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Reconstruction of underwater avalanche sheds light on geohazards that threaten underwater telecommunication cables
As part of an international team, a researcher from the University of Liverpool reconstructed the 1929 Grand Banks underwater avalanche to better understand these common geohazards, which threaten critical seafloor infrastructure.
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The 1929 Grand Banks underwater avalanche, which was triggered by an earthquake off the coast of Newfoundland, is the first and only underwater avalanche of this size to have been directly measured.
Despite being extremely common, little is known about underwater avalanches as they are exceptionally difficult to measure; inaccessible and destructive. However, they pose a major geohazard to seafloor infrastructure, such as telecommunication cables that carry more than 95% of global internet traffic, and oil and gas pipelines.
Dr Chris Stevenson, a lecturer in Quantitative Sedimentology at the University's School of Earth Sciences, was part of the team that revisited the area in order to reconstruct the avalanche.
The team mapped the bathymetry of the seafloor where the 1929 avalanche passed through and collected core samples of deposits that it left behind. They then combined this forensic evidence with the historic measurements of flow speed from the old cable breaks to reconstruct the properties of the avalanche.
Dr Stevenson, who was chief sedimentologist on the research cruise, said: "It is awe inspiring when you piece together how big and powerful this avalanche was: 230 m thick, which is about the height of Canary Wharf in London, moving at 40 mph, and highly concentrated with fist-sized boulders, gravel, sand and mud. It would not have been a good place to be at the time."
"Underwater avalanches are a bit of a mystery to scientists because they are really difficult to measure directly. What tends to happen is that avalanches destroy the measuring equipment you place in their path.
"The Grand Banks avalanche was the first, and remains the only, giant underwater avalanche that has been directly measured. At the time, it transformed how scientists viewed the seafloor and it's taken almost 90 years for us to revisit the area and confidently piece together its fundamental properties."
"This research cruise has enabled us to reconstruct the fundamental properties of this underwater avalanche which has implications for seafloor infrastructure. It can help provide engineers and modellers with the information they need to design expensive seafloor installations to withstand similar flows around the world, or build them out of harm's way.
"It also provides the first real-world example of a giant avalanche from which scientists can use to validate their theories and models."
Triggered by a 7.2 magnitude earthquake, the Grand Banks underwater avalanche was huge; generating a tsunami that killed 28 people and burying an area the size of the UK in half a metre of sand and mud. It was highly destructive and broke seafloor telecommunications cables along its path.
The exact location and timings of the cable breaks were recorded, meaning that the speed of the avalanche could be calculated.
Materials provided by University of Liverpool. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
avalanchegeohazardslightreconstructionshedsunderwater
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An observation deck is a fantastic way to experience some fun in the Greater Dallas/Ft Worth area of Texas.
At the Nasher Sculpture Center, you will uncover works of art by Matisse, Picasso and Giacometti, as well as contemporary sculptures and exhibits by modern masters at both the indoor and outdoor galleries.
The Legoland Discovery Center in Dallas, Texas, is ranked the number one observation deck activity there, you will get to see various landmarks, kids will be able to climb jumble gyms and create LEGO towers, you will also get a 4D cinema experience.
An icon of the Dallas Skyline since 1978, the Reunion Tower GeO-Deck offers visitors a 360-degree view to Dallas.


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Food & Beverage Industry Awards
Reformulation specialisation – how to successfully tweak a winning recipe
March 10, 2014 In FocusStaff Writer	Aoife Boothroyd
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There is always a certain amount of risk involved when a company chooses to tweak a winning recipe.
Consumers are demanding folk that want food to be healthier, cheaper and more accessible – but at the same time if you alter the recipe, you could find yourself in the middle of a PR nightmare.
In the mid-1980s, the Coca-Cola Company was starting to lose market share to its main competitor Pepsi. In order to win back consumers, Coca-Cola reformulated the recipe for the first time in 99 years and renamed the beverage New Coke. The new recipe was met with a surge of consumer complaints and saw the return of the original recipe only a few months after the initial launch.
Identifying the fine line between product innovation and an outright marketing disaster is a complicated task that involves extensive market research, product testing and sometimes a bit of pure faith.
When the British subsidiary of Kellogg's released a reformulated version of the veteran women's cereal Special K in May 2013, it was met with a host of complaints from previously loyal customers who called for the return of the original recipe. Consumers complained that the new recipe was too sugary despite holding the same sugar content as the original recipe, while others complained that the flakes were too hard.
These were all lessons that the Australian division of Kellogg's no doubt kept in mind when they decided to increase the nutritional content of Special K down under by adding a higher wholegrain content and decreasing the sodium levels of the recipe.
Keeping the special in Special K
The Australian recipe for Special K had not been touched in over 50 years and as such, Kellogg's made a conscious effort to tread very lightly and develop a new recipe that ticked additional nutritional boxes without compromising on taste and texture.
Food magazine recently spoke Special K's Senior Brand Manager, Kate Harris about the process involved in changing Special K's recipe and what it was that motivated Kellogg's to take an educated risk on one of its most popular products.
"Special K as a brand has always been on a journey with Australian women and being around for 50 years meant that we needed to evolve with our consumers," said Harris.
Harris explains that as the Special K consumer has evolved, the demand for healthy food options and better nutritional content in breakfast cereals has also increased.
"We've listened to what they are looking for in a breakfast cereal and we've made positive changes to best meet those desires."
According to Harris, the process of tweaking the recipe to meet the needs of the brand's customers meant upping the nutritional content without changing the taste or consistency of the signature Special K flake.
"Making changes to our food and getting it right in the eyes of our consumers takes time. Replicating the taste and consistency was incredibly important. We used not only internal quality checks but also took the product to consumers to get their feedback through research.
"We know that consumers love the taste of Special K which is why we worked so hard to ensure that this did not change."
Considering how the changes were executed in the UK back in 2013, it was imperative that the Australian subsidiary adapted the recipe to local market accordingly. Harris explains that as Special K is a global brand found in many countries, decisions for the brand's direction are made with each individual market in mind.
"The changes made in the UK are not the same as those made in Australia and New Zealand. "As a global brand we always strive to take learnings from each market and adapt and reapply those where appropriate in another one."
The new recipe was released on the 3rd of February, and according to Harris, consumers have responded positively to the changes.
"When we were in the process of reformulating Special K, we wanted to be sure that our customers would be happy with the changes. The Special K consumer was kept front of mind throughout the process, which is why keeping the signature taste while also introducing the increased benefits of nutrition was equally important.
"The new Special K is now a better source of fibre than the previous recipe, a source of wholegrain, features about 15 per cent less sodium and is still one of the highest protein cereals available."
Early last year, fellow cereal manufacturer Uncle Toby's reformulated its entire breakfast cereal range to comply with new nutritional guidelines set out by the Federal Government – becoming one of the first manufacturers to do so. Uncle Toby's regional nutrition manager, Nilani Sritharan said that the transition to a more nutritious portfolio was no easy feat.
Sritharan told Food magazine back in 2013 that the key to making any change was ensuring that customers stayed on-side. She said that making small healthy improvements over time is far preferable to introducing an immediate change, and that a slow transition period often results in consumers not even detecting a change in the recipe.
In addition to keeping consumers happy, Sritharan said that keeping the cost structure down is another factor that needs to be considered due to the time invested in R&D in addition to more expensive ingredients. She also mentioned that healthy improvements don't necessarily require new manufacturing processes, and that often changes can be achieved simply through a tweaking of current procedures.
"I don't think it fundamentally changes the manufacturing process but you may find there are changes in texture or stickiness that we would have to work through and adjust for," she said.
Sritharan sighted the popular children's cereal Cheerios as a prime example. Since 2008 Cheerios had reduced its sodium content by 40 percent and boosted its fibre content by 25 percent, with wholegrain content rising by a similar margin.
"For example with Cheerios, increasing the wholegrain content can sometimes make the Cheerio a bit softer or affect the loop shape itself.
"So looking at some of the mixed grains we have in there, we have to try and balance that out."
As was the case with Coca-Cola, Kellogg's and Uncle Toby's, any reformulation process is indeed a matter of trail and error but two key learnings will undoubtablely have you on the path to success:
Firstly, listen. Listening to your consumers is something that manufacturers need to keep top of mind during the reformulation process, no matter how fantastic the new health credentials may be. And secondly, whether a food manufacturer is tweaking a recipe to abide with new regulations or simply aiming to improve the current nutritional content, slow, steady and subtle adjustments are the key to successfully introducing the improved product.
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Updated on: Wednesday, January 20, 2021, 08:57 PM IST
Married woman in live-in relation with another sans divorce amounts to criminal act: Allahabad HC
Srawan Shukla
Married woman in 'illegal' live-in relation with another sans divorce amounts to criminal act: Allahabad HC | File Photo
Lucknow: In a landmark judgment, the Allahabad High Court held that live-in relationship of a married woman with another man is 'illegal' under the law and amounts to criminal act for which the man can be charged with polygamy and adultery.
A two-member bench of the Allahabad High Court, comprising Justice S.P. Kesharwani and Justice Y.K. Srivastava on Monday pronounced the verdict on a petition filed by a married woman Asha Devi and her live-in partner Arvind Kumar to seek protection from the High Court on their live-in relationship.
Asha Devi is married to one Mahesh Chandra. Relations between the husband and wife became sour after a few years of marriage. Both then started living separately. Later, Asha Devi started living with one Arvind Kumar in Hathras. Her husband and relatives objected to their live in relations. Fed up with their harassment, both filed a petition at the Allahabad High Court seeking protection from the HC to end their ordeal.
After hearing arguments, the two-member bench rejected the petition on the ground that live in relations of a married woman with a man was not as per law and rulings of the Supreme Court. "The woman is already married and not divorced. But she is living with another man like husband and wife. "It is a criminal act for which the man can be charged for adultery and polygamy under Sections 495 and 496 of the Indian Penal Code," ruled the bench.
The bench observed that the court cannot provide protection to anyone for an act which was illegal in the eyes of the established laws. Their act was against the definition of the live-in relationship defined by law and Supreme Court. It is no live-in relations but an act of adultery by both, ruled the court.
The two-member bench also ruled that anyone living with a married person after changing the religion is also illegal under the law. "The man can be tried for having illicit relations," observed the court.
The Court cannot use its power against established law. "Law gives protection to victims not to those who commit criminal acts. Giving protection to criminals would amount to supporting crime," pointed the bench while rejecting the petition.
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Published on: Wednesday, January 20, 2021, 08:55 PM IST
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Three Myths and Three Truths of Absinthe
You've seen it in "Moulin Rouge." You've seen it in your local goth's fan-fiction. And the Toulouse-Lautrec fanatics among you are only too familiar with it. Absinthe is probably the most mysterious, myth-shrouded spirit out there — so much so that you might think that modern absinthe is only a pale imitation of the real stuff. But how much of the legends are true? Simultaneously less than you might think, and more than you might expect.
Absinthe is a bright-green liquor with a powerfully sweet licorice-esque flavor. There are also a ton of legends swirling around it. Why not start by clearing away some of the falsehoods?
1. Absinthe is illegal. Here's one that's easy to disprove — all you have to do is go to the liquor store. Absinthe was officially legalized in 2007, although you might sometimes hear a scornful voice claiming that the stuff you get these days isn't real absinthe.
2. Modern absinthe isn't "real" absinthe. Actually, according to expert Ted Breaux, we're living in a golden age of the green stuff. "A few exceptions aside, the quality and authenticity of absinthes found in the U.S. market is very good," he told Liquor.com.
3. Absinthe is hallucinogenic. This is the one that disappointed us the most. Absinthe isn't really hallucinogenic at all — it's just a particularly powerful spirit (usually between 90 and 148 proof). The people who reported having strange visions or experiencing lasting medical problems as a result of absinthe weren't making it up, though. It's just that the culprit was sloppy distillation techniques, just like how improperly brewed moonshine can cause blindness and neurological disorders.
So those are all the legends of absinthe that make it seem mysterious and appealing. And they're all false. Well, fear not — absinthe really is bizarre and full of contradictions. Here's a list of weird, true things about absinthe. Bottoms up!
1. Absinthe (the word) was illegal when absinthe (the drink) wasn't. If you're a Curiosity podcast listener, you might have caught Cody talking with self-taught distiller Bryan Davis. He had a lot to say on the topic. "Well, they made absinthe illegal, but they never actually defined what 'absinthe' is," he told us. That ban went down in 1912, but another law popped up in the '80s that would determine the whole case. A new set of regulations set the standards for how much thujone (more on what that is in a minute) was allowed in food — and absinthe was well under the limit. The result was that from the '80s until 2007, two identical spirits would have different legal status if one claimed to be absinthe and the other didn't.
2. Absinthe is made of toxic wormwood. Absinthe is made from grande wormwood (AKA Artemisia absinthium), which lends it a minuscule amount of thujone, a neurotoxin that is often blamed for absinthe's most notorious effects. The only thing is, there's not much evidence that old-fashioned absinthe had substantially more thujone than its modern descendants. So while today's absinthe openly holds itself to a certain standard of not-being-deadly-poison, it's probably not really any less dangerous than the old stuff.
3. Absinthe is the drink of artists. We're certainly not saying that you need absinthe to be a creative type. But the list of influential artists with a casual (or serious) absinthe habit is a mile long. We already mentioned Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, whose most famous pieces tend to have a green bottle front-and-center. One of Edgar Degas' best-known pieces was L'Absinthe, but his work was more of a warning than a celebration. And then there was Vincent Van Gogh, whose decision to cut off his ear some ascribe to his absinthe habit.
Now that you know that you can still get the good stuff in the United States, it's time to start figuring out what to do with it. Pick up Kate Simon's "Absinthe Cocktails" for a suite of tongue-tingling recipes. If you make a purchase through that link, Curiosity will get a share of the sale, which helps support the work that we do.
Can Absinthe Make You Hallucinate?
– Brain Stuff
Written by Reuben Westmaas December 14, 2017
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Halle Trial
<-- Overview
Overview 1. Day of Trial 2. Day of Trial 3. Day of Trial 4. Day of Trial 5. Day of Trial 6. Day of Trial 7. Day of Trial 8. Day of Trial 9. Day of Trial 10. Day of Trial 11. Day of Trial 12. Day of Trial 13. Day of Trial 15. Day of Trial 16. Day of Trial 17. Day of Trial 18. Day of Trial 19. Day of Trial 20. Day of Trial 21. Day of Trial 22. Day of Trial 23. Day of Trial 24. Day of Trial 25. Day of Trial 26. Day of Trial 14. Prozesstag
The Attack on the Kebab Restaurant
On September 9, 2020, during the 11th day of the trial against the accused of the Halle attack, the main topic was the attack on the kebab restaurant.
On September 9, 2020, during the 11th day of the trial against the accused of the Halle attack, the main topic was the attack on the kebab restaurant. Several witnesses who met the attacker in the kebab shop or in the surrounding area testified. In addition, a police inspector of the LKA was questioned, who was on duty at the day of the attack in the area of the kebab place. Since two witness statements were postponed at short notice, the presiding judge decided to use the spare time to view the video of the crime from the atteacker's body cam.
The trial day began with the interrogation of the witness Margit W. She claims to have been walking along Ludwig-Wucherer-Straße and to have met the attacker there. She said the situation was completely unreal. "He didn't say anything, and neither did I, and that was certainly my great luck, otherwise I would have ended up the same as the woman at the synagogue." Ms. W. was hit by a nail in the foot, which came from a nail bomb that the accused threw at the kebab restaurant. But she did not think about the pain anymore when she ran away. "I only thought, if he shoots now…" Later in the hospital she was interrogated before she could go home with her husband. Today she says about the crime: "In retrospect I thought, 'That was your second birthday'". Her family had supported her very much after the experience.
The second witness was Dr. Bernd H. On the day of the attack, he was visiting Halle for a conference and wanted to get lunch in the kebab shop. When the first shots were fired and the attacker stepped into the kebab restaurant, initially, he did not really realize what was going on. Only when another customer of the restaurant, Mr. H., shouted "Get out of here, otherwise he will shoot us all", was he freed from his shock. He then fled through the back rooms of the restaurant. On his way through the bar he heard someone shouting "Please don't shoot!" Mr. H. opened the window in the storage room and jumped out. When jumping onto the garbage can under the window, the 74-year-old fell down, suffered severe contusions and was unable to breathe for a while. "From that moment on I was terribly afraid that the attacker might come after me." After the emergency services arrived, and he waited for a while in a nearby restaurant, his son picked him up and took him to the hospital. Representatives of the press came to his home on Saturday after the attack. He was very annoyed by the impertinence of bothering someone so soon after such an event without asking and by the fact that it was possible to find his private address at that time. The presiding judge said she could not explain this either. "Someone must have passed the address on."
Mr. H. explained that he expected the trial to make it clear to society "that this is a deeply despicable crime and that, unfortunately, this crime originated from within society". He recalled the testimony of the witness Max P. from the previous day, who had expressed his doubts that the accused could have made his preparations without the parents' knowledge. Bernd H. said that he too had children. He said it was hard to imagine that the accused could have made his preparations without the perception of his immediate environment, his inhuman attitude, his fantasies and his preparations for the crime. When asked what motivated him to participate in the trial as a joint plaintiff, the witness initially spontaneously answered "Anger". He wanted to make it clear to the perpetrator that he took a completely wrong path of development that had nothing to do with our legal system or moral sense at all. "A peaceful and prosperous society can only exist if people respect each other". He felt obliged to face the accused as part of civil society and to tell him that he deserved the verdict that the court is likely to give him.
Following Mr. H.'s testimony, the accused's second video of the crime was viewed. On the second day of the trial, the first video was presented, which the attacker recorded with his helmet camera and streamed online – the second video came from his body-cam, which recorded the events from a different perspective.
The third witness was Detective Commissioner P. from the LKA Saxony-Anhalt, who stepped in at short notice. After the attack, he was part of the crime scene squad in the area of the kebab restaurant. He was questioned following the crime scene report he had written. Numerous photographs of the crime scene and the traces found were examined. Among them were overview photographs of the restaurant and its surroundings, on which the exact location of the traces is marked, as well as detailed photographs of objects in evidence. For example, numerous bullets, bullet holes in a house wall and a homemade weapon were found. The screens on which visitors and members of the press can see the evidence were turned off when the photos of Kevin S.'s body were displayed.
The 11th day of the trial ended with the testimony of the witness Malek B. He was on his way to university when he encountered the attacker. When he saw the attacker, he ran away in fear for his life. He could not remember the moment well. "I didn't know what to do, just run away, just run away". Mr. B. said that he then ran to the train station because he knew that there was always police there. He still felt the after-effects of the attack, he reported on nightmares and sleeping problems, among other problems.
More witnesses from the synagogue and the kebab restaurant and its surroundings are to be heard next week. On September 15, Kevin S.'s father is expected to testify, whose son was shot in the kebab restaurant.
✓ English
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Management of Intraoperative Vascular and Urinary Complications is a topic covered in the Fundamentals of Rectal Cancer Surgery.
Intraoperative Vascular Complications
Presacral Hemorrhage
The veins of the vertebral venous system are located both outside and inside the vertebral canal and extend the entire length of the vertebral column. The external vertebral system consists of anterior and posterior plexuses with the former lying in front of the vertebral bodies. The presacral venous plexus represents the most distal portion of the anterior external vertebral plexus and comprises the middle sacral, lateral sacral, and communicating veins.[1]
The presacral venous plexus communicates with the terminal portion of the internal vertebral system via the sacral basivertebral veins that penetrate the boney surface of the anterior sacrum within foramina usually located in the bodies of S3-S5.The adventitia of these sacral basivertebral veins is blended with the sacral periosteum at the margin of the opening of the foramina. When the presacral fascia tissue is lifted during dissection, the basivertebral vein is potentially lacerated near the opening of the foramen it traverses and the transected end retracts into the foramen.[2]
Presacral bleeding can originate from disruption of the presacral venous plexus or avulsion of the sacral basivertebral veins. The clinical consequences of either are worsened by three factors that can lead to massive bleeding, and they are as follows:
The presacral venous plexus and sacral basivertebral veins are devoid of valves, and this allows bidirectional blood flow.
Numerous veins connect the vertebral venous system with the inferior vena cava below the diaphragm.
The lower sacrum is in a significantly more dependent position compared to the lumbar vertebrae in the lithotomy position.
The resultant bleeding from a transected presacral vein measuring 2- or 4-mm in diameter can reach >100 mL/minute or >1000 mL/minute, respectively.
The anatomy of the rectosacral fascia (Waldeyer's Fascia) that runs from the fascia propria of the mesorectum to the presacral fascia at the level of S3/S4 also contributes to potential injury of the presacral veins. The insertion of the rectosacral fascia onto the periosteum corresponds to the level of the sacral basivertebral veins. Blunt disruption of the rectosacral fascia or non-anatomical dissection distal to the fascia can cause accidental laceration of the presacral veins with resultant bleeding.[1]
Regardless whether the procedure is performed via an open or minimally-invasive approach, inadvertent instigation of massive presacral bleeding is best avoided by maintaining clear visual exposure and employing sharp dissection at and below the rectosacral (Waldeyer's) fascia. Visualization of this most distal dissection is sometimes improved by performing the lateral and anterior mesolectal dissection first. The rectosacral fascia should be deliberately incised using a sharp instrument or cautery. The dissection then continues in a more anterior or ventral direction towards the levator hiatus as the curve of the distal sacrum and coccyx is followed.[3],[4]
Patients with a locally advanced rectal carcinoma occasionally demonstrate tumor extension beyond the fascia propria of the posterior mesorectum. If the anterior periosteum appears involved, sacrectomy is usually planned and the vertebral venous system is controlled where the vertebral column is transected at the uninvolved interspace and after the specimen is delivered. Alternatively, less invasive disease can require excision of only the presacral fascia to obtain an R0 resection, and in these cases presacral bleeding cannot necessarily be avoided. Instead, the bleeding should be anticipated, and the surgeon should prepare the operative field as well as the surgical team to control the bleeding as rapidly and effectively as possible.[5]
In the case of presacral hemorrhage, ligation of the internal iliac arteries or veins does not lessen the hemorrhage for the anatomic reasons cited above. In fact, even control of the infrarenal aorta and inferior vena cava will likely not decrease pooling of blood in the presacral veins because the vertebral venous system would remain intact.[6]
Massive presacral bleeding needs to be promptly recognized, and is characterized by the following:
Bleeding that suddenly occurs during mobilization of the distal rectum
Gushing of blood from the pelvic floor that renders site localization difficult
Bleeding persists despite significant hypotension or internal iliac artery control
Whenever massive presacral bleeding is encountered during an open procedure, the initial step is direct finger pressure control of the bleeding site as well as notification of the anesthesiologist and surgical team to prepare for the possibility of profound bleeding. If the bleeding site cannot be controlled in this manner, the posterior pelvis is packed with gauze to halt the hemorrhage.[7] A second suction device is secured on the field and adequate illumination with overhead lighting or lighted retractors is ensured. Exposure can be further enhanced by extending the incision to the level of the pubis and removal of the specimen whenever possible.
Once the patient has been stabilized, blood products have been made available, and all personnel are adequately readied, the surgeon's finger or pelvic packing is removed. It is imperative that the bleeding site is localized and the type of bleeding (i.e., presacral venous plexus, sacral basivertebral veins) is determined. The bleeding source is controlled by applying direct pressure using a small cylinder of gauze in the end of a fine clamp (ie - a "bridge" clamp with a "peanut"). Bleeding from veins of the presacral venous plexus can be suture ligated one-by-one using small (3-0) monofilament sutures that incorporate the presacral fascia, presacral vein, and deep connective tissue. Hemorrhage originating from a sacral basivertebral vein retracted into a sacral foramen requires obliteration using a variety of reported techniques used individually or in combination, and these include the following:
Biologic tissue (e.g., epiploic appendix, omental scrap, rectus muscle) welding
Directed coagulation (e.g., argon beam coagulator, electrocautery)
Focal tamponade (e.g., bone wax, hemostatic sponge, matrix hemostatic agent, rectus muscle fascia)
Hemostatic agents developed for military wounds
Occlusive pin (e.g., thumb tack) placement
Internal Iliac Hemorrhage
Intentional or inadvertent dissection into the pelvic sidewall can result in hemorrhage from branches of the internal iliac vein or artery. For a standard TME procedure this type of pelvic sidewall bleeding is unusual, but for extended resections of tumors invading outside of the TME plane, this is an expected management challenge. Bleeding from this type of injury will lessen with internal iliac vascular control, and these are often managed with direct suture ligation using fine (5-0) monofilament suture ligatures and fabric pledgets, although clips and energy devices can sometimes be used.
It is important to arrest all bleeding prior to constructing any anastomosis because efforts to control presacral bleeding after the neo-rectum is in place can be more difficult and pelvic packing potentially threatens future problems affecting the neo-rectum or low-lying anastomosis.
If the bleeding cannot be controlled after the above-outlined approach or the patient becomes unstable or coagulopathic, the pelvis is packed to achieve hemostasis, and the abdomen is closed with plans to return to the operating room in 2-3 days after the patient has been optimized. One technique is by packing the pelvis with multiple Betadine-soaked kerlix wraps. Use of saline bags, balloon tamponade and tissue expanders have also been described.[8],[9],[10] At re-look in 2-3 days , if persistent bleeding is noted, the approach can be repeated; however, this is rare.
Bleeding that occurs during a minimally-invasive proctectomy can be approached by following the same basic tenets. Occasionally, the bleeding can be controlled with local compression using a small piece of gauze or absorbable knitted fabric hemostat. If this fails, directed coagulation with the argon beam coagulator, biologic tissue welding, and/or focal tamponade with a variety of products and helical tacks can be utilized. The surgeon should have a low threshold to convert to open surgery if the bleeding cannot be quickly controlled.
"Management of Intraoperative Vascular and Urinary Complications." Fundamentals of Rectal Cancer Surgery, 2021. ASCRS, www.ascrsu.com/ascrs/view/Fundamentals-of-Rectal-Cancer-Surgery/2831022/all/Management_of_Intraoperative_Vascular_and_Urinary_Complications.
Management of Intraoperative Vascular and Urinary Complications. Fundamentals of Rectal Cancer Surgery. 2021. https://www.ascrsu.com/ascrs/view/Fundamentals-of-Rectal-Cancer-Surgery/2831022/all/Management_of_Intraoperative_Vascular_and_Urinary_Complications. Accessed January 31, 2023.
Management of Intraoperative Vascular and Urinary Complications. (2021). In Fundamentals of Rectal Cancer Surgery https://www.ascrsu.com/ascrs/view/Fundamentals-of-Rectal-Cancer-Surgery/2831022/all/Management_of_Intraoperative_Vascular_and_Urinary_Complications
Management of Intraoperative Vascular and Urinary Complications [Internet]. In: Fundamentals of Rectal Cancer Surgery. ; 2021. [cited 2023 January 31]. Available from: https://www.ascrsu.com/ascrs/view/Fundamentals-of-Rectal-Cancer-Surgery/2831022/all/Management_of_Intraoperative_Vascular_and_Urinary_Complications.
TY - ELEC T1 - Management of Intraoperative Vascular and Urinary Complications ID - 2831022 Y1 - 2021/09/20/ BT - Fundamentals of Rectal Cancer Surgery UR - https://www.ascrsu.com/ascrs/view/Fundamentals-of-Rectal-Cancer-Surgery/2831022/all/Management_of_Intraoperative_Vascular_and_Urinary_Complications DB - ASCRS DP - Unbound Medicine ER -
Management of Rectal Cancer


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Bistro du Midi in Boston is now serving brunch on Saturdays and Sundays from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.
At least one positive thing can be said for the past few months of horrendous weather, and that is Bistro du Midi's launch of their weekend brunch series. On both Saturday and Sunday, guests can enjoy a wide range of traditional brunch items with executive chef Robert Sisca's usual French focus and flair, as well as some wonderful libations and wine selections from sommelier Todd Lipman.
This series has been running for a month now and just this past weekend, the news of their stellar brunch has already taken off. Even at 2:30 p.m.—towards the end of their brunch service—the beautiful upstairs dining room was still packed with happy brunchers brunching.
Of the menu, you must order their citrus tea-cured salmon benedict—a beautifully poached egg atop toasted baguette, rich hollandaise, and thick salmon; add the caviar for extra complexity that complements and melds with the dish together perfectly. Other highlights include their lemon buttermilk pancakes with fresh berries and maple syrup, trumpet royale mushroom omelette, and their exquisite version of steak and eggs: grilled flat iron steak with poached eggs and pepper sauce.
On the beverage menu, Lipman's signature Bloody Mary catches everyone's eyes with bouillabaisse, saffron-scented seafood broth, tomato, fresh horseradish, anise, and Pearl vodka, topped with a jumbo prawn. If you are in the mood for something lighter to complement your meal, ask the team for recommendations on any of their wine selections—just because it is still snowy, doesn't mean you can't enjoy a good rosé!
Especially for this brunch service, their upstairs dining room is made available and its warmth will welcome all guests and make you feel quite at home immediately. Overlooking the Public Gardens, Bistro du Midi offers diners the chance to enjoy their morning moments above the city, away from the bustle, and in the fabulous care of their hospitable staff from the moment you enter to the moment you leave, completed satiated.
Brunch runs from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.; reservations are accepted for their upstairs dining room from 11:30 -2:30 p.m., and are recommended. Look out for their special Easter prix fixe featured in The Daily Meal's Easter roundup—on the holiday, regular brunch service will be suspended to make way for their special menu.


On this particular page you will find the solution to Dainty drinks crossword clue crossword clue. This clue was last seen on New York Times Crossword on April 15 2019 In case the clue doesn't fit or there's something wrong please contact us!
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Breakthrough in cell engineering: high-yield CRISPR without viral vectors
Leave a Comment / Health / By admin
Scientists have developed a new approach that produces enough cells for therapeutic applications
SAN FRANCISCO, August 25, 2022 /PRNewswire/ — A new variation of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system makes it easier to reengineer large numbers of cells for therapeutic applications. An approach developed at the Gladstone Institutes and UC San Francisco (UCSF), allows scientists to introduce particularly long DNA sequences into precise locations in cell genomes with remarkably high efficiency without the viral delivery systems traditionally used to deliver DNA into cells.
A team of scientists from Gladstone and UC San Francisco has developed a new approach using CRISPR to produce massive amounts of cells for therapeutic applications. Photo: Michael Short/Gladstone Institutes
"One of our goals for many years has been to insert long DNA instructions into a targeted location in the genome in a way that does not depend on viral vectors," he says Alex Marson, MD, PhD, director of the Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology and lead author of the new study. "This is a huge step towards the next generation of safe and effective cell therapies."
In a new paper published in the journal Natural biotechnologyMarson and his colleagues not only describe the technology, but show how it can be used to generate CAR-T cells with the potential to fight multiple myeloma, a blood cancer, as well as rewrite gene sequences where mutations can lead to rare inherited immunity. diseases.
"We have shown that we can engineer more than one billion cells in a single run, which is well above the number of cells we need to treat an individual patient," says the first author Brian ShyMD, PhD, Clinical Fellow in the Marson Laboratory.
From double-stranded to single-stranded DNA
CRISPR-Cas9, a system that edits genes inside living cells, has been used as an essential research tool for the past decade. Many clinical scientists are increasingly excited about the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 to create living cell therapies.
Among other things, gene editing can be used to switch off, remove or replace a mutated gene causing a disease or to strengthen the activity of an immune cell in the fight against cancer. While the first therapeutic applications of CRISPR-Cas9 have recently entered clinical trials, the technology has still been limited by the challenge of safely producing large numbers of properly edited cells.
Traditionally, researchers have relied on viral vectors – envelopes of viruses without their disease-causing components – to deliver the DNA (called template DNA) used for gene therapy into cells. However, the production of large quantities of clinical-grade viral vectors has been a major obstacle in delivering cell therapies to patients. In addition, scientists cannot easily control where traditional viral vectors insert genes into the genome.
"Using viral vectors is expensive and resource intensive," says Shy. "The main advantage of a non-viral approach to genetic engineering is that we are not as constrained by cost, manufacturing complexity and supply chain issues."
In 2015, Marson's group—in collaboration with the CRISPR pioneer's lab Jennifer Doudna, PhD—first demonstrated that they could insert short DNA templates into immune cells without viral vectors by using an electric field to make the cells' outer membranes more permeable. By 2018, they had developed a method for cutting and inserting longer DNA sequences into immune cells using CRISPR.
Then, in 2019, researchers discovered that by also using a modified version of DNA templates that can bind to the Cas9 enzyme—the same protein that acts as molecular scissors during CRISPR gene editing—they could deliver new sequences to the targeted genome. pages more efficiently.
However, more work was needed to improve the yield of successfully engineered immune cells and to make the process compatible with the production of future cell therapies. These goals motivated the team's current study.
DNA can exist in single or double strands (like opposing pieces of Velcro), and Cas9 binds to double-stranded DNA. The researchers quickly discovered that high levels of double-stranded DNA template can be toxic to cells, so the method can only be used with low amounts of template DNA, resulting in low efficiency.
The team knew that single-stranded DNA was less toxic to cells, even at relatively high concentrations. So in the new paper, they describe a method of attaching a modified Cas9 enzyme to single-stranded template DNA by adding only a small overlap of double-stranded DNA to the ends.
"This gives us a balanced, best-of-both-worlds approach," says Marson.
Single-stranded template DNA could more than double the efficiency of gene editing compared to the older double-stranded approach. And the molecules' double-stranded ends allow researchers to use Cas9 to improve the delivery of nonviral vectors into cells.
"This technology has the potential to make new cell and gene therapies faster, better and cheaper," he says Jonathan EsenstenMD, PhD, author of the new paper, who is an assistant professor of laboratory medicine at UCSF and a research associate at Gladstone.
The trip to the clinic
In the study, researchers used a new DNA template to create more than a billion CAR-T cells that target multiple myeloma. CAR-T cells are immune T cells genetically modified to effectively fight against specific cells or cancer. With the new single-stranded, Cas9-directed templates, approximately half of all T cells acquired the new gene and were consequently converted to CAR-T cells.
"We knew that targeting DNA templates to a specific location in the genome, called the TRAC site, would improve the antitumor efficacy of CAR-T cells," says Justin Eyquem, PhD, co-author of the new paper. Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Department of Hematology and Oncology at UCSF and Associate Investigator at Gladstone. "This new non-viral approach allows us to achieve this targeting much more efficiently, which will accelerate the development of the next generation of CAR-T cell therapies."
In addition, the researchers showed that their approach could, for the first time, completely replace two genes associated with rare genetic immune diseases, the so-called IL2RA and CTLA4 genes.
In the past, scientists have shown that they can replace small parts IL2RA the gene where specific patients have mutations. Now Marson's team has proven they can replace the whole IL2RA and CTLA4 genes at once—a "one-size-fits-all" approach that could treat many patients with different mutations in those genes, rather than having to create personalized templates for each patient's mutation. Almost 90 percent of cells treated with this genetic engineering approach acquired healthy versions of the genes.
The researchers are now seeking approval to advance clinical trials using the non-viral CRISPR technology in both CAR-T cell therapy and IL2RA-deficient treatment.
About the research project
The article "High-throughput genome engineering in primary cells using hybrid ssDNA repair template and small molecule cocktails" was published in the journal Natural biotechnology on August 25, 2022.
Other authors are Vivasvan S. Vykunta, Alvin Ha, Alexis Talbot, Theodore L. Roth, David N. Nguyen, Yan Yi ChienFranziska Blaeschke, Eric Shifrut, Shane Vedova, Murad R. Mammadov, Jing-Yi Chungand Ruby Yu from the Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology; Wolfgang G. Pfeifer and Carlos E. Castro from The The Ohio State University; Hong Li and Lumeng Ye of GenScript Biotech; and David Wu, Jeffrey Wolfand Thomas G. Martin from UCSF.
This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P01AI138962 and P01AI155393), the UCSF Grand Multiple Myeloma Translational Initiative, the Weill Neurohub, the Larry L. Hillblom Foundation (2020-D-002-NET), and the Innovative Genomics Institute.
The researchers were also supported by the National Institutes of Health (L40AI140341, K08AI153767), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (L30TR002983), the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (F30DK120213), the Parker Simons Institute for Cancer Foundation, the Parker Simons Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy , Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Cancer Research Institute, UCSF Herbert Perkins Cellular Therapy and Transfusion Medicine Fellowship, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (INFR-10361), Care-for-Rare Foundation, German Research Foundation, UCSF Medical Scientist Training Program (T32GM007618), UCSF Endocrinology Training Grant (T32 DK007418), Mnemo Therapeutics, Takeda, Cytovia Therapeutics, Human Vaccines Project Michelson Prize, and National Science Foundation (1933344).
On the Gladstone Institutes
To ensure our work does the greatest good, Gladstone Institutes focuses on conditions with profound medical, economic and social impact – unaddressed diseases. Gladstone is an independent, not-for-profit life sciences research organization that uses visionary science and technology to overcome disease. Has an academic affiliation with University of California, San Francisco.
The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) focuses exclusively on the health sciences and is dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. UCSF Health, which serves as UCSF's primary academic medical center, includes top specialty hospitals and other clinical programs and has locations throughout the Bay Area. Learn more at ucsf.edu or view our fact sheet.
Gladstone Institutes: Julie Langelier | [email protected] | 415,734 2019
UCSF: Robin Marks | [email protected] | 628 399 0370
SOURCE Gladstone Institutes
#Breakthrough #cell #engineering #highyield #CRISPR #viral #vectors


ABT is looking for competitors traveling from Devonport or Launceston to the Swan River (TAS) kayak event, 28-29 March. Anyone who would be able to assist by transporting an ABT official from either of of these locations to Swansea, could you please contact the ABT office on 07 3387 0888. ABT are happy to assist with all travel costs.


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The Game of Dominoes
Home » The Game of Dominoes
The game of domino is an ancient game that is played with a set of dominoes. Players take turns placing dominoes on the platform until a tower is built. The goal is to build a tower that is sturdy but precarious enough to fall over. Once the tower falls, the game ends. The game is fun and can involve shouting and giggling.
There are several types of domino games. In each style, there are rules and strategies to follow. Typically, there are four ways to play the game. The first way is to draw a set of dominoes and place them so that two matching ends are adjacent to each other. The second way is to play a domino.
The game was first played in China during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). The game moved to France in the early 18th century, where it became a popular game. The French even developed domino puzzles, which involved placing tiles on a pattern. These puzzles were typically made using the arithmetic properties of the pips.
The rules of domino are simple: the first player places his chosen tile face-up in the center of the table. The next player then matches the end of their domino to a part of the first tile. Some versions of the game allow players to add tiles on any line they want. Players can add tiles along the lines as long as they do not overlap. If a player does not have any dominoes in his hand, he must draw from the unused tiles.
A game of dominoes can be played with two to four players. Players can play alone, or in teams of two players. Each player has 5 dominoes. The player with the highest domino draws first and makes the first play. The player with the highest domino wins if all of the dominoes are matched.
The game of dominoes is believed to have originated in France in the early 18th century. The game was brought to Britain by French prisoners of war. The French word domino comes from 'domino' which means "black and white hood worn by Christian priests in winter. Dominoes are also widely played in Latin America. In the Arctic, Inuits play a game similar to dominoes using bones. The Inuit version of the game is probably an imitation of the Western game.
There are many variations of domino. Several countries use different types of dominoes for different types of games. European-style dominoes are made of bone, ivory, mother of pearl oyster shell, or dark hardwood such as ebony. The game is also known as "draw" domino. It is typically played between two or four players.
Typically, domino games are played with a double-six set. In a double-six set, each player selects seven tiles. They then alternate extending the line of play. The winner is the player with the highest score minus the number of pip count in the loser's hand.


1. Sterilizing through UV light. Though this may cost you a bit more, this method of cleaning your toothbrush is proven to be safe and is easy to use. Its germicidal effects is said to reach up to 99% reduction of germs. Some models in the market include key features such as portability and being lightweight.
2. Sterilizing by dry heat. This is considered to be a natural way of cleaning your toothbrush. This does not use any chemicals which is said to be safe yet effective. Its downside is that it takes longer time to induce the cleaning process - about 45 minutes.
1. Boiling. You can try boiling water on the stove and placing your toothbrush in it for a couple of minutes. But make sure that your toothbrush is made from good quality of plastic. Some toothbrushes are made from plastic that could be damaged or melt by this process. When this happens discard the brush at once.
2. Antibacterial mouthwash. Not only could it clean your mouth effectively, it could also aid in cleaning your brush as well. Just dip your toothbrush enough to cover the head or all of its bristles for about thirty seconds and it would have at least the same antibacterial action to your toothbrush.
3. Antiseptic cleaners. These are said to share the same principle as the mouthwash. Though comparatively mouthwash kills through its alcohol content, these solutions provide their antiseptic effects by spraying its contents rather than dipping the brush itself with it.
You should at least wash your hands before handling your toothbrush.
Keep in mind that the lifespan of a regular toothbrush is about three to four months. If what you have is an electric brush you should replace the head at a three to four months interval.
Do not brush on the kitchen sink. This is mainly due to the many germs, bacteria and viruses that thrive in that area.
Isolate a sick person's toothbrush from the rest of the pack. This is done to prevent transfer or disease causing organism from one brush to another.
You can be assured that the thing that you put in your mouth is as clean as it gets. Nothing beats a sterilized brush to compliment your clean mouth.
The best thing about this is in your simple effort you help stop the spread of disease in the family. After all, prevention is always said to be better than cure.


To quote the sage, Pogo cartoon – we have met the enemy… and he is us!
Here is my challenge to you today. This challenge will require less than 5 minutes of your time – but it could be one of the best things you can do for your inventing venture. So here it is.
Those are the easy answers – the ones you want to blame for hold ups. Right?
But, there is almost certainly a much bigger cause of setbacks.
Are you ready? Just like the Pogo cartoon – go look in the mirror – and you will see the enemy – is you!
Grab your FREE copy of – Slaying the Procrastination Python – PDF now. Just click on the blue button below.
Want to learn how to license your invention for royalties? Attend our FREE live webinar – License Your Invention for Royalties – now.
Click on the orange button below to save your seat. All you need is your laptop or cell phone to attend.
Sorry I called you out!
But, now it's my turn to look in the mirror. Yep, it's not just you. The procrastination python lurks in my head too.
Today, as with every Sunday, I have a lot of tasks to get done in my business. It is said that weekends are simply two more workdays for entrepreneurs – and it is true! One of my Sunday tasks – which takes a bit of time – is thinking up my blog topic for the week, then writing a hopefully cogent post, then publishing it. Sounds easy, but it is not.
It typically takes me 3+ hours to do my blog each week. It is very easy to put it off till later (see the picture above).
For example, I spent an hour this morning working on a new spreadsheet to chart downloads of my podcast so far. It was fun… but was it really the best use of my time? Probably not. So, I can spend much of the day working on various tasks – then suddenly, the day is almost over and I have to get my blog written and published. Yikes!
Can you identify? I bet you can. No matter the task at hand, it becomes a lot more stressful to accomplish, once you have procrastinated until your time is just about up. So, let's look at some proven solutions to slaying the procrastination python.
If you have 5 tasks on your to-do list, probably 4 of them are fairly easy and quick for you to do. Right? But, the fifth task – not easy – or quick. But, it is the most important one on your list – it is the metaphorical Frog. Right?
So, you work on the 4 easy tasks first – feeling as if you are making a lot of progress – much like my choosing to work on my podcast spreadsheet instead of working on the blog. But, at the end of your day, you've finished 4 unimportant small tasks and the single most important task – the frog – is still sitting there, ready to greet you again tomorrow morning. Right? Don't you hate that?
This happens to you at work – and it also happens in your inventing business as well. So, time to eat that frog first!
Once you tackle eating the frog task, something interesting and unexpected happens. Every time.
It is not as bad as you thought! The more we ruminate without action, the more the looming task seems to ominously grow in scope. But, jump into tackling that big task – and it really isn't so bad. You find you're making real progress on a task that is very important. You'll get it done sooner than you expected and – guess what – the whole rest of your day will be easier and less stressful. I guarantee it.
What are some of those frog tasks for inventors?
Calling companies who may be interested in licensing your product. Hmmm… maybe tomorrow…. maybe next week. Maybe never! How about today?
Solution #2 – What is the Worst That Could Happen?
Most procrastination is driven by fearful, irrational thinking caused by our lizard brain – something called the amygdala 'hijack.' It is part of the primeval 'fight or flight syndrome' wired into all of us, that may have saved us as cavemen (and women) from the saber tooth tiger attack, but won't save us from the boss.
Here is a very simple solution. When you find yourself procrastinating and putting off an important task – odds are your amygdala is the culprit. Call the prefrontal cortex (the thinking part of your brain) to the rescue.
Simply ask yourself, "what is the worst that could happen?" You'll get an answer from the rational part of your brain.
Maybe you're putting off asking the boss for a raise. Or, you're putting off going to show your invention to the buyer at Lowe's.
What is the worst that could happen? The boss could say 'no' or the buyer might not see the merit in your invention. Then, you're no worse off than you are right now! But, by eating the frog first and taking action – there is a real possibility that the boss may actually say 'yes' to your raise – or the Lowe's buyer may be interested in your invention. You'll never know until you try.
Why procrastinate where there is no downside for taking action now? Only upside.
Tell me if this helped!


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California court upholds $4 million sex abuse judgment against Jehovah's Witnesses Watchtower organization
Legal News Line
By Karen Kidd | Dec 28, 2018
RIVERSIDE, Calif. (Legal Newsline) – A California appeals court has affirmed a more than $4 million judgment against the nation's leading body of Jehovah's Witnesses in favor of a woman who claims she was molested as a child in by a church elder.
In its 44-page opinion issued Dec. 10, the California 4th District Court of Appeal, Division Two three-judge panel left in place terminating sanctions and a judgment of little more than $4 million against Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York Inc.
The Riverside Superior Court previously handed down the sanctions and judgment and Watchtower declined to produce documents it had received follow a 1997 letter sent to Jehovah's Witnesses congregations "concerning known molesters in the church," the appeals court decision said.
In its appeal, Watchtower claimed the Superior Court was wrong because "'a responding party facing terminating sanctions would always forfeit consideration of a lesser sanction by the mere fact that it has not complied,'" the Appeals Court's opinion said. "This case does not present the situation that Watchtower seems to describe in which a party does not comply and terminating sanctions are immediately ordered."
The Superior Court had given Watchtower four days to produce the documents.
"Watchtower, despite that warning, did not comply with the court's nearly year-old discovery order," the opinion said. "Thus, with that particular procedural history, it was reasonable to conclude that lesser sanctions would be ineffective in motivating Watchtower to comply with the court's discovery order."
Judge Douglas P. Miller wrote the opinion in which judges Art W. McKinster and Richard T. Fields concurred.
The plaintiff in the case, identified only as J.W., sued Watchtower, which she claimed was negligent when she was molested by church elder Gilbert Simental in 2006. In 2009, an appeals court affirmed a jury's previous finding that Simental was guilty in two criminal cases of molesting J.W. and two victims.
J.W.'s case against Watchtower alleged, among other things, negligence, negligent supervision/failure to warn, negligent hiring/retention, negligent failure to warn, train, or educate her, sexual battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress.
In its appeal, Watchtower's lawyers argued that J.W. failed to allege the umbrella Jehovah's Witnesses group was the negligent "proximate cause" of her having been molested. In its opinion, the three-judge appeals court panel countered that Watchtower created the circumstances in which J.W. had been victimized.
"In a negligent hiring/retention analysis, the focus is on Watchtower's actions in hiring/retaining Simental, i.e, the risk of molestation that Watchtower allegedly knowingly created," the opinion said. "Accordingly, we are not persuaded that proximate cause was improperly pled due to a failure to allege that the party was a church-sponsored event."
https://legalnewsline.com/stories/511687317-california-court-upholds-4-million-sex-abuse-judgment-against-jehovah-s-witnesses-watchtower-organization
Categories: In The News, Jehovah's Witnesses
| Tags: court rulings, cults, jehovah's witnesses, news, religion
← The people who died, 2018: Arnie Lerma, ex-Scientologist who became Scientology's fiercest critic
Brazilian spiritual healer 'John of God' indicted for rape, accused of sexually abusing nearly 600 women →
Escaping cult life: 'That's an invisible scar that never goes away'
Asking the Right Questions w/ Mike Kropveld
TV Program – Documenting Hate: New American Nazis – Only available in Canada
NXIVM sex cult leader found guilty
Why it's so hard to stop a cult
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Odysseus' Predicament: Explanation and Justification in The Odyssey
December 9, 2020 by Essay Writer
The oral tradition is the oldest and most archaic manner of human discourse. The Odyssey of Homer is an example of a literary work that emphasizes the importance of such oral tradition. In it, the hero, Odysseus, is faced with the tasks of detailing, through poetry, how he came into the predicament of losing both the booty that he collected from the Trojan War, as well as the lives of the men he fought beside in that war, and being able to answer salient questions about why he was the only man to survive the ordeal of his homecoming to Ithaca. The story that Odysseus manufactures must be able to stand up to scrutiny, or suspicion and even civil uprising could result. Odysseus must practice the craft of synthesizing his own story for the Phaiakans because of the need of the people of Ithaca, particularly Odysseus' own wife and son, to have a cohesive story describing how those that died in battle as well as in homecoming met their end; this would bring closure to the families of those that have died and provide an explanation as to why Odysseus is the only survivor.
In the times of the ancient Ithacans, the acquisition of honor in both life and death was of the highest priority. For this reason, the people of Ithaca need closure as to how their loved ones died in battle and in homecoming. More specifically, the Ithacans need to know if their loved ones lived and died honorably or in disgrace. Odysseus, being the only survivor, is the only one that can answer this burning question in the hearts of the fallen Ithacan's relatives: "My men were thrown in the water, and bobbing like sea crows they were washed away on the running waves all around the black ship, and the god took away their homecoming" (12. 417-419) In this passage, Odysseus describes the shameful demise of his comrades, who ate of the cattle of Helios, and were punished by Zeus for their transgression. Unfortunately, in a similar fashion to the crew described above, all the Ithacans that die in homecoming perish dishonorably, whether by Zeus, or otherwise. This harsh reality seems like it would be a bit too much to handle for the Ithacans, and therefore, Odysseus works to stress his crew's honor whilst living through the tale of how the Ithacans strategically passed through the dominion of the sirens:
One after another, I stopped the ears of all my companions, and they then bound me hand and foot in the fast ship, standing upright against the mast with the ropes' ends lashed around it, and sitting then to row they dashed their oars in the gray sea… the swift ship as it drew nearer was seen by the sirens, and they directed their sweet song toward us… and I signaled my companions to set me free, nodding with my brows, but they leaned on and rowed hard, and Perimedes and Eurylochos, rising up, straightway fastened me with even more lashings and squeezed me tighter. (12. 177-180, 182-183, 193-196)
This description of the iron will and loyalty of the crew is a mechanism that Odysseus will use to hearten the relatives of his fallen comrades by showing them their nobility in living.
These tragic deaths each have a reason for taking place. The people of Ithaca do not know these reasons for the deaths of their beloved warriors and thus need an explanation for why Odysseus is the only one to have survived the trip home. Odysseus may stress the honor of his men, but he does attribute to his crew the blame for why they met their demise. This principle of the crew's collective accountability can be seen in Odysseus' description of the spoiling of the bag of winds given to Odysseus by Aiolos. "…Now too Aiolos in favor of friendship has given him all these goods. Let us quickly look inside and see what is in there, and how much silver and gold this bag contains inside it" (10. 43-45). The purpose of this is to show that Odysseus was not responsible for their deaths, because he fully intended to use the bag of winds to get his crew back to Ithaca, but the crew, in their greed, brought their relocation and ultimate destruction upon themselves. This is the craftiness with which Odysseus describes his crew's honor. He praises the crew's honor enough to hopefully appease the families of his fallen comrades, but not enough to stir their anger against him because of some sort of neglect or mistake on his part. This strategy is most important in Odysseus' reconnection with his own family. Telemachos has yet to gain a fair impression as to who his father truly is, and Odysseus' first impression to his son would be one of disdain if there was any indication whatsoever that Odysseus was in any way inferior to his subordinates in the accruement of honor. Penelope's reaction to Odysseus' account of such events is perhaps even more important, as she has held off numerous suitors who want her hand in marriage for the entirety of Odysseus' absence. If Odysseus came home to tell her that he had let all the men of Ithaca die through his recklessness, it is possible that Penelope might have regretted her choice to reject the suitors in anticipation of Odysseus' return.
Odysseus has crafted this story for the Phaiakans, as they ask him to tell of how his circumstances came to be. Odysseus agrees, however reluctantly, to tell the painful tale of how he fell on such sorry luck. This oral account that Odysseus gives, however painful to him, is a perfect opportunity for Odysseus to practice telling his story of misfortune to his fellow Ithacans; It gives him the chance at a 'rough draft,' thereby allowing him to synthesize his tale from the ground up without any challenge from any other witnesses, and simultaneously allowing him to use the Phaiakans' reaction to his tale as an accurate gauge on how cohesive his story remains from beginning to end. If the Phaiakans were to have reacted poorly, Odysseus would have been given the chance to refine his narrative to better suit the story to the interest of the Ithacans. Instead, the Phaiakans react in an overwhelmingly positive manner. They are not only riveted by Odysseus' compelling account of his struggles, but they give Odysseus transport back to his country, as well as plunder such as bronze and gold: "'But they carried him, asleep in the fast ship, over the sea, and set him down in Ithaka, and gave him numberless gifts, as bronze, and gold abundant, and woven clothing, more than Odysseus could have ever taken from Troy, even if he had come home ungrieved and with his fair share of the plunder.'" (13. 134-138) This reaction from the Phaiakans shows Odysseus that he has indeed proven his ability to masterfully craft a testament of his experiences, as well as his ability to use that testament to his advantage. The careful reader of the Odyssey could say that Odysseus' irresponsible and reckless actions in the dominion of the Cyclopes could reveal to the Phaiakans and Ithacans that Odysseus was partially to blame for the deaths of his comrades. Through further examination of the text, it can be deduced that the Phaiakans observe that Odysseus was greatly disturbed by his mistake, and that the Phaiakans see this dissonance as a burden carried by Odysseus. This dissonance, whether feigned or genuine, serves as an even greater testament to the passion and craft with which Odysseus delivers his story.
Odysseus serves as a notable example of the notion that the characterization of a person can be illustrated through that person's style and careful manipulation of language in human discourse. Odysseus uses deliberate and well thought out diction and sentence structure in his catalog of the events that he has lived through. This can tell the reader that Odysseus is a reflective character, and though he may have bouts of recklessness, he is mostly thoughtful and contemplative in the situations that he finds himself a part of and circumstances that he is presented with. This can show the reader that through human discourse, one finds out about a person not just by the stories that said person has to tell about themselves, but how that person decides to tell those stories.
Linear Time Marked by References to Nature in the Odyssey and Aeneid
Sleep and Death in Homer's Odyssey
Architecture in the Odyssey: A Map of Circe
It's All Greek to the Non-Greeks: Encounters on Odysseus's Journey
Self-Identification in The Odyssey
A Theme Of Border Crossing And Its Effects In Ancient Literature
O Brother, Where Art Thou: The Relationship Between an Epic Poem and the Film It Inspired
How Heroism Originates: Telemachus in the Odyssey
Fate and Providence in Homer's The Odyssey and Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe
Homer's Epic ballad The Iliad and The Odyssey
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