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Home»Experiences of conscientious objection movements in the world
Experiences of conscientious objection movements in the world
Submitted by Andrea(s) Speck on Mon, 30/07/2007 - 17:19
Andreas Speck / Rudi Friedrich
for Turkish CO conference in Istanbul on 26/27 January, 2007.
What is conscientious objection?
Illustration 1: Relationship between demilitarisation and freedom of conscience
Challenging hegemonic masculinity
Conscientious objection as it is "generally" understood today was first legally recognised in Europe and Australia in the early 20th century. However, legal and political concepts of conscientious objection are varied, and movements for conscientious objection respond to militarism differently, based on political circumstances and systems of recruitment.
Based on three case studies, the authors explain important issues/challenges for CO movements.
I think that we can get further by saying the truth:
(...) That no-one can be forced to follow a call-up order - that therefore we firstly have to eradicate the psychic obsession which makes one believe that one has to, has to, has to march, when they blow the horn.
You do not have to.
Because this is a simple, a primitive, a simply great truth:
One can also stay at home.
Kurt Tucholsky, 1927[1]
Refusal to take part in war is probably as old as war itself. However, conscientious objection as a political and philosophical concept became more important with the introduction of conscription as a more "effective" means for recruiting (first in France on 5 September 1798), and modern warfare.
As a response, organised conscientious objection developed, especially after the First World War - War Resisters' International as the international organisation for conscientious objectors was founded in 1921. At that time only two countries - Denmark and Sweden - provided any legal recognition of the right to conscientious objection. This number grew significantly, especially after the Second World War, due to emerging movements for the right to conscientious objection, at that time mostly in Western Europe and North America.
But before we want to go on we want to spent some time on the term "conscientious objection": what does it mean? What is conscientious objection?
There are probably as many definitions of conscientious objection as there are conscientious objectors, and the political perspective is important. In 1983 the first report on conscientious objection to the United Nations offered the following definition: "By conscience is meant genuine ethical convictions, which may be of religious or humanist inspiration (...). Two major categories of convictions stand out, one that it is wrong under all circumstances to kill (the pacifist objection), and the other that the use of force is justified in some circumstances but not in others, and that therefore it is necessary to object in those other cases (partial objection to military service)"[2].
A similar definition is the basis of many CO laws. However, within the international movement of conscientious objectors - partly organised within War Resisters' International - the debate is quite different though. First of all, it mostly does not focus on the question of conscience - the objection or refusal is the focus of the debate, and the German term Kriegsdienstverweigerung (war service refusal), or the term insumisión (disobedience), chosen by the Spanish CO movement, reflect better the approach of conscientious objectors[3].
In 1973, the Italian conscientious objector Pietro Pinna defined conscientious objection in this way: "C.O. is a focal point of antimilitarist action. By its witness of living adherence to the idea, it operates as a major focus of debate and mobilisation. In the wider revolutionary strategy, C.O. offers a fundamental indication, i.e. the assumption of responsibility, of autonomy and personal initiative; it serves as point of reference, as paradigm, for the extension of the concept of 'conscientious objection' in any other sectors of social life"[4].
This definition is important, because it points from individual to collective, antimilitarist action. In a report of a discussion on "conscription and strategies around conscientious objection" at the War Resisters' International Triennial Conference in Brazil in December 1994, the discussion is summarised as follows: "In recent years the debate by the CO movements[5] has led us to believe that what we as objectors are basically striving for is the demilitarisation of society, while the state, on the other hand, wants to maintain or promote militarisation. We have to evolve strategies which prevent the CO movement remaining static on this vertical axis [see illustration 1], planning to approach what would be a diagonal trajectory, which would be the ideal - that is, progress towards a demilitarised society which would be accompanied by an increase in individual liberty"[6].
War Resisters' International, 1995[7]
Perceptions of one's own masculinity play an important role in producing "willingness to serve" in the military. The fear to lose one's "masculinity" can produce willingness to serve in the military in spite of opposition to military and military solutions. This is especially true for working class masculinities which emphasize physical strength, and can easily be exploited by the military. As German researcher Hanne-Margret Birckenbach puts it: "Under the disguise of 'no to killing - yes to killing for the purpose of defence' conscientious objectors and those willing to perform military service do not only fight about military violence, but also - without knowing - about ideals of masculinity"[8].
While it might be easy for refusal movements to reject the notion of the "man as warrior", it is much more difficult to embrace the issue of gender (and sexuality, for that matter) fully, but the more important. Cynthia Enloe writes: "As we have accumulated more and more evidence from more and more societies, we have become increasingly confident in this assertion that to omit gender from any explanation how militarization occurs, is not only to risk a flawed political analysis; it is to risk, too, a perpetually unsuccessful campaign to roll back that militarization"[9].
As long as we as antimilitarists continue to reproduce the gender stereotype of the "strong and powerful man" in our nonviolent actions and in the image of total resisters, who are "strong enough" to face prison, our efforts will be doomed. It will be crucial for the refusal movement (and the nonviolent movement in general) to develop forms of nonviolent action that address all forms of violence - direct physical violence, structural violence and cultural violence. If we fail to do so, then we are doomed to engage in a "perpetually unsuccessful campaign to roll back that militarization" (Enloe).
With three different case studies, we want to raise some important issues/challenges for CO movements.
In South Africa existed the system of Apartheid. White people held the power and separated all coloured people from participating in the society. Organisations with a majority of black people like ANC struggled against this system. In order to maintain the power of white people the military and government created an obligatory military service for white men. Such was the situation in 1983, when a campaign was started by white and as well as coloured people who wanted to work against the Apartheid system. The campaign was called End Conscription Campaign, ECC, a name speaking for itself
Conscription was the main basis to maintain the system of Apartheid. Only white men were obliged to fulfill the military service, but also coloured people went to the army on voluntary basis. In the middle of the 80s, the South African Defence Force had about 900.000 soldiers. With the system of conscription the regime also tried to commit white people to the system.
Therefore the founding of a group of white people to fight against this main basis of the Apartheid system was a very important step. It ( challenged) the mainstream. It showed solidarity with the struggle of coloured people. And it gave the idea that every man could struggle against the system.
The governments reacted by introducing a law on conscientious objection. This law had a very repressive character. Military service was one and a half time longer than military service, six years altogether. Mostly Jehovas witnesses made applications. This law, however, wasn't seen as an alternative. In the following years some of the conscientious objectors who refused it, like Charles Bester and David Bruce were sentenced to the maximum penalty of six years. A lot of conscripts left South Africa.
Some years after the foundation of ECC, in 1987, the first 23 conscientious objectors went public. They declared their conscientious objection as a part of a struggle against the militarized system, against the system of Apartheid. And they didn't make an official application to get the status of conscientious objection. Furthermore soldiers who had to fight in Angola and the townships reported about the cruelty there and the crimes of the South African army.
The year after, 1988, 143 went on public, and the following year about 1.000. ECC started to open a register to give this struggle more publicity.
At that time ECC demanded a better law. The organisation asked for a civil service with the same duration as the military service which would provide opportunities to work in alternative projects. But in the organisation itself this position was discussed and it stayed in contradiction to the name of ECC. Until this time ECC also started to inform conscripts about their possibilities how to evade military service. You could see a leaflet with information about exemptions, struggle against the call-up, leaving the country, not informing the authorities about one's new address and so on. At least the facts decided the main thrust of the struggle. In the beginning of the 90s more and more evaded the military service. And the government didn't see the chance to prosecute them. This was a decision: Evading the draft was much better than leaving conscientious objection result in a long civil service period. And most men did just that, finally, about 70%. The arrested objectors were released.
In August 1993 the defence ministry stopped the call-ups. This was the end of the conscription system in South Africa.
ECC stopped its work after reaching this one point goal. It was a success in one point of the militarisation, but it didn't stop the militarisation of the country in itself. Today South Africa has the biggest army in Africa, there is no right of conscientious objection, South Africa exports weapons and is sending troops in different parts of Africa. Though, the achievements of the ECC are impressive. Some important things added to each other:
although the activists had different opinions about the way and the struggle it was possible to work for one goal: to fight against conscription as one part of the apartheid system;
ECC considered exil organisations from conscripts in Great Britain, Germany and The Netherland as well as conscripts and reservists who just evaded the military service as playing an important role in the struggle, though they didn't take a stand in public. ECC said this is a vote with their feet;
ECC went out to tell the situation in South Africa and their struggle in the whole world. We organized tours in Germany, but they went to other countries as well.
The struggle for conscientious objectors was seen as an important part of the ruling minority in South Africa;
ECC got a lot of international support from South African refugees in Great Britain, from WRI, from our organisation and some others. David Bruce who stayed about four years in prison got 24,000 postcards.
The first publicly known case in Greece was the conscientious objector Michalis Marangakis in December 1986. He was arrested some months later and sentenced to four years imprisonment. After calling against the decision the penalty was reduced to 26 months. Shortly thereafter Thanassis Makris went the same way. At last he was sentenced to 18 months of prison.
In both cases a big international campaign was started, demanding to recognize conscientious objection and to release the objectors. Hundreds of protest letters were sent to the Greek president. At the same time the Greek Solidarity Committee organized events and demonstrations and supported about 20 addional conscientious objectors.
Because of the international support conscientious objectors didn't have to face harsh prosecution after the cases of Michalis Marangakis and Thanassis Makris. But arrest warrants forced them to live in the underground - as it is currently the case in Turkey. From 1990 to 1997 only three were arrested. Most of them got a suspended sentence of one year prison.
Also during that same time a lot of conscripts went abroad, for example to Germany. Since they had a right to stay in Germany as citizens of the European Union they were able to evade military service. About 3.000 to 4.000 a year used another way: They declared themselves as mentally deranged and were exempted from military service.
During the whole time the Greek group demanded to introduce a law recognizing conscientious objection including the proposal for a civil service. A group of total resisters worked separately, but couldn't get much attention. The Greek government had promised the introduction of a law since 1988. A law came in 1997, which was very restrictive. The duration of civil service was 18 months longer than military service. Soldiers and reservists don't have the right to declare their conscientious objection.
Since then some conscientious objectors were sentenced to six to 24 months of prison. Lazaros Petromelidis has been prosecuted since 1992 and is refusing to serve 30 months of civil service instead of 4 months of military service. Once more they were called-up only to be prosecuted again. EBCO, amnesty international and War Resisters' International declared in May 2005 that Greece is breaking the European consensus. But nothing changed.
The question is, why it wasn't possible to gain better results in Greece. We had to see
the fact that the group of conscientious objectors didn't succeed in questioning the very important role of military in Greek society;
that it wasn't possible to include the whole resistance in one common strategy: draft evaders, total resisters and conscientious objectors;
it was overlooked that a law should include solutions for conscripts as well as for soldiers and reservists - and for conscientious objectors of the past (no amnesties).
Paraguay got the right to conscientious objection with the new constitution of 1992, after the end of the Stroessner dictatorship in 1989. According to art. 37: "The right to conscientious objection for ethical or religious reasons is hereby recognized for those cases in which this Constitution and the law permit it." Para. 5 of art. 129 states: "Those who declare conscientious objection will provide services to benefit the civilian population, in aid centers designated by law and operated under civilian jurisdiction. The law implementing the right to conscientious objection will be neither punitive nor impose burdens heavier than those imposed by military service."[10]
It is important to note that the constitution does not refer to any procedure for the recognition of conscientious objectors, and this is generally interpreted in a way that there is no basis for any examination of a claim of conscientious objection. However, a law on conscientious objection has never been implemented. In practice this means that in Paraguay the right to CO is recognised, without any investigation of a CO claim, and without any substitute service.
The Paraguayan conscientious objection movement started in 1993, with a first public declaration of five conscientious objectors. In August 1994, the third public declaration of conscientious objectors took place in the offices of the human rights commission of the parliament, and lead to the establishment of a simple procedure for the recognition of conscientious objectors: a conscientious objector declares his/her objection in front of the commission, and will then be provided with a CO ID card by this commission. This ID card has the same status as a military ID, this means it protects from recruitment and ensures the CO can present an ID whenever the law requires a military ID.
Since the beginning of the CO movement, the numbers rose dramatically: from 5 in 1993 to 12,000 in 1999 and 2000, and 41,000 in 2001, when there were attempts to restrict the right to conscientious objection. Today, there are roughly 8,000 COs annually, 5,500 serving in the military, and 45,000 evading military service[11].
In 2003, attempts to pass a law on conscientious objection were finally shelved.
MOC-Py (Movimiento de Objeción de Conciencia Paraguay) understands itself as a "political, antimilitarist, and alternative movement"[12]:
political, because it is aimed at the transformation of society, resisting any form of domination and discrimination;
antimilitarist, because the movement radically rejects any form of militarism and all military institutions, and works to abolish war;
alternative, because the movement proposes alternatives values[13].
The movement in Paraguay used certain tactics and strategies, which will be briefly listed here.
A cornerstone were massive public and collective declarations of conscientious objectors. Public and collective are important, as these two aspects work against the individualisation of conscientious objectors, which is so often inherent in a focus on individual conscience. This included on 9 April 1999 the first public declaration of women objectors, although women are not conscripted according to Paraguayan law.
This was accompanied by information and campaigning on related issues such as military expenditure.
Nonviolent direct action also played a vital role in highlighting the issues in relation to conscientious objection and antimilitarism.
The work of MOC-Py often focused on coalitions, on building what in Spanish is called a "colchón social?h, which can best be translated as ?gsocial mattress?h. This means creating a broad network of support from all spectres of societies and walks of life: journalists, churches, artists, parliamentarians, judges, members of political parties, NGOs, etc... Important partners for MOC-Py were the Families of Victims of Military Service, as well as youth and human rights organisations.
In its struggle MOC-Py always used a variety of strategies, often simultaneously. These included legal/juridical, social and political strategies. One important feature often was the use of divisions within the ruling political party, and between the ruling and the opposition party. The constitutional recognition of the right to conscientious objection, for example, has been achieved in this way.
In spite of the successes of the Paraguayan CO movement, problems remain. Especially in rural areas, there are problems such as forced recruitment and psychological pressure, with the military going from house to house in order to recruit. And in spite of the number of COs, Paraguay has in recent years experienced an increased militarisation, especially in the triple-border area and with US troops in the country.
However, in terms of the right to conscientious objection, the achievements are impressive, and largely due to the CO movement. It has to be highlighted that Paraguay is and remains so far the only country in the world where the right to CO is recognised and is NOT linked to a substitute service. This is largely due to the clear antimilitarist perspective of the Paraguayan CO movement, which never promoted substitute service as an alternative to military service.
Although the three situations differ greatly, some important aspects can be summarised:
The need to put the struggle for CO into a broader context: the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, or against militarism and for demilitarisation in the context of Paraguay.
The need for a broader strategy, which is inclusive, and does not only focus on legal aspect (a law on conscientious objection).
Obviously, each country has its own political context. Strategies that worked in one context cannot just be copied in another context. However, lessons can be learned, which can be used for the development of appropriate strategies in Turkey, or elsewhere. The case studies presented here can be used for exactly this purpose - to learn from other successful or less successful CO movements, and adapt the strategies for use in Turkey.
[1] Kurt Tucholsky (as Ignaz Wrobel): Über wirkungsvollen Pazifismus, in Weltbühne, 11 October 1927
Quoted from: Kurt Tucholsky: Unser Militär! Schriften gegen Krieg und Militarismus. Büchergilde Gutenberg, Frankfurt/Olten/Wien 1982, p396-401 (translation into English by the author)
[2] Question of conscientious objection to military service. Report by Mr. Eide and Mr. Mubanga-Chipoya, 27 June 1983, E/CN.4Sub.2/1983/30, paragraph 21
[3] Bart Horeman looks at the different translations of the term in the draft European constitution: Bart Horeman: Conscientious objection in the EU constitution, 26 April 2006 (unpublished). However, these are only the "legal", or "official" terms. Conscientious objection movements might adopt other terms, as the Spanish MOC did with the term "insumisión".
[4] Pietro Pinna:Functions and policy of WRI, War Resistance, Vol 3, 1st & 2nd quarters 1973
[5] at ICOMs [International Conscientious Objectors' Meetings - the last one took place in 1996 in Chad, AS]
[6] Rafa Sainz de Rozas, Hugo Valiente: Conscription and strategies around conscientious objection, The Broken Rifle No 32, June 1995, Report on the XXI Triennial Conference of War Resisters' International, https://wri-irg.org/en/publication/broken-rifle/32/broken-rifle?language=
[8] Hanne-Margret Birckenbach: Das ambivalente Verhältnis zur Gewalt. Psychosoziale Grundlagen militärischer Kampfausbildung. In: antimilitarismus information, no 7/1986
[9] Cynthia Enloe: Beyond 'Rambo': Women and the Varieties of Militarized Masculinity. In: Eva Isaksson (ed.): Women and the Military System. Proceedings of a symposium arranged by the International Peace Bureau and Peace Union of Finland. New York/London/Toronto/Sydney/Tokyo 1988
[10] English version: https://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/pa00000_.html, accessed 17 February 2007, spanish version at http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Paraguay/para1992.html, accessed 17 February 2007
[11] MOC-Py: Presentation at the "International Meeting of Solidarity for Conscientious Objection in Colombia", Bogota, 18-20 July 2006 (unpublished)
[12] MOC-Py: Declaracion ideologica, http://moc-py.cabichui.org/index.php?catid=2&blogid=1, accessed 17 February 2007
[13] MOC-Py: Declaracion ideologica


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Pakistan Studies 2059
Establishment of Pakistan 1947 to 1948
Key Question 11: How successful was the establishment of an independent nation between 1947 and 1948?
Immediate Problems Faced by Pakistan
• The boundaries of Pakistan were carved in an urgency.
• It led to great human suffering, loss of money, property, and the lives of many.
• An independent homeland was established for Muslims but at great cost and there were some extreme immediate problems faced by the country in its initial year.
• Many problems arose because of the injustice of the Radcliffe award; Gurdaspur and Ferozepur were Muslim majority areas, yet they were awarded to India. This led to
- The refugee problem.
- Kashmir dispute.
- Indus water dispute.
Geographical Problems:
• Pakistan came into existence, but it was geographically divided into two wings.
• Both the wings were separated by 1000 miles, these thousand miles belonged to India.
• Both wings had only one thing that connected them; Islam.
• The East Pakistan comprised of Bengal and Sylhet that voted to join Pakistan in a referendum.
• West Pakistan comprises of West Punjab, NWFP, Sindh, and Balochistan.
• The many Princely States also joined Pakistan willingly including Bahawalpur, Swat, Dir, Chitral, Hunza, Gilgit, and Amb.
Economic Problems:
• Before partition, the money India had was equal to 4 thousand million rupees.
• In December 1947, with the agreement of both countries, it was decided that Pakistan will get 750 million rupees.
• However, Pakistan only got 200 million and the remaining 550 million were withheld on the plea.
• They feared that if all the funds were given to Pakistan, the country will initiate a war for Kashmir with this money.
• But Gandhi pressurized the Indian government and 500 million rupees were releases and 50 million rupees were retained to settle some unknown claim against the country.
• Since divided India was bigger than Pakistan, it got its lion's share in everything.
• The economic assets Pakistan received were as follows:
- 10% of Industrial enterprises.
- 6.5% of Industrial workers.
- 5% of electrical capacity.
- 10% of mineral deposits.
Social Problems:
• Pakistan comprised of five different regions (population groupings); Bengalis, Pakhtuns, Punjabis, Sindhis, and Balochs.
• These groups of people had different, languages, cultures, traditions and lifestyles.
• In 1947, the Balochis and Bengalis became uncertain about becoming a part of Pakistan where the official language will be Urdu; a language that was unknown to them.
• Some historians also stated these five groupings as five different nations.
Princely States Accession:
• Before partition, there were around 560 princely states.
• Lord Mountbatten gave these states the right to join either Pakistan or India.
• Many states based on their location and religion accepted reality and made a straight away choice.
• However, there were four states Kashmir, Hyderabad, Jodhpur and Junagadh that wanted to become fully autonomous and didn't want to join either of the countries.
Hyderabad:
• It was the largest princely state and the richest.
• Its population comprise of around 86% of non-Muslims but the ruler, Nizam was a Muslim.
• He didn't want to concede with India or Pakistan.
• Lord Mountbatten and the Indian Government pressurized Nizam to join India.
• Nizam also filed a complaint in the UN but even before the hearing, Indian troops entered Hyderabad and captured it.
Junagadh:
• Junagadh was not situated anywhere within the Pakistani territory.
• It had 80% Hindu population under the rule of a Muslim ruler, Nawab.
• Nawab wanted to concede with Pakistan but the Indian Government protested.
• Troops were sent and Junagadh was captured by India.
Jodhpur:
• Most of the population were Hindu there, but the ruler of Jodhpur was a Muslim.
• He wanted to concede with Pakistan, but Mountbatten forced him to join India.
Kashmir:
• Kashmir had great strategic importance as its boundaries touch with Tibet, China, Russia, and Afghanistan.
• It had 78% Muslim population, but the ruler was a Hindu and did not want to join any country.
• Mountbatten asked him to drop this practice and come to a decision before 15 August 1947.
• He requested for more time to decide and asked to sign a standstill agreement. India refused to sign but Pakistan consented.
• The local people started pressurizing the ruler that they want to concede with Pakistan because of their religion.
• The people started a protest against his indecisiveness.
• The ruler of Kashmir got scared and asked his troops to open fire on the protestors.
• Hundreds of local people died.
• A local, Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim stand against his brutality and set up a government as Azad Kashmir.
• The government of Azad Kashmir began a war against the ruler.
• In October 1947 the Pakhtuns of NWFP wanted to avenge the deaths of their brothers and invaded Kashmir and reached its capital, Srinagar.
• The ruler sensed his defeat and ran to Jammu to hide and asked for help from the Indian government.
• India agreed to help on one condition, that Kashmir will become a part of India.
• India sent in Srinagar troops to launch a full-stack attack against the Pakhtuns.
• Pakistan was pressurized by General Gracey, who was Pakistan Army's commander in chief to not intervene.
• India attacked the Pakhtuns with full force and forced them to move back to Pakistan.
• Pakistan with its troops did a full-scale war with Indian troops and took control over the Azad Kashmir.
• The Security Council asked for an immediate ceasefire and removal of both countries' troops.
• United Nations took on the responsibility to resolve the Kashmir dispute by voting and the resolution of the ceasefire implemented in Kashmir in 1949.
• The ceasefire is active till now, but no voting has been done yet by the UN.
Division of Military and Government Assets:
• It had been decided that all the assets will be divided between the two countries in ratio, 17:5.
• Reflecting this predetermined ratio, the armed forces and military assets were divided as such that 36% given to Pakistan and 64% given to India.
• The soldiers were given the liberty to decide whichever country they wish to join.
• Predictably, Muslim soldiers came to Pakistan and non-Muslims chose India to serve with their lives.
• As a result, Pakistan's armed forces accumulated 150,000 men with 25,00 trained Muslim officers only.
• Muslim was short of four thousand officers and to close the gap, Jinnah hired 500 British Officers.
• All 16 artillery factories were in India's territory and they were reluctant to hand over any.
• Eventually, India agreed to hand over the cash dividend of 60 million rupees to Pakistan in place of the factories.
• The artillery that India handed over to Pakistan was either worn out or obsolete.
• India had officials and members of Congress with experience to take over the government but in Pakistan, the members of the constituent assembly had little to no experience, they were nothing more than landlords with money.
The Canal Water Dispute:
• The Redcliffe Award awarded Ferozepur to India, it cut through River Sutlej and Ravi making Pakistan the lower beneficiary and India the upper beneficiary.
• The west wing of Pakistan was fertile but dry and relied on an irrigation system that draws water from river Chenab, Jhelum, and Indus.
• The flow of water was controlled by a series of "Head Works" that was on the Indian side of Punjab.
• Indian government promised not to intervene with the flow of water, but they went against their promise and stopped the water on 1 April 1948.
• This caused a huge loss to the economy of Pakistan because it mainly depended on agriculture.
• Initially, Pakistan paid a huge sum of money to buy water from India, late the government brought the case to the International Court of Justice.
• At first, India was reluctant to give water to Pakistan but on 1st May 1948, a temporary agreement was reached i.e. Pakistan can have the water through the irrigation system only if they try to find their alternative way of water supplies.
The Refugees Problem:
• It all started with the Redcliffe award's announcement of the boundaries of Punjab and Bengal.
• The Sikhs community was enraged as they lost Guru Nanak's birthplace.
• The Sikhs along with Hindus were organized, armed and prepared a massacre of Muslim refugees.
• The princely states with Muslims as a minority saw many attacks on Muslims with the support of the Indian troops.
• With partition a massive migration took place, about seventeen million people left their homes, businesses, and properties to protect their lives.
• About 7 million people migrated to West Pakistan from India and millions of Hindus migrated from Pakistan to India in fear.
• In 1947, Karachi alone received 2 million refugees.
• The trains and caravans of refugees were attacked, and many innocents died in the brutal cycle of revenge on both sides of the borders.
• Some refugees migrated willingly and brought with them their valuables, but others were not so lucky and were forced to leave India to save their lives.
• Pakistan was a new country, suffering from many economic crises, and it became extremely difficult to accommodate this many refugees.
• Despite the crises, Muhammad Ali Jinnah set up a Relief Fund for the refugees and the people of Pakistan came forward to donate as much as they can for the refugees.
Role of Quaid – e – Azam as Governor-General 1947 – 1948
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor-General of Pakistan on 15th August 1947.
• He also took the role of Chief Executive to handle the new country.
• He was the president of the constituent assembly and did cabinet meetings.
• Although, Jinnah did not live long enough to help the country survive in its initial years yet his services as a Governor-General are nothing less than remarkable.
Formation of a Nation:
• Pakistan was carved in a way that it was geographically divided into two parts and there was nothing that Quaid-e-Azam could do in this matter.
• But he continued to emphasize and stressed people to consider themselves as Pakistani rather than Bengali, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pathan or Balochi.
• Jinnah called himself the "Protector of General Minorities".
• He ensured the minorities of Pakistan that in this country no discrimination will be done on the basis of religion.
• He set up a Relief Fund to help rehabilitate the refugees.
• On 30th September 1947, he successfully acquired a member of UNO (United Nations Organization) that helped the country gained support & recognition both from other countries.
Establishment of Government:
• There was no proper administrative equipment and machinery and Jinnah paid his attention to set it up.
• Karachi was declared the capital of the country and the Central Secretariat was set up there.
• Under the leadership of the father of the nation, the government officers willingly began their work with zeal and sentiment of sacrifices.
• Liaquat Ali Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
• Understanding the urgency and need for the constitution for the new country, Jinnah set up a constituent assembly.
• He created the Federal Court and completed the judicial structure of administration.
• To draft the civil services rules, the Civil Services were accredited.
Economy and Handling of Crisis:
• On 1st July 1948, Jinnah established the State Bank of Pakistan to give Pakistan monetary independence.
• In 1948, Jinnah proposed his Industrial Policy Statement that made the government's intention to set up industries in Pakistan quickly very eminent.
• Jinnah handled the canal water dispute smartly by taking the case to the International Court of Justice.
• Jinnah also persuaded the Indian government to hand over Pakistan's agreed share of financial assets.
Prioritizing National Security:
• India gave Pakistan poor quality artillery and Pakistan lacked 4000 trained Military officers. To counter that issue, he immediately hired 500 British Officers.
• Despite being outnumbered and using the worn-out weapons, the Pakistan army held its ground in the war against India in Kashmir.
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One of the great successes of The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 has been increased awareness of powers of attorney and the valuable role they play in ensuring that the affairs of an adult, who is no longer capable, continue to be looked after.
Having someone of their choosing already in place takes a huge burden off everyone's shoulders especially if swift action is required. Traditionally, powers of attorney were the preserve of the wealthy who would often appoint their solicitor as their "man of business" to fulfil that role. Prior to 1991 the power of attorney would cease if the granter became incapable. It was therefore, strictly, not possible for the attorney to continue to act after that.
Two things have changed in recent years. The first is that powers of attorney now do not lapse when the granter becomes incapable. This means that the powers conferred can continue to be used even if the granter himself can't supervise what is happening. That, of course, is the whole point of continuing powers of attorney.
The second is that more often than not it will be family members who are appointed. This, again, makes sense in that they are more likely to know the circumstances and what is the right thing to do. And, of course, it keeps costs down. The combination, however, of these two changes opens up a new problem. We are seeing an increase in cases where the attorney has abused the powers they have been granted. Although the Office of the Public Guardian has power to intervene if things are brought to its attention, there is no automatic supervision of the actions of attorneys.
The granter is incapable and in a care home, paying handsomely for their care. Their money is dropping rapidly. The attorney can see their hoped-for inheritance disappear if they don't do something to prevent it from being "frittered away" on care home fees. There can be a misplaced sense of moral entitlement which can cloud their judgement.
In a recent English case a son felt justified in charging his mother £400 a day for visiting her and dealing with her business. His appointment was revoked by the court.
Attorneys always need to remember that any action they take using their powers has to comply with the general principles set out in the Act. Any action taken must have the incapable adult firmly at the centre of the decision-making and be for their benefit. An attorney must not allow their personal interests or prejudices to conflict with their duties towards the granter.
They may try to justify inappropriate behaviour on the basis that all they are doing is what their parent would have wanted, which is also one of the general principles. However, that may not be enough to prevent some serious consequences if the spotlight is shone on the actions they have taken. The vast majority of cases work well, but when appointing an attorney you have to be aware that there is a risk that the people who you have put your trust in, might not always do as they should.


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How Google swept the world
By Richard Thomson
Updated: 19:00 EST, 16 April 2003
WHILE the world's collective mind is riveted on Iraq, it turns out that a curious mixture of Hollywood, soccer and poison comes a fairly close second in global concerns. You can tell by consulting Google, the internet search engine that is fast becoming a household name among even the least technology-savvy computer users and a cult among geeks.
With about 67 million users worldwide and 150 million searches per day, Google is probably the best method yet devised of finding out what interests extremely large numbers of people at any given moment.
Google Zeitgeist tells you which queries on its search engine are growing fastest. A couple of weeks ago, the war topped the list, followed by the Oscars, Michael Moore (the American documentary film maker), Uefa, Ricin (the poison) and Adrien Brody (the actor). It's an excellent way to keep your finger on, well, the zeitgeist.
It works because of the huge appeal of Google, which in turn stems from the company's almost fanatical zeal to deliver the best search engine on the web. That zeal has created one of the few solid internet successes to endure from the boom of the late 1990s.
Google's 'user base' is vast because the search engine's structure is deceptively simple: technology so sophisticated that it gladdens the hearts of hardened computer geeks, allied with an ease of use that is within the grasp of the average Archers listener. Remarkably, it got a mention on Radio Four's long-running soap as grumpy old Joe Grundy sang its praises to a fellow pensioner in a recent episode.
It also helps that the company is extremely well run, refusing to be distracted from its core business as so many internet failures allowed themselves to be.
Google hit the scene in 1998 with a radical new idea. A classic start-up-in-a-garage, it was the brainchild of two Stanford University graduate students, Sergey Brin and Larry Page. A simple search engine finds your search word on as many web pages as it can see and shows you the results. But the web's early search engines were becoming discredited through policies which allowed advertisers to pay for a high listing in a search.
Google changed all that. It not only finds pages with your search phrase on them, it then ranks the results according to the number and importance of other web pages that link to each search result page. It is, in effect, a simple popularity contest. The result: you get more relevant results from your search.
And it does so with staggering speed. Four years ago, the average search took about three seconds. Relentless effort by Google engineers has whittled that down to 0.2 seconds. Slower than that, the company says, and users' productivity starts to drop.
As an analysis of the company in Fast Company, the American business magazine, points out, the need for speed is reflected in the site's design. A mere 37 words adorn its home page. No graphics, no extraneous information, nothing that could possibly slow down the download time. And nothing at all to distract from the firm's core function: searches.
'We have only one product,' says Urs Holzle, a Google engineer. 'That's search. We don't show people things that they aren't interested in because, in the long term, that will kill your business.'
While obsessively focusing on simplicity, speed and reliability, Google uses its loyal users in a way almost no other internet company does to improve and extend its product. For instance, it gives outside developers free access to its code.
To most companies that's anathema but to Google it is a way of expanding its use to areas that the company itself would never have thought of. Hence the collection of games and toys devised by geeks, based on Google's search technology.
Play Google Smackdown to discover which of two competing queries gets more search results. Or Googlewhack to find two words in a single search that will produce one single search result.
Pointless, perhaps, but amusing. And one of these days some anonymous developer somewhere will discover a killer application for Google that Google itself would never have thought of but can profit from.
It also uses its users to test out new ideas. A select group of geeks inside the company form Google Labs, whose task is to think up and develop new applications for the search engine. They then try them out on the public in beta form to see if they'll fly. Google Viewer, which gives you a sort of video version of your search results, has made it through the testing. So too has Voice Search, which lets you phone in a search for a fee.
But you can still help to test drive newer concepts such as Froogle, a way of making instant price comparisons for the same product between different online shops. Or you can try out Google News, a handy news page with headlines and stories culled from some 4,000 sources that is automatically updated all day long.
If the experiment isn't popular with users or they find that the technology won't work efficiently, it is quietly withdrawn and trashed. If it works and it reaches a critical mass of regular users it will probably find a place in Google's growing list of products based on its core search technology.
And that's a clue to how Google makes money. Part of its revenue comes from licensing its search engine to businesses - around 130 companies in 30 countries pay to use it.
Perhaps more important, though, is revenue from advertising. For most internet companies, advertising has turned out to be a big disappointment. Hardly anyone 'clicks through' on a banner ad and without a click-through the site usually earns no money.
But Google has cracked the problem by using its search technology to make ads relevant. Ads are linked to specific search words. But if an ad gets few clickthroughs, it slips down the page until, if judged too irrelevant, it gets taken off. This means ads on Google are likely to have far more relevance to the users who see them than on other websites. It says the click-through rate is at least five times higher than on other sites. And five times as much revenue for Google.
Combine that with Google's enormous user base and you have a company that makes real money. Since Google is not publicly quoted, its financial results are a matter of some guesswork, but analysts estimate its annual revenues at between $50m (£32m) to $300m.
For an internet company these days, either figure is healthy. Wall Street investment bankers hang around Google with their tongues hanging out, hoping for the privilege of taking the company public. It would probably be worth upwards of $3 billion and could bring life back to the moribund technology flotations market.
So far, though, Google refuses. The intrusion of stock market investors would simply be a distraction from the key business of making a faster, better search engine.
The games people play
• Googlism: Look up a name or a thing and see what the web is saying about it. Examples: Tony Blair 'is safe from spam', 'is a grinnywimp', 'is virtually starkers', 'is everywhere except Britain'. George W Bush 'is the antichrist', 'is a poopy', 'is an android'.
• Google Poetry: Create your own poetry using Google search results. Choice of verse styles include Hippie, Beatnik, Shakespeare and Swedish Chef.
• Google Smackdown: Make two search words go head to head and see which gets the most citations on the web. (Blair: 3,420,000; Saddam: 2,740,000)
• Googlewhack: Find that elusive query (two words - no quote marks) with a single, solitary result.
• Google Cooking: Don't know what to do with the miscellaneous ingredients in your fridge? Put them into this search and find the perfect recipe.


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Housing Scrutiny Commission - Monday, 7 November 2022 5:30 pm
Agenda reports pack PDF 4 MB
Venue: Meeting Room G.01, Ground Floor, City Hall, 115 Charles Street, Leicester, LE1 1FZ
Contact: Jerry Connolly, Scrutiny Policy Officer, Email: Jerry.Connolly@leicester.gov.uk Jason Tyler, Democratic Support Officer, Email: jason.tyler@leicester.gov.uk
Apologies were received from Councillor Gee.
Members were asked to declare any interests they had in the business on the agenda.
Councillor Aqbany declared that a large number of his constituents were on District Heating.
MINUTES OF THE PREVIOUS MEETING PDF 151 KB
The minutes of the meeting of the Housing Scrutiny Commission held on 22nd September 2022 have been circulated, and Members are asked to confirm them as a correct record.
AGREED:
That the minutes of the meeting held 22 September 2022 be confirmed as a correct record.
The Monitoring Officer to report on the receipt of any petitions received in accordance with Council procedures.
The Monitoring Officer reported that none had been received.
QUESTIONS, REPRESENTATIONS OR STATEMENTS OF CASE
The Monitoring Officer to report on the receipt of any questions, representations or statements of case received in accordance with Council procedures.
RENT ARREARS REPORT (APRIL 2022 to SEPT 2022) PDF 579 KB
The Director of Housing submits a report providing information on the progress of steps taken to address rent arrears during the period April 2022 to September 2022.
Members of the Commission will be asked to comment and note the contents of the report.
The Director of Housing submitted a report providing information on the progress of steps taken to manage rent arrears during the period April 2022 to September 2022.
The Head of Service for Housing presented the item, it was noted that:
· At the end of September 2022, the cash amount outstanding from rent arrears was £2.4m, this was 5% higher than the same point last year. There was an upwards pattern for rent arrears in the September period.
· The rising cost of living was putting many tenants under increased financial pressure.
· The current rent collection rate stood at 100%.
· Currently there were 1,400 tenants who owed more than 7 weeks rent. This was a reduced value from pre-Covid.
· The total value of the top 500 arrears cases had declined by 16% when compared to the same time last year.
· 6k tenants were claiming UC and 72% of those tenants were on rent arrears.
· Housing Officers worked closely with the DWP to support employment for tenants.
· The Rent Management Advisers had received 440 referrals, 35% of those required longer-term support.
· Only 2 evictions had been carried out over the last 6 months, a significant reduction of pre-Covid numbers.
· The team supported tenants in applying for Discretionary Housing Payments. In recent months many applications were being rejected due to limited funding. Therefore, alternative sources of funding would need to be considered.
· A rise in rent arrears was expected due to the cost-of-living crisis, there was confidence in the resilience of the team regardless of this. The priority would remain early intervention.
In response to Members' questions, it was noted that:
· Given the incoming reduction in DHP, other sources of funding would be considered. The potential use of the Household Support Fund was an option.
· 2% of housing stock was currently void, many properties were void for extended periods due to needing to fix damage. Capital works were also undertaken during void periods.
· When language barriers were present, many tenants used friends and family to translate. The Council could also provide translators. The income management team featured Officers with a variety of languages.
The Chair praised the work of the department in this area and noted that this work would get harder.
That the Commission notes the update.
HRA CAPITAL PROGRAMME AND HOUSE BUILDING UPDATE PDF 998 KB
The Director of Housing will provide a presentation giving details of the HRA Capital Programme and House Building update.
The Director of Housing provided a presentation giving details of the HRA Capital Programme and house building.
· The HRA Capital Programme was responsible for property refurbishments, electrical upgrades, and other property upgrades.
· Works were decided by looking at the life cycle data of different house facilities. Legislation changes also updated housing regulations so that also informed works. Survey work was undertaken to determine if works were actually required once a life cycle was complete.
· Work was carried out by a variety of contractors who were procured or appointed via corporate frameworks.
· Projects were often a response to new legislation such as sprinkler installation. Projects also included acquisitions and demolitions.
· Various house building projects were currently ongoing.
· The work for 6 sites had been contracted to Robert Woodhead Construction who had recently gone into voluntary liquidation. A procurement plan for the sires affected was in the process of being agreed.
· A scheme was being designed for a development at the Forest Lodge Education Centre.
· The Stocking Farm redevelopment would bring 45 new affordable homes.
· The development on the Southfields Newry site would bring 50 new affordable homes.
· A delivery plan was being developed for the next 4 years, this delivery plan would be more weighted towards development whereas previous plans were focused more on acquisitions.
· The Robert Woodhead liquidation did not present a financial risk as only completed work had been paid for.
· It was hoped that the changing landscape in the construction industry would mean that there was more opportunity for more competitive pricing.
· The Hydra Walk development was one of the sites affected by the Robert Woodhead liquidation. The work would now be carried out by a refurbishment contractor. Residents would be informed of the development.
· All new homes covered in the presentation would be affordable.
· Preston Lodge was a building of interest but the current status could not be disclosed.
1. That the Commission requests that Ward Councillors be briefed on developments in their areas so that they can give that information to enquiring constituents.
2. That the Commission requests that a further update be brought in 6 months.
3. That the Commission requests that Members' comments be taken into account by Officers.
HOMELESSNESS REVIEW 2022 REPORT PDF 262 KB
The Director of Housing submits a report providing information on the Homelessness Review and the formulation of a Homelessness Strategy.
Members will be invited to comment on the report.
Homelessness Review 2022 Appendix 1 , item 45. PDF 988 KB
Summary of key points Appendix 2 , item 45. PDF 154 KB
The Director of Housing submitted a report providing information on the Homelessness Review and the formulation of a Homelessness Strategy.
The Director of Housing presented the item, it was noted that:
· The current Homelessness Strategy would come to an end in 2023 after 5 years. At that point a new Strategy would be launched.
· A public consultation took place between July and September taking feedback about existing Homelessness Services. 91 responses were received in total with a large number coming from the Voluntary Sector. This consultation informed the 2022 Homelessness Review on which the Strategy would be based.
· The main challenges highlighted in the review were centred around the supply of affordable and social housing. Due to this there were increased wait times for Council homes meaning longer time spent in temporary accommodation. The other key issue was the affordability of the PRS.
· Whilst there was success with getting rough sleepers off the street, there were increasing numbers of new rough sleeps still going onto the streets.
· The Council were usually unable to assist those with no recourse for public funds so other move on accommodation was needed for them.
· For ex-offenders there had been good progress with the launch of the new LLR wide protocol but there needed to be effective pathways across LLR with the upcoming opening of HMP Fosse Way.
· Work was ongoing with Public Health to undertake the healthcare needs assessment for homeless people.
· The main gaps in the Service highlighted by the consultation were on the need for more assistance accessing the PRS, the supply of temporary accommodation, and increased support for those with mental health and substance abuse issues.
· Work had begun on drafting the new Strategy. The Strategy would include an action plan. The final proposed Strategy would be brought back to the Commission after public consultation.
· The Council worked with housing associations, with vacant properties being put through the choice based letting system. Therefore, registering with housing associations was not needed for getting those homes.
· The priority for homelessness groups was getting people off of rough sleeping, therefore certain donations that sustained a street lifestyle might not be wanted. It was suggested that items such as warm clothing could be donated to foodbanks or other suitable charities.
· Over winter there would be an arrangement where nobody would need to sleep rough.
· There were arrangements to ensure quality in the private rented sector for those on the homelessness pathway. Including ensuring a minimum 12-month contract and that properties were fully checked. Landlords were also encouraged to get in touch with the Council when issues occurred with those on the homelessness pathway.
· The Government intended to reform Section 21 to stop no fault evictions. The Council supported this.
· There were pressures with staff shortages and the number of family cases.
· Tenants needed to play their part once the Council was informed of a possible conviction including potentially looking for other accommodation as part of their ... view the full minutes text for item 45.
DISTRICT HEATING SERVICE CHARGES PROPOSALS REPORT PDF 791 KB
The Director of Housing submits a report on the District Heating Service Charges proposals which includes an overview of the charging arrangements for tenants and leaseholders in receipt of heating and hot water through the District Heating network and the recommendations which will be presented to Full Council for an in-year increase to service charges.
Members will be asked to comment upon and note the recommendations being taken to Full Council.
The Director of Housing submitted a report on the District Heating Service Charges proposals which included an overview of the charging arrangements for tenants and leaseholders in receipt of heating and hot water through the District Heating network and the recommendations which would be presented to Full Council for an in-year increase to service charges.
· The District Heating (DH) network provided a low carbon source of heat and hot water to 2500 tenants, private leaseholders, and other organisations.
· Since the last budget had been set in February 2022, gas prices had increased by 95%, this was caused by many factors including the war in Ukraine. When the budget was set only a 20% rise in prices was forecast.
· To help offset energy bills, the Government was providing a £400 rebate to all on energy bills. There was also a £150 council tax energy rebate and low-income households were also eligible for a £650 payment to assist in general with the cost of living.
· The Government energy price cap was only linked to unit price, so many would be paying more based on their energy usage.
· The HRA was legally required to be ring fenced and to be balanced. If prices were not increased there would be a shortfall on the HRA of £1.7m by the end of the financial year, extending to over £8m by 2024.
· The incoming Government rent cap would mean that a rent rise would not be able to cover the extra pressures of gas prices.
· If DH prices were not increased, then there would have to be a significant reduction in Housing Services in order to balance the HRA.
· The Council had no obligation to subsidize energy costs for private leaseholders at the expense of tenant rents.
· Therefore, an in-year DH price increase of 70% was proposed, this would lead to an average monthly price increase of £10.31 depending on the level of energy usage and the size of properties.
· The price increase for the rest of the financial year could be covered by the Government's various support.
· Even with the new price increase, DH users would still have much cheaper prices than customers on the open market.
· Other Councils such as Hull were proposing to raise their gas charges by as much as 300%.
Joe Carroll from the Tenants' and Leaseholders' Forum raised concerns about the ability of residents to pay the new prices with extra cost of living pressures. He also noted that the prices were not linked to use as there was no metering in DH properties.
Peter Hookway from the Tenants' and Leaseholders' Forum stated that he would not be happy if Housing Services were cut due to the Council subsidizing DH prices for private leaseholders and tenants on DH.
There was discussion regarding the possibility of installing meters into DH properties. It was noted that meters would be trailed in the St Peters area as it would be easier to ... view the full minutes text for item 46.
PRIVATE RENTED SECTOR (PRS) STRATEGY PROGRESS REPORT PDF 620 KB
The Director of Housing submits a report providing a summary update on the implementation of the council's Private Rented Sector Strategy objectives.
The Director of Housing submitted a report providing a summary update on the implementation of the Council's Private Rented Sector Strategy objectives.
The Assistant City Mayor for Education and Housing introduced the item, noting that since the selective licensing scheme had been brought in, there had been a case of unsafe windows being highlighted to a landlord. Despite the landlord only owning 1 property in the selective licensing area, he fixed the windows across all 19 of his properties.
The Head of Regulatory Service presented the item, it was noted that:
· As part of this work, 6 high-level priorities had been identified. All of these priorities had either been implemented or were pending implementation and an action plan oversaw multiple tasks being delivered to improve the sector.
· The work took a holistic approach to both tenants and landlords.
· Since the launch of the selective licensing scheme there had been 126 applications and 4 licenses had been issued. There would soon be more communications to landlords regarding the scheme.
· If a landlord received accreditation with a landlord organisation, then they could be offered a discount on the selective licensing scheme.
· A bid for £200k funding had been put in for the Repayable Home Repair Loan scheme.
· The Draft Local Plan looked to have a clearer policy on HMOs and flat conversions.
· Work was progressing to substantially expand the Article 4 area in the city, tackling overconcentration of HMOs.
· The activity level of the Planning Enforcement team was higher than many other similar Local Authorities.
· A grant had been received to help identify low energy efficiency properties and support landlords improving that energy efficiency.
· A new online portal to support landlords was in progress, this would be launched alongside a similar portal for tenants.
· Landlord forums were ongoing, smaller liaison groups had also recently been launched to maintain close dialogue with landlords.
· There was a dedicated Homelessness team for private sector tenants.
· Progress had been made in taking forward work to tackle non-compliant landlords.
· An overarching principle was the need for improved intelligence and monitoring in order to have more joined-up services.
In response to Members' comments, it was noted that:
· The selective licensing scheme was in its infancy but there had been no unexpected outcomes so far.
· Meetings with landlords regarding the scheme were ongoing. Despite some opposition to the selective licensing scheme, relations with landlords were generally positive.
· Pressures in the private rented sector were more related to national issues as opposed to local issues.
· The number of applications received were proportionate to the level of staffing.
Members of the Commission raised concerns about the levels of rent rises in the private sector.
1. That the Commission requests that the benchmarking data from other Authorities be presented to the Commission.
2. That the Commission requests that regular updates on the private sector housing team be brought to the Commission.
3. That the Commission requests that data on the Local Housing Allowance be circulated to Commission Members.
WORK PROGRAMME PDF 129 KB
Members of the Commission will be asked to consider the work programme and make suggestions for additional items as it considers necessary.
The Chair requested that an update on empty homes be brought to a future Commission meeting.
There being no other business, the meeting closed at 8pm.
DATE OF NEXT MEETING
To note the next scheduled meeting of the Housing Scrutiny Committee will take place on Monday 9th January 2023 at 5.30pm at City Hall.


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OFFICE OF INTERNAL OVERSIGHT SERVICES
Inspection and Evaluation
How We Inspect and Evaluate
What We Inspect and Evaluate
How We Audit
What We Audit
Reports and Other Resources
09 December 2016 UNAMID 2016/149 Audit of safety and security in the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur 09 December 2016 8 0 Withheld Confidential
14 July 2020 EOSG 2020/015 Audit of the integrity initiative to strengthen partnership with the private sector at the United Nations Global Compact 14 August 2020 5 0 Download (417.42 KB) Non Confidential
17 September 2014 UN-HABITAT 2014/085 Audit of information and communications technology management in the United Nations Human Settlements Programme 17 October 2014 7 0 Download (111.36 KB) Non Confidential
17 December 2015 UNIFIL 2015/181 Audit of waste management in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 17 January 2016 5 0 Download (233.88 KB) Non Confidential
29 June 2017 UNAMID 2017/061 Audit of the public information programme in the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur 30 July 2017 8 0 Download (252 KB) Non Confidential
24 September 2013 DM, DFS, DPA 2013/076 Audit of the quality of reporting to donors on extra budgetary funds in the United Nations Secretariat 24 October 2013 5 0 Download (835.45 KB) Non Confidential
24 September 2021 UNJSPF-OIM 2021/046 Audit of management of external managers in the Office of Investment Management of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund 25 October 2021 6 0 Download (1.25 MB) Non Confidential
30 March 2015 OHCHR 2015/021 Audit of the management of selected trust funds in the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 30 April 2015 4 0 Download (106.61 KB) Non Confidential
17 August 2016 UNSOS 2016/085 Audit of management by UNSOS of AMISOM contingent-owned equipment 17 September 2016 4 0 Download (106.85 KB) Non Confidential
29 December 2017 UNHCR 2017/157 Review of recurrent issues in monitoring and follow-up on accounts receivable in field operations internal audit reports for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 29 January 2018 3 0 Download (384.03 KB) Non Confidential


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THE FUTURE OF Community Design
Grand Rapids, Mich., implemented driverless shuttles to gauge ridership, experience and limitations of the program. The pilot program is currently scheduled to run through July 2020, but there is a possibility of an extension.
Justin P. Hicks, MLive.com | February 7, 2020 | News
(TNS) — Grand Rapids' experiment with driverless shuttles is allowing the Michigan city to better understand the potential of a future with autonomous public transportation.
Data collected from the final five months of 2019 is allowing the city to gauge ridership, customer experience and what issues limit the autonomy of the shuttles.
"Being out in the world has helped us learn so much about what the technology is strong at and where we can augment it, but also how people interact with the service," said May Mobility Chief Operating Officer Alisyn Malek.
The six-seat electric shuttles that traverse the existing DASH West can be driverless. But the fleet attendant positioned in the front seat will often take control of the vehicle around areas of construction.
Challenges also arise during heavy precipitation and traffic, and around vehicles that make quick lane changes or difficult turning movements like unprotected left turns and right turns at red lights.
"We've heard there are challenges around four-way stops," said Josh Naramore, the city's Mobile GR director. "Because the vehicles are so conservative, they won't go unless there aren't other cars at the stop."
May Mobility's vehicles are programmed to nudge ahead at a four-way stop to see if another vehicle at the stop is going to move through the intersection, according to Malek. If no other vehicle moves, the shuttle will continue through the intersection.
At times, the fleet attendant will take over the vehicle's manual controls to improve the ride. Malek said they are trained to prioritize safety, experience and autonomy, in that order.
May Mobility provided the city with a heat map that indicates autonomy patterns in Grand Rapids. Common areas of lower autonomy occur around turns and on South Division Avenue, south of Fulton Street. Higher autonomy occurs along Pearl Street.
Since Grand Rapids began piloting its autonomous vehicle initiative in late July, the fare-free shuttles have served about 390 riders per day. The program's 44,477 total ridership for a little more than five months in 2019 far exceeded that of the pilot programs in Detroit, Columbus and Providence.
Monthly ridership in Grand Rapids increased from 7,059 rides in August to 9,439 rides in October before declining in November (8,177) and December (7,422).
Naramore said the decrease is common with DASH ridership as well during those late months and cited holiday breaks for local colleges, universities and businesses.
In December, 119 riders responded to surveys about the service. In their responses:
94 percent said they felt safe knowing the vehicles could be self-driving;
82 percent said they previously took The Rapid bus or DASH bus;
45 percent took the driverless shuttle for work, while 21 percent used it for entertainment, 21 percent used it for errands, and 3 percent used it to get to school;
72 percent said riding the shuttle would not cause them to try the DASH or other public transit, compared to 24 percent who said yes for the DASH bus and 12 percent for The Rapid or transit in another city.
Riders who filled out the survey varied by age from 16 to 70. Individuals in their 20s lead the way with about 26 percent of the responses.
Grand Rapids's fleet of May Mobility autonomous shuttles drive a route that includes 20 passenger stops, 30 traffic lights, 12 turns and connects to 10 parking lots.
Officials behind the pilot program have already used feedback to make adjustments to the program.
The service started on a Tuesday-Saturday schedule but was adjusted to a Monday-Friday schedule in January in response to a demand for Monday rides and a lack of interest in Saturday ridership. The change resulted in an average of 465 rides per day on its first two Mondays.
In December, the city also launched a wheelchair accessible shuttle. Interested riders can schedule a pickup time at one of the stops along the existing route and be taken to another stop on the route. One rider used the service in December, and provided a positive experience, according to the city.
The DASH West did see year-over-year ridership decreases in October (6 percent), November (13 percent) and December (5 percent), but city officials say the lack of ArtPrize in 2019 was to blame for the decrease.
For all of 2019, Dash West increased its ridership by 5 percent with a total of 338,729 rides. The DASH North grew more significantly, with a jump from 117,920 rides in 2018 to 262,362 rides in 2019.
Route 19 also spiked in ridership from 106,747 in 2018 to 333,327 in 2019, while the fare-free Silver Line bus saw a 7.4 percent decrease from 110,043 in 2018 to 101,912 in 2019.
The Mobile GR Commission is slated to receive a presentation on the 2019 autonomous vehicle and DASH data on Thursday, Feb. 6.
City officials have also begun talks to consider if they will extend the pilot program for the autonomous shuttles on the DASH West route. No decisions have been made.
The pilot program is slated to run through July 2020. Grand Rapids paid $250,000 of the $750,000 price tag to host the pilot, with private sector partners and May Mobility picking up the rest.
©2020 MLive.com, Walker, Mich. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.
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Four researchers will focus on the future of food, energy and water in a new project that could help rural communities capitalize on wind energy opportunities.
Charlotte Approves Transit Expansion Without Much Support
Council members authorized the city manager to move ahead with a "transformational" transit and mobility plan. But concerns have been raised that the project will strain a community that's already been ravaged by COVID-19.
Florida County Receives $4.6M Grant for Roadway Technology
Pinellas County will use the multi-million-dollar grant to implement more connected-vehicle and traffic-light synchronization technology in an effort to continue improving its roadways' safety and efficiency.


text:
← On Giving Up All Pretense
And so, to continue the story, I have won a residency →
Shortcut #65: Boneshaker
Posted on October 27, 2011 by Andrew
I admit it. I'm late to the whole Steampunk vapor-driven, rail-riding transportation mechanismo. No need to rub my face in it (which, by the way, would probably hurt a lot.
And, yes, it's true that I read The Difference Engine ages and ages ago, but that was before Steampunk was, you know, a thing.
But a thing it is, as thingie as YA Dystopian novels, a genre made out of a larger genre that pretends to be just as large as what came before. But unlike speculative fiction, which claims to (and pretty well does) cover every eventuality, every permutation of text, Steampunk is more like Western in scope. And, in this case, the American version is exactly that.
At least this American version is.
Shortcut #66: Cherie Priest's Boneshaker
Okay, from here you can read the Westerfeld blurb on the cover, and I must tell you that everything he says is true. The beautiful cover of the book does not lie. If you come to this book looking for adventure and mad science and heartfelt characters working their way out of dire situations that are as much their own making as bad luck or moustache-twirling villains, then you will not be disappointed.
But, I suppose I quibble with one point of aforesaid blurb. The problem is that saying Boneshaker is "A steampunk-zombie-airship adventure of rollicking pace and sweeping proportions" implies that the novel's action is continent-spanning, an epic a la Tolkien, an implication that elides one of my favorite aspects of the novel: That it takes place entirely within the Seattle of 1880.
What I love about this novel is it's seeming confined scope. This is a steampunk novel, yes, but it is centered in the Old West and though the world at large is hinted at, we are firmly and resolutely in the world of this alternate Seattle alone. There are hints of how airships are being used in the Civil War (still going on, apparently) and how steampunk technology has altered the world, but we are only concerned with Seattle and, mainly, two people who live in it: Briar Wilkes and her son Ezekiel.
Sixteen years previous, a mad scientist's experiment destroys the city (isn't that always the case) and releases a gas from the ground that turns people into, well, zombies. There isn't much in the way of explanation for how the gas works or how the science works, in general, but it's not necessary. The world is described so carefully and in such bright details that it lives and breathes, and the science-fantasy on display is in service to the story and the world and, more importantly, it's internally consistent.
(All of which I'm pointing out because, in the fragment of one review I read, Priest was being brought to task for her zombifying gas and the science, or lack thereof, at work in her book. But to hell with that guy. It's a good book, and that, to me at least, is what finally matters when, well, judging a book.)
Briar is the widow of the mad scientist who destroyed Seattle, and is shunned as a result. But when her son enters into the old city (walled off in order to keep the gas contained) in order to find evidence that his father is innocent of Seattle's destruction, she's forced to confront her past in her quest to save her son.  Okay, that's a summary (a logline?) of the book designed to pique your interest, but it's also the heart of the novel.
Sure, Boneshaker is filled with strange inventions and interesting characters. This alternate Seattle is engrossing, especially when, inside the old town, we're given a vision of ghost town that is still stubbornly inhabited by those unwilling to give up their homes (or who have to escape the law). But what kept me clawing forward through the book, page after page, chapter upon chapter, was Briar's story, a story that was only so riveting because Priest makes her so real: so bitter, so brave, so inventive, and so willing to risk everything for those she loves.
This entry was posted in Reading and tagged Boneshaker, Cherie Priest, Shortcut, What I'm Reading. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
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text:
'use strict';

var Backbone                 = require('backbone');
var $                        = require('jquery');
var Meeting                  = require('../models/Meeting');
var MeetingCollection        = require('../models/MeetingCollection');
var MeetingView              = require('../views/MeetingView');
var MeetingCollectionView    = require('../views/MeetingCollectionView');
var MeetingForm              = require('../views/MeetingForm');
var AgendaItemView           = require('../views/AgendaItemView');
var AgendaItemCollection     = require('../models/AgendaItemCollection');
var AgendaItemCollectionView = require('../views/AgendaItemCollectionView');

module.exports = Backbone.Router.extend({
  routes: {'meetings' : 'index',
           'meetings/new' : 'create',
           'meetings/:id' : 'show'},

  start: function() {
    Backbone.history.start({pushState: false});
  },

  index: function() {
    this.meetingList.fetch();
    $('.mainContent').replaceWith(this.meetingListView.el);
  },

  create: function() {
    var meetingForm = new MeetingForm({model: new Meeting});
    $('.mainContent').replaceWith(meetingForm.el);
  },

  show: function(id) {
    var meeting = new Meeting({id: id});
    var agendaItemsList = new AgendaItemCollection();

    meeting.fetch({
      error: function(model, xhr, options) {
        console.log(JSON.parse(xhr.responseText).errors);
      },
      success: function(model, response, options) {
        var meetingView = new MeetingView({model: model});
        meetingView.render();
        $('.mainContent').replaceWith(meetingView.el);

        agendaItemsList.fetch({data: {_meeting: meeting.id}},{
          success: function() {
            var agendaItemsView = new AgendaItemCollectionView({collection: agendaItemsList});
            agendaItemsView.render();
            $('.agendaItems').replaceWith(agendaItemsView.el);
          },
          error: function(model, xhr, options) {
            console.log(JSON.parse(xhr.responseText).errors);
          }
        });
      }
    });
  },

  initialize: function() {

    this.meetingList = new MeetingCollection();
    this.meetingListView = new MeetingCollectionView({collection: this.meetingList});
  }
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Q: Issue converting multiple column classes in R data.table I would like to convert a list of variables in R data.table, however, this conversion lead to unexpected consequence. I'm running under R version 4.0.1 with library data.table_1.12.8. Here is a simplified example:
> dput(norw5)
structure(list(Born_before_2016 = c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L), gender = c("2.Female",
"1.Male", "2.Female", "1.Male", "1.Male"), payor = c("1:Private",
"1:Private", "4:Other", "4:Other", "1:Private"), Age_in_day = c(0L,
0L, 0L, 4L, 5L)), row.names = c(NA, -5L), class = c("data.table",
"data.frame"), .internal.selfref = <pointer: 0x0000024ce5a41ef0>)

library(data.table)

fact <- c('Born_before_2016', 'gender', 'payor')

varls <- scan(text=fact, what = "", quiet = T)

factcols <- sapply(norw5[,..varls], is.numeric)

norw5new <- norw5[, names(norw5)[factcols] := lapply(.SD, as.character),
                  .SDcols = factcols]

> dput(norw5new)
structure(list(Born_before_2016 = c("1", "1", "1", "1", "1"),
    gender = c("2.Female", "1.Male", "2.Female", "1.Male", "1.Male"
    ), payor = c("1:Private", "1:Private", "4:Other", "4:Other",
    "1:Private"), Age_in_day = c("0", "0", "0", "4", "5")), row.names = c(NA,
-5L), class = c("data.table", "data.frame"), .internal.selfref = <pointer: 0x0000024ce5a41ef0>)

As you shown above, finding numeric variables (Born_before_2016 in this example) and converting them to character is the goal. However, conversion is expanded to additional variable Age_in_day, which is not in the list at all. I couldn't figure this out, can R gurus here point me a right direction of fixing this?
Thanks!

A: factcols in .SDcols=factcols should be a length-4  logical vector or the vector of column name/position, e.g. .SDcols = c("Born_before_2016"),.SDcols = 1, but factcols <- sapply(norw5[,..varls], is.numeric) returns length-3 logical vector.
It can be fixed as
fact <- c('Born_before_2016','gender','payor')
factcols <- sapply(norw5[,..fact], is.numeric)
cols <- names(norw5)[1:3][factcols]
norw5new <- norw5[,(cols) := lapply(.SD,as.character),.SDcols=cols]
norw5new

#   Born_before_2016   gender     payor Age_in_day
#             <char>   <char>    <char>      <int>
#1:                1 2.Female 1:Private          0
#2:                1   1.Male 1:Private          0
#3:                1 2.Female   4:Other          0
#4:                1   1.Male   4:Other          4
#5:                1   1.Male 1:Private          5

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


" (…) First, we must accept that austerity measures, necessary to avoid a fiscal train wreck, have recessionary effects on output. So, if countries in the eurozone's periphery are forced to undertake fiscal austerity, countries able to provide short-term stimulus should do so and postpone their own austerity efforts. These countries include the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, the core of the eurozone, and Japan. Infrastructure banks that finance needed public infrastructure should be created as well.
Second, while monetary policy has limited impact when the problems are excessive debt and insolvency rather than illiquidity, credit easing, rather than just quantitative easing, can be helpful. The European Central Bank should reverse its mistaken decision to hike interest rates. More monetary and credit easing is also required for the US Federal Reserve, the Bank of Japan, the Bank of England, and the Swiss National Bank. Inflation will soon be the last problem that central banks will fear, as renewed slack in goods, labor, real estate, and commodity markets feeds disinflationary pressures.
A ascensão dos robots: como repartir o escasso trabalho e a riqueza crescente?


text:
Q: Vba Run-time error 9: Subscript out of range when copying a sheet between workbooks I am trying to copy a sheet from one workbook to another. The below code worked perfectly well when the name of the workbook and worksheet was hard-coded.
Instead when i tried to reference the sheet-name to be copied from a text in a cell, i am getting
Run-time error '9': Subscript out of range.

The error occurs in the Bold line. I tried the text with and without quotes (single and double both).
Sub copy_dss_data_1()
Dim wkbSource As Workbook
Dim wkbDest As Workbook
Dim shttocopy As Worksheet
Dim wbname As String

' check if the file is open (source file)
ret = Isworkbookopen(ThisWorkbook.Path & "\" & Range("J2"))
If ret = False Then
' open file
Set wkbSource = Workbooks.Open(ThisWorkbook.Path & "\" & Range("J2"))
Else
 Set wkbSource = Workbooks(Strings.Trim(Range("J2")))
 End If

' check if the file is open

ret = Isworkbookopen(ThisWorkbook.Path & "\Book1.xlsm")
If ret = False Then
' open file
Set wkbDest = Workbooks.Open(ThisWorkbook.Path & "\Book1.xlsm")
Else
 Set wkbDest = Workbooks("Book1.xlsm")
 End If

***Set shttocopy = wkbSource.Sheets(Strings.Trim(Range("J3")))
shttocopy.Copy wkbDest.Sheets(1)***

End Sub

Function Isworkbookopen(filename As String)
Dim ff As Long, ErrNo As Long
Dim wkb As Workbook
Dim nam As String

wbname = filename
On Error Resume Next

ff = FreeFile()
Open filename For Input Lock Read As #ff
Close ff
ErrNo = Err
On Error GoTo 0
Select Case ErrNo
Case 0: Isworkbookopen = False
Case 70: Isworkbookopen = True
Case Else: Error ErrNo
End Select

End Function

A: Try this. I've streamlined the code with some additional functions (GetWorkbook and SheetExists) to get rid of some redundancy. Also, assuming the values in J2/J3 are in the ThisWorkbook and on the active sheet, you need to capture these values to a variable before potentially opening other workbook(s), then, use the variables to pass the values:
Sub copy_dss_data_1()
    Dim wkbSource As Workbook
    Dim wkbDest As Workbook
    Dim shttocopy As Worksheet
    Dim wbname As String
    Dim shCopy$

    ' get sheet name & filename BEFORE opening any new file(s)
    wbName = Range("J2")
    shCopy = Range("J3")

    Set wkbSource = GetWorkbook(ThisWorkbook.Path, wbName)
    Set wkbDest = GetWorkbook(ThisWorkbook.Path, "Book1.xlsm")

    If SheetExists(wkbSource, shCopy) Then
        Set shttocopy = wkbSource.Sheets(Strings.Trim(shCopy))
        shttocopy.Copy wkbDest.Sheets(1)
    Else
        MsgBox shCopy & " doesn't exist in " & wkbSource.Name
    End If
End Sub
Function GetWorkbook(path$, name$)
' Returns the specified workbook&path
    If Isworkbookopen(path & "\" & name) Then
    ' open file
        Set GetWorkbook = Workbooks.Open(path & "\" & name)
    Else
        Set GetWorkbook = Workbooks(Strings.Trim(name))
    End If
End Function
Function SheetExists(wb as Workbook, s$)
' checks if sheet exists in the wb
        ret = ""
        On Error Resume Next
        ret = wb.Sheets(s).Name
        SheetExists = ret <> ""
End Function
Function Isworkbookopen(filename As String)
    Dim ff As Long, ErrNo As Long
    Dim wkb As Workbook
    Dim nam As String

    wbname = filename
    On Error Resume Next

    ff = FreeFile()
    Open filename For Input Lock Read As #ff
    Close ff
    ErrNo = Err
    On Error GoTo 0
    Select Case ErrNo
        Case 0: Isworkbookopen = False
        Case 70: Isworkbookopen = True
        Case Else: Error ErrNo
    End Select

End Function