text:
Dickson Electricity Rates
Commercial Electricity in Dickson
^ The average commercial electricity rate in Dickson, OK is 7.13¢/kWh.[1]
Residential Electricity in Dickson
^ The average residential electricity rate in Dickson, OK is 9.76¢/kWh.[1]
Industrial Electricity in Dickson
^ The average industrial electricity rate in Dickson, OK is 5.06¢/kWh.[1]
Dickson, OK Electricity Statistics
Commercial electricity rates in Dickson
The average commercial electricity rate in Dickson is 7.13¢/kWh.[1]
This average (commercial) electricity rate in Dickson is 2.6% less than the Oklahoma average rate of 7.32¢/kWh.[2]
The average (commercial) electricity rate in Dickson is 29.34% less than the national average rate of 10.09¢/kWh. Commercial rates in the U.S. range from 6.86¢/kWh to 34.88¢/kWh.[2]
Residential electricity rates in Dickson
The average residential electricity rate in Dickson is 9.76¢/kWh.[1]
This average (residential) electricity rate in Dickson is 2.63% greater than the Oklahoma average rate of 9.51¢/kWh.[2]
The average (residential) electricity rate in Dickson is 17.85% less than the national average rate of 11.88¢/kWh. Residential rates in the U.S. range from 8.37¢/kWh to 37.34¢/kWh.[2]
Industrial electricity rates in Dickson
The average industrial electricity rate in Dickson is 5.06¢/kWh.[1]
This average (industrial) electricity rate in Dickson is 0.59% less than the Oklahoma average rate of 5.09¢/kWh.[2]
The average (industrial) electricity rate in Dickson is 24.14% less than the national average rate of 6.67¢/kWh. Industrial rates in the U.S. range from 4.13¢/kWh to 30.82¢/kWh.[2]
Oklahoma Electricity Rates & Consumption
Commercial electricity in Oklahoma
Commercial electricity rates in OK [3]
The average commercial electricity rate in Oklahoma is 7.32¢/kWh, which ranks 50th in the nation and is 27.45% less than the national average rate of 10.09¢/kWh.[3]
Commercial electricity consumption in OK [3]
Commercial electricity consumption in Oklahoma averages 6,206 kWh/month, which ranks 19th in the nation and is 0.51% less than the national average of 6,238 kWh/month.
Commercial electricity bills in OK [3]
The average monthly commercial electricity bill in Oklahoma is $454, which ranks 41st in the nation and is 27.82% less than the national average of $629.
Learn more about commercial electricity in Oklahoma
Residential electricity in Oklahoma
Residential electricity rates in Oklahoma [3]
The average residential electricity rate in Oklahoma is 9.51¢/kWh, which ranks 45th in the nation and is 19.95% less than the national average rate of 11.88¢/kWh.
Residential electricity consumption in OK [3]
Residential electricity consumption in Oklahoma averages 1,132 kWh/month, which ranks 6th in the nation and is 25.36% greater than the national average of 903 kWh/month.
Residential electricity bills in OK [3]
The average monthly residential electricity bill in Oklahoma is $108, which ranks 19th in the nation and is 0.93% greater than the national average of $107 per month.
Learn more about residential electricity in Oklahoma
Industrial electricity in Oklahoma
Industrial electricity rates in Oklahoma [3]
The average industrial electricity rate in Oklahoma is 5.09¢/kWh, which ranks 49th in the nation and is 23.69% less than the national average rate of 6.67¢/kWh.
Industrial electricity consumption in OK [3]
Industrial electricity consumption in Oklahoma averages 75,694 kWh/month, which ranks 37th in the nation and is 32.51% less than the national average of 112,158 kWh/month.
Industrial electricity bills in OK [3]
The average monthly industrial electricity bill in Oklahoma is $3,850, which ranks 43rd in the nation and is 48.55% less than the national average of $7,483.
Learn more about industrial electricity in Oklahoma
Household Income in Dickson, OK
Dickson, OK Income Breakdown [4]
Income Summary for Dickson, OK
Electric bills: The average residential electricity bill in Oklahoma is about $108/month, ranking 19th in the U.S. and 0.93% greater than the national average of $107.[5]
Income: Dickson vs. Nation [4]
Additional information about Dickson
About Dickson
Dickson is a town located in Carter County in the state of Oklahoma, and has a population of approximately 1,207.[6]
More about Dickson utilities
For more information about Dickson electricity, or for additional resources regarding electricity & utilities in your state, visit the Energy Information Administration.
Benjamin Franklin researched electricity extensively in the 18th century. The lightning rod was among his inventions.
Additional Cities in OK
Cowlington
Grand Lake Towne
Longdale
Randlett
Rosston
Wellston
Local Electricity Rates in Dickson, OK


The young man, who can't be named due to a publication ban, was found guilty of robbing a dépanneur in association with a terrorist group — ISIS — and trying to leave the country to carry out terrorist acts abroad.
For the father of a Montreal teenager convicted of terrorism, the three-year sentence his boy received Wednesday, though the maximum allowed under youth offender laws, was an enormous weight off his shoulders.
The young man was found guilty in December of robbing a dépanneur in association with a terrorist group — ISIS — and trying to leave the country to carry out terrorist acts abroad.
Detained since his arrest in October, 2014, the teenager, who can't be named because of a publication ban, was sentenced to another 16 months in youth detention followed by eight months in the community.
The 16-year-old will then be under probation for another year, under strict and unusual conditions: no social media, regular sessions with an imam or theologian, and staying out of a certain area of Montreal — notably the campus of Collège de Maisonneuve.
While there had been speculation that the Crown would seek to have him tried as an adult — in which case the young man might have faced a possible life sentence — the Crown and defence lawyers instead followed the recommendations of several experts who believe the boy, while remaining very religious, has become more flexible in his thinking.
Federal Crown prosecutor Lyne Décarie read from three reports that had been ordered by the court – a pre-sentencing report as well as psychological and psychiatric reports – and compared them with earlier assessments.
Criminologist Maria Mourani and Michael Aruda from Montreal's Centre for the Prevention of Radicalization Leading to Violence also submitted reports, on behalf of the defence.
They all concurred that the young man, with the help of an imam and other professionals, had begun to reconcile with his family and society at large.
While the youth once spoke to the police of the proceeds of his crime as "war booty", he no longer thought Canada was a country of "miscreants" at war with Islam.
He recognized the harm that he had done to his family as well as the harm he would have done to innocent people – had he managed to join ISIS in Syria, the court heard.
But neither Décarie, nor Youth Court Judge Dominique Wilhelmy could discount the risk of the boy re-offending, hence the unusual conditions.
The court had heard that the boy began watching violent jihadi videos on his computer at the age of 13, alone in his bedroom.
He was 15 when he robbed the store, and was arrested after his parents discovered a bag containing about $900, as well as the mask and the knife he used to commit the robbery.
They also found a phone number in his pocket belonging to Martin Couture-Rouleau, who ran over a Canadian forces soldier in St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, killing him, just a week after the boy robbed the dépanneur. The investigation also revealed that he and Couture-Rouleau communicated over Twitter, and that the boy had also spoken to Sami Elabi, one of the first Quebecers to leave for Syria.
The boy's conviction marked the first time anyone was found guilty of wanting to leave the country to join ISIS, the extremist group which gained prominence upon declaring a "caliphate" in parts of Syria and Iraq in 2014.
While under probation the boy must continue to meet with an imam or theologian – approved by a provincially delegated social worker – and will not be able to use any kind of cellphone or computer, except to do school work. Any computer he does use will be fitted with software to allow the RCMP to monitor his usage from a distance.
He will also be prohibited from communicating with anyone with terrorist links. He cannot leave the country, have a passport or apply for one.
Wilhelmy was particularly concerned that the boy wanted to go to Collège de Maisonneuve to study math after he completes high school this year in detention.
"It's worrisome, because this CEGEP is known to be frequented by radicalized youth," the judge said.
But Décarie explained that it is the area surrounding the CEGEP that is off-limits to the boy according to the conditions of his probation.
As for the boy's father, he told the court his son was a teenager when he was indoctrinated by "sly and cunning" people, and he still is.
The father left the courtroom feeling much lighter than when he went in.
It was the father who alerted the police to the armed robbery, and to his son's extremism and multiple attempts to travel to Syria.
He attended the trial every day, listened as the Crown presented his own words to police as proof of his son's guilt, and watched as his son sat in the prisoner's box, seemingly without emotion.
The son also smiled for the first time Wednesday as he hugged his lawyer, and received pats on the back from the court's special constables.


Want to slide your site's header out of view when scrolling down and slide it back in when scrolling up? In this article I show how to incorporate Headroom.js in WordPress for non handheld devices.
Upload headroom.min.js to your child theme directory/js (create js directory if it's not present).
Upload jQuery.headroom.min.js to the same location as above.
Great post Sridhar. I assume I can use this to replace the header in the original post with the full width header and scroll animation for the fade out down link?
Sridhar, You are one incredibly smart and talented developer. I inquired about this late last night…and today you post this awesomeness. I have learned so much from you and this great web site. Thank you again for sharing.
Sridhar, In the event you have not seen this yet, I thought this was worth sharing.
How to implement this in Centric Pro ? Need to set Header To Fixed of say 60 Pixels with Tittle too so I don't have shrinking effect.
Hello! Very interesting tutorial but I have a question!
Can I make something like this but with a div footer ? I have to create a personlized div in the bottom side, hidden and when you scroll to the bottom this appear!
I tried to modify the headroom code like a footer but not work!
You might want to try using Waypoints. You can write jQuery to add/remove CSS to your footer div to show and hide when another element comes to focus in viewport.
great post! is it possible to only change the header opacity with a fade transitions instead of completely hiding it?
to my themes functions.php I get the following error: Fatal error: functions.php on line 334. What am I doing wrong?
Can you paste the code in your child theme's functions.php at http://www.pastebin.com and provide the link?
jQuery gets automagically enqueued when needed in WordPress.
perfect solution for me, but how can i use it with dynamik gen Child Theme.
It will not load js-files. where i have to upload the files?
The Headroom.js website also has this script working on mobile devices.
How would you modify this tutorial to also work on mobile devices?
In the code being added in functions.php, remove http://pastie.org/pastes/10269281/text.
I'm current using the Envy Pro theme which has a secondary nav bar above the primary nav.
Is they a way of stopping the primary nav from covering the secondary nav above it when headroom.js is used for the primary nav?
I'm either trying to have the secondary nav scroll with the page or slide and reveal with the primary nav using headroom.js. either way is ok, but i can't find a solution.
hey, can't seem to find the JS files that are attached?
The author of the script seems to have moved/reorganised the URLs/names.
headroom.min.js is now jQuery.headroom.js and it can be downloaded from https://raw.githubusercontent.com/WickyNilliams/headroom.js/master/src/jQuery.headroom.js.
You will need to update any references to this file in the code accordingly.
I am attempting to get this working with the updated JS URLs/names and I keep getting an error in the jQuery.headroom.js. Any ideas?
Updated the tutorial with correct references to files so it works.
It took me a while to figure out that the files I was referencing only consisted of a 404 message, so it might be useful to update the tutorial.


text:
Council approves agreement that could lead to new City Hall
PETERSBURG - City Council voted 6-1 to move forward with an interim agreement with a developer for the design and construction of a new City Hall.
The agreement is part of a required step in Virginia's Public-Private Educational Facilities Infrastructur
The agreement is part of a required step in Virginia's Public-Private Educational Facilities Infrastructure Act. The Virginia PPEA allows for private-sector expertise to be brought on to public projects and to fund public sector projects beyond schools - including buildings such as a city hall.
Councilman David "Ray" Coleman made the motion for the city to enter into the agreement with a second by Councilman Carl "Mike" Ross.
"It seems like this has been the desire of the city manager and most of the rest of council," Councilman Kenneth "Ken" Pritchett said during comments from council following the motion. "Most of the citizens have said we should have a new City Hall when we can afford one. I still haven't seen any figures saying we can afford one yet. And our definition of the city of Petersburg is the people."
During a public hearing on the proposed interim agreement Jan. 14, comments from citizens were divided on the need or the appropriate timing of building a new City Hall.
Joan Bice said at the Jan. 14 public hearing that the right time to build a new City Hall would be when the city has the money in hand.
"Council works for the citizens," Bice said. "A new City Hall would be nice, but we can make do with what we have until we have the money to pay for everything."
Sarah Witiak said any new civic building should have at least a 100-year lifespan; a presentation at the Jan. 14 public hearing indicated that the new building would have at least a 50-year lifespan.
Others who spoke, including Mitch Pradia, said now is the right time for a new City Hall.
"We should move forward," Pradia said.
At the earlier meeting, Coleman noting comments by Bice, said that if the city were to wait to build a City Hall until it could pay for it completely, "we would be waiting forever."
City Manager William E. Johnson III during the public hearing said that a cost figure would only be available for council if the agreement were entered into, and even then, an estimate likely wouldn't be ready until June or July.
Following the vote to approve an interim deal, Pritchett - emphasizing the point he made earlier that the people should decide whether the city can afford to build a new City Hall - made a motion to hold referendum during the November general election on the fate of a new City Hall. His motion died for lack of a second.
While no official estimated cost has been provided yet, in September 2012, architect Gil Entzminger presented to council on a conceptual "one-stop shop" City Hall that would be about 61,780 square feet. The total cost to build was at that time estimated to be about $15.48 million. Entzminger emphasized at that time, the city could save an estimated $19,348 in utilities with the proposed new building.
The interim agreement approved Tuesday night is with Prestige/English Joint Venture.
- F.M. Wiggins may be reached at 732-3456, ext. 3254 or fwiggins@progress-index.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


120 Spanish soldiers and a number of indios amigos 700 Mapuche and 500 allied warriors, from the provinces of "Itata, Nuble and Renoguelen"
The Battle of Mataquito was fought in the Arauco War on April 30, 1557, between the Spanish forces of the governor, Francisco de Villagra, and Mapuche headed by their toqui Lautaro. It was a dawn surprise attack on Lautaro's fortified camp between a wooded mountain and the shore of the Mataquito River.
In early 1557, following the defeat and retreat of Lautaro after the Battle of Peteroa, Francisco de Villagra felt strong enough to gather a strong force of soldiers and march south to aid the remaining cities against the Mapuche besetting them. Discovering that the city of Santiago was now relatively unprotected, Lautaro evaded the army of Villagra, letting them pass to the south. He soon marched again toward Santiago gathering a new army of 6,000 men joined by allies under Panigualgo bringing it to 10,000 men. However once the army reached the banks of the Mataquito River, Lautaro's treatment of the local Indians in a manner similar to that of the Spaniards had created many enemies, and after a quarrel with his ally over this mistreatment, most of the allies and many of the Mapuche refused to follow him. He moved over a league up river from Lora and established himself in a fortified camp in a place called Mataquito.
Villagra became aware that the location of the camp had been betrayed by local Indians previously abused by Lautaro. Villagra sent word to Juan Godíñez near Santiago to meet him as he hurriedly returned from the south with seventy men. The Spanish forces met at a location in the province of Gualemo three leagues from Lautaro's camp, without Lautaro being warned by the local Indians. The unified force of Francisco de Villagra and Juan Godíñez came to 120 men, with 57 horsemen (including Pedro Mariño de Lobera), five arcabuzeros and more than four hundred yanakuna, made a surprise night march over the hills of Caune, to the one overlooking Lautaro's camp, on the shore of the Mataquito River. Villagra sent a body of Spanish infantry (including Alonso López de la Eaigada) with arquebus or swords and shields into the carrizal under Gabriel de Villagra.
^ Mataquito was one of the two encomiendas of Juan Jufré on the banks of the Mataquito River. I—Probanza de los méritos y senidos del general Juan Jufré en el descubrimiento y población de las provincias de Chile. (Archivo de Indias, Patronato, 1-5-32/16), pg. 5-216.
^ The location of this battle is uncertain and the location of the Mataquito camp has been confused with Lautaro's 1556 Peteroa fortress. According to Vivar, Crónica, CXXIX, the 1557 battle was fought at a location three leagues from the province of Gualemo where Francisco de Villagra with seventy men met Juan Godíñez prior to their night march on the Mataquito camp. A soldier in this campaign and the battle, under Juan Godíñez, Alonso Lopez de la Raigada, refers to Lautaro's 1556 fortress as "Peteroa" and the camp where Lautaro was killed as "Mataquito" and also refers to "Peteroa" and "Mataquito" as separate places (Medina, Colección de documentos inéditos, Información de senidos de Alonso López de la Eaigada). Lobera does not give a place name to the location of the 1556 fortress. He does call the place of the 1557 battle he took part in as being at the "lugar de Mataquito"; Capítulo LV. Marmolejo gives no place names to the location. A place along the north shore of the Mataquito River near the foot of the Cerro Chiripilco northeast of the town of La Huerta in Hualañé is believed to be the location of this camp and a monument was put up commemorating it.
José Toribio Medina, Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de Chile, Tomos VI-VII, IV.— Información de senidos de Alonso López de la Eaigada, vecino de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. (Archivo de Indias, Patronato, 1-5-34/18), Vols. 6–7 published by Impr. y Encuadernacido Barcelona; v.8–30 by Impr. Elzeviriana., 1901.
I—Probanza de los méritos y senidos del general Juan Jufré en el descubrimiento y población de las provincias de Chile. (Archivo de Indias, Patronato, 1-5-32/16), pg. 5-216.
Diego de Rosales, "Historia General del Reino de Chile", Flandes Indiano, 3 tomos. Valparaíso 1877 – 1878.
Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano Vol. 2[permanent dead link] CAPÍTULO X.
Carvallo y Goyeneche, Vicente, Descripcion Histórico Geografía del Reino de Chile , Tomo I, (Description Historical Geography of the Kingdom of Chile, Volume I), Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional, Tomo VIII, IMPRENTA DE LA LIBRERÍA DEL MERCURIO de A. y M. Echeverria, Morando Núm. 38., Santiago, 1878.
Tomo I, Capítulo XXXIII. Se resuelve Lautaro a rendir la ciudad de Santiago – Caupolican repite el asedio de La Imperial y Valdivia – Villagra va a su socorrro – Muere Lautaro en su espedicion.
Google Map of Quebrada tricao use search words: "Cerro Chiripilco" Location and photos of Cerro Chiripilco, a site believed to be the location of the camp and of the battle.


Your group can support the children and families of The Pasadena Ronald McDonald House by volunteering your time.
Group Volunteers consist of groups of friends, families, civic or religious groups, scout troops, employees, and youth groups, and lead an array of activities for the families of the Pasadena House. Volunteering groups provide families with an opportunity of respite during a highly stressful time. Groups play an enormous part in our House's success.
The meals you provide bring love into the House, allowing families to unwind, de-stress, and fortify their bodies to be at their best for their child in the hospital. Groups choose a menu, purchase the ingredients, and prepare the meal in our full-service kitchen, allowing families to find nourishment and comfort in a shared meal. Dinner is served daily at 6:00 pm.
Qualifications: Show off your creativity and cooking skills (or just practice!). We supply the kitchen and equipment, your group just needs to bring the ingredients. All food must be prepared and cooked on site or brought directly from a commercial retail kitchen.
Help support the families of the House by soliciting items that we are constantly in need of around the House. Imagine all the household items around your house, we need that times 12! Items needed include canned food, cleaning supplies, office supplies, or toys. This is great for those who need last minute school hours, Scout Troops, School clubs, Community Service Groups, Mom groups, etc.!
Pull tabs remind us of an important lesson: even little things make a big difference. Pull tabs helps us pay the bills so moms and dads need not worry about where they will stay while their children are in the hospital. Start a pull tab program and count to a million!
Qualifications: Ask your friends at school, Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, youth groups, sports teams, neighbors, relatives and co-workers to help save tons of tabs. From pre-school to grandparents, anyone can get in on the action!


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Kofax has enabled us to deliver improvements in bottom-line processing by being able to automate existing processes we have and to ensure that new processes are going on clean basis.
[Using Kofax] With total accountability and transparency, our executives can see exactly where the money is going, who is ordering what and who is paying what. They are better able to manage the company.
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Just discovered My Old Bicycle the other day and it's got some amazing vintage bicycles for sale. This 1947 Ganna is a front runner looks wise. The water bottle alone is a work of beauty.
This bicycle participated at the Eroica 2007. The frame is from 1947,model "Giro d' Italia". On request it was equipped with aluminum fenders and it was called "whole model" because the piece after the front brake wasn't divided. The frame has been sandblasted and nickel-blasted, block painted,color Metalized Oxblood,pure gold threads and white strip on the rear fender.


We're all familiar with astrological signs, right? You know, the signs of the Zodiac that are said to play a huge part in the personalities we have. So much so, that you find people blaming certain behaviors and responses on the fact that they're a Cancer, or a Taurus!
Apparently, that means we can't help but act this way.
Some of us even start our days off with horoscopes to see what the day will bring us! It can be nice to feel like you have a guide through life. But, is this "guide" accurate? Many of us become believers without even taking a look at what these Zodiac signs supposedly mean!
I went ahead and did some digging. I went through every single Zodiac sign and their attributes. I've compiled a quick list of the most common traits attributed to each sign. Check and see how accurate yours is!
I found the attributes associated with my sign pretty hit and miss. But, I know people who swear that theirs are DEAD ON! They live by their horoscopes because they believe in them.
But, it's all in good fun. Whether you're a "believer", or not, it can be cool to see what the world has put together to describe "your kind of person". As long as we don't take it to mean absolute fact without delving into some further research first.
It is your life, after all. Make sure that an ancient astrological idea isn't running the show.
How accurate are your associated attributes? Let us know in the comments section!


It is with great regret that I have to say that I can get very little information about Scottish businesses. Outside Scotland it is said that the best of Scots have already left Scotland. I am however aware that some Scottish businesses are very successful but they seem incapable about telling us about themselves. I see this as a major barrier to change the common perception around the world that Scotland is a third world country with little business infrastructure. The various business organizations I have contacted in Scotland, Scottish Enterprise, Scottish Chamber of Commerce, etc., can provide no information whatsoever. All I can do at this point is introduce you to The Industries of Scotland which is an 1869 publication.
All of that said if there are any Scottish businesses out there that read this and would like to contribute an article about themselves I'd be pleased to hear from them.
A very good blog which reports on the finances of Scotland which is second to none.


We provide Disability locks for the home and business.
Providers of disability locks for the home and business.
Our Locksmiths can give you information on how to make your home more accessible to you if you or a loved one suffers with a disability or to help secure and prevent an intruder from entering your home.


I live in the West and travelling ALL THE WAY TO CHANGI VILLAGE WAS A KILLER.
It's a bit tinyyyyyyy so I think reservations are definitely recommended, or you could put down your name and number and walk around (nope, there's nothing around) while you wait.
I only ate the Sasuage Rosti one and I really liked it! The menu is pretty limited, but I think it's more than enough for a brunch place. PLUS, i thought it wouldn't be filling but after eating, I was REALLY full lol.
The Strawberry shortcake was REALLY yumz. I like the cream a lot and the cake is really fuwa fuwa (fluffy) and soft. I think they draw random stuff for you, so I guess you'll get a pleasant surprise when your cake is served. Ours was Blossom from Powerpuff Girls, omg childhood.
KEY POINT OF THE CAFE IN MY OPINION. Really cool and well done coffee art omg. The Minnie Mouse looks REALLY accurate. And HOLYSHIT my 3D neko (cat) one was REALLY COOL. This has to be done by Boss though, so I think they do limit it to only ONE per table - or was it two - and you can't make a request, Boss will make a random one for you. Every other drink though, gets a randomly drawn 2D art. Perhaps if you come on a Weekday where it isn't packed, you might get your request fulfilled? Lol. But Thankfully, I got something I wanted hehe.
It was a really and enjoyable brunch! The distance was worth it I guess, but I probably wouldn't go back there again if no one's driving lol. But ofc, without a car, this place is still really accessible - You can drop at Tanah Merah MRT and take a bus down to Changi Ter. (or rather, the stop before and cross the street).
After brunch, you can even go Cycling or just chill by the seaside - ofc, with the incoming haze, I wouldn't recommend that. But hey, if it's a clear day, cycling is a good workout (which was what we did and now my legs feel jelly-ish).


text:
Chiefs spoil Jaguares' Super Rugby home opener with win
Defending champ Duke back in Sweet 16, beats Yale 71-64
Beavers bummed about early exit, but excited for the future
Despite an early exit in their return to the NCAA Tournament, the Oregon State Beavers have a future that looks bright.
It was only two years ago that coach Wayne Tinkle inherited a broken roster and had to hold open tryouts. But in his short tenure in Corvallis, the Beavers returned to the Big Dance for the first time in 26 years.
The 75-67 loss to No. 10 seed VCU in the first round wasn't what the seventh-seeded Beavers had hoped, but after the game Tinkle said it was part of the process.
''We weren't happy with just making an appearance,'' he said. ''But I'm proud of the vets for the commitment that they've given us, and we know we've got a lot to build off of moving forward.''
Oregon State was the Pac-12's surprise team last season, going 17-14 and winning 15 straight games at Gill Coliseum. They finished eighth in the conference after being picked in the preseason to finish last.
This season the Beavers improved to 19-13 overall and finished sixth in the Pac-12, which sent a record seven teams to the NCAA Tournament. Oregon State's victory over Arizona State to open the conference tournament likely sealed the team's postseason bid.
A last-second win against Utah sparked a late-season resurgence for Oregon State that helped pushed them to the postseason. The Beavers trailed 69-68 when Stephen Thompson Jr., was fouled by Utah's Brandon Taylor on a last-second halfcourt attempt. He made all three free throws for a 71-69 victory.
''We did what we did last year and we came back this year and got the young guys under our wings and put them on the same program that coach put us on and we made a great run. I wish it was longer, but we had a good run,'' guard Gary Payton II said.
Payton, the son of the former NBA great, topped the team with averages of 16 points, 7.8 rebounds and five assists per game.
Payton came to the Beavers from Salt Lake Community College, where he spent two seasons. While recruited by former Oregon State coach Craig Robinson, he arrived in Corvallis for Tinkle's first season.
As a senior, he's likely to follow his dad's footsteps to the NBA. The Beavers will also lose senior forwards Olaf Schaftenaar and Jarmal Reid, as well as guard Langston Morris-Walker.
But Oregon State has a crop of talented freshman as Tinkle seeks to restore a once-proud program that went to the NCAA Tournament eight times between 1980-90.
One of them is 6-foot-8 forward Tres Tinkle, the coach's son, who averaged 13.1 points and 5.4 rebounds per game before injuring his right foot in practice near the end of the regular season.
Thompson is another freshman who has a promising future. In addition to his free throws in the Utah victory, he made a buzzer-beating 3-pointer against Washington as the Beavers won six of the regular season's final nine games. He was third on the team with an average of 10.6 points per game.
Freshman forward Drew Eubanks averaged 7.6 points and 4.7 rebounds and 6-foot- 11 freshman center Gligorije Rakocevic saw increased roles while senior Daniel Gomis battled injury. Freshman guard Derrick Bruce averaged 12 minutes a game.
The vets laid a solid foundation for those young players.
''The last two years have been amazing,'' Payton said. ''Coach and his staff came in expecting - everybody was expecting the worst.
''We didn't buy into that and we got straight to work the first year. We had a great year turnout, we got picked last, but we didn't settle.''


In the 19th century, men began to favor the shorter hairstyles. Facial hair that used to be so common in one decade went away completely in the next only to make a comeback in the following decade. In mid-century Naples, the government was so against mustaches that it directed police to shave it off, offenders. While men's hair became more and more simple, women's coiffures kept their complexities, and at the very least their old proportions.
Powder made another come back briefly under the second empire and chignons disappeared entirely in the 1870s. In the 1880s, jeweled pins also became common. On a general note, fashion trends were at a faster pace in this era and the complex coiffures made women more dependent than ever on their hairdressers.
Wigs weren't as big as they were and they weren't so dominant in coiffures. This century favored long, shiny hair and since many women didn't have enough hair with enough shine, they often reverted to false hair. The demand for false hair pushed the international market to new heights. By the 20th century, the United States was bringing in more than 500,000 tons of hair annually.


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Ecclesiastical History Society
Blasphemy: a very modern crime
By Eloise Davies, second year PhD student at Peterhouse, Cambridge. She was a bursary holder at the 2018 EHS summer conference, presenting on seventeenth-century blasphemy. Last October, the Republic of Ireland voted to remove the offence of blasphemy from its constitution.[1] Ireland became the latest in a series of European countries to abolish the…
The divine travels of John Cassian
Stephen Hatherly (1827–1905) and his Journey to Russia
Introducing Revd Dr Robert Evans
The Complex Nature of Late-Colonial Christian Ecumenicalism
A Religious Experience at Nuremburg: The Inspiration and Institutions of National Socialism
Maritza Zhang on The Church of England and Educ…
Alex on The Vicar-Turned-Anchorite of…
Trudi Morrissey on 'The Past is a Foreign Country…
Beth Rotz on 'The Past is a Foreign Country…
Conference Bursary Holder
Michael Kennedy Prizewinner
President's Prizewinner
Research travel


I use Sitemap Generator v3.0.
As I understand it, ror.xml formed in the UTF-8.
As a result, I get a file with a broken encoding, ie My win1251 there trying to turn into a UTF-8, that I do not like. Is it possible to do so, to be configured output encoding file ror.xml or how it will automatically change the encoding of the output file on the right.
I have attached a sample file, which gives Sitemap generator for my site.
I do not mind that he will be encoded in UTF-8. Just seems kind of automatic conversion is required, because if the site is not in UTF-8, we get garbage in the file instead of text.


The processes of oil exploration, extraction, purification, transportation, and sales are controlled by the petroleum industry. It produces petrol and fuel oil as its main products. Petrol or gasoline is an important source of energy in many industrialized nations, especially in the Middle East and Americas. It is worth mentioning that developed nations are the biggest consumers of oil with the U.S. consuming about a quarter of oil produced worldwide.
Private companies in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar, Iraq, Venezuela, Kuwait, Nigeria, Libya, the United Arab Emirates, and Malaysia own the largest reserves of oil. However, in China and the Russian Federation state owned companies have the rights to extract, refine, and sell oil. In 1960, countries-exporters of oil established the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Its mandate is to unify and somehow coordinate the petroleum policies of the member countries. Today, twelve countries are members of the organization.
The petroleum industry is usually divided into several main steps. Firstly, exploration and development takes place, and then crude oil or natural gas is produced. This step is often called an upstream industry's component. Secondly, oil is transported to customers all around the world. The second industry's component is known as a downstream. Thirdly, the transportation of oil and natural gas products incorporates building and maintaining pipelines and marine transport. Service and supply industry plays the vital role as well. Service providers offer the necessary technical solutions to improve technological processes.
Though oil companies pay a huge amount of taxes and provide millions of jobs, their operations have significant environmental impacts. Petroleum industry is the largest source of emissions of volatile organic compounds, which contribute to the formation of smog. When fossil fuels are combusted, the greenhouse gases are produced, along with by-products that include heavy metals and sculpture dioxide. The latter contributes to the acid rains that destroy vegetation. Oil spills in the ocean became a serious problem for the coastal ecosystems.
Today, governments and environmental groups are looking for technologies that will allow people to displace oil and natural gas. Some research seems promising, for instance biofuels supplement petroleum, and electric engines are used in different countries. Either way, it is hard to predict when people will be able to go without petroleum. Therefore, the industry must take responsibility for environmental risks and improve technological processes. On the other hand, consumers should use oil and natural gas in ways that are more efficient and so reduce the overall consumption level.


When it comes to superior stereo sound, nothing can beat Toreto's newly introduced Delight 1.0 headset that promises to enhance your love for music with its exceptional performance and unmatched comfort. It's so lightweight that you can easily exercise or do your household chores with your headphones on!
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In the package, Delight 1.0 earphones are accompanied by two pair of earbuds along with one-year warranty card.


Connected technology can solve many urban issues, yet local governments have struggled to demonstrate the value of smart city initiatives. However, the path to measurable returns is more straightforward than you might think. Growing populations, shifting demographics and evolving expectations. Modern cities are facing an expanding list of complex problems. Today's urban economies are often dependent on static infrastructure that is not prepared to meet the challenges of tomorrow.


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Thunderstorms likely this morning. Then the chance of scattered thunderstorms this afternoon. High 82F. Winds SW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 80%..
Some clouds. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. Low near 70F. Winds light and variable.
Michael Symonds shows the "free little libraries" he created as an Eagle Scout project for Dowagiac. He is a senior at Dowagiac Union High School.
Little libraries pop up in Dowagiac
Eagle Scout's project encourages reading
DOWAGIAC — For the second straight year, a member of the Symonds family has completed an Eagle Scout project that benefits Dowagiac.
Last year, Chris Symonds created a sign at the entrance to the Rudolphi Woods Park for his project. This year, younger brother Michael Symonds just refurbished three old newspaper stand boxes to be new "little free libraries."
The younger Symonds is 17 and a senior at Dowagiac Union High School where he is on the school robotics team. He takes classes at Southwestern Michigan College and plans to go there next year. He eventually wants to transfer to a four-year university to major in computer science.
Michael settled on creating the libraries after talking with Dowagiac officials about possible community service projects.
"I went to the city and they floated the idea of a little library," he said this week. "I decided to do that. Giving away books for free seemed like a good idea."
He said he started work in August and finished last week. The newspaper boxes were donated by Leader Publications and he then set about fixing them. The effort included sandblasting the outside surfaces and repainting them, replacing the glass on the front with plexiglass, putting on roofs and adding shelves.
"It says 'take a book/leave a book' on one side and my name and troop number on the other side," he said. "The Dowagiac District Library donated books to start us out."
He worked on it steadily over the months, primarily on weekends, and got help from other Scouts and family members. He said he's kept track of the number of people helping him along with the total number of hours, which is up to just over 100.
The three "Little Free Libraries" are now installed at three locations. Books are available 24/7 at the First United Methodist Church, at Walter Ward Park and Justice Gage School.
Michael still needs to complete a few steps before he officially becomes an Eagle Scout, including turning in his application, writing an essay and getting letters of recommendation. He is a member of Troop 624 in St. Joseph and has been a Scout since the first grade. He's earned 21 merit badges, including 13 Eagle-required badges.
'No Parking' on grass disputed in Stevensville
4 Democratic women of color slam Trump for 'bigoted remarks'
Searchers scour Michigan woods for missing 2-year-old girl
Missing camper chased by knife happy to be back with family
Break-ins target 4 west Michigan gun shops in less than week
Domino's Pizza: 2Q Earnings Snapshot
Police: Rope resembling noose wasn't result of hate crime
Supreme Court clarifies proper venue in drug-related death
Mercantile Bank: 2Q Earnings Snapshot


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Oviposition site attraction of Aedes albopictus to sites with conspecific and heterospecific larvae during an ongoing invasion in Medellín, Colombia
Talya Shragai1,
Laura Harrington ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-20511,
Catalina Alfonso-Parra2,3 &
Frank Avila3
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are two globally invasive vectors with similar ecological niches. Encounters between them can result in either competitive exclusion or stable co-existence, but it is unclear what drives these variable outcomes. Larval competition in favor of Ae. albopictus is a main hypothesis for the competitive exclusion of Ae. aegypti observed in some regions. However, the role of oviposition preference in determining the degree of competitive larval interactions in the field is not well understood. In this study, we used a combination of mark-release-recapture methods with ovitraps in the open-field and a semi-field cage to test whether gravid Ae. albopictus seek oviposition sites in response to the presence, species, and density of either conspecific or heterospecific Ae. aegypti larvae in the aquatic habitat. We conducted our study in Medellín, Colombia, where Ae. aegypti is a long-term resident and Ae. albopictus is a recent invader.
In the open-field and semi-field cage experiments, gravid Ae. albopictus showed strong preference for ovitraps with larvae over those without. They consistently preferred ovitraps with higher density of conspecific (Ae. albopictus) larvae and low density of heterospecific (Ae. aegypti) larvae over traps with no larvae or high density of heterospecific (Ae. aegypti) larvae. In the semi-field cage experiment, traps with low density of Ae. albopictus were not preferred more or less than any other trap, but in the open-field experiment they were preferred over traps without larvae.
We demonstrate, through open-field and semi-field cage experiments, that Ae. albopictus are more attracted to oviposition sites with larvae and that the combination of species and density of larvae influence attraction. This demonstrated preference could increase interspecific larval competition as Ae. albopictus actively seek containers with conspecific and heterospecific larvae. Any resulting competition with Ae. aegypti may favor one species over the other and alter the distribution or abundance of both. Because these species vary in vectorial capacity and insecticide resistance, effects of interspecific competition could ultimately impact arbovirus transmission rates and the success of vector control efforts
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are two highly successful invasive species that transmit the most important arboviruses impacting human health, including dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya. Aedes aegypti has spread throughout the global tropics, while Ae. albopictus has colonized every continent except Antarctica [1]. Aedes albopictus is currently invading Medellín, Colombia, where Ae. aegypti is well established, and both species have recently begun to coexist in some urban regions of Medellín [2]. Both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti deposit their eggs above the water line in natural and artificial containers, thrive in urban/peri-urban environments, and are readily anthropophagic [3, 4]. Their overlapping ecological niches result in high encounter rates; interestingly, the results of these interactions vary. In some cases, species overlap results in competitive replacement of Ae. aegypti by Ae. albopictus [5, 6], while the reverse can also occur [7], and at times these two species stabilize and coexist [8].
The long-term outcome of co-occurrence on the distribution and abundance of each species has significant public health impacts. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus differ in their feeding behavior [9] and their ability to transmit pathogens and parasites [10], meaning a shift in species abundance could alter the spread or intensity of arboviral disease. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus also vary in insecticide resistance status [11], so efficient control strategies rely on understanding species distribution. Increased clarification of the ecological drivers behind competitive dynamics will enable more accurate predictions for the spread of these vectors, which will in turn allow for better-informed disease mitigation.
There are many hypotheses for why coexistence versus competitive exclusion may occur [12]. Larval competition is the most cited and commonly tested theory, and almost all studies agree that, when forced to share the same aquatic habitat, larval Ae. albopictus outcompete Ae. aegypti [5, 13]. However, because interspecific encounters do not always result in competitive exclusion of Ae. aegypti [7, 8], other determinants must be at play.
One understudied factor in larval competition is the role of mosquito oviposition behavior. In order for larval competition to favor Ae. albopictus over Ae. aegypti, the two species must first deposit their eggs (oviposit) in the same containers. Mosquitoes do not choose oviposition sites at random; rather, they respond to multimodal cues to select preferred habitat [14,15,16,17]. If Ae. albopictus actively seek or avoid oviposition sites based on the presence or absence of Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus larvae, this would increase or decrease the degree of competition. However, experiments to date have mostly been laboratory-based [18, 19] or observational [7, 20]. There is one published open-field-based study on how oviposition site preference can affect interspecific larval competition. This study collected naturally occurring eggs in containers with water used to previously rear varying levels of pre-existing conspecific and heterospecific larval density [21], and found evidence that these factors can drive Ae. albopictus oviposition site usage. However, the direction of this preference was unclear.
We conducted an experiment to test the hypothesis that Ae. albopictus oviposition site attraction in Medellín Medellín, Colombia, is driven by the presence, density, and species of either conspecific or heterospecific Ae. aegypti larvae in the aquatic habitat. While laboratory experiments control for environmental variability, they cannot always be extrapolated to the field, and while observational studies and natural collections report on true conditions, their design makes it difficult to pinpoint the ultimate cause of observed patterns. A combination of semi-field cage trials conducted under natural environmental conditions and open-field experiments with laboratory-reared cohorts of ovipositing females can maximize experimental control without losing real-world applicability. To this end, we first tested this hypothesis in the open-field using mark-release-recapture, and then replicated the experiment under semi-field cage conditions.
General methods
Study location
We conducted the semi-field cage experiment on the Universidad de Antioquia campus, 6°16ʹ4.97″, − 75°34ʹ7.91″ and the open-field experiment in Barrio Santa Cruz, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia, 6°17ʹ44.42″, − 75°33ʹ11.76″ (Fig. 1). Aedes aegypti has been established in both neighborhoods over a long period of time while Ae. albopictus was first detected through systematic city-wide ovitrap surveillance in Barrio Santa Cruz and in Barrio Universidad de Antioquia in 2011 (Secretaria de Salud Medellín, unpublished data). During the month-long semi-field cage study and the three-month open-field study, the average Medellín temperature was 21.6 °C and the average rainfall was 119 mm. Santa Cruz is a dense urban residential community in the steep hills in the northeast of Medellín, with a population of 430 inhabitants per hectare. The government of Medellín categorizes 96.6% of the Santa Cruz population as socioeconomic status 2 and 3.4% as status 1 based on a ranking system of 1 to 6, with 1 being the lowest [22]. Most homes in Santa Cruz are open to the outdoors, without screens.
Map of Medellín with close up satellite imagery showing the location of the field site (top) and semi-field cage site (bottom)
Container survey and selection of release houses
For this experiment to reflect accurate field conditions and to select release houses that were already positive for both species, we first surveyed naturally occurring larvae in Santa Cruz and determined the locations of oviposition sites. Although both can thrive indoors and outdoors, Ae. aegypti preferentially rest, feed, mate, and oviposit inside [23], while Ae. albopictus tend to be exophagic and exophilic [3]. Different cities have very different degrees of access to indoor/outdoor habitats and availability of indoor/outdoor oviposition sites, and this largely determines if larval habitat is located inside or outside the house, as in Moore et al. [24]. After obtaining permission from homeowners through door-to-door interviews, trained field personnel surveyed the indoor and outdoor areas of each house. Teams identified all water-holding containers suitable for larval development (defined by ability to hold at least 2 ml of water and residents reported that they did not regularly clean and change the water) and recorded container location (indoor or outdoor) and presence or absence of mosquito larvae/pupae. Larval/pupal collection and species identification was as described in Shragai et al. [25].
We conducted the experimental release studies at three houses within Santa Cruz that were selected based on the following criteria: (i) full consent of the homeowner(s) was given; (ii) each contained outdoor space on the property; and (iii) each was found to have natural populations of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, detected both as larvae and adults. Before each release, each home and all adjacent homes were thoroughly cleared of any potential oviposition sites.
Mosquitoes and oviposition traps preparation
Aedes albopictus used in the study were of low generation (F6–F8) adults from a colony established with field-collected larvae in Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia. Aedes aegypti used in the ovitraps were of similar low generation (F6–F8) Wolbachia-negative larvae from a colony established from Acacías, Meta, Colombia. These were known to be Wolbachia-negative because no Wolbachia releases have been conducted in Meta, Colombia. We did not release Ae. aegypti in this study.
All mosquitoes were hatched and reared as described previously (Alfonso-Parra et al. [26]. Released females were offered a blood meal from author Talya Shragai (TS) on days 5 and 6 post-eclosion, and all visibly engorged females were transferred to a separate cage provided with water, 10% sucrose ad libitum, and a daily human blood meal for 5 days until fully gravid.
One day post-hatch and four days pre-release, first-instar larvae were placed in the experimental ovitraps. The ovitraps were filled with 3.7 l of tap water at least 24 h prior to the addition of larvae to allow chlorine to dissipate. Experimental ovitraps contained two ground Hikari Gold Cichlid food pellets (mean weight of 3.56 g/pellet) (Hikari, Himeju, Japan) and one of two levels of larval density low density (20 larvae, density of 1 larva per 185 ml) or high density (100 larvae, density of 1 larva per 37 ml) of Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus. This nutrition level was chosen to be in surplus for both density treatments in order to equalize larval development rates and isolate preference based on signals received from healthy, non-stressed larvae.
Trap design and experimental conditions
Gravid females were recaptured using modified sticky ovitraps (Fig. 2c). Ovitraps were constructed from 11.4 l black plastic buckets. The buckets were covered with mesh to ensure that no mosquitoes could escape if they eclosed in the trap and to prevent any mosquitoes from successfully laying eggs in the traps and potentially affecting semiochemicals in the oviposition water. A 1.9 l clear plastic food storage container with a 7.6 cm hole cut into the center bottom was fitted upside down on top of the bucket, and the sides of the plastic container were lined with clear plastic sheeting coated in Tangle Trap (Scotts Miracle-Gro, Marysville, OH). A 0.4 l black plastic cup with the bottom removed was fitted into the hole in the clear plastic container. Each experimental block included four ovitraps representing each larval density-species combination and two control ovitraps that contained water and fish food but no larvae.
Set-up of the semi-field cage. a Field cage exterior. b Field cage interior, showing close-up view of buckets with cloth. c Field cage interior, showing placement of ovitraps and resting sites: buckets with cloth and plants
Open-field experiment
To test if Ae. albopictus attraction to oviposition sites is driven by the presence, density, and species of either conspecific or heterospecific Ae. aegypti larvae in an open field environment, we conducted a series of mark-release-recaptures using sticky ovitraps seeded with varying densities and species of larvae.
Mark-release-recapture
We marked mosquitoes on the day of release with DayGlo (DayGlo Color, Cleveland, OH, USA) fluorescent dust following the methods of Edman et al. [27], Harrington et al. [28], and others (Fig. 2). This method does not affect the fitness of the mosquitoes; most mosquitoes are marked for life (Harrington, unpublished data). We used a different color dust for each release site to quickly differentiate location of origin.
We conducted eight rounds of releases between 12 June and 8 August 2018. Mosquitoes were transferred to 473 ml plastic cups for transportation to the release sites. Gravid females were released in the late afternoon (15:00–17:00 h), adjacent to ovitraps. Between 25 and 45 females were released in each of three houses in each round as described above.
Gravid females were recaptured using the sticky ovitraps described above, using the same experimental species and density conditions. Based on the results from the container survey, ovitraps were placed in the backyard of each release house in the location best representing natural Ae. albopictus larval habitat in urban residential Medellín. Ovitraps were checked every 24 h for four days starting 24 h after release. All captured mosquitoes were examined in the field to record species, sex, and presence/absence of fluorescent dust, and mosquitoes were then removed and discarded.
Semi-field cage experiment
To test if Ae. albopictus attraction to oviposition sites is driven by the presence, density, and species of either conspecific or heterospecific Ae. aegypti larvae under more highly controlled conditions, we replicated our open-field experiment in a semi-field cage.
Semi-field cage
The semi-field cage consisted of a 3.0 × 4.5 × 1.9 m (w × l × h) tent cage (Fig. 2a) made of white PVC coated polyester mesh, reinforced at angles and seams with white canvas tarp and supported by an aluminum frame. The cage was accessed using a front zipper door. The floor of the cage was made of white plastic for easy visualization of mosquitoes. The cage was placed under full tree cover to protect it from direct sunlight. The following items were placed inside the cage to provide refugia for mosquitoes (Fig. 2b, c): two potted plants (Beaucarnea sp., and Hibiscus sp.), four dry plastic buckets resting sideways, and a black cloth. Plants were watered as needed and leaves were misted daily to provide drinking water for released mosquitoes.
Ovitraps were placed in a circle around the center of the semi-field cage. The order of ovitraps was kept the same throughout the experiment, but the position was rotated one place clockwise between each replicate to identify any positional bias.
Release-recapture
We conducted four different releases between 19 January and 19 February 2019. Females were released in the afternoon (13:00–16:00 h), in the center of the semi-field cage. Between 22 and 62 females were released in each replicate. Mosquitoes that did not voluntarily fly from their container when the lid was opened and the side tapped, were transported back to the laboratory and were not counted in the total number released. A point temperature reading both inside and outside the semi-field cage was taken when the mosquitoes were released and on each recapture day to ensure that temperatures inside the cage accurately reflected environmental conditions.
Ovitraps were checked every 24 h for two days starting 24 h after release. All captured mosquitoes were removed and discarded. Any remaining uncaptured mosquitoes were killed with an electric racket at the end of each replicate (Black Flag, Madison, WI, USA).
The open-field data and semi-field cage data were analyzed individually using separate models. For both, we used a generalized linear mixed model using Poisson distributions to analyze the effects of ovitrap treatment on Ae. albopictus recapture. Date of release and ovitrap ID were included as random factors and for the open-field experiment, house of release was included as a blocking factor. The number of Ae. albopictus recaptured over the experiment was used as the dependent variable, and four forms of fixed effects structures were used: larvae/no larvae, species, density, and each of the five species-density combinations. For the response variable, the number recaptured for all days in each trap of each release replicate was totaled. Further pairwise analysis was conducted by calculating the estimated marginal means and performing all pairwise comparisons. All analyses were conducted in R (R Core Team, Version 3.5.2), using the lme4 and emmeans packages [29,30,31].
Although we collected wild, non-marked Ae. albopictus in the open-field study, we did not include an analysis of these mosquitoes because the sample size (total n = 35) was too low to detect statistical differences.
Container survey
Only 9.68% of the houses surveyed had at least one positive container (Table 1). Overall, 83.17% of 305 containers surveyed were negative and 16.83% were positive. Of the positive containers, 72.55% were positive for Ae. aegypti alone, 19.61% were positive for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, and 7.84% were positive for Ae. albopictus alone. Almost all containers identified in the survey, including those both positive and negative for larvae, were located indoors.
Table 1 Container survey results. Containers and houses negative and positive for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Results are divided into containers and houses with containers located indoors and outdoors
The overall recapture rate was 12.85% and the total number recaptured was 115, which are numbers consistent with or higher than other studies using similar trapping methods [29, 30]. The number of marked Ae. albopictus recaptured in oviposition containers was affected by the presence of larvae in the ovitraps with significantly more Ae. albopictus recaptured in traps with larvae of either species than in traps with no larvae (P < 0.0001, Z-ratio = − 3.999, SE = 0.357). Significantly more Ae. albopictus were recaptured in traps with Ae. albopictus larvae at high densities (P = 0.0006, Z-ratio = − 4.653, SE = 0.0806) and in containers with Ae. aegypti larvae at low density (P = 0.0014, Z-ratio = − 3.801, SE = 0.0875) than in the no larvae control traps (Fig. 3). The number of Ae. albopictus recaptured in traps with high density Ae. aegypti was not significantly different than traps with any species/density combination (low density Ae. aegypti: P = 0.686, Z-ratio = − 0.169, SE = 0.608; low density Ae. albopictus: P = 0.594, Z-ratio = − 2.323, SE = 0.578) nor than the control traps (P = 0.156, Z-ratio = − 1.816, SE = 0.082) (Fig. 3). The number recaptured in ovitraps with low density Ae. albopictus was significantly higher than in the traps with no mosquito larvae (P = 0.0008, Z-ratio = − 4.204, SE = 0.082) (Fig. 3). All other variables had non-significant effects.
Results of the open-field experiment showing marked-released-recaptured Ae. albopictus. Mean recapture rates per day ± 95% confidence intervals are reverse transformed from the estimated marginal means of our Poisson distributed generalized mixed model. Significantly different treatments are indicated by letters. More Ae. albopictus were recaptured in traps with 100 Ae. albopictus, 20 Ae. aegypti and 20 Ae. albopictus than in traps with no larvae (P = 0.0006, SE = 0.0806; P = 0.0014, SE = 0.0875; P = 0.0008, SE = 0.082). The number of Ae. albopictus recaptured in traps with 100 Ae. aegypti was not significantly different than traps with any species/density combination or the control traps
We recaptured a total of 117 females, for a recapture rate of 78.52%. The number of Ae. albopictus recaptured in oviposition containers was affected by the presence of larvae in the ovitraps (P = 0.0260, Z-ratio = − 2.072, SE = 0.403). Just as in the open-field experiment, significantly more Ae. albopictus were recaptured in containers with Ae. albopictus at high densities (P = 0.0349, Z-ratio = − 2.855, SE = 0.127) and in containers with Ae. aegypti larvae at low densities (P = 0.0161, Z-ratio = − 3.108, SE = 0.115) than in the control traps with no larvae (Fig. 4). Again, the number of Ae. albopictus recaptured in traps with high density of Ae. aegypti was not significantly different than in traps with any species/density combination (low density of Ae. aegypti: P = 0.186, Z-ratio = − 2.183, SE = 0.168; low density of Ae. albopictus: P = 0.982, Z-ratio = − 0.552, SE = 0.384, high density of Ae. albopictus: P = 0.282, Z-ratio = − 1.968, SE = 0.187) or than in the control traps (P = 0.986, Z-ratio = − 0.517, SE = 0.365) (Fig. 4). In this experiment, the number recaptured in the trap with low density of Ae. albopictus was also not significantly different than in the control (P = 0.775, Z-ratio = − 1.158, SE = 0.267) or the preferred traps (high density of Ae. albopictus: P = 0.598, Z-ratio = 1.446, SE = 0.871; low density of Ae. aegypti: P = 0.453, Z-ratio = 1.670, SE = 0.954) (Fig. 4). All other variables had non-significant effects.
Results of the semi-field experiment showing released-recaptured Ae. albopictus. Mean recapture rates per day ± 95% confidence intervals are reverse transformed from the estimated marginal means of our Poisson distributed generalized mixed model. Significantly different treatments are indicated by letters. More Ae. albopictus were recaptured in traps with 100 Ae. albopictus and 20 Ae. aegypti than in traps with no larvae (P = 0.0349, SE = 0.127; P = 0.0161, SE = 0.115). The number of Ae. albopictus recaptured in traps with 100 Ae. aegypti and 20 Ae. albopictus was not significantly different than in traps with any species/density combination or the control traps
This study addresses female Ae. albopictus oviposition choices that may lead to larval competition with Ae. aegypti. We tested attraction to ovitraps containing either conspecific larvae or heterospecific Ae. aegypti larvae at two levels of density in both the open-field and a semi-field cage. We showed that Ae. albopictus preferentially seek oviposition sites that contain larvae over those that do not, and that the combination of species and density of larvae in the container influenced oviposition site choice; those with high densities of conspecific larvae or low densities of heterospecific larvae were most attractive. Our results support previous laboratory studies and show that this behavior is relevant in the field.
Our semi-field cage and open-field experiments demonstrated that Ae. albopictus preferentially seek oviposition sites that contain larvae over those that do not. These results are corroborated by previous laboratory studies demonstrating that Ae. albopictus preferentially oviposit in sites that already contain larvae [18, 32,33,34]. This attraction is thought to be because the presence of conspecific larvae can indicate high-quality habitat; in Ae. aegypti it has been hypothesized to signal adequate food and infrequent desiccation [35]. We chose to use a consistent initial amount of larval nutrition (mean weight of 3.56 g per trap) rather than a set amount per larvae in the trap, which means that over the course of each replicate the nutrition was differentially depleted by larvae in each experimental treatment. However, if oviposition attraction was solely based on nutrient levels, we would expect the treatments with more larvae to be less attractive. We did not see this effect, further supporting our conclusion that larvae produce cues independent of nutrient levels that influence gravid female oviposition site selection.
We recaptured more gravid Ae. albopictus females in ovitraps with 100 Ae. albopictus than in traps with no larvae in both the open-field experiment and the semi-field cage experiment. Mosquitoes should seek oviposition sites that optimize offspring fitness, which is a balance between ensuring sufficient resources and minimizing detrimental competition. Although conspecific larvae can signal sight productivity, very high larval density lengthens development time and decreases adult mosquito size, thereby reducing fitness [34]. Therefore, attraction to conspecific larvae has been theorized to be hump-shaped density-dependent, with attraction increasing with greater numbers of larvae until a critical maximum, after which density is too high, and attraction declines. In an open-field study of Ae. albopictus oviposition site preference based on just conspecific larvae, preference increases with increasing numbers of larvae in the container until 130 larvae/0.37 l water, and decreased if larval density was greater [36]. This result is consistent with our findings that 100 conspecific larvae/3.7 l, a density level well before the critical maximum, was more attractive to Ae. albopictus adults than containers with no larvae.
More Ae. albopictus were recaptured in traps with 20 Ae. aegypti than with no larvae, but Ae. albopictus showed no preference for containers with 100 Ae. aegypti compared to larvae-free containers. There is an overlap in preferred larval environment for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, so the presence of heterospecific larvae may still be used to detect high-quality habitat, as is the case in other mosquito systems [37,38,39]. We suggest that, while heterospecific larvae may be attractive, the density tolerance threshold might be lower and dependent on existing resource levels. In our study, it may be that the combination of low numbers of heterospecific larvae with high resource surplus was attractive, but they had an intermediary preference towards containers with a greater number of Ae. aegypti larvae and a lesser surplus of nutrients. However, the results from previous studies are sparse and inconsistent. One laboratory study showed that Ae. albopictus prefers to oviposit in water used to rear Ae. aegypti [18]. A field study found that Ae. albopictus preferred water that had never contained larvae over water used to rear Ae. aegypti under non-stressful nutrient conditions [21]. Another laboratory study [19] found no attraction to "low" and "medium" (10 or 100 larvae/60 ml water) densities of Ae. aegypti larvae and strong preferential oviposition to "high" (500 larvae/60 ml water) densities compared to an ovicup with no larvae, but medium and high densities in this paper are far above those observed in the field.
The stark contrast between these three studies may be due to their methodological differences or to genetic variation between strains used. Each of these protocols varied in the larval densities tested, the use of water containing larvae versus strained larval rearing water, and if they were conducted in the laboratory versus in the field. It is also of note that all the previous studies used sieved water previously used for rearing larvae or placed washed larvae in clean water, which also contrasts with our methodology. Alternatively, the different results could be due to genetic variation between the mosquito strains. These species can undergo rapid local adaptation, and strain variation has been shown to be responsible for behavioral differences such as escape response to pesticides [40, 41], mating behavior [42, 43], and larval alarm reactions [44]. Furthermore, the interspecific competitive ability of Ae. aegypti against Ae. albopictus at the adult stage has been shown to vary by location. Strains of Ae. aegypti with previous exposure to Ae. albopictus are less susceptible to satyrization than those with minimal interspecific exposure [45]. It may be that susceptibility to larval competition varies by strain as well, which could consequently impact oviposition choice by strain. Future research could test a range of mosquito strains, and vary larval densities and resource levels to pinpoint their respective effects on oviposition preference.
It is unclear why there was a significant preference for traps containing 20 Ae. albopictus over the traps with no larvae in the open-field experiment, but no significant preference for or against this treatment in the semi-field cage experiment. If our results were to support the theory that attraction to conspecific larvae increases as the density increases until 130 larvae/0.37 l, we would expect our 100 Ae. albopictus treatment to be most attractive, our 20 Ae. albopictus treatment to be intermediately attractive, and our control to be least attractive. This was, in fact, the case in the semi-field cage, but not in the open-field. This may be because other environmental cues were present in the open-field setting, or because of an undetected effect of the bucket used.
The highly significant preference for containers with larvae with our sample size indicates that this preference is strong, and the similarity of the open-field and semi-field cage findings further corroborate our conclusions. Our results contradict one previous field study which found an idiosyncratic preference of Ae. albopictus for ovicups with con- and hetero-specific larvae [21]. This discrepancy may be due to methodological variation. While we used 5-day-old larvae in the ovitraps, they raised mosquitoes to eclosion and used sieved rearing water. These approaches reflect equally appropriate but different field conditions. Furthermore, their experimental containers were open-air, and they used total eggs laid as their response. Attraction to semiochemicals by mosquitoes often occurs over long distances, but any gustatory or tactile oviposition cues require contact with the water [46, 47]. Our ovitrap design did not permit females to touch water, and so our results only reflect preference for cues detected at a range. Further experimentation should compare these cues and their effect on active oviposition.
Aedes aegypti were not released in this study. The World Mosquito Programme is currently releasing Wolbachia-positive Ae. aegypti in Medellín and maintains a proprietary right on these mosquitoes. In order to conduct field trials with Ae. aegypti, researchers must use Medellín-origin Ae. aegypti that are confirmed negative for Wolbachia, and we were unable to create a compliant laboratory colony within our time frame.
The invasion of Medellín, Colombia by Ae. albopictus is a recent and ongoing phenomenon. Any resulting competition with Ae. aegypti could preferentially favor one species over the other and alter the distribution or abundance of both species. This in turn could have implications on the spread of arboviral disease. Medellín is still predominantly inhabited by Ae. aegypti, and larval populations are low enough that ovipositing females can select between containers with or without other larvae. Because oviposition site-seeking Ae. albopictus actively are attracted to those with both conspecific and heterospecific mosquitoes, larval competition should be exacerbated as Ae. albopictus continues to invade. Further studies are needed to understand the impact of interspecific larval competition on the fitness of both species and to understand in more detail how ecological context modifies the outcome of oviposition behavior and interspecific competition.
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We are grateful for the support of the Secretaria de Salud, Alcadia de Medellín, Colombia, without whom this project would have been impossible. We are especially grateful to Dr. Guillermo L. Rua Uribe, Juliana Perez and Marcela Quimbayo Forero for their advice and support. We appreciate the statistical consulting of Erika Mudrak, RutaN Medellín for technical support, and the field assistance of Paulina Gutierrez Arbelaez, Edison Trujilo, and Carolina Bedoya.
This project was funded in part from the Cornell Graduate School Research Travel Fund, in part from the Cornell Department of Entomology Rawlins Fund and Griswold Fund, in part by COLCIENCIAS, Universidad de Antioquia and the Max Planck Society cooperation grant 566-1 (2014) (to FWA), in part by COLCIENCIAS grant CD 325671250804 (CT 409-2016) (to CAP), and in part by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Multistate Hatch Project under 2017-18-225.
Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Talya Shragai
& Laura Harrington
Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Sabaneta, 055450, Antioquia, Colombia
Catalina Alfonso-Parra
Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010, Antioquia, Colombia
& Frank Avila
Search for Talya Shragai in:
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TS conceived and designed the experiment, conducted all field and laboratory work, performed all data analysis, and was the major writer of the manuscript. CA and FA were the major coordinators of experimental logistics. LH was a major contributor to the experimental design and writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Laura Harrington.
All experimental procedures were approved by the Secretaría de Salud, Alcaldía de Medellín (Medellín Secretary of Health) and reviewed and determined exempt by Cornell University's Institutional Review Board (IRB). After obtaining approvals, we explained the project and obtained consent from residents in the study community. Mark-release-recapture studies for Aedes mosquitoes generally remove more mosquitoes from the environment than are released, decreasing the overall risk of disease transmission [48]. However, numerous safety measures were taken to further minimize human risk. We explained and provided written documentation of all experimental procedures to participating residents and provided information about how to decrease Aedes larval habitat, minimize biting risk, and recognize the symptoms of dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Residents could end their participation in the project at any time. In addition, we committed to halting all experiments if there was a reported arboviral case in the neighborhood. Residents were further provided with mosquito repellent (OFF 30%, SC Johnson, Racine, WI) and an electric insect racket (Black Flag, Madison, WI). All participating residences were thoroughly checked and cleared of any water-holding container that could serve as larval habitat.
Shragai, T., Harrington, L., Alfonso-Parra, C. et al. Oviposition site attraction of Aedes albopictus to sites with conspecific and heterospecific larvae during an ongoing invasion in Medellín, Colombia. Parasites Vectors 12, 455 (2019) doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3710-6
Aedes albopictus
Interspecific competition
Oviposition choice


Here are the splendid FALL FREE Offerings at our local STE(A)M HiTech Center at the Savage Branch Library!
Here are the related links since the graphics above aren't clickable!
Hey Kiddos! Try the FREE Escape from Detention Game App!
FREE HiTech STEM classes offered over spring break! Wait, Did I mention it was FREE?
Register online or by calling 410-313-0760.
View the PDF or see the graphic at top.
By popular demand, and to coincide with Baltimore's gigantic outdoor light celebration Light City, Laser Rock shows return to the dome of the planetarium. Pink Floyd, The Beatles, and all the classic rock favorites provide the soundtrack for a spectacular laser light show and special effects in 360 degree surround sound.
Friday & Saturday at 6:45pm, 7:45pm, and 8:45pm.
Pricing for evening shows is $8.00, add a second show for only $4.00.
Click here for a list of laser shows and featured tracks.
We are so lucky to have a marvelous local public library close to our Middle School! The Howard County Public Library Savage Branch has been a fixture in our community for decades…but it needed a facelift, it needed expanding, it needed a HITech makeover. And it got it!
One of my best resources and friends there at the Savage Branch is Teens' Instructor and Specialist, Ms. Sarah Cooke!
Teens can meet here for the STEM Lab & HiTech classes!
Here's Sarah Cooke showing off the cool USB bracelets that kiddos made recently!
Wonderful bright spaces to read, work, and contemplate. Like a slick airport – with books! Many different areas to plug in laptops or tablets – a multitude of desktop computers ready for you! Comfy furniture, abundant books & materials, friendly librarians, and a slick futuristic design make this a significant contribution to the heart of our community!
Here are the latest Winter offerings for our students at the Savage Branch!
HCLS Savage Branch Winter Classes!
Read any interesting books lately? Or any terrible ones? Join us in creating and maintaining a teen book review blog where you can share those you loved, those you hated, and why with other readers, as well as learn the basics of making your own blog.
Ages 11-17, registration required for each class.
You could save a life! Learn about cardiac arrest, how to recognize it's happening, and the three simple steps of Hands-only CPR for victims over 8 years old. Receive a basic overview of an automated external defibrillator (AED).
Ever wondered why young adult books rarely have pictures? You can change that! Create illustrations for your favorite book, then share with group for friendly book/art discussion and possible library display.
Who knew insects could be so cute? Using colorful crafting clay you can create adorable little "love bugs" to give as Valentine gifts to show how much you care…and how creative you are!
Join the Teen Advisory Board at your branch to recommend books, music, and movies; develop and plan events for teens; and work with HCLS instructors on projects you create. Service learning hours available.
Ages 9-13; 1.5 hours; drop-in.
Celebrate the season with a cup of hot cocoa and snow inspired crafts. Drop in and learn how to make giant snowflakes, pompom snowmen and other crafts that will make you feel warm even when it's cold outside.
Ages 9-13; 1 hour; registration required.
On your marks, get set, GO! Let's zoom into the the year 2015 by creating cool race cars out of recycled materials and rubber bands, and then exploring the laws of motion by racing them in the library.
Join us in our latest duct tape adventure — making roses out of colorful duct tape and pencils for that special someone to show how much you care…and how crafty you are!
Enjoy a popular G or PG rated movie on the big screen with your family and friends.
Have you noticed our local HCL Library branch is closed?
Don't panic! We have an express solution!
The Savage Branch is closed through September 2014 for a long awaited renovation. A temporary Savage Branch Express is open in the shopping center located at the intersection of Route 1 and Gorman Road right in front of the Weiss grocery store. The express branch offers a small selection of popular titles, selected HiTech classes, and a limited schedule of children's classes.
Customers may also pick up reserves and return items at this location.
You can call ahead, request book titles, and they will order them for you and have them waiting for you to be picked up (like a carry out pizza!) for no extra charge!
Just use the HCL Catalog Search for your desired items, make a list, and call up to request to have them sent to the Savage Express!
There are also computers there available for student & parent use! And printers, too!
When it re-opens in July 2014 (projected date), the renovated Savage Branch will include an open floor plan, enhanced lighting, additional exterior windows, and two outdoor classrooms – for an additional 9,000 sq. ft., a 50 percent overall increase. Details.
HiTech Offerings –FREE Fun & Learning for our students!
Flipping Over The Summer Reading List 2013!
The summer reading list is here & jam packed with great recommendations!
Here's the Grownup Summer Reading List for Parents & Teachers!
Now a very heartfelt message from Taylor Swift about overdue books!
The Savage branch's official last day will be Saturday, July 6.
I will of course keep you all updated with an official re-opening date! Have a great rest of the school year!
So yeah, like Taylor Swift said above…..don't be "That Guy" and have overdue library books — please bring back your books and read AWESOME ones this summer!I know I'm gonna read the Divergent series again, and Showboat, and finish listening to the Harry Potter series (5th time) audio books read by Jim Dale. ….ok, and a few shlocky beach books but hey! Summer reading is the BEST!
Summer Reading Begins Saturday, June 1!
Sign up for summer reading and participate in a day of fun including children's stories, face painting, crafts, and activities for children, teens, and adults. Don't miss the Reptile Wonders exhibit and Pee Wee Pirates Show!
Kick off the adult summer reading club as HCLS instructors discuss their top picks for summer reading. Win books and door prizes at this event; enter a drawing for fabulous grand prizes. Refreshments.
Celebrate the start of Summer Reading with an evening of games and activities. Sign up for Summer Reading and collect book bucks for participating.
If you need a library this summer, why not check out the Elkridge, Columbia Branch, or the super cool NEWLY Renovated Miller Branch?
Choose Civility HiTech Teen Day!
Register today to collaborate with your friends to create a Choose Civility iBook! A community-wide initiative, Choose Civility aims to enhance respect, empathy, consideration, and tolerance.
• how to make the world a better place.
Please make sure your document is on a thumb drive. You may also bring original pictures and photos that best depict your written document or create it during the iBook session.
HiTech is funded by a Federal STEM grant from IMLS and the MacArthur Foundation.
PS. Brekkie & Lunch included! Nom, nom!


This December 2nd, Cal Performances presented Project& Fellow Claire Chase at the Berkeley Art Museum & Pacific Film Archive. Chase premiereed and excerpt from PAN, a collaborative piece commissioned by Project&. Through her Density: 2036 project, Chase premieres new commissions of work for solo-flute every year.
PAN (taking the sense meaning "all") aims to break new ground in the 21st-century repertory with a work that is as socially meaningful in a given community as it is artistically adventurous in its format-defying approach to the "concert" (acting together, jointly) experience. PAN's structure is part of Project&'s core vision of creating models of equitable cultural participation with community and creative collaboration.


A man with a grudge against agents went on a revenge spree by cutting down more than 100 boards.
Anthony Bennett, 39, went out in his van two nights running and used a Stanley knife to hack down the signs.
He was angry because he had lost his entire £1,100 deposit over a stained carpet, and blamed agents Mark Boulton & Co in Greater Manchester.
He had lost his job and, after losing his home, became temporarily homeless and had to sleep in his van. He was also raging because of having to pay bedroom tax on his new property, a council flat, and decided to get back at estate agents across the Rochdale area.
He targeted several agents in his quest for revenge, and the boards he cut down and took away included dozens of For Sale signs. One firm lost 50 boards at £22 each, and four other firms lost 60 during Bennett's two-night campaign.
The total damage was £2,000 before Bennett handed himself in to police, admitting he had targeted six different locations.
At Bury Magistrates Court, Bennett admitted theft. He said he had expected to have lost a "reasonable amount" from his deposit to cover the stained carpet, but not the whole lot.
He was ordered to pay £500 compensation to four firms and was given a three-month community rehabilitation order. A six-week curfew between the hours of 9.30pm and 7am was imposed and his van was impounded.


Sift together two cups of the flour with the sugar, and stir in the yeast. With mixer at low speed, blend shortening or butter into the flour mixture. Add the hot water (the hottest it comes from your tap, all at once, with mixer running. Add the egg, and continue mixing.
Add in the remaining two cups flour to make a soft dough.
OR YOU CAN DO IT THIS WAY.
Knead lightly on a floured board and shape into a ball. Put into an oiled bowl, cover with a towel, and allow to rise in a warm spot until doubled, about two hours. Punch dough down. At this point it can either be refrigerated or shaped in rolls or loaves and allowed to rise a second time until doubled. Bake in a preheated 375 degree oven until barely brown. May be frozen after baking and reheated to serve.
Well...now I want dinner rolls for breakfast!
Oh my goodness. I can smell them through the computer! Pinning right now.
these look so good,I am hungry now!
Omg my mouth is now watering for these!!
Those look perfect, gotta try them.
That looks so buttery and soft. You make it sound so easy lol. I don't like baking because every time I try, I fail!
These look really good! Thanks for sharing.
I normally buy the ones that I just need to warm in the oven,b aking is not my strong point, but this seems easy to make. I should try to bake from the scratch one time..
Oh my goodness these sound amazing and pretty simple! I need to get my daughter to try this recipe.
I bookmarked as well. Gotta try these.
mmm boy do these look good! I've been making biscuits lately, and wraps, but I want to make these rolls!!!