuming it is possible, measuring the position x of the particle means to put its state in an autoket of position so its momentum px is then completely indetermined in this new state.
What in God's name is anautoket??
The evil twin of an autobra.
Post by: Bill S on 24/05/2015 15:37:18
It's something you snort on your own; or possibly in your car.
[;D]Yes, you're right. For some mysterious reason I made a mix between italian language and Dirac denomination! I intended "eigenvector".
In practice you say that the particle, after the slits, crosses a plane parallel to the screen before this one, without interacting in a specific point of this plane but making the generation of a signal when it crosses it. Correct?
I think, you would have an interference pattern which should be the overlap of infinite patterns of different momentum, that is colours (now I assume to use photons) each, that is, a white diffuse area on the screen.
I believe your analysis is correct, as pertains to what it analyzes. However, I believe I have not described the experiment clearly enough. The purpose of the experiment is not to measure the position in the direction of propagation, although doing so to within certain margins of error would be an inevitable consequence, in the sense that if the intermediate detector detects the particle, then the particle has necessarily been found within it, hence its position has been measured. However we also need to take the time factor into account. We have absolutely no need of finding the particle's X position except to the extent of verifying that it is a single particle. The existence, upon exiting the slits, of a well-formed diffraction pattern implies that the particle has a narrowly-constrained wavelength, and therefor a very vague position. What we do not want to do is change that situation in the first detector. Can we detect the particle's presence in the first detector without altering its wavelength to something highly indefinite? Yes, if we do not insist on knowing just when the particle passes through the first detector. Therefore, the nature of the first detector's operation will be such that we are unable to say with any precision just when the particle passes through it, but we can still affirm that a particle, and only one particle, has passed through it if the original source is very weak. For this experiment to work, we need a source that has a narrow wavelength band but also a very low photon rate so that the probability of having more than one photon between the slits and the final detector is negligible. Under these conditions, when the first detector records action, we know a photon has passed, even though we don't have a good idea of exactly when, in relation to the recorded signal, it did so. (And the recorded signal could itself occupy many times the time required for transit from slits to final screen). The temporal uncertainty of the transit of the first detector would probably be associated with the times required for the agitated electron to jump through three energy levels.
No, because the time at which the position occurs remains highly indefinite.
Quote from: alancalverd
Why can't you be serious? You waste a lot of my time with these silly remarks.
That's incorrect and probably based on a misconception of the time-energy uncertainty principle. There is no such thing as " time at which the position occurs remains highly indefinite." Position is measured at a specific time. That means when you measure the position of a particle you simultaneously look at the clock and record what it reads. Take a photon hitting an array of photon detectors or CCD for example. When the photon hits a "pixel" which the array of photon detectors or the CCD is composed of the time is recorded. Time is a parameter in QM, not an observable.
Can we detect the particle's presence in the first detector without altering its wavelength to something highly indefinite? Yes, if we do not insist on knowing just when the particle passes through the first detector.
If you don't know when the particle passes, I could even say that it hasn't passed at all, yet! So, how can you say that you have measured its position? [:)]
Come on, even Dirac had a sense of humor - he nearly offered me a job!
That's not merely humor. It's sarcasm, the lowest form of humor. And there's a huge difference between having a sense of humor and using it to disguise whether you're being insulting or not.
There is no such thing as " time at which the position occurs remains highly indefinite." Position is measured at a specific time. That means when you measure the position of a particle you simultaneously look at the clock and record what it reads.
Let's see if we can get a clearer grip on the question by attempting to be more detailed in analysis. How would the middle detector operate? I envision three energy levels, or more exactly, bands of closely spaced levels, having electrons in the lowest. The others will be assumed to be unoccupied. The photon comes along, hits the middle detector broadside and energizes an electron in the lowest band that most closely matches the photon's waveform. The electron is kicked into the highest band by a process that replicates that waveform spatially (in the transverse plane), temporarily absorbing the photon. Then the electron drops into the intermediate band, again replicating the wave distribution in the transverse directions, a process which re-emits the photon with the same transverse wave pattern but at a slightly different frequency. At some time after entering the intermediate band, the detected electron is recorded by other processes, which need not take place before the photon finally reaches the final detector. During the time the photon is engaged with the electron, it is detained in the detector and thus its X position is "measured"; however if I am correct, doing so under these conditions does not permanently efface the shape of its wave function in any major way, and also does not establish with accuracy when the photon was in the detector. The fact that the photon re-emerges in substantially its original form, particularly as to still having a narrow bandwidth, has to do with the nature of the absorbtion and re-emission processes, which are assumed to take place between electron states having narrowly-defined energies. But to have such energies, the electron states have narrowly-defined frequencies, meaning that the lifetimes of the states must be long compared to one cycle of the photon. But that means that the photon will be trapped within the detector for a while, not being re-emitted instantly. In this way, the photon's having a narrowly defined x coordinate is reconciled with its retaining its narrow bandwith and being re-emitted with close to its original wavelength, made possible by the indefiniteness of the time of its presence in the detector that is created by the accurately defined frequencies of it and the electron.
How would the middle detector operate?
What middle detector? Your writing is extremely dense and as such very hard to read and recall. Therefore you can't expect people to recall what it is that you're referring to days after they've made their last post. We're carrying on several conversations at once in multiple forums so please don't expect everyone to recall exactly what your set up is. Please provide a simple description of the set u before you start the explanation, okay? Thank you my friend. :)
I read what you wrote below and it's all confused. It appears as if you have several misconceptions about quantum mechanics. First of all you said "The photon comes along, hits the middle detector " but you didn't tell us anything about what this detector is and why you refer to it as the "middle" one. Then you started talking about electrons in bands and photon waveforms. What are these "bands" that you're referring to? It sounds like you're referring to the band theory of solids. Is that it? And apparently you're under the wrong impression that photons have a wavefunction.
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon
And the term "waveform" is never used in quantum mechanics so I don't know what you mean by it.
The electron is kicked into the highest band by a process that replicates that waveform spatially (in the transverse plane), temporarily absorbing the photon.
What exactly do you mean here? Electrons don't absorb photons. Only a system of charges like a solid or an atom/molecule can do that. Is that what you're referring to?
Then the electron drops into the intermediate band, again replicating the wave distribution in the transverse directions, a process which re-emits the photon with the same transverse wave pattern but at a slightly different frequency. At some time after entering the intermediate band, the detected electron is recorded by other processes, which need not take place before the photon finally reaches the final detector.
All of that makes no sense. Photons are never "re-emitted". A photon is either emitted or absorbed. Nothing in between. It can never meaningfully be said that the same photon is re-emitted after it's absorbed. And what is this wave form that you're referring to? Waveform of what?
During the time the photon is engaged with the electron, it is detained in the detector and thus its X position is "measured";
A photon is never "engaged" with an electron for any period of time. Also photons cannot be detained.
The fact that the photon re-emerges in substantially its original form, ..
I'm sorry but when you say things like this it only tells me that you don't know quantum mechanics in the sense that your knowledge is seriously and almost hopelessly flawed. Where/how did you come to know what you do about quantum mechanics?
Further explanation:
Figure 1: The photon has passed through the slits (located at the left and out of the picture), and is described by its "waveform", by which I mean its state function Ψ(x,y,z,t) whose absolute square at any point is the probability that a photon would be found there, which is represented by the orange wavefronts having come from the slits, and is travelling toward the middle, or preliminary, detector (which sits between the slit plate and the final screen or film), which can be thought of as a wafer that contains three energy bands. In the diagram, the detector is represented in cross-section so that it appears as lines, though in practice it would be a plate in which the three energy bands would be effected by three physical layers, and that is the way it is represented in the diagram. The layer nearest the incoming photon has the lowest energy level, and is occupied by electrons. The middle layer has the highest potential energy level (the energy that an electron would acquire if present) but is empty. The final layer is likewise empty but has a potential energy that falls between the other two.
The photon now interacts with the intermediate detector through its state function, shown in orange, entering the first layer. There it finds the electron that it most closely matches, in terms of the way the electron's state function lays the electron out spatially compared to the spatial distribution of the photon's state function. Because of the agreement in spatial layout between the photon's and the electron's state functions, the electron is excited and begins transitioning into the middle layer by raising its own (electron's) frequency (the temporal part of its state function) by an amount that equals the frequency of the photon. In so doing, the electron effectively becomes an antenna that absorbs the photon, having an oscillating charge-probability density made possible by being in the combined state that consists of its initial state in the first layer and its final state in the second layer. An essential feature of the process is that the electron occupies both layers simultaneously for a short while.
Eventually the electron has transitioned to the middle layer. Its state in the middle layer replicates the state it had in the first (left) layer except that the temporal part of the function is at a higher frequency, because the energy is higher by the amount absorbed from the photon. That is important, because by being such, the state preserves the original spatial information, from which the diffraction pattern will be recovered. That is, the absorbtion of the photon by this process did not collapse its wave function in such a way as to localize it in the transverse plane.
The electron will then begin a second transition, into the right layer, dropping in energy. Actually, this process may well begin before the absorbtion process is fully completed, so that for a brief moment there could be some photon energy still present within the system, represented by the orange and red lines. Whether in this form or in a fully excited electron in the middle plane, the energy is contained within the wafer and thus the x position of the photon can be said to have been determined to within the thickness of the spacing between layers. But note that this does not mean that the momentum, and therefore wavelength, of the emitted photon will be indeterminate. The reason it won't be is because the excited electron has a well defined frequency of state-function oscillation, from which a definite wavelength will be recovered. [ Invalid Attachment ]
The electron then transitions into the exit (right) layer by a process similar to the earlier absorbtion, by entering a mixed state in which it temporarily has significant probability to be found in either the middle or right layer. The right layer has a lower potential energy, causing, again, a beat frequency between the two states, and therefore an oscillating charge-probability density. Correspondingly, a photon wave function corresponding to that, as per the antenna principle, is created, and the photon is sent on its way (red wavefronts). The spatial information is preserved as before, causing the photon state function to have the original pattern it did when it had arrived at the wafer, and therefore the interference information is preserved intact.
The photon, represented by its state function having the diffraction information (red), continues on to the conventional screen, forms a probability pattern based on the fringes, and is detected as a specific spot (bronze color). That detection in itself does not prove that the fringe patterns are present, but we will repeat this experiment many times and establish the fring pattern by statistics.
After the one specific photon in question has been detected, the right layer of the wafer is accessed and the electron, if present, is read out. The fact that the electron was found to be present demonstrates that the photon passed through the wafer. If no electron had been found on read-out, that would tell us that no photon had passed through. Note that the verification that the photon was in the wafer does not occur at a specific instant of time, and therefore has nothing to do with uncertainties as to its energy and frequency. Indeed, as noted with respect to Figure 3, the photon or its equivalent energy is expected to dwell for a short while in the wafer, which is how a definite x position for it (at that time) can be reconciled with preserving a definite exit wavelength.
Post by: sunshaker on 18/06/2015 19:30:37
Atomic-s I've only skimmed trough thread, is this the experiment you are trying to explain?
http://www.sciencealert.com/reality-doesn-t-exist-until-we-measure-it-quantum-experiment-confirms?utm_content=bufferdc7d6&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer (http://www.sciencealert.com/reality-doesn-t-exist-until-we-measure-it-quantum-experiment-confirms?utm_content=bufferdc7d6&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer)
They then randomly added a second grating that recombined the paths, but only after the atom had already passed the first grating.
When this second grating was added, it led to constructive or destructive interference, which is what you'd expect if the atom had travelled both paths, like a wave would. But when the second grating was not added, no interference was observed, as if the atom chose only one path.
The fact that this second grating was only added after the atom passed through the first crossroads suggests that the atom hadn't yet determined its nature before being measured a second time.
Post by: sciconoclast on 18/06/2015 23:50:41
The experiment you described would not work but an experiment to achieve the results you are looking for has been done by Aephraim Stienberg at the University of Toronto.
"They succeeded in experimentally reconstructing full trajectories which provide a full description of how light particles move through the two slits and form an interference pattern."
http://phys.org/news/2011-12-toronto-breakthrough-physics-world.html
This experiment is a problem for the more wilder claims of quantum theory and as it relates to this thread for the requirement of observation.
In 2011 this was voted the experiment of the year in several publications. How did you guys miss it.
Figure 1: The photon has passed through the slits (located at the left and out of the picture), and is described by its "waveform", by which I mean its state function Ψ(x,y,z,t) whose absolute square at any point is the probability that a photon would be found there,
No, such a function doesn't exist for a photon.
For electrons or others non-zero-mass particles it exists, but not for photons.
If you want to modify your question using other particles, e.g. electrons, make us know.
Where'd you get such a notion from? See: The Photon Wave Function by J. H. Eberly, L. Mandel, Coherence and Quantum Optics VII, Eds., Plenum, New York 1996, p. 313. This is available online at http://www.cft.edu.pl/~birula/publ/CQO7.pdf
See post 42. You have written:
"And apparently you're under the wrong impression that photons have a wavefunction"
[:)]
Anyway, the document you linked doesn't show that exists a wave function which square modulus is the probability to find the photon, as Atomic wrote.
Quote from: lightarrow on 20/06/2015 19:44:10
You're right. That topic falls under quantum electrodynamics and relativistic quantum mechanics, neither of which I've studied yet. I looked them up. Unfortunately I got conflicting answers in both cases that I looked them up and forgot what my answer was the first time when I posted the second. I'll contact someone I know and ask him.
The problem with the Wikipedia article is that I didn't read it closely enough. Had I done so I'd have seen this
More generally, the normal concept of a Schrödinger probability wave function cannot be applied to photons.[57] Being massless, they cannot be localized without being destroyed; technically, photons cannot have a position eigenstate |\mathbf{r} \rangle, and, thus, the normal Heisenberg uncertainty principle \Delta x \Delta p > h/2 does not pertain to photons. A few substitute wave functions have been suggested for the photon..
So what I misunderstood was that the "normal" concept of a wave function doesn't apply but "A few substitute wave functions have been suggested ..."
http://www.sciencealert.com/reality-doesn-t-exist-until-we-measure-it-quantum-experiment-confirms?utm_content=bufferdc7d6&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer
No, but it sounds interesting. More details would have been helpful.
May I suggest as the wave function, the classical electromagnetic field equation that would describe the light at high intensity passing through this region, times some very small constant. After all, such an equation describes, in the case of full-strength radiation, the intensity we would observe if we took intensity measurements at various points, and thus corresponds, in the case of very weak radiation, to the probability that we would detect a photon at any particular place and moment of time if we tried.
May I suggest as the wave function, the classical electromagnetic field equation that would describe the light at high intensity passing through this region, times some very small constant.
You don't need to suggest it. That's the way that it's done. It's not a real wave function though since that's defined as the inner product of the bra <r| with the state ket and no such bra exists for photons. The constant has to be chosen to normalize the resulting function.


President Donald J. Trump met today with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan in Taormina, Italy, before the start of the G7 Summit. In the wake of the horrific terrorist attack at the Manchester Arena in the United Kingdom, the two leaders reaffirmed their shared resolve to cooperate to the fullest extent possible to counter terrorist threats.
The President said the United States will work with Japan and the Republic of Korea, as well as our other allies and partners around the world, to increase pressure on North Korea and demonstrate that North Korea's current path is not sustainable. President Trump and Prime Minister Abe agreed their teams would cooperate to enhance sanctions on North Korea, including by identifying and sanctioning entities that support North Korea's ballistic missile and nuclear programs. They also agreed to further strengthen the alliance between the United States and Japan, to further each country's capability to deter and defend against threats from North Korea.
This letter offers a Japanese Canadian voice in support of Bill 79 in the Ontario provincial legislature. If you identify as Japanese, Japanese Canadian, or Nikkei, or are part of a Japanese Canadian community, we encourage you to sign on to the letter here before Monday, May 15th.
We recognise that Bill 79 deals with a history that many find uncomfortable and divisive. Yet avoiding or suppressing this history only makes it more painful, and deepens divisions between us. By acknowledging history instead, Bill 79 creates much-needed space for dialogue, understanding, and empathy, and signals hope for reconciliation for present and future generations. We therefore hope that your government and our society will join us in supporting Bill 79.
1 The Korean Canadian Cultural Association of Metropolitan Toronto, which has endorsed Bill 79, was part of the National Coalition for Japanese Canadian Redress. Key members of the Toronto and London chapters of the Chinese Canadian National Council, which was also part of the National Coalition, have supported the bill as well.


text:
Q: VBA to SAP // RFC function module with table as Input Parameter I want to send data from Excel via a RFC-Connector to SAP.
For the RFC function module, I must fill a table as an input parameter. Comparable to the RFC function module STFC_DEEP_TABLE.
My VBA code stops at the with statement with the error:

"Object variable or With block variable not set".

Sub RFC_DEEP_TABLE()
Dim sapConn As Object
Set sapConn = CreateObject("SAP.Functions")

If sapConn.Connection.Logon(0, False) <> True Then
    MsgBox "Cannot Log on to SAP"
End If

Dim objRfcFunc As Object
Set objRfcFunc = sapConn.Add("STFC_DEEP_TABLE")

With objRfcFunc
    .Exports.Item("IMPORT_TAB").value("STR") = "X" 'Objectvariable oder With-Blockvariable nicht festgelegt
End With

If objRfcFunc.Call = False Then
    MsgBox objRfcFunc.Exception
End If

End Sub

A: I can't test this, but from reading up on VBA/SAP Net Connector, it looks like you, similar to the .Net Connector syntax for C#, have to add a row to an import table before setting field values.
Sub RFC_DEEP_TABLE()
  Dim sapConn As Object
  Set sapConn = CreateObject("SAP.Functions")

  If sapConn.Connection.Logon(0, False) <> True Then
    MsgBox "Cannot Log on to SAP"
  End If

  Dim objRfcFunc As Object
  Set objRfcFunc = sapConn.Add("STFC_DEEP_TABLE")

  Set import_tab = objRfcFunc.Tables("IMPORT_TAB")
  import_tab.freetable
  import_tab.appendrow
  import_tab.cell("STR", 1) = "X"

  If objRfcFunc.Call = False Then
    MsgBox objRfcFunc.Exception
  End If

End Sub

I'm not completely sure about the line assigning the value, the parameters of the cell method should be right, but I only found a couple of slightly contradictory blog and forum posts and I'm not absolutely sure the order of the parameters is correct.

A: I had the same problem, that I could not instantiate the BAPI. The SAP guys altered the BAPI, and I could access it without altering the code.
BTW:
the parameter order is:
 import_tab.cell(line#, fieldname) = "X"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


GCG members and supporters may find the attached letter from the Earth Science Teachers Association useful.
Many of you are aware I am sure, that unlike other science or humanities subjects, Geology has always been one of the smaller uptake subjects, despite the amazing selling points of fieldwork experiences, and the core topic materials which focus on the fundamentals of things around us and the future of the planet, being able to "look backwards to look forwards" when looking at specimens in museums is an amazing thing.
Online membership signup now available!
As part of the ongoing development of the GCG website, you are now able to sign up for your membership and pay online. So if you have been considering joining us, but just can't remember where you put the cheque book, then this is for you.
We are also inviting existing members to create an online account, which will enable you to have access to the members only resources as we begin to develop these. If you have already paid your subscription for 2018 then you do not need to pay again - simply choose the "offline payment" method. We will then cross-check this with our existing membership records. This will also provide you with another payment option for renewing in 2018 via PayPal - although of course you can continue to use the existing payment methods we offer of cheque, bank transfer or standing order.
Your transaction is fully secure and protected by 256-bit SSL encryption. You can get advice on staying safe online from Get Safe Online.


text:
Крестьянский — хутор в Репьёвском районе Воронежской области Российской Федерации.

Входит в состав Бутырского сельского поселения.

География
Хутор расположен в 4 км к северо-западу от административного центра сельского поселения — села Бутырки.
На хуторе имеется одна улица — имени А. Мамкина.

История
Хутор возник во второй половине XVIII века. В описании Нижнедевицкого уезда 1780 года упомянут в числе хуторов, принадлежащих к слободе Репьёвке.

Население

В 1859 году в казённом хуторе Крестьянский (Крепаки) при овраге Пустом Ржавце в Коротоякском уезде насчитывалось 85 дворов, 302 мужчины, 310 женщин.

Ссылки

Примечания

Населённые пункты Репьёвского района
Населённые пункты, основанные в XVIII веке

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Percentage of women who received antenatal care provided by skilled health personnel for reasons related to pregnancy at least once during pregnancy as a percentage of live births in a given perdiod. It is an indicator of access and utilization of health care during pregnancy. Based on: World Health Organization.
Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel (doctors, nurses or midwives). Based on: United Nations Children's Fund.
Number of deaths of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. Usually measured per 100,000 live births. Based on: World Health Organization.


Mark Batchford has joined the St. James Hotel team as head chef, bringing with him a new menu for the hotel and bar.
His former roles include head chef at Perkins Restaurant in Plumtree, and a position at George's Fish and Chip Kitchen.
He said: "I'm really excited to get stuck in, using all the knowledge and experience I've gathered over the years.
Richard Johal, general manager of the St James Hotel, said: "It's great to have Mark on board. He has a vast amount of experience and is extremely passionate about his work.


As I researched Landscape Management's and the Green Industry's joint histories for our 50th anniversary issue, an unassuming, folded-in-half piece of paper floated out of an old bound volume of back issues of the magazine.
Hurried and on deadline, I almost stuffed it back in without looking at it, thinking it was nothing but someone else's research notes from long ago. Instead, I opened it.
"Landscape Management Management History" the document's title read. As I scanned the list of editors and publishers from LM's past, some of the names jumped out at me.
› James Nelson. The son of a pesticide manufacturer, Nelson became editor of our sister magazine Pest Control (now Pest Management Professional) in 1948. He launched LM's predecessor Weeds and Turf in July 1962, serving as publisher until 1967. (For more on our evolution, see page 30.) PMP is inducting Nelson into its Hall of Fame this year, largely due to his role in launching industry bible "Truman's Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations" and a related Purdue University correspondence course.
› Bob Earley. Having served LM in various capacities in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, Earley was present in June 1979 when 23 lawn care professionals gathered at the Cincinnati-South Holiday Inn to discuss forming a national association. From that meeting, the Professional Lawn Care Applicators of America (PLCAA, now part of the Professional Landcare Network or PLANET) was born.
› Jerry Roche. Chief editor of LM from 1985 until 1995, Roche is one of the five founders of the Turf & Ornamental Communicators Association.
› Ron Hall and Sue (Gibson) Porter. Hall reported for LM and its former sister tabloid Lawn Care Industry for more than two decades, serving as LM's editor-in-chief from 2002 to 2008. He and Porter ushered LM through a transition in 1999 from a general turf book covering golf and sports turf to one focused solely on serving the needs of landscape and lawn care businesses.
It's powerful to see the names of the people who've done the work you do many years before you began to do it. I take pride in adding my name and that of our new ownership, North Coast Media, to LM's management history list.
Much like your businesses, our job—business-to-business publishing—has changed a lot since 1962, the year Nelson realized there was an opportunity to publish specialized information for those in the new field of applying pesticides to outdoor environments. But, also like you, the reason we do our job hasn't changed one bit.
I'm sure the men and women whose bylines have appeared in LM before mine would agree that the most gratifying thing about being a trade magazine editor is hearing that something you reported on improved a reader's business or life.
I recently received an email from a longtime reader who said just that. Even though LM first made a difference to him long before I was around, I appreciated and was encouraged by his note just the same.
Arthur Hathcock, landscape agronomist and former owner of Metroscape, a Washington, D.C., area environmental services and landscape firm, wrote to tell me that in 1976 he was given the Manager of the Year Award by our predecessor, Weeds, Trees & Turf.
"The award was two-fold," Hathcock says. "1). I got my photo in the magazine and a minor write-up, and 2). I was given an inscribed pewter desk paperweight with all the pertinent information. I still have the paperweight.
Thank you, Arthur, and all of our readers, for giving us a reason to do what we do.


If you missed Direct2Drive's sweet $6 sale on Dirt 2, Microsoft is offering a second chance to save big. Although it's not quite as cheap, the title is priced at only $9.99, far under the standard $39.99 retail rate. Steam has discounted Killing Floor and its various DLC packs by 50% along with the popular indie tower defense title Sol Survivor, which is currently $4.99. Meanwhile, Impulse cuts 50% off all Oddworld Inhabitants and TopWare Interactive titles, Good Old Game has reduced 10 Atari classics by 30 to 50%, and Direct2Drive offers 15% off 500+ action games via code "rockinaction".
I really dont understand why COF:MW2 is still pricey. Its been out for a while now.


text:
Home Latest SERAP Asks Buhari, Govs to Disclose Security Votes Spending for 2021
SERAP Asks Buhari, Govs to Disclose Security Votes Spending for 2021
Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) has sent Freedom of Information requests to President Muhammadu Buhari and 36 state governors, urging them to disclose details of proposed 'security votes' spending in the 2021 appropriation bills to ensure the security and welfare of Nigerians.
SERAP also urged the president to explain measures the government is putting in place to prevent the misuse and embezzlement of public funds in the name of security votes.
In the FoI requests dated December 26, 2020 and signed by its Deputy Director, Kolawole Oluwadare, the organisation said disclosing details of spending would serve to engage the Nigerian people in an honest conversation about the security challenges confronting the country, and what the federal and state governments are doing to respond to them.
The FoI requests, read in part: "Nigerians have the right to know what the government is doing in their name. The framers of the Nigerian Constitution never contemplated opaque spending of public funds as security votes. Transparency and accountability would ensure that the policies and action that the government will pursue to guarantee the security of Nigerians are truly relevant and effective in keeping them safe."
"We would be grateful if the requested information is provided to us within 7 days of the receipt and/or publication of this letter. If we have not heard from you by then, SERAP shall take all appropriate legal action under the Nigerian Constitution, the Freedom of Information Act, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights to compel you to comply with our request."
"Successive governments have failed to effectively discharge their primary and constitutional responsibility to protect the lives and property of Nigerians. This is patently contrary to Section 14(2)(b) of the Nigerian Constitution, which provides that 'the security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of government.'"
"Our requests are brought in the public interest, and in keeping with the requirements of the Nigerian Constitution, the country's international human rights obligations including under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Nigeria has ratified both human rights treaties."
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NIGER, PLATEAU AND THE TEETH OF THE BARRACUDA


"Working for the Community in the Community, since 1993"
Clár IRD Ltd is first and foremost, a voluntary community organisation, committed to the development of the resources of our region in an integrated fashion. Its principal activity of the company is the promotion of the development of the town of Claremorris and surrounding area.
Location: Ballyhaunis Rd., Claremorris, County Mayo.
For information about Claremorris visit the Claremorris website.


The best child care in the area! Clean with individual attention to your child. My child attended from 3 months-4 1/2 years old. We still visit. Love it there.
Write a review about REINA, MIRIAM. Let other families know what's great, or what could be improved. Please read our brief review guidelines to make your review as helpful as possible.


Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, (born September 9, 1918, Novara, Italy—died January 29, 2012, Rome), lawyer and politician who was president of Italy from 1992 to 1999.
Educated at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan, Scalfaro worked as a prosecuting attorney. A member of the Christian Democrats (Democrazia Cristiana; DC), he was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1948 from Turin-Novara-Vercelli, and he retained the seat for the following four and a half decades. He held a number of positions in the DC and was secretary and vice-chairman of its parliamentary group and a member of its National Council. He also held leadership positions in the Chamber of Deputies; he was elected chair of the legislative body only a month before being chosen as president. Beginning in the 1950s, Scalfaro served in several governments as an undersecretary of various ministries and as the minister of transport and civil aviation, education, and the interior. In 1987 he was unsuccessful in an attempt to form a government.
Parliamentary members elected Scalfaro, a compromise candidate, to the largely ceremonial post of president on May 25, 1992, after almost two weeks of unsuccessful attempts to reach agreement. The period of his presidency was marked by continuing political instability and a major realignment of political groups in which the DC, long dominant in Italy, disappeared as a separate party. At the end of his term Scalfaro was appointed senator for life.


text:
Group Home :: Livin' Proof
Tom Doggett June 29, 2004
Back to the LabReview
Ask anyone in the game and they'll tell you: DJ Premier is the man. He's blessed everyone from Biggie to Rakim to KRS on his own, and dropped 6 albums in 15 years as half of GangStarr. In addition, add Jeru The Damaja's first two efforts to his list of successes. He has certainly staked his claim among hip-hop's all-time elite producers with an endless string of classic joints. Without question, Premier has earned his spot at the top.
One of his best moments, and most easily forgotten, is his work on Group Home's 1995 album "Livin' Proof." The group, made up of Lil' Dap and Melachi the Nutcracker, was essentially spawned by Premier, as they were members of GangStarr's extended crew. Lil Dap even appeared on "I'm The Man" from the classic "Daily Operation" LP. The duo's debut came three years later, right on the heels of Jeru The Damaja's "The Sun Rises In The East," another great production work by Premier. Due to the sub-par rhyming, "Livin' Proof" is often overlooked, but it stands the test of time as a magnificent collection of beats from DJ Premier in the prime of his career.
After a short instrumental intro, "Inna Citi Life" kicks it off with a mellow loop and Primo's trademark scratches on the hook. The following title track boasts wickedly hard drums and a melodic sample. While the music is in place, though, the lyrics leave something to be desired:
"Yo I rock on the block with the real hip-hop
As you start to clock… and jock
Yo, I'm comin' off with mad rage
Eighteen, and hittin' the real stage
But don't worry bout me, cause I'm makin' it
And if I can't have it, then I'm takin' it
That's how it is, cause I'm livin' trife
Where's my knife, take a chance witcha' life
Rappers decapitate, and disintegrate
You I will mutilate, when I penetrate"
The rhymes aren't terrible, they just don't grab your attention at all. The show to see here is Premier's spectacular production. Every song has various elements to listen to. "Tha Realness" has a mean bassline and Prodigy's voice is chopped up beautifully. "Up Against The Wall (Low Budget Mix)" has the same 2-second loop over the entire song, tweaked so that always sounds fresh. The lead single, "Supa Star," is driven by an ill piano stab. All 13 tracks contain head-nodding beats worth checking out.
DJ Premier has a remarkable knack for hip-hop music. Whenever a track is getting repetitive, there will be a surprising switch-up, drum staggering, or vocal sample to keep the listeners on their toes. The crown jewel, "Supa Star" has three separate productions, with the actual song sandwiched between catchy snippets. The sampling can be studied and learned from as well. Think "Daily Operation," simplified and with a little maturity and you'll get the idea.
The obvious problem with "Livin' Proof" is Lil Dap and Melachi. The content of their rhymes is poor, and neither of them has a compelling voice. Here and there, one of them spits a quality verse, but for the most part, they are amateurs on a professional album. Despite this, they flow adequately over Premier's grooves, which allows the lyrics to blend with the production. It is fairly easy to involve yourself in the marvelous sounds without being distracted by the inferiority of the rapping. With an LP of this nature, that is quite important.
"Livin' Proof" falls right in the middle of DJ Premier's golden era. His beats are devoid of the occasional carelessness he has exhibited more recently in his work with hip-hop's elite. Several of the songs have two beats; one fades out to make way for the other. It is a testament to Premier's genius that he is able to seamlessly flip two versions of "Up Against The Wall" with completely different tempos. Due to Premier's handling of each production, the lesser caliber of emcees performing on this album does not detract from the musical brilliance. If you can look past the mediocrity of the lyrics, you will be rewarded. DJ Premier had the New York streets locked up in the mid-90's, and this is "Livin' Proof."
Group Home :: Livin' Proof
Group HomeLil Dap
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Spoiler Free 'Dune' Review: An Immersive Experience Like None Other
Features Reviews
October 22, 2021 June 5, 2022 Tucker Watkins
Denis Villeneuve is an excellent director and has proven such time and time again. But he's also a director that likes to take his time, and I can understand why some people lose patience with a film like this. I'm not going to pretend that my first viewing went down easy, it didn't, but it reminds me a lot of Villeneuve's other work, especially Blade Runner 2049. That film is one of my favorites of all time, but it took me multiple viewings to really be able to absorb it. I suspect that will remain true with Dune.
With any experience where you only take in only half of a whole story, there is often a lot left to be desired. But Denis Villeneuve, Hans Zimmer, Greig Fraser, the cast, and everyone in the crew make sure that you are so addicted to the unique and awesome environment of this universe that you can't wait to get more.
The cast is deep with talent and they all do an incredible job at making you forget they're actors and movie stars. This is probably the first ensemble film like this in a long time where I just completely forgot about the actors on screen. Where Rian Johnson's Knives Out loved to flaunt the huge scale of the cast, this movie does everything in its power to force you to look beyond, and it does a fantastic job.
Timothy Chalamet is probably the weakest part of the cast, but I think it's just because of the nature of his character: Paul. He's often closed off and hiding his emotions, not unlike Blade Runner 2049's K, but when he really gets the chance to let loose he goes all out and takes you with him. I think the scene with the black box and the gom jabbar really gave him a great opportunity to flex his acting muscles.
Rebecca Ferguson's Lady Jessica is easily one of the highlights of the film, constantly drawing you in. She's a powerful woman, and they let you know, but that makes it all the more frightening when she gets nervous or uneasy throughout. Rebecca Ferguson is becoming one of the biggest names working in Hollywood today, deservedly so, and I really just couldn't get enough of her here.
From Oscar Isaac, Jason Mamoa, Sharon Duncan-Brewster, Josh Brolin, Javier Bardem, Zendaya, Stephen McKinley Henderson, Stellan Skarsgard, Dave Bautista, Chen Chang…EVERYONE involved is doing some of their best work and it all comes together perfectly.
I think a symphony would be the perfect way to describe filmmaking (this isn't an original thought, I'm sure). Everything has to be perfect, everyone has to be doing their job, everyone has to be right on time for it to work out in the end. When it does, it leaves you breathless, emotional, and by the end you're standing on your feet, clapping and smiling with glee, wishing you could yell out for an encore.
Everything here is exactly on point and I don't think I could ask for a better Dune theatrical experience short of a 6 hour monster of a film. I'm genuinely having trouble even trying to verbalize my thoughts on this film because it's just that deep and dense and immersive.
Absolutely go watch Dune, it's an experience like none other.
My rating for Dune:
★★★★★ / ♥♥♥♥
*The rating scale is out of 5 stars (filmmaking/storytelling quality) and 5 hearts (entertainment quality).
Tagged Dune: Part One, Movie Reviews
Tucker Watkins
I love movies and shows and things. I like to write about them. It is fun.
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This study compared the safety and efficacy of nitrous oxide (N 2O)/midazolam and N 2O/promethazine for dental treatment of uncooperative children.
In this randomized, cross-over, clinical trial investigation Eighteen healthy uncooperative children with a pair of similar teeth requiring the same treatment were included.Combination of N 2O/midazolam was given in one visit, where N 2O/promethazine was administrated in the other appointment for each patient in a cross-over manner. Oxygen saturation and heart rate as well as behavior parameters according to Houpt behavior scales were recorded. Postoperatively, patients' anxiety and parents' satisfaction were assessed by visual analog score and a questionnaire, respectively. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon' s signed rank test and Paired t-tests with a P value set at 0.05.
Physiologic parameters were within normal limit in both groups. Children in midazolam group were significantly deeper sedated compared to other groups. In the first phase, children sedated with midazolam behaved superiorly in comparison to promethazine, while there was no difference at the final phase of the treatment between the two groups.
Both of the drug combinations resulted in acceptable, efficient, and safe sedation outcomes.
Thus, this investigation aimed to compare a combination of oral midazolam and N 2O inhalation sedation with a combination of promethazine and N 2O inhalation in terms of efficacy, patient acceptance, and safety.
This investigation was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A written informed consent was obtained from parents/legal guardians in full accordance with the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration after full written and verbal presedation explanation.
Patients' weights were recorded by an electronic weighting device (Beurer, Germany). Participants were assigned to one of the two groups (M: midazolam or P: promethazine) according to the medication received in their first visit by simple randomization technique on the basis of odd and even numbers using random number table which contained a series of numbers occurring equally often and arranged in a random. Each child received promethazine and midazolam in combination with N 2O-oxygen sedation at two subsequent dental visits with 1-week interval as follows: in Group M, children were given 0.5 mg/kg oral midazolam syrup (Amsed, 2.5 mg/ml, Dales Pharmaceutical, England) on their first visit 30 min prior treatment. Group P received 1 mg/kg promethazine syrup (5 mg/ml, Sina Daru, Iran), on their 1 stday of treatment, 45 min before the commencement of dental procedure. On the second clinical session in a combination of N 2O, children in Group M received the mentioned dose of promethazine and children in Group P got the explained dose of midazolam. The drug was prepared according to the weight of the child by a seditionist, who was present during the whole session. Midazolam intravenous vials, which are widely used in oral midazolam sedation, have to be mixed with a fruit syrup to mask their bitter taste, this may interfere with blinding the assigned intervention. To match the drugs during the two appointments as a part of blinding procedure, we implemented promethazine and midazolam as syrup, with the same appearance and administration method. Blinding was also maintained by masking the patients and the outcome adjudicator to the drug assignment of the precipitants. All participants were nil per oral for 4 h preoperatively.
Twenty-five minutes after midazolam and 40 min following promethazine administration, the nasal mask was placed and fitted to the patient's face, who seated on a dental chair in the sedation room. Primarily, a concentration of 100% oxygen was introduced for 2 min followed by N 2O titration by gradually increasing the concentration of the N 2O in 10% increments every 30 s to a final concentration of 50% N 2O and 50% oxygen. 8 Once the sedation signs such as trancelike expression, smiling, and ptosis appeared, 2 , 13 dental procedure was initiated. After the completion of dental treatment, 100% oxygen was administrated to each patient for 5 min.
Vital signs including oxygen saturation (OS) and heart rate (HR) were monitored and recorded every 10 min using a pulse oximeter (Zaccurate ®, USA), at the beginning, during, and after the sedation procedure.
Postoperatively, the acceptability of each method for patients and their parents was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) and a questionnaire, respectively, as self-report assessment tools. The five cartoon typefaces in VAS, ranged from calm (number 1) to very anxious (number 5), displaying the anxiety level of the child. To assess the parents' point of view regarding the efficacy of each drug, a three-point questionnaire (ineffective, effective, and very effective) was implemented.
After the dental treatment was completed, patients were transferred to a recovery room and supervised by a sedation nurse and parents. Once the discharge criteria were achieved, 6 patients were discharged with full verbal and written postsedation instructions. Parents were encouraged to report all possible postdischarge complications, if any.
The efficacy of each drug combination according to Houpt behavior scale and their safety scores based on changes in physiologic parameters (OS and HR) due to sedation procedures were the primary outcome. The secondary outcome was comprised of the child's self-reported anxiety and the guardian's/parent's overall satisfaction. All data were processed by SPSS software (12.0 SPSSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Collected data were statistically analyzed using paired t-test and Wilcoxon's signed rank test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
As demonstrated in Figure 1, of 59 children assessed for inclusion in this study, 35 children did not meet the inclusion criteria or met any of the mentioned exclusion criteria, six parents were unwilling to take part leaving 18 children. The mean age of the participants (9 [50%] boys and 9 [50%] girls) was 49.16 ± 14.9 (range: 35–73) months, and the mean weight was 15.57 kg (range; 11.85–29).
Intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were established as κ = 0.84 and κ = 0.91, indicating high and excellent agreement, respectively.
The behavior of each patient was evaluated according to the four categories of Houpt behavioral scale; alertness, movement, crying, and the overall behavior of participants at the first and last phases of each treatment.
In the last 20 min of the experiment, 77.7% of children sedated with midazolam fell in code 2 of sleep rating, which was significantly different compared to children treated with promethazine (44.4%) (P < 0.05). None of the children were categorized as asleep (Code 3) following treatment with either midazolam or promethazine Table 3.
Feelings experienced by patients during the treatment. Significant difference was found between the two groups ( P= 0.042).
Parents' opinions of sedation. No significant difference was found between the two groups ( P= 0.317).
Our investigation compared safety and efficacy of two combination sedative regimens. In the present study, we added N 2O either to promethazine or midazolam in two following sessions. Utilizing the combo sedation in this study was aimed to benefit from the synergetic effects of the drugs in obtaining optimum sedation and cooperation.
Our results confirmed the overall safety of both regimens based on OS and HR of participants. The OS levels were comparable in two groups and did not surpass the safe range. 1 The lowest OS in our research was 91%, which is defined as mild hypoxemia. Mild hypoxemia (POS: 91%–95%) does not alter other physiologic parameters such as respiratory, HR, and blood pressure, thus, needs no intervention or treatment. 24 The episodes of OS below 95% were transient and corrected immediately by head repositioning. Lindh Stromberg similarly showed a higher than 92% OS in 60 children sedated by 0.3 mg/kg rectal midazolam. 25 Chowdhury and Vargas attributed the transient oxygen desaturation (lower than 95%) to the violent movements and crying of the uncooperative children rather than the pharmacologic action of sedative agents. 22 In an investigation conducted by Needleman et al., children who were moderately to heavily sedated, demonstrated OS <95%. They concluded the level of sedation is an essential factor in oxygen desaturation. 26 In our study, all the participants were fully awake or drowsy.
To decrease the impact of confounding variables and preventing bias, this study was designed in a crossover manner and the operator, patients, parents, and the observer were blinded throughout the study.
The serum concentration of the drug may vary during the treatment session, leading to probable various behavioral reactions throughout the treatment. On the other hand, comprehensive assessment of each phase of treatment may be compromised or even impossible because of clinical demands of the sedation. Thus, video recording the whole appointment may have resulted in a more detailed behavior evaluation in this study. In our research, though parents were asked to report any postsedation complications after discharge, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the two drug combinations. As postoperative complications may affect the patients' and parents' overall satisfaction regarding the sedative regimens, thus, we suggest a similar investigation on the potential postoperative complications and recovery characteristics of the two medication regimens.
Both of the drug combinations resulted in acceptable, efficient sedation outcomes in uncooperative children and were safe regarding pulse rate and OS. We observed a significantly deeper sedation and improved overall behavior by midazolam in the initial phase of treatment compared to promethazine; however, the overall behavior did not differ significantly between the two medications during the final phase of the procedures.


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The Virginia miner bee (Andrena virginiana) is a species of miner bee in the family Andrenidae. Another common name for this species is the Virginia andrena. It is found in North America.

References

Further reading

virginiana
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1960


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Ready for Action: the Canon Cinema EOS C70
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You are at:Home»News»Canon's New XC15 4K UHD Video Camcorder
Canon's New XC15 4K UHD Video Camcorder
By DVi News on	 September 1, 2016 News
Lightweight, Compact, Ideal for News and Video Production; XLR Microphone Input
Provides Audio Support in Addition to High-Quality 4K UHD Video Capture
MELVILLE, N.Y., September 1, 2016 – Canon U.S.A., Inc., a leader in digital imaging solutions, announced today the XC15 4K Video Camcorder, a 4K UHD digital video camcorder for professional use that achieves high-image quality with a lightweight, compact body.
The new Canon XC15, which builds on the XC10 4K UHD digital video camcorder announced in April 2015, enables shooting with an external microphone through an XLR input and features the selection of visual-expression "Look" modes, including modes that allow it to match the look of other Canon professional cameras, making it ideal for use as a "B"-camera as well as for media and video-content productions.
The Canon XC15 ships with the MA-400 microphone adapter that, when attached, enables shooting with XLR-input microphones used in a wide range of media and content-creation applications. As a result, the camcorder supports the production of content that combines both high-image quality and high-sound quality with reduced noise. The MA-400 is also compatible with the EOS C300 Mark II camera.
Thanks to its high-sensitivity one-inch CMOS sensor and DIGIC DV 5 image processing platform with high calculation-processing power, the new XC15 is capable of capturing high-image quality and low-noise 4K UHD video. Additionally, the camcorder features a compact, lightweight body design, measuring approximately 5.0 x 4.1 x 4.8 inches (WxHxD) and weighs approximately 2.1 pounds while also sporting a 10x optical zoom lens1, which facilitates shooting in confined spaces and environments that demand mobility.
The Canon XC15 4K UHD professional video camcorder is scheduled to be available in September 2016 for a list price of $3,000.00.* For more information, please visit usa.canon.com
Canon U.S.A., Inc., is a leading provider of consumer, business-to-business, and industrial digital imaging solutions to the United States and to Latin America and the Caribbean (excluding Mexico) markets. With approximately $31 billion in global revenue, its parent company, Canon Inc. (NYSE:CAJ), ranks third overall in U.S. patents granted in 2015† and is one of Fortune Magazine's World's Most Admired Companies in 2016. Canon U.S.A. is committed to the highest level of customer satisfaction and loyalty, providing 100 percent U.S.-based consumer service and support for all of the products it distributes. Canon U.S.A. is dedicated to its Kyosei philosophy of social and environmental responsibility. In 2014, the Canon Americas Headquarters secured LEED® Gold certification, a recognition for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of high-performance green buildings.
† Based on weekly patent counts issued by United States Patent and Trademark Office.
* Availability, prices and specifications subject to change without notice. Actual prices are set by individual dealers and may vary.
All referenced product names, and other marks, are trademarks of their respective owners.
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For the historic voivodeship of the Polish Crown, see Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772).
For the voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic, see Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–39).
Pomeranian Voivodeship, Pomorskie Region, or Pomerania Province (Polish: województwo pomorskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ]; Kashubian Pòmòrsczé wòjewództwò), is a voivodeship, or province, in north-western Poland. The provincial capital is Gdańsk.
The voivodeship was established on January 1, 1999, out of the former voivodeships of Gdańsk, Elbląg and Słupsk, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. It is bordered by West Pomeranian Voivodeship to the west, Greater Poland and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeships to the south, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship to the east, and the Baltic Sea to the north. It also shares a short land border with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast), on the Vistula Spit. The voivodeship comprises most of Pomerelia (the easternmost part of historical Pomerania), as well as an area east of the Vistula River. The western part of the province, around Słupsk, belonged historically to Farther Pomerania, while Pomerelia and the eastern bank of the Vistula belonged to the historical region of Prussia. The central parts of the province are also known as Kashubia, named after the Kashubian minority.
A province of rich cultural heritage. The Tricity urban area, consisting of Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot, is one of the main cultural, commercial and educational centres of Poland. Gdańsk and Gdynia are two of the major Polish seaports, the first erected by Mieszko I of Poland in the Middle Ages, the latter built in the interwar period. Amongst the most recognisable landmarks of the region are the historic city centre of Gdańsk filled with Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque masterpieces, the Museum of the National Anthem in Będomin, located at the birthplace of Józef Wybicki, poet and politician, author of the national anthem of Poland, the largest medieval churches of Poland (the St. Mary's Church in Gdańsk and the Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption in Pelplin) and the Malbork Castle. The voivodeship also includes the narrow Hel Peninsula and the Polish half of the Vistula Spit. Other tourist destinations include Wejherowo, Sopot, Jurata, Łeba, Władysławowo, Puck, Krynica Morska, Ustka, Jastarnia, Kuźnica, Bytów and many fishing ports and lighthouses.
The voivodeship contains 42 cities and towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (official 2014 figures).
For populations as of 2004, see List of cities and towns in Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Pomeranian Voivodeship is divided into 20 counties (powiats): 4 city counties, and 16 land counties. These are further divided into 123 gminas (communes).
The counties are listed below in order of decreasing population.
(Polish Naval Academy) Gdynia . .
(Gdynia Maritime Academy) Gdynia . .
(Gdańsk Seminary) Gdańsk . .
(Stanisław Moniuszko Academy of Music, in Gdańsk) Gdańsk . .
Protected areas in Pomeranian Voivodeship include two National Parks and nine Landscape Parks. These are listed below.
^ Arkadiusz Belczyk,Tłumaczenie polskich nazw geograficznych na język angielski Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine [Translation of Polish Geographical Names into English], 2002-2006.
^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). archive.org. 5 May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pomeranian Voivodeship.
This page was last edited on 30 November 2018, at 18:37 (UTC).