text:
Sisson's Island
Your "Once In A Lifetime" Opportunity To Own A Private Island In Alberta, Canada
Available For Purchase In This Exclusively Private Sale
Click Here To Contact The Seller For More Information
Located on the beautiful Peace River (in Peace River, Alberta) this Private Island is approximately 83 Acres (33.6 Hectares / 335,889 Square Meters) in size. Undeveloped and natural, approximately 75% of the Island is mixed Spruce and Poplar tree growth.
This personal paradise / developer's dream is on offer at USD $ 650,000 and Owner Financing may be available to qualified purchasers with significant down payment.
Seller would be willing to consider a partial trade of Land or Commercial Real Estate in Alberta, Oklahoma, Texas, or New Mexico.
Sale includes ownership of the domain www.sissonsisland.com
Sisson's Island can be viewed on Google Earth at Latitude 56º 12' 53.50" North, Longitude 117º 17' 44.16" West.
The below image is from a 2005 Survey of Sisson's Island by GPEC Consulting. The original PDF can be downloaded here.
The following photographs were taken from one of two local vantage points which offer an excellent view of Sisson's Island.
Photograph of Sisson's Island taken from 12 Foot Davis Outlook Point in February.
Photograph of Sisson's Island taken from 12 Foot Davis Outlook Point in May.
Photograph of Sisson's Island taken from 12 Foot Davis Outlook Point in August.
Photographs of Sisson's Island (left 3/4 & right 3/4) taken from Sagitawa Outlook Point in September.
Named after long time owner Hal Sisson, this Private Island is locally known as Sisson's Island (although this name does not appear to have been formally registered with the Province of Alberta so naming rights may be available).
Zoned as DIR-C "Direct Control District" (see Section 40 / Page 156 of the Town of Peace River Land Use Bylaws for details) this property is referred to in Municipal Planning Documents as the "Shaftesbury Settlement Addition" and has been identifed as a potential location for "Innovative Housing Proposals" which could include mixed density or differing housing types.
While there is no permanent road in place, access is via a Municipally designated Right-of-Way located at the East end of 113th Avenue (also known as South Street) in the Lower West Peace area. (The below left image is a detail from a 2005 Survey by GPEC Consulting and the below right image is a detail of Section M-9 of the Town of Peace River Plan Index Map.)
The Town of Peace River is located in Northern Alberta along Highway #2 (with ready access to Secondary Highways #684, #986, #743, and #744) approximately 486 Kilometers (302 Miles) North-West of Edmonton and 198 Kilometers (123 Miles) North-East of Grande Prairie.
The town's location on or near main highways to Alaska, Northern British Columbia, Southern Alberta and the Territories makes it an important ground link in travel and commerce to & from these destinations. As these highways provide important access to the rich natural resources of Northern Alberta, they are considered critical Provincial Infrastructure and are very well maintained.
The Highway from Edmonton to Valleyview (located just over 3/4 of the way from Edmonton to Peace River) was recently upgraded and is now a "Twinned Highway" with two lanes in either direction (separated by a wide natural growth median) and is rated for 110 Kilometer per Hour (68 Mile per Hour) travel.
Peace River History
In 1792, during his epic journey to the Pacific Ocean, Alexander Mackenzie established Fort Fork on the south bank of the Peace River. The Fort was located just upstream of the confluence of the Peace and Smoky Rivers, near what later became the Town of Peace River.
Missionaries, sent to introduce the Native people to Christianity, were the first settlers to the area and they began to promote agriculture which eventually required reliable river transportation for supplies. Unwittingly, they proved the value of agriculture in the Peace Country; a region which would soon come to be known for both it's agriculture and river transport.
The site of Peace River was first surveyed in 1909 and became "The Village of Peace River Crossing" on June 2, 1914. The name was shortened to "Peace River" on May 22, 1916 and "The Town of Peace River" was incorporated on December 1, 1919.
Between 1910 and 1916, rail lines were extended North from Edmonton and this improved transportation brought an influx of settlers and others interested in harvesting the Peace Country of trees and oil. The period between 1926 and 1931 also brought large numbers to "God's Country", as the Great Depression robbed many of a livelihood in Saskatchewan and southern Alberta.
In 1921 Peace River had a population of approximately 980 people and had grown to a population of 6,315 people in 2006 (according to Statistics Canada). 1946 saw a brief period of growth and a more rapid population boom began in 1961 with the highest rate happening between 1961 and 1971.
Peace River is known for a number of legendary figures, one of the most famous of whom was Henry Fuller Davis who was nicknamed "Twelve Foot Davis" after discovering a twelve foot gap between the edges of two existing land claims. During the Cariboo Country Gold Rush in British Columbia, Davis worked this 12 foot land claim to produce almost $30,000.00 worth of gold. He staked it all on opening a trading post close to where the Town of Peace River stands today. Davis was known to be a generous man who never locked his doors and is considered a representation of the true spirit of Northern Pioneering.
Peace River Transportation
Air Service
Peace Regional Airport is located 10 Kilometers (6 Miles) West of town and is owned and operated by the Town of Peace River. It features a 21,000 square foot terminal building and the primary runway is 1525 Meters (5,000 Feet) long and is capable of handling commercial jet aircraft as large as a Boeing 737.
Scheduled Flight Services are provided by Northern Air Charter (Telephone 780-624-1911 or 1- 800-661-1911) and Northwestern Air (Telephone 1-867-872-2216 or 1-877-872-2216).
Charter Services are available from Northern Air Charter (Telephone 780-624-1911 or 1-800- 661-1911) and Highland Helicopters (Telephone 780-624-5555).
Peace River is the the site of the only Alberta rail crossing of the Peace River which makes it a critical link for servicing the transportation needs of Northern Alberta, Northern British Columbia, and the Territories.
The availability of multiple spur lines makes Peace River an attractive site for businesses that require rail transport for shipping.
Rail service is provided by Mackenzie Northern Railway which is operated by Canadian National Railways.
Passenger rail services are not available in Peace River.
Highways & Public Transit
Peace River is enhanced by its strategic central northern location and its excellent connection to the Alberta Provincial Highway System.
The Town is easily accessed by Primary Highways #2, #2A, #34, and #35 as well as Secondary Highways #684, #986, #743, and #744.
The Peace River Public Transit Project (contact Community Services at 780-624-1000) is a single route system operating on a set schedule. One loop through town takes approximately 1 hour, 15 minutes to complete.
Intercommunity Transit & Cargo Services are available through Greyhound Canada (Telephone 1-800- 661-8747) and Charter Bus Services are available through Cardinal Coach Lines (Telephone 780-624- 3538) and Alta North Coaches Inc. (Telephone 780-624-1300).
Peace River Industry
Daishowa-Marubeni International Ltd.'s Peace River Pulp Division is located 16 km north of the town of Peace River. The mill was constructed in 1989 and went into production in July of 1990. The Peace River pulp mill produces approximately 430,000 air-dried metric tones (ADMT) of bleached kraft pulp (BKP) annually. One-quarter of this total is softwood and three-quarters hardwood.
The pulp mill was the first of Alberta's new generation of pulp mills and is designed to minimize the impact on the environment by utilizing previously uneconomical hardwood timber and residual softwood chips purchased from neighbouring sawmills.
Hardwood species (Aspen and Balsam Poplar) are utilized from the surrounding region where sufficient volumes are available to sustain the pulp mill on a long-term basis. Daishowa-Marubeni has entered into a Forest Management Agreement with the government of Alberta.
A single line pulping system produces 1,350 ADMT per day of hardwood BKP, or 1,060 ADMT per day of softwood BKP and Annual wood fibre requirements are about 1.74 million cubic metres of hardwood and 580,000 cubic metres of softwood chips.
By employing approximately 350 people, with another 600 seasonal contractors in the Woodlands department, DMI has made a significant contribution to the growth and diversification of the town's and Alberta's economy.
The Shell Canada In-Situ Plant is a heavy oil development located 50 kilometres northeast of the Town of Peace River. The Peace River Complex began operations in 1979 and employs about 100 employees. The Complex is currently licensed to produce approximately 2,000 cubic metres (12,000 barrels) a day of bitumen. In August 2004, it produced its 50 millionth barrel of bitumen.
Shell undertook a review of growth options for the Peace River asset in 2004. Based on the findings of the strategic review, Shell is presently undertaking engineering and environmental studies to progress planning and assessment to increase production to approximately 12,718 cubic metres (80,000 barrels) per day of bitumen. This will result in a one billion dollar project referred to as the Carmon Creek Shell Plant Expansion.
The oil sands beneath Shell's Peace River leases, discovered in the early 1950s, are estimated to contain about 400 million cubic metres (2.5 billion barrels) of proven reserves. The deposits are too deep to be mined and are too thick to flow to surface using conventional oil production technology. Shell uses enhanced oil recovery techniques involving steam-generated heat and pressure to warm the bitumen to allow it to flow to surface. In keeping with Shell Canada's commitment to Sustainable Development, the Peace River Complex continues to explore new technologies to develop this resource in an economic and environmentally and socially responsible manner.
The potential of the Peace River oil sands has also attracted numerous other oil companies to the region including Penn West, Husky, Baytex, Murphy and Talisman. In addition, the town is experiencing an increase in development activity by companies servicing the oil sands industry. The Peace Region contains the purest deposit of silica sand known in North America. The deposit is about 10 kilometres east of Peace River, and takes in about 3200 acres on both sides of the river. It contains an estimated reserve of 48 million tonnes of silica sand.
Bruce Power Alberta is proposing to undertake the development of the Peace Region Nuclear Power Plant in response to anticipated future demand for electricity in Alberta. The project will involve the construction and operation of up to four new nuclear reactors that will provide 3,200 to 44,00 MW of electrical generating capacity for supply to the Alberta Grid.
The new reactors being considered include state-of-the-art Generation III reactors of Canadian and International design. The proposed configuration of the project would include either two twin-unit ACR-1000 reactors (i.e. four units) designed by Atomic Energy of Canada; two evolutionary pressurized reactors designed by the European company AREVA; or four AP-1000 reactors designed by Westinghouse.
The proposal could see the first unit ready as early as 2017 pending the succesful completion of a comprehensive Environmental Assessment and consulations with local communities.
The preliminary economic study predicts that the proposed project would contribute approximately $7.3 billion dollars to the regional GDP over the 10 years that it will take to construct the plant; and a further $320 million per year during the 60 years of plant operation.
During the operations phase of the project about 1,900 permanent full-time employees would be required by Bruce Power. It is additonally estimated that approximately 800 outside employment positions would be created in the region due to the presence of the plant (indirect and tertiary employment positions). This is a total of about 2,700 new permanent full-time positions predicted for the region as a result of the project.
Peace River Hospitality
Peace River offers many Dining options including a wide range of locally owned family restaurants and bars, multiple convenience food outlets (McDonalds, Subway, Panago, A&W, Domino Pizza, Tim Hortons & KFC) and two popular national chains (Smitty's & Boston Pizza).
Peace River features a variety Hotel & Motel options designed to fit any traveller's needs:
Peace Valley Inns (Smitty's Family Dining / The Pub)
Sawridge Inn & Conference Centre (Alexander's Dining Room / Sharks Billiards & Sports Lounge / Sternwheeler Games Room)
Best Canadian Motor Inns (Rusty's Restaurant)
Western Budget Motel (Wok N' Grill Buffet)
3rd Mission Heritage Suites
Nova Inn
Additional Peace River Links
The Town of Peace River Website
Wikipedia's Peace River Page
Province of Alberta Website
Peace River Record Gazette Newspaper
Alberta First Economic Information Resource
Peace Country Visitor's Guide
Alberta Pond Hockey
Peace River & District Chamber of Commerce
PeaceFest Music & Arts Festival
Mighty Peace Country, The Land of Legends
EZ Guide Canada's Peace River Information Portal
Worldweb's Peace River Travel Guide
PDF of 2005 Survey of Sisson's Island
All statements and claims made on this web page were understood to be correct at the original time of publication (March 2010)
Caveat Emptor; the Buyer is responsible for ensuring that the property is suitable for their intended / desired purposes
Seller is not responsible for any information contained in Web Links (URL's outside of www.sissonsisland.com)
Contact The Seller For More Information
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Frequently Asked Questions (F.A.Q.)
Any Buyer questions / Seller answers will be noted here for your information.
Question: What's the weather like in Peace River?
Answer: Please visit The Weather Network for current weather conditions or information about historical weather data.
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Scott Disick spent one week at a rehab facility in Costa Rica, but that's apparently all the time the Keeping Up With the Kardashians star had planned to spend there. He says claims that he left rehab early simply aren't true. It seems he plans to go back, too–or at least he says he does.
It was mid-March when Scott Disick checked himself into the Rhythmia Life Advancement Center. He made headlines shortly thereafter when word of his plans to leave after a week hit the media.
"It's an amazing place," he said during an interview with People magazine. "It's beautiful and I love it, but I wasn't able to spend three or four weeks there right now. I never planned on it, and everyone keeps telling me that I dropped out early.
"I wanted to actually Instagram or tweet a photo of my tickets that showed that I never intended to stay any longer than I stayed … I'm a work in progress and anything that I can do to better myself, I'm trying," he added.
Scott Disick said the rehab facility was "very therapeutic" and that he chose this particular facility for their utilization of an African root called Ibogaine.
"It kind of resets the receptors in your brain and kind of helps you kind of remember and look at your childhood and gain knowledge on what's gone wrong that makes you want to either drink or do drugs or whatever it may be that compensates for what you're not getting," he explained.
Lord Disick, as he is called by Keeping Up With the Kardashian fans, says he's been helped by the therapy.
It will be interesting to see what Kourtney Kardashian, the mother of Scott Disick's three children–Reign, Penelope, and Mason Disick–thinks of his road toward recovery. She is typically the one who bears the brunt of Scott's bad behavior.
Scott Disick put his therapy to good use shortly after returning home. On Friday night he hosted a party at Las Vegas's 1 OAK Nightclub. Even though the booze flowed freely, Disick reportedly drank only Red Bull and Fiji Water.
What's your take on Scott Disick attending rehab a week at a time as needed? Does this sound just a little too simple a solution for someone with the caliber of issues he has experienced?
Surely time will tell whether or not this method of therapy is deemed successful by both Scott Disick and Kourtney Kardashian. Hopefully it works, so their family can enjoy some normalcy–something they don't even come close to enjoying when Scott falls off the wagon.


SPS entered 8 Boys and 3 Girls pairs into the initial qualifying event. It is always a very busy day and securing a place in the final is a challenge, however after some wonderful tennis from the SPS squad 3 pairs made it through to the finals.
The players did tremendously well at the subsequent finals competition - our Green Boys came 5th, Orange Girls 3rd and the Red Boys won in a breath taking final against The New Beacon.
It has been a wonderful year of tennis filled with many great moments. Thanks go to all the children for their efforts, their parents and careers for transportations and assistance at the various events and to Helen Jackson and team (West Heath Tennis Club) for their continued support and provision of tennis at SPS.


text:
package waiter

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"reflect"
	"testing"

	"time"

	eh "github.com/looplab/eventhorizon"
	"github.com/looplab/eventhorizon/mocks"
	"github.com/looplab/eventhorizon/uuid"
)

func TestEventHandler(t *testing.T) {
	h := NewEventHandler()

	if err := h.HandleEvent(context.Background(), nil); !errors.Is(err, eh.ErrMissingEvent) {
		t.Error("there should be a missing event error:", err)
	}

	// Event should match when waiting.
	timestamp := time.Date(2009, time.November, 10, 23, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
	expectedEvent := eh.NewEvent(mocks.EventType, nil, timestamp,
		eh.ForAggregate(mocks.AggregateType, uuid.New(), 1))

	go func() {
		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)

		if err := h.HandleEvent(context.Background(), expectedEvent); err != nil {
			t.Error("there should be no error:", err)
		}
	}()

	l := h.Listen(func(event eh.Event) bool {
		if event.EventType() == mocks.EventType {
			return true
		}

		return false
	})
	defer l.Close()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	event, err := l.Wait(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(event, expectedEvent) {
		t.Error("the event should be correct:", event)
	}

	// Other events should not match.
	otherEvent := eh.NewEvent(mocks.EventOtherType, nil, timestamp,
		eh.ForAggregate(mocks.AggregateType, uuid.New(), 1))

	go func() {
		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)

		if err := h.HandleEvent(context.Background(), otherEvent); err != nil {
			t.Error("there should be no error:", err)
		}
	}()

	ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Millisecond)
	defer cancel()

	deadlineExceededErr := context.DeadlineExceeded

	event, err = l.Wait(ctx)
	if !errors.Is(err, deadlineExceededErr) {
		t.Error("there should be a context deadline exceeded error")
	}

	if event != nil {
		t.Error("the event should be nil:", event)
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Seacoast Fall Baseball League recently completed its JV season.
The league provides an avenue for players to continue play during the fall season and to improve on their baseball skills.
It consists of middle school, junior varsity and varsity-level players.
Exeter won the championship on Sunday at its home field at the Cooperative Middle School in Stratham. The team went 7-0 in regular-season play and 2-0 in the playoffs.
Exeter hosted Dover, which came into the championship game with a 5-2 record. Exeter, down 8-2 after two innings, closed the gap to 8-7 by the end of the fourth inning. Jake Chase pitched three no-hit, shutout innings to allow the offense to narrow the margin.
Ryan Labrie sparked the offense with a leadoff solo home run, which ignited a five-run fourth inning. By the end of the fifth inning Exeter tied the game on an RBI double by Mike Minutelli, who was 2-for-3 with two doubles on the day.
Exeter, down by one run after seven innings, rallied by scoring two runs in the eighth.
Justin Pleadwell pitched the ninth inning and induced three fly ball outs to seal the 14-13 win for the undefeated Exeter Cardinals team.
Robbie Noel pitched well and was 4-for-4 with four RBIs. Ryan Labrie, who also pitched well, was 3-for-3 with a home run and Ryan Comley contributed with a 1-for-3 effort and a key RBI in the fourth inning.


This article was initially published in 2003 in DBAZine.com, which has since been folded.
So, you want to set up a secured database infrastructure?
You are not alone. With the proliferation of threats from all sources — identity thefts to corporate espionage cases — and with increased legislative pressures designed to protect and serve consumer privacy, security has a taken on a new meaning and purpose. Part of the security infrastructure of an organization falls right into your lap as a DBA, since it's your responsibility to secure the database servers from malicious entities and curious insiders.
What are your options? Firewalls are first to come to mind. Using a firewall to protect a server, and not just a database server, is not a new concept and has been around for a while. However, a firewall may be overkill in some cases. Even if a firewall is desirable, it may still have to be configured and deployed properly. The complexity in administering a firewall, not to mention the cost to acquire one, may be prohibitive. If the threat level can be reduced by proper positioning of existing firewalls, the functionality of additional ones can be created by a tool available free with Oracle Net, Node Validation. In this article, you will learn how to build a rudimentary, but effective, firewall-like setup with just Oracle Net, and nothing else.
Figure 1: Protecting departmental database and application servers using multiple firewalls.
This scheme works. But notice how many firewalls are required and the complexity that having this number adds to the administration process. What can we do to simplify the setup? How about removing all the firewalls and having one master firewall around the servers, as in Figure 2?
Figure 2: One master firewall around all the servers.
This method protects the servers from outside attacks; however, it still leaves inside doors open. For instance, the application server PAYROLL1 can easily connect to the database server of the Benefits Department BENEFITDB1, which is certainly inappropriate. In some organizations, there could be legal requirements to prevent this type of access.
Rather than creating a maze of firewalls as in the case we noted previously, we can take advantage of the SQL*Net Node Validation to create our own firewall. We will do this using only Oracle Net, which is already installed as a part of the database install. The rest of this article will explain in detail how to accomplish this.
Our objective is to design a setup as shown in figure 3. In this network, the application servers benefits1 and benefits2 access the database on server benefitsdb1. Similarly, application servers payroll1 and payroll2 access the database on server payrolldb1. Clients should be given free access to the intended machines. Client machines shouldn't be allowed to access the database on other departments (e.g., benefits1 and benefits2 shouldn't be able to access the database on payrolldb1). Likewise, application servers payroll1 and payroll2 should not be allowed to access benefitsdb1.
Figure 3: One master firewall and restricting access from non-departmental clients.
Note the key difference in requirements here — we are not interested in disallowing any type of access from client machines to servers of another department. Rather, it's enough to disable access at the Oracle level only. This type of restriction is enforced by the listener. A listener can check the IP address of the client machine and, based on certain rules, decide to allow or deny the request. This can be enabled by a facility called Valid Node Checking, available as a part of Oracle Net installation. Let's see how this can be done.
To set up valid node checking, simply place a set of lines on a specific file on the server. In our example, the following lines are placed in the parameter file on the server payrolldb1, allowing access to servers payroll1 and payroll2.
Where this parameter file is located depends on the Oracle version. In Oracle 8i, it's a file named protocol.ora; in Oracle 9i, it's called sqlnet.ora. Both these files are located in the directory specified by the environmental variable TNS_ADMIN, which defaults to $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin in UNIX or %ORACLE_HOME%\network\admin in Windows.
These parameters are self-explanatory. The first line, tcp.validnode_checking = yes, specifies that the nodes are to be validated before accepting the connection.
The second line specifies that only the clients payroll1 and payroll2 are allowed to connect to the listener. The clients are indicated by either IP address (e.g., 192.168.1.1) or the node name as shown above. The list of node names is specified by a single line separated by commas. It is important to have only one line — you shouldn't break it up.
The values take effect only during the startup of the listener. After making the change in protocol.ora (in Oracle 8i) or sqlnet.ora (in Oracle 9i and later), stop and restart the listener. After you've done so, if a user, regardless of the authentication in the database or authority level, attempts to connect to the database on benefits1 from the node payroll1, he receives the error as shown below.
The error message is not very informative; it does not explicitly state the nature of the error. This error occured, however, because the connection request came from a client that is not listed as accepted. In this case, the listener simply rejected the connection originating from the node benefits1, regardless of the user. Yet the same user trying to connect from node payroll1 would succeed.
All clients but those connecting from payroll3 would be able to connect to all nodes. So, in this case, clients benefits1 and benefits2 would be able to connect to payrolldb1 in addition to clients payroll1 and payroll2. Isn't that counter to what we wanted to achieve? Where can this exclusion be used?
In real life cases, networks are subdivided into subnetworks, and they offer adequate protection. In a particular subnet, there may be a greater number of clients needing access than the number being restricted. In such a case, it might be easier to specifically refuse access from a set of named clients, conveniently named in the tcp.excluded_nodes parameter. You can also use of this parameter to refuse access from certain machines that had been used to launch attacks in the past.
You can also mix excluded and included nodes, in which case, the invited nodes are given precedence over excluded ones. But there are three very big drawbacks to this approach.
1. There is no way to specify a wild card character in the node list. You must specify a node explicitly by its name or its IP address.
2. All excluded or invited nodes are to be specified in only one line, severely limiting your ability to specify a large number of nodes.
3. Since the validation is based on IP address or client names only and it's relatively easy to spoof these two key pieces of identification, the system is not inherently secure.
For these reasons, mixing excluded and included nodes is not quite suitable for excluding a large list of servers from a network or subnetwork. This method can be used when the list of machines accessing the network is relatively small and the machines are in a subnetwork, behind a firewall. In such a configuration, the risk of external attacks is very slight, and the risk of unauthorized access by spoofing key identification is negligible.
Oracle Net also provides another means to develop a rudimentary firewall using a lesser known and even lesser used tool called Connection Manager. This tool is far more flexible in the setup; you can specify wildcards n-node names without restrictions such as the need to have only a single line for naming the nodes. A detailed discussion of Connection Manager with real-life examples can be found in the book Oracle Privacy Security Auditing.
Of course, things may not always proceed as smoothly as in the examples we've cited so far. One of the common problems you can encounter is that the exclusion may not work even though the files may be present and the parameters seem to be defined properly.
By doing this, the trace information to be written to the directory /tmp instead of the default. After setting the parameters as shown above, you should attempt the connection again. There is no need to bounce the listener. The connection attempt will create trace files named similar to svr_0.trc to be written in the proper directory. You should open this file in an editor (parts of the file are shown below).
1. The parameter file /u02/oracle/product/9.2/network/admin/sqlnet.ora was read by the listener.
2. The parameters were loaded successfully.
3. The contents of the parameter were read as they were mentioned.
4. The names of the excluded and invited nodes are displayed.
If the information is not as shown here, the problem be caused by the way the parameter file is written; most likely a typographical error such as a missing parenthesis. This type of error should be fixed before proceeding further along the trace file.
Note how a parenthesis is left out, indicating a syntax problem. However, this does not affect the connection; the listener simply ignores the error and allows the connection without doing a valid node checking. Upon investigation, we would find the root of the problem in the trace file. The trace file shows the following information.
[20-JAN-2004 12:45:14:320] nttcon: NT layer TCP/IP connection has been established.
As the line says, the TCP/IP connection has been established. If any other problems exist, the trace file will show enough helpful information for a diagnosis.
Node Validation can be used to instruct listeners to accept or reject a connection from a specific client.
The parameter file is sqlnet.ora in Oracle 9i and protocol.ora in Oracle8i.
The nodes must be explicitly specified by name or by IP Address; no wildcards are supported.


A-hoy mates! Even if you're landlocked, you can still talk the talk—enter our Giant Rope n' Anchor Pool Float. Instead of pulling a 100 lb anchor into the pool, inflate this one and spend the day shouting orders to the crew (aka significant other). It's 4 feet across, and detailed with a classic nautical theme. The thick, durable vinyl is pretty versatile, letting you stretch, lean, dip, splash and swim while exploring the deep end.


Describe your experience with finding the perfect location for your PreWedding Session: Rene gave us a handful of locations that suited the look we were going for. We ended up choosing the LA Arboretum and it was just perfect!
We had a great experience with the staff, and of course with Rene and his assistant. Our photos look absolutely phenomenal!
What are your recommendations/tips for couples before/during their PreWedding Session?: Loosen up, this is the most fun shoot you'll do! On your wedding day, you will be surrounding by all your family and friends, but with your PreWedding Session it will just be the two of you, which makes it that much more special.
Let go of your wedding planning stress and just loosen up. Be playful! This is your time to really be yourself and I promise Rene will capture all of your best moments!


Pacific Daydream, Weezer's 11th album since becoming the darlings of modern power pop, is a detailed love letter to 21st-century California: its beaches, its rooftop DJ parties, its tech-industry hipsters. But unlike an indie rocker like Børns or Best Coast, whose romance for the Golden State is intensely earnestness, Rivers Cuomo and crew capture the ironies lurking in the shadows of all that sun and fun. Where the power chord-fortified "Mexican Fender" finds him singing, "It was hot, hot, 100 degrees, and the trash overflowed out on the street," the Tame Impala-kissed "Beach Boys" includes the biting line, "Everyone wants to be cooler than everyone else." To further enhance the record's California vibes, Weezer slip smooth and glittery dance-pop hooks into a clutch of tunes, including the hypnotic "Happy Hour," whose cheeky title totally sums up Pacific Daydream.


text:
Windows 10's Anniversary update is just what everyday users need
Stefan Etienne	@stefanetienne / 5 years
t can't be disputed: Windows 10 has been a wild success for Microsoft, after being installed on more than 350 million devices. To mark this, August 2nd is the release of the Anniversary Update which brings a slew of tweaks, fixes and new features.
Before I move on, fun fact: it took 25 PC builds and 16 mobile builds for Windows Insider Program participants — the highest engagement from both testers and Microsoft ever seen with this version of the OS.
If you care for nothing else of this update, just know that there's a "dark mode" in Windows now (finally). However, with an update this big it might be worth updating your computer, for once.
Three Big Changes: Ink, Cortana and Security
The first of new features to debut is Windows Ink: an icon on the taskbar, which turns into a hub and is meant to further the interaction of pen-enabled Windows devices, like Surface computers.
It offers integration with Office, Cortana and Microsoft Edge, as well as Adobe. Taking notes, sketching on screenshots, drawing ideas, setting Sticky Note reminders with Cortana; those sorts of tasks.
All these software interactions share one thing: a pen. Basically, Microsoft thought that it's best to have an area of the system dedicated towards educating the user about the different things your digital pen can do with Windows 10.
It might not be exciting, but it does bring organization, something that Windows always needs.
Security is a hot topic (and will stay one) for personal computers. For that, Microsoft has extended its fantastic Windows Hello facial recognition tech beyond the lockscreen. Apps like DropBox, iHeartRADIO and the Edge browser will allow for facial logins.
There are also alleged improvements to the recognition itself, now being able to distinguish between twins, providing adjustments for growing children, and the option to save multiple profiles (e.g. one profile with glasses and other without). Also, to avoid accidentally logging into a system the moment you look at it, Microsoft is adding interactions — tapping the screen, nodding your head — to add a physical additional layer of security.
Also Windows Defender (if you've used or heard of it), will begin automatic periodic scans for malware, as well as notifications of threats and scans; I suppose this is cool.
Last but not least of the major additions are the changes made to Cortana.
The virtual assistant now exists above the lock screen, so you can ask questions, play music, set reminders and the like, without needing to proceed to the desktop immediately. Cortana can also save and recall information you recite to it (say, an ID number) or search within docs.
But here's the best thing the Anniversary update did for Cortana: it can move seamlessly between devices now (Windows 10, iPhone, Android and Cyanogen) where things like navigation or notifications can be sent from PC to mobile.
And The Other Stuff…
With the Anniversary Update, Microsoft is not only adding features but also cleaning up existing elements of the system. Things like the Action Center, the Windows Store, a new emoji keyboard, game hubs within the Xbox/gaming app, and the (again) redesigned Start menu, have experienced fixes and tweaks that even from first glance, make Windows a little better to use.
The update arrives for free on August 2nd.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The 2003 Criminal Code was drafted under the auspices of the Office of the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of a comprehensive process of judicial and legal reform in the country. The Code was significntly influneced by the legal backgrounds and agendas of its foreign drafters and met with difficulties of acceptance by the local population. Its particular significance in relation to international criminal law is that it contains the first provisions in Bosnian law for Crimes against Humanity (see Article 172) and an expansion of its earlier provisions on War Crimes (see Articles 173-175). While the 2003 code eliminates the death penalty, it imposes harsher minimum and maximum sentences for a number of crimes. The question of the possible retroactive application of the new Code to crimes committed during the 1990s was raised in the first war crime trial at state level, the case of Abduladhim Maktouf. However the Constitutional Court of BiH ruled that the crimes in question were already characterized as criminal under the criminal code pertaining at the time of commission i.e. the 1976 Criminal Code of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.


text:
<?php namespace Tiqueso\Http\Controllers;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
use Request;
use Input;
use Redirect;
use Auth;
use Tiqueso\categoria_producto;
use Validator;
use Config;
use Hash;
use Session;
use DB;
use App\clases\Comunes;
use App\clases\Usuario;
use App\clases\RespuestaAjax;

//This class will take care of the login information
class SeguimientosControllador extends Controller {

	private $reglas = array(
		'get|historial'						=>	'historialSeguimiento',
		'post|nuevo_seguimiento'         	=>  'nuevoSeguimiento', //AJAX
		'get|seguimientos_de_usuario'    	=>  'seguimientoDeUsuario', //AJAX
	);

	public function __construct(){
		//$this->middleware('guest');
	}

	public function principal(){
		$usuario = Auth::user();
		if(!Auth::check()){
			return Redirect::to('/ingresar?accesso&url='.Request::url());
		}
		$segmento = strtolower(Request::segment(2));
		$request = strtolower(Request::getMethod());
		$urlrule = "$request|$segmento";
		if(isset($this->reglas[$urlrule])){
			$g = $this->reglas[$urlrule];
			return $this->$g($usuario);
		}else{
			return Comunes::enviar404();
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Función para añadir nuevos seguimientos. Esta función va a obtener la información de nuevos así como de seguimientos
	 * con algún historial, así que debería de funcionar para ambos casos sin problemas.
	 * MODO: AJAX
	 * */
	public function nuevoSeguimiento(\Tiqueso\usuario $usuario){
		$respuesta = new RespuestaAjax("Seguimiento","Nuevo");

		$reglas = array(
			'usuario' 		=> Comunes::reglas('id_usuario', true),
			'detalle' 		=> Comunes::reglas('textogenerico_min', true),
		);
		$validador = Validator::make(Input::all(), $reglas);
		if ($validador -> fails()) {
			$aux = []; //Queremos recobrar todos los campos que generaron error.
			foreach( $validador->errors()->getMessages() AS $key => $value ){
					$aux["campos"][] = $key;
			}
			$respuesta->establecerErrores(1 , $respuesta->mensaje_error_general , $aux);
			return $respuesta -> imprimirRespuesta();
		}

		$id_unico = date("Ymd") . str_random(32); //Generamos un ID único que va a pertenecer al grupo de seguimientos.

		if( Input::get("unico") != ""){ //Si viene algún único, entonces usamos ese y cerramos todos los únicos anteriores
			$id_unico = Input::get("unico");
			\Tiqueso\seguimiento::where("unico",$id_unico) -> update(["estado"=>0]);
		}

		$uid 		= (int)Input::get("usuario");
		$detalle 	= Input::get("detalle");
		$lat 		= Input::get("geo_lat");
		$lon 		= Input::get("geo_lon");

		$seguimiento = new \Tiqueso\seguimiento();

		$seguimiento -> unico 		=	$id_unico;
		$seguimiento -> creado_por 	=	$usuario -> id;
		$seguimiento -> asignado_a 	=	$uid;
		$seguimiento -> mensaje 	=	$detalle;
		$seguimiento -> latitud		=	$lat;
		$seguimiento -> longitud	=	$lon;

		$seguimiento -> creado 		=	new \DateTime();

		if(Input::get("cerrar") != ""){ //Significa que tenemos que cerrar el seguimiento con el comentario
			$seguimiento -> estado 		=	0;
			$seguimiento -> cerrado 	=	new \DateTime();
		}else{
			$seguimiento -> estado 		=	1;
		}
		$seguimiento -> save(); //Salvamos el nuevo seguimiento

		$respuesta -> setRespuesta( [ "id" => $seguimiento -> id ] );

		return $respuesta -> imprimirRespuesta();
	}

	public function seguimientoDeUsuario(\Tiqueso\usuario $usuario){
		$respuesta = new RespuestaAjax("Seguimiento","Usuario");
		$respuesta -> setRespuesta( [ "total" => Auth::user()->totalSeguimientos() ] );

		return $respuesta -> imprimirRespuesta();
	}

	/*
	 * Esta función y página relacionada se encarga de mostrar el historial completo de un seguimiento usando su UNICO.
	 * */
	public function historialSeguimiento(\Tiqueso\usuario $usuario){
		$data["usuario"] = Auth::user();
		return view('admin_seguimientos/historial')->with($data);
	}

}


text:
Alfa Romeo Giulia Sedan Models Launched at 2016 Geneva Show
The Giulia sedan range is expanding and Alfa Romeo revealed the rest of the cars at the 2016 Geneva auto expo. The company confirmed at the show that they are going to offer both gasoline and diesel engine models in Europe.
It will also be offered with a manual gearbox and an automatic transmission system to offer maximum choices for buyers.
The base model of the sedan is powered by a 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine which delivers a total of 200 horsepower. It is paired with an eight speed automatic transmission system. The specifications power the base Guilia model which is set to get launched in the United States. In order to comply with the emission regulations, the European variant of the car offers 2.2-liter turbodiesel I-4 engine with both 150 horsepower and 180 horsepower models.
Quadrifoglio is the top end variant from the Alfa Romeo Giulia offerings. The brand is proud for achieving the perfect weight distribution in the car. It is made using carbon fiber, aluminum materials with extreme robustness yet light on weight.
The car is equipped with latest features on the inside including a fully responsive 8.8-inch screen connected to the Nav 3D navigation system. The system provides a wide range of information and has been designed in association with Magnetti Marelli. It uses a rotary pad for control but also supports voice commands.
Apart from the navigation system, the Giulia has a 3.5-inch display in the base model and a 7-inch TFT display in the higher end variants. The infotainment system is highly informative made to provide information to the driver on the go. It updates them on fuel efficiency, distance traveled, and even instructs them on gear changing pattern to achieve maximum efficiency.
Music lovers are definitely going to enjoy the ride as it is equipped with a 900-watt surround sound system powered by Harman Kardon technology. There are 14 different speakers mounted at various points in the car to offer an immersive aural experience. Safety features found in the car includes adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning system, collision warning, blind spot warning, pedestrian detection and automatic emergency braking control.
The car is being displayed at the Geneva show. The model's launch dates are yet to be confirmed by Alfa Romeo. The pricing is not known but it is suggested that it will be very close to the outgoing models so as to retain the audience base.
Alfa Romeo GiuliaRomeo Giulia
One thought on "Alfa Romeo Giulia Sedan Models Launched at 2016 Geneva Show"
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Sign up for Bishop Barron's FREE Daily Lent Reflections!
Exciting news! Once again, Bishop Barron will be offering daily email reflections throughout the season of Lent at LentReflections.com.
Each day From Ash Wednesday (February 10) through Easter Sunday (March 27), Bishop Barron will send you a short email with an uplifting spiritual reflection. The reflections are available in both English and Spanish.
You'll also receive exclusive videos found nowhere else and free giveaways of Bishop Barron's DVDs and books.


text:
'Significant benefits' promised as north-east politicians react to multi-million pound Haudagain bypass opening
North-east politicians have reacted to the opening of the Haudagain bypass, which was opened by Transport Minister Jenny Gilruth today (May 16) after five years and seven delays.
Thomas DurhamTrainee Reporter
The Haudigain bypass opened today (May 16)
North-east politicians have reacted to the long-awaited opening of the Haudagain bypass in Aberdeen today (May 16).
The controversial project, which has been delayed seven times, is intended to improve road safety and relieve traffic jams in the area.
Backed by the Scottish Government, 500 metres of new dual carriageway has been built, which will take traffic between the A92 North Anderson Drive and A96 Auchmill Road.
Costing £49.5 million, the new road was opened by Minister for Transport Jenny Gilruth.
Karen Adam, MSP for Banffshire & Buchan Coast, said the bypass marked a "key improvement" for the area.
She said: "The Haudagain roundabout is a key improvement that will benefit commuters and local businesses across the North East.
"By improving journey times, the enhancements to the Haudagain has made the stunning coastline of Banffshire and Buchan Coast far more accessible to so many more people.
Bypass surrounding Aberdeen's Haudagain roundabout officially opened by transport minister
"This investment from the Scottish Government will contribute toward better links across the North East and undoubtedly having a positive impact on supporting local businesses, not just in Aberdeen but across Moray and the shire, from Buckie to Boddam."
Commenting, Minister for Transport Jenny Gilruth said: "It has been just over three years since construction work began on this key improvement for Aberdeen and later today, the public will be able to travel along it for the first time.
The Bypass aims to improve road safety in the area
"The new dual carriageway will help tackle the congestion caused by the traffic bottleneck at the Haudagain roundabout and deliver significant benefits, including improving journey time for road users and public transport."
Cops race to Aberdeen street after 'concerns for a person' reported
However, not everyone was so supportive; North East MSP Douglas Lumsden criticised the project's "mismanagement."
Traffic can be seen using the new road for the first time
The bypass had been scheduled to open in 2021, before Covid-19 and adverse weather resulted in delays, according to Transport Scotland.
Mr Lumsden said: "It's nice to have the minister here, but we should really be inviting all the others who've been responsible for the delays to this project.
"If it wasn't for their mismanagement, this could have been the day we broke ground at Toll O'Birness, the dangerous A96 Huntly junction or one of any number of urgent upgrade sites across the North East."
Sign up for Aberdeen Live's newsletter
Get all the latest Aberdeen news and headlines sent straight to your inbox by signing up to our free newsletter.
From breaking news in and around the city, to traffic and travel and health, we've got you covered.
The manually created newsletter arrives every day at around 4pm, giving you a round up of the most important stories we've covered that day.
To sign up, simply enter your email address into this link here.
And if you aren't already, make sure you join the conversation over on our Facebook Groups and Aberdeen Live Instagram.
Community councillors aiming to raise £3,000 to repair unsightly path at Peterculter war memorial
Windfall tax on north sea oil and gas companies to be debated in parliament
EducationAberdeen art teacher struck off after entering ex-partner's home and leaving giftsThe former Aberdeen Grammar teacher was found to have left a series of gifts for his ex-partner and was convicted at court of engaging in a course of conduct that caused 'fear or alarm'.
Aberdeen car park reopens after completing £1.2 million refurbishment
Aberdeen City Centre
The multi-storey Chapel Street car park is now open to the public after completing a long list of refurbishments, such as the internal decoration of parking areas and stairwells.
The Archie FoundationAberdeen emergency crews joining forces for special Archie Foundation football tournamentThe Battle of the Badges is organised each year in aid of the Archie Foundation and now players from the NHS and Scottish Ambulance Service will join colleagues from the police and fire service.
I tried FreshMex's haggis burrito on Burns Night - here's my verdict
Aberdeen Restaurants
With FreshMex giving away free haggis burritos specially for the occasion, I saw it as the perfect chance to try something new and take a dive into the world of Scottish-Mexican food fusion.


text:
Beehives needed for exciting new study
The British Beekeepers Association (BBKA) is very fortunate in being part of a brand new, exciting project to look at the health of honeybees after exposure to chemicals, involving many European countries and funded by the EU.
The project, named PoshBee (pan-European assessment, monitoring and mitigation of stressors on the health of bees) has 9 million Euros to boost global bee health. It is designed to determine the exposure of bees to a range of chemicals and assess the level of pests, diseases and nutritional status and the impacts these may have on the health of honeybees, bumblebees and solitary bees in a field realistic way rather than laboratory studies.
Beekeepers will be paid to take part
Pam Hunter, BBKA Trustee in charge of research projects, said "This is going to be a wonderful opportunity for some of our members to take part in real scientific experiments and initially we need 30 hives in two sites in Kent and in Berkshire or Oxfordshire from spring next year.
"Details are not yet finalised but the beekeepers would be paid for use of their hives which will be places in orchards in Kent and in oil seed rape fields in the Reading area.
"The sites will be chosen by Prof Simon Potts of Reading University in collaboration with farmers to represent differing levels of pesticide use among other factors."
Prof Potts and Prof Mark Brown of Royal Holloway college have been the guiding lights in getting the study finally approved.
Samples gathered & sent to labs
The aim is to take various samples from colonies throughout the beekeeping season next year and these will be assayed in laboratories by various experts. Those willing to take part will be expected to have colonies ready for moving in spring of 2019.
Please contact Pam Hunter if you are interested in taking part: [email protected]
For those interested and willing to take part, Prof Potts will give a presentation at the National Beekeeping Centre at Stoneleigh later this year.
Please check the BBKA website regularly as the plans are still under development and contact Pam Hunter on the email above with any queries.
Updated: 23rd August, 2018


text:
一直都以为软件的设置界面都是作者自己写的,今天才发现有个现成的PreferenceActivity可以使用,非常方便。这里介绍如何在Activity中取到PreferenceActivity设置的值,分享给大家。代码如下:
```
SharedPreferences pre = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);
String dir=pre.getString("down_savedir", "");//两个参数,一个是key,就是在PreferenceActivity的xml中设置的,另一个是取不到值时的默认值
```


MCFly 57- Claims to openness utterly without Foundation?
Since then… nada. Not even a "this is taking a little longer than we thought it would" email.
Last year, when MCFly tried to get some basic answers to questions about whether there were any criteria for Kro becoming a sponsor, we were met with a wall of silence both from Kro and from Foundation. If nothing else it gave us an excuse for some great headlines. Who can forget "Getting Facts out of these guys? You need a KroBar"(MCFly 36)?
Much later a senior Foundation person told us that they had adopted a "least said soonest mended" policy. After an initial burst of openness, or rather, after a promise of openness, have they slipped back into old habits? Maybe it is something that Foundation's "reputation managers", a company called Souters, could enlighten us all about?
This entry was posted in Kro Bar. Bookmark the permalink.


As you may recall we've had several broody hens in our flock. They fly out of the fence, lay their eggs somewhere in the bushes then parade back a flock of chicks to show the other hens how it's done. So far this has not ended well since we have raccoons that frequent our yard and make a buffet from our coop. Well, they did it again. Another mama brought out 11 chicks for the other hens to envy, 6 black ones and 5 light yellow ones. I have no idea what breed these chicks will be. The mother is a Rhode Island Red and the dads could be Barred Rock, Aracauna, Buff Orpington or Rhode Island Red. I really have no idea what color eggs they will lay...if they are hens rather than roosters.
Two days later she promptly got eaten by something (probably a raccoon) leaving the chicks peeping in the bushes at 12:30 in the morning. After I heard the peeping through the closed window, Hubby and I ran outside with our pajamas and head lamps to gather up the chicks that were left and put them in the greenhouse with a heat lamp and provisions.
So now we have 8 chicks to raise, 4 black and 4 yellow. The greenhouse is much too hot to be a brooder at this time of year. I went in the day after we rescued the chicks to find the greenhouse at 110 degrees inside. It is a greenhouse, so it's doing its job, but that was not the right place to put 3 day old chicks unless I wanted to broil them.
So Hubby took the small run from our original little red coop and put chicken wire on the 4th side that usually attached to the coop. I took some empty feed bags, stapled them to half of the box for shade and rain cover, attached the brooder light to the ceiling in the corner, added water and food and set them loose. So far they seem happy in there. They are scratching at the dirt, eating the grass and snuggling in a heap when they sleep. I had thought of finding another broody hen to raise them, but it's too stressful for me to depend on a chicken to take care of the chicks out in the bushes with all of these predators prowling around at night. At least while they are in our care we can be fairly certain they'll survive for a while.


You need to be liberated. Don't carry over experiences from the past. In fact, don't carry over good experiences from the past either. Learn what it means to experience something fully, then drop it and move on to the next moment, uninfluenced by the previous one. You'd be traveling with such little baggage that you could pass through the eye of a needle.
Obviously, when you're grieving a loved one, this liberation can be hard and take more time than you'd like. Be gentle with yourself, seek support and sit with grief when it calls to you.


If Public Speaking and Death are regarded as the top two experiences people dread most, Cold Calling must certainly fall in the top five. Regardless of which theory one subscribes to - cold calling is dead, or cold calling is a viable means of attracting new clients – there are those who excel at the art of cold calling and rely on it for their success.
Let VendorPedia help you with additional resources to refine your cold calling skills!


The Felician Institute for Ethics and Public Affairs invites papers for its Eleventh Annual Conference, to be held Saturday, October 14, 2017 at Felician University's Rutherford campus, 227 Montross Ave., Rutherford, New Jersey 07070.
Submissions can be on any topic in moral or political philosophy broadly construed, not exceeding 25 minutes' reading time (approximately 3000 words). Please send submissions in format suitable for blind review to <felicianethicsconference at gmail dot com> by August 25 September 1. Acceptances will be announced by September 11.
Please direct inquiries to Irfan Khawaja at <felicianethicsconference at gmail dot com>, or visit the Institute's website.
This entry was tagged CFP, ethics, Felician Institute Conference on Ethics and Public Affairs, Felician Institute for Ethics and Public Affairs, Felician University, Michele Moody-Adams, political philosophy. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Q: Any insight on the half reciprocal Fibonacci sequence? Define $R_n=R_{n-1}+\frac{1}{R_{n-2}} $ with $R_0=R_1=1$
Define $K_n=\frac{1}{K_{n-1}}+K_{n-2} $ with $K_0=K_1=1$
These are all limits I've found using Python but no basis of proof for these limits and was wondering if anyone has experience with these.
$$\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{R_{2n}^2}{K_{2n}^2}=\pi\tag{1}$$
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{R_{2n+1}^2}{K_{2n+1}^2}=\frac{4}{\pi}\tag{2}$$
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{R_{dn}}{R_{n}}=\sqrt{d}\tag{3}$$
For odd n, and even d
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{K_{dn}}{K_{n}}=\frac{2\sqrt{d}}{\pi}\tag{4}$$
Else
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{K_{dn}}{K_{n}}=\sqrt{d}\tag{5}$$
and
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}(K_{2n+1}^2-K_{2n-1}^2)=\pi; \;\; \lim_{n\to\infty}(R_{n+1}^2-R_{n}^2)=2\tag{6}$$
And I did the math a long time ago and lost my methods but I ended up getting the formula
$$R_{an}\approx F(R_n,a)=\frac{R_n^2\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{aR_n^4+2R_n^2(a-2)+a}}{2R_n}\tag{7}$$
and substituting R_n=1 you get the approximating (although weak) formula
$$R_n\approx\frac{\sqrt{n}}{2}+\sqrt{n-1}\tag{8}$$
I suppose my questions would be is there a better approximation formula? What happens when we generalize to ($R_0=a, R_1=b$) or ($K_0=a, K_1=b$)
Is there a good approximation formula for $K_n$, and why does the sequence relations above converge to $\pi$

A: We will only cover the case $K_0 = K_1 = R_0 = R_1 = 1$ here.
Let us look at sequence $K_n$ first. It turns out we can express $K_n$ in a closed form.
The key is following observation:
$$K_n = \frac{1}{K_{n-1}} + K_{n-2}
\quad\iff\quad K_nK_{n-1} - K_{n-1}K_{n-2} = 1$$
Summing over them leads to
$$K_nK_{n-1} = K_1K_0 + \sum_{k=2}^n (K_kK_{k-1}-K_{k-1}K_{k-2})
= 1 + (n-1) = n
$$
For even $n = 2k$, we have
$$K_n = K_{2k} = K_0 \prod_{j=1}^k \frac{K_{2j}K_{2j-1}}{K_{2j-1}K_{2j-2}}
= \prod_{j=1}^k \frac{2j}{2j-1} =  \prod_{j=1}^k \frac{(2j)^2}{2j(2j-1)}
= \frac{2^{2k} (k!)^2}{(2k)!}.
$$
For odd $n = 2k+1$, we have
$$K_n = K_{2k+1} = \frac{K_{2k+1}K_{2k}}{K_{2k}} = \frac{(2k+1)(2k)!}{2^{2k}(k!)^2} = \frac{(2k+1)!}{2^{2k}(k!)^2}$$
For large even $n = 2k$, Stirling's approximation tell us
$$K_{2k} = \frac{2^{2k}\left(
\frac{k}{e}\right)^{2k}2\pi k}{\left(\frac{2k}{e}\right)^{2k}\sqrt{2\pi(2k)}}(1 + O(k^{-1}))
= \sqrt{\pi k} + O(k^{-1/2})
$$
Together with $K_{2k+1}K_{2k} = 2k+1$, we find for large $n$,  $\displaystyle\;K_n^2 = \begin{cases}
\frac{\pi}{2} n, & n \text{ even }\\
\frac{2}{\pi} n, & n \text{ odd }
\end{cases} + O(1)$.
Let us switch to sequence $R_n$, the recurrence relation
$\displaystyle\;R_n = R_{n-1} + \frac{1}{R_{n-2}}$
tells us if $R_{n-1}, R_{n-2}$ is positive, so does $R_n$. Since $R_0 = R_1 = 1$ is positive, all $R_n$ is positive and $R_n$ is an increasing sequence.
Notice $R_2 = 2$ and for all $n > 2$,
$$R_n^2 = \left(R_{n-1} + \frac{1}{R_{n-2}}\right)^2
= R_{n-1}^2 + 2\frac{R_{n-1}}{R_{n-2}} + \frac{1}{R_{n-2}^2}
= R_{n-1}^2 + 2 + \frac{2}{R_{n-2}R_{n-3}} + \frac{1}{R_{n-2}^2}\tag{*1}
$$
We find for $n > 2$, we can bound $R_n^2$ from below as
$$R_n^2 = R_2^2 + \sum_{k=3}^n \left( R_k^2 - R_{k-1}^2 \right) \ge 4 + \sum_{k=3}^n 2 = 4+2(n-2) = 2n$$
Please note that this inequality $R_n^2 \ge 2n$ is also valid at $n = 2$.
Now substitute this lower bound back to $(*1)$, we find for $n > 4$
$$\begin{align} R_n^2 - 2n
&= \sum_{k=3}^n(R_k^2 - R_{k-1}^2 - 2)
= \sum_{k=3}^n \left(\frac{2}{R_{k-2}R_{k-3}} + \frac{1}{R_{k-2}^2}\right)\\
&\le
 \sum_{k=3}^n \frac{3}{R_{k-3}^2}
\le 6 + \sum_{k=5}^n \frac{3}{2(k-3)}
= \frac{9 + 3H_{n-3}}{2}
\end{align}
$$
where $H_n = \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k}$ is the $n^{th}$ harmonic number.
For large $n$, we have $H_n \approx \log n$. As a result,
$$R_n^2  = 2n + O(\log n)$$
This leads to
$$\begin{align}
\lim_{k\to\infty}\frac{R_{2k}^2}{K_{2k}^2}
&= \lim_{k\to\infty}\frac{2(2k) + O(\log k)}{\frac{\pi}{2}(2k) + O(1)} = \frac{4}{\pi}\\
\lim_{k\to\infty}\frac{R_{2k+1}^2}{K_{2k+1}^2}
&=
\lim_{k\to\infty}\frac{2(2k+1) + O(\log k)}{\frac{2}{\pi}(2k+1) + O(1)} = \pi
\end{align}
$$
This is pretty close to what OP has got except the limits for odd and even case has been swapped. I have computed the sequences $R_n$ and $K_n$ myself and
their ratios agree with result here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Funding: This work was supported by the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Australia http://www.rirdc.gov.au/, and partially funded by Comvita NZ Ltd. http://www.comvita.co.nz/ and Capilano Honey Pty Ltd. Australia http://capilano.com.au/. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following competing interests: EH, DC and PB report grant and non-financial support in the form of honey from Comvita NZ Ltd and Capilano Honey Pty Ltd. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Honey has been used therapeutically by many cultures for millennia and has re-emerged as a topical treatment for wound and skin infections, mainly due to its antimicrobial activity . In particular, honey produced from the Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) plant from New Zealand exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a diverse range of bacterial and yeast pathogens, and is equally effective against multi-drug resistant bacteria [2–6]. Resistance to the antimicrobial effects of manuka honey on growing bacterial cells has not been reported nor has it been induced under laboratory conditions [2, 3]. There are a number of medicinal honey products on the market that use manuka honey from New Zealand, or the Australian equivalent produced from other Leptospermum species. However, despite being registered with medical regulatory authorities as wound care agents in Australia, Canada, the European Union, Hong Kong, New Zealand and the USA, their use in mainstream medicine remains limited , largely due to a lack of understanding of all of the mechanisms by which Leptospermum honey kills pathogens. The growing crisis of antibiotic resistance  has revived interest in the clinical use of honey, particularly in wound care and its efficacy against drug-resistant pathogens.
Several properties of honey contribute to its antimicrobial activity. In most honeys, it is the high osmolarity, low pH, and, most predominantly, the enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide that exerts an antimicrobial effect . The level of antimicrobial activity is highly variable and depends on the floral source, processing and storage conditions of the honey, prevailing environmental conditions that affect the physiology of the floral species, and bee-related factors such as age or colony health [10–16].
Antibacterial activity that remains in honey following neutralisation of hydrogen peroxide is commonly referred to as "non-peroxide activity" (NPA). NPA is equivalent to the "Unique Manuka Factor" (UMF®), a trademark registered by the UMF Honey Association and available for use under licence by producers of manuka honey from New Zealand. NPA was first identified in manuka honey from New Zealand and is closely associated with the floral source as it is generally derived from phytochemical components produced by manuka and related Leptospermum species [10, 17], although a small number of non-Leptospermum honeys have also shown this type of activity [10, 18–21]. Honey with high NPA is highly sought after for use in medical-grade honey products as it is not destroyed by the catalase present in body fluids, and can withstand gamma irradiation , which is used for sterilisation. The compound primarily responsible for the NPA of manuka honey has been identified as methylglyoxal (MGO), which forms from the nectar-derived compound, dihydroxyacetone (DHA), during the ripening of honey [23–25]. Consequently, the level of MGO in honey is dictated by factors including the DHA content of the nectar, the extent of Leptospermum bloom and the foraging behaviour of honey bees [25, 26].
There are a number of microbiological and chemical tests that are used in the honey industry to determine the suitability of honey as an antibacterial product. Antibacterial activity is generally determined by an agar well diffusion method, which measures the extent to which Staphylococcus aureus is inhibited with reference to a phenol standard . NPA is often marketed in New Zealand honey as the UMF, with a rating >10+ considered therapeutically active. DHA, which converts to MGO during storage, is an indicator of the potential for honey to increase in activity. DHA and MGO levels in honey can be directly assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [26, 27]. MGO levels can then be used to estimate the NPA, where a honey with MGO >260 mg/kg is predicted to have >10+ activity based on the relationship between MGO and NPA identified previously . Finally, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which occurs spontaneously in all honey types, is often quantified by HPLC as a measure of honey freshness (and as a measure of spoilage) as it increases in concentration with storage length and temperature. Levels of HMF in honey above 40mg/kg are undesirable as they can mean honey producers will not be able to sell or export the honey.
The wealth of evidence that supports New Zealand manuka honey as a modern healthcare option has translated to commercial success for the industry. However, New Zealand will not be able to support the likely growing demand for medical-grade honey . Furthermore, New Zealand honey supply is at risk due to infection of their honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations by the parasitic varroa mite , which is associated with colony collapse disorder, an alarming phenomenon that significantly threatens global honey production . Australia is home to 83 of the 87 known Leptospermum species [31, 32] (including L. scoparium ) and is still free of the varroa mite, however very few studies have investigated the properties of honey derived from Australian Leptospermum honey [2, 12, 27, 33]. In a comprehensive survey of Australian honey for antibacterial activity, Irish et al. reported high levels of NPA in some Australian Leptospermum honeys , however this work pre-dated the discovery of MGO as the major antibacterial component of Leptospermum honey, and DHA, MGO and HMF levels in these honey samples were not ascertained at the time.
The aim of the current study was to revisit the 80 Australian Leptospermum honeys collected by Irish et al.  and to determine their levels of DHA, MGO and HMF as well as their current antibacterial activity (NPA). This study is the first to investigate the relationship between the NPA of Australian Leptospermum honey and its phytochemical constituents, and the change in this activity over time. We report a strong positive correlation between MGO content and NPA in these honeys and also demonstrate that the non-peroxide activity is preserved for up to seven years after original harvest when honeys are stored in the dark at 4°C.
Eighty honeys derived from Leptospermum species were selected from the 477 Australian honey samples collected by Irish et al.  between March 2005 and June 2007 (S1 Table). These samples had been catalogued, stored in sterile specimen jars and refrigerated in the dark at 4°C at the University of Sydney, Australia, since collection. A database of information pertaining to these samples was compiled by Irish et al.  that included collection date, geographic region and floral source. Identification of the floral source of the honey was performed at the time of collection by the apiarists based on the local floral species in bloom prior to honey harvesting, location of the apiary and organoleptic characteristics of the honey. The majority (70) of the 80 Australian Leptospermum honey samples were received from the Northern Rivers region of NSW, with the remaining collected from various regions across the country (S1 Fig). All honey samples were identified as being from four monofloral sources (defined as >50% nectar from one floral source ) and four multifloral sources. Multifloral and monofloral L. polygalifolium honeys from Northern Rivers comprised 55% of the samples in this collection.
A sample of unprocessed manuka honey and two samples of commercially available MedihoneyTM, provided by Comvita New Zealand Ltd., were used as positive controls. Tasmanian clover honey (with no detectable DHA or MGO) was used as a negative control for chemical analysis, and was supplied by the University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia. The control honey samples were also stored at 4°C and in the dark.
Chemical analyses of honey samples were performed using methods adapted from Windsor et al. [27, 35]. Briefly, this method involved accurately weighing 0.30–0.40 g of honeys in duplicate into 75 mm test tubes. Hydroxyacetone internal standard (0.250 ml, 0.528 mg/ml) was weighed into the test tubes and the entire sample dissolved in 1.2 ml of O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBHA) reagent (0.2 g per 10 ml 0.1 M citrate buffer at pH 4). Derivatisation of MGO, DHA and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with PFBHA took 75 minutes. The samples were diluted with water and acetonitrile until homogeneous, and quantified in duplicate by Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC; Perkin ElmerTM Series 200 HPLC and Autosampler, Binary Pump and Flexar® Photodiode Array Detector with a ZORBAC Eclipse Plus column (75 mm x 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) utilising a 75:25 water: acetonitrile to 100% acetonitrile mobile phase program).
MGO, DHA, HMF (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) standards were used for six point calibration, and hydroxyacetone (Sigma-Aldrich) was used as the internal standard for quantitation. All standard solutions were stored at -20°C. Quantitation standards were prepared by dissolving known concentrations of the standard solutions in six aliquots of clover honey (which has no detectable MGO, DHA or HMF unless spiked).
Data collection and peak area integration were completed with Chromera® Chromatography Data Systems for Liquid Chromatography. The calibration curves were derived from the quantitation standards by plotting the masses of MGO, DHA and HMF in each of the spiked clover honey standards against their peak area ratios relative to the hydroxyacetone internal standard. The concentration of each compound was determined as mg/kg of honey. Descriptive statistical analysis (i.e. means, standard deviation, range and medians) was conducted using IBM® SPSS® Statistics Version 20 (Armonk, NY, USA).
Non-peroxide antibacterial activity (NPA) of honey samples with reference to phenol were determined using methods reported in Irish et al. . Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) was used as the test organism for the phenol assays. Honey solutions were freshly prepared in a 50% weight per volume (w/v) solution in sterile deionised water, and further diluted to 25% volume per volume (v/v) in a 2 mg/ml catalase solution (3187 units/mg; Sigma-Aldrich) to remove any hydrogen peroxide activity.
MedihoneyTM (Comvita Ltd., New Zealand) with predetermined UMF® (>15) and clover honey (with no detectable NPA) were both prepared with catalase as above, and were included in each assay as a positive and negative control, respectively. Phenol (Sigma-Aldrich) standards of 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7% v/v were prepared daily in sterile deionised water.
Aliquots (100 μl) of each honey sample and phenol solutions were dispensed into the wells of the assay plates, in duplicate. Quasi-latin squares were used to randomise the sample distribution and plates were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 h.
The diameter of each zone of inhibition was measured at perpendicular angles using digital Vernier callipers (accurate to 0.1 mm; Kinechrome Australia Pty Ltd.). The mean diameter of the zone of inhibition was calculated and squared, and a standard curve was generated using the phenol standards (concentration of phenol versus mean squared diameter). The NPA of honey was calculated using the standard curve, multiplied by 4.69 to account for the dilution and density of honey (based on a mean honey density of 1.35 mg/ml ), and expressed as the equivalent phenol concentration (% v/v, subsequently referred to as %). Each honey sample was tested in duplicate on three separate occasions.
All data were analysed qualitatively and statistical analysis of change in activity over time was performed with Minitab Express (v.1.3.0) statistical software (State College, PA, USA), using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The correlation between NPA and MGO was determined using the Spearman's Rank Correlation test performed with R (v. 3.3.1) statistical software (Vienna, Austria).
Monofloral L. polygalifolium honeys sourced from Northern Rivers (n = 29) and Byfield in QLD (n = 1) exhibited the highest levels of both MGO and DHA in the study as shown in Table 1 and S1 Table. Most of these samples (n = 21) possessed MGO levels of >500 mg/kg, and DHA levels of >2000 mg/kg, with marked variation from one sample to another. Six additional honeys sourced from Northern Rivers had high levels of MGO including a monofloral L. liversidgei honey (704 mg/kg), a multifloral L. liversidgei honey (418 mg/kg), an L. laevigatum honey (583 mg/kg) and three multifloral L. semibaccatum samples (407–430mg/kg). The DHA content for these six honeys ranged considerably (79–2541 mg/kg).
Table 1. Methylglyoxal (MGO) and dihydroxyacetone (DHA) levels in Australian Leptospermum honey samples.
There were five honey samples with ≤10mg/kg MGO (Table 1 and S1 Table). Of these, one was from Murraylands SA (unspecified Leptospermum sp.), three were from Northern Rivers (multifloral L. liversidgei, L. laevigatum and L. polygalifolium), and one from the Hunter region in NSW (multifloral L. laevigatum). These samples also showed minimal quantifiable DHA (<61 mg/kg).
HMF levels were mostly low, with only seven samples above the acceptable level of >40 mg/kg. When ranked according to the year of collection, the highest HMF concentrations were found in the oldest honey samples (Table 2 and S1 Table) harvested from hives between 1998 and 2002, which was to be expected as HMF increases with age. HMF levels in the honey samples did not correlate with MGO or DHA concentrations.
Table 2. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentrations in Australian Leptospermum honey collected between 1998 and 2007.
The mean NPA of most of the samples (57 of the 80 samples) was above the previously defined  therapeutically beneficial level of >10% (Table 3 and S2 Table). Honey samples with high NPA between 15–20% (n = 29) were mostly monofloral L. polygalifolium and also included two L. liversidgei, one L. laevigatum and one L. semibaccatum sample, all of which were sourced from Northern Rivers. The 13 honeys with exceptionally high NPA (>20%) consisted mainly of L. polygalifolium (n = 9) from Northern Rivers (8 samples) and Byfield (one sample). One L. liversidgei and three Leptospermum sp. honeys also showed NPA >20%, and these were from Northern Rivers (n = 1), Stradbroke Island QLD (n = 1) and of unknown geographic origin (n = 2). There were 22 honey samples that were at least as active as the New Zealand manuka control (NPA 18.6%) (S2 Table).
Table 3. Non-peroxide antibacterial activity of Australian Leptospermum honeys.
Honey samples that did not have detectable NPA (n = 20) were derived from a variety of Leptospermum species and from different regions, including monofloral L. liversidgei, a multifloral L. liversidgei sample, and a multifloral L. laevigatum sample from Northern Rivers and Hunter; monofloral L. continentale (Central VIC); and unspecified Leptospermum sp. from Murraylands. There were two samples of L. polygalifolium honey, one monofloral and one multifloral, that did not have detectable NPA and these were from Northern Rivers.
A strong positive linear correlation (r2 = 0.95, Pearson's rho = 0.97, p<0.05) between MGO concentration and the mean-squared NPA for the Australian Leptospermum species honeys assessed in this study was observed, as shown in Fig 1. The mean-squared NPA was used to investigate this relationship following studies on New Zealand manuka honey [23–25]. Based on the New Zealand manuka relationship and data from the current study, an MGO concentration of >260 mg/kg was identified as giving NPA levels of >10% and samples with >800 mg/kg MGO were identified as having high NPA of >20%.
Fig 1. Relationship between methylglyoxal and non-peroxide activity in Australian Leptospermum honeys.
Positive linear correlation between methylglyoxal (MGO) concentration and mean-squared non-peroxide activity (NPA) in Australian Leptospermum honey samples (n = 80) represented by diamond markers; green: MGO >800 mg/kg (NPA >20%), blue: MGO 260–800 mg/kg (NPA 10–20%), red: MGO <260 mg/kg (NPA <10%). Clover honey (purple triangle) served as a negative control with no detectable MGO or NPA, and New Zealand manuka honey (yellow square) and MedihoneyTM (orange circle) both served as the positive controls.
The 12 honeys with the highest MGO concentration (>800 mg/kg, coloured green in Fig 1) possessed the highest NPA ranging from 21.9–26.3% (Fig 1 and S2 Table). These samples were sourced from NSW (Northern Rivers) or QLD (Stradbroke Island and Byfield) and were either monofloral L. polygalifolium (n = 9) or other unknown Leptospermum sp. samples (n = 3).
Samples with MGO levels between 260–800 mg/kg (n = 40; coloured blue in Fig 1) had NPA values of 13.1–22.1%. These samples were primarily sourced from Northern Rivers NSW and most were monofloral L. polygalifolium honeys, although the highest MGO concentration (704 mg/kg, NPA 22.1%) in this range was found in a monofloral L. liversidgei honey from the same region.
Most samples that displayed detectable NPA (i.e. >9%) also possessed MGO above 260 mg/kg, with the exception of one L. continentale sample from Victoria, that had 262 mg/kg MGO but no detectable NPA. Honeys with 207–260 mg/kg MGO (coloured red in Fig 1) had NPA ranging from 0.0–12.1%. Three honey samples with MGO in this range did not have any detectable NPA; of these two were monofloral L. continentale from Victoria, and the other was a monofloral L. liversidgei honey from the Northern Rivers region of NSW. All of the remaining honeys with MGO content in this lower range that had NPA were L. polygalifolium samples (monofloral and multifloral) from the Northern Rivers region of NSW.
Irish et al. tested the 80 Australian Leptospermum honey samples at the time of collection (2006–2007) and found 61 had detectable NPA . Repeat testing presented here found only two samples had completely lost activity following seven year storage at 4°C (Fig 2). These samples were a monofloral L. liversidgei honey (initial activity: 12.7%) and a multifloral L. poligalifolium honey (initial activity: 9.8%). The remaining samples showed little to no loss of NPA with <3% overall change in activity post storage for all but two samples. These two samples, one monofloral L. polygalifolium honey and one unspecified Leptospermum sp. honey, had a 3.3% and 4.2% decrease in NPA, respectively. The mean NPA of the Leptospermum honeys analysed by floral source was not significantly different to the initial NPA determined by Irish et al. (Wilcoxon signed ranks tests, p = 0.669), indicating that the NPA is stable for at least seven years under storage at 4°C in the dark. The majority of the L. polygalifolium samples (18 out of 27 monofloral, five out of 11 multifloral samples) had increased NPA relative to the initial values determined seven years prior, and this may have been due to the conversion of DHA to MGO in these samples over time.
Fig 2. Non-peroxide activity (NPA) of Australian Leptospermum honey samples tested seven years apart.
Australian Leptospermum honey samples (n = 61) identified by Irish et al. (2011) as having NPA. Dark grey boxes represent the NPA determined for the honeys at the time of collection (tested 2006–07). Light grey triangles represent NPA tested seven years post-collection in 2014, following storage of the samples in the dark at 4°C.
Alternatives for treating infections are urgently needed due to the major global health threat posed by antibiotic resistance. The potent antibacterial activity of medical-grade manuka honey, derived from the New Zealand variety of Leptospermum scoparium, is now well established. The majority of its activity is attributed to its phytochemical constituents (in particular MGO derived from its precursor DHA). The use of manuka honey for the management and treatment of wounds could support current treatments and reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance in the wound sector. However, New Zealand is unlikely to be able to support the future growing demand for medical-grade honey.
Since the majority of the genus Leptospermum is endemic to and abundant in Australia, it is likely that there is an untapped source of medical-grade honey in Australia. The antimicrobial activity of Australian Leptospermum honey is assumed to be related to the same phytochemical components present in manuka honey, but this has never been tested. Therefore, the aim of this study was to survey a range of Australian Leptospermum honeys for NPA and simultaneously quantify the major phytochemical constituents contributing to this activity. Since the NPA of the collection of honeys used was previously determined , repeat testing also allowed us to assess the changes in NPA after seven years.
We have now performed the most comprehensive chemical assay of Australian Leptospermum honeys to date. Here we report a strong correlation (r2 = 0.95) between MGO content and NPA in Australian Leptospermum honey. Honey samples with the highest MGO and NPA also had the highest DHA concentrations, and these were mostly derived from either Leptospermum polygalifolium, L. liversidgei or mixed Leptospermum. We show increases in HMF levels in the honey samples with age (consistent with previous reports ), and no correlation between HMF and antibacterial activity (NPA), nor with the other phytochemicals (MGO, DHA). Our data also demonstrate for the first time that the NPA is preserved for up to seven years after original harvest when honeys are stored in the dark at 4°C.
We demonstrate a positive linear relationship between MGO concentration and mean-squared NPA in Australian Leptospermum honey. This is the first report of this type of relationship, outside of New Zealand's manuka honey [23, 38]. This indicates that like New Zealand manuka, the NPA of Australian Leptospermum honey is due primarily to MGO (derived from DHA), and is a suitable alternative supply of medical-grade honey for use in wound care.
A minimum MGO concentration of approximately 200 mg/kg was seen in these Australian Leptospermum honeys to produce a NPA of approximately 9% (Fig 1), which is the lowest detectable NPA in this assay. This minimum detectable NPA concentration identified in this survey is consistent with previous findings [23, 24, 38, 39]. Atrott and Henle  described a strong correlation between MGO and NPA in New Zealand manuka honeys within a MGO concentration of 200–800 mg/kg, which we also demonstrate. Although there are likely to be other constituents of Leptospermum honeys that contribute to antibacterial activity [40, 41, 42], the tight correlation between MGO and NPA we have identified can be used by Australian beekeepers to estimate the antibacterial, and subsequent commercial, value of their honey.
We show that 75 of the 80 Leptospermum honeys from the Irish et al. collection  possessed both MGO and DHA (Table 1 and S1 Table). Honeys that possessed high MGO (>800 mg/kg) were generally associated with high concentrations of DHA (>2000 mg/kg), as has been seen in New Zealand manuka honey [25, 40]. The high levels of DHA and MGO in some of the Australian Leptospermum honey samples in our study are comparable to or higher than those observed in New Zealand manuka honey [23, 24, 39].
Many of these Australian honeys with very high levels of DHA and MGO honeys were classified as monofloral L. polygalifolium honeys or multifloral Leptospermum sp. from Northern Rivers. MGO was also present in moderate concentrations (400–700 mg/kg) in monofloral and multifloral samples of L. liversidgei and unspecified Leptospermum sp. honeys sourced from the same region. This concurs with a recent study investigating the DHA content in Australian Leptospermum nectar samples from Northern Rivers, which also showed high DHA in the samples  and another study showing high DHA and MGO in Leptospermum honeys from the same region .
Most of the Leptospermum honeys from Irish et al.  study were from Northern Rivers, however identifying new regions of Australia that may have a supply of high MGO and DHA content honey (and therefore excellent antibacterial activity) would be of great value for apiarists seeking to capitalise on the production of medical-grade honeys and to wound care clinicians. Investigating further Australian Leptospermum honeys and nectars is warranted, in particular taking in more geographical regions and Leptospermum species. We are currently investigating these aspects of Australian honeys. Our results indicate that various Australian Leptospermum honeys have similar important attributes to the well-characterised New Zealand manuka honey, with significant promise in the wound care arena, particularly as an infection control agent.
Honey with potent NPA is highly sought after for the production of medical-grade honey wound care products due to its potential clinical value in treating skin and wound infections. We found that there was no significant change in the mean non-peroxide activity of the Leptospermum honeys (Fig 1) after seven years, establishing for the first time that this activity is retained over a long period if stored away from light and at 4°C. This suggests that the constituents contributing to NPA are also stable under these storage conditions. The stability of NPA over an extended period of time has positive implications. For example, storage of medicinal honey products under these conditions can maintain the high levels of antibacterial activity and also extend the shelf life of such products, thereby reducing waste and enabling greater use.
Low temperature is also likely to have slowed or halted the conversion of DHA to MGO [27, 40, 42, 43]. This could have other implications in the storage of medical-grade honeys. For example, honeys fresh from the hive with a high DHA content should potentially be stored under a particular set of conditions to maximise the conversion of DHA to MGO, and then moved to storage at low temperatures (4°C) to halt the conversion and maintain a high MGO concentration. However, since the original analysis did not include chemical quantitation  further investigation is needed.
The data reported here show that Australian Leptospermum honeys have potential for therapeutic use as antibacterial agents as they possess a stable, non-peroxide antibacterial activity derived primarily from their phytochemical constituents. As is the case with New Zealand manuka, NPA correlates strongly with the MGO concentration in the honey, and high levels of DHA were also detected in many of the honey samples suggesting that there is an untapped supply of antibacterial Leptospermum honey in Australia. As most of the Leptospermum genus is endemic to Australia, it is likely that there are more valuable sources for medical-grade honey, providing Australian apiarists the opportunity to benefit from the lucrative medicinal honey market. An increased availability of medical-grade honey, together with scientific data on how it acts to kill bacterial cells will encourage its use in mainstream medicine, helping to reduce some of the burden of the antibiotic resistance crisis, particularly in wound care.
S1 Fig. Regions of Australia where Leptospermum honeys were sourced.
Samples received from Queensland (QLD) regions: Byfield (orange) and Stradbroke Island (green); New South Wales (NSW) regions: Northern Rivers (blue) and Hunter (red); Victoria (VIC) region: Central (yellow) and South Australia (SA) region: Murraylands (purple).
S1 Table. Methylglyoxal, dihydroxyacetone and hydroxymethylfurfural levels in each Australian Leptospermum honey sample.
a NSW: New South Wales, QLD: Queensland, SA: South Australia, TAS: Tasmania, VIC: Victoria. Data represented as mean ± standard deviation, range and % relative standard deviation (% RSD) calculated from two separate assays.
S2 Table. Non-peroxide activity and region of origin of each Australian Leptospermum honey sample tested at the time of collection and seven years post-collection.
a NSW: New South Wales, QLD: Queensland, SA: South Australia, TAS: Tasmania, VIC: Victoria; b Non-peroxide activity tested at the time of collection (2007 data) and seven years after collection (2014) data. Data represented as the mean and standard deviation of duplicate assays tested on three separate occasions.
We thank the many beekeepers who supplied honey samples for the survey, Comvita New Zealand for the supply of MedihoneyTM and active 18+ manuka honey, and Ralf Schlothauer for his manuka honey expertise. This research was supported in part by a Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation grant, as well as Comvita NZ Ltd. and Capilano Honey Pty Ltd.
Conceptualization: EH PB DC SB.
Funding acquisition: EH PB EH.
Methodology: EH PB DC SB MP NC.
Project administration: EH DC PB.
Writing – original draft: NC MP.
Writing – review & editing: NC MP EH PB DC SB.
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Both online and in-person exams can present barriers for students with a wide variety of disabilities. Increasingly, assistive and mainstream technologies that support accommodated testing are available, resulting in a more equitable and independent experiences for students with disabilities and providing answers for disability resource offices and faculty. Join us for a review of AT options for addressing common barriers in the testing environment, including text-to-speech, speech-to-text, online proctoring services, setting extended time in common course management systems, and more.