Facilities at the Raystown Field Station consist of the Lakeside Center campus which houses our residential academic semesters and Gove Farm which serves primarily as a retreat center. All facilities are available for rental to the public when not occupied by Juniata programs.
Lakeside Center includes Shuster Hall, a multipurpose/classroom building, and two lodges with 14 beds total.
Shuster Hall is a LEEDs certified green building. Perfect for meetings and retreats, the upstairs is a large open room with comfortable seating at tables for 60. There is small kitchen for anyone to use, and a commercial kitchen with catering services as an option. For more information about food service, please see our Shuster Halls FAQs. The downstairs is a classroom/lab facility with a projector, whiteboard, and seating for about 20.
Davis and Robison Lodges provide comfortable modern housing, with each lodge having a complete kitchen. The lodges function as dorm space for the residential semesters, and are not equipped with bedding. These facilities can be rented with or separate from Shuster Hall. Davis Lodge can accommodate 6 persons and Robison can accommodate 8 persons.
A recreational area by the lake with a picnic table and fire ring, provide users lake access. For more information about swimming and boating opportunities, please see our Recreation Area FAQs.
18th century farmhouse that is an excellent location for retreats, classes, or a weekend away with the family. This farmhouse has a fully equipped kitchen, showers, and a 20-person enclosed porch. Our daytime use capacity for the facility is 35 people. Overnight accommodations include four bedrooms (10 beds) and camping space. The house is in a lovely remote location, with hiking trails and the lake nearby.
Juniata College's 365-acre Raystown Field Station is situated on the James Creek branch of Raystown Lake near mile Marker 13.


text:
"""Test the radix sort algorithm."""
import random
import pytest

RANDOM_LIST = [random.sample(range(1000),
               random.randrange(2, 100)) for i in range(500)]

@pytest.fixture(scope='function', params=RANDOM_LIST)
def lists(request):
    """Fixture of many random lists of varies sizes."""
    # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
    b = []
    b.append(request.param)
    return b

def test_random_lst(lists):
    """Asser the radix sort works on multiple lists of various sizes."""
    from radix import radix_sort
    for lst in lists:
        lst_sort = sorted(lst)
        assert radix_sort(lst) == lst_sort

def test_random_sames():
    """Assert same numbers can sort."""
    from radix import radix_sort
    assert radix_sort([2, 2, 2, 1]) == [1, 2, 2, 2]

def test_floats():
    """Error raised with floats."""
    from radix import radix_sort
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        radix_sort([2.3, 2.8, 2.3, 1])

def test_string():
    """Error raised with strings."""
    from radix import radix_sort
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        radix_sort(["hello", 2, 3, 1])

def test_tuple():
    """Error raised with tuples."""
    from radix import radix_sort
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        radix_sort([(4, 7), 2, 3, 1])

def test_radix_sort_empty():
    """Test that was can pass an empty list."""
    from radix import radix_sort
    assert radix_sort([]) == []

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
S.P.E.A.K. makes social justice conversations priority
By Sade Smith, News Editor On Friday October 21, "S.P.E.A.K.," or Stimulating Practical Engaging Audiences Knowledgeably held their first event in the Woodland Commons, engaging students in an interactive and eye opening experience. This experience is surrounded by the idea that a platform needed to be made for continuous conversations about social justice issues on campus. Co-founder and junior Civil Engineering major Rachelle Edouarzin said, … Continue reading S.P.E.A.K. makes social justice conversations priority
The Torch October 28, 2016 Leave a comment
Annual Fall Family Festival beats the rain
By Zack Downing, Staff Writer Going away to college for the first time is an exciting and new experience for students, but it's also emotional for moms and dads who have raised them for eighteen years and are saying goodbye for the first time. Almost every student starts missing their home and family for the first couple of months, as a first-year student or even … Continue reading Annual Fall Family Festival beats the rain
Sexual assault victims Audrie and Daisy share their story
By Scott Lariviere, Staff Writer Tuesday October 18th in the Grand Reading Room, a free event was hosted by LiveWell: Office of Health Education, Promotion, & Wellness and the Center for Women, Gender & Sexuality. Present to welcome guests that evening was Dr. Juli Parker, Assistant Dean of Students and the Director of Center for Women, Gender & Sexuality, and Beth-Anne Guthrie, MPH Assistant Director … Continue reading Sexual assault victims Audrie and Daisy share their story
Student Government Association elects two new senators
By Jonathan Moniz, Staff Writer On Monday October 17, the Student Government Association held an internal election as part of its routine meetings and voted within the body to welcome two new students to their ranks. Jasmine Kelly, representing the College of Nursing, and Silavong Phimmasone, a Business Management major, representing the Class of 2019. While Kelly had no other prospective candidates for her seat … Continue reading Student Government Association elects two new senators
Charlton College of Business cuts the ribbon
By Chelsea Cabral, Staff Writer UMass Dartmouth's business students now have a place to call home as the university hosted a formal ribbon-cutting ceremony on Thursday, October 20 to celebrate the newest expansion to the Charlton College of Business, dubbed the "Learning Pavilion." The ceremony drew the attendance of many students, alumni, faculty, and university officials to the new $15 million, 22,000 square foot expansion. … Continue reading Charlton College of Business cuts the ribbon
Arnie's Cupboard opens for all Corsairs
By Alex Solari, Staff Writer On Friday October 28, Arnie's Cupboard, the new food pantry coming to campus, will officially open to any students, faculty, or staff who are in need of a meal. This food pantry has been made possible by Deacon Frank Lucca, the full-time campus minister of UMass Dartmouth, Maurice Cyr, a political science student, and Shelly Metivier-Scott, the Associate Dean of … Continue reading Arnie's Cupboard opens for all Corsairs
My experiences with Ouija boards
By Brian Sousa, Opinions and Editorials Editor I'll never forget the day my Physics teacher in high school told us the story of how he and his friends proved the existence of apparitions. It was my senior year, and my teacher (who I'll call Mr. K) was known to answer any physics-related questions we had after lab. One day, someone asked him if he believed … Continue reading My experiences with Ouija boards

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
function out=proj_two_halfspaces(x,a1,b1,a2,b2)
%PROJ_TWO_HALFSPACES computes the orthogonal projection onto intersection of two halfspaces {x:<a1,x><=b1,<a2,x><=b2}
%
%  Usage:
%  out = PROJ_TWO_HALFSPACES(x,a1,b1,a2,b2)
%  ===========================================
%  Input:
%  x - point to be projected (vector/matrix)
%  a1 - vector/matrix
%  b1 - scalar
%  a2 - vector/matrix
%  b2 - scalar
%  ===========================================
%  Assumptions:
%  a1 and a2 are linearly independent
%  ===========================================
%  Output:
%  out - projection vector

% This file is part of the FOM package - a collection of first order methods for solving convex optimization problems
% Copyright (C) 2017 Amir and Nili Beck
%
% This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
% it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
% the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
% (at your option) any later version.
%
% This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
% but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
% MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
% GNU General Public License for more details.
%
% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
% along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

if (nargin < 5)
    error ('usage: proj_two_halfspaces(x,a1,b1,a2,b2)') ;
end
eps = 1e-10;

alpha = trace(a1'*x)-b1;
beta = trace(a2'*x)-b2 ;

if ((alpha <= 0) && (beta <=0))
    out=x;
else
    pai = trace(a1'*a2) ;
    mu = trace(a1'* a1) ;
    nu = trace(a2'* a2) ;
    ro = mu*nu - pai^2 ;
    if ( (abs(mu) < eps) || (abs(nu) < eps) || (abs(ro) < eps))
         error('usage: proj_two_halfspaces(x,a1,b1,a2,b2) - vectors a1 and a2 should be linearly independent ') ;
    end

    if ((alpha <= pai*beta/nu) && (beta >0))
        out = x - beta/nu*a2 ;
    else
        if ((beta <= pai*alpha/mu) && (alpha >0))
            out = x - alpha/mu*a1 ;
        else
            out = x + alpha/ro*(pai*a2-nu*a1)+beta/ro*(pai*a1-mu*a2) ;
        end

    end

end


text:
NYSE:MCK - McKesson Stock Price, Forecast & News
Adding McKesson Co.
Now: $155.80▼
MA: $142.45▼
Market Capitalization$28.07 billion
McKesson Corporation provides pharmaceuticals and medical supplies in the United States and internationally. It operates in three segments: U.S. Pharmaceutical and Specialty Solutions, European Pharmaceutical Solutions, and Medical-Surgical Solutions. The company distributes branded, generic, specialty, biosimilar, and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs, as well as other healthcare-related products; and offers practice management, technology, clinical support, and business solutions to community-based oncology and other specialty practices. Read More…
Industry Drugs, proprietaries, & sundries
Sub-IndustryHealth Care Distributors
Current SymbolNYSE:MCK
CUSIP58155Q10
Webhttp://www.mckesson.com/
Forward P/E Ratio10.61
P/E Growth1.51
Annual Sales$214.32 billion
Cash Flow$29.62 per share
EPS (Most Recent Fiscal Year)$13.57
Net Income$34 million
Net Margins-0.29%
Employees80,000
Market Cap$28.07 billion
Receive MCK News and Ratings via Email
Sign-up to receive the latest news and ratings for MCK and its competitors with MarketBeat's FREE daily newsletter.
MCK Rates by TradingView
McKesson (NYSE:MCK) Frequently Asked Questions
What is McKesson's stock symbol?
McKesson trades on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbol "MCK."
How often does McKesson pay dividends? What is the dividend yield for McKesson?
McKesson declared a quarterly dividend on Wednesday, October 23rd. Investors of record on Monday, December 2nd will be given a dividend of $0.41 per share on Thursday, January 2nd. This represents a $1.64 dividend on an annualized basis and a yield of 1.05%. The ex-dividend date of this dividend is Friday, November 29th. View McKesson's Dividend History.
How were McKesson's earnings last quarter?
McKesson Co. (NYSE:MCK) announced its quarterly earnings results on Wednesday, October, 30th. The company reported $3.60 EPS for the quarter, meeting the Thomson Reuters' consensus estimate of $3.60. The business had revenue of $57.62 billion for the quarter, compared to the consensus estimate of $55.06 billion. McKesson had a positive return on equity of 32.77% and a negative net margin of 0.29%. The firm's revenue was up 8.6% on a year-over-year basis. During the same period last year, the firm posted $3.60 earnings per share. View McKesson's Earnings History.
When is McKesson's next earnings date?
McKesson is scheduled to release their next quarterly earnings announcement on Tuesday, February 4th 2020. View Earnings Estimates for McKesson.
How can I listen to McKesson's earnings call?
McKesson will be holding an earnings conference call on Tuesday, February 4th at 12:00 AM Eastern. Interested parties can register for or listen to the call using this link or dial in at Not Available.
What guidance has McKesson issued on next quarter's earnings?
McKesson updated its FY20 earnings guidance on Monday, January, 13th. The company provided earnings per share (EPS) guidance of $14.60-14.80 for the period, compared to the Thomson Reuters consensus estimate of $14.38.
What price target have analysts set for MCK?
10 Wall Street analysts have issued 1-year price targets for McKesson's stock. Their forecasts range from $140.00 to $170.00. On average, they anticipate McKesson's stock price to reach $154.78 in the next year. This suggests that the stock has a possible downside of 0.9%. View Analyst Price Targets for McKesson.
What is the consensus analysts' recommendation for McKesson?
10 Wall Street analysts have issued "buy," "hold," and "sell" ratings for McKesson in the last year. There are currently 1 sell rating, 6 hold ratings and 3 buy ratings for the stock, resulting in a consensus recommendation of "Hold." View Analyst Ratings for McKesson.
Has McKesson been receiving favorable news coverage?
News coverage about MCK stock has been trending somewhat positive recently, according to InfoTrie Sentiment. The research group scores the sentiment of news coverage by monitoring more than six thousand blog and news sources in real-time. The firm ranks coverage of publicly-traded companies on a scale of negative five to five, with scores closest to five being the most favorable. McKesson earned a daily sentiment score of 2.0 on InfoTrie's scale. They also assigned news stories about the company a news buzz of 0.0 out of 10, indicating that recent news coverage is extremely unlikely to have an effect on the stock's share price in the immediate future. View News Stories for McKesson.
Are investors shorting McKesson?
McKesson saw a decline in short interest in December. As of December 13th, there was short interest totalling 3,670,000 shares, a decline of 13.2% from the November 28th total of 4,230,000 shares. Based on an average trading volume of 1,610,000 shares, the days-to-cover ratio is presently 2.3 days. Approximately 2.0% of the shares of the stock are short sold. View McKesson's Current Options Chain.
Who are some of McKesson's key competitors?
Some companies that are related to McKesson include AmerisourceBergen (ABC), Cardinal Health (CAH), Henry Schein (HSIC), Patterson Companies (PDCO) and Owens & Minor (OMI).
What other stocks do shareholders of McKesson own?
Based on aggregate information from My MarketBeat watchlists, some companies that other McKesson investors own include Walt Disney (DIS), Gilead Sciences (GILD), Allergan (AGN), CVS Health (CVS), UnitedHealth Group (UNH), Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), AbbVie (ABBV), Boeing (BA), salesforce.com (CRM) and NVIDIA (NVDA).
Who are McKesson's key executives?
McKesson's management team includes the folowing people:
Mr. John H. Hammergren, Chairman & CEO (Age 60)
Britt J. Vitalone, CFO & Exec. VP (Age 50)
Ms. Lori A. Schechter, Chief Compliance Officer, Exec. VP & Gen. Counsel (Age 57)
Mr. Jorge L. Figueredo, Exec. VP & Chief HR Officer (Age 58)
Mr. Bansi Nagji, Exec. VP and Chief Strategy & Bus. Devel. Officer (Age 54)
Who are McKesson's major shareholders?
McKesson's stock is owned by a variety of of institutional and retail investors. Top institutional investors include PGGM Investments (0.17%), Wedge Capital Management L L P NC (0.16%), Zurcher Kantonalbank Zurich Cantonalbank (0.07%), Nisa Investment Advisors LLC (0.05%), Calamos Advisors LLC (0.03%) and CLARET ASSET MANAGEMENT Corp (0.03%). Company insiders that own McKesson stock include Brian S Tyler, Brian Scott Tyler, Britt J Vitalone, Erin M Lampert, Lori A Schechter, M Christine Jacobs, N Anthony Coles and Sundeep G Reddy. View Institutional Ownership Trends for McKesson.
Which major investors are selling McKesson stock?
MCK stock was sold by a variety of institutional investors in the last quarter, including PGGM Investments, Assenagon Asset Management S.A., Artemis Investment Management LLP, Kempner Capital Management Inc., Meag Munich Ergo Kapitalanlagegesellschaft MBH, Nisa Investment Advisors LLC, Calamos Advisors LLC and State of Alaska Department of Revenue. Company insiders that have sold McKesson company stock in the last year include Brian S Tyler, Brian Scott Tyler, Britt J Vitalone, Lori A Schechter, M Christine Jacobs and Sundeep G Reddy. View Insider Buying and Selling for McKesson.
Which major investors are buying McKesson stock?
MCK stock was acquired by a variety of institutional investors in the last quarter, including Wedge Capital Management L L P NC, Contravisory Investment Management Inc., DNB Asset Management AS, Zurcher Kantonalbank Zurich Cantonalbank , Janney Montgomery Scott LLC, Inlet Private Wealth LLC, Alpine Global Management LLC and Ullmann Financial Group Inc.. View Insider Buying and Selling for McKesson.
How do I buy shares of McKesson?
Shares of MCK can be purchased through any online brokerage account. Popular online brokerages with access to the U.S. stock market include Vanguard Brokerage Services, TD Ameritrade, E*TRADE, Robinhood, Fidelity and Charles Schwab.
What is McKesson's stock price today?
One share of MCK stock can currently be purchased for approximately $156.18.
How big of a company is McKesson?
McKesson has a market capitalization of $28.14 billion and generates $214.32 billion in revenue each year. The company earns $34 million in net income (profit) each year or $13.57 on an earnings per share basis. McKesson employs 80,000 workers across the globe.View Additional Information About McKesson.
What is McKesson's official website?
The official website for McKesson is http://www.mckesson.com/.
How can I contact McKesson?
McKesson's mailing address is 6555 STATE HWY 161, IRVING TX, 75039. The company can be reached via phone at 972-446-4800 or via email at [email protected]
MarketBeat Community Rating for McKesson (NYSE MCK)
Total Votes: 1,343
MarketBeat's community ratings are surveys of what our community members think about McKesson and other stocks. Vote "Outperform" if you believe MCK will outperform the S&P 500 over the long term. Vote "Underperform" if you believe MCK will underperform the S&P 500 over the long term. You may vote once every thirty days.
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It is not much of a secret that Scunthorpe United have struggled for goals throughout this season.
Although the Iron currently sit fourth in League One and have had an impressive season so far, there has been plenty of times during this campaign that a lack of a cutting edge has seen them walk away from a solid performance with one point, rather than three.
And after letting the club's leading goalscorer over the last four seasons, Paddy Madden, leave for Fleetwood Town earlier in the window – the Iron were desperate to bring in a new number nine.
Scunthorpe tried and failed to bring Toney back to the side in the summer, as he decided to go a different route, joining Wigan Athletic on a season-long loan.
The 22-year-old told the Telegraph that whilst he was frustrated with his lack of playing time with the Latics, he is now happy that he had the chance to re-join Scunthorpe United, and is looking forward to becoming an important player for Graham Alexander's side.
"Obviously it was frustrating not getting in the side. Will Grigg was scoring goals for fun there, and Nick Powell has played well all season, so you can't really complain when the team is doing well and scoring goals," Toney told the Telegraph.
After he was recalled by Newcastle in January, Graham Alexander moved quickly to bring Toney back to Glanford Park, after he impressed during his loan spell with the club last season.
In his 15 appearances for the Iron last season, Toney became a pivotal part of the side which came so close to gaining promotion to the Championship, as he scored six goals.
Bringing Toney back to Glanford Park was a no-brainer for Alexander, and he had found his new number nine – courtesy of an unexpected phone call!
"I was sitting at home and got a phone call from his agent saying Newcastle had recalled him and asked 'do you want him in tomorrow, do you want to sign him?' I said 'Yes Please' and that was it!" Alexander said earlier this month after the signing of Toney.
And now that Toney is back with the Iron, he has full confidence in his abilities in being the potent goalscorer which Scunthorpe has missed for large parts of the season.
With Madden and Kevin van Veen now departed from the club, the onus will be on the likes of Toney, Tom Hopper and Lee Novak to be the goalscorers.
In himself, Hopper and Novak, the Newcastle loanee believes that the Iron had a strong strikeforce at the club and they can all chip in with the goals, but so long as they keep winning games – it does not matter to him who puts the ball in the back of the net.
"I am here to play a part in going one better than last year, whether that be scoring goals, getting assists – anyway I can help the team," Toney said.
"The main thing is that we keep winning games, and picking up three points. If that means me scoring then that's perfect, but I just want to play a part in any way I can.
What motivates Toney most of all now that he is back in Scunthorpe United colours, is that he does not plan to go through the same disappointing experience of missing out of promotion at one of the last hurdles once again.
"We don't want to experience the disappointment we went through last year again, that was a tough way to end the season.
Toney made his first start for the Iron since returning on loan this past Saturday against Fleetwood, in which he scored the winning goal, as he took ownership of a free-kick in the 78th minute and found the bottom corner in splendid fashion.
Getting off the mark for the second time in Scunthorpe colours will certainly be a confidence booster for Toney, and assistant manager Neil McDonald spoke about the Iron's new number nine and just how much he is looking forward to seeing what he can do from now until the end of the season.
"It's always a confidence booster for a forward when you score important goals, and he has done that in his first start for us," McDonald told the Telegraph.
"I think he could have had another with his header that won us the penalty. Ivan has knack of being in the right place at the right time and we're confident that he'll score a lot of goals from now until the end of the season.
"But his game is more than just about goals, you saw today (against Fleetwood), his link-up play was fantastic, he is strong in the air and he can create for other players.
When speaking to Toney following Saturday's victory, the striker was quick to praise two things about the club: the manager and the fans – both seemingly big reasons why he wanted to return to Glanford Park.
"We have a great manager here, and if we buy into his system then we will give ourselves the best chance to be where we want to be at the end of the season.


text:
GOP plan to change judge selection isn't 'modernization' but a leap backward
Iowa's current process for selecting judges has created an efficient, professional judiciary that is respected across the country. This change is a back door to once again politicize the courts.
The Register's editorial
"Judicial Nominating Commission Modernization." That's the title of a bill under consideration in the Iowa Legislature that would fundamentally change the way Iowa trial and appellate judges have been selected in this state since voters approved a constitutional amendment 57 years ago.
Those who have not been paying close attention to this issue might wonder what is so antiquated about Iowa's judicial selection process that cries out for modernizing.
We wondered the same thing.
Judge picking is not the sort of thing that regularly goes in and out of fashion like, say, hairstyles. Most states have done it pretty much the same way since they were founded, as prescribed in their state constitutions.
Iowa did, however, "modernize" its century-old judicial selection process in that constitutional amendment in 1962. A majority of voters felt it was wrong in principle to elect judges — inviting candidates to ask for campaign donations from the very people who would appear in their courtrooms. Others felt it was wrong for judges to pander to voters by promising to rule this way or that on issues of concern at the time.
So, Iowans replaced judicial elections with a "merit selection" system in which applicants for judgeships are picked by the governor from a list of nominees selected by nonpartisan commissions. Half of the commission members are citizens appointed by the governor; half are lawyers elected by other lawyers. The commissions are chaired by chief judges.
Iowa was one of the first states to adopt this judicial-selection process, known as the "Missouri Plan," named for the state where the idea began. It was a thoroughly modern thing to do, and it has served Iowa well by creating a judiciary that is respected across the country.
Iowa's courts are efficient, productive, professional and, with exceedingly rare exception, free of corruption.
So, if this legislative effort — hatched behind closed doors and hurtling toward approval with precious little opportunity for public discussion — is not really about modernization, what is the motivation?
Peel back a few layers of the onion, and it becomes clear that this is about decisions of the Iowa courts that Iowa's Republican lawmakers don't like. It begins with Varnum v. Brien, which in 2009 struck down the Legislature's statute that said marriage is only between a man and a woman. More recently, Republican legislators were angry that the Iowa Supreme Court struck down their effort to outlaw a woman's ability to choose abortion in this state.
Obradovich:Increasing political control over court appointments won't make judges less political
Another view:Law professor: Give lawyers less power over judge choices
Latest news:Iowa speeds forward on changing how judges are selected
If you don't like the way Iowa judges are interpreting the law, the thinking goes, then get different judges.
To do that, the authors of this bill would change the makeup of the judicial nominating commissions.
Half the members of the State Judicial Nominating Commission, which screens applicants for the Iowa Supreme Court and the Iowa Court of Appeals, would be appointed by the governor. The other half would be picked by leaders of the majority and minority parties in the Iowa Senate and House.
Advocates of this change apparently felt the need to conjure up a monster under the bed to frighten people into supporting this change. They seized on a handy target: lawyers.
The argument is that lawyers shouldn't help pick the judges who sit in judgment of their cases. Advocates of this change portray the legal profession as a greedy special interest whose members get to vote for commissioners while other Iowa voters do not. Or, they invoke the dreaded "liberal trial lawyers" label.
The language of the bill does not square with this lawyer bashing, however. At least half of the members of the State Judicial Nominating Commission, and half the members of the district nominating commissions that screen district judges, would have to be … lawyers.
The only difference is that instead of Iowa lawyers electing the lawyer commissioners, the governor would appoint four of the lawyer members of the State Nominating Commission, and legislative leaders would appoint at least four. All members of the district nominating commissions appointed by legislative leaders would have to be lawyers.
So, remove the lawyer bashing as a selling point, what's left?
Partisan politics. And ideology.
If this bill becomes law, the current Republican governor and the current Republican leaders in the House and Senate would appoint 12 of 16 members of the new State Judicial Nominating Commission. Likewise, Republicans would appoint six of eight members of each of the eight district nomination commissions.
In other words, the "modernized" judicial selection process assures that Republicans will be able to dominate the nominating commissions on the day the law takes effect, which would be immediately upon passage.
It's hard to see how this works to the Republicans' unique advantage in the long run, however, as successive generations of governors and legislators from one party or the other would appoint members of their own party to the commissions. (Yes, there is laughable language in the bill saying commission members "shall be chosen without reference to political affiliation." Wink, wink.)
Either way, the result will be politically charged commissions with members appointed by partisan politicians who, at least at this point in history, are determined to remake the Iowa judiciary in their own likeness. Democrats will eventually have their turn.
Dare not call this modernization. Instead, it is old-fashioned partisanship, and it would be a great disservice to those Iowans who voted to amend the Iowa Constitution 57 years ago. Their clear message in that amendment was that Iowa voters did not want their courts to be politicized.
The 1962 amendment left the door open to the Iowa General Assembly to change the makeup of the judicial nominating commissions a decade after its enactment. The thinking presumably was that Iowans might think of a better way to pick members of the commissions that screen judicial applicants in the future, but surely it cannot be that they imagined any such change should be a back door to once again politicizing the courts.
The bill on the table this session would do just that. Iowans should let their legislators know — and soon — that they want their courts to remain insulated from partisan political influence.
Interested in more hard-hitting editorials and opinion? Subscribe to the Des Moines Register today atdesmoinesregister.com/deal


So here I am, three days late and also, I'm afraid, three dollars short. Some Buried Caesar is widely held to be one of the very best books in the Nero Wolfe canon while I can only scratch at its surface.
I have to stop at some point, though, before the eleventh of May becomes the twelfth in the same way the ninth became the tenth and then the eleventh. So now I have to throw the question over to all of you. What did you think of, and possibly love about, Some Buried Caesar?


Biography: Reginald Ernest Salwey was born in 1852 in Surrey, the youngest son of Henry Salwey, M.P. He was a gifted amateur entomologist who contributed to scientific periodicals and curated the collection at the Folkestone Museum. He was friends with fellow entomologist Walter Philip Weston. Weston's wife was Charlotte Maria Birch, the daughter of the keeper of Oriental antiquities at the British Museum and an author in her own right. After Weston died in 1881 at age 29, Salwey married his widow the following year. The couple had two sons. In the 1890s, Salwey turned to fiction writing four novels. He died in 1937 at age 85.
Wildwater Terrace: A Novel. 2 vol. London: Digby, Long, 1890.
The Finger of Scorn. 2 vol. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1892.
Ventured in Vain. 2 vol. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1894.
The One Alternative. 2 vol. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1896.


text:
ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's Philosophical Journey: From by Cecilia Martini Bonadeo
By Cecilia Martini Bonadeo
The current paintings presents a close account of the on hand information on ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's biography, an overview of his philosophical suggestion, and an in depth research of his remodeling of pre-Avicennian Greek and Arabic metaphysics.
Read or Download ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's Philosophical Journey: From Aristotle's Metaphysics to the 'Metaphysical Science' (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies, Volume 88) PDF
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The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future
"Historically incisive, geographically broad-reaching, and brimming with illuminating anecdotes. "—Max Rodenbeck, ny evaluate of Books
Iranian-born student Vali Nasr has turn into one in every of America's top commentators on present occasions within the heart East, well known and welcomed via either media and executive for his "concise and coherent" research (Wall highway magazine, front-page profile). during this "remarkable work" (Anderson Cooper), Nasr brilliantly dissects the political and theological antagonisms inside Islam, supplying a special and goal knowing of the 1,400-year sour fight among Shias and Sunnis and laying off the most important mild on its modern day outcomes.
Islam Dot Com: Contemporary Islamic Discourses in Cyberspace (The Palgrave Macmillan Series in Internatioal Political Communication)
This ebook analyzes the discourses and deliberations within the dialogue boards of 3 of the main visited Islamic web content. In doing so, it explores the capability impression of the Islamic public sphere, and the re-configuration of the 'virtual umma' (Islamic group) on-line, at the construction of a number of identities and resistances, which show up themselves via a number of Islamic websites, generating various levels of consensus, divergence, and negotiation in a number of contexts and throughout assorted discourses.
Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam
Among 1300 and 1500 C. E. a brand new type of Sufi Islam took carry between important Islamic peoples, becoming a member of participants via common networks such as modern-day trendy paths and orders. figuring out modern Sufism calls for a worldly research of those adolescence. relocating past a directly account of leaders and hobbies, Shahzad Bashir weaves a wealthy historical past round the depiction of physically activities by way of Sufi masters and disciples, essentially in Sufi literature and Persian miniature work of the interval.
Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh
Muslims Against the Islamic State: Arab Critics and Supporters of Ali Abdarraziq's Islamic Laicism
The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam
THE MOSLEM WORLD
The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades
Additional resources for ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's Philosophical Journey: From Aristotle's Metaphysics to the 'Metaphysical Science' (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies, Volume 88)
143 Ibidem, 9. 8–12. 144 Syriani In Metaphysica Commentaria, CAG VI. 1, 54. 20–55. 1; 56. 13–16; 57. 13–15; Asclepii In Aristotelis Metaphysicorum Libros A-Z Commentaria, CAG VI. 2, 226. 15–19; 229. 3–4; 231. 10–232. 1. On the Arabic Tradition of Aristotle's Metaphysics (8th–9th Centuries) It is well-known that the genesis of Arabic philosophy is connected with the last period of activity of the philosophical schools in Late Antiquity. The famous passage from al-Fārābī's lost writing Fī Ẓuhūr al-falsafa (On the Appearance of Philosophy),145 reported by Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa in his ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī tabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ,146 has been interpreted as a reliable testimony of the nearly continuous link which connected the last philosophical schools of Alexandria to the beginning of Arabic philosophy in Baghdad through Ḥarrān,147 where, according to Tardieu,148 Simplicius had written his commentaries on Aristotle's writings.
However, Aristotle criticizes Pythagoreans and Platonists elsewhere in his treatise, not just in book 13–14 (and 1), and it may be that Syrianus' 'antidote' extended somewhat further that we now have". 83 Cf. Saffrey (1990), 173–180. 84 Syriani In Metaphysica Commentaria, CAG VI 1, 80. 4–7. 85 Cf. Longo (2005). 86 This part of D'Ancona's argument has been rejected by C. Luna and I. Hadot. Luna (2004), 39–79, in particular 73, shows the difference in the division of the lemmas between Alexander's commentary and Syrianus', and she maintains that Syrianus did not take from Alexander the literary form of his commentary.
13–16. 126 For the collection of all the passages in which Asclepius describes the productivity of the One cf. Verrycken (1990), 205 note 34. 127 Asclepii In Aristotelis Metaphysicorum Libros A-Z Commentaria, CAG VI. 2, 1. 7–17. 30 chapter one and what represents the highest degree of being: substance. 129 There are different levels of philosophical inquiry: First Philosophy, which considers intelligible substance, philosophical discipline dealing with heavenly bodies, and the study of the world as it comes to be and passes away.
Arrebola construcciones E-books > Islam > ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's Philosophical Journey: From by Cecilia Martini Bonadeo
Djibouti: A Novel by Elmore Leonard
Fisher Investments on Telecom (Fisher Investments Press) by Fisher Investments


Pure butter shortbread Mini Scottie cookies fill the box featuring a stand out Scottie dog. An ideal gift for the Scottie dog owner in your life as well as a great thank you gift for your dog's sitter, walker or veterinarian.
Baked to a traditional Scottish family recipe handed down through generations of the Walkers' family, Mini Shortbread Scotties are made from only 4 ingredients: butter, flour, sugar, salt.
From SueAnn Schneider of Covington, Louisiana on 11/27/2018 .
Alas, there was a note on my shipping invoice that the Mini Scottie Dog Carton had been unavailable. A substitution was made with mini fingers, plus a bonus pack. Always a great cookie, just this time I wanted it to look like a Scottie. I'm closing my eyes and pretending!
From Anonymous of Metairie, Louisiana on 11/15/2018 .
From Susan of Downers Grove, Illinois on 9/20/2018 .
Delicious shortbread! The little Scottie dogs are so cute and the packaging is, too!
From Charmaine of Picayune, Mississippi on 9/6/2018 .
From Kim Roulias of Forney, Texas on 8/18/2018 .
I got addicted to Walker's shortbread whilst in Scotland on vacation this summer. I now have afternoon tea every day, and Walker's shortbread is a big part of it! I love the variety of different packages too. Nice to collect.
Ingredients: Wheat flour,butter, sugar, wheat starch, salt.
Contains: Milk, wheat, gluten. May contain tree nuts. Suitable for vegetarians and Kosher OUD.
Serving Size: 10 pieces (29g), Servings per Container About 5. Amount per Serving: Calories 150, Calories from Fat 70. Total Fat 8g (12% DV), Sat. Fat 5g (24%), Trans Fat 0g, Cholest. 25mg (8% DV), Sodium 80mg (3% DV), Total Carb. 19g (6% DV), Fiber Less than 1g (2% DV), Sugars 5g, Protein 2g, Vit A 6%, Iron 2%, Vit C 0%, Calcium 2% DV. Percent Daily Values (DV) are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.


As more and more enterprises are moving to cloud services to support mission critical business services the stakes for vendors are growing higher. The conventional wisdom over the past several years is that Amazon Web Services (AWS)– the gorilla in the cloud services market is the most affordable and inevitable leader. Amazon initially built a massive data center to support its own retail operation. It was smart enough to take advantage of the emerging market for offering compute and storage before most customers knew they needed it.
Amazon approached this market in a clever way. The company applied the retail business model successfully to cloud, using a loss leader to bring in a customer and then charge them a premium price for the add on services that are required to operate. This is a key way that Amazon makes money. On top of this, as the customer has to manage more and more data, they need additional services such as data movement, additional capacity at short notice. These are the most expensive services that are a customer requirement. Customers are not able to predict their needs in advance because the Amazon model is designed based on an on demand approach rather than a planned role out of services.
Amazon has figured out a business model that has worked brilliantly. Here is a simple explanation: Amazon offers new customers a simple onramp to the cloud. It offers free services to set started and quickly hooks customers in to a long term relationship. What customers have discovered about AWS is that they pay for every moment of use. If they purchase a bundle of services and manage to use a bit more, they are charged a premium. Likewise, customers are charged a substantial amount for moving data across Amazon's network.
After my conversation with the CIO, I had an interesting discussion with IBM about SoftLayer. In IBM's recent earnings announcement, cloud services were a clear a winner in terms of growth and revenue. IBM had a 75% increase in revenue from its cloud offerings. It is clear to me that IBM's investments in cloud, since the acquisition of SoftLayer is paying dividends. And it is also clear to me that IBM has Amazon as a clear target for competition.
While much of the attention in the market has been Amazon versus Microsoft and Google, I think that for enterprises focused on a hybrid computing approach, IBM will become a major player.
The cost of elasticity. Yes, capacity in the cloud is cheap – relative to setting up a large scale data center. But there are always conditions that need to be understood. Ironically, one of the greatest benefits of the cloud is elasticity. You can add additional capacity through a self-service interface and automatically increase capacity when resources are in demand. But this ease of scaling comes at a cost. Many companies using public cloud services are required to pay a premium when they use additional, unplanned capacity. This pricing model is similar to how mobile phone companies operate. You select a plan based on assumptions about how much data you will use. If you exceed that threshold, you don't just pay the same per gigabit fee but are instead charged a premium. Go over your limit several times and your service provider will convince you to upgrade to the next level of minutes. One other distinction to make on the pricing side is that SoftLayer offers hourly terms and monthly terms to make it even easier for customers to plan their budgets.
The network is the computer. One of the advantages of cloud computing is the ability to move workloads and data based on capacity, performance and need. One of Amazon's significant revenue sources in the cloud is its ability to charge customers for network utilization. Amazon charges for bandwidth between regions. Therefore, the Amazon model is designed to charge customers for each time the network is used and each service needed to complete that transaction. IBM, on the other hand, owns its own private global network and all of its data centers are connected to this massive network. All of the services needed by the customer to manage and move data are integrated together as one package. There is no cost to move data between data centers. IBM also includes a large amount of free outbound data bandwidth.
Where does your data live? IBM and Amazon have very different approaches to implementing cloud data centers. IBM has created smaller data centers that are targeted in narrower geographic locations. IBM's approach attempts to keep the data as close as possible to its customers making it easier to back-up and keep information in the desired country of the user. Therefore, these data centers can be better tailored to the governmental data privacy requirements. In contrast, Amazon's philosophy is to create massive data centers in strategic locations that give it a global reach. IBM customers can pinpoint the exact server and SoftLayer data center location (where the server is in the rack, where the rack is in the pod, where the pod is, and how the pod is connected to the Internet).
Performance Matters. Bare metal is important to many customers that require high performance. This approach can be successfully applied to provide better compliance, security, and reliability for customers. While most clouds use virtualization to gain cost efficiency, there is overhead that comes with virtual images. Bare metal, in contrast, offers customers the ability to run their applications directly on the server without virtualization overhead. Bare metal is used by a number of enterprise cloud providers including IBM, Rackspace, and Dimension Data and is becoming more important because of the control and performance.
Hybrid Cloud Management. I believe that as more customers move from a single cloud model to a hybrid environment, the ability to manage a variety of services in a predictable and controlled manner will become increasingly important. While Amazon has partners that offer hybrid management services, most of its partners are focused primarily on cloud management services. IBM and many of its enterprise competitors are focusing their resources on providing management control and visibility into both traditional data center, private and public cloud services. The goal of hybrid cloud management is to provide a single contract and a unified way to bring together cloud services and the management tier.
The world of cloud services is not black and white. While clearly Amazon continues to show incredible revenue growth, their weakness remains on its ability to manage complex hybrid cloud environments. Therefore, vendors like IBM and Microsoft will continue to demonstrate leadership in an increasingly complex computing environment. As all vendors start providing more granular and lower priced services, companies will increasingly put a premium on predictability, reliability, and manageability.
Excellent insight into the market. I think, as you imply, that Hybrid models will emerge rapidly and those providers who only offer one-trick pony solutions will be left behind.
Thanks for your excellent article about the AWS and IBM's different Cloud approaches.
I would like to read that in the Times.


After you see her demonstration, you will make a basic Ikebana, and then, you will make your own large creative arrangement with fresh flowers and vine. It would be about 70cm high. You will proudly be able to take the arrangement home afterwords.
All the fresh flowers, driftwood, berries, vine, wire, everything are all provided.


text:
Linguistic Diversity
Linguistic Diversity Select Year/MonthAll Years = 2 PostsDecade 2010s = 2 Posts Year 2010 = 2 Posts--- September 2010 = 1 Post July 2010 = 1 Post
The Social Darwinist and the Priests
Razib Khan • September 22, 2010
I was going through my stack of podcasts today and I decided to listen to a discussion between the linguist John McWhorter and the linguist Ben Zimmer, and at one point McWhorter addresses the issue of linguistic diversity, and wonders aloud if perhaps we wouldn't be better off with one world language, though more as an intellectual thought experiment than in any seriousness. His arguments are laid out in this article The Cosmopolitan Tongue: The Universality of English. McWhorter recounts how the piece resulted in his cameo appearance as one of history's greatest monsters in a book by a linguist who is fighting language extinction.
You can listen to Zimmer and McWhorter's exchange on the topic yourself:
Over the past two months there have been many responses to my original post "Linguistic diversity = poverty". I need to reiterate something on the record: I am not a writer for Discover Magazine, and what I say on this blog does not go through any editor. With that out of the way a common issue that has cropped up repeatedly is that people have transformed my contention that we should be calmer about letting nature take its course with dialects on the edge of oblivion. Instead of what I did say, some people report that I argued that I think languages should be "banished", or that coercion should be used to give rise to Globish. Not at all. I didn't say that, if you said I said that, please update your blog post to indicate you misunderstood me.
A second issue is that people keep calling me a "Social Darwinist." Really the way that it's being used is very similar to conservatives referring to people on the Left as "Marxists." The reality is that most Leftists today are not Marxists. Marxism is a very specific set of movements with philosophical commitments and beliefs about the world. But it's a nice way to impute some negative historical baggage because of Marxism's connection to totalitarian Communism, and the general influence of Marxism on the broader Left (e.g., most European Social Democratic parties have Marxist roots, even if they eventually repudiated or distanced themselves from those roots). Similarly many of my critics throw around the term Social Darwinist as if it's ju-ju which can explain my oh-so-evil-rotten-heart. It connects the fact that I'm a political conservative with Nazism, but doesn't go so far as to transgress into the realm of Godwin's Law. One of the things that set Greg Downey off about the aspersions I cast toward linguistic anthropology specifically was that I stated that they were Talmudicists. But I think that's kind of an insult to the rabbis at this point after seeing the range of responses, really many of the critics who know I'm oh-so-evil are no different from the shamans who they may have studied, and have now seemingly developed an instinct to label individuals taboo.
At least Greg Downey did some leg work attempting to refute my contentions (though it's a little funny how many people think that his refutation was the last word even when he admitted to its provisionality). Most of my critics retreated into their academic-pidgin and were comfortable implying that I was an unsaved heathen, leaving it at that. But there is something Dr. Downey said which I think is worth exploring again:
I won't keep writing on this subject, but I once had a student in my Intro to Latin American cultures class who got really upset when I said that I thought Latinos in the US should just be allowed to speak Spanish without being harassed. He got irate. He said his ancestors had been forced to speak English, to give up their native tongues. I asked him, 'Would you like to be able to speak Gaelic or German now?' He said, 'Of course.' Fortunately, he realized what I was getting at, that the same sort of identity erasure that he regretted, he was ready to visit on someone else — he was a deep guy and a thinker, in spite of our political disagreements, and he really helped me to better understand my role as a teacher.
When I read this I was a bit confused. In The Anglo Revolutions it is stated that the Gaelic speaking peasants were mostly English-speaking when they arrived to American shores. I don't know if the literature citation (there was one within) is correct, or representative of the linguistic history, but Greg's interlocutor may simply not have known what he was talking about in regards to his ancestors. Now, one can assert that the English forced the Gaelic speaking Irish to speak English, but I'm not sure we should take this as a given (depending on what you would refer to as "force", since Gaelic did not have an official status from what I know and so would be implicitly at a disadvantage). Second, from what I recall when the American Germans arrived in the 19th century to these shores most of them would have spoken a German dialect, not German, as their native language. In today's Germany, as in today's Italy, the regional dialects which are really separate languages without much of a written tradition (if at all) are dying, in large part due to interregional marriage and the passing on of older generations who were more comfortable in dialect than standard German or Italian. I don't know the details of the conversation between Greg Downey and his student, so perhaps they addressed these nuances, but the point is that the issues aren't as plain as they're made to seem, and the identities which outsiders perceive and want to defend in the interests of justice and free choice are often more complex when you scratch beneath the surface. A good example of the preservation of German in the United States is among the Amish, and the "German" they speak amongst themselves is a specific dialect, not standard German. The main coercion involved in the decline of American German was the closure of German language schools during World War I (though the Irish American Catholic hierarchy were also enemies of German language Catholic schools). But if those schools had not closed it may be that most knowledge of German today would be of standard German, not the deeply rooted dialects of the ancestral Heimat of a given people. To perpetuate German dialects abroad one would have to maintain ethno-religious endogamy, as Amish communities have. Even marrying across German dialect groups would probably have resulted in the transformation of standard German as a lingua franca which eventually pushed aside the ancestral dialects (which again, are actually sister languages from a common Germanic ancestor).
My point is exploring that particular aside in detail is that I know these are complex issues, and often knotty. My high-priest shamans wielding the magical formulas of academese, i.e., Wielders of Words of Power such as Privilege, Social Darwinist, Eurocentric, etc., are often aware of complexity and how easy it is to problematize. But when the layers of complexity settle on one which is congenial with their normative framework the labors of the wizards are done, and the mists which obscure the possibility of positivism clear away! If you read this weblog you know that I am aware of the complexity of ethnographic, historical, and religious issues. But unlike most people with such an awareness I'm frankly Eurocentric in my values and do not see the perpetuation of collective indigenous identity as one of the world's greater utilitarian goods (though I don't think it can necessarily be dismissed, I'm no longer a full-throated individualist in my utility calculations). It's not because I'm ignorant, it's because I'm a heathen, willfully rejecting the Good News.
I suppose that makes me a monster of some sort in the eyes of many, but I want to look to one case where I am broadly sympathetic to the perpetuation of a specific indigenous identity: that of the Kafir Kalash. They're a population within the Human Genome Diversity Panel, and from what I have read their inclusion was conscious, as L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and company wanted to get samples from isolated populations which were on the verge of disappearing through assimilation. There is some genetic interest in the Kalash, though I think we've squeezed most of the juice out of that already. Linguistically they're not an isolate, they speak an Indo-European language which is ambiguously placed between the Iranian and Indo-Aryan families. Rather, their uniqueness is attributable to the fact that the Kafir Kalash are the last practitioners of the Indo-European pagan tradition in the modern world. In other words, the tradition of the Rigveda, the Iliad, and the Edda. Arguably both Zoroastrianism and Hinduism derive from Indo-European paganism, the former as a negation, the latter as an evolution. But it seems to me that Zoroastrianism as we understand it today can not be decomposed without a comprehension of its long interactions with Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam. As for Hinduism, it is a matter of scholarly debate how much of the religion truly derives from the Vedas, and how much from indigenous South Asian religious traditions which pre-date the Aryans. Some of the same issues crop up for the Greeks and Roman religions, whose influences from indigenous Mediterranean cults were clear (e.g., many of the Greek gods have obvious Near Eastern origins, such as the Artemis and Dionysus). And frankly, the same probably holds for the Kafir Kalash. We have no other Indo-European peoples who maintained a continuous pagan tradition down to the modern era to compare with, so we do not know what is a shared derived characteristic, and what is a unique characteristic of the Kafir Kalash. Nor do we know what characteristics may have been lost among the Kafir Kalash which were common among other Indo-Europeans.
But let's stipulate that the Kafir Kalash paganism is sui generis, and an authentic representative instance of the religious expression of the ancient Indo-Europeans. From a cultural perspective this is arguably precious. And, we know that in modern Pakistan today the Kafir Kalash are under grave threat. Their homeland is in the sphere of influence of the Pakistani Taliban. Their current existence as a religious group is a matter of historical contingency, their Nuristani cousins across the border in Afghanistan were forcibly converted to Islam 100 years ago. And coercion is not the only issue, large numbers of Kafir Kalash have converted to Islam in a Pakistan where being a non-Muslim, let alone a pagan, is simply very difficult. Their numbers have been bolstered by their high birth rates.
So how do we save them? One suggestion I made is that those who care about cultural diversity should allow for the wholesale transplantations of groups under the threat of cultural genocide. The Kafir Kalash are certainly one of those groups. But here is where the real world would clash with our intentions: I suspect bringing the Kafir Kalash into the Western world would result in their conversion to Christianity, or perhaps even Islam, rather than the retention of their ethnic paganism. As an analogy, many of the Hmong transplanted to the USA are converting to Christianity. Only a small minority of Native Americans, Australian Aboriginals, or Maori, maintain their indigenous religious traditions. I believe that the paganism of the Kafir Kalash may be mostly a function of the fact that they're extremely poor and geographically isolated in Chitral. This was certainly one reason Muslim rulers had not bothered to conquer and convert them; there was little fiscal upside, and the logistics were difficult in the pre-modern world. Bringing the Kafir Kalash out of Pakistan would prevent their cultural genocide through coercion, but I'd be willing to bet good money that their ethno-religious cohesiveness would disappear in a consumer society (this is an issue which Western Mandaens are facing right now).
Working out how one's norms intersect with the world as it is, and the consequences which entail, is a difficult slog. In a world with finite resources and variations in the probabilities of success of a range of actions I do not believe decisions are quite so clear and distinct. Especially when it comes to human beings the law of unintended consequences crops up. It is often easy to sketch out the Light and the Dark, the Saved and the Damned, but the world is not so cooperative. Well, at least as long you're not a physicist….
• Category: Science • Tags: Culture, Languages, Linguistic Diversity
Knowledge Is Not Value-Free
Razib Khan • July 20, 2010
This isn't The New Yorker, and I'm not writing twenty page essays which flesh out all the nooks and crannies of my thought. When I posted "Linguistic diversity = poverty" I did mean to provoke, make people challenge their presuppositions, and think about what they're saying when they say something.
I think knowledge of many languages is awesome. I am weak at language acquisition myself, but, as someone with an interest in Bronze Age Near Eastern history I'm obviously invested in people having some comprehension of Sumerian and Akkadian (not to mention Hittite or ancient Egyptian). And I'm not someone who has no interest in the details of ethnographic diversity. On the contrary I'm fascinated by ethnic diversity. Like many people I enjoy reading monographs and articles on obscure groups such as Yazidis (well before our national interest in Iraq) and the Saivite Chams of Vietnam. Oh, wait, I misspoke. I actually don't know many people who have my level of interest in obscure peoples and tribes and the breadth of human diversity. If you're the type of person who reads monographs on Yazidis not because it pertains to your scholarly specialty, but because you're interested in a wide range of facts and topics, and would like to have discussions with someone of similar disposition (me), contact me with your location and if I swing through town we can have coffee or something. I'm interested in meeting like minds who I can explore topics with (and here I'm not talking about someone who is a Hakka and so knows a lot about the history of the Hakka; I'm not Hakka and I know something about the Hakka and I'm not an Oirat I know something about the Oirat, and so forth). All things equal the preservation of linguistic diversity is all for the good, and not only does it enrich the lives of humanity as a whole, it enriches my life in particular because of my intellectual proclivities. But all things are not equal.
First, let me digress and admit that I do not adhere to a plain utilitarianism which does not value the cultural accretions and symbolic residues of history. For a concrete example, consider the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamyan in 2001 by the Taliban. On a concrete material level this was simply the rearrangement of molecular aggregations. We even have the visual sensory representation of the Buddhas before their destruction in the form of photographs. Why the outrage? Naturally Buddhists were outraged because the images of the Buddha had a sacred valence for them. But the world in general was outraged, Buddhist and non-Buddhist. The local Shia Muslims who live in the region, the Hazaras, were aghast at the cultural destruction, as they considered the Buddhas to be part of their heritage. At the time the Hazaras were being subjected to genocidal persecution from the Taliban, who considered them racially alien due to their Mongolian heritage and also heretics because of their Shia faith, so they were in no position to interpose themselves between the Taliban and the Buddhas.
As for the Taliban their concept of the Buddhas of Bamyan is that they were plain stone. Additionally, the Taliban perceived that the Buddhas were blasphemous because they were idolatry, drawing upon a long line of iconoclasm which goes back to the legendary Abraham. Unlike the atheist the Taliban may have perceived in the stone something more than material, rather, the stone may have been an expression of demonic or devilish forces in the world. Even if it lacked malevolent spirit forces, if they were objects of worship by human beings then that naturally violated their conception of the proper order of things.
But there's a more nuanced context to the destruction of the Buddhas: Afghanistan was suffering through a famine during that period. Though the proximate cause for their destruction seems to have been the influence of the Arabs who were a power in Afghanistan at the time, Arabs who had no cultural affinity for Afghanistan's pre-Islamic heritage, I have read that one aggravating issue may have been that the leadership of the Taliban was offended that the world seemed more focused on the potential destruction of statues than on the suffering of flesh & blood people. You can extrapolate this sort of objection pretty easily; at the same time that the Buddhas of Bamyan were under threat, tens of thousands were dying weekly in the Congo.
Here is where I must admit that my actions suggest that I am no simple utilitarian, who prioritizes the suffering of flesh and blood above stone and symbol. At the time in 2001 I specifically remember being very concerned about the destruction of the Buddhas, though I did not imbue them with spiritual value. I do not imbue the pyramids of Giza with spiritual value in a deep metaphysical sense, but I would be concerned about their destruction. I am not the only one. How many Egyptians would have to die in local violence to obtain the same world-wide media coverage as a terrorist detonation of a series of devices which destroyed the pyramids? I estimate on the order of millions (and even here, I am not so sure, as the genocide of millions in Africa receives far less coverage than I believe that a destruction of the pyramids would entail).
Human life and suffering are balanced against the aesthetic of life itself, which is more than bread and water. How many millions could have been fed with the funds which went to the Apollo mission? And yet what dollar value could we put on the photo of the pale blue dot? What dollar value on the reality that a human being has stepped foot on another planet? These are difficult questions in some ways because assessments of value and worth need to get the root of one's implicit calculations. I know many people from the biological sciences who have little use for space exploration. And yet I know many people of marginal academic inclination who perceive much of biological research to be esoteric and without direct utility.
And it is here that biologists can respond that the domain of knowledge leads directly to discoveries in medicine and technology which will enable greater human happiness and well being, no matter what one thinks of the millionth beetle cataloged. On the margin some of these justifications for research based on plausible utility are as ludicrous as the justifications for a manned space mission. But the attempt must be made. Whether the quest for knowledge is worthy or not is not evaluated by some objective abstract criteria; even if researchers sit on granting committees the funds must ultimately come from elsewhere.
Which brings me back to the extinction of languages. The Lousy Linguist is skeptical of my contention that very high linguistic diversity is not conducive to economic growth or social amity. I outlined the theoretical reasons previously. If you have a casual knowledge of history or geography you know that languages are fault-lines around which intergroup conflict emerges. But more concretely I'll dig into the literature or do a statistical analysis. I'll have to correct for the fact that Africa and South Asia are among the most linguistically diverse regions in the world, and they kind of really suck on Human Development Indices. And I do have to add that the arrow of causality here is complex; not only do I believe linguistic homogeneity fosters integration and economies of scale, but I believe political and economic development foster linguistic homogeneity. So it might be what economists might term a "virtuous circle."
A more on point response came from John Hawks:
I'm sympathetic to recognizing the real loss that accompanies the disappearance of a language from the world of speakers. The "unique oral history" and "lost in translation" ideas are true as far as they go — the value of folk art and oral history is that they enable social relationships.
But most communities of a few hundred speakers don't have a Beowulf. Unique perspectives and unique history, to be sure — just as every Rembrandt is unique. But every Rembrandt is not the Night Watch. Most unique perspectives are about the speaker's life. At some point we can't learn the stories of all our ancestors anyway, because there are simply too many of them. Obviously I think we should enable people to learn about their history, yet we can't keep communities pinned like butterflies in a cabinet of curiosities.
Human language communities in prehistory had a few hundred to a few thousand speakers. Those communities shared the same basic social lives and needs. Ninety-five percent or more of all those languages were lost — and those remaining have mostly come from a handful of languages less than 10,000 years ago.
I read in the Rijksmuseum that art historians figure more than 95% of the work of artists from the Dutch golden age had been lost or destroyed over the last 300 years.
John says it with more sensitivity and sympathy for the issue than I did, but I agree 99% with what he is saying here. The only point I might quibble over is that perhaps all groups do have their Beowulf. And yet it doesn't matter. If the speakers of the language decided to shift to another language, then they are making the choice which increases their own flourishing. Speakers of a few hundred languages are not always in the circumstances of Native or Aboriginal peoples in North America, where they can gain sympathetic hearing for preservation of their folkways from the government and majority population. They need to make the best decision for themselves at the time, and often assimilation is the best of all choices, because the sample space of choices is limited. It is correct that bilingualism, or resistance to linguistic assimilation can persist. Hasidic Jews in New York City have communities where English is a second language and adults, of the third generation born and raised in the United States, have strong accents. But this community's insulation comes at a cost, their relative poverty.
But for most communities the level of poverty of Hasidic Jews, or the material deprivation of the Amish, is wealth indeed. Many groups in Africa, South Asia and Australasia have not moved far up on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Many of these groups live in grotesque poverty, experience radical marginalization, and some of them fear for their individual survival, not just tribal or ethnic coherency. If those in the developed world do value the preservation of these groups and the richness which they add to the world by their very existence, then a concrete program has to be offered. Perhaps a massive direct wealth transfer to targeted ethnic groups which are being assimilated (in India and Southeast Asia conversion to Christianity has been the most efficacious manner in which to preserve ethnic and linguistic identity, so perhaps one should donate to evangelical missionary groups). Or, the selective sponsored immigration of whole tribes and ethnic groups to the West, with an agreement that these groups have a sort of spatial sovereignty similar to Native Americans. In this way they wouldn't be subject to the same dynamics as they were in their nation of origination.
I don't care about linguistic diversity enough to support either of these programs. But that's an expression of my values. And, I think it's an expression of the values of most humans (granted, most humans do not value knowledge, but they do pay taxes which fund social engineering projects so their opinion counts). For those who do value linguistic diversity, to be taken seriously you need to present more than what it offers you and your own interests when you bear none of the costs of marginalization. Aggregate intangible utility may be maximized by this diversity, but it is simply unjust for that aggregate utility to be gained at the expense of the ones adding the diversity at the cost of their exclusion from the nation-states in which they've found themselves.
Addendum: Spencer Wells has noted that there is somewhat the same issue with genotypic diversity, as small groups are absorbed into larger groups. By analogy, one might offer up a program whereby tribal members are encouraged to marry only their own ingroup so as to preserve genetic lineages which may be of intellectual interest, and add diversity to the world. This is naturally the sort of argument many racialists present, though with a slightly different spin.
Image Credits: Wikimedia, CNN, Glenn Fleishman
• Category: Science • Tags: Anthropology, Culture, Language, Linguistic Diversity
"Linguistic Diversity" Items Across Entire Archive


I think mythology is a universal language, because through it we discover our humanity and inhumanity. Across the cultural stories you can find aspects of real life, like our relationships with each other, our relationships with the world, and our relationship with the divine. Myths are beautiful and brutal, just like life.
Over the years, I've read many kinds of historical fiction and fantasy. Reading is truly an escape from the real world, right? My first sword and sandal epic was Howard Fast's Spartacus. JRR Tolkien's Lord of the Rings was the first fantasy that literally transported me to another head space. And my first real crush (and I mean hard crush) on a character was James Fraser in the Outlander series. Currently, I'm enjoying G.R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire. Of all the books I've ever read, the Iliad and the Odyssey are the only ones I've read over and over again.
The Fountain, Gladiator, Cold Mountain, Last Samurai, Under the Tuscan Sun, Braveheart, Rob Roy, Anna and the King, Lord of The Rings, Star Wars, and Wonder Woman.
Last Kingdom is filming season 3!!!
The making of a battle scene. Brilliant.
My guilty pleasure is binge watching On Demand and Netflix shows. Game of Thrones, Last Kingdom, Vikings, Outlander, Altered Carbon, Salvation, Frankenstein Chronicles, Black Sails, Poldark, 300 and Spartacus. This is Us (yes, I'm on that bandwagon).
Quiet mornings and coffee. Soundtracks. The ocean. The rain. Old books. Conversation with friends.
Gray Area and Talking Thrones. This is a whole new world for me.


If you pay $70 each month by the due date, you will pay a total of $1199.53 and pay off your obligation in 18 months.
Le Vian Chocolate Diamonds® are frosted with swirls of Vanilla Diamonds® along each of these irresistible hoop earrings for her. Crafted in 14K Honey Gold™, the earrings have a total diamond weight of 1/2 carat. The earrings secure with hinged backs. Le Vian®. Discover the Legend. Diamond Total Carat Weight may range from .45 - .57 carats.


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Mandi woman Himachal's first Omicron case
Tribune News Service
Mandi, December 26
The state on Sunday reported its first case of Omicron, a 45-year-old woman from Mandi district. She, however, tested negative on Saturday.
Confirming the development, National Health Mission (NHM) Director Hemraj Bairwa said: "The first Omicron patient is a 45-year-old woman from Mandi district. She's fully vaccinated but has a travel history to Canada. She arrived in Shimla on December 3. Her RT-PCR test was done on the eighth day on December 11 and the sample was sent for whole genome sequencing to Delhi. A positive report was received from the laboratory on Sunday."
"However, her RT-PCR test was done again on December 24 and she tested negative for Omicron," he added.
In a press statement, a government spokesperson said: "As many as 2,167 foreign passengers have arrived in the state as per the list shared by the Centre from November 20 to till now. Of these, 1,747 passengers were eligible for the RT-PCR testing…"
"So far, the RT-PCR tests of 942 persons have been conducted and 10 samples have been found positive. Of these, seven samples were sent for whole genome sequencing to Delhi and one tested positive of Omicron. The rest of the three samples are in the process of being sent to the Delhi," he added.
"Meanwhile, three primary contacts of the patients have been traced so far and they have tested negative. All of them are fully vaccinated," the spokesperson added.
Scare may cast shadow on PM's rally
The first Omicron case has created a scare among the public, who fear that it may cast a shadow on the PM Narendra Modi's rally at Paddal ground in Mandi on Monday
The PM is visiting the state on the completion of 4 years of the BJP government in office. Modi is scheduled to preside over on the groundbreaking ceremony for projects worth Rs20,786 cr
#Mandi #woman #Himachals #Omicron #case
Source by [himachalpradeshtourism.org]


If you have new or used auto parts which you wish to sell or if you are looking to purchase new auto parts for your car, you may be wondering where to start. Because there are many different types of auto parts each of which will have its own model number, it can be very difficult to identify which parts you should buy and at what price you should sell your used auto parts. When I was faced with this problem, I contacted a used auto parts dealership. The staff there were really helpful and taught me everything I needed to know.


SAN JOSÉ, Costa Rica – Playing their first match of the 2019 preseason campaign, presented by presented by Old Trapper Beef Jerky, the Portland Timbers defeated Deportivo Saprissa 4-0 at Complejo Deportivo Fedefutbol Plycem in San José, Costa Rica, on Monday morning. In the team's first of two preseason matches during an 11-day training camp in Costa Rica, 21 players saw the field for the Timbers in their preseason opener. Three different players scored for the Timbers, as the team recorded its first win of the 2019 preseason campaign.
The Timbers' match against Saprissa featured two, 45-minute periods, as the team opened its preseason slate for the 2019 MLS season. For the Timbers side, 21 players saw the field in the preseason opener, helping to produce four goals and a clean sheet.
Dairon Asprilla, Tomás Conechny and Lucas Melano each recorded their first goals of the 2019 preseason in the match. Portland recorded three goals in the first half, including a brace from Melano.
Monday's match featured the Timbers' preseason debuts of seven players, including Carlos Anguiano, Steve Clark, Conechny, Claude Dielna, Foster Langsdorf and 2019 MLS SuperDraft picks Lennart Hein and Ryan Sierakowski.
Portland opened the scoring in the eighth minute of play when Andrés Flores received the ball on the left wing, crossing a ball to the six-yard box to find Asprilla, who delivered a left-footed shot, beating Saprissa goalkeeper Alejandro Gómez inside the right post.
The Timbers doubled their lead in the 32nd minute. Asprilla intercepted a switch of play near midfield, carried it to the edge of the penalty area and laid it off to Melano, who scored with his left foot inside the right post. A minute into added time, Melano extended his tally to two goals. Melano made a solo run from midfield, finishing with a right-footed shot from near the penalty spot.
Conechny scored Portland's fourth goal in the 61st minute. The midfielder received a precise cross from the right side from Renzo Zambrano and calmly converted from close range.
Next up, the Timbers will face C.S. Herediano at Complejo Deportivo Fedefutbol Plycem on Thursday, Feb. 7; kickoff is set for 8 a.m. (Pacific).


Never overlook or underestimate implementing a good yard drainage system! Many homeowners tend to ignore their yard drainage issues until it's too late. It's also important to maintain and clean it, so that you don't run into issues. Besides looking unkempt and dirty, bad yard drainage can lead to: foul water, insect breeding grounds, destroyed plants, and a messy area to walk in! Listed below are the types of yard drainage problems that occur in many homes and the disasterly issues that come with it. If the yard drainage problems are too much to handle or you don't know what to do, please give us a call.
Stagnant water clearly shows that your yard drainage system isn't as efficient as it could be. Rainfall will make your yard muddy, wet, and filled with "holes" of water. Insects and bugs absolutely love these spots, and will breed here. Mosquitos, for example will use these spots and they're known to carry diseases that can harm you and your family! If you have stagnant water, it could mean your soil has poor drainage qualities. You might need to consider implementing a new yard drainage system or soil if you have standing water. "Gumbo" soil, as it is called has too much clay.
Circulation of water tends to get stuck or stay in one area if not pushed away from the house. Homeowners need to find ways to recirculate it into parts of their yard, where it will do the most good instead of harm. In the event of a storm or large rainfall, water will back up into the downspouts, because the rain gutters are overfilled with water.
Sometimes your sidewalk or front entrance becomes a dam in the event of rainfall. This causes all the water to combine in one spot and become retained. There's a multitude of solutions that you can probably implement so that your front entrance won't become a dam. One common fix is installing stepping stones, so that water can traverse through it easily.
Taking care of your yard drain and regularly cleaning it is important, otherwise it might become heavily clogged. This is especially prevalent during fall season, where wind pushes leaves and other materials into your yard drain. Sometimes it's just as simple as opening your grate and yanking everything out. A big problem to consider however, is tree or plant roots that can possibly get into the way of your pipes underground. This can destroy and damage your pipes!
Landscaping becomes a real issue with high water tables. During the growing season, plant roots can be denied oxygen and will rot similarly to overwatered houseplants. A puddle in the yard may indicate that the water table has exceeded over the grade of your yard. A higher water table can affect your whole yard, instead of separated regions. A common fix for this is to plant water-loving plants that can absorb the water in large amounts.
If you find any of these problems, don't be afraid to give My Sprinkler Repair a call! We'll solve your yard drainage problems as efficiently and quickly as possible. Before you know it, your yard will be green and dense again!


A pocket sized Monkichi with his rosy cheeks will make anything cuter. What will you do with yours? Collect all 20 different characters.
In addition to Monkichi, I have Hangyodon and Purin. They're perfect to add a cute touch to your desk or nightstand.


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DAVENPORT DEFEATED AT CHASE
Russian teenager Elena Dementieva knocked defending champion Lindsay Davenport out of the Chase Championships in New York with a 3-6, 7-6 (7), 6-4 victory Wednesday night.
It was only the second time the defending champion has lost in the first round in the 28-year history of the tournament. Jana Novotna was bounced by Steffi Graf in 1998. Davenport was seeded second.
Earlier in the day, third-seeded Monica Seles overpowered Sandrine Testud 6-3, 6-4, and No. 6 Nathalie Tauziat topped Amy Frazier 6-3, 6-2.
MORE TENNIS: Marat Safin, the U.S. Open champion trying to hold on to the top spot in the world rankings, beat Swiss qualifier George Bastl 7-5, 6-4 in the second round of the Paris Masters. Safin will face Frenchman Sebastian Grosjean today. Australia's Patrick Rafter also reached the third round of the $2.95 million tournament, beating Frenchman Julien Boutter 6-3, 6-2 to set up a match against top-seeded Gustavo Kuerten of Brazil.
VENTURA VENTURING TO THE BOOTH
"The Body" is heading to the broadcast booth.
Minnesota Gov. Jesse Ventura, a former pro wrestler, will be an announcer for NBC Sports' telecasts of the new XFL football league, The Associated Press has learned.
NBC hasn't announced any of its on-air lineup for the XFL, a joint venture between the network and the World Wrestling Federation.
Ventura's hiring will be announced today, according to a television industry source who spoke on condition of anonymity.
"I'm not commenting on that today," Ventura said. "My policy with the media is that I only talk about today's business."
MUSSINA MAY BE INTERESTED IN YANKS
After meeting with pitcher Mike Mussina's agent, Yankees General Manager Brian Cashman came away convinced the right-hander would be willing to play in New York.
"I think their interest is sincere," Cashman said. "What that will translate into is hard to say, but I think they're sincerely interested. We're not being jerked around."
Mussina, a free agent who has played his 10-year career in Baltimore, has indicated in the past that he would rather not play in New York. Agent Arn Tellem said recently that is no longer the case.
U.S. STILL ALIVE IN CUP QUALIFYING
Just 27 minutes from possible World Cup elimination, the United States finally broke through in Waterford, Barbados.
Clint Mathis scored the go-ahead goal, and Earnie Stewart, Cobi Jones and Ante Razov tacked on scores as the United States beat Barbados 4-0 and advanced to next year's regional finals of qualifying for the 2002 World Cup.
"You've got to give a lot of credit to Barbados," Mathis said. "We knew the conditions were going to be a little bit rough. We were able to fight back and keep our composure and get some goals."
In South American qualifying, Brazil beat Colombia 1-0 and Bolivia tied Uruguay 0-0.
NHL HANDS DOWN BIG SUSPENSION
Phoenix Coyotes left wing Brad May was suspended for 20 games by the NHL for a slash to the head of Columbus Blue Jackets forward Steve Heinze. The suspension matches the fourth longest in NHL history for an on-ice violation and will cost May almost $120,000 in salary.


text:
What is Art Brut?
The Collection de l'Art Brut today
The Amis de l'Art Brut Association
Child activities
Schools, pré/para scolaire
Darger, Henry
167 At Jennie Richee
Darger, Henry, "167 At Jennie Richee. Out in the open they view the clouds of a storm coming", between 1930 and 1972, tracing, watercolour and collage on paper, 60 x 278 cm, © photo credit Collection de l'Art Brut, Lausanne
Darger, Henry,
(1892-1973), USA
Audio biography
Only in french
Henry Darger was born in Chicago, USA. In 1896 his mother died. The boy lived alone with his father for a year. He was then placed in a home, followed by an institution for the mentally handicapped in Lincoln, from which he ran away at the age of 17 on learning of his father's death. He went back to live in Chicago, where he rented a room and was taken on as a dish-washer and cleaner in hospitals of the city – a post he occupied until his retirement in 1963.
When he died his landlord, the photographer Nathan Lerner, discovered a 2,000-page autobiography, as well as a typed literary work amounting to more than 15,000 pages entitled In the Realms of the Unreal. It is accompanied by hundreds of huge watercolour drawings. His compositions feature heroines with male genitals, the seven 'Vivian Girls'. They borrow from colouring albums, comic strips and children's literature from the early 20th century. This colossal work occupied Henry Darger for more than 60 years. It is based on the collage technique, on tracing and on watercolours.
Henry Darger - les aventures des Vivian Girls ( Large format poster)
Corps (french version) (Exhibition catalogues)
Body (english version) (Exhibition catalogues)
Chicago Calling ( Large format poster)
Art Brut et Bande dessinée (Exhibition catalogues)
Exhibition(s) at the Art Brut Collection
Art Brut et bande dessinée
3ème biennale de l'Art Brut: Corps


Welcome to ChemDry - Established in 1998 with 1,000s of local satisfied customers!
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Despite what you might be hearing from the President on Twitter, things in Puerto Rico are dire. When Hurricane Irma glanced over the island, the destruction was bad enough, but a few days later the island was completely enveloped by Hurricane Maria, the fifth strongest storm ever to hit the United States. In the wake of the one-two punch, a slow-moving government effort has left thousands of people on the small island without power, food, or clean water. Communications from the island are still spotty. Billions of dollars in damage has been recorded, and the totals are still climbing. Where the destruction visited upon the Gulf Coast of the United States has been largely handled thanks to massive donations from the private sector, the havoc Maria has caused in Puerto Rico has received about one-sixth of the financial support. It's in the trail of destruction left by these twin disasters that the One America Appeal was kickstarted as an effort to help get relief to every American impacted by these catastrophic storms.
In order to help raise money for the victims of Puerto Rico, a number of celebrities have contributed their time and passion to the cause. J.Lo and Mark Anthony threw their own star-studded relief concert, for example. However, perhaps the most surprising effort came in the form of Deep From the Heart: The One America Appeal Concert, a charity event headlined by both musical acts and five very special guests: every living former President of the United States.


These lightweight barriers can be quickly installed through an easy locking system ensuring a safe and secure temporary boundary.
Crowd Barriers are a lightweight and durable fencing system, quick to install and robust. They provide an ideal solution for the safety of pedestrians, protection of property, and wherever temporary boundary solution is required.
Fixed leg barriers are easily stacked, transported, and unloaded on site, whilst metal foot crowd barriers provide an anti trip solution making them a popular choice for concerts and events.


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Macintosh Quadra 700
(Redirected from Quadra 700)
30-pin SIMM
040-PDS
2 NuBus
A/UX 3.0 - 3.1.1
Since the original Macintosh and its use of the Motorola 68000 CPU, the Mac line had relied mostly on the more powerful Motorola 68030. By the start of the 1990s, Motorola had developed the most powerful 680x0 CPU so far in the shape of the 68040. The new Quadra series would put this powerhouse of a processor in the hands of users in the guise of the Quadra 700 and Quadra 900.
Even before the Macintosh had made use of it, the Motorola 68000 had been a part of Apple, by powering the ill-fated Lisa. Since then, the legendary chip had gone on to power several more Macs and spawn a whole series of variants and 'new and improved' versions. Whilst the 68020 had seen little use (fitted in only two Macs: the Macintosh II and LC), the 68030 had become the mainstay of the Mac line. While a solid and powerful processor, the 68030 had its limitations even before the march of time was taken into account. The release of the new Motorola 68040 would not only provide a more powerful processor, but would als add functionality and features that the older chip could only dream of.
The big draw for the 68040 was the inclusion of an on-chip floating point unit (FPU). Rather than having to have an additional processor to handle floating point operations, the 68040 could not only do the job itself, but could do it faster – as data no longer needed to be shifted between two chips – and more cheaply, as less chips meant lower costs. A version of the 68040 with the FPU disabled, the 68LC040, was also available and was the core of many Macs, specifically the Centris series of machines. It wasn't just the FPU that made the 68040 faster, improved fabrication and general advances in processor technology allowed the 68040 to outperform the older chips, even when running at the same speed. That Apple would adopt the processor was academic, when and how they'd release it was the question on everyone's lips.
Released in October 1991, the 'all new' Quadra series consisted, initially, of two machines: the Quadra 700, and the behemoth Quadra 900. Both powered by the new CPU, the machines were almost as fast as they were expensive – they certainly weren't aimed at the budget end of the market.
Using a slightly modified Mac IIcx case, the Quadra 700 was the 'desktop' machine that could either be placed horizontally (as per the Mac IIcx/ci) or vertically, as a 'mini-tower'. It was minuscule compared to the larger Quadra 900 but also too small to offer any sort of drive bay – CD-ROM technology was starting to appear, but the machine had no way to mount a 5.25" drive internally. Despite boasting a PDS slot and two NuBus slots, this was one of the few criticisms levelled at the Quadra 700.
Performance-wise, the 700 was a powerhouse of a machine and not just because of its new CPU. Shipping with 4 MiB of RAM soldered directly onto the motherboard, the machine could actually be expanded to a (then) very impressive 68 MiB. It also came equipped with 512 KiB of dedicated VRAM, which could be expanded to an almost unheard of 2 MiB, in turn allowing for ever bigger resolutions, at ever greater colour depths. It should be noted that, despite being able to handle 24-bit colour in some resolutions, the Quadra 700 is totally unable to display 16-bit colour depths. The Quadra 700, along with the Quadra 900, was the first Mac to come equipped with an on board Ethernet connection. It may have been an AAUI connection rather than the, more common RJ-45/CAT 5 connection (aka 10 Base-T), but as no clear standard had emerged at the time, the little machine can be forgiven this little 'quirk'.
A workhorse of a machine, the Quadra 700 was a joy to use, offered good expansion options – there may not have been any spare internal drive bays, but the usual SCSI connection on the back, when coupled with the internal expansion slots, RAM and VRAM slots, gave the machine plenty of scope for 'customisation' – was fast, powerful, and extremely solid and reliable. Suddenly $6000 didn't feel like such a high price to pay.
RAM Type: 30-pin SIMM (80 ns)
Maximum RAM(Apple): 20 MiB
Maximum RAM(Actual): 68 MiB
SCSI: 1 (DB-25)
Floppy Connector: 1
Audio Out: 8-bit stereo 22 KHz (mini-jack)
PDS Slot Type: 040
NuBus Slots: 2
Hard Drive: 80 MiB - 400 MiB
Floppy Drive: One 1.44 MiB SuperDrive
Max Resolution: 512×384 (16-bit) (24-bit — 1 MiB), 640×480, 832×624 (8-bit) (24-bit — 2 MiB), 1152×870 (4-bit) (8-bit — 1 MiB)
Maximum VRAM: 2 MiB
Video Out: DB-15
Codename: Shadow, Spike, IIce, Evo 200
PRAM Battery: 3.6V half-AA
Case Style: Macintosh IIcx
Dimensions: 11.9" x 14.5" x 5.5" (W x D x H)
A/UX Support: 3.0 - 3.1.1
Introduced: October 21 1991
Introduced: March 15 1993
Retrieved from "https://wiki.68kmla.org/index.php?title=Macintosh_Quadra_700&oldid=2465"
Computers with 040-PDS slots
Computers with NuBus slots
A/UX-compatible machines
Quadra series
Computers using 30-pin SIMM memory


In April 2015 British universities will be free to admit as many students as they like. After a snap General Election in January 2015 David Cameron is returned to Downing Street in a Coalition with UKIP. Part of the new Coalition's agreement is the phasing out of support for students who are not British nationals. The Coalition justifies this policy on the grounds that loan repayments from non-resident graduates are extremely difficult to collect. European graduates cannot be pursued through the tax system. The Coalition decides that the 'outrageous subsidies for foreign students from the hard-pressed British taxpayer' must end. The Minister for Higher Education pilots a bill through Parliament. The new Higher Education (Reform of Financial Support) Act 2015 removes with immediate effect all forms of support from students other than British nationals ordinarily resident in England.
a) Hamish is a pupil from Edinburgh who takes his Highers (A-Levels) in the summer. He holds an offer of a place at Exeter to read for the LLB, but is worried that without the student loan he will be unable to take the course.
b) Alexandre is a French student who has come to Exeter to study for an LLB in European Law. He is desperate to continue his studies.
Do I take Law as an A Level?


Compostable products must: 1) be degradable in a compost system resulting in H2O, Carbon dioxide, inorganic compounds, and biomass. 2) disintegrate a composted product must break into small enough pieces that it is indistinguishable from the soil. 3) The resulting products from decomposition must leave behind no Eco-toxicity. 4) Result in soil that can support plant growth.
Biodegradable products will degrade due to naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi over a period of time. There is the possibility of a toxic residue as a result of the degrading process because of the materials used in manufacturing the original product. Biocompostable products degrade in the same way however, there can not be any toxic residue as a result.
These products will break into smaller pieces until they cannot be distinguished from soil. These products can be broken down by sunlight , temperature, or water. There is no requirement that they can be consumed by microorganisms. There is no requirement that the result of this degradation be free of toxic residue.
Any material that will not decompose in the composting process. Principal contaminates include Glass, Metal, Plastic, and Styrofoam. Additionally anything that will result in a toxic residue or impede plant growth in finished product would be considered a contaminate.
Food or other organics that are sorted to remove contamination and recyclables at the location where waste is generated.
Pre-consumer refers to those materials that are a result of preparing a product for consumption. For example, food scraps from the prep kitchen would be pre-consumer organics. Post-consumer organics is the food scraps that result from consumer use or consumption of a product, such as uneaten food, and plate scrapings.
Plant material that has been collected including brush, tree wood, lawn clippings, leaves, and any other vegetation.
Made up of food and food preparation scrap.
These organics are generally the result of food product manufacturing. It is characterized by large volumes of mostly homogenous food scraps. Usually high in moisture content.
Office Hours: If you need to speak to someone in the office, we are here M-F 8 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., closed Sat. and Sun. You may leave a message at (607) 387-6826 if calling outside office hours.
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