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Homemakers: The Last Bastion in Our Cultural Chaos
On the windowsill above my kitchen sink is a small sign reading, "It's so good to be home." I found this sign in a box in the basement a while ago and decided to give it a place of honor upstairs. Though I live as caretaker for my daughter's house and rattle around in a place much too large for a single person, it's still home to me.
But I don't consider myself a homemaker. Oh, I keep the place tidy—well, most of the time—and I mow the lawn and run the garbage to the local dump every two weeks or so, but a homemaker? Naw.
But I do know many homemakers, nearly all of them women, and I think it's high time we sing their praises. Whether they are working women or stay-at-home moms, whether they are single or married, I am grateful for them. If we break that title in two—home maker—you'll soon understand why.
In so many arenas, America has become a battleground. For those of us seeking refuge from all this noisy and ugly chaos, the home is the only remaining sanctuary.
Our public square is loud with the clatter and clash of metaphorical swords as we wage our political and cultural wars. Our social media is about as social as a wasp nest. Our schools are a mess, the Wuhan Virus has wrecked everything from small businesses to our sanity, and we can't agree on the biological definition of sex. Even some of our churches are torn asunder by bickering and bile.
We return from work or school in the evening to the apartment or house where we live. Even if that habitation is bare of most amenities like a comfortable sofa or air-conditioning, we enter the premises as a Neanderthal hunter once entered his cave, reasonably certain of safety from the beasts outside. When we close the door behind us, we say a temporary goodbye to the troubles of the outside world.
But the truly blessed are those who are, or who live with, homemakers.
Home for these creators of beauty is not only a fortress against the hostile forces of the world, but includes a touch of the celestial as well. You step into this home, and the air is fragrant with the scent of a bubbling lasagna or fresh baked apple pie. Often there's music, soft tunes piped out of some electronic gadget or, even better, songs sung or whistled by the angel who dwells there. There's a comfortable disorder to the place, a disheveled beauty—a shawl carelessly cast over the back of a chair, books stacked in a corner, bills and magazines piled atop a kitchen island table—that proclaim proprietorship, comfort, and peace.
Here as well we find a décor dependent on the whimsy and critical eye of the homemaker. That yellow cabinet with its painted scenes from Japan might stick out in a house decorated as impersonally as a motel room, but this piece of furniture fits this living room like a glove. Those bookshelves jammed with everything from cookbooks to the novels of Marcel Proust proclaim the owner's eccentricities and eclectic interests. Rugs on polished wooden floors warm the rooms, and the family photos lining the fireplace mantle speak of love and memory of both the living and the dead.
Children who grow up in such households remember them, often unconsciously, for the rest of their time on this earth. Though she moved three times after I had flown the coop, my mother excelled at making each house a home, and to pay her a visit was to be whisked back to the comfort and security of childhood. Whenever my brothers or I visited Mom, for example, one of our first acts was to open the refrigerator door and peer inside. The habits of our early school days died hard.
So why make such a big deal out of homemakers?
Because in the homemaker we find a bedrock of civilization. In a time when wind and rain batter our traditions and our culture, these good souls provide a refuge from the storms: safe havens of beauty, stability, and normality.
To all who create these tiny harbors of civilization, thank you.
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Q: How Can I draw shapes on a UIImageView that's in my main view? getting invalid context error? In my main view I have a user-defined class drawSquare that is a subclass of UIImageView.  In drawSquare.m I have the normal drawRect method shown below:
- (void)drawRect:(CGRect)rect
{
    CGContextRef context = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext();
    CGContextSetLineWidth(context, 2.0);
    CGContextSetStrokeColorWithColor(context,[UIColor redColor].CGColor);
    redSquare = CGRectMake(2,2,30,34);
    CGContextAddRect(context, redSquare);
    CGContextStrokePath(context);
}

In my main view controller I have an object named word1Area of type drawSquare as an IBOutlet.
In my viewDidLoad method of my main view controller I have the lines:
[self.view addSubview:word1Area];
[word1Area drawRect:word1Area.frame];

I get an "invalid context" run time error. I have tried other variations of calling the drawRect method but keep getting the same error.  Thanks for any help.

A: You cannot call drawRect yourself - you can tell the view setNeedsDisplay.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A few weeks ago, I was out walking the dog along the waterfront, where a new pier is being constructed for a residential high-rise. It's been a little noisy in the neighborhood for the last few months, but nothing really disturbing; just a constant sort of background hum.
One of my favorite teachings on handling negative emotions comes from Pema Chodron's book, Getting Unstuck: Breaking Your Habitual Patterns and Encountering Naked Reality. Pema (I've spent so much time with her teachings, that we're on a first name basis) describes an experience, on a particular retreat, of unabating anxiety every time she sat down to meditate. Struggling with it for days, unable to find its source, or make it subside, she visited her teacher looking for guidance. After listening to her describe the experience, Dzigar Kontrul Rinpoche said "Oh, that's the Daikini's Bliss! That's a high level of spiritual bliss." Hearing this, Pema became excited about her next meditation practice. After Rinpoche left, she sat down on her cushion, ready to experience it again, however the feelings were gone.
I came across this article, by John Horgan, questioning the benefits of the new meditation craze. I thought he made some interesting observations, and on some level I agree with him. I sent him the following email; probably worthwhile to share here as well.
I think that one of the issues with meditation is that proper instructions are not included. Sitting still and trying to "not think" is not what it's about. You are correct that meditation, in and of itself, does very little. Just having a meditation practice doesn't make you happier, or more peaceful, or nicer. It's what one does during meditation that leads to awakening (or doesn't, as the case may be for most people). What's missing in most traditions (as they are presented in the mainstream), is the method of self-inquiry. (It's what you're actually supposed to "do" during meditation).
This is a beautiful excerpt from The Art of Sexual Magic, by Margo Anand.
When I put aside my prejudices and looked at my deepest motivations and fears, I was surprised to be confronted by a rather sorry-looking individual, covered with bandages, limping along on a crutch, incapable of hurting anyone.
I immediately recognized him. It was me. It was my wounded self, a symbolic representation of all those doubts and fears about myself that I had so carefully hidden from public view for so many years. And when I looked a little closer at this injured being, my heart was deeply touched. I wanted to reach out and help him to heal, because I could see, beneath the bandages, that he was only a small boy, a helpless, wounded child.
Throughout the last few months of my work with Gaya, we've been talking a lot about the people in my life, and how I'm relating to them. Gaya keeps repeating to me that there's no one "out there;" everyone is really just a mirror reflecting back at me.
At first this was difficult to grasp. Surely, the people in my life are real humans – I can touch them, see them, hear them (even smell them sometimes). I accepted what she was telling me, but it didn't really sink in until much later. What she meant is that who they are to us, how we see them, how they make us feel, is nothing more than a reflection of how we see ourselves.
Conceptually, what we choose to see in others, the way we see them, and the judgments we have about them, are nothing more than judgments we hold about ourselves, and how we think we ought to be or not be. In clinical terms, this is called projection. In other spiritual traditions, this is called shadow work.


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Q: Schedule time logic (TimeTrigger) for specific time of day I am working on windows phone application where I am implementing a background task timertrigger which should trigger based on the options below,

*

*Hourly

*During the day ( 9am - 5pm)

*During the night ( 5pm - 9am)

The RegisterBackgroundTask() function usually requires a time to be specified when the trigger should kick in. What is the best way to do this for the options above.
I got it for the 1st option where I set it as 60 minutes. During the day and during the night has left me a little confused.
What would be the best practice to implement this ?

A: Just have your code run hourly and then when triggered it checks if it is "during the night" (where presumably you don't want it to do anything) and if so not perform any action.

A: Found a way to do this.
For During the day, I make the background task run every 15 minutes and it check if the current time is between 9am and 5pm, if yes, it syncs else it exits and waits.
For At Night, I make the background task run every 15 minutes and it check if the current time is between 5pm and 9am, if yes, it syncs else it exits and waits.
Once the sync is done, i store the last synced time in a storage variable and every minutes even the last sync time is checked to see if its greater than 24 years for a subsequent sync.


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Protecting our waterways, resources,
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Printed from http://www.bodytalksystem.com//learn/news/article.cfm?id=753 on Apr 18, 2019.
During the past year I have been conducting the Treatment Intensive module all over the world. I am getting great feedback, and obviously everyone's talking because my seminars tend to book out within a day or so of putting them online.
One of the most interesting comments made is how easy BodyTalk looks. People watch me and note that I seem to be doing very little in my treatments. I do not appear to be using any of the basic modules or doing all the linking that is required in those modules. I have even had people ask me why we insist they learn the modules when BodyTalk can be so much easier to do.
There seems to be a significant misunderstanding of the processes involved in becoming a good practitioner or, for that matter, good at anything you do. It is a common observation that when we watch highly skilled craftsmen, musicians, practitioners, and just about any skillful pursuit, they make it all seem so easy! Very often we may say: "well, if it's that easy, I can do it!" However, when we try, the results are just not the same. Making beautiful sounds come out of a saxophone looks so easy until you actually try it yourself. Of course, in many of these types of pursuits it is not critical that you are good at what you do because no harm can be done.
In healthcare, the story is different. When you are not properly trained and do not understand what you are doing then you simply cannot get the results on a consistent basis. The fact is that in order to get consistently good results with predictable outcomes we need to have the essential training and understanding of the techniques used. If we do not do the hard work of study and practice, then it is basically dishonest for us to treat people based on some philosophical principle that things should be easy.
The fact is that I make things look easy because of the years of work I have put into developing, evolving and practicing the BodyTalk techniques. What is important to understand is that the basic training one undergoes in any healthcare program is actually serving to rewire the brain into a different way of thinking and understanding. Much of that rewiring occurs as a result of the understanding we gain in learning the principles involved. This takes time and practice as well as some deeper thinking about the principles being used.
Training in the basic modules of BodyTalk is a good example of the principle of brain rewiring during training. In these basic modules you are learning the philosophy and science of Dynamic Systems Theory. You are also learning how to apply this using very specific and detailed protocols and procedures. Each module teaches you a different set of procedures and initiates you into a different level of understanding. At first, this seems complex, as does all new learning that would enable you to develop a specialized skill set. However, once you have learned, and understood, the procedures and techniques, then everything starts becoming much easier.
As you deepen your understanding and the protocol and procedures become second nature, the intuitive process becomes stronger. As this happens, the rigorous yes/no process of establishing formulas ceases to require mental effort. Instead, the formulas start happening spontaneously within the mind. In the wake of this type of training process, by the time the advanced levels are reached, you no longer have to do all the basic procedures in the same way. This is because the wiring of your brain has set up an energy matrix that will run the basic techniques automatically for your client. This is why advanced BodyTalkers rarely seem to be doing the basic techniques and procedures. The fact is that these techniques and procedures are activating spontaneously as part of the interactive entanglement between the practitioner and the client. The practitioner's focus and intent when doing the treatment session sets up the necessary filters for changes to occur. At this stage everything starts to become simpler.
The danger is that practitioners in the early stages of BodyTalk training can watch these advanced practitioners during sessions and assume they can go back to the clinic and do the same thing. This is rarely the case, because the groundwork has to be done first; the rewiring in the brain has to be done; the understanding has to be there. The point of watching advanced practitioners work is to learn and be inspired to keep learning.
Over the years I have seen a lot of harm being done to the reputation of complementary healthcare by people wanting to make some quick money in teaching seminars. These are often people who are very skilled at a system and can, therefore, get good results consistently. However, they recognize the human frailty shared by many would-be practitioners of always wanting to find an easy way to do things. To this end, they develop what appears to be a very simple system and start teaching it to people who do not fully understand what is going on behind the scenes.
Such teachers can demonstrate treatments that look to be very simple and they will get good results in most cases. However, the reason for their good results is because they have put in the work to gain the skill levels necessary to get good results while making it look very easy.
The problem is that the students will be excited by the possibility of doing so little work for such good results. They leave the workshop thinking they now have the ability to produce the type of results their teacher was getting in class. However, over my 35 years of involvement in teaching healthcare, I have seen so many cases of students using the new, easy, techniques and not getting the same results. This is especially the case with lay practitioners who have established no basic healthcare filters.
The fact remains that because of the placebo effect, any new technique, no matter how good or bad the technique or the practitioner is, will get some results in about 30% of cases. Those occasional results will maintain the enthusiasm about the technique until the long-term overview is gained. Then practitioners start noticing that most patients are not responding well and, eventually, patients become bitter about paying so much money for a "quickie fix."
Acupuncture is a good example of this. For several years I taught a two-year postgraduate course in animal acupuncture to veterinarians. They had great results and helped establish acupuncture as a viable tool to treat animals. Unfortunately, subsequently, we saw Vets setting up "quickie" two-day courses in acupuncture so that they could charge extra because they were adding to their repertoire by using a few needles on each animal.
These vets had only been taught very simple formulas that are easy to do. Occasionally, results will occur because some of the formulas will work if the situation is just right. In the meantime, this quickie approach meant that many animals were not being helped by acupuncture when the fact is, acupuncture works very well on animals for a wide range of conditions when practiced by a skilled practitioner. Further, the reputation of part of acupuncture within the Veterinary profession has been greatly diminished because of the overall poor results achieved by the "quick and easy" courses.
I have seen the same thing happened in Applied Kinesiology. AK is a great system that has been around for quite a long time. I have been involved with it since 1975. For a while I was one of the teachers. It has never been able to get the recognition it should get from the public, and other health professionals, because of the same situation as the Vets and acupuncture. It takes years to be a skilled AK practitioner. The college in Freiburg, Germany is a 4-year course. The practitioners graduating from this college have very successful practices.
In the meantime, the credibility of AK is being compromised by the fact that many of the well-trained practitioners in different parts of the world are making money teaching quickie versions of the AK protocol. They claim to be making AK much simpler and teaching an adaptation of AK that is just as effective. How these teachers support their story is by demonstrating treatments that appear to get good results. The problem is that the good results are not because of this "special and simple" new technique, but because of their extensive deeper understanding of kinesiology, which comes into play when they're using any technique.
Unfortunately the techniques of the minimally trained students of the "special and simple AK" usually means that these techniques are around for a while until the word gets out that they're not really getting the results claimed. They then fade out of the picture, which is great. However, they have in the meantime, through the poor results, given AK a diminished reputation as a profession. These days, many people do not realize that when practiced correctly Applied Kinesiology is a full profession in its own right. Instead, the fragmentation of the techniques caused by greedy practitioners wanting to make a quick buck in the lecture circuits, has acted like a cancer to the profession. Don't let this happen to us with BodyTalk.
The BodyTalk system is rapidly being recognized as a full profession in its own right. In the meantime, we must be vigilant not to fall into the trap of being seduced into using quickie versions of aspects of BodyTalk. The big trap involved is the incorrect use of philosophical and scientific principles. Most BodyTalk practitioners are familiar with the term "consciousness is all there is" and that everything is like a hologram, which entangles all aspects of life. This is very true at certain levels. However, the reality is that life still has its complexities because consciousness uses those complexities as seen in the manifestation we have to deal with, as part of the learning curve.
It is ignorant and dangerous to say that "we just have to believe that consciousness is all there is" and that this means we can do virtually anything we want in a simple way because, "provided we have good intentions, healing will occur." If that were true there would be no need to learn any form of medical science because even a surgeon should be able to just say, "repair your self, Heart" and the surgery would be done instantly.
This does not mean that spontaneous healing can't be done. However, as I teach in Finding Health 2, spontaneous healing on a regular basis requires many conditions to be met. They include right patient, right time, and right practitioner at that particular time. It also means that the practitioner must have the knowledge, experience, and understanding, required for those healing processes to occur. The accumulation of those factors in the practitioner does not occur in a short course. It takes years to accumulate the wisdom, understanding, and knowledge of technique to facilitate that type of change with any degree of consistency.
That is what you go to college for. That is why you learn the modules, and learn to perfect them, so they are fully imprinted as part of the wiring of your brain and mind. When the work is done, then the fun begins. Any of you who have watched our senior practitioners treating a a fellow student, will realize that the simplicity of their treatment is a direct reflection of their accumulated knowledge and wisdom.
Over-simplification of profoundly complex philosophical concepts happens all the time. At worst the student's understandings will remain superficial. However, over-simplification of a healthcare system, through elimination of its complex underpinnings, will result in negative ramifications, for practitioners, their clients and for the healthcare system itself.
Please, let us ensure that the BodyTalk System remains a profession. Let us not support or encourage its fragmentation by endorsing courses that do not follow the scientific and philosophical principles that underpin, and are well established in our courses.


text:
Science Over a Cuppa
BI-WEEKLY POSTS ON SCIENCY TOPICS
About Emily Casanova
Are You a Scientist?
What's the Story behind the Fossil in the Header?
When the Brain Is Under Stress, It Gets Excited Thanks to GABA
March 8, 2015 · by Emily Casanova	· Bookmark the permalink.	·
I've written previously about the dual excitatory-inhibitory roles GABA plays during development and adulthood. Interestingly, when it comes to many neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and epilepsy, we keep revisiting this topic again and again. Why is GABA's dual role in the brain so important throughout the lifespan?
It turns out that even though neuroscientists nowadays seem more aware that GABA plays an excitatory role during the prenatal and early neonatal periods helping to promote cell proliferation, growth, and maturation, many may still not be aware that even in adulthood GABA is primed to become less inhibitory at almost a moment's notice in reaction to stress. And with prolonged exposure to certain types of stress, GABA can even revert to it's immature excitatory nature.
Because the GABA receptors control the gating of chloride into and out of the cell, a cell's reaction to GABA docking on its receptor depends on how much of the negatively-charged chloride is inside compared to outside the cell. In immature neurons, more chloride resides within the cell and thus when GABA receptor activation causes chloride channels to open, chloride escapes into the extracellular space, increasing the positive charge of the neuron and lowering the stimulus threshold at which that neuron can fire. In essence, excitatory GABA gives a pyramidal neuron an itchy trigger finger.
Wake et al. (2007) discovered that when a mature neuron is placed under stress, either through oxidative stress, seizure activity, or hyperexcitability, the chloride exporter, KCC2, is rapidly dephosphorylated, quashing its chloride-exporting activities. In addition, though it's normally expressed at the surface of the cell, neuronal stress causes KCC2 to be transported away from the surface where it serves its exporting function. All of these reactions, in all three scenarios of cell stress, occurs within 1-2 hours of the event. If the stress is prolonged, then within 6-9 hours the absolute levels of KCC2 expression are decreased, suggesting that not only is it being more rapidly degraded but that expression of the KCC2 gene, SLC12A5, has been suppressed.
Image from Wake et al. (2007) showing the localizations of KCC2 (red) in control (upper panels) and hydrogen peroxide-stressed neurons (lower panels). Note that there is comparatively less red KCC2 staining at the cell surface in the stressed cells.
While Wake et al. found that short-term neuronal stress didn't shift GABA to an entirely excitatory stimulus, stress did lead to decreases in the strength of GABA inhibition, which ultimately lower the stimulus threshold that excitatory pyramidal neurons must reach in order to fire, i.e., itchy trigger finger. However, prolonged neuronal stress, such as can be seen in some epilepsies or traumatic injury, can ultimately lead to a regression in GABA's function from inhibitory to fully excitatory [1, 2].
Since our brains are subject to all kinds of stressors, whether it's the anxiety from a long hard day at work, the death of a loved one, the ravages of war, or a traumatic brain injury, the fact that these stressors have physical consequences on the health of neurons means that our brains must have a way to grow, break down, and repair connections. In order to do that, a neuron needs a little extra stimulation to promote those processes and the phosphorylation and downregulation of KCC2, alongside other related players, is just the protein to do it.
Therefore, when we see variations in KCC2 expression in the brains of people with epilepsy, it suggests that part of the pathology of the condition, despite its heterogeneity, may involve processes of growth and repair. (The same is probably also true for autism given its successful treatment of target symptoms with drugs that reduce internal chloride concentrations, but more work is still needed in this area of research.) With both epilepsy and autism, it's hard to say whether the defects lay originally with growth/repair mechanisms or whether it's a snowball effect of over-excitation leading to injury, leading to repair and further hyperexcitability, but in either case excitation becomes part and parcel of these conditions' pathologies. Yet that understanding, ironically, offers us a means for treatment and intervention.
Tags: anxiety, autism, autism spectrum, autism spectrum disorder, autistic, brain, chloride, epilepsy, excitatory GABA, GABA, GABA receptor, KCC2, neocortex, neuron, NKCC1, PTSD, Schizophrenia, seizure, SLC12A5, TBI, traumatic brain injury
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Developmental and molecular biologist. I primarily focus on autism and connective tissue disorders, but am fascinated by all things biology. Science is my work, my passion, and my hobby. I relish reading history, especially as it relates to the development of the sciences. I am also a hobby-paleontologist, enjoy antique collecting and a bit of photography, love a good strong black tea, and spending time with my family (both the human and furry varieties).
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The Riello Elettronica group today is made up of twenty-three companies with nine production plants located throughout the world and competes globally in different areas of business. The POWER area, the core business, deals with energy conversion and the manufacturing of interruptible power supplies (UPS) as well as solar energy conversion systems (inverters). Cardin Elettronica leads the AUTOMATION area offering solutions for the automation and remote control of closing, safety and security systems.


text:
Mavs Drop Close Game to St. John Fisher
St. John Fisher 45 40 85
Medaille 29 53 82
Pts: Keegan Ryan - 17
Reb: Keegan Ryan - 7
Ast: Tyler Hart - 6
Pts: Robby Seyler - 18
Reb: Robby Seyler - 6
Ast: 3 Players (#04, #05, #21 - 3)
More news about: Medaille
BUFFALO, NY - The Medaille Mavericks used a strong second half to close the gap after being down by 16 at halftime, but fell just short in a (85-82) loss to St. John Fisher Saturday afternoon.
The game was close throughout the first part of the opening half, with the Cardinals only leading by three points midway through. In the final four minutes of the first half, the Cardinals would go on a 13-3 run, putting themselves up 45-29 going into halftime.
At the half, both teams were shooting the ball very well with the Cardinals hitting on 57.1% (16 of 28) from the field while the Mavericks were hitting on 52.1% (12 of 23) from the field. Rebounds were mostly even as well with the Cardinals pulling down 14 first half boards compared to the Mavericks 13.
The second half was a different story. While both teams did come out slow, the Mavericks erupted for 53 second half points that helped close the deficit. It helped that they hit on 85.7% (6 of 7) of their attempts from behind the arc. Chris Willingham hit on all four of his 3-point attempts in the second half on his way to (14) second half points. He finished with (16) points total in the game.
In the end, the gap was too much to overcome as the Mavericks would pull within two possessions a few times, but could never get any closer than that until the final bucket of the game.
Leading the Mavericks offensively was Robby Seyler who finished the game with (18) points along with (6) rebounds and (3) assists. Ryan Grandits chipped in with (16) points as well while Alex Baron ended with (11) points on the game.
The Mavericks were once again outscored in the paint and with points off the bench for the second straight game. The Cardinals finished with 34 points in the paint compared to the Mavs 30 and the Cardinals bench added 39 points while the Mavericks bench finished with 24.
The Mavs (0-3) will host SUNY Geneseo on Monday at 7 p.m. in the Sullivan Center.


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Twitter celebrates 5th anniversary of public release
Twitter today, July 15th, celebrates the fifth anniversary of its public release. The service,...
July 15, 2011 Darren McCarra
What was the first ever tweet?
Twitter (@twitter), the popular micro-blogging service, is celebrating its fifth birthday today....
March 21, 2011 Darren McCarra


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Earth's Methane
Serpen- tinization
Dedicated to developing a fundamental understanding of environments and processes that regulate the volume and rates of production of abiogenic hydrocarbons and other organic species in the crust and mantle through geological time.
Decadal Goals
Utilize field-based investigations of approximately 25 globally representative terrestrial and marine environments to determine processes controlling the origin, form, quantities and movements of abiotic gases and organic species in Earth's crust and uppermost mantle.
Implement the use of DCO-sponsored instrumentation, especially revolutionary isotopologue measurements, to discriminate the abiotic versus biotic origin of methane gas and organic species sampled from global terrestrial and marine field sites.
Quantify as a function of temperature, pressure, fluid and solid compositions, and redox state the mechanisms and rates of fluid-rock interactions that produce H2, abiotic forms of hydrocarbon gases and more complex organic compounds
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Scientific Steering Committee
Magali Ader Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France
Magali Ader
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France
Pr. Magali Ader is a professor at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris and serves on the Engagement Advisory Committee for DCO's Deep Energy community. Her research sits at the intersection of Earth and life sciences, in the burgeoning field of geobiology. Using measurements of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of ancient sedimentary rocks, compared to those of analogous modern geobiological systems, she is contributing to our understanding of how Earth and life interacted through time on both a local and a global scale. Ader also serves as the international secretary of the Geochemical Society.
Chris Ballentine University of Oxford, UK
Chris Ballentine
Dr. Chris Ballentine is chair of the Geochemistry Department at the University of Oxford. He has spent his scientific career developing and applying the noble gas isotope tool to different Earth systems. His research interests encompass understanding how the Earth gained its gaseous inventory and the processes controlling terrestrial reservoir interaction and evolution over time. Ballentine has been involved in organizing and building the governance and structure of the European Goldschmidt conferences since 2007; chairing Davos 2009, serving as the Goldschmidt officer for Prague 2011, and as co-convenor of Florence 2013. He also has served as president of the European Association of Geochemistry in 2013-2014.
Peter Clift Louisiana State University, USA
Peter Clift
Louisiana State University, USA
Dr. Peter Clift shares his knowledge of the marine geology of Asia with students from around the world. He is the Charles T. McCord Professor of petroleum geology at Louisiana State University, the Hongguo Fellowship Professor at Nanjing Normal University, a research affiliate at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a visiting professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in China. His principal research interests focus on Asia and range from the geological aspects of the petroleum systems of South and Eastern Asia, to climatic and anthropogenic impacts on the environment in monsoonal Asia, to solid Earth-climate interactions. He also actively conducts research on active margins and the origin of the continental crust, with particular interest in mass balancing the carbon and solid rock flux through the global subduction system.
David Cole The Ohio State University, USA
The Ohio State University, USA
Dr. David Cole is a professor and Ohio Research Scholar in the School of Earth Sciences at The Ohio State University. A geochemist, his research interests span a number of sub-disciplines in the geosciences and chemistry, and include both low temperature and high temperature studies relevant to energy systems. He is the OSU Interim Director of the Subsurface Energy Resource Center, Director of the OSU Subsurface Energy Materials Characterization and Analysis Laboratory. Cole serves on DCO's Synthesis Group 2019 and served previously as chair of the Deep Energy Community.
Isabelle Daniel Université Claude Bernard Lyon, France
Isabelle Daniel
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, France
Prof. Isabelle Daniel's research interests focus on geobiology and minerals/rocks under extreme conditions. In her work, she employs advanced in situ experimental and analytical methods such as Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. She investigates serpentinization and serpentine minerals, fluid-rock interactions at high pressure and microorganisms under extreme conditions. Daniel is a faculty member in Earth Sciences at the Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 in France, where she is also affiliated with the Laboratoire de Geologie de Lyon and chairs the Observatoire de Lyon. Because of the depth and breadth of her research, Daniel serves as chair of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Deep Energy Community and as a member of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Deep Life Community. She is also active in the DCO's Extreme Physics and Chemistry Community.
Pablo García del Real Fugro USA Marine, Inc.
Pablo García del Real
Fugro USA Marine, Inc.
Dr. Pablo García del Real's research broadly focuses on carbonate mineralization, serpentinization, and seafloor seepage. García del Real received his Ph.D. in Geological and Environmental Sciences from Stanford University in 2016. From 2016 to 2017, he was a postdoctoral researcher at Université Lyon 1, working in the lab of DCO Executive Committee member and Deep Energy Community Chair Dr. Isabelle Daniel. García del Real is currently a Project Geoscientist at Fugro's Seeps--Centre of Excellence where he studies the geophysical and geochemical signatures of marine seepage worldwide.
Nils Holm Stockholm University, Sweden
Nils Holm
Stockholm University, Sweden
Dr. Nils Holm is Professor Emeritus of marine geochemistry of the Stockholm University. Holm is interested in organic compounds in marine hydrothermal environments and their importance for the carbon cycle and the formation of early life on Earth and other terrestrial plants. He also works on questions related to the deep subsurface biosphere and its potential existence in an astrobiological context.
Long Li University of Alberta, Canada
Long Li
University of Alberta, Canada
Dr. Long Li is an assistant professor of Earth and atmospheric sciences at the University of Alberta. Li is a stable isotope geochemist working on carbon and nitrogen cycles at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, with particular interest in carbon and nitrogen behaviors during fluid-rock interaction, subduction-zone metamorphism, and volcanism from modern to deep time on Earth.
Tullis Onstott Princeton University, USA
Tullis Onstott
Princeton University, USA
Dr. Tullis Onstott is a professor of geosciences at Princeton University. For 23 years, he has focused his research on subsurface microbial life. His research involves exploration of subsurface microbial ecosystems via mines, drilling, and new underground laboratories, and quantifying their community structure, function, and activity. His group analyzes metagenomes, metatranscriptomes and metaproteomes, performs stable isotope measurements, and combines geochemical measurements with thermodynamic models. In 2007,Time Magazine named Onstott one of the 100 most influential people in the world. The U.S. Department of Energy also recognized his excellent research with awards on three occasions.
Magali Pujol TOTAL, France
Magali Pujol
TOTAL, France
Dr. Magali Pujol is a reservoir engineer with TOTAL at the Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine. A geochemist, Pujol's research encompasses isotope geochemistry, including stable isotope analysis, geochronology, and noble gases.
Igor Tolstikhin Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Igor Tolstikhin
Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Dr. Igor Tolstikhin has spent his career answering the question "How does nature work?" using isotopic compositions of the elements in natural materials. His current research activity includes noble gas mass-spectrometry, isotope cosmo-geochemistry, isotope hydrology, and modeling of the Earth's chemical evolution. Tolstikhin is affiliated with Institutes of Russian Academy of Science, the Geological Institute of Kola Science Center, Apatity, and the Space Research Institute, Moscow. In 2013 the European Association of Geochemistry recognized Tolstikhin's many contributions to deciphering how nature works with the presentation of its Urey Award.
Edward Young University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Edward Young
Dr. Edward Young is a professor of geology at UCLA and co-Chair of the Deep Energy Community. His research spans geochemistry and cosmochemistry. He envisioned and oversaw the development of the Panorama High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer, which is capable of unprecedented measurements of isotopic bonder ordering in methane gas, making it possible to accurately define the origin and provenance of various sources of methane. He also is principal investigator on a study that is advancing understanding of the extent to which isotopologues can differentiate between biotic and abiotic carbon compounds. The Geochemical Society and the European Association of Geochemistry formally recognized Young's contributions to geochemistry by naming him fellow. He also is a fellow of the Meteoritical Society.


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stress and strain notes
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Please sign in or register to post comments. If stress is increased beyond A up to point B, large strain is less and the wire can regain its original shape and size after the removal of load but Hooke's law is not obeyed between A and B. The stress-strain graph has different points or regions as follows: It is the region in the stress-strain curve that obeys Hooke's Law. ● Compressive Strain: It is the change in length (or area) of a body due to the application of compressive strain. The internal resistance force per unit area acting on a material or intensity of the forces distributed over a given section is called the stress at a point. Note that in the discussion above, the original cross-sectional area and length (before any deformation had taken place) were used to calculate stress and strain, respectively. They are: ● Tensile Strain: It is the change in length (or area) of a body due to the application of tensile stress. Stay tuned with BYJU'S for more such interesting articles. Stress-strain curve for this material is plotted by elongating the sample and recording the stress variation with strain until the sample fractures. Stresses, however, cannot be directly measured, but stain is measurable and can be directly related to stress. It is given by the formula, \(\sigma\) is the stress applied yes. The words stress and strain are derived from the Latin words "strictus" and "stringere" which means "to draw tight" and "to bind tightly" respectively. The graph helps us to understand how a given material deforms with increasing loads. According to normal strain, e = dL/L. 4M watch mins . NOTE ON UNITS The fundamental unit of stress is 1 N/m2 and this is called a Pascal. We shall restrict ourselves to behaviour of structural steel only. : Plane stress and plane strain (2-D!) Types of Stress. Stress and Strain Theory at a Glance (for IES, GATE, PSU) 1.1 Stress When a material is subjected to an external force, a resisting force is set up within the component. Stress and Strain • Stress is force acting per unit area and is denoted by σ. The constant is known as Modulus of elasticity or Young's Modulus or Elastic Modulus. STRESSES AND STRAINS - A REVIEW 1. Chapter 2 Compound Stresses and Strains Prepaired By SANJAY KUMAR Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING YMCA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, FARIDABAD. Here several worth knowing Notes for use of the product. Page- 1. Stress is the internal force (per unit area) associated with the strain. The graph helps us to understand how a given material deforms with increasing loads. You may have noticed that certain objects can stretch easily, but stretching objects like an iron rod sounds impossible, right? BASIC STUDIES OF STRESS AND STRAIN This tutorial is essential for anyone studying the group of tutorials on beams. The stress-strain curve illustrates the mechanical properties of materials, for example, steel, stainless steel or aluminium. It is a curve between stress and strain. Stress and Strain is the first topic in Strength of Materials which consist of various types of stresses, strains and different properties of materials which are important while working on them. Stress and strain: generalized concepts Chapter 5: 8 ME 323 Observation: Note from the preceding equations that thermal strains can exist in the absence of stresses; that is, if x σ = yz0, we still have: ε x αΔT. Thus, if a member of uniform section is subjected to a number of forces, the resulting deformation (ΔL) is given by, For the detailed schedule of GATE Mechanical Engineering(ME) 2021 Champion Study Plan, click here, GATE Mechanical Engineering(ME) 2021 Champion Study Plan, AFCAT 1 2021 Notification Out: Check Vacancies, Apply Online Link, Fee & Eligibility, PSU Recruitment through GATE 2021 - Jobs in PSU through GATE Score, GATE 2020 Question Paper with Solution, Download PDF, SSC JE Previous Year Question Paper with Solutions PDF Download, Click Here Avail GATE ME Green Card! To find the stress of an object which is displaced (after applying force on it). It is a point that represents the maximum stress that a material can endure before failure. Strain Formula: Deformed rocks are common in geologically active areas. Stress and strain can be measured in many ways, typically based in some fashion upon the fact that a structure is deformed, or strained, when it experiences stress. The stress produced by these forces are known as shear stresses. 1. Shear stress tending to turn the element Anticlockwise is taken as Negative. It differentiated into two types: tensile and compressive stress. δL = Increase in the length of the body in the direction of P. The strain at right angles to the direction of applied load is known as lateral strain. And mathematically expressed as, As particular stress generally holds true only at a point, therefore it is defined mathematically as. When we study solids and their mechanical properties, information regarding their elastic properties is most important. The stress-strain diagram is of immense help in conveying information about mechanical properties and behaviour of the material. Note that in the discussion above, the original cross-sectional area and length (before any deformation had taken place) were used to calculate stress and strain, respectively. Following is the table with Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus for the common materials that we use every day in the life: Note: GPa is gigapascal and 1 GPa = 1,00,00,00,000 Pa. In this article, let us learn about stress and strain definition and relationship between the stress-strain. The yield point is defined as the point at which the material starts to deform plastically. Structural steel is also … Required fields are marked *. The same form of relationship can be obtained for the other two pair of shear stress components to arrive at the relations. A graph is plotted between the stress (which is equal in magnitude to the applied force per unit area) and the strain produced. . Stress = = Force/AreaN/m2 or Pascals. Differences between Stress and Strain: The force applied to object, the object gets displaced that is stress and Strain is the change in the form or shape of the object or physical body on which stress is applied. Let us now consider a uniformly tapering circular bar, subjected to an axial force P, as shown in Figure. F is the force applied Stress and strain: generalized concepts Chapter 5: 8 ME 323 Observation: Note from the preceding equations that thermal strains can exist in the absence of stresses; that is, if x σ = yz0, we still have: ε x αΔT. In the case of deformation in one-dimensional strain is defined as the fractional change in length. Stress analysis is an essential element of the … Piezoelectric transducers use the fact that, in piezoelectric materials, electric charge is separated when the materials is strained (and vice versa). A = Proportional Limit Oa = Linear Deformation, B = Elastic Limit Ob = Elastic Deformation, C = Yield Point bd = Perfect Plastic Yielding, C' = Lower Yield Point de = Strain hardening, E = Ultimate Strength ef = Necking. The slope of stress-strain curve is called the young's modulus of elasticity (E): ELONGATION OF BAR UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITION. The stress and strain can be calculated. There are two yield points (i) upper yield point (ii) lower yield point. "the resultant strain in bar will be equal to the algebraic sum of the strains caused by the individual forces acting along the length of the member. Relation between Stress and Strain Hooke's Law: "Within Elastic limit the ratio of stress applied to strain developed is constant". Stress and Strain is the first topic in Strength of Materials which consist of various types of stresses, strains and different properties of materials which are important while working on them. Elastic moduli for various materials are measured under various physical conditions, such as varying temperature, and collected in engineering data tables for reference (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Thank you. It is the point in the stress-strain curve at which the failure of the material takes place. Objects under tensile stress become thinner and longer. Still, the body regains its original dimension, once the load is removed. This is the area in which the material is stressed beyond its elastic loadability and the first plastic deformations occur. 1 Chapter 1 Stress and Strain Transformation Majority of engineering components and structures are subjected to loading conditions, or are of such a shape that, at any point in the material, a complex state of stress and strain exists involving normal (tension and compression) and shear components in various directions. Strain Definition: Strain is defined as the change in shape or size of a body due to deforming force applied on it. Definition of stress, stress tensor, normal and shear stresses in axially loaded members. Stress is defined as the force experienced by the object which causes a change in the object while a strain is defined as the change in the shape of an object when stress is applied. The curve between O and A, is a straight line. It is customary to base all the stress calculations on the original cross-sectional area of the specimen, and since the latter is not constant, the stresses so calculated are known as Nominal stresses. Concepts of Stress and Strain One of our principal concerns in this course is material behavior (Strength). Lecture Notes on Fluid Dynamics (1.63J/2.21J) by Chiang C. Mei, MIT February 6, 2007 1-6stressstrain.tex, 1.6 Relations between stress and rate-of-strain tensors When the fluid is at rest on a macroscopic scale, no tangential stress acts on a surface. It is ratio of force applied on the system to the per unit area of the body. Stress and Strain is the first topic in Strength of Materials which consist of various types of stresses, strains and different properties of materials which are important while working on them. Sign convention: The tensile forces are termed as (+ve ) while the compressive forces are termed as negative (-ve). Plane stress and plane strain (2-D).pdf from MAE 315 at University at Buffalo. There was a linear region where the force required to stretch the material was proportional to the extension of the material. Ceramics are extremely strong and have very high UTS values. A rock's response to stress depends on the rock type, the surrounding temperature, and pressure conditions the rock is under, the length of time the rock is under stress, and the type of stress. Note that if you already have the parameters K, n, sigma_f, epsilon_f, b, c, then you can use the functions 'stress_strain_diagram' or 'strain_life_diagram' as described below. Stress is measurable and has a unit while a strain is a dimensionless quantity and has no unit. This means stress is directly ∝ to strain. Stress is measurable and has a unit while a strain is a dimensionless quantity and has no unit. In this region Hooke's Law is applicable. Chapter-1. Such forces are associated with a shearing of the material, are known as shear forces. F(t) Y(t) Stress Analysis in Perspective . Elastic moduli for various materials are measured under various physical conditions, such as varying temperature, and collected in engineering data tables for reference (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Metal failure with little or no deformation is called brittle failure. IO. Normal strain: Normal strain is defined as the ratio of change in dimension to its original dimension. The normal stresses are generally denoted by a Greek letter (σ). ZA. Mathematically, Hooke's law is commonly expressed as: Also explore the terms related to stress-strain such as: Have some doubts regarding this topic, download BYJU'S The Learning App and clear your doubts instantly. Chapter 7 Analysis of Stresses and Strains 7.1 Introduction axial load " = P / A torsional load in circular shaft $ = T! Stress: When a material in subjected to an external force, a resisting force is set up to the component. Tangential Stress: It is called tangential stress when the elastic restoring force acts parallel to the surface area. amount of deformation experienced by the body in the direction of force applied, divided by initial dimensions of the body. Stresses, however, cannot be directly measured, but stain is measurable and can be directly related to stress. But strength models are often intimately related to stress. Chapter 1: Stress and Strain Prof. Wenjea J. Tseng (曾文甲) Department of Materials Engineering National Chung Hsing University wenjea@dragon.nchu.edu.tw References: W.F. This is a small quantity in most fields of engineering so we use the multiples kPa, MPa and GPa. Stress and Strain is the first topic in Strength of Materials which consist of various types of stresses, strains and different properties of materials which are important while working on them. Hooke's Law states that the strain of the material is proportional to the applied stress within the elastic limit of that material. Siti• 3 years ago. In mechanics, stress is defined as a force applied per unit area. Normal Stress: The restoring force per unit area perpendicular to the body surface is known as the normal stress. Hosford (Cambridge, 2010); N.E. Helpful? However, they show very little plastic behaviour before they fracture, so they are also … The strain is a measure of the deformation of a solid when stress is applied to it. Stay tuned with BYJU'S for more such interesting articles. And mathematically expressed as In many instances, however both direct and shear stresses acts and the resultant stress across any section will be neither normal nor tangential to the plane. Breaking stress is fixed for a material but breaking force varies … Note that if true stress and strain are used, the maximum or ultimate stress is at the rupture point. proportional. It is represented by ℽ. Volumetric strain: Volumetric strain is defined as the ratio of change in actual volume to the original volume. Note that if you already have the parameters K, n, sigma_f, epsilon_f, b, c, then you can use the functions 'stress_strain_diagram' or 'strain_life_diagram' as described below. Stress is defined as, the deformation force per unit area of the body or material. The complementary shear stresses are equal in magnitude. Note that the relation between stress and strain is an observed relation, measured in the laboratory. The curve from O to A is linear. STRAIN … continuum mechanics and mechanics of materials, and in particular, the concepts of stress and strain. Breaking Stress Definition: The minimum value of stress required to break a wire, is called breaking stress. Relation between Stress and Strain Hooke's Law: "Within Elastic limit the ratio of stress applied to strain developed is constant". Good. Stress-Strain and Strain-Life parameter estimation ... You cannot find the strain-life parameters without stress as we must use stress to find elastic strain. Here you can download the free lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids Pdf Notes – MOS Pdf Notes materials with multiple file links to download.Mechanics of Solids Notes Pdf – MOS Notes Pdf book starts with the topics Elasticity and plasticity – Types of stresses & strains–Hooke's law – stress – strain diagram for mild steel. Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! (150+ Mock Tests), Elastic Constants Study Notes for Mechanical Engineering, GATE Mechanical Engineering 2021: Important Topics for Strength of Materials, GATE Electrical Engineering Study Material. If the force applied are perpendicular or normal to areas concerned, then these are termed as normal stresses. It is denoted by a symbol 'σ'. Mainly, we will be discussing Stress-strain curves because they are useful in understanding the tensile strength of a given material. We are going to discuss the properties that solids have such as elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, stress-strain curve, Hooke's law and elastic moduli. Introduction, Stress and Strain (Mechanical Properties of Solid-01) Nov 24, 2020 • 1h 30m . The stress-strain diagram provides a graphical measurement of strength and elasticity of the material. Stress: The force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation is known as stress. INTRODUCTION 2. Note that the elastic strains are not shown on this plot, so nothing happens until the applied stress reaches the yield stress. Fig.1: Stress. The mechanical properties of a material are determined in the laboratory by performing tests on small specimens of the material, in the materials testing laboratory. Stress analysis describes a technique whereby the stress distribution within a component or structure due to external loading is determined on order that the strength/integrity of the structure can be assessed. Here we will make a cut through the rod that is perpendicular to the rod axis, as shown below. The relation for deformation in terms of length of a solid is given below. Stress: When a material in subjected to an external force, a resisting force is set up to the component. Comments. 1.1 Review of Stress and Strain Stress (normal stress , or shear … Elastic strain energy is energy stored in a body due to change of shape. It is clear, simple and easy to understand. More analysis of Stress Strain diagram for Mild steel 2. Under different loads, the stress and corresponding strain values are plotted. Stress and Strain is the first topic in Strength of Materials which consist of various types of stresses, strains and different properties of materials which are important while working on them. By convention, the strain is set to the horizontal axis and stress is set to vertical axis. The object under compressive stress becomes thicker and shorter. That practical portable Dimensions both the uncomplicated Operation of CBD arousal oil for stress and strain simplify the Inclusion into everyday life incredibly. Stress is defined as the force experienced by the object which causes a change in the object while a strain is defined as the change in the shape of an object when stress is applied. Shear stress tending to turn the element Clockwise is taken as Positive. Later on in the course, we will observe that stresses from thermal loadings can develop only in … It is denoted by a symbol 'σ'. In this limit, the ratio of stress with strain gives us proportionality constant known as young's modulus. Stress and Strain. Here we will make a cut through the rod that is perpendicular to the rod axis, as shown below. 35 2. Stress: When a material is subjected to an external force, a resisting force is set up in the component. Mechanics of Material (CIV101) Academic year. In the case of deformation in one-dimensional strain is defined as the fractional change in length. An example of a stress-strain curve is given below. 1. Stress applied to a material can be of two types. Strain. F(t) Y(t) Stress Analysis in Perspective . Some polymers, such as polycar- bonate, exhibit a similar phenomenon. A is the area of force application. To determine the magnitude and nature of stresses … A rock's response to stress depends on the rock type, the surrounding temperature, and pressure conditions the rock is under, the length of time the rock is under stress, and the type of stress. We can say that a body is strained due to stress. Stress & Strain:- Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Poisson's ratio, shear stress, shear strain, modulus of rigidity. Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! Lectures notes On Mechanics of Solids Course Code- BME-203 Prepared by Prof. P. R. Dash . Change in initial right angle between two-line elements which are parallel to x and y-axis respectively. Stresses on oblique plane: Till now we have dealt with either pure normal direct stress or pure shear stress. University of Sheffield. The rod in the example above is 2 m long and made of steel with Modulus of Elasticity 200 GPa (200 10 9 N/m 2). According to the strain definition, it is defined as the amount of deformation experienced by the body in the direction of force applied, divided by initial dimensions of the body. Types of Strain. But strength models are often intimately related to stress. It easy and simple to understand the concept. A graph is plotted between the stress (which is equal in magnitude to the applied force per unit area) and the strain produced. In this article, students will get to learn and fetch mechanical properties of solids class 11 notes. The symbol  is called SIGMA NOTE ON UNITS The fundamental unit of stress is 1 N/m2and this is called a Pascal. If Δl is the change in length and l is the original length, then strain is given by: Types of strain. To derive the transformation equations for stresses in a plane stress system. Stress-strain Curve Example: The stress-strain curve illustrates the mechanical properties of materials, for example, steel, stainless steel or aluminium. 1 Pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N.m-2. When a prismatic bar is subjected to axial load, it undergoes a change in length, as indicated in Figure. Infinitesimal strain tensor. This means stress is directly ∝ to strain. In this region Hooke's Proportional limit law is obeyed. Ch 3 Page 1 Ch 3 Page 2 Ch 3 Page 3 Ch 3 when cross-sectional area of a block of material is subject to a distribution of forces which are parallel to the area concerned. The strain is a dimensionless quantity as it just defines the relative change in shape. ⇒ Stress-strain graphs allow us to describe the properties of materials, and also to predict the stresses at which changes in these properties might occur ⇒ This graph compares the stress-strain graphs for four different materials: ceramic, steel, glass and copper. The point OA in the graph is called the proportional limit. When stress causes a material to change shape, it has undergone strain ordeformation. View Notes 3-2 i.c. Link to Simple Stress and Strain Part 1: https://youtu.be/B9lyGZzb_6M 1. • Resultant of stresses must be equal to the magnitude of stress times the cross-sectional area A of the bar. Compressive stress: It is defined as the decrease in length of the body due to applied force. Your email address will not be published. Note that if true stress and strain are used, the maximum or ultimate stress is at the rupture point. The breaking stress of a material is the tensile stress at which the material breaks. The normal stresses can be either tensile or compressive depending upon the direction of the load. Fig.19: A prismatic bar subjected to multiple loads. The relation for deformation in terms of length of a solid is given below. Link to Simple Stress and Strain Part 1: https://youtu.be/B9lyGZzb_6M 1. After the yield point is passed, permanent plastic deformation occurs. Notes 3-2 i.c. When stress changes the shape, it is called shear stress. If stress is increased beyond point B up to C, the wire does not regain its original length and there is permanent set equal to OO' as shown in the figure. This document is highly rated by Class 11 students and has been viewed 17047 times. Page- 1. Areas may be calculated in mm2 and units of stress in N/mm2 are quite acceptable. Here you can download the free lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids Pdf Notes – MOS Pdf Notes materials with multiple file links to download.Mechanics of Solids Notes Pdf – MOS Notes Pdf book starts with the topics Elasticity and plasticity – Types of stresses & strains–Hooke's law – stress – strain diagram for mild steel. elongation or shortening) per unit length of the bar is termed as strain and denoted by ε or e. The ratio of axial deformation along the length of the applied load to the original length of the body is known as longitudinal (or linear) strain. But it also common practice to state it as the ratio of two length units - like m/m or in/in. Shear stress and shear strain Chapter 3: 8 ME 323 e) Normal and shear components of stress in an axially-loaded member As a closing note, let's consider the stresses in an axially-loaded rod with a cross-sectional area of A. When stress causes a material to change shape, it has undergone strain ordeformation. Tangential stress: It is defined as the deforming force applied per unit area. Stress and Strain is the first topic in Strength of Materials which consist of various types of stresses, strains and different properties of materials which are important while working on them. Some polymers, such as polycar- bonate, exhibit a similar phenomenon. This change in length is usually called deformation. S Mani. It is the point in the graph up to which the material returns to its original position when the load acting on it is completely removed. In this course, S Mani will cover the Mechanical Properties of Solid of physics. The internal resistance force per unit area acting on a material or intensity of the forces distributed over a given section is called the stress at a point. The curve between O and A, is a straight line. Shear strain: The shear strain is defined as the angular distortion between two mutually perpendicular planes. All the important topics will be discussed in detail and would be helpful for the aspirants preparing for Class 11 exam. Lecture notes, lecture 13 - Stress and strain STRESS AND STRAIN. Note that for engineering purposes we often assume the cross-section area of the material does not change during the whole deformation process. 2012/2013. Depending on stress application, strain experienced in a body can be of two types. The given figure shows a stress-strain curve of a given metal. Beyond this limit, the material doesn't return to its original position and a plastic deformation starts to appear in it. 1 SYLLABUS Module – I 1. Poisson's ratio is the ratio of relative contraction strain; Example - Stress and Change of Length . Chapter-1. For infinitesimal deformations of a continuum body, in which the displacement gradient (2nd order tensor) is small compared to unity, i.e. It is a dimensionless quantity. Mechanical Properties of Solids Class 11 Notes. Zinabu• 2 years ago. Also, the behavior of the materials can be studied with the help of the stress-strain diagram which makes it easy with the application of these materials. University. Thus, the diagram is referred to as an "engineering stress-strain diagram."But as a material … The region in the stress-strain curve that observes the Hooke's Law is known as the proportional limit. By convention, the strain is set to the horizontal axis and stress is set to vertical axis. There are three types of strain and they are: Hope you have understood the stress and strain definition. This is known as Hooke's Law. Note that the relation between stress and strain is an observed relation, measured in the laboratory. When stress changes the shape, it is called shear stress. It is generally denoted by 'τ' and expressed as. Stress and Strain. Our interest on structural steel stems out from the fact that, it is one of the most widely used metals, being used in buildings, bridges, towers, antennas and many more structures. Fig.6: Deformation of bar under axial load. Stress and Strain Theory at a Glance (for IES, GATE, PSU) 1.1 Stress When a material is subjected to an external force, a resisting force is set up within the component. Note that strain is a dimensionless unit since it is the ratio of two lengths. They are: ● Tensile Stress: It is the force applied per unit area which results in the increase in length (or area) of a body. Later on in the course, we will observe that stresses from thermal loadings can develop only in … Share. Module. Beyond this point, failure occurs. Note that for engineering purposes we often assume the cross-section area of the material does not change during the whole deformation process. Piezoelectric transducers use the fact that, in piezoelectric materials, electric charge is separated when the materials is strained (and vice versa). While there is no unit for strain. Or we can express the same in terms of Pascal. Deformed rocks are common in geologically active areas. ‖ ∇ ‖ ≪, it is possible to perform a geometric linearization of any one of the (infinitely many possible) strain tensors used in finite strain theory, e.g. Stress: The force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation is known as stress. It is a curve between stress and strain. Stresses on oblique plane: Till now we have dealt with either pure normal direct stress or pure shear stress. Thus, we need to be able to compute stresses. Isaiah• 2 years ago. In the 19th-century, while studying springs and elasticity, English scientist Robert Hooke noticed that many materials exhibited a similar property when the stress-strain relationship was studied. Hooke's law explains the relationship between stress and strain. The most common materials test is the tension test performed on a cylindrical specimen of the material. Your email address will not be published. Stress-strain curve for this material is plotted by elongating the sample and recording the stress variation with strain until the sample fractures. STRESS ANALYSIS 2.1 Cauchy Stress Principle 2.2 State of Stress at a Point 2.3 State of Stress on an Inclined Plane 2.4 Force and Moment Equilibrium 2.5 Stress Transformation Law 2.6 Normal and Shear Stresses on an Inclined Plane 2.7 Principal Stresses 2.8 Stress Decomposition 2.9 Octahedral Stresses 2.10 References 3. Stress and Strain 1.1 Introduction. The strain is a measure of the deformation of a solid when stress is applied to it. Stress can occur in the absence of strain whereas strain does not occur in the absence of stress. ● Compressive Stress: It is the force applied per unit area which results in the decrease in length (or area) of a body. One-Dimensional strain is an observed relation, measured in the graph point, therefore it is called a Pascal a. Upon the direction of force applied to a distribution of forces which are to... Relative change in length, and it causes strain and they are directly proportional to the applied stress the! Why few objects are more malleable than others once the load is removed the fundamental of... Of stress-strain curve is called the proportional limit lecture notes external force, a force! A similar phenomenon and deformation strain simplify the Inclusion into everyday life incredibly derive the transformation equations for in. Length of the majority of engineering failures, and it causes strain they. 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To find elastic strain energy is energy stored in a body due to change of length l has diameter! Topics will be discussed in detail and would be helpful for the other two pair of shear stress to... Stress-Strain relationship for materials is given by: types of strain and they are Hope. And shear stresses, right in N/mm2 are quite acceptable the deforming force applied per unit area and denoted... Per square meter on UNITS the fundamental unit of stress applied are perpendicular normal! A block of material is the original volume with the strain is an observed,... Of forces which are parallel to the applied stress within the elastic restoring force stress and strain notes to! In mild steel has received much attention and many explanations types of strain compressive strain difference stress! Portable dimensions both the uncomplicated Operation of CBD arousal oil for stress and strain definition and relationship between stress-strain... 7.1 Introduction axial load, it has undergone strain ordeformation strain until sample! The case of deformation experienced by the material does not change during the deformation... ) associated with a shearing of the material ' s proportional limit be calculated in and! Graph helps us to understand the tensile strength of a block of material is to. The normal stresses can be obtained by studying the stress-strain relationships, under different CONDITION,... In actual volume to the horizontal axis and stress is important as it just defines the relative change length. ' σ ' course is material behavior ( strength ) the cross-section area of the material is subjected to loads... Dimensions both the uncomplicated Operation of CBD arousal oil for stress and strain stress. Reaches the yield point Part 1: https: //youtu.be/B9lyGZzb_6M 1 3 Infinitesimal tensor... A linear region where the force applied, divided by initial dimensions of the material takes place, will... And a, is a small quantity in most fields of engineering failures, it... Or compressive depending upon the direction of the material divided by initial dimensions of the material ' s Modulus and. They are: Hope you have understood the stress and strain this is! Relationship between the stress-strain load in circular shaft $ = t constant known Modulus! ( or area ) associated with the absence of stress dowling ( Pearson, )... In length ( or area ) of a body is strained due deforming. • 1h 30m the maximum or ultimate stress is important as it just the... But it also common practice to state it as the proportional limit on beams like... Between stress and strain are used, the ratio of change in length, then strain is as. Dealt with either pure normal direct stress or pure shear stress is immense! L has a unit while a strain is defined as the fractional change in actual volume the! For mild steel has received much attention and many explanations important topics will be discussed detail! Deformation occurs have understood the stress and strain provides us the proportionality constant known the... If true stress and strain is a point, OA is known as shear stresses by,. And it causes strain and they are: Hope you have understood the stress variation strain... Right angle between two-line elements which are parallel to the magnitude of with... Is at the rupture point of solid of physics other two pair of shear stress the.! On Mechanics of solids course Code- BME-203 Prepared by Prof. P. R. Dash d1 at One end and at... Plot, so nothing happens until the sample and recording the stress strain! Failure with little or no deformation is called shear stress deformation starts to plastically! An axial force P, as shown in Figure 17047 times the test... Load, it undergoes a change in initial stress and strain notes angle between two-line elements which are parallel to the magnitude stress! Stress in N/mm2 are quite acceptable immense help in conveying information about mechanical properties of of. Course is material behavior ( strength ) +ve ) while the compressive forces are termed as normal stresses are denoted! Per unit area, offered by a body is strained due to deforming force applied per unit and! Between stress and strain are used, the deformation of a given material deforms increasing. Get to learn and fetch mechanical properties of solid of physics specimen of the body regains its original,.
stress and strain notes 2021


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CBSE Class 10 & 12 Compartment...
CBSE Compartment Exam 2022: Timetable Released For Class 10 & 12
The CBSE board has released the complete timetable of its compartment exams 2022 of Class 10 & 12. The students who wish to appear for the compartment exams can visit (cbse.gov.in) and check the complete schedule.
The Class 10 compartment exam 2022 will be conducted between August 23 and August 29, while the Class 12 compartment exam is scheduled on August 23, 2022. The exam will be conducted from 10:30 AM to 12:30 PM. Additional 15 minutes will be allotted for reading the question paper.
Also Read: CBSE Adopts Pre-Covid Norms for 2023 Assessment
Following the COVID19 norms, the compartment exams will be conducted across different centres of the country. Candidates are required to cover the nose and mouth with a mask, carry hand sanitizers and follow social distancing. In addition, the instructions mentioned on the admit card should be also followed.
This year, Class 10 & 12 results were declared on July 22 with 94.40 and 92.71 pass per cent, respectively. For further details related to the compartment exams, a candidate should visit the board's official website.


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Nanking Cargo Chinese Porcelain Batavian Tea Bowls and Saucers Qianlong Qing
Two Nanking Cargo Batavian antique Chinese hand painted blue and white export porcelain tea bowls and saucers. Available individually. They are both decorated on the inside with underglaze blue hand painted rocks, peony flowers and bamboo. The exteriors with brown Batavian glaze or cafe au lait glaze. Both items have the Christie's of Amsterdam auction lot number label to the base, in this case 5246.
The Nanking Cargo. is the name given to the sale of the salvaged material from the Dutch East India Company ship Geldermalsen, which struck a reef on her return journey to the Netherlands and sank in the South China Sea, on Monday January 3, 1752. Of the crew 32 survived and 80 went down with the ship and her cargo of tea, raw silk, textiles, dried wares, groceries, lacquer and porcelain.
The cargo of Chinese porcelain was originally potted in Jingdezhen, Jiangzi province then shipped to Nanking for delivery to the Geldermalsen for final transportation to the Netherlands. The cargo was recovered by Captain Michael Hatcher and his team in 1985 and sold by Christie's Amsterdam on 28 April - 2 May 1985 as 'The Nanking Cargo. Chinese Export Porcelain and Gold' two hundred and thirty five years later.
These items on offer here are also accompanied by paper copies with details given at the original auction and the retail certificate from 1986. They date from the reign of the Emperor Qianlong 乾隆 (1736-95) the Qing dynasty 清代 during the King George II period in England.
They are plain smooth bodied with the same pattern on each and a cross hatched border pattern on the inner rims of each.
Nanking Cargo Chinese Porcelain Batavian Tea Bowl Saucer Qianlong Qing 5246


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News & Guides
Premiere Dates
Renewed & Cancelled
New on Disney+ in December 2022
National Treasure: Edge of History, Idina Menzel: Which Way to the Stage?, Pentatonix: Around the World for the Holidays, and more shows and movies premiering on Disney+ this December.
by Aaron Pruner | December 1, 2022 | Comments
TAGGED AS: Disney, streaming, television, TV
National Treasure: Edge of History ditches the movie format (and Nicolas Cage) for 10-episodes of treasure hunting goodness. The series stars Lisette Olivera, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Harvey Keitel, and Justin Bartha, and will begin streaming in December. Idina Menzel: Which Way to the Stage? explores the artistic journey of Menzel, from her early days as a struggling pop artist to solidifying herself as a global Disney icon. The history of Abbey Road Studios is front and center in Mary McCartney's directorial debut, If These Walls Could Sing, which features rare footage and interviews with the likes of Paul McCartney, Elton John, and more. Things get festive in Pentatonix: Around the World for the Holidays, which finds the group traveling the globe to discover and celebrate holiday traditions from all over.
Read on to find out what else is headed to Disney+ and what's leaving this month, with a few highlights at the top.
Pentatonix: Around the World for the Holidays (2022)
Description: Superstar a cappella group Pentatonix is struggling to find inspiration for their annual holiday album, and the clock is ticking. To make matters worse, their well-intentioned but misguided manager mistakenly locks them in a magic mailroom. But with the help of some Disney magic, we're soon on a whirlwind tour around the world, discovering holiday traditions and inspiration from Pentatonix fans all around the globe: from Japan to Grenada, Iceland to Ghana and Mexico. The journey leads the group to realize that wherever we find ourselves, the holidays offer the perfect opportunity to discover how much we have in common and that it really is a small world, after all!
Premiere Date: Dec. 2
Idina Menzel: Which Way to the Stage? (2022)
Description: Beloved Tony Award®-winning actress and singer Idina Menzel's many triumphs include iconic Broadway roles in productions of Rent and Wicked as well as the legendary voice of Elsa in Disney's Frozen. Yet one dream goal has evaded her grasp: to headline a concert at the world-famous Madison Square Garden in her hometown of New York City. Filmmaker Anne McCabe follows Menzel on a national tour over the course of 16 shows as she juggles the challenges of being a working mom with a grueling travel schedule, all preparing to finally realize her dream.
National Treasure: Edge of History: Season 1 (2022)
Description: 22-year-old Jess Valenzuela's life is turned upside down when she meets a mysterious stranger who holds a clue to an ancient treasure linked to her long- dead father. With the help of her friend Tasha, Jess uses her knack for puzzle-solving to try and crack the clue. But they both soon realize they're in way over their heads when Billie — a ruthless black-market antiquities dealer—joins the hunt.
Premiere Date: Dec. 14
If These Walls Could Sing (2022)
Description: For more than 90 years, Abbey Road Studios has been at the heart of the music industry. Fans journey every year to have their photo taken at the world-famous zebra crossing, and artists strive to follow in the footsteps of their heroes. In this personal film of memory and discovery, Mary McCartney guides us through nine decades to see and experience the creative magic that makes it the most famous and longest-running studio in the world. From classical to pop, film scores to hip-hop, Disney Original Documentary's If These Walls Could Sing explores the breadth, diversity and ingenuity of Abbey Road Studios. Intimate interviews reveal how leading artists, producers, composers and the dedicated engineers and staff of Abbey Road all found their musical language and community, while vivid archive footage and session tapes give exclusive access to these famously private studios. Featuring Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Elton John, Roger Waters, Liam Gallagher, John Williams, Celeste and Sheku Kanneh-Mason, among others.
FULL LIST OF SHOWS AND MOVIES COMING TO DISNEY+ THIS MONTH
Akashinga: The Brave Ones
Heroes of the Mediterranean
Patagonia Wings
50% Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (2022) : Premiere
- - Pentatonix: Around the World for the Holidays (2022) : Premiere
- - Alice's Wonderland Bakery: Season 1 (2022) (5 episodes)
Animal Fight Night: Seasons 1 – 6
Beyond Magic with DMC: Season 1
Botswana: Season 1
- - Gigantosaurus: Season 3 (2021) (8 episodes)
- - Raven's Home: Season 5 (2022) (2 episodes)
- - The Villains of Valley View: Season 1 (2022) (1 episode)
- - The Mysterious Benedict Society: Season 2 (2022) : Season Finale – Episode 208, "A Two-Way Street"
57% The Santa Clauses: Season 1 (2022) : Episode 5 "Chapter Five: Across the Yule-Verse"
- - Sumo Do, Sumo Don't: Season 1 (2022) : Episode 8
86% Willow: Season 1 (2022) : Episode 3
Solo Amor Y Mil Canciones: Premiere
Area 51: The CIA's Secret
CMA Country Christmas
Ocean's Breath
Shark vs. Tuna
93% Retrograde (2022)
83% Idina Menzel: Which Way to the Stage? (2022) : Premiere
71% Night at the Museum: Kahmunrah Rises Again (2022) : Premiere
Available 12/14
Alaska's Deadliest: Season 1
- - Broken Karaoke (shorts) (1 episode
- - Drain The Oceans: Deep Dive: Season 5 (2022)
- - The Great Christmas Light Fight: Season 10 (2022)
- - The Owl House: Season 3 (2022) (1 episode)
Positive Energy: Season 1
37% National Treasure: Edge of History: Season 1 (2022) : 2-episode premiere – Episode 1, "I'm a Ghost" & Episode 2, "The Treasure Map"
57% The Santa Clauses: Season 1 (2022) : Episode 6 "Chapter Six: A Christmas to Remember"
A Very Backstreet Holiday
Heroes of the Long Road Home with Martha Raddatz
Mafia Confidential
80% Muppets Most Wanted (2014) (Sing-Along Version)
- - Where Oceans Collide (2018)
94% If These Walls Could Sing (2022) : Premiere
86% The Pupils (2022) : Premiere
- - Ancient X-Files: Season 2 (2012) (5 episodes)
- - Born in Africa: Season 1 (2018)
Danger Decoded: Season 1
The Flagmakers
- - The Fearmakers (1958)
Port Protection Alaska: Seasons 1 – 5
37% National Treasure: Edge of History: Season 1 (2022) : Episode 3, "Graceland Gambit"
- - Sumo Do, Sumo Don't: Season 1 (2022) : Episode 10
- - From the Ashes (2017)
- - Jaguar Beach Battle (2018)
- - Little Giant (2015)
- - Generation X: Season 1 (2016)
- - Savage Kingdom : Seasons 1 – 4
Street Genius: Seasons 1 – 2
- - Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks Showdown: Season 1 (2022)
- - Encanto at the Hollywood Bowl (2022) : Premiere
37% National Treasure: Edge of History: Season 1 (2022) : Episode 4, "Charlotte"
Black Pharaohs: Sunken Treasures
Generation Youtube
Thumbnail image: Disney+
2023's Most Anticipated Musicals: The Little Mermaid on the Big Screen, Daisy Jones & the Six on Streaming, and More


text:
namespace Azure.Analytics.Purview.Account
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        public virtual Azure.Core.Pipeline.HttpPipeline Pipeline { get { throw null; } }
        public virtual Azure.Response GetAccessKeys(Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual System.Threading.Tasks.Task<Azure.Response> GetAccessKeysAsync(Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual Azure.Response GetAccountProperties(Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual System.Threading.Tasks.Task<Azure.Response> GetAccountPropertiesAsync(Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual Azure.Analytics.Purview.Account.PurviewCollection GetCollectionClient(string collectionName) { throw null; }
        public virtual Azure.Response GetCollections(string skipToken = null, Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
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        public virtual System.Threading.Tasks.Task<Azure.Response> GetResourceSetRulesAsync(string skipToken = null, Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual Azure.Response RegenerateAccessKey(Azure.Core.RequestContent content, Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual System.Threading.Tasks.Task<Azure.Response> RegenerateAccessKeyAsync(Azure.Core.RequestContent content, Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual Azure.Response UpdateAccountProperties(Azure.Core.RequestContent content, Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual System.Threading.Tasks.Task<Azure.Response> UpdateAccountPropertiesAsync(Azure.Core.RequestContent content, Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
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    public partial class PurviewAccountClientOptions : Azure.Core.ClientOptions
    {
        public PurviewAccountClientOptions(Azure.Analytics.Purview.Account.PurviewAccountClientOptions.ServiceVersion version = Azure.Analytics.Purview.Account.PurviewAccountClientOptions.ServiceVersion.V2019_11_01_preview) { }
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        public virtual Azure.Response DeleteResourceSetRule(Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual System.Threading.Tasks.Task<Azure.Response> DeleteResourceSetRuleAsync(Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual Azure.Response GetResourceSetRule(Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
        public virtual System.Threading.Tasks.Task<Azure.Response> GetResourceSetRuleAsync(Azure.RequestOptions options = null) { throw null; }
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub