text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using BrightstarDB.EntityFramework.Query;
using BrightstarDB.Model;
#if PORTABLE
using BrightstarDB.Portable.Compatibility;
#endif

namespace BrightstarDB.Client
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Base class for data object store implementations
    /// </summary>
    internal abstract class DataObjectStoreBase : IInternalDataObjectStore
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Mapping of CURIE prefix to namespace URI
        /// </summary>
        private readonly Dictionary<string, string> _namespaceMappings;

        /// <summary>
        /// The collection of dataobjects being managed by this store context
        /// </summary>
        private readonly Dictionary<string, DataObject> _managedProxies;

        /// <summary>
        /// Collection of triple deletions to send to the server on save
        /// </summary>
        private TripleCollection _deletePatterns;

        /// <summary>
        /// Collection of triple insertions to send to server on save
        /// </summary>
        private TripleCollection _addTriples;

        /// <summary>
        /// Collection of triples that must be present before the transaction can be executed.
        /// </summary>
        private TripleCollection _preconditions;

        /// <summary>
        /// Collection of triples that must no be present before the transaction can be executed.
        /// </summary>
        private TripleCollection _nonExistencePreconditions;

        private readonly bool _isReadOnly;

        private EventHandler<DataObjectStoreChangeEventArgs> _savingChanges;

        private readonly string _updateGraphUri;
        private readonly string[] _datasetGraphUris;
        private readonly string _datasetClause;
        private readonly string _versionGraphUri;

        private const string InverseOfSparql = "SELECT ?s WHERE {{ ?s <{0}> <{1}> }}";
        private const string GetVersionSparql = "SELECT ?v WHERE {{ <{0}> <" + Constants.VersionPredicateUri + "> ?v }}";
        private const string AllInverseOfSparql = "SELECT ?s ?p ?g WHERE {{ GRAPH ?g {{ ?s ?p <{0}> }} }}";

        private bool _disposed;

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new instance
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="asReadOnly">Set the new data object store to be readonly.</param>
        /// <param name="namespaceMappings">The initial set of CURIE prefix mappings</param>
        /// <param name="updateGraphUri">OPTIONAL: The URI identifier of the graph to be updated with any new triples created by operations on the store. If
        /// not defined, the default graph in the store will be updated.</param>
        /// <param name="datasetGraphUris">OPTIONAL: The URI identifiers of the graphs that will be queried to retrieve data objects and their properties.
        /// If not defined, all graphs in the store will be queried.</param>
        /// <param name="versionGraphUri">OPTIONAL: The URI identifier of the graph that contains version number statements for data objects.
        /// If not defined, the <paramref name="updateGraphUri"/> will be used.</param>
        protected DataObjectStoreBase(bool asReadOnly, Dictionary<string, string> namespaceMappings,
            string updateGraphUri = null, IEnumerable<string> datasetGraphUris = null, string versionGraphUri = null)
        {
            _isReadOnly = asReadOnly;
            _namespaceMappings = namespaceMappings ?? new Dictionary<string, string>();
            _managedProxies = new Dictionary<string, DataObject>();

            //_updateGraphUri = String.IsNullOrEmpty(updateGraphUri) ? Constants.DefaultGraphUri : updateGraphUri;
            _updateGraphUri = updateGraphUri;

            _datasetGraphUris = datasetGraphUris == null ? null : datasetGraphUris.ToArray();
            if (_datasetGraphUris != null && _datasetGraphUris.Length == 0)
            {
                // caller provided an empty enumeration, so default to all graphs
                _datasetGraphUris = null;
                _datasetClause = String.Empty;
            }
            if (_datasetGraphUris != null)
            {
                var builder = new StringBuilder();
                builder.Append("FROM ");
                foreach (var g in _datasetGraphUris)
                {
                    builder.AppendFormat("<{0}> ", g);
                }
                _datasetClause = builder.ToString();
            }
            _versionGraphUri = String.IsNullOrEmpty(versionGraphUri) ? _updateGraphUri : versionGraphUri;

        }

        protected DataObject LookupDataObject(string identifier)
        {
            DataObject obj;
            _managedProxies.TryGetValue(identifier, out obj);
            return obj;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Checks whether the supplied identity is a valid Curie and if so resolves it against the supplied namespace mappings
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="identity"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        protected string ResolveIdentity(string identity)
        {
            var curie = new Curie(identity);
            if (curie.IsValidCurie && _namespaceMappings.ContainsKey(curie.Prefix))
            {
                return Curie.ResolveCurie(curie, _namespaceMappings).ToString();
            }
            if (Uri.IsWellFormedUriString(identity, UriKind.Absolute))
            {
                return identity;
            }
            throw new ArgumentException(Strings.InvalidDataObjectIdentity, "identity");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the tracked data object for a given input data object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="p">The data object to be tracked</param>
        /// <returns>The tracked data object for the same identity as <paramref name="p"/></returns>
        /// <remarks>If <paramref name="p"/> has an identity which matches an existing tracked data object,
        /// then the existing tracked data object is returned, otherwise <paramref name="p"/> is added
        /// to the data object tracker and returned.</remarks>
        protected DataObject RegisterDataObject(DataObject p)
        {
            DataObject existing;
            if (_managedProxies.TryGetValue(p.Identity, out existing)) return existing;
            _managedProxies.Add(p.Identity, p);
            return p;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes a data object from the tracker
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="identity">The identity of the data object to be removed from the tracker</param>
        protected void DeregisterDataObject(string identity)
        {
            if (_managedProxies.ContainsKey(identity))
            {
                _managedProxies.Remove(identity);
            }
        }

        #region Implementation of IDataObjectStore

        public bool IsReadOnly { get { return _isReadOnly; } }

        public EventHandler<DataObjectStoreChangeEventArgs> SavingChanges
        {
            get { return _savingChanges; }
            set { _savingChanges = value; }
        }

        public IDataObject MakeNewDataObject(string prefix = null)
        {
            var identity = Constants.GeneratedUriPrefix + Guid.NewGuid();
            if (prefix != null)
            {
                identity = prefix + Guid.NewGuid();
            }
            return RegisterDataObject(new DataObject(this, identity, true));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new DataObject whose identity is a unique URI created by the client.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A new DataObject</returns>
        public IDataObject MakeDataObject()
        {
            return RegisterDataObject(new DataObject(this));
        }

        public IDataObject MakeListDataObject(IEnumerable<object> listItems)
        {
            if (listItems == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("listItems");
            if (listItems.Count() == 0) throw new ArgumentException("List must contain at least 1 item");

            return BuildList(listItems);
        }

        private IDataObject BuildList(IEnumerable<object> values)
        {
            // end of list return rdf:nil
            if (values.Count() == 0)
                return MakeDataObject("rdf:nil");

            return MakeDataObject()
                .SetType(MakeDataObject("rdf:List")).SetProperty("rdf:first", values.First())
                .SetProperty("rdf:rest", BuildList(values.Skip(1)));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The string value can either be a valid absolute URI or a CURIE.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="identity">The URI or CURIE that identifies the DataObject</param>
        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">Thrown if <paramref name="identity"/> could not be parsed as a CURIE or a URI</exception>
        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown if <paramref name="identity"/> is NULL</exception>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public IDataObject MakeDataObject(string identity)
        {
            if (identity == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("identity");
            var curie = new Curie(identity);
            if (curie.IsValidCurie && _namespaceMappings.ContainsKey(curie.Prefix))
            {
                return RegisterDataObject(new DataObject(this, Curie.ResolveCurie(new Curie(identity), _namespaceMappings).ToString()));
            }

            Uri uri;
            var validUri = Uri.TryCreate(identity, UriKind.Absolute, out uri);
            if(validUri)
            {
                // Use uri.ToString() to allow for correct unescaping of identity
                return RegisterDataObject(new DataObject(this, uri.ToString()));
            }

            throw new ArgumentException(Strings.InvalidDataObjectIdentity, "identity");
        }

        public abstract IDataObject GetDataObject(string identity);
        public abstract IEnumerable<IDataObject> BindDataObjectsWithSparql(string sparqlExpression);

        public SparqlResult ExecuteSparql(string sparqlQuery)
        {
            return ExecuteSparql(new SparqlQueryContext(sparqlQuery));
        }

        public abstract SparqlResult ExecuteSparql(SparqlQueryContext sparqlQueryContext);

        /// <summary>
        /// Commits all changes. Waits for the operation to complete.
        /// </summary>
        public void SaveChanges()
        {
            if (_isReadOnly) throw new BrightstarStoreIsReadOnlyException();
            // Convert the triple collections to flat lists for processing the SavingChanges event and DoSaveChanges
            // This is inefficient but we are doing it for now to preserve API compatibilty between 1.7 and 1.8
            // For the 2.0 release this should be changed so that the event notification uses the the TripleCollection directly

            var addTriples = _addTriples.Items.ToList();
            var deletePatterns = _deletePatterns.Items.ToList();
            var preconditions = _preconditions.Items.ToList();

            // If a non-existence condition triple matches a delete pattern, don't check it
            // This is done on the assumption that a non-existance check is a precondition to adding data
            // Fixes the repro tests for issue 194
            _nonExistencePreconditions.RemoveWhere(x => deletePatterns.Any(x.MatchesWithWildcard));

            var nePreconditions = _nonExistencePreconditions.Items.ToList();

            if (_savingChanges != null)
            {
                _savingChanges(this, new DataObjectStoreChangeEventArgs(
                    addTriples,
                    deletePatterns,
                    preconditions,
                    nePreconditions));
            }
            DoSaveChanges();
        }

        protected abstract void DoSaveChanges();

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes the specified data object from the tracking of the store so that it will not be part of the next SaveChanges
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataObject"></param>
        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Thrown if <paramref name="dataObject"/> is NULL</exception>
        public void DetachDataObject(IDataObject dataObject)
        {
            if (dataObject == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("dataObject");
            DeregisterDataObject(dataObject.Identity);
        }

        public IDataObject CopyDataObject(IDataObject dataObject)
        {
            if (_managedProxies.ContainsKey(dataObject.Identity))
            {
                // Already tracked
                return _managedProxies[dataObject.Identity];
            }
            IDataObject ret = GetDataObject(dataObject.Identity);
            // Do a full refresh of the data object propertyies
            foreach (var propertyType in dataObject.GetPropertyTypes())
            {
                _deletePatterns.Add(new Triple
                {
                    Subject = dataObject.Identity,
                    Predicate = propertyType.Identity,
                    Object = Constants.WildcardUri,
                    Graph = _updateGraphUri
                });
                foreach (var propertyValue in dataObject.GetPropertyValues(propertyType))
                {
                    ret.AddProperty(propertyType, propertyValue);
                }
            }
            return ret;
        }
        public void Refresh(RefreshMode mode, IDataObject dataObject)
        {
            if (dataObject == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("dataObject");
            if (_managedProxies[dataObject.Identity] != dataObject)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("Data object is not tracked by this store.", "dataObject");
            }

            if (mode == RefreshMode.ClientWins)
            {
                // We just lookup the new version number
                UpdateVersionFromSparqlResult(
                    ExecuteSparql(new SparqlQueryContext(String.Format(GetVersionSparql, dataObject.Identity))),
                    dataObject);
            }
            else
            {
                var managed = _managedProxies[dataObject.Identity];
                BindDataObject(managed);
                // Reset all updates for the bound object
                _addTriples.RemoveBySubject(managed.Identity);
                _deletePatterns.RemoveBySubject(managed.Identity);
            }
        }

        public IEnumerable<IDataObject> TrackedObjects
        {
#if WINDOWS_PHONE || PORTABLE
            get { return _managedProxies.Values.Cast<IDataObject>(); }
#else
            get { return _managedProxies.Values; }
#endif
        }

        public IList<string> GetDataset()
        {
            return _datasetGraphUris;
        }

        public string GetDatasetClause()
        {
            return _datasetClause;
        }

        public void AddPrecondition(bool matchExisting, string subject, string predicate, string @object, string graph = Constants.WildcardUri,
                                    bool isLiteral = false, string datatype = null, string language = null)
        {
            var t = new Triple
                {
                    Subject = subject,
                    Predicate = predicate,
                    Object = @object,
                    Graph = graph,
                    IsLiteral = isLiteral,
                    DataType = datatype,
                    LangCode = language
                };
            if (matchExisting)
            {
                Preconditions.Add(t);
            }
            else
            {
                NonExistencePreconditions.Add(t);
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #region Implementation of IInternalDataObjectStore

        public abstract bool BindDataObject(DataObject dataObject);

        /// <summary>
        /// The URI identifier of the graph to be updated
        /// </summary>
        public string UpdateGraphUri { get { return _updateGraphUri; } }

        /// <summary>
        /// The URI identifiers of the graphs that contribute properties
        /// </summary>
        public string[] DataSetGraphUris { get { return _datasetGraphUris; } }

        /// <summary>
        /// The URI identifier of the graph that stores data object version numbers
        /// </summary>
        public string VersionGraphUri { get { return _versionGraphUri; } }

        /// <summary>
        /// The current transaction delete patterns
        /// </summary>
        public ITripleCollection DeletePatterns { get { return _deletePatterns; } }

        /// <summary>
        /// The current transaction triples to add
        /// </summary>
        public ITripleCollection AddTriples { get { return _addTriples; } }

        /// <summary>
        /// The current transaction preconditions
        /// </summary>
        public ITripleCollection Preconditions { get { return _preconditions; } }

        public ITripleCollection NonExistencePreconditions { get { return _nonExistencePreconditions; } }
        /// <summary>
        /// Returns an enumeration of all data objects that are the subject
        /// of a triple that binds a predicate of type <paramref name="pred"/>
        /// and the object <paramref name="obj"/>, optionally filtered by
        /// the subject resource type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="obj">The object resource</param>
        /// <param name="pred">The predicate resource</param>
        /// <returns>An enumeration of all matching subject resources</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IDataObject> GetInverseOf(IDataObject obj, IDataObject pred)
        {
            var queryResults = BindDataObjectsWithSparql(String.Format(InverseOfSparql, pred.Identity, obj.Identity));
            var matchTriple = new Triple
                                   {
                                       Subject = null,
                                       Predicate = pred.Identity,
                                       Object = obj.Identity,
                                       IsLiteral = false
                                   };
            foreach(var x in queryResults)
            {
                matchTriple.Subject = x.Identity;
                if(!_deletePatterns.GetMatches(matchTriple).Any())
                {
                    yield return x;
                }
            }
            matchTriple.Subject = null;
            foreach(var addTriple in _addTriples.GetMatches(matchTriple))
            {
                yield return MakeDataObject(addTriple.Subject);
            }
        }

        public IEnumerable<Triple> GetReferencingTriples(IDataObject obj)
        {
            return GetReferencingTriples(obj.Identity);
        }

        public IEnumerable<Triple> GetReferencingTriples(string identity)
        {
            var queryResults = ExecuteSparql(string.Format(AllInverseOfSparql, identity));
            return queryResults.ResultSet.Results.Select(r =>
                new Triple
                {
                    Subject = r["s"].ToString(),
                    Predicate = r["p"].ToString(),
                    Object = identity,
                    IsLiteral = false,
                    Graph = r["g"].ToString()
                }
            );
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Adds preconditions to validate that there is no existing resource with the URI
        /// <paramref name="identity"/> that is an instance of one or more of the specified types.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="identity">The identity of the resource to be validated</param>
        /// <param name="types">An enumeration of class resources URIs</param>
        public void SetClassUniqueConstraints(string identity, IEnumerable<string> types)
        {
            _nonExistencePreconditions.RemoveBySubjectPredicate(identity, DataObject.TypeDataObject.Identity);
            _nonExistencePreconditions.AddRange(
                types.Select(x=>new Triple{Subject = identity, Predicate = DataObject.TypeDataObject.Identity, Object = x, Graph = Constants.WildcardUri}));
        }

        public void ReplaceIdentity(string oldIdentity, string newIdentity)
        {
            // Replace any references in the AddTriples collection
            foreach (var addTriple in AddTriples.GetMatches(new Triple{Subject=null, Predicate=null, Object=oldIdentity, IsLiteral = false}).ToList())
            {
                AddTriples.Add(new Triple
                {
                    Subject = addTriple.Subject,
                    Predicate = addTriple.Predicate,
                    Object = newIdentity,
                    Graph = addTriple.Graph
                });
            }
            AddTriples.RemoveByObject(oldIdentity);

            DataObject dataObject;
            var isNew = _managedProxies.TryGetValue(oldIdentity, out dataObject) && dataObject.IsNew;
            if (!isNew)
            {
                // There may be some references in the store that are not currently materialised on the client
                // So query for those and ensure an update
                foreach (var refTriple in GetReferencingTriples(oldIdentity))
                {
                    AddTriples.Add(new Triple
                    {
                        Subject = refTriple.Subject,
                        Predicate = refTriple.Predicate,
                        Object = newIdentity,
                        Graph = refTriple.Graph
                    });
                }
                DeletePatterns.Add(new Triple
                {
                    Subject = Constants.WildcardUri,
                    Predicate = Constants.WildcardUri,
                    Object = oldIdentity,
                    Graph = _updateGraphUri
                });
            }

            // Remove class unique constraints for the old identiy (if any)
            _nonExistencePreconditions.RemoveBySubjectPredicate(oldIdentity, DataObject.TypeDataObject.Identity);
        }

        #endregion

        protected void ResetTransactionData()
        {
            foreach (var managedProxy in _managedProxies.Values)
            {
                managedProxy.IsNew = false;
            }
            _deletePatterns = new TripleCollection();
            _addTriples = new TripleCollection();
            _preconditions = new TripleCollection();
            _nonExistencePreconditions = new TripleCollection();
        }

        private static void UpdateVersionFromSparqlResult(SparqlResult sparqlResult, IDataObject dataObject)
        {
            var firstRow = sparqlResult.ResultSet.First();
            var value = firstRow["v"];
            dataObject.SetProperty(Constants.VersionPredicateUri, value);
        }

        ~DataObjectStoreBase()
        {
            Dispose(false);
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            Dispose(true);
            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
        }

        private void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            if (!_disposed)
            {
                if (disposing)
                {
                    Cleanup();
                }
                _disposed = true;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// This method is invoked when the store is being disposed.
        /// </summary>
        protected abstract void Cleanup();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Pakistani Bride Kills 17 In Botched Plot To Kill Husband
The Hazard For Local Christians
Civilian Killed, Policeman Injured In Separate Terror Attacks In Jammu And Kashmir
Gasoline Explosion In Sewer Kills 12 In Pakistans
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A new bride is commonly mistreated by her husband and in-laws if her dowry is considered insufficient. "This is human smuggling," mentioned Aslam Augustine, the human rights and minorities minister in Pakistan's Punjab province, in an interview with the AP. Traditionally, the marriages had been organized and infrequently contracted between folks from totally different cities and villages.
They usually put on a giant shiny purple dot on their foreheads depending on their faith. They usually put on a veil , which generally covers their face. Bridal seems differ relying on the geographical location, tradition and faith of the people.
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The allegations of trafficking are a disturbing side of China's rising presence in Pakistan, a longtime ally drawn closer lately by expanding economic ties — including China's Belt and Road infrastructure project. It can be seen within the video that Sara Khan is wearing beautiful purple costume and jewelery.
He mentioned Bibi was not happy along with her husband and wanted to return to her parents' home. Jackie DeShannon's When You Walk in the Room struck up, and slowly Bridget walked in wearing an vintage gold lace costume that made her seem like a fairytale princess. Bridget was going to India for seven months that autumn; within the meantime she could presumably be my blonde distraction.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Rebecca Kertz has lived in rural Delaware since she was a young newlywed. First introduced into the Amish world when her husband took a job with an Amish construction crew, she took joy in watching the Amish job foreman's children at play and in swapping recipes with his wife. Rebecca resides happily with her husband and dog. She has a strong faith in God and feels blessed to have family nearby. She enjoys visiting Lancaster County, the setting for her Amish stories. When not writing or vacationing with her extended family, she enjoys reading and doing crafts.


text:
Q: How to get right information from barChart I am using the below code to create a barchart in sharepoint. The code is working but doesn't return the right information. The field "Reply" can contain three values: Nill Reply, Partly answered and Completely Answered. I want to display how many items have Nill Reply, how many have Partly answered and how many Completely answered. So he should count each of the three values and create the bar accordingly. How to get this in my code?
<script type="text/javascript">

var barChart;
var barColors = [];
var xValues = [];
var yValues = [];
var myYear;
var today = new Date();
myYear = today.getFullYear();

        var requestUri = "/_api/web/Lists/GetByTitle('MyList')/items?$orderby= nummer desc";

     $.ajax({
            url: _spPageContextInfo.webAbsoluteUrl + requestUri,
            type: "GET",
            async:false,
        headers: {
                "accept": "application/json;odata=verbose",
        },
                success: function (data) {
                    $.each(data.d.results, function (i, item){
                        var stat = item.MijnStatus;
                        var ltiov = item.LTIOV;
                        var reply = item.Reply;
                        var periode = item.Jaar;
                if (periode == myYear && stat =="Completed") {
                    console.log(ltiov);
                    console.log(reply);
                                         if (reply != null){
                                            xValues.push(item.Reply);
                                          }
                                         if (ltiov != null){
                                            yValues.push(item.LTIOV);
                                          }
                    var randomColor = '#' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 16777215).toString(16);
                            barColors.push(randomColor);

                }
                    })
            fnGenerateChart(xValues, yValues);
                },
                error: function () {
                    alert("Something went wrong");
                }
            });

  function fnGenerateChart(xValues, yValues) {
      var barChart = new Chart("barChart", {
          type: "bar",
          data: {
              labels: xValues,
              datasets: [{
                  data: yValues,
                  label: 'Reply on the question',
                  backgroundColor: barColors
              }]
          }
      });
  }

</script>

A: Technically this is off-topic here because it's a question about how to get something done in JavaScript that doesn't really have anything to do with SharePoint, but here you go anyway...
So, it looks like you are only concerned with the replies for the items that are marked "Completed" and are from this year.  That's fine, but then you are pushing every single reply value into your xValues array, but the xValues are clearly used as the labels, and so there should really only be a list of the unique possible reply values there, i.e. only one of each possible value.  Not all of them.
Then, the yValues should be the count of each of those replies, but you are pushing some completely different data into the yValues array - you are pushing all the values of item.LTIOV into the yValues, not counting the replies and putting those numbers into the yValues.
So I would change your success function to be something like this:
success: function (data) {

    // filter out the ones that are completed this year
    // if the Jaaar field is text and not a number, you might need to do
    //
    // myYear = myYear.toString()
    //
    // to convert myYear to text before doing this filtering
    var completedThisYear = data.d.results.filter(item => item.Jaar === myYear && item.MijnStatus === "Completed");

    // get the _unique_ reply values from the items completed this year
    var xValues = [...new Set(completedThisYear.map(item => item.Reply))];

    // count how many of each reply there was
    xValues.forEach(value => {
        var itemsWithThatReply = completedThisYear.filter(item => item.Reply === value);
        var count = itemsWithThatReply.length;
        yValues.push(count);
        // add your color
        var randomColor = '#' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 16777215).toString(16);
        barColors.push(randomColor);
    });

    fnGenerateChart(xValues, yValues);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
So Many Memoirs: What's Behind The Genre's Boom (VPR)
This week, VPR's "Conversation On the Arts" focuses on the popularity of memoirs. The program's host, Neal Charnoff, turns to Dartmouth's Irene Kacandes for her thoughts on the genre.
Kacandes, a professor of German studies and of comparative literature, says that most experts date the recent boom in memoirs back to the 1990s, when books such as Girl Interrupted, Angela's Ashes, and Tuesdays With Morrie were so popular.
While there are critics of memoirs, Kacandes appreciates their value. "I feel like if someone wants to tell their story, they may be getting something out of the act of narrating about their life. I also feel strongly that not only might the individual writer get something out of it, but if a single other reader finds it valuable then who are we to decide it shouldn't be out there."
Listen to the full story, broadcast 5/1/14 on VPR.
Comparative Literature Program


AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW, by John Ridley and Georges Jeanty, is a fantastic book. It feels like a spiritual successor to WATCHMEN with its use of superheroes to convey its themes. I wholeheartedly recommend it to anyone who loves superhero books with some realism. Now I can't wait for the movie!
AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW, the sequel to John Ridley's acclaimed AMERICAN WAY, picks up ten years after the end of the original miniseries. Ridley tells the story of an America in turmoil, plagued by riots, racism, and radical bombings. Set upon this backdrop of social upheaval are three separate current or former superheroes who all followed very disparate paths after their government-mandated superhero teams disbanded. Ridley tells an incredibly engaging story thanks to its 1970s backdrop. The reader feels like they're there in the decade while the events occur. I applaud Ridley's use of superheroes to tell a very real story about such important topics as racism and going to extreme measures to encourage change. In this way, it almost feels like a spiritual successor to WATCHMEN.
Artist Georges Jeanty portrays the time period perfectly with his visuals. The clothes, buildings, and people look like they jumped right out of the decade. Overall, this book tells a truly captivating story with only a few flaws throughout. Plus, none of the flaws are enough to take away from the narrative. Warning, there are potential spoiler below!
Ridley shifts the narrative of AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW among three main characters. While their stories intersect by the end, I'll go over each of their plotlines individually.
The first hero, and arguably most prominent, is the New American. In the 1960s-based original miniseries, he was placed on a government-created faux-superhero team that fought staged battles in public. When his helmet was knocked off in a battle, it was revealed that the New American was actually African American. This led to a superhero civil war that resulted in the deaths of nearly every combatant. Only three remained. Ten years later, in the 1970s, the New American is the only superhero still active. He changed his costume so that his skin color isn't obscured by a helmet. The New America fights low-level crime in Baltimore and abhors anyone who inflicts violence on others, even if it's in the name of good. He also shows emotional scars from when he beat his brother's abuser and violator to death in the prior miniseries.
AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW page 38. Image courtesy of DC Entertainment.
The first person he takes down in the book is Willie, a sadist who kills drug dealers under the pretense that he's helping the community, but it's really just so he can hurt others. Unfortunately, the city isn't aware of his true intentions. They think he was helping clean up the community. So when New American leaves Willie to die in an explosion in order to save a white cop, he's branded a race-traitor. This leads to riots erupting across Baltimore, with the New American caught in the middle.
Ridley does a fantastic job writing the New American. While we've seen somewhat similar sentiments in Nick Spencer's SAM WILSON: CAPTAIN AMERICA series, it's refreshing to see it written by a person of color. We have an African American superhero struggling to keep his city safe, and the outcry that comes from the very people he's trying to save. They see him as an authority figure, working for "the man" and selling out his people to save his own skin from those who subjugate them. I really like this take on superheroics. It's definitely possible that something like that would happen, even nowadays, if the hero was real. It would be a major controversy, especially with our current administration. It's understandable to be wary of a hero who, essentially, used to be a government stooge.
AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW page 28. Image courtesy of DC Entertainment.
At the same time, the New American isn't the perfect hero. He's flawed, like any other human. He's not Superman. Later in the book, he has to track down a scared and superpowered African American teenager who tried to assassinate a gubernatorial candidate. When his brother tries to tell him the boy's tragic backstory, the New American, at first, says that he doesn't care. For much of the book, he's too focused on justice, and not enough on the turmoil that leads to these supposed criminals. Despite being a newer character who's only showed up in one other miniseries, his backstory and intentions are incredibly fleshed out. I like seeing this from a superhero who wasn't created an upwards of 50-100 years ago. I'd certainly seek out more stories about the New American after reading AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW.
The second hero used to be Amber Waves, a young, Star-Spangled Kid-esque vigilante whose boyfriend sacrificed his life to save hers at the end of the original miniseries. Now, a young adult, she goes by Amber Eaton and is the head of a radical anti-war and anti-cop group called the People's Liberation Front, similar to the real-life Weather Underground and Symbionese Liberation Front. She spends her days bombing government buildings to make a statement and getting high on a varied number of drugs in order to numb the physical and mental pain of her prior life. When the police kill her new boyfriend, she teams up with a fellow member, Nikki Lau. Nikki's father killed himself after being branded a communist for dressing like a supervillain and starting staged fights with superheroes in the '60s, even though he was employed by the US government to do it.
AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW page 74. Image courtesy of DC Entertainment.
Amber starts fomenting a revolution by broadcasting her anti-establishment message over the radio. She gears up for a final battle. Meanwhile, unbeknownst to Amber, Nikki turns out to be a spy, and plots with her government supervisor on how to take down Amber.
In AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW, Amber is my favorite character. I have a soft spot for stories about radical '60s-'70s underground movements. They're fascinating. I loved Ridley's portrayal of the group as less of a family and more of a paranoid mess of accusations and fears over being caught. Amber herself is very kindly portrayed. It would be easy to characterize her as just a drug addict who was acting out because of her lost stardom, much like how former child stars are generally portrayed in the media. Instead, you feel for Amber. I may disapprove of her drug use, but I understand why she does it. Her life really is so tragic that she feels like she needs some release. It especially fits with the time period of the book.
Amber is a sympathetic character. The only time that she does kill someone in the book is by accident when she blows up a room at a police precinct, unaware that people were about to enter it. Her meeting with the New American midway through the book was genuinely touching. It's two old friends reminiscing and speaking honestly to each other, and it's my favorite scene in the comic. Ridley did a fantastic job.
The last former hero in the book is Ole Miss, now going by Missy Deveraux. She was a member of the southern splinter group in the original miniseries, who opposed the idea of an African American superhero. At the end of the series, though, she saved the New American's life. Now, she's the First Lady of Mississippi. As her husband's term runs out, she runs for governor so his ultra-conservative grip on the state won't be loosened. She runs on a platform of "Heritage, not Hate," where she badmouths all the radicals and protestors who want to make social change, singling out her former teammate, Amber. It's very reminiscent of a certain Commander in Chief's platform.
However, Missy learns she has terminal cancer. Her superpower, turning back time, promised to take years off her life whenever she used it. This, combined with an assassination attempt, may lead Missy to rethink some of her ideals.
At the start of the book, Ole Miss is a sympathetic character. Her husband is forcing her to run for governor whether she wants to or not. She then learns she has terminal cancer. It isn't until she makes her first campaign speech when the reader's sympathies change. She's the closest thing to a villain in this book. Her political ideology is painfully regressive, but it makes sense in the context of the book. Unfortunately, it also makes sense as an analogue to today's political landscape. The parallels to our President may be a little too on the nose, but it still works as effective satire.
The more interesting part of her character, to me, is her cancer diagnosis. Unfortunately, we forget about it for a good chunk of the book, up until near the end. I would have liked to see more about how she coped with this. Did she consider going back in time to somehow affect the diagnosis? It's never revealed. Also, while I wasn't really a fan of the characters' narration boxes, since they all seemed to convey information we would have gleaned from subtext, I think my least favorite was Ole Miss' when she first got the diagnosis. She mocks the doctor's words while thinking that she has the power to stop it, before finally succumbing to the idea that she's mortal.
AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW page 31. Image courtesy of DC Entertainment.
I think this page would have been way more effective without any text. The idea is still there, she looks grimly determined until she finally makes the realization and breaks down. I feel like the words just bogged down the page, which is sort of how I felt about most of the narration boxes in general.
I loved Jeanty's art in AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW. It really fits the time period perfectly. Everyone is wearing '70s-appropriate clothing without it looking like some bad, Austin Powers-esque parody. The hairstyles also portray the decade flawlessly.
AMERICAN WAY: THOSE ABOVE AND THOSE BELOW page 92. Image courtesy of DC Entertainment.
On top of the time period aspect, Jeanty also draws some amazing fight scenes, with help from Nick Filardi's color work. There's a solid five-page textless fight scene between the New American and the superpowered teen that looks just beautiful. The darkness of the abandoned warehouse and the New American's costume contrasts with the teen's bright, combusted body. Throughout the battle, you can feel the motion. The teenager knocks New American out of the warehouse. New American bursts back in with his jetpack in a very dynamic, while also oddly-serene, page. It shows just how talented Jeanty really is.
This book is fantastic. It's no wonder that Blumhouse just announced that they'll be adapting it into a film with Ridley as the writer and director. It already looks cinematic on the pages. It tells a very engaging story about these serious political and social issues. I recommend this book to anyone who loves gritty, realistic superhero stories in the vein of WATCHMEN. You won't regret it.


text:
Maps, Guides & More
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Places and geographical objects on the map of Kocaeli.
Map of Kocaeli district in Turkey
Basic information about Kocaeli
Kocaeli Province (Turkish: Kocaeli ili, [kodʒaˈeli]) is a province of Turkey. Its capital is İzmit, which is also sometimes called Kocaeli. The province is the successor of the Ottoman-era Sanjak of Kocaeli. The largest towns in the province are İzmit and Gebze. The traffic code is 41. The province is located at the easternmost end of the Marmara Sea around the Gulf of İzmit. Kocaeli is bordered by the province of Istanbul and the Marmara Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north, the province of Sakarya to the east, the province of Bursa to the south and the province of Yalova to the southwest. The metropolitan area of Istanbul extends to the Kocaeli-Istanbul provincial border. The size and natural conditions of the Bay of İzmit allow for extensive port facilities, including the Gölcük Naval Base. The province is called the industrial capital of Turkey. Kocaeli has an airport named Cengiz Topel Naval Air Station which is used for military and civilian transport. Kocaeli has two universities: Kocaeli University and Gebze Technical University.
Cities, towns & villages in Kocaeli
Name Description Show
Derince Derince is a seaport, town and district of Kocaeli Province of Turkey. The mayor is Aziz Alemdar (AKP). Derince Port is a few of the ports in Turkey under government control. Port is operated by the Turkish State Railways (TCDD). Having one of the biggest storage area in the region, the port is widely used for finished vehicle product transportation.
Körfez Körfez is a town and district of the Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It was created from eastern part of Gebze and western part of İzmit (Then called Center) districts in 1987. It has borders with Şile to north, Derince from east, Dilovası from southwest and Gebze from west. Its center was called Yarımca before a district center. Hereke and Kirazlıyalı were towns with municipality until abolition of their municipalities in 2009 and were converted in quarters. The mayor is İsmail Baran (AKP) and the district governor is Hasan Hüseyin Can.
Hereke Hereke is a town in Kocaeli province, Turkey, located to the north of the Gulf of İzmit, near Istanbul. It is famous for Hereke carpets. It was bound to Gebze district until transferring to Körfez in 1987 and had municipality status until 2009. It consists of 17 Ağustos (August 17), Agah Ateş, Cumhuriyet, Hacı Akif, Kışladüzü (formerly village), Şirinyalı (formerly village) and Yukarı Hereke mahalles. It can be reached by minibus (from Gebze and İzmit), public bus (from Darıca, Gebze and İzmit), Adapazarı Express train, ship and sea bus.
Karamürsel Karamürsel is a town and district located in northwestern Turkey, in the province of Kocaeli. The mayor is İsmail Yıldırım (AKP). Karamürsel is on the coast of Izmit Bay and has beautiful shores. It has a famous basket known as Karamürsel basket, which is mainly used in collecting fruit like cherries, etc.. The characteristic of this handwoven basket is that it looks small to the eye but has a much bigger capacity than one would think.
Gebze Gebze (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈɟebze], ancient names: Dakibyza and Libyssa, Λίβυσσα in Ancient Greek) is a district in Kocaeli Province, Turkey. It is situated 30 miles east of Istanbul, on the northern shore of the Sea of Marmara. Gebze is the second largest district in Kocaeli after İzmit, the provincial centrum in terms of population. Gebze has experienced rapid growth in recent years, from 159,116 residents in 1990 to 299,047 in 2011.
Kandıra Kandıra is a town and district of Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. Its neighbours are Kaynarca to the east, Adapazarı to the southeast, İzmit to the south and Şile to the west.
İzmit Nicomedia Greek: Nikomedeia; modern İzmit) was an ancient Greek city in what is now Turkey.
Gökçeören Gökçeören (also Gökçeviran) is a village in the district of İzmit, Kocaeli Province, Turkey.
States, regions, administrative units in Kocaeli
Kocaeli Kocaeli Province (Turkish: Kocaeli ili, pronounced [kodʒaˈeli]) is a province of Turkey and one of only two to not have the same official name as its capital. This is İzmit, which is thus also sometimes called Kocaeli. The province is the successor of the Ottoman-era Sanjak of Kocaeli. The largest towns in the province are İzmit and Gebze. The traffic code is 41. The province is located at the easternmost end of the Marmara Sea around the Gulf of İzmit. Kocaeli is bordered by the province of Istanbul and the Marmara Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north, the province of Sakarya to the east, the province of Bursa to the south and the province of Yalova to the southwest. The metropolitan area of Istanbul extends to the Kocaeli-Istanbul provincial border. The size and natural conditions
İzmit İzmit, the ancient Nicomedia (Greek: is a city in Turkey, the administrative center of the Kocaeli Province as well as the Metropolitan Municipality. It is located at the Gulf of İzmit in the Sea of Marmara, about 100 km (62 mi) east of Istanbul, on the northwestern part of Anatolia. The city center has a population of 300,611 (2011 census). The population of the province (including rural areas) is 1,459,772. (Unlike other provinces in Turkey, apart from Istanbul, the whole province is included within the municipality of the metropolitan center.)
Derince İlçesi Derince is a seaport, town and district of Kocaeli Province of Turkey. The mayor is Aziz Alemdar (AKP). Derince Port is a few of the ports in Turkey under government control. Port is operated by the Turkish State Railways (TCDD). Having one of the biggest storage area in the region, the port is widely used for finished vehicle product transportation.
Darıca Darıca is a town and district of Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It was ceded from Gebze district in 2008. The mayor is Şükrü Karabacak. Darica takes its name from Darıca Castle, which has only one tower. The population of Darıca is approximately 150,000. With population density, Darıca is third district in Kocaeli Region. Darica hosts people of many cultures. It is located 38 km from İstanbul. Darıca is 10 km from Sabiha Gokcen Airport and only 50 km away from Atatürk International Airport. Darica is also close to the D-100 highway and it is very close to the railway network. It has a clean coast, social areas, festivals and zoo for the Marmara Region.
Körfez İlçesi Körfez is a town and district of the Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It was created from eastern part of Gebze and western part of İzmit (Then called Center) districts in 1987. It has borders with Şile to north, Derince from east, Dilovası from southwest and Gebze from west. Its center was called Yarımca before a district center. Hereke and Kirazlıyalı were towns with municipality until abolition of their municipalities in 2009 and were converted in quarters. The mayor is İsmail Baran (AKP) and the district governor is Hasan Hüseyin Can.
Karamürsel İlçesi Karamürsel is a town and district located in northwestern Turkey, in the province of Kocaeli. The mayor is İsmail Yıldırım (AKP). Karamürsel is on the coast of Izmit Bay and has beautiful shores. It has a famous basket known as Karamürsel basket, which is mainly used in collecting fruit like cherries, etc.. The characteristic of this handwoven basket is that it looks small to the eye but has a much bigger capacity than one would think.
Gölcük İlçesi Gölcük is a town and district of Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. The town is located at the northern gulf of Armutlu Peninsula on the coast of Marmara Sea and south of the province. It is the district, where the 1999 earthquake disaster happened. Gölcük is the location of one of the Turkish Navy's main naval bases. Also, Ford Otosan automobile plant is located in Gölcük. The mayor is Mehmet Ellibeş (AKP).
Bithynia et Pontus
Kandıra İlçesi Kandıra is a town and district of Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. Its neighbours are Kaynarca to the east, Adapazarı to the southeast, İzmit to the south and Şile to the west.
Başiskele Başiskele is a district in Kocaeli Province and a sub-municipality of Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality in the Marmara region of Turkey. The mayor is Hüseyin Ayaz (AKP).
Çayırova Çayırova is a town and district of Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It was ceded from Gebze district in 2008. The mayor is Ziyaettin Akbaş (AKP).
Dilovası Dilovası is a town and district of Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It was ceded from Gebze district in 2008. The mayor is Cemil Yaman (AKP).
Kartepe Kartepe is a town and district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. The mayor is Şükrü Karabalık (AKP).
Different buildings in Kocaeli
Cengiz Topel Naval Air Station Cengiz Topel Naval Air Station (Turkish: Cengiz Topel Deniz Hava Üssü), aka Topel Airport or formerly Cengiz Topel Air Base, (IATA: KCO, ICAO: LTBQ) is a Turkish Navy air station located east of İzmit in Kocaeli Province, Turkey. The airport is in joint use for military and civil. Restructured in 1976, it hosts the Turkish Naval Aviation Command with two flying units, the 301st Squadron of fixed-wing aircraft and the 351st Squadron of rotorcrafts.
Istanbul Park
Mountains, roads, land forms, forests and other objects in Kocaeli
Gölcük Burnu Gölcük is a town and district of Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. The town is located at the northern gulf of Armutlu Peninsula on the coast of Marmara Sea and south of the province. It is the district, where the 1999 earthquake disaster happened. Gölcük is the location of one of the Turkish Navy's main naval bases. Also, Ford Otosan automobile plant is located in Gölcük. The mayor is Mehmet Ellibeş (AKP).
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