The number of foreign children adopted by Americans plunged more than a quarter in the past year, reaching the lowest level since 1996 and leading adoption advocates to urge Congress to help reverse the trend.
China was the No. 1 source country in 2009 — but U.S. adoptions from there dropped to 3,001, compared with 3,909 in 2008. China has been steadily cutting back the numbers of healthy, well-adjusted orphans being made available for adoptions; a majority of Chinese children now available to U.S. adoptive families have special physical or emotional needs.
Thomas DiFilipo, president of the Joint Council on International Children's Services, predicts 2010 numbers to hover just below 10,000. That is a tremendous difference from 1985, when Korea alone sent away 8,837 children for adoption.
As well, the fact that the majority of children being adopted from China have special physical or emotional needs will have major implications for post-adoption services, and will likely shift the nature of discussion regarding Chinese transracial adoption, and possibly representations of transracially adopted Chinese children in the media.
The tapering off of some countries probably means that another outlet will widen; it'll be interesting to see how Ethiopia changes in the coming years, and what the transnational adoption of Ethiopian children, as opposed to the domestic adoption of black children, implies about the racial, cultural and national preferences of (mostly white) adoptive parents. Related, what does it mean that adoptive parents are willing to adopt special needs children from China, but not so much special needs ethnic children in the United States?
So… is it "worth the effort"? As Jane Jeong Trenka asks, was her American education worth the cost of losing her homeland, birth family and Korean culture? (She asks this in her memoir, Language of Blood, but forgive me, I can't give you the page number because I don't have the book with me).
Who decides what's "worth the effort"?
While I truly hope that someone is adopting or in the least caring properly for all the foreign children who need a home I can not understand why US citizens do not adopt locally.
There are tens of thousands of chiledren in orphanages and in Foster Care in our very own back yards!
One of the biggest problems are the unrealistic expectations that many adoptive parents have toward their perspective adoptive child. Many only want an infant… and a perfect one at that.
How sad for all those children in (any) orphanage who is deemed unwanted or unworthy for adoption simply because of their age.
I know in our state when you adopt a child from the Foster Care system the State actually pays you a monthly stipend, the children get MEDICADE and they also get four years of State college.
I'm glad foreign adoptions are down… as long as the number of adoptions (in total) are not down.


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Home / Essays / Key Documents of Liberty / 1788: Amendments recommended by the Several State Conventions
1788: Amendments recommended by the Several State Conventions
Collections: The American Revolution and Constitution
Source: Liberty and Order: The First American Party Struggle, ed. and with a Preface by Lance Banning (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2004).
Amendments Recommended by the Several State Conventions
In several of the largest states, the Federalists were able to secure approval of the Constitution only by accepting a procedure pioneered in Massachusetts, where a majority of delegates elected to the state convention initially opposed the plan. Working with Governor John Hancock, supporters of the document insisted that it must be ratified without condition, but agreed that subsequent amendments might be recommended to the first new Congress or the other states, two-thirds of which could constitutionally demand another Constitutional Convention.
Amendments Proposed by the Virginia Convention 27 June 1788
That there be a Declaration or Bill of Rights asserting and securing from encroachment the essential and unalienable Rights of the People in some such manner as the following:
First, That there are certain natural rights of which men, when they form a social compact, cannot deprive or divest their posterity, among which are the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. Second, That all power is naturally vested in and consequently derived from the people; that magistrates, therefore, are their trustees and agents and at all times amenable to them. Third, That government ought to be instituted for the common benefit, protection and security of the people; and that the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind. Fourth, That no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or separate public emoluments or privileges from the community but in consideration of public services; which, not being descendible, neither ought the offices of magistrate, legislator or judge, or any other public office to be hereditary. Fifth, That the legislative, executive, and judiciary powers of government should be separate and distinct, and that the members of the two first may be restrained from oppression by feeling and participating the public burdens, they should, at fixed periods be reduced to a private station, return into the mass of the people, and the vacancies be supplied by certain and regular elections; in which all or any part of the former members to be eligible or ineligible as the rules of the Constitution of Government and the laws shall direct. Sixth, That elections of representatives in the legislature ought to be free and frequent, and all men having sufficient evidence of permanent common interest with and attachment to the community ought to have the right of suffrage; and no aid, charge, tax or fee can be set, rated, or levied upon the people without their own consent, or that of their representatives so elected, nor can they be bound by any law to which they have not in like manner assented for the public good. Seventh, That all power of suspending laws or the execution of laws by any authority without the consent of the representatives of the people in the legislature is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised. Eighth, That in all capital and criminal prosecutions, a man hath a right to demand the cause and nature of his accusation, to be confronted with the accusers and witnesses, to call for evidence and be allowed counsel in his favor, and to a fair and speedy trial by an impartial jury of his vicinage, without whose unanimous consent he cannot be found guilty (except in the government of the land and naval forces) nor can he be compelled to give evidence against himself. Ninth, That no freeman ought to be taken, imprisoned, or disseised of his freehold, liberties, privileges or franchises, or outlawed or exiled, or in any manner destroyed or deprived of his life, liberty or property but by the law of the land. Tenth, That every freeman restrained of his liberty is entitled to a remedy, to inquire into the lawfulness thereof, and to remove the same, if unlawful, and that such remedy ought not to be denied nor delayed. Eleventh, That in controversies respecting property, and in suits between man and man, the ancient trial by jury is one of the greatest securities to the rights of the people, and ought to remain sacred and inviolable. Twelfth, That every freeman ought to find a certain remedy by recourse to the laws for all injuries and wrongs he may receive in his person, property or character. He ought to obtain right and justice freely without sale, completely and without denial, promptly and without delay, and that all establishments or regulations contravening these rights, are oppressive and unjust.
Thirteenth, That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Fourteenth, That every freeman has a right to be secure from all unreasonable searches and seizures of his person, his papers, and his property; all warrants, therefore, to search suspected places or seize any freeman, his papers or property, without information upon oath (or affirmation of a person religiously scrupulous of taking an oath) of legal and sufficient cause, are grievous and oppressive; and all general warrants to search suspected places, or to apprehend any suspected person, without specially naming or describing the place or person, are dangerous and ought not to be granted. Fifteenth, That the people have a right peaceably to assemble together to consult for the common good, or to instruct their representatives; and that every freeman has a right to petition or apply to the legislature for redress of grievances. Sixteenth, That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing and publishing their sentiments; but the freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty and ought not to be violated. Seventeenth, That the people have a right to keep and bear arms; that a well regulated militia composed of the body of the people trained to arms is the proper, natural, and safe defense of a free state. That standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, and therefore ought to be avoided, as far as circumstances and protection of the community will admit; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to and governed by the civil power. Eighteenth, That no Soldier in time of peace ought to be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, and in time of war in such manner only as the laws direct. Nineteenth, That any person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms ought to be exempted upon payment of an equivalent to employ another to bear arms in his stead. Twentieth, That religion or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence, and therefore all men have an equal, natural and unalienable right to the free exercise of religion according to the dictates of conscience, and that no particular religious sect or society ought to be favored or established by law in preference to others.
Amendments to the Body of the Constitution
First, That each State in the Union shall respectively retain every power, jurisdiction and right which is not by this Constitution delegated to the Congress of the United States or to the departments of the Federal Government.
Second, That there shall be one representative for every thirty thousand, according to the enumeration or Census mentioned in the Constitution, until the whole number of representatives amounts to two hundred; after which that number shall be continued or increased as the Congress shall direct, upon the principles fixed by the Constitution, by apportioning the representatives of each state to some greater number of people from time to time as population increases. Third, When Congress shall lay direct taxes or excises, they shall immediately inform the executive power of each state of the quota of such state according to the Census herein directed, which is proposed to be thereby raised; And if the legislature of any state shall pass a law which shall be effectual for raising such quota at the time required by Congress, the taxes and excises laid by Congress shall not be collected, in such state. Fourth, That the members of the Senate and House of Representatives shall be ineligible to, and incapable of holding, any civil office under the authority of the United States, during the time for which they shall respectively be elected. Fifth, That the journals of the proceedings of the Senate and House of Representatives shall be published at least once in every year, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy.
Sixth, That a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published at least once in every year. Seventh, That no commercial treaty shall be ratified without the concurrence of two thirds of the whole number of the members of the Senate; and no treaty ceding, contracting, restraining or suspending the territorial rights or claims of the United States or any of them, or any of their rights or claims to fishing in the American Seas or navigating the American rivers shall be but in cases of the most urgent and extreme necessity, nor shall any such treaty be ratified without the concurrence of three fourths of the whole number of the members of both houses respectively.
Eighth, That no navigation law or law regulating commerce shall be passed without the consent of two thirds of the members present in both houses. Ninth, That no standing army or regular troops shall be raised or kept up in time of peace without the consent of two thirds of the members present in both houses. Tenth, That no soldier shall be enlisted for any longer term than four years, except in time of war, and then for no longer term than the continuance of the war. Eleventh, That each state respectively shall have the power to provide for organizing, arming and disciplining its own militia, whensoever Congress shall omit or neglect to provide for the same. That the militia shall not be subject to martial law except when in actual service in time of war, invasion, or rebellion; and when not in the actual service of the United States, shall be subject only to such fines, penalties, and punishments as shall be directed or inflicted by the laws of its own state. Twelfth, That the exclusive power of legislation given to Congress over the Federal Town and its adjacent District and other places purchased or to be purchased by Congress of any of the states shall extend only to such regulations as respect the police and good government thereof. Thirteenth, That no person shall be capable of being President of the United States for more than eight years in any term of sixteen years. Fourteenth, That the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such courts of Admiralty as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish in any of the different states: The judicial power shall extend to all cases in Law and Equity arising under treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other foreign ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states, and between parties claiming lands under the grants of different states. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other foreign ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction; in all other cases before mentioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction as to matters of law only; except in cases of equity, and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, in which the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. But the judicial power of the United States shall extend to no case where the cause of action shall have originated before the ratification of this Constitution; except in disputes between states about their territory, disputes between persons claiming lands under the grants of different states, and suits for debts due to the United States. Fifteenth, That in criminal prosecutions no man shall be restrained in the exercise of the usual and accustomed right of challenging or excepting to the Jury. Sixteenth, That Congress shall not alter, modify or interfere in the times, places, or manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives or either of them, except when the legislature of any state shall neglect, refuse or be disabled by invasion or rebellion to prescribe the same. Seventeenth, That those clauses which declare that Congress shall not exercise certain powers be not interpreted in any manner whatsoever to extend the powers of Congress. But that they may be construed either as making exceptions to the specified powers where this shall be the case, or otherwise as inserted merely for greater caution. Eighteenth, That the laws ascertaining the compensation to Senators and Representatives for their services be postponed in their operation until after the election of Representatives immediately succeeding the passing thereof; that excepted, which shall first be passed on the subject. Nineteenth, That some tribunal other than the Senate be provided for trying impeachments of Senators. Twentieth, That the salary of a judge shall not be increased or diminished during his continuance in office otherwise than by general regulations of salary which may take place on a revision of the subject at stated periods of not less than seven years to commence from the time such salaries shall be first ascertained by Congress.
Ratification of the State of New York 26 July 1788
We, the delegates of the people of the state of New York, duly elected and met in Convention, having maturely considered the Constitution for the United States of America, agreed to on the 17th day of September, in the year 1787, by the Convention then assembled at Philadelphia, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (a copy whereof preceded these presents), and having also seriously and deliberately considered the present situation of the United States,—Do declare and make known,—
That all power is originally vested in, and consequently derived from, the people, and that government is instituted by them for their common interest, protection, and security.
That the enjoyment of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are essential rights, which every government ought to respect and preserve.
That the powers of government may be reassumed by the people whensoever it shall become necessary to their happiness; that every power, jurisdiction, and right which is not by the said Constitution clearly delegated to the Congress of the United States, to the departments of the government thereof, remains to the people of the several states, or to their respective state governments, to whom they may have granted the same; and that those clauses in the said Constitution which declare that Congress shall not have or exercise certain powers do not imply that Congress is entitled to any powers not given by the said Constitution; but such clauses are to be construed either as exceptions to certain specified powers, or as inserted merely for greater caution.
That the people have an equal, natural, and unalienable right freely and peaceably to exercise their religion, according to the dictates of conscience; and that no religious sect or society ought to be favored or established by law in preference to others.
That the people have a right to keep and bear arms; that a well-regulated militia, including the body of the people capable of bearing arms, is the proper, natural, and safe defense of a free state.
That the militia should not be subject to martial law, except in time of war, rebellion, or insurrection.
That standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be kept up, except in cases of necessity; and that at all times the military should be under strict subordination to the civil power.
That, in time of peace, no soldier ought to be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, and in time of war only by the civil magistrate, in such manner as the laws may direct.
That no person ought to be taken, imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, or be exiled, or deprived of his privileges, franchises, life, liberty, or property, but by due process of law.
That no person ought to be put twice in jeopardy of life or limb for one and the same offense; nor, unless in case of impeachment, be punished more than once for the same offense.
That every person restrained of his liberty is entitled to an inquiry into the lawfulness of such restraint, and to a removal thereof if unlawful; and that such inquiry or removal ought not to be denied or delayed, except when, on account of public danger, the Congress shall suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.
That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted.
That (except in the government of the land and naval forces, and of the militia when in actual service, and in cases of impeachment) a presentment or indictment by a grand jury ought to be observed as a necessary preliminary to the trial of all crimes cognizable by the judiciary of the United States; and such trial should be speedy, public, and by an impartial jury of the county where the crime was committed; and that no person can be found guilty without the unanimous consent of such jury. But in cases of crimes not committed within any county of any of the United States, and in cases of crimes committed within any county in which a general insurrection may prevail or which may be in the possession of a foreign enemy, the inquiry and trial may be in such county as the Congress shall by law direct; which county, in the two cases last mentioned, should be as near as conveniently may be to that county in which the crime may have been committed;—and that, in all criminal prosecutions, the accused ought to be informed of the cause and nature of his accusation, to be confronted with his accusers and the witnesses against him, to have the means of producing his witnesses, and the assistance of counsel for his defense; and should not be compelled to give evidence against himself.
That the trial by jury, in the extent that it obtains by the common law of England, is one of the greatest securities to the rights of a free people, and ought to remain inviolate.
That every freeman has a right to be secure from all unreasonable searches and seizures of his person, his papers, or his property; and therefore, that all warrants to search suspected places, or seize any freeman, his papers, or property, without information, upon oath or affirmation, or sufficient cause, are grievous and oppressive; and that all general warrants (or such in which the place or person suspected are not particularly designated) are dangerous, and ought not to be granted.
That the people have a right peaceably to assemble together to consult for their common good, or to instruct their representatives, and that every person has a right to petition or apply to the legislature for redress of grievances.
That the freedom of the press ought not to be violated or restrained.
That there should be, once in four years, an election of the President and Vice-President, so that no officer who may be appointed by the Congress to act as President, in case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability of the President and Vice-President, can in any case continue to act beyond the termination of the period for which the last President and Vice-President were elected.
That nothing contained in the said Constitution is to be construed to prevent the legislature of any state from passing laws at its discretion, from time to time, to divide such state into convenient districts, and to apportion its representatives to and amongst such districts.
That the prohibition contained in the said Constitution against ex post facto laws extends only to laws concerning crimes.
That all appeals in causes determinable according to the course of the common law ought to be by writ of error, and not otherwise.
That the judicial power of the United States, in cases in which a state may be a party, does not extend to criminal prosecutions, or to authorize any suit by any person against a state.
That the judicial power of the United States, as to controversies between citizens of the same state, claiming lands under grants from different states, is not to be construed to extend to any other controversies between them, except those which relate to such lands, so claimed, under grants of different states.
That the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States, or of any other court to be instituted by the Congress, is not in any case to be increased, enlarged, or extended by any faction, collusion, or mere suggestion; and that no treaty is to be construed so to operate as to alter the Constitution of any state.
Under these impressions, and declaring that the rights aforesaid cannot be abridged or violated, and that the explanations aforesaid are consistent with the said Constitution, and in confidence that the amendments which shall have been proposed to the said Constitution will receive an early and mature consideration,—We, the said delegates, in the name and in the behalf of the people of the state of New York, do, by these presents, assent to and ratify the said Constitution. In full confidence, nevertheless, that until a convention shall be called and convened for proposing amendments to the said Constitution, the militia of this state will not be continued in service out of this state for a longer term than six weeks, without the consent of the legislature thereof; that the Congress will not make or alter any regulation in this state respecting the times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators or representatives, unless the legislature of this state shall neglect or refuse to make laws or regulations for the purpose, or from any circumstance be incapable of making the same; and that, in those cases, such power will only be exercised until the legislature of this state shall make provision in the premises; that no excise will be imposed on any article of the growth, production, or manufacture of the United States, or any of them, within this state, ardent spirits excepted; and when the Congress will not lay direct taxes within this state, but when the moneys arising from the impost and excise shall be insufficient for the public exigencies, nor then, until Congress shall first have made a requisition upon this state to assess, levy, and pay the amount of such requisition, made agreeably to the census fixed in the said Constitution, in such way and manner as the legislature of this state shall judge best; but that in such case, if the state shall neglect or refuse to pay its proportion, pursuant to such requisition, then the Congress may assess and levy this state's proportion, together with interest, at the rate of six per centum per annum, from the time at which the same was required to be paid.
And the Convention do, in the name and behalf of the people of the state of New York, enjoin it upon their representatives in Congress to exert all their influence, and use all reasonable means, to obtain a ratification of the following amendments to the said Constitution, in the manner prescribed therein; and in all laws to be passed by the Congress in the meantime, to conform to the spirit of the said amendments, as far as the Constitution will admit.
That there shall be one representative for every thirty thousand inhabitants, according to the enumeration or census mentioned in the Constitution, until the whole number of representatives amounts to two hundred, after which that number shall be continued or increased, but not diminished, as the Congress shall direct, and according to such ratio as the Congress shall fix, in conformity to the rule prescribed for the apportionment of representatives and direct taxes.
That the Congress do not impose any excise on any article (ardent spirits excepted) of the growth, production, or manufacture of the United States, or any of them.
That Congress do not lay direct taxes but when the moneys arising from the impost and excise shall be insufficient for the public exigencies, nor then, until Congress shall first have made a requisition upon the states to assess, levy, and pay their respective proportions of such requisition, agreeably to the census fixed in the said Constitution, in such way and manner as the legislatures of the respec-tive states shall judge best; and in such case, if any state shall neglect or refuse to pay its proportion, pursuant to such requisition, then Congress may assess and levy such state's proportion, together with interest at the rate of six per centum per annum, from the time of payment prescribed in such requisition.
That the Congress shall not make or alter any regulation, in any state, respecting the times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, unless the legislature of such state shall neglect or refuse to make laws or regulations for the purpose, or from any circumstance be incapable of making the same, and then only until the legislature of such state shall make provision in the premises; provided that Congress may prescribe the time for the election of representatives.
That no persons, except natural-born citizens, or such as were citizens on or before the 4th day of July 1776, or such as held commissions under the United States during the war, and have at any time since the 4th day of July 1776, become citizens of one or other of the United States, and who shall be freeholders, shall be eligible to the places of President, Vice-President, or members of either House of the Congress of the United States.
That the Congress do not grant monopolies, or erect any company with exclusive advantages of commerce.
That no standing army or regular troops shall be raised, or kept up, in time of peace, without the consent of two thirds of the senators and representatives present in each house.
That no money be borrowed on the credit of the United States without the assent of two thirds of the senators and representatives present in each house.
That the Congress shall not declare war without the concurrence of two thirds of the senators and representatives present in each house.
That the privilege of the habeas corpus shall not, by any law, be suspended for a longer term than six months, or until twenty days after the meeting of the Congress next following the passing the act for such suspension.
That the right of Congress to exercise exclusive legislation over such district, not exceeding ten miles square, as may, by cession of a particular state and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States, shall not be so exercised as to exempt the inhabitants of such district from paying the like taxes, imposts, duties, and excises as shall be imposed on the other inhabitants of the state in which such district may be; and that no person shall be privileged within the said district from arrest for crimes committed, or debts contracted, out of the said district.
That the right of exclusive legislation with respect to such places as may be purchased for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings shall not authorize the Congress to make any law to prevent the laws of the states, respectively, in which they may be, from extending to such places in all civil and criminal matters, except as to such persons as shall be in the service of the United States; nor to them with respect to crimes committed without such places.
That the compensation for the senators and representatives be ascertained by standing laws; and that no alteration of the existing rate of compensation shall operate for the benefit of the representatives until after a subsequent election shall have been had.
That the Journals of the Congress shall be published at least once a year, with the exception of such parts, relating to treaties or military operations, as, in the judgment of either house, shall require secrecy; and that both houses of Congress shall always keep their doors open during their sessions, unless the business may, in their opinion, require secrecy. That the yeas and nays shall be entered on the Journals whenever two members in either house may require it.
That no capitation tax shall ever be laid by Congress.
That no person be eligible as a senator for more than six years in any term of twelve years; and that the legislatures of the respective states may recall their senators, or either of them, and elect others in their stead, to serve the remainder of the time for which the senators so recalled were appointed.
That no senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any office under the authority of the United States.
That the authority given to the executives of the states to fill up the vacancies of senators be abolished, and that such vacancies be filled by the respective legislatures.
That the power of Congress to pass uniform laws concerning bankruptcy shall only extend to merchants and other traders; and the states respectively may pass laws for the relief of other insolvent debtors.
That no person shall be eligible to the office of President of the United States a third time.
That the executive shall not grant pardons for treason, unless with the consent of the Congress; but may, at his discretion, grant reprieves to persons convicted of treason, until their cases can be laid before the Congress.
That the President, or person exercising his powers for the time being, shall not command an army in the field in person without the previous desire of the Congress.
That all letters patent, commissions, pardons, writs, and processes of the United States shall run in the name of the people of the United States, and be tested in the name of the President of the United States, or the person exercising his powers for the time being, or the first judge of the court out of which the same shall issue, as the case may be.
That the Congress shall not constitute, ordain, or establish, any tribunals or inferior courts with any other than appellate jurisdiction, except such as may be necessary for the trial of cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, and for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas; and in all other cases to which the judicial power of the United States extends, and in which the Supreme Court of the United States has not original jurisdiction, the causes shall be heard, tried, and determined in some one of the state courts, with the right of appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, or other proper tribunal, to be established for that purpose by the Congress, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make.
That the court for the trial of impeachments shall consist of the Senate, the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the first or senior judge, of the time being, of the highest court of general and ordinary common-law jurisdiction in each state; that the Congress shall, by standing laws, designate the courts in the respective states answering this description, and, in states having no courts exactly answering this description, shall designate some other court, preferring such, if any there be, whose judge or judges may hold their places during good behavior; provided, that no more than one judge, other than judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, shall come from one state.
That the Congress be authorized to pass laws for compensating the judges for such services, and for compelling their attendance; and that a majority, at least, of the said judges shall be requisite to constitute the said court. That no person impeached shall sit as a member thereof; that each member shall, previous to the entering upon any trial, take an oath or affirmation honestly and impartially to hear and determine the cause; and that a majority of the members present shall be necessary to a conviction.
That persons aggrieved by any judgment, sentence, or decree of the Supreme Court of the United States, in any cause in which that court has original jurisdiction, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make concerning the same, shall, upon application, have a commission, to be issued by the President of the United States to such men learned in the law as he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate appoint, not less than seven, authorizing such commissioners, or any seven or more of them, to correct the errors in such judgment, or to review such sentence and decree, as the case may be, and to do justice to the parties in the premises.
That no judge of the Supreme Court of the United States shall hold any other office under the United States, or any of them.
That the judicial power of the United States shall extend to no controversies respecting land, unless it relate to claims of territory or jurisdiction between states, and individuals under the grants of different states.
That the militia of any state shall not be compelled to serve without the limits of the state, for a longer term than six weeks without the consent of the legislature thereof.
That the words without the consent of the Congress in the seventh clause of the ninth section of the first article of the Constitution be expunged.
That the senators and representatives, and all executive and judicial officers of the United States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation not to infringe or violate the constitutions or rights of the respective states.
That the legislatures of the respective states may make provision, by law, that the electors of the election districts, to be by them appointed, shall choose a citizen of the United States, who shall have been an inhabitant of such district for the term of one year immediately preceding the time of his election, for one of the representatives of such state.
The Circular Letter from the Ratification Convention of the State of New York to the Governors of the Several States in the Union 28 July 1788
We, the members of the Convention of this state, have deliberately and maturely considered the Constitution proposed for the United States. Several articles in it appear so exceptionable to a majority of us that nothing but the fullest confidence of obtaining a revision of them by a general convention, and an invincible reluctance to separating from our sister states, could have prevailed upon a sufficient number to ratify it, without stipulating for previous amendments. We all unite in opinion that such a revision will be necessary to recommend it to the approbation and support of a numerous body of our constituents.
We observe that amendments have been proposed, and are anxiously desired, by several of the states, as well as by this; and we think it of great importance that effectual measures be immediately taken for calling a convention to meet at a period not far remote; for we are convinced that the apprehensions and discontents which those articles occasion cannot be removed or allayed unless an act to provide for it be among the first that shall be passed by the new Congress.
As it is essential that an application for the purpose should be made to them by two thirds of the states, we earnestly exhort and request the legislature of your state to take the earliest opportunity of making it. We are persuaded that a similar one will be made by our legislature at their next session; and we ardently wish and desire that the other states may concur in adopting and promoting the measure.
It cannot be necessary to observe that no government, however constructed, can operate well unless it possesses the confidence and good will of the body of the people; and as we desire nothing more than that the amendments proposed by this or other states be submitted to the consideration and decision of a general convention, we flatter ourselves that motives of mutual affection and conciliation will conspire with the obvious dictates of sound policy to induce even such of the states as may be content with every article in the Constitution to gratify the reasonable desires of that numerous class of American citizens who are anxious to obtain amendments of some of them.
Our amendments will manifest that none of them originated in local views, as they are such as, if acceded to, must equally affect every state in the Union. Our attachment to our sister states, and the confidence we repose in them, cannot be more forcibly demonstrated than by acceding to a government which many of us think very imperfect, and devolving the power of determining whether that government shall be rendered perpetual in its present form or altered agreeably to our wishes and a minority of the states with whom we unite.
We request the favor of your excellency to lay this letter before the legislature of your state; and we are persuaded that your regard for our national harmony and good government will induce you to promote a measure which we are unanimous in thinking very conducive to those interesting objects.
We have the honor to be, with the highest respect, your excellency's most obedient servants.
By the unanimous order of the Convention,
George Clinton, President
-1750: The Code of Hammurabi (Johns translation)
-1750: The Code of Hammurabi (King translation)
1117: Articles of the Communal Charter of Amiens
1215: Magna Carta
1215: Magna Carta (Latin and English)
1602: Coke, Preface to the 2nd Part of the Reports (Pamphlet)
1619: Laws enacted by the First General Assembly of Virginia
1620: The Mayflower Compact
1621: Constitution for the Council and Assembly in Virginia
1628: Petition of Right
1629: Agreement of the Massachusetts Bay Company
1637: Providence Agreement
1638: Act for Church Liberties (Maryland)
1638: Act for the Liberties of the People (Maryland)
1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
1640/1: The Triennial Act
1641: Massachusetts Body of Liberties
1641: The Act for the Abolition of the Court of Star Chamber
1641: The Act for the Abolition of the Court of High Commission
1641: The Tonnage and Poundage Act
1642: Organization of the Government of Rhode Island
1642: Propositions made by Parliament and Charles I's Answer
1644: Williams, Bloody Tenet, of Persecution (Letter)
1647: Acts and Orders (Rhode Island)
1647: Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts
1647: The Agreement of the People, as presented to the Council of the Army
1647: The Putney Debates
1648/9: The Agreement of the People
1649: A Declaration of Parliament
1649: Ball, Rule of a Free-Born People (Pamphlet)
1649: Maryland Toleration Act
1649: Rous, Lawfulness of Obeying the Present Government (Pamphlet)
1658: Coke, Prohibitions del Roy (Pamphlet)
1660: Milton, A Free Commonwealth (Pamphlet)
1661: Act of the General Court (of Mass.)
1675: Shaftesbury, Letter from a Person of Quality (Pamphlet)
1675: Shaftesbury, Speech in Parliament (Pamphlet)
1679: Habeas Corpus Act
1682: Act for Freedom of Conscience (Penn.)
1682: Charter of the Liberties and Frame of Government of Pennsylvania
1683: Charter of Liberties and Privileges (New York)
1689: English Bill of Rights
1692: Shower, Reasons for a New Bill of Rights (Pamphlet)
1701: Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties
1736: Brief Narrative of the Trial of Peter Zenger
1744: Williams, Rights and Liberties of Protestants (Sermon)
1763: Otis, Rights of British Colonies Asserted (Pamphlet)
1765: Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress
1766: Mayhew, The Snare Broken (Sermon)
1774: Declaration and Resolves of the 1st Continental Congress
1776: Declaration of Independence (various drafts)
1776: Hutchinson, Strictures upon the Declaration of Independence
1776: Paine, Common Sense (Pamphlet)
1776: Virginia Declaration of Rights
1776: Witherspoon, Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men (Sermon)
1778: Articles of Confederation
1785: Madison, Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments
1786: Jefferson, Virginia Bill Establishing Religious Freedom
1787: Brutus, Essay II (Pamphlet)
1787: Brutus, Essay V (Pamphlet)
1787: Brutus, Letter I (Pamphlet)
1787: Centinel, Letter I (Pamphlet)
1787: Jay, Address to the People of N.Y. (Pamphlet)
1787: Letters from the Federal Farmer, Letter No. III
1787: Letters from the Federal Farmer, No. VII (Pamphlet)
1787: Madison's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention
1787: Mason: Objections to the Proposed Constitution (Letter)
1787: Northwest Ordinance
1787: P. Webster, The Weakness of Brutus (Pamphlet)
1787: Ramsay, Address to the Freemen of Sth. Carolina (Speech)
1787: Selections from the Federalist (Pamphlets)
1787: US Constitution
1787: Virginia and New Jersey Plans
1787: Wilson, Address to the People of Philadelphia (Speech)
1789: French Declaration of the Rights of Man
1789: Madison, Speech Introducing Proposed Amendments to the Constitution
1790: Hamilton, First Report on Public Credit
1790: Jefferson, Memorandum on the Compromise of 1790
1790: Price, Discourse on the Love of Our Country (Sermon)
1791: Hamilton, Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the Bank of the US
1791: Jefferson, Opinion against the Constitutionality of a National Bank
1791: Madison, Speech on the Bank Bill
1791: US Bill of Rights (1st 10 Amendments) - with commentary
1793: French Republic Constitution of 1793
1793: Helvidius (Madison), No. 1 (Pamphlet)
1793: Pacificus (Hamilton), No. 1 (Pamphlet)
1796: George Washington's "Farewell Address" (Speech)
1798-1992: US Bill of Rights Amendments (XI-XXVII)
1798: Alien and Sedition Acts
1798: Counter-resolutions of Other States
1798: Kentucky Resolutions
1798: Kentucky Resolutions (Jefferson's Draft)
1798: Virginia Resolutions
1799: Report of the Virginia House of Delegates
1801: Jefferson, 1st Annual Message
1801: Jefferson, 1st Inaugural Address
1802: Jefferson, Letter to the Danbury Baptist Association (Letter)
1830: French Charter of 1830
1863: Emancipation Proclamation
1863: The Gettysburg Address
1865: U.S. Constitution, Thirteenth Amendment
Pocket Guide to Political and Civic Rights

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**

The Basics of Creating Rails Plugins
====================================

A Rails plugin is either an extension or a modification of the core framework. Plugins provide:

* A way for developers to share bleeding-edge ideas without hurting the stable code base.
* A segmented architecture so that units of code can be fixed or updated on their own release schedule.
* An outlet for the core developers so that they don't have to include every cool new feature under the sun.

After reading this guide, you will know:

* How to create a plugin from scratch.
* How to write and run tests for the plugin.

This guide describes how to build a test-driven plugin that will:

* Extend core Ruby classes like Hash and String.
* Add methods to `ApplicationRecord` in the tradition of the `acts_as` plugins.
* Give you information about where to put generators in your plugin.

For the purpose of this guide pretend for a moment that you are an avid bird watcher.
Your favorite bird is the Yaffle, and you want to create a plugin that allows other developers to share in the Yaffle
goodness.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Setup
-----

Currently, Rails plugins are built as gems, _gemified plugins_. They can be shared across
different Rails applications using RubyGems and Bundler if desired.

### Generate a gemified plugin.

Rails ships with a `rails plugin new` command which creates a
skeleton for developing any kind of Rails extension with the ability
to run integration tests using a dummy Rails application. Create your
plugin with the command:

```bash
$ rails plugin new yaffle
```

See usage and options by asking for help:

```bash
$ rails plugin new --help
```

Testing Your Newly Generated Plugin
-----------------------------------

You can navigate to the directory that contains the plugin, run the `bundle install` command
 and run the one generated test using the `bin/test` command.

You should see:

```bash
  1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
```

This will tell you that everything got generated properly and you are ready to start adding functionality.

Extending Core Classes
----------------------

This section will explain how to add a method to String that will be available anywhere in your Rails application.

In this example you will add a method to String named `to_squawk`. To begin, create a new test file with a few assertions:

```ruby
# yaffle/test/core_ext_test.rb

require "test_helper"

class CoreExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  def test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk
    assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", "Hello World".to_squawk
  end
end
```

Run `bin/test` to run the test. This test should fail because we haven't implemented the `to_squawk` method:

```bash
E

Error:
CoreExtTest#test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk:
NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for "Hello World":String

bin/test /path/to/yaffle/test/core_ext_test.rb:4

.

Finished in 0.003358s, 595.6483 runs/s, 297.8242 assertions/s.

2 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips
```

Great - now you are ready to start development.

In `lib/yaffle.rb`, add `require "yaffle/core_ext"`:

```ruby
# yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb

require "yaffle/railtie"
require "yaffle/core_ext"

module Yaffle
  # Your code goes here...
end
```

Finally, create the `core_ext.rb` file and add the `to_squawk` method:

```ruby
# yaffle/lib/yaffle/core_ext.rb

class String
  def to_squawk
    "squawk! #{self}".strip
  end
end
```

To test that your method does what it says it does, run the unit tests with `bin/test` from your plugin directory.

```bash
  2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
```

To see this in action, change to the `test/dummy` directory, fire up a console, and start squawking:

```bash
$ bin/rails console
>> "Hello World".to_squawk
=> "squawk! Hello World"
```

Add an "acts_as" Method to Active Record
----------------------------------------

A common pattern in plugins is to add a method called `acts_as_something` to models. In this case, you
want to write a method called `acts_as_yaffle` that adds a `squawk` method to your Active Record models.

To begin, set up your files so that you have:

```ruby
# yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb

require "test_helper"

class ActsAsYaffleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
end
```

```ruby
# yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb

require "yaffle/railtie"
require "yaffle/core_ext"
require "yaffle/acts_as_yaffle"

module Yaffle
  # Your code goes here...
end
```

```ruby
# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb

module Yaffle
  module ActsAsYaffle
  end
end
```

### Add a Class Method

This plugin will expect that you've added a method to your model named `last_squawk`. However, the
plugin users might have already defined a method on their model named `last_squawk` that they use
for something else. This plugin will allow the name to be changed by adding a class method called `yaffle_text_field`.

To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you'd like:

```ruby
# yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb

require "test_helper"

class ActsAsYaffleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  def test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk
    assert_equal "last_squawk", Hickwall.yaffle_text_field
  end

  def test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet
    assert_equal "last_tweet", Wickwall.yaffle_text_field
  end
end
```

When you run `bin/test`, you should see the following:

```
# Running:

..E

Error:
ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet:
NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Wickwall

bin/test /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:8

E

Error:
ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk:
NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Hickwall

bin/test /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:4

Finished in 0.004812s, 831.2949 runs/s, 415.6475 assertions/s.

4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
```

This tells us that we don't have the necessary models (Hickwall and Wickwall) that we are trying to test.
We can easily generate these models in our "dummy" Rails application by running the following commands from the
`test/dummy` directory:

```bash
$ cd test/dummy
$ bin/rails generate model Hickwall last_squawk:string
$ bin/rails generate model Wickwall last_squawk:string last_tweet:string
```

Now you can create the necessary database tables in your testing database by navigating to your dummy app
and migrating the database. First, run:

```bash
$ cd test/dummy
$ bin/rails db:migrate
```

While you are here, change the Hickwall and Wickwall models so that they know that they are supposed to act
like yaffles.

```ruby
# test/dummy/app/models/hickwall.rb

class Hickwall < ApplicationRecord
  acts_as_yaffle
end

# test/dummy/app/models/wickwall.rb

class Wickwall < ApplicationRecord
  acts_as_yaffle yaffle_text_field: :last_tweet
end
```

We will also add code to define the `acts_as_yaffle` method.

```ruby
# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb

module Yaffle
  module ActsAsYaffle
    extend ActiveSupport::Concern

    class_methods do
      def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
      end
    end
  end
end

# test/dummy/app/models/application_record.rb

class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
  include Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle

  self.abstract_class = true
end
```

You can then return to the root directory (`cd ../..`) of your plugin and rerun the tests using `bin/test`.

```
# Running:

.E

Error:
ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk:
NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x0055974ebbe9d8>

bin/test /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:4

E

Error:
ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet:
NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x0055974eb8cfc8>

bin/test /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:8

.

Finished in 0.008263s, 484.0999 runs/s, 242.0500 assertions/s.

4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
```

Getting closer... Now we will implement the code of the `acts_as_yaffle` method to make the tests pass.

```ruby
# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb

module Yaffle
  module ActsAsYaffle
    extend ActiveSupport::Concern

    class_methods do
      def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
        cattr_accessor :yaffle_text_field, default: (options[:yaffle_text_field] || :last_squawk).to_s
      end
    end
  end
end

# test/dummy/app/models/application_record.rb

class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
  include Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle

  self.abstract_class = true
end
```

When you run `bin/test`, you should see the tests all pass:

```bash
  4 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
```

### Add an Instance Method

This plugin will add a method named 'squawk' to any Active Record object that calls `acts_as_yaffle`. The 'squawk'
method will simply set the value of one of the fields in the database.

To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you'd like:

```ruby
# yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb
require "test_helper"

class ActsAsYaffleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  def test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk
    assert_equal "last_squawk", Hickwall.yaffle_text_field
  end

  def test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet
    assert_equal "last_tweet", Wickwall.yaffle_text_field
  end

  def test_hickwalls_squawk_should_populate_last_squawk
    hickwall = Hickwall.new
    hickwall.squawk("Hello World")
    assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", hickwall.last_squawk
  end

  def test_wickwalls_squawk_should_populate_last_tweet
    wickwall = Wickwall.new
    wickwall.squawk("Hello World")
    assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", wickwall.last_tweet
  end
end
```

Run the test to make sure the last two tests fail with an error that contains "NoMethodError: undefined method `squawk'",
then update `acts_as_yaffle.rb` to look like this:

```ruby
# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb

module Yaffle
  module ActsAsYaffle
    extend ActiveSupport::Concern

    included do
      def squawk(string)
        write_attribute(self.class.yaffle_text_field, string.to_squawk)
      end
    end

    class_methods do
      def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
        cattr_accessor :yaffle_text_field, default: (options[:yaffle_text_field] || :last_squawk).to_s
      end
    end
  end
end

# test/dummy/app/models/application_record.rb

class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
  include Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle

  self.abstract_class = true
end
```

Run `bin/test` one final time and you should see:

```
  6 runs, 6 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
```

NOTE: The use of `write_attribute` to write to the field in model is just one example of how a plugin can interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use. For example, you could also use:

```ruby
send("#{self.class.yaffle_text_field}=", string.to_squawk)
```

Generators
----------

Generators can be included in your gem simply by creating them in a `lib/generators` directory of your plugin. More information about
the creation of generators can be found in the [Generators Guide](generators.html).

Publishing Your Gem
-------------------

Gem plugins currently in development can easily be shared from any Git repository. To share the Yaffle gem with others, simply
commit the code to a Git repository (like GitHub) and add a line to the `Gemfile` of the application in question:

```ruby
gem "yaffle", git: "https://github.com/rails/yaffle.git"
```

After running `bundle install`, your gem functionality will be available to the application.

When the gem is ready to be shared as a formal release, it can be published to [RubyGems](https://rubygems.org).
For more information about publishing gems to RubyGems, see: [Publishing your gem](http://guides.rubygems.org/publishing).

RDoc Documentation
------------------

Once your plugin is stable and you are ready to deploy, do everyone else a favor and document it! Luckily, writing documentation for your plugin is easy.

The first step is to update the README file with detailed information about how to use your plugin. A few key things to include are:

* Your name
* How to install
* How to add the functionality to the app (several examples of common use cases)
* Warnings, gotchas or tips that might help users and save them time

Once your README is solid, go through and add rdoc comments to all of the methods that developers will use. It's also customary to add `#:nodoc:` comments to those parts of the code that are not included in the public API.

Once your comments are good to go, navigate to your plugin directory and run:

```bash
$ bundle exec rake rdoc
```

### References

* [Developing a RubyGem using Bundler](https://github.com/radar/guides/blob/master/gem-development.md)
* [Using .gemspecs as Intended](http://yehudakatz.com/2010/04/02/using-gemspecs-as-intended/)
* [Gemspec Reference](http://guides.rubygems.org/specification-reference/)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
15 held for traffic obstruction, Covid norm violations inside Atal Rohtang tunnel
A total of 15 persons in two vehicles have been arrested today for causing obstruction in traffic inside Atal Rohtang tunnel. (Photo/ANI)
Kullu (Himachal Pradesh) [India], December 28 (ANI): A total of 15 people in two vehicles were arrested on Sunday for causing obstruction in traffic inside Atal Tunnel Rohtang (ATR) and violating Covid-19 norms. Eight of them have also been fined Rs 40,000 by the Himachal Pradesh police.
"A total of 15 persons in 2 vehicles have been arrested today for causing obstruction in traffic in the tunnel and for Covid violations and 8 of them have also been fined Rs 40,000 under HP Police Act inside Atal Rohtang tunnel," said Gaurav Singh, Superintendent of Police, Kullu District.
Moreover, over 30 drivers who were overtaking the queue were fined for disturbing traffic movement.
These arrests were made on a day when a record number of 5,450 vehicles crossed the Atal Tunnel, an all-weather road beneath the 13,058-foot-high Rohtang Pass.
"Today, the Atal Tunnel Rohtang experienced the highest influx of the season with as many as 2,800 vehicles entering the valley and 2,650 leaving towards Manali. The daily average influx for December has been around 1,500 vehicles," said SP Lahaul Spiti district police.
A total of 2,800 vehicles entered the tunnel from the Manali side while 2,650 vehicles came from the Lahaul side. (ANI)
Trump isolating in White House, in 'self-pity' mode
Washington [US], January 14 (ANI): As President Donald Trump created history by becoming the only US president to be impeached twice, a source on Wednesday (local time) said the outgoing President is now in self-pity mode.


When you hire a plumber, do you think you should have to learn how to do plumbing as well?
How about when your car needs fixing, is it necessary for you to also know how to fix it?
Of course not! You hire other people because they know how to do something well that you probably can't do.
And even if you happen to know how to do the work, I'm sure you have better things to do with your time. So basically you're purchasing the convenience of having skilled, qualified experts spend their time and know-how on things you can't do or don't have time for.
That's exactly the way you should think in terms of working with a Virtual Assistant.
You don't have to spend time doing every administrative task because you've got better things to do. Let me manage the mechanics and logistics for you!


text:
About Vitsœ
606 Universal Shelving System
620 Chair Programme
Log in to My Vitsœ
United KingdomDeutschland / Österreich / SchweizUnited States of America / Canada日本EuropeRest of World
Vitsœ Voice
Personal, precise, organized chaos
The Archers on Vitsœ and West Coast architecture.
Photography courtesy of The Archers
The most widely-used method for recording the world's weather patterns, the Koppen Climate Classification, confirms rainfall as rare on the streets of Los Angeles. With year-round sunshine and distinctive hazy-blue skies, California's most densely-populated city has attracted artists and writers since the early 1900s.
For the past ten years, the city has been home to a small group of designers called The Archers. Co-founded by Richard Petit, the team creates spaces that Richard described as, "personal but precise." In addition to working with architects to shape the structure of each space, they source rare, overlooked items of furniture and textiles. Keen to express that their aesthetic is not minimalist, he stated, "We're not afraid of organized chaos, color or pattern."
The landscape of Los Angeles is defined by its variety of mountains, islands, beaches, deserts and the metropolis. The architecture is almost as varied and includes many a pastiche of popular European forms, but the majority of homes designed by The Archers are in the mid-century style. Architects in Los Angeles are careful to assess the orientation of their houses, as often the external walls are made entirely of glass. So Richard and his team have to consider how the interior responds to the sunlight in each room.
"It's almost like the Mediterranean in terms of light volumes, and because of that, we have to be careful when we start specifying furniture," said Richard. "One of the reasons we use Vitsœ's off-white shelving system on white walls is because it works really well with the amount of sunlight we get here in LA, and the color is so soft … it's like an oyster white.
"The shelving integrates well within any space and because it's so reductive it sort of disappears, and the wall becomes a volume of books, objects or product."
Unlike 19th century architects who used skirting boards and architraves to disguise imperfections, the modern homes in Los Angeles that have become familiar to The Archers reveal everything. "In most of the homes built here – although on the outside they are elegant, machine-like and precise – you're going to see, ultimately, a lot of imprecision," Richard said. "That's because you're dealing with mass-production of affordable housing, which was pre-pack in many instances … a kit of parts!
"Perhaps that's why Dieter Rams's furniture is such a good fit for us: it enables us to introduce an element of dependable precision. We treat the Vitsœ stuff as though it's part of the architecture, always."
Working in close collaboration with Vitsœ's planning team, The Archers are able to modify their plans throughout every stage of their design process. Rob Fissmer of Vitsœ in Los Angeles explained: "a lot of the time, interior designers will have a hard time communicating how the shelving system works, in which case The Archers are able to say 'well let's go over to Vitsœ and they'll show you.' When the clients arrive we often end up spending quite a lot of time together, to experience what 606 looks and feels like. I think this is at the heart of why the relationship is so unique and works so well."
"We love working with Rob! We can send him our elevations, or rough sketches of what we're trying to do," said Richard. "The end result feels very tailor-made and yet customisable, and it's always installed in such a way that it feels like it's a part of the physical space and not just attached to it.
"Many of our clients have extensive libraries, so I think they like the idea that while this place might be an interim house – they might only live there for ten years and they'll sell it – they know they can take their Vitsœ with them.
"We never find ourselves having to convince a client to use it and we hear 'Oh! I'm so glad you're using it because I've always wanted it an awful lot.' They understand the value, they know they can recombine the units or add to it in a future project. The endless combinations just make it so much more flexible."
The road to Royal Leamington Spa: arrival
Our new HQ and production building comes to life.
Adapting to a West Coast environment
After moving Vitsœ and his family to Los Angeles in 2011, Rob Fissmer has now opened our first West Coast shop.
The road to Royal Leamington Spa: a new way of building
The unconventional design process behind Vitsœ's new building in Royal Leamington Spa, England.
Colorful duo Sue and Alan Ravitz balance art and psychiatry in New York.
Specifying Vitsœ
Brochures and prices
© 2019 Vitsœ


I think it happens with most of us, my target with this post is to let others know how you dealt with it.
I know it sounds extremely odd and out of sync words for all, I will try my level best to further explain it.
Its going to be a small story of my life as an engineer. I think my whole life is a system that is composed of not only meat-n-bone but also chain of decisions. This system is derived by my mind (n heart sometimes). Mind is like the decision maker which takes the final call. But but but, on what basis it makes those decisions?
You r the only one left in the whole team (reasons of-course I can't disclose in front of whole world, but I must like to add I am very glad to work with such knowledgable and helpful team), can you handle all those multiple projects which was managed by the complete team?
Hmm I have a good understanding of complete system, so I think by conservatively prioritising every task I can manage, or round robin might help. At this point of time my debugging skills can play a vital role since all the coding part is already done its just the deployment thing which is remaining. And yes unknown bugs fixes, if any. (Actually we are on verge of new version launch and for a product based firm this matters a lot). Ok fine, Do we have other options?
No we don't. But there are other teammates around who can help you out with tasks.
Fine in anyways we have to do it, its not just about company its about being an engineer as well. So lets do this by burning out every core of all our engineering nodes.
Well we are ready but managerial nodes are kind of stopping us.
We are responsible for full-filling tushar's needs and demands. E Nodes were utilized at its best since the project launch, so we were in an impression that he will get an awesome increment. And that happened but it didn't met our expectation. Kind of half of it but we deserves the other half as well.
M Nodes are right as well. So this is why the whole system is behaving very strangely.
At this point of time ENodes are being used over a single thread while it can open multiple light weight threads. So what options do we have in this case?
Work as per your level or look for options.
My current employer is fine in many other aspects its better to talk to them and clear my own system's roadblock.
Anyhow its my responsibility now, as a single member I have to deal with it till the new version of the product gets stable. So M Nodes have to decide about our future. But current situation is kind of hectic so adding more E Nodes to the system will help.
This above little discussion is what I just had in my mind while writing this post.
E Nodes are related to your passion where as M Nodes decides your life style and comfort zones. All other nodes are just kind of validators which generates different sets of queries.
I know no one have as such any interest in knowing my system but still I wrote this for myself.
My blog, my time, my life.
Note: None of my words are related to any individual, I had just shared on the basis of my personal opinion. And we know opinions might differ!
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'Mank', 'Hamilton' among Golden Globe movie nominations
06 February 2021 | 12:36 pm
Hollywood period drama "Mank" and #MeToo revenge satire "Promising Young Woman" were among the nominees for the 2021 Golden Globe awards in film on Wednesday, while television shows "The Crown" and "The Mandalorian" will be among those competing for best series.
movie nominations
Apple price target hiked to $202 by Drexel Hamilton
Brian White, the senior equities analyst at Drexel Hamilton, explains why his firm raised its price target on Apple Inc. to $202 per share due to the iPhone 8.
Lewis Hamilton takes prestigious gong at Autosport Awards
Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton picked up an international racing driver and British competition driver of the year at the Autosport Awards in London.
Excitement at 'Darkest Hour' UK premiere after Oldman's Golden Globe nod
Actor Gary Oldman said he feels good about his Golden Globe nomination for his role as Winston Churchill in the new film 'Darkest Hour'.
'Hamilton' takes centre stage in London's West End
A star-studded, 1,500-strong audience gave Broadway smash hit 'Hamilton' a rapturous welcome at its opening night in London.
Golden Globe winners talk about Time's Up movement
Speaking backstage at the Globes winners including Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon and Allison Janney discuss the importance of the Time's Up movement.
Hamilton humbled by fifth F1 drivers title
Lewis Hamilton said he felt humbled to become a five times Formula One world champion on Sunday (October 28), and the enormity of his achievement had yet to sink in.
Sandra Oh poses backstage with her award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series Drama for Killing Eve.
Ronaldo meets Hamilton at Monaco GP
Two global sports stars Cristiano Ronaldo and Lewis Hamilton met in the Mercedes garage at the Monaco Grand Prix practice day on Thursday.
Netflix's 'Marriage Story' leads Golden Globe movie nominations with six, Netflix's 'Irishman' lands five
The Netflix divorce drama "Marriage Story" led nominations on Monday for the Golden Globes with six nods, followed by gangster movie "The Irishman," also on Netflix, with five.
Hamilton and Messi share Laureus award
Lewis Hamilton and Lionel Messi have won the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year award.
Lewis Hamilton hits the surf Down Under after Australian Grand Prix cancelled
With the Australian Grand Prix canned, Formula One driver Lewis Hamilton decided to hit the waves Down Under instead. On Monday, the racing star uploaded a video and pictures of himself surfing, at night no less, over the weekend on which the season-opener was meant to be held.


The STS Program at Brown University brings together school and college students who're involved within the development, operation, and dissemination of scientific and technological information. (1)The features of the United Kingdom Atomic Power Authority shall embody the enterprise of scientific analysis in such matters not linked with atomic vitality as could, after session with the Authority, be required by the F10 Secretary of State, and section 2(2) of the M1 Atomic Energy Authority Act 1954 shall apply as if any such analysis had been analysis into matters linked with atomic energy.
The time period de jure nuclear weapon states" refers to these certified as reliable albeit momentary possessors of such weapons by the Non-Proliferation Treaty (signed in 1968 and entering into power in 1970), in trade for their agreement to make progress towards nuclear disarmament (Article VI) and to assist non-nuclear weapon states in buying the benefits of peaceful helpful vitality (Article IV).
Lately, the US Federal government banned online casinos from operating in America by making it illegal to transfer money to them through any US financial institution or fee system. This actually pushed online gaming into the popular psyche. Welcome to , the largest skill gaming site in the world, where you can play free games online in aggressive tournaments in categories comparable to puzzle, technique, phrase, motion, card and sports activities games. Is a card recreation with the very same rules as customary Baccarat, with the exception that players do not take turns being the banker.
So if you are on the lookout for games for kids or to easily blow off a bit steam and use up a while, be at liberty to get pleasure from all that we offer and return to play more great video games. Several types of poker are performed in online casinos, however the present favourite is Texas Maintain'em. He would then promote those gadgets and foreign money to different players (for real cash) or wholesales them to on-line grey markets, such as the Web Game Trade , that then would sell those goods to particular person gamers.


It took our company many years to research and develop this machine. As absorbed the advantages of same products at home and abroad, it is domestically initiative and full automatic plastic foam disposable glove product line. It allows to separate automatically finished products from waste materials during the production process, and delivers the qualified products based on their counting,makes the workers bag. Box and pack easily. One machine only needs one operator and can reach a speed of over 100 pieces per minute with the advantages of a long,continuous working time,high production and low labor cost. The machine also can make foam finger cots as well as all kinds of special shape plastic products according to the customer's needs.


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Developers, consultants and contractors need to start preparing now for the introduction of a revised EU Environmental Impact Assessment Directive which will require monitoring of environmental impacts post construction and could be interpreted to mean remedial works will be required.
The updated directive comes into full force on 16 May 2017. A summary of the changes is listed below, but there are many questions around the implementation legislation and what it is going to say.
"The mitigation measures are where it gets serious," James Pereira QC of Francis Taylor Building told the National Infrastructure Planning Association annual conference this week.
And the issue of post consent monitoring is where it got serious enough for Pereira to put up a slide simply reading "AAAGH". "The new directive will place an obligation on the planning authority to monitor significant adverse effects from the development on the environment. The result of that could mean a feed back mechanism requiring the mitigation measures be revisited," he said.
The revised directive
The new approach pays greater attention to threats and challenges that have emerged since the original rules came into force some 25 years ago. This means more attentions to areas like resource efficiency, climate change and disaster prevention, which are now better reflected in the assessment process. The main amendments are:
• Member States now have a mandate to simplify their different environmental assessment procedures.
• Timeframes are introduced for the different stages of environmental assessments: screening decisions should be taken within 90 days (although extensions are possible) and public consultations should last at least 30 days. Members States also need to ensure that final decisions are taken within a "reasonable period of time".
• The screening procedure, determining whether an EIA is required, is simplified. Decisions must be duly motivated in the light of the updated screening criteria.
• EIA reports are to be made more understandable for the public, especially as regards assessments of the current state of the environment and alternatives to the proposal in question.
• The quality and the content of the reports will be improved. Competent authorities will also need to prove their objectivity to avoid conflicts of interest.
• The grounds for development consent decisions must be clear and more transparent for the public. Member States may also set timeframes for the validity of any reasoned conclusions or opinions issued as part of the EIA procedure.
• If projects do entail significant adverse effects on the environment, developers will be obliged to do the necessary to avoid, prevent or reduce such effects. These projects will need to be monitored using procedures determined by the Member States. Existing monitoring arrangements may be used to avoid duplication of monitoring and unnecessary costs.
Nature needs to be at centre of policymaking, new research shows
Why it's time to put the planet first
New wharf project achieves first CEEQUAL Award in Antarctica
Jumbo freight train first for West Coast main line


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Home » Man Utd star Edinson Cavani has change of heart on next club after new offer
Man Utd star Edinson Cavani has change of heart on next club after new offer
Edinson Cavani is no longer planning to return to South America when his Manchester United contract is up next summer with reports now claiming the Uruguayan has his heart set on a move to Barcelona. El Matador seemed set on leaving United after just one season earlier this year before Ole Gunnar Solskjaer managed to twist his arm and convince him to stay.
The player's father Luis gave an explosive interview with Argentine outlet TyC Sports, confirming that his son was ready to make the move to Boca Juniors.
Behind the scenes, Cavani had held talks with former Barcelona and Villarreal midfielder Riquelme over the prospect of joining him at Boca, where he was now working in an upstairs role.
Cavani seemed to be sold on a move to La Bombonera before United convinced him to stay.
Now, a departure at the end of the season seems to be a formality but a new option is in play for the prolific veteran.
TRANSFER NEWS: Man Utd can sign prolific Edinson Cavani successor and rattle three rivals in process
The 34-year-old netted a crucial second on the road at Tottenham in a 3-0 win in north London – a result that temporarily saved Solskjaer's job.
He has not featured since then though due to tendon irritation and with Ralf Rangnick set to take over this weekend, Cavani may have to win over the interim boss.
Historically, Rangnick loves players that press and while Cavani is a workaholic, there is a chance the new United coach could favour a more youthful approach.
There has already been some suggestion in Germany that Rangnick could look to sign Timo Werner to bolster United's frontline.
United coach Kieran McKenna is another individual who could fall foul to the new era at Old Trafford but the Northern Irishman recently made it clear that even when Cavani isn't playing, he is showing the likes of Mason Greenwood the ropes on the training ground.
"How Edinson handles himself off the pitch is well documented but his levels of professionalism, concentration, consistency and how he prepares for every training session – before training and then his concentration during sessions – is outstanding," McKenna told United's website.
"So on that side of it he's a fantastic role model but then also in the various parts of his game. The way Edinson fights for the ball with his back to goal.
"The way he challenges in the air, the way he uses his body up against defenders, is something that Mason needs to do and is working on.
"I think Mason's eyes light up when you speak to him about Edinson or when you see the two of them working together. There's a clear respect and admiration on Mason's side."


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Posted inEnglish, Entertainment, Film & TV
CBS Renews 'Hawaii Five-0'
CBS announced March 14 that it is renewing 18 prime-time shows, including "Hawaii Five-0."
A reimagining of the series that ran from 1968 to 1980, the new "Hawaii Five-0" is now in its second season. The cast includes Daniel Dae Kim as Chin Ho, Grace Park as Kono and Masi Oka as Max.
Other returning drama and comedy shows that feature Asian American cast members include:
"The Big Bang Theory" (Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh)
"CSI" (Archie Kao as Archie)
"The Good Wife" (Archie Panjabi as Kalinda)
"The Mentalist" (Tim Kang as Cho)
"2 Broke Girls" (Matthew Moy as Han Lee)
Returning reality shows "Survivor," "The Amazing Race" and "Undercover Boss" have also included Asian American participants.
Tagged: Hawaii Five-0, MATTHEW MOY


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Resources Resource library News digest 2018 January New guidelines on fertility preservation also address transfolk
New guidelines on fertility preservation also address transfolk
Resource type News
NEW guidelines on fertility preservation for people assigned female at birth have been published by the British Fertility Society (BFS).
Fertility preservation is a rapidly growing specialty and the BFS is keen that the very latest tools, techniques and opinions are considered when discussing future fertility with patients. The new guideline brings together available evidence for fertility preservation undertaken for medical reasons for both oncological and non-oncological causes, including treatments used for transfolk and patients affected by genetic, congenital and other conditions.
Among the techniques considered in the guideline are embryo and oocyte cryopreservation, ovarian tissue cryopreservation, GnRH agonist suppression and ovarian transposition.
Professor Adam Balen, Chair, British Fertility Society said "There are a number of situations where the preservation of fertility is needed. This has to happen at a time before a person is ready to start a family and can sometimes be the only hope for becoming a parent in the future. Our guidelines are designed to help our members and the wider fertility community to decide on the best course of treatment, in consultation with these patients."
Dr Melanie Davies, University College London Hospitals, an author on the guideline paper, published in the BFS journal, Human Fertility, said: "Embryo preservation is the most established technique but it isn't suitable for people who don't have the sperm of a partner to fertilise eggs or are as yet unsure about committing to having a child with their partner.
"It is far more common now to freeze unfertilised eggs, and this is now considered an established method of fertility preservation. But there are also promising experimental approaches coming to the fore. For example, a person can now have part of an ovary frozen that can later be transplanted back into their body. This may be a particularly suitable technique for patients who have not yet reached puberty or where there is not enough time to undergo ovarian stimulation and egg freezing. The birth rates following this new technique are looking good and we hope that soon it will be available nationwide."
Women undergoing cancer treatment can be rendered infertile due to the damaging effects of chemotherapy drugs or the directed action of radiation treatment for pelvic and abdominal cancers. The BFS points out that people are now increasingly waiting until their 30s or 40s to start a family which means that the likelihood of a person having not given birth prior to cancer treatment is ever higher. Discussion of fertility preservation should happen as early as possible in the cancer treatment pathway to ensure such treatment is not delayed.
There are also a number of other conditions that lead to infertility, such as Turner Syndrome. The BFS Society is finding that mothers of children with Turner Syndrome are prepared to donate and freeze their own eggs so that their daughter has an opportunity to become pregnant, if and when the time is right for her.
People diagnosed with gender dysphoria who undergo medical interventions, such as hormone treatment and surgery, may also suffer reduced or lost fertility. Freezing eggs, embryos, or ovarian tissue allows the possibility of transfolk to have a child who is biologically related to them, through pregnancy or surrogacy.
Dr James Barrett, a clinician at the Gender Identity Clinic at Charing Cross Hospital, said "The number of people coming forward with gender dysphoria has increased rapidly over the past decade. But the consistent provision of NHS funding for fertility preservation for this group has yet to catch up. My clinic sees around half of the patients being referred for difficulties with gender identity in the UK and although we do discuss future fertility with them, they are not always able to self-fund for the necessary procedures and ongoing storage of material. Infertility is a real disease and it is hugely frustrating that the whole NHS is not always able to help our patients with that part of their lives."


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Q: Add username and password section in WooCommerce's my account page I am using a WordPress website. In my account's registration section only the email field is showing. I want to add the username and password field too in the section. So the user can create an account in no time.
And when user create an account, they receive a confirmation link on an email. I want to disable that too.  For this, I don't want to install any plugin. Here is the snapshot

A: Since you're using a theme from the WordPress marketplace you won't be able to edit it unless you create a child theme, or build your own plugin.  Here's an alternative that could give you the results that you want.  It's a tutorial featuring a free plugin that will allow you to achieve the results you're after.
https://wpeverest.com/blog/woocommerce-registration-form/

A: To show the password field on the registration page, you'll want to uncheck/deselect this: https://i.imgur.com/t74URri.png

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Two bedrooms: 1 x double with en-suite shower, basin and WC, 1 x twin. Bathroom with bath, shower over, basin and WC. Open plan living area with fitted kitchen, dining area, and sitting area.
Gas underfloor heating. Electric oven and hob, microwave, fridge, washing machine, TV with Freeview, DVD. Fuel and power inc. in rent. Bed linen and towels inc. in rent. Travel cot and highchair on request. Off road parking for 2 cars. Private picnic bench and hot tub. Shared use of 7 acres of grounds. Use of on-site golf centre. Ladies' and gents' hairdresser on site. Fishing available on request. One well-behaved dog welcome. Sorry, no smoking. Shop 1 mile, pub 0.5 miles.
Birkdale Lodge is a single storey lodge on a quiet site, 6 miles from Lincoln. There is a double room with en-suite shower room, a twin room and a family bathroom. The living area is open plan, with a kitchen area, dining area and sitting area. Outside is a private hot tub, and a picnic table. The grounds surrounding Birkdale Lodge have a fishing lake, golf club and beauty suite, while Lincoln is within easy reach.


As is becoming a tradition, The Incomparable posted their 2015 Clip Show a few weeks ago, which extended Steve Lutz's recursive Skeletor clip loop. Slightly later than usual, I've updated the chart I maintain to track the progress of the clip loop.
I call this the "Oh god, what have we done" edition.
Different mentions within the same episode get different points on the chart. Trying to contain all the mentions within an episode around a single point was getting unwieldy.
I completely redrew and rewrote the chart this year. The old version was made in OmniGraffle, but I've switched to using LaTeX and TikZ. I already use those tools very heavily, so it will be much easier for me to make updates in future. I've also provided source code – so you can make your own clip loop at home!
This year's clip show added no less than four events to the chart. I also added an entry for Nathan Gouwens's interactive audio chart.