text:
Bulldogs Foiled by US Under 18's
ANN ARBOR, Mich. – After a season off, the Adrian College men's hockey team renewed its exhibition series against the U.S. Under 18 National Development Team on Tuesday night. The U.S. team had not fared very well in the past, but showed up huge in the third period to take a 5-1 win at the Ann Arbor Ice Cube over the No. 1 ranked team in NCAA Division III.
USANTDP opened up the scoring at 9:35 of the first as Anders Bjork scored the only goal of the period. The Bulldogs had two chances on the power play but could not capitalize. Both power plays came in the last 4:38 of the period and within four seconds of one another. USA held an 11-6 edge in shots after 20 minutes.
USA U-18 gained a 2-0 lead at 10:10 of the second as Alex Tuch notched the goal from Sonny Milano and Jack Eichel. The Bulldogs cut the lead in half at 13:25 on the power play. Michael Hoy put the puck in the net with assists from Rob Heath and Josh Cousineau.
The final period was all Americans as they scored three times to pull away 5-1. Milano scored on the power play at 6:55 followed by Ryan Hitchcock at even strength at 10:07. Adrian lost all chances to climb back into the game by taking two separate five-minute major penalties in the final 3:49 of the contest. USA took advantage once at 17:00 as Brandon Fortunato scored from Ryan Wagner and Jared Fiegl.
Edwin Minney played 30:10 in net for Team USA and stopped all nine shots. Blake Weyrick got the win playing 29:50 and made five saves. All three goaltenders played for the Bulldogs. Frank Crupi started and went 12:02 allowing one goal with seven saves. James Hamby got the loss and played 27:58 with 16 saves. Scott Shackell finished up in the third playing the whole period while making 11 saves. Adrian ended 1-of-6 on the power play while USA went 2-for-4.
The Bulldogs return to regular action on Friday, Jan. 31 as they travel to No. 2 St. Norbert in a clash of NCHA conference powers. It will be the first regular season meeting between the teams after the Green Knights defeated the Bulldogs in the 2010 and 2011 NCAA Tournament. The last meeting was a 4-3 win by St. Norbert in the 2011 NCAA Division III National Championship game.


text:
Q: How to avoid a bug in DBpedia Spotlight in python? When I run this program it gives me an error in the text and I don't know why, I have tried to run it also from a file and it also gives me an error, how can it work?
import json
from SPARQLWrapper import SPARQLWrapper, JSON
import requests
import urllib.parse

## initial consts
BASE_URL = 'http://api.dbpedia-spotlight.org/en/annotate?text={text}&confidence={confidence}&support={support}'

TEXT = """TITULO: Albedo SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: ===Trees===
Because forests generally have a low albedo, (the majority of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum is absorbed through photosynthesis), some scientists have suggested that greater heat absorption by trees could offset some of the carbon benefits of afforestation (or offset the negative climate impacts of deforestation). In the case of evergreen forests with seasonal snow cover albedo reduction may be great enough for deforestation to cause a net cooling effect.<ref>  cite journal   last1 = Betts   first1 = RA   date = 2000   title = Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo   journal = Nature   volume = 408   issue = 6809  pages = 187–190   doi = 10.1038/35041545   pmid=11089969 bibcode = 2000Natur.408..187B </ref> Trees also impact climate in extremely complicated ways through evapotranspiration. The water vapor causes cooling on the land surface, causes heating where it condenses, acts a strong greenhouse gas, and can increase albedo when it condenses into clouds.<ref>  cite journal   last1 = Boucher   date = 2004   title = Direct human influence of irrigation on atmospheric water vapour and climate   journal = Climate Dynamics   volume = 22   issue = 6–7  pages = 597–603   doi=10.1007/s00382-004-0402-4 display-authors=etal bibcode = 2004ClDy...22..597B   url = https://www.academia.edu/25329256</ref> Scientists generally treat evapotranspiration as a net cooling impact, and the net climate impact of albedo and evapotranspiration changes from deforestation depends greatly on local climate.<ref>  cite journal   last1 = Bonan   first1 = GB   date = 2008   title = Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests   journal = Science   volume = 320   issue = 5882  pages = 1444–1449   doi = 10.1126/science.1155121   pmid=18556546 bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1444B    url = https://zenodo.org/record/1230896 </ref>
TITULO: Albedo SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: ===Human activities===
Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe. However, quantification of this effect on the global scale is difficult, further study is required to determine anthropogenic effects.<ref>  Cite journal last=Sagan first=Carl last2=Toon first2=Owen B. last3=Pollack first3=James B. date=1979 title=Anthropogenic Albedo Changes and the Earths Climate journal=Science volume=206 issue=4425 pages=1363–1368 issn=0036-8075 jstor=1748990 doi=10.1126/science.206.4425.1363 pmid=17739279 bibcode=1979Sci...206.1363S</ref>
TITULO: Abraham Lincoln SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: ==U.S. House of Representatives, 1847–1849==
File:Abraham Lincoln by Nicholas Shepherd, 1846-crop.jpg thumb upright alt=Middle aged clean shaven Lincoln from the hips up. Lincoln in his late 30s as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Photo taken by one of Lincolns law students around 1846.
True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay.<ref name=Donald1996/>  rp 222  Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.<ref name=Boritt2002/>  rp 137–153
TITULO: Abraham Lincoln SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: ===Re-election===
  Main 1864 United States presidential election
File:ElectoralCollege1864.svg thumb upright=1.3 alt=Map of the U.S. showing Lincoln winning all the Union states except for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Delaware. The Southern states are not included. An Electoral College (United States) electoral landslide for Lincoln (in red) in the 1864 election; southern states (brown) and territories (gray) not in play
TITULO: Algeria SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: ===Research and alternative energy sources===
Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development program is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power.<ref>  cite web url=http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article1571  title=Archived copy  accessdate=31 October 2016  url-status=dead  archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101749/http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article1571  archivedate=1 November 2016 </ref> Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi RMel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, areas of research in Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research.
Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development program is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power.<ref>  cite web url=http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article1571  title=Archived copy  accessdate=31 October 2016  url-status=dead  archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101749/http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article1571  archivedate=1 November 2016 </ref> Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi RMel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, areas of research in Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research.
TITULO: Anthropology SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: ==== Ecological ====
  main Ecological anthropology
Ecological anthropology is defined as the study of cultural adaptations to environments.<ref name=Kottak>  cite book last=Kottak first=Conrad Phillip title=Anthropology : appreciating human diversity year=2010 publisher=McGraw-Hill location=New York isbn=978-0-07-811699-5 pages=579–584 edition=14th</ref> The sub-field is also defined as, the study of relationships between a population of humans and their biophysical environment.<ref name=Townsend>  cite book last=Townsend first=Patricia K. title=Environmental anthropology : from pigs to policies year=2009 publisher=Waveland Press location=Prospect Heights, Ill. isbn=978-1-57766-581-6 page=https://archive.org/details/environmentalant0000town/page/104 104 edition=2nd url=https://archive.org/details/environmentalant0000town/page/104</ref> The focus of its research concerns how cultural beliefs and practices helped human populations adapt to their environments, and how their environment across space and time.<ref name=Kottak CP 1999>  cite journal last1=Kottak first1=Conrad P. jstor=683339 title=The New Ecological Anthropology journal=American Anthropologist volume=101 issue=1 pages=23–35 year=1999 doi=10.1525/aa.1999.101.1.23 url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227632647 hdl=2027.42/66329</ref> The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, century anthropology and more.<ref name=Pyke G 1984>  cite journal last1=Pyke first1=G H title=Optimal Foraging Theory: A Critical Review journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics volume=15 page=523 year=1984 doi=10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.002515 url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243636746</ref> The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.<ref name=Checker M 2005>  cite book author=Melissa Checker title=Polluted promises: environmental racism and the search for justice in a southern town url=https://archive.org/details/pollutedpromises0000chec url-access=registration date=August 2005 publisher=NYU Press isbn=978-0-8147-1657-1</ref>
TITULO: Anthropology SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: === Urban ===
  main Urban anthropology
Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition. Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the Third World (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of Anthropology#Focus on the other cultures specialists in other cultures closer to their homes.<ref name=Hannerz/> There are two main approaches to urban anthropology: examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.<ref>  cite journal doi=10.1177/1466138110370412  jstor=24047982 title=Chinese consumers: The Romantic reappraisal journal=Ethnography volume=11 issue=3 pages=331–357 year=2010 last1=Griffiths first1=M. B. last2=Chapman first2=M. last3=Christiansen first3=F. url=https://www.academia.edu/7368130</ref>
Ecological anthropology is defined as the study of cultural adaptations to environments.<ref name=Kottak>  cite book last=Kottak first=Conrad Phillip title=Anthropology : appreciating human diversity year=2010 publisher=McGraw-Hill location=New York isbn=978-0-07-811699-5 pages=579–584 edition=14th</ref> The sub-field is also defined as, the study of relationships between a population of humans and their biophysical environment.<ref name=Townsend>  cite book last=Townsend first=Patricia K. title=Environmental anthropology : from pigs to policies year=2009 publisher=Waveland Press location=Prospect Heights, Ill. isbn=978-1-57766-581-6 page=https://archive.org/details/environmentalant0000town/page/104 104 edition=2nd url=https://archive.org/details/environmentalant0000town/page/104</ref> The focus of its research concerns how cultural beliefs and practices helped human populations adapt to their environments, and how their environment across space and time.<ref name=Kottak CP 1999>  cite journal last1=Kottak first1=Conrad P. jstor=683339 title=The New Ecological Anthropology journal=American Anthropologist volume=101 issue=1 pages=23–35 year=1999 doi=10.1525/aa.1999.101.1.23 url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227632647 hdl=2027.42/66329</ref> The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, century anthropology and more.<ref name=Pyke G 1984>  cite journal last1=Pyke first1=G H title=Optimal Foraging Theory: A Critical Review journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics volume=15 page=523 year=1984 doi=10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.002515 url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243636746</ref> The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.<ref name=Checker M 2005>  cite book author=Melissa Checker title=Polluted promises: environmental racism and the search for justice in a southern town url=https://archive.org/details/pollutedpromises0000chec url-access=registration date=August 2005 publisher=NYU Press isbn=978-0-8147-1657-1</ref>
TITULO: Agricultural science SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: ==Fields or related disciplines==
TITULO: Andorra SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: ==Foreign relations, defence, and security==
  Main Foreign relations of Andorra
File:Bruxelles rue de la Montagne 10.jpg thumb The embassy of Andorra in Brussels
Andorra does not have its own armed forces,<ref name=cia/> although there is a small ceremonial army. Responsibility for defending the nation rests primarily with France and Spain.<ref>  cite web url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1993-16868  title=Documento BOE-A-1993-16868  publisher=BOE.es  date=30 June 1993  accessdate=26 August 2012</ref> However, in case of emergencies or natural disasters, the Sometent (an alarm) is called and all able-bodied men between 21 and 60 of Andorran nationality must serve.<ref>  cite web url=http://turisme.andorralavella.ad/?q=en/node/281  title=El Sometent | Tourism  publisher=Turisme.andorralavella.ad  date=17 May 2011  accessdate=26 August 2012</ref><ref name=recarrega.net>  cite web url=http://recarrega.net/arxius/Decret%20veguers%20Sometent,%20del%2023%20d%27octubre%20de%201984.pdf  title=Decret veguers Sometent, del 23 doctubre de 1984  date=  accessdate=26 August 2012</ref> This is why all Andorrans, and especially the head of each house (usually the eldest able-bodied man of a house) should, by law, keep a rifle, even though the law also states that the police will offer a firearm in case of need.<ref name=recarrega.net/> Andorra is a full member of the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and has a special agreement with the European Union (EU).
TITULO: Agriculture SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: === Crop cultivation systems ===
File:An example of slash and burn agriculture practice Thailand.jpg thumb left Slash and burn shifting cultivation, Thailand
TITULO: Agriculture SUBTITULO Y PARRAFO: === Livestock production systems ===
  Main Livestock Animal husbandry
  See also List of domesticated animals
"""
#open("datos_01_noduplicado1.csv","r",encoding='utf-8').read()

CONFIDENCE = '0.5'
SUPPORT = '20'
REQUEST = BASE_URL.format(
    text=urllib.parse.quote_plus(TEXT),
    confidence=CONFIDENCE,
    support=SUPPORT
)
HEADERS = {'Accept': 'application/json'}
sparql = SPARQLWrapper("http://dbpedia.org/sparql")
all_urls = []

r = requests.get(url=REQUEST, headers=HEADERS)
response = r.json()
resources = response['Resources']
for res in resources:
    all_urls.append(res['@URI'])
    print(all_urls)

Your output shows the following error
~\Anaconda3\lib\json\decoder.py in raw_decode(self, s, idx)
    353             obj, end = self.scan_once(s, idx)
    354         except StopIteration as err:
--> 355             raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting value", s, err.value) from None
    356         return obj, end

JSONDecodeError: Expecting value: line 1 column 1 (char 0)

The same program but now reads from an external file but with the same text from the upper section TEXT.
import json
from SPARQLWrapper import SPARQLWrapper, JSON
import requests
import urllib.parse
import re

all_urls = []
## initial consts
BASE_URL = 'http://api.dbpedia-spotlight.org/en/annotate?text={text}&confidence={confidence}&support={support}'

i=0

lines_seen = set() # holds lines already seen
for TEXT in open("datos_01_noduplicado1.csv","r",encoding='utf-8'):
    i=i+1
    print("El número de la línea es : " + str(i))
    CONFIDENCE = '0.5'
    SUPPORT = '10'
    REQUEST = BASE_URL.format(
        text=urllib.parse.quote_plus(TEXT),
        confidence=CONFIDENCE,
        support=SUPPORT
    )
    HEADERS = {'Accept': 'application/json'}
    sparql = SPARQLWrapper("http://dbpedia.org/sparql")

    r = requests.get(url=REQUEST, headers=HEADERS)
    response = r.json()
    resources = response['Resources']
    for res in resources:

        all_urls.append(res['@URI'])
    print(all_urls)

It also gives error although it is another.
KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-39-b5e27ff2b93f> in <module>
     28     r = requests.get(url=REQUEST, headers=HEADERS)
     29     response = r.json()
---> 30     resources = response['Resources']
     31     for res in resources:
     32

KeyError: 'Resources'

I´m programming in Jupyter Notebook. Thx.

A: The problem with your first code snippet is that the text you're passing as a parameter to the HTTP call is too long, if you print the response object you'll see:
<Response [414]> that corresponds to 414 URI Too Long Reference
If you pass a smaller text, dbpedia-spotlight will be able to annotate the entities for you.

For the second code that you put, you have two problems, the first one is that dbpedia-spotlight may respond with 403 status after consecutive calls to the annotate service, to check that I suggest you to do:
r = requests.get(url=REQUEST, headers=HEADERS)

if r.status_code == requests.codes['ok']:
    .
    .
    .

And the other problem that can happen is that if nothing was annotated in the text you requested, no Resources key will be available in the response, so, to solve this problem I suggest you to use the get() function, instead of having:
resources = response['Resources']

You will have:
resources = response.get('Resources', [])

That way, the final code for the second snippet you put would be this way:
import json
from SPARQLWrapper import SPARQLWrapper, JSON
import requests
import urllib.parse
import re

all_urls = []
## initial consts
BASE_URL = 'http://api.dbpedia-spotlight.org/en/annotate?text={text}&confidence={confidence}&support={support}'

i=0

lines_seen = set() # holds lines already seen
for TEXT in open("datos_01_noduplicado1.csv","r",encoding='utf-8'):
    i=i+1
    print("El número de la línea es : " + str(i))
    CONFIDENCE = '0.5'
    SUPPORT = '10'
    REQUEST = BASE_URL.format(
        text=urllib.parse.quote_plus(TEXT),
        confidence=CONFIDENCE,
        support=SUPPORT
    )
    HEADERS = {'Accept': 'application/json'}
    sparql = SPARQLWrapper("http://dbpedia.org/sparql")

    r = requests.get(url=REQUEST, headers=HEADERS)
    if r.status_code == requests.codes['ok']:
        response = r.json()
        resources = response.get('Resources', [])
        for res in resources:
            all_urls.append(res['@URI'])

        print(all_urls)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: ¿Cómo validar un e-mail en Java sin usar expresiones regulares? Tiene que cumplir estos requisitos:

*

*Longitud.

*Sólo puede tener una @.

*Saber dónde está la @.

*Separar el dominio y el local.

*Que ninguno de los dos sea nulo.

*Local no puede contener ()[];:>< y espacio.

*El local no puede acabar en .
Esto es lo que hice/intente yo:
public boolean validarEmail(String email, int min, int max){
  //Se definen las varibles tipo boolean
  boolean valido = false;
  //Se definen las variables tipo int
  int posArroba;
  int posPunto;
  //Se definen las variables tipo String
  String local;
  String dominio;
  //Se define el array tipo char
  char [] caracteres = {'(', ')', '[', ']', '\\',',', ';',':', '<', '>', ' '};
  //Condición que me valida la longitud
  if (validarLongitud(email, min, max) == true){
    //Comprobación de que tenemos una @
    posArroba = email.indexOf('@');
    //Condición para que halla una @
    if (posArroba != -1){
      //Definimos los dos conjuntos(variables) para diferenciarlos: local y dominio
      local = email.substring(0,posArroba);
      dominio= email.substring(posArroba + 1,email.length());
      //Condición para que local y dominio no sean nulos, es decir, tengan más de un carácter
      if(local.length()> 0 && dominio.length() > 0){
        //Definimos una variables de la ultima posición
        posPunto = local.lastIndexOf('.');
        //Condición para que esa posición no sea '.'
        if(posPunto == -1){
          //Bucle con el array superior para imponer la condición de que no se encuentre ningun caracter de los antriores
          for (int i = 0; i < local.length(); i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < caracteres.length; j++) {
              if(local.charAt(i)!= caracteres[j]){
                valido = true;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return valido;
}
}

A: La única forma que se me ocurre aunque es bastante mala, ya que lo ideal es utilizar expresiones regulares es :
boolean validar(int tam,string correo)
{
    int pos=0;
    string dominio;
    string local="";

    if(correo.length()<tam){
        if(StringUtils.countMatches(correo, "@")==1)
        {
            pos = correo.indexOf("@");
            dominio = correo.substring(pos+1,0);
            local = correo.substring(pos+1,correo.length());

            if(dominio!="" && local!="")
            {
                if(local[local.length()]!=".")
                {
                    boolean caracteres=false;
                    if(local.indexOf("(")!=-1) caracteres = true;
                    if(local.indexOf(")")!=-1) caracteres = true;
                    if(local.indexOf("[")!=-1) caracteres = true;
                    if(local.indexOf("]")!=-1) caracteres = true;
                    if(local.indexOf(";")!=-1) caracteres = true;
                    if(local.indexOf(":")!=-1) caracteres = true;
                    if(local.indexOf("<")!=-1) caracteres = true;
                    if(local.indexOf(">")!=-1) caracteres = true;

                    if(!caracteres)
                        return true;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return false;
}


text:
require "test/unit"
require "test/helpers"
require "lib/prigner"

class SpecTest < Test::Unit::TestCase

  def setup
    @info = {
      "author" => "John Doe",
      "email" => "john.doe@se7en.com",
      "version" => "0.1.0",
      "description" => "Default template for Ruby projects"
    }
    @options = {
      "svn" => "Include Subversion keywords in code.",
      "git" => "Enable Git flags in templates.",
      "bin" => {
        "description" => "Include executable file in bin/<name>.",
        "files" => {
          "executable" => "bin/(project)",
          "cli.rb" => "lib/(project)/cli.rb"
        }
      },
      "test" => {
        "description" => "Include test files.",
        "files" => {
          "empty_test.rb" => "test/(project)_test.rb",
          "testhelper.rb" => "test/helper.rb"
        }
      }
    }
    @directories = [
      "test/fixtures",
      "lib/(project)"
    ]
    @files = {
      "README.mkd" => nil,
      "module.rb"  => "lib/(project).rb",
    }
    specfile = "#{FIXTURES}/templates/shared/templates/ruby/default/specfile"
    @spec = Prigner::Spec.load(specfile)
  end

  should "check basic information about template" do
    @info.each do |attribute, value|
      assert_equal value, @spec.send(attribute)
    end

    assert_equal @directories.sort, @spec.directories.sort

    %w{options files}.each do |checker|
      instance_variable_get("@#{checker}").each do |attribute, value|
        checking = @spec.send(checker)[attribute]
        assert_equal value, checking
      end
    end
  end

  should "set default values when initialize with emtpy attributes" do
    spec = Prigner::Spec.new(nil)
    assert_kind_of Array, spec.directories
    assert_kind_of Hash,  spec.files
    assert_kind_of Hash,  spec.options
  end

  should "raise runtime error if specfile is nil" do
    assert_raises RuntimeError do
      Prigner::Spec.load(nil)
    end
  end

  should "raise runtime error if specfile not exist" do
    assert_raises RuntimeError do
      Prigner::Spec.load("not/found")
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Gauntlets of steel. Very early 'Maximilian' form. Narrow cuff of close-fitting form. Inner plate opens on a hinge and spring-pin. Recessed border and simple spray of flutes. Metacarpal of 3 narrow lames and one larger lame near the knuckles. Knuckle plate formed with a rounded ridge over each knuckle. Base of the fingers covered by 2 mitten plates. The large metacarpal and final finger plates are fluted in a 'V' to fit to the knuckle plate. The base of the thumb covered by a plate hinged to the main metacarpal plate. Remainder of the thumb covered by a series of overlapping plates rivetted to a leather base. The form of the finger covering is a simple form that would have been used in lower quality or infantry armours. The main form of the gauntlets is similar to the pair of gauntlets on a harness in the Waffensammlung of the Kunsthistorisches museum in Vienna - illustrated on plate 104 (harness described on page 228-9). Cleaned. Small thumb plates, rivets and most leathers restored.


text:
Walking Dead Characters, Fear The Walking Dead Characters, Season 5 Characters,
Virginia's Pioneers
Cleve (Fear)
Erik Mathew
Black (Graying)
Mid to Late 40s
"Channel 5" (Video Tape)
"End of the Line" (Physically)
"End of the Line" to Present
Caucasian/African-American
"That's when everything changed."
—Cleve on a video tape.[src]
Cleve is an antagonist and a survivor of the outbreak in AMC's Fear The Walking Dead. He is a member of Virginia's pioneers.
Nothing is known about this Cleve's life prior to or as the outbreak began.
Cleve joined a group that took shelter in a bowling alley, before they were discovered by Virginia and her Pioneers, who helped the community survive.
"Channel 5"
Cleve appears in Virginia's propaganda film where he praises her and her group.
"End of the Line"
Cleve is among the Pioneers to accompany Virginia at the Humbug's Gulch. He helps split up members of the caravan into different groups are they are taken for re-settlement among Virginia's communities. He grabs Sarah and brings her to a car after she says goodbye to Wendell, before slamming the car door shut after she gets inside.
This list shows the victims Cleve has killed:
Possibly numerous counts of zombies
Retrieved from "https://walkingdead.fandom.com/wiki/Cleve_(Fear)?oldid=1347660"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Bluetooth will not turn on. The and boxes are grayed out. - Answered by a verified Mac Support Specialist... 27/10/2017 · Bluetooth is turned off when the Mac is shut down; when I need the C or D key and/or use recovery, the timing has to be absolutely perfectly precise; Bluetooth does not turn on until immediatelh after the startup chime, yet I have to engage the necessary key(s) AT the same time as the startup chime.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology which was first adopted on Nokia. We often use Bluetooth to sync files between different devices. Moreover, with another practical function which is more helpful and popular, we can use Bluetooth to connect to a hotspot and have access to surf the Internet.
27/10/2017 · Bluetooth is turned off when the Mac is shut down; when I need the C or D key and/or use recovery, the timing has to be absolutely perfectly precise; Bluetooth does not turn on until immediatelh after the startup chime, yet I have to engage the necessary key(s) AT the same time as the startup chime.
Bluetooth will turn back on at 5 AM local time the next day. The best part about using the control panel's Bluetooth button is that Apple Watch, Apple Pencil and Apple's AirPlay and AirDrop services will still work even though they technically use Bluetooth to communicate.


text:
A first look at what the Windows Store will bring in Windows 8
by Alex Wilhelm — in Microsoft
New information has reached The Verge that details what games should ship with, and be available for, the Windows 8 beta, which is set to be called a 'consumer preview.' Critically, Solitaire and Pinball will be included, pre-downloaded. Other apps will have to be snagged by users from the Windows Store.
The full list of apps that should be available in just a few weeks, when the consumer preview goes lives, are:
Rocket Riot
Ms Splosion Man
Wordament
The source for this story did not specifically state that the listed games will be free to download, but given that no prices have been leaked, we assume that they will be. At a very mininum, Pinbal and Solitaire will be free of charge. When the Windows Store goes live, apps written by third-party developers will cost between $1.49 and $999, with the price set by the app's creator.
The Windows Store is a very important component of Windows 8, as it provides a core digital distribution point for Microsoft, a company that has long leaned on selling software-in-a-box through normal retail channels. It was recently leaked that in code will reusable between Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8, once both are released. Microsoft has yet to publicly detail that functionality.
The consumer preview of Windows 8 is due in the second half of this month, giving Microsoft just a few weeks to deliver the code. TNW broke the news of the consumer preview's release date. You can find all our Windows 8 coverage here.
Read next: MeetingBurner's browser-based meeting platform opens to the public to demolish WebEx


text:
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is part of a global thermohaline circulation in the oceans and is the zonally integrated component of surface and deep currents in the Atlantic Ocean. It is characterized by a northward flow of warm, salty water in the upper layers of the Atlantic, and a southward flow of colder, deep waters. These "limbs" are linked by regions of overturning in the Nordic and Labrador Seas and the Southern Ocean, although the extent of overturning in the Labrador Sea is disputed. The AMOC is an important component of the Earth's climate system, and is a result of both atmospheric and thermohaline drivers.

Climate change has the potential to weaken the AMOC through increases in ocean heat content and elevated freshwater flows from the melting ice sheets. Oceanographic reconstructions generally suggest that the AMOC is already weaker than it was before the Industrial Revolution, although there is a robust debate over the role of climate change versus the circulation's century-scale and millennial-scale variability. Climate models consistently project that the AMOC would weaken further over the 21st century, which would affect average temperature over areas like Scandinavia and Britain that are warmed by the North Atlantic drift, as well as accelerate sea level rise around North America and reduce primary production in the North Atlantic.

Severe weakening of the AMOC has the potential to cause an outright collapse of the circulation, which would not be easily reversible and thus constitute one of the tipping points in the climate system. A shutdown would have far greater impacts than a slowdown on both the marine and some terrestrial ecosystems: it would lower the average temperature and precipitation in Europe, slashing the region's agricultural output, and may have a substantial effect on extreme weather events. Earth system models used in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project indicate that shutdown is only likely after high levels of warming are sustained well after 2100, but they have been criticized by some researchers for what they saw as excessive stability, and a number of lower-complexity studies argue that a collapse can happen considerably earlier. On the other hand, paleoceanographic research suggests that the AMOC may be even more stable than what is assumed by most models.

General

Thermohaline circulation is a pattern of water flow through the world's oceans. Warm water flows along the surface until it reaches one of a few special spots near Greenland or Antarctica. There, the water sinks, and then crawls across the bottom of the ocean, miles/kilometers deep, over hundreds of years, gradually rising in the Pacific and Indian oceans. Northward surface flow transports a substantial amount of heat energy from the tropics and Southern Hemisphere toward the North Atlantic, where the heat is lost to the atmosphere due to the strong temperature gradient. Upon losing its heat, the water becomes denser and sinks. This densification links the warm, surface limb with the cold, deep return limb at regions of convection in the Nordic and Labrador Seas. The limbs are also linked in regions of upwelling, where a divergence of surface waters causes Ekman suction and an upward flux of deep water.

AMOC consists of upper and lower cells. The upper cell consists of northward surface flow as well as southward return flow of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The lower cell represents northward flow of dense Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) – this bathes the abyssal ocean.

AMOC exerts a major control on North Atlantic sea level, particularly along the Northeast Coast of North America. Exceptional AMOC weakening during the winter of 2009–10 has been implicated in a damaging 13 cm sea level rise along the New York coastline.

There may be two stable states of the AMOC: a strong circulation (as seen over recent millennia) and a weak circulation mode, as suggested by atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation models and Earth systems models of intermediate complexity. A number of Earth system models do not identify this bistability, however.

AMOC and climate

The net northward heat transport in the Atlantic is unique among global oceans, and is responsible for the relative warmth of the Northern Hemisphere. AMOC carries up to 25% of the northward global atmosphere-ocean heat transport in the northern hemisphere. This is generally thought to ameliorate the climate of Northwest Europe, although this effect is the subject of debate.

As well as acting as a heat pump and high-latitude heat sink, AMOC is the largest carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere, sequestering approximately  C/year. This sequestration has significant implications for evolution of anthropogenic global warming – especially with respect to the recent and projected future decline in AMOC vigor.

Thermohaline circulation and fresh water

Heat is transported from the equator polewards  mostly by the atmosphere  but also by ocean currents, with warm water near the surface and cold water at deeper levels. The best known segment of this circulation is the Gulf Stream, a wind-driven gyre, which transports warm water from the Caribbean northwards. A northwards branch of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Drift, is part of the thermohaline circulation (THC), transporting warmth further north to the North Atlantic, where its effect in warming the atmosphere contributes to warming Europe.

The evaporation of ocean water in the North Atlantic increases the salinity of the water as well as cooling it, both actions increasing the density of water at the surface. Formation of sea ice further increases the salinity and density, because salt is ejected into the ocean when sea ice forms. This dense water then sinks and the circulation stream continues in a southerly direction. However, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences. But freshwater decreases ocean water salinity, and through this process prevents colder waters sinking. This mechanism possibly caused the cold ocean surface temperature anomaly currently observed near Greenland (Cold blob (North Atlantic)).

Global warming could lead to an increase in freshwater in the northern oceans, by melting glaciers in Greenland, and by increasing precipitation, especially through Siberian rivers.

Studies of the Florida Current suggest that the Gulf Stream weakens with cooling, being weakest (by ~10%) during the Little Ice Age.

Regions of overturning

Convection and return flow in the Nordic Seas

Low air temperatures at high latitudes cause substantial sea-air heat flux, driving a density increase and convection in the water column. Open ocean convection occurs in deep plumes and is particularly strong in winter when the sea-air temperature difference is largest. Of the 6 sverdrup (Sv) of dense water that flows southward over the GSR (Greenland-Scotland Ridge), 3 Sv does so via the Denmark Strait forming Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW). 0.5-1 Sv flows over the Iceland-Faroe ridge and the remaining 2–2.5 Sv returns through the Faroe-Shetland Channel; these two flows form Iceland Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW). The majority of flow over the Faroe-Shetland ridge flows through the Faroe-Bank Channel and soon joins that which flowed over the Iceland-Faroe ridge, to flow southward at depth along the Eastern flank of the Reykjanes Ridge. As ISOW overflows the GSR (Greenland-Scotland Ridge), it turbulently entrains intermediate density waters such as Sub-Polar Mode water and Labrador Sea Water. This grouping of water-masses then moves geostrophically southward along the East flank of Reykjanes Ridge, through the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone and then northward to join DSOW. These waters are sometimes referred to as Nordic Seas Overflow Water (NSOW). NSOW flows cyclonically following the surface route of the SPG (sub-polar gyre) around the Labrador Sea and further entrains Labrador Sea Water (LSW).

Convection is known to be suppressed at these high latitudes by sea-ice cover. Floating sea ice "caps" the surface, reducing the ability for heat to move from the sea to the air. This in turn reduces convection and deep return flow from the region. The summer Arctic sea ice cover has undergone dramatic retreat since satellite records began in 1979, amounting to a loss of almost 30% of the September ice cover in 39 years.  Climate model simulations suggest that rapid and sustained September Arctic ice loss is likely in future 21st century climate projections.

Convection and entrainment in the Labrador Sea

Characteristically fresh LSW is formed at intermediate depths by deep convection in the central Labrador Sea, particularly during winter storms. This convection is not deep enough to penetrate into the NSOW layer which forms the deep waters of the Labrador Sea. LSW joins NSOW to move southward out of the Labrador Sea: while NSOW easily passes under the NAC at the North-West Corner, some LSW is retained. This diversion and retention by the SPG explains its presence and entrainment near the GSR (Greenland-Scotland Ridge) overflows. Most of the diverted LSW however splits off before the CGFZ (Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone) and remains in the western SPG. LSW production is highly dependent on sea-air heat flux and yearly production typically ranges from 3–9 Sv. ISOW is produced in proportion to the density gradient across the Iceland-Scotland Ridge and as such is sensitive to LSW production which affects the downstream density  More indirectly, increased LSW production is associated with a strengthened SPG and hypothesized to be anti-correlated with ISOW  This interplay confounds any simple extension of a reduction in individual overflow waters to a reduction in AMOC. LSW production is understood to have been minimal prior to the 8.2 ka event, with the SPG thought to have existed before in a weakened, non-convective state. There is debate about the extent to which convection in the Labrador Sea plays a role in AMOC circulation, particularly in the connection between Labrador sea variability and AMOC variability. Observational studies have been inconclusive about whether this connection exists. New observations with the OSNAP array show little contribution from the Labrador Sea to overturning, and hydrographic observations from ships dating back to 1990 show similar results. Nevertheless, older estimates of LSW formation using different techniques suggest larger overturning.

Atlantic upwelling

For reasons of conservation of mass, the global ocean system must upwell an equal volume of water to that downwelled. Upwelling in the Atlantic itself occurs mostly due to coastal and equatorial upwelling mechanisms.

Coastal upwelling occurs as a result of Ekman transport along the interface between land and a wind-driven current. In the Atlantic, this particularly occurs around the Canary Current and Benguela Current. Upwelling in these two regions has been modelled to be in antiphase, an effect known as "upwelling see-saw".

Equatorial upwelling generally occurs due to atmospheric forcing and divergence due to the opposing direction of the Coriolis force either side of the equator. The Atlantic features more complex mechanisms such as migration of the thermocline, particularly in the Eastern Atlantic.

Southern Ocean upwelling

North Atlantic Deep Water is primarily upwelled at the southern end of the Atlantic transect, in the Southern Ocean. This upwelling comprises the majority of upwelling normally associated with AMOC, and links it with the global circulation. On a global scale, observations suggest 80% of deepwater upwells in the Southern Ocean.

This upwelling supplies large quantities of nutrients to the surface, which supports biological activity. Surface supply of nutrients is critical to the ocean's functioning as a carbon sink on long timescales. Furthermore, upwelled water has low concentrations of dissolved carbon, as the water is typically 1000 years old and has not been sensitive to anthropogenic  increases in the atmosphere. Because of its low carbon concentration, this upwelling functions as a carbon sink. Variability in the carbon sink over the observational period has been closely studied and debated. The size of the sink is understood to have decreased until 2002, and then increased until 2012.

After upwelling, the water is understood to take one of two pathways: water surfacing near to sea-ice generally forms dense bottomwater and is committed to AMOC's lower cell; water surfacing at lower latitudes moves further northward due to Ekman transport and is committed to the upper cell.

Slowdown or shutdown of the thermohaline circulation

The slowdown or shutdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of climate change on a major ocean circulation. The Gulf Stream is part of this circulation, and is part of the reason why northern Europe is warmer than it would normally be; Edinburgh has the same latitude as Moscow. The Thermohaline Circulation influences the climate all over the world. The impacts of the decline and potential shutdown of the AMOC could include losses in agricultural output, ecosystem changes, and the triggering of other climate tipping points. Other likely impacts of AMOC decline include reduced precipitation in mid-latitudes, changing patterns of strong precipitation in the tropics and Europe, and strengthening storms that follow the North Atlantic track. Finally, a decline would also be accompanied by strong sea level rise along the North American coast.

AMOC stability
Atlantic overturning is not a static feature of global circulation, but rather a sensitive function of temperature and salinity distributions as well as atmospheric forcings. Paleoceanographic reconstructions of AMOC vigour and configuration have revealed significant variations over geologic time complementing variation observed on shorter scales.

Reconstructions of a "shutdown" or "Heinrich" mode of the North Atlantic have fuelled concerns about a future collapse of the overturning circulation due to global climate change. The physics of a shutdown would be underpinned by the Stommel Bifurcation, where increased freshwater forcing or warmer surface waters would lead to a sudden reduction in overturning from which the forcing must be substantially reduced before restart is possible. In 2022, a study suggested that the strongly increasing "memory" of the past multidecadal variations in the system's circulation could act as an early warning indicator of a tipping point.

An AMOC shutdown would be fuelled by two positive feedbacks, the accumulation of both freshwater and heat in areas of downwelling. AMOC exports freshwater from the North Atlantic, and a reduction in overturning would freshen waters and inhibit downwelling. Similar to its export of freshwater, AMOC also partitions heat in the deep-ocean in a global warming regime – it is possible that a weakened AMOC would lead to increasing global temperatures and further stratification and slowdown.  However, this effect would be tempered by a concomitant reduction in warm water transport to the North Atlantic under a weakened AMOC, a negative feedback on the system. Moreover, a paleoceanographic reconstruction from 2022 found only a limited impact from massive freshwater forcing of the final Holocene deglaciation ~11,700–6,000 years ago, when the sea level rise amounted to around 50 metres. It suggested that most models overestimate the impact of freshwater forcing on AMOC.

To complicate the issue of positive and negative feedbacks on temperature and salinity, the wind-driven component of AMOC is still not fully constrained. A relatively larger role of atmospheric forcing would lead to less dependency on the thermohaline factors listed above, and would render AMOC less vulnerable to temperature and salinity changes under global warming.

Multiple equilibria versus single equilibrium

As well as paleoceanographic reconstruction, the mechanism and likelihood of collapse has been investigated using climate models. Earth Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) have historically predicted a modern AMOC to have multiple equilibria, characterised as warm, cold and shutdown modes. This is in contrast to more comprehensive models, which bias towards a stable AMOC characterised by a single equilibrium. However, doubt is cast upon this stability by a modelled northward freshwater flux which is at odds with observations. An unphysical northward flux in models acts as a negative feedback on overturning and falsely biases towards stability. On the other hand, it was also suggested that the stationary freshwater forcing used in the classic EMICs is too simplistic, and a 2022 study which modified a Stommel's Bifurcation EMIC to use more realistic transient freshwater flux found that this change delayed tipping behavior in the model by over 1000 years. The study suggested that this simulation is more consistent with the reconstructions of AMOC response to Meltwater pulse 1A, when a similarly long delay was observed.

Impacts of a slowdown

Don Chambers from the University of South Florida College of Marine Science mentioned: "The major effect of a slowing AMOC is expected to be cooler winters and summers around the North Atlantic, and small regional increases in sea level on the North American coast." James Hansen and Makiko Sato stated:

A 2005 paper suggested that a severe AMOC slowdown would collapse North Atlantic plankton counts to less than half of their pre-disruption biomass due to the increased stratification and the severe drop in nutrient exchange amongst the ocean layers. In 2019, a study suggested that the observed ~10% decline in the phytoplankton productivity in the North Atlantic may provide evidence for this hypothesis.

Downturn of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has been tied to extreme regional sea level rise.
A 2015 paper simulated global ocean changes under AMOC slowdown and collapse scenarios and found that it would greatly decrease dissolved oxygen content in the North Atlantic, even as it would slightly increase globally due to greater increases across the other oceans. In 2018, AMOC slowdown was also tied to increasing coastal deoxygenation.  In 2020,  it was linked to increasing salinity in the South Atlantic.

A study published in 2016 found further evidence for a considerable impact of a slowdown on sea level rise around the U.S. East Coast. The study confirms earlier research findings which identified the region as a hotspot for rising seas, with a potential to divert 3–4 times in the rate of rise, compared to the global average. The researchers attribute the possible increase to an ocean circulation mechanism called deep water formation, which is reduced due to AMOC slow down, leading to more warmer water pockets below the surface. Additionally, the study noted, "Our results suggest that higher carbon emission rates also contribute to increased [sea level rise] in this region compared to the global average."

In 2020, a study evaluated the effects of projected AMOC weakening in the 21st century under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, which portrays a future of continually increasing emissions. In this scenario, a weakened AMOC would also slow down Arctic sea ice decline and delay the emergence of an ice-free Arctic by around 6 years, as well as preventing over 50% of sea ice loss on the edges of Labrador Sea, Greenland Sea, Barents Sea, and Sea of Okhotsk in the years 2061–2080. It also found a southward displacement of Intertropical Convergence Zone, with the associated rainfall increases to the north of it over the tropical Atlantic Ocean and decreases to the south, but cautioned that those trends would be dwarved by the far larger changes in precipitation associated with RCP 8.5. Finally, it found that this slowdown would further deepen Icelandic Low and Aleutian Low due to the displacement of westerly jets.

In 2021, a conceptual network model was developed, connecting the AMOC, Greenland ice sheet, West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the Amazon rainforest (all well-known climate tipping points) through a set of simplified equations. It suggested that while changes to AMOC are unlikely to trigger tipping behaviour in those other elements of the climate system on their own, any other climate element transitioning towards tipping would also affect the others through a connection mediated by the AMOC slowdown, potentially initiating a tipping cascade across multi-century timescales. Consequently, AMOC slowdown would reduce the global warming threshold beyond which any of those four elements (including the AMOC itself) could be expected to tip, as opposed to thresholds established from studying those elements in isolation.

A 2021 assessment of the economic impact of climate tipping points found that while tipping points in general would likely increase the social cost of carbon by about 25%, with a 10% chance of tipping points more than doubling it, AMOC slowdown is likely to do the opposite and reduce the social cost of carbon by about -1.4%, since it would act to counteract the effects of warming in Europe, which is more developed and thus represents a larger fraction of the global GDP than the regions which would be impacted negatively by the slowdown. The following year, this finding, and the broader findings of the study, were severely criticized by a group of scientists including Steve Keen and Timothy Lenton, who considered those findings to be a severe underestimate. The authors have responded to this criticism by noting that their paper should be treated as the starting point in economic assessment of tipping points rather than the final word, and since most of the literature included in their meta-analysis lacks the ability to estimate nonmarket climate damages, their numbers are likely to be underestimates.

Impacts of a shutdown

The possibility that the AMOC is a bistable system (which is either "on" or "off") and could collapse suddenly has been a topic of scientific discussion for a long time. In 2004, The Guardian publicized the findings of a report commissioned by Pentagon defence adviser Andrew Marshall, which suggested that the average annual temperature in Europe would drop by 6 Fahrenheit between 2010 and 2020 as the result of an abrupt AMOC shutdown.

In general, a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation caused by global warming would trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America. This would particularly affect areas such as the British Isles, France and the Nordic countries, which are warmed by the North Atlantic drift. Major consequences, apart from regional cooling, could also include an increase in major floods and storms, a collapse of plankton stocks, warming or rainfall changes in the tropics or Alaska and Antarctica, more frequent and intense El Niño events due to associated shutdowns of the Kuroshio, Leeuwin, and East Australian Currents that are connected to the same thermohaline circulation as the Gulf Stream, or an oceanic anoxic event — oxygen () below surface levels of the stagnant oceans becomes completely depleted – a probable cause of past mass extinction events.

Back in 2002, a study had suggested that an AMOC shutdown may be able to trigger the type of abrupt massive temperature shifts which occurred during the last glacial period: a series of Dansgaard-Oeschger events – rapid climate fluctuations – may be attributed to freshwater forcing at high latitude interrupting the THC. 2002 model runs in which the THC is forced to shut down do show cooling – locally up to 8 °C (14 °F). A 2017 review concluded that there is strong evidence for past changes in the strength and structure of the AMOC during abrupt climate events such as the Younger Dryas and many of the Heinrich events.

A 2015 study led by James Hansen found that the shutdown or substantial slowdown of the AMOC, besides possibly contributing to extreme end-Eemian events, will cause a more general increase of severe weather. Additional surface cooling from ice melt increases surface and lower tropospheric temperature gradients, and causes in model simulations a large increase of mid-latitude eddy energy throughout the midlatitude troposphere. This in turn leads to an increase of baroclinicity produced by stronger temperature gradients, which provides energy for more severe weather events. This includes winter and near-winter cyclonic storms colloquially known as "superstorms", which generate near-hurricane-force winds and often large amounts of snowfall. These results imply that strong cooling in the North Atlantic from AMOC shutdown potentially increases seasonal mean wind speed of the northeasterlies by as much as 10–20% relative to preindustrial conditions. Because wind power dissipation is proportional to the cube of wind speed, this translates into an increase of storm power dissipation by a factor ∼1.4–2,. However, the simulated changes refer to seasonal mean winds averaged over large grid-boxes, not individual storms.

In 2017, a study evaluated the effects of a shutdown on El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but found no overall impact, with divergent atmospheric processes cancelling each other out.  In 2021, a study using a Community Earth System Model suggested that an AMOC slowdown could nevertheless increase the strength of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and thus amplify climate extremes, especially if another Meridional Overturning Circulation develops in the Pacific Ocean in response to AMOC slowdown. In contrast, a 2022 study showed that an AMOC collapse is likely to accelerate the Pacific trade winds and Walker circulation, while weakening Indian and South Atlantic subtropical highs. The next study from the same team showed that the result of those altered atmospheric patterns is a ∼30% reduction in ENSO variability and a ∼95% reduction in the frequency of extreme El Niño events. Unlike today, El Niño events become more frequent in the central rather than eastern Pacific El Niño events.  At the same time, this would essentially make a La Nina state dominant across the globe, likely leading to more frequent extreme rainfall over eastern Australia and worse droughts and bushfire seasons over southwestern United States.

In 2020, a study had assessed the impact of an AMOC collapse on farming and food production in Great Britain. It estimated that AMOC collapse would reverse the impact of global warming in Great Britain and cause an average temperature drop of 3.4 °C. Moreover, it would lower rainfall during the growing season by around <123mm, which would in turn reduce the land area suitable for arable farming from the 32% to 7%. The net value of British farming would decline by around £346 million per year, or over 10%.

A 2021 study used a simplified modelling approach to evaluate the impact of a shutdown on the Amazon rainforest and its hypothesized dieback and transition to a savannah state in some climate change scenarios. It suggested that a shutdown would enhance rainfall over the southern Amazon due to the shift of an Intertropical Convergence Zone and thus would help to counter the dieback and potentially stabilize at least the southern part of the rainforest.

Trends

Reconstructions

Climate reconstructions generally support the hypothesis that the AMOC is already weaker now than it was in the early 20th century. For instance, a 2010 statistical analysis found an ongoing weakening of the AMOC since the late 1930s, with an abrupt shift of a North Atlantic overturning cell around 1970. Climate scientists Michael Mann of Penn State and Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research suggested that the observed cold pattern during years of temperature records is a sign that the Atlantic Ocean's Meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) may be weakening. They published their findings in 2015, and concluded that the AMOC circulation was slowing throughout the 20th century, and that the weakness it demonstrated after 1975 was unprecedented over the last millennium. They suggested that even though the AMOC had experienced partial recovery after 1975, future Greenland ice sheet melt would be likely to weaken it further still. Another 2015 study suggested that the AMOC has weakened by 15-20% in 200 years. In 2018, another reconstruction suggested a weakening of around 15% since the mid-twentieth century. However, all these findings were challenged by 2022 research which indicated that between 1900 and 2019, a climate change-induced trend did not begin to emerge until 1980, and it is still faint relative to the circulation's natural variability.

Some studies attempt to go deeper into the preindustrial past. In 2018, one such paper suggested that the last 150 years of AMOC showed exceptional weakness when compared to the previous 1500 years, and it indicated a discrepancy in the modeled timing of AMOC decline after the Little Ice Age. In February 2021, a study published in Nature Geoscience reported that the preceding millennium had seen an unprecedented weakening of the AMOC, an indication that the change was caused by human actions. Its co-author said that AMOC had already slowed by about 15%, with impacts now being seen: "In 20 to 30 years it is likely to weaken further, and that will inevitably influence our weather, so we would see an increase in storms and heatwaves in Europe, and sea level rises on the east coast of the US." In February 2022, Nature Geoscience published a "Matters Arising" commentary article co-authored by 17 scientists, which disputed those findings and argued that the long-term AMOC trend remains uncertain. The journal had also published a response from the authors of 2021 study to "Matters Arising" article, where they defended their findings.

In February 2021, a study had reconstructed the past 30 years of AMOC variability and found no evidence of decline. In August 2021, study published in Nature Climate Change  showed significant changes in eight independent AMOC indices, and suggested that they could indicate "an almost complete loss of stability". However, while it drew on over a century of ocean temperature and salinity data, it was forced to omit all data from 35 years before 1900 and after 1980 in order to maintain consistent records of all eight indicators. In April 2022, another study published in Nature Climate Change used nearly 120 years of data between 1900 and 2019 and found no change between 1900 and 1980, with a single-sverdrup reduction in AMOC strength not emerging until 1980 - a variation which remains within range of natural variability. A March 2022 review article concluded that while there may be a long-term weakening of the AMOC caused by global warming, it remains difficult to detect when analyzing its evolution since 1980, as that time frame presents both periods of weakening and strengthening, and the magnitude of either change is uncertain (in range between 5% and 25%). The review concluded with a call for more sensitive and longer-term research.

Observations

Direct observations of the strength of the AMOC have been available only since 2004 from the RAPID array, an in situ mooring array at 26°N in the Atlantic, leaving only indirect evidence of the previous AMOC behavior. While climate models predict a weakening of AMOC under global warming scenarios, they often struggle to match observations or reconstructions of the current. In particular, observed decline in the period 2004–2014 was of a factor 10 higher than that predicted by climate models participating in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5): however, some scientists attributed this to a larger-than-anticipated interdecadal variability of the circulation, rather than a climate-forced trend, suggesting that the AMOC would recover from it in only a few years. In February 2021, a study indicated that the AMOC did in fact recover from that decline, and found no evidence of an overall AMOC decline over the past 30 years. Likewise, a Science Advances study published in 2020 found no significant change in the AMOC circulation relative to 1990s, in spite of the substantial changes in the North Atlantic Ocean over the same period.

2010 and earlier
In April 2004, the hypothesis that the Gulf Stream is switching off received a boost when a retrospective analysis of U.S. satellite data seemed to show a slowing of the North Atlantic Gyre, the northern swirl of the Gulf Stream.

In May 2005, Peter Wadhams reported in The Times (London) about the results of investigations in a submarine under the Arctic ice sheet measuring the giant chimneys of cold dense water, in which the cold dense water normally sinks down to the sea bed and is replaced by warm water, forming one of the engines of the North Atlantic Drift. He and his team found the chimneys to have virtually disappeared. Normally there are seven to twelve giant columns, but Wadhams found only two giant columns, both extremely weak.

In 2005 a 30% reduction in the warm currents that carry water north from the Gulf Stream was observed from the last such measurement in 1992.  The authors noted uncertainties in the measurements. Following media discussions, Detlef Quadfasel pointed out that the uncertainty of the estimates of Bryden et al. is high, but says other factors and observations do support their results, and implications based on palaeoclimate records show drops of air temperature up to 10 °C within decades, linked to abrupt switches of ocean circulation when a certain threshold is reached. He concluded that further observations and modelling are crucial for providing early warning of a possible devastating breakdown of the circulation. In response Quirin Schiermeier concluded that natural variation was the culprit for the observations but highlighted possible implications.

In 2008, Vage et al. reported "the return of deep convection to the subpolar gyre in both the Labrador and Irminger seas in the winter of 2007–2008," employing "profiling float data from the Argo program to document deep mixing," and "a variety of in situ, satellite and reanalysis data" to set the context for the phenomenon. This might have a lot to do with the observations of variations in cold water chimney behaviour.

Projections
The research around the future strength of the AMOC is shown below in chronological order. It is primarily based on Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models projections, although large reviews like the IPCC reports are also informed by the present-day observations and historical reconstructions, which allows them to take a wider range of possibilities into account and assign likelihood to the events not explicitly covered by the models.

Around 2001, the IPCC Third Assessment Report projected high confidence that the THC would tend to weaken rather than stop, and that the warming effects would outweigh the cooling, even over Europe.

When the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report was published in 2014, a rapid transition of the AMOC was considered very unlikely, and this assessment was offered at a high confidence level. That assessment had several limitations, such a reported bias of CMIP models towards AMOC stability, and the insufficient analysis of the impacts on circulation caused by Greenland Ice Sheet meltwater intrusion.

In 2016, a study aimed to redress this shortcoming by adding Greenland ice sheet melt estimates to the projections from eight state-of-the-art climate models. It found that by 2090–2100, the AMOC would weaken by around 18% (with a range of potential weakening between 3% and 34%) under the "intermediate" Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, while it would weaken by 37% (with a range between 15% and 65%) under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, which presents a scenario of continually increasing emissions. When the two scenarios are extended past 2100, AMOC stabilized under RCP 4.5, but continues to decline under RCP 8.5, with an average decline of 74% by 2290–2300 and a 44% likelihood of an outright collapse.

In 2017, another study applied bias correction to Community Climate System Model and simulated an idealized scenario where  concentrations abruptly double from 1990 levels and remain stable afterwards: according to the authors, such concentrations would result in a warming approximately between RCP 4.5 and RCP 6.0. The AMOC remained stable in a standard model, but collapsed after 300 years of simulation in a bias-corrected model.

In 2020, a study ran simulations of RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 between 2005 and 2250 in a Community Earth System Model integrated with an advanced ocean physics module which allowed for a more realistic representation of Antarctic ice sheet meltwater. Freshwater input was between 4 and 8 times higher in the modified RCP 4.5 scenario compared to the control run (an increase from 0.1 to 0.4-0.8 sverdrup), and 5 to 10 times stronger in the modified RCP 8.5 scenario (from 0.2 to an average of 1 sverdrup, with the peak values over 2 sverdrup around 2125 due to the collapse of the Ross Ice Shelf). In both RCP 4.5 simulations, AMOC declines from its current strength of 24 sverdrup to 19 sverdrup by 2100: after 2200, it begins to recover in the control simulation but stays at 19 sverdrup in the modified simulation. Under both RCP 8.5 simulations, there's a near-collapse of the current as it declines to 8 sverdrup past 2100 and stays at that level until the end of the simulation period: in the modified simulation, it takes 35 years longer to reach 8 sverdrup than in the control run.

Another study published in 2020 analyzed how the AMOC would be impacted by temperature stabilizing at 1.5 degrees, 2 degrees (the two Paris Agreement goals, both well below the warming under of RCP 4.5) or 3 degrees by 2100 (slightly above the expected warming by 2100 under RCP 4.5). In all three cases, the AMOC declines for an additional 5–10 years after the temperature rise ceases, but it does not come close to collapse, and recovers its strength after about 150 years.

In 2021, the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report again assessed that the AMOC is very likely to decline within the 21st century, and expressed high confidence that changes to it would be reversible within centuries if the warming was reversed. Unlike the Fifth Assessment Report, it had only expressed medium confidence rather than high confidence in AMOC avoiding a collapse before the end of the century. This reduction in confidence was likely influenced by several review studies drawing attention to the circulation stability bias within general circulation models, as well as simplified ocean modelling studies suggesting that the AMOC may be more vulnerable to abrupt change than what the larger-scale models suggest.

In 2022, a study performed modelling experiments with three climate models participating in Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project, and it found that very aggressive mitigation of air pollution like particulates and ground-level ozone could weaken AMOC circulation by 10% by the end of the century if it happened on its own, due to the reduction in climate-cooling stratospheric sulfur aerosols. The authors recommended pairing air pollution mitigation with the mitigation of methane emissions in order to avoid this outcome, as both methane (a strong warming agent) and sulfate aerosols (a cooling agent) are similarly short-lived in the atmosphere, and a simultaneous reduction of both would cancel out their effects.

In 2022, an extensive assessment of all potential climate tipping points identified 16 plausible climate tipping points, including a collapse of the AMOC. It suggested that a collapse would most likely be triggered by 4 degrees Celsius of global warming, but that there's enough uncertainty to suggest it could be triggered at warming levels as low as 1.4 degrees, or as high as 8 degrees. Likewise, it estimates that once AMOC collapse is triggered, it would most likely take place over 50 years, but the entire range is between 15 and 300 years. Finally, it concludes that this collapse would lower global temperatures by around 0.5 degrees Celsius, while regional temperatures in Europe would go down by between 4 and 10 degrees Celsius. That assessment also treated the collapse of the Northern Subpolar Gyre as a potential separate tipping point, which could occur at between 1.1 degrees and 3.8 degrees of warming (although this is only simulated by a fraction of climate models). The most likely figure is 1.8 degrees, and once triggered, the collapse of the gyre would most likely take 10 years from start to end, with a range between 5 and 50 years. The loss of this convection is estimated to lower the global temperature by 0.5 degrees, while the average temperature in Europe decreases by around 3 degrees. There are also substantial impacts on regional precipitation.

Society and culture

In popular culture
The film The Day After Tomorrow and the British TV Series Ice both explore exaggerated scenarios related to the AMOC shutdown.

An Inconvenient Truth includes reference to the potential shutdown of the AMOC and its impact on temperatures in Europe if ice sheets were to melt and cause elevated freshwater flows in the North Atlantic.

Kim Stanley Robinson's science-fiction novel Fifty Degrees Below, a volume in his Science in the Capital series, depicts a shutdown of thermohaline circulation and mankind's efforts to counteract it by adding great quantities of salt to the ocean.

In Ian Douglas' Star Corpsman novels, an AMOC shutdown triggers an early glacial maximum, covering most of Canada and northern Europe in ice sheets by the mid-22nd century.

See also

8.2-kiloyear event
Climate security
Cold blob
Loop Current of the Gulf of Mexico
Anoxic event
Pacific decadal oscillation
Paleosalinity, changes in which are thought to slow down the THC
West Greenland Current
Younger Dryas

References

External links
Project THOR University of Hamburg project to study the thermohaline circulation
"An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security" (2003 study)
What If the Conveyor Were to Shut Down? Reflections on a Possible Outcome of the Great Global Experiment (1999 study)
A Nasty Surprise in the Greenhouse (Video about the shutdown of the thermohaline circulation, 2015)
Why is there a thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic but not the Pacific?  (2005 technical report)
 Original article at the Encyclopedia of Earth

Climate change and the environment
Effects of climate change
Oceanography
Natural hazards
Future problems
Currents of the Atlantic Ocean

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Elosulfase alfa (handelsnaam Vimizim) is een weesgeneesmiddel voor de behandeling van het syndroom van Morquio dat wordt veroorzaakt door een tekort aan het enzym N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase.  Elosulfase alfa is een synthetische versie van dit enzym.

Elosulfase alfa is ontwikkeld door BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. en toegelaten voor gebruik in de Verenigde Staten door de Food and Drug Administration in 2014. Het Europees Geneesmiddelenbureau (EMA) heeft het middel in juni 2014 toegelaten op de Europese markt.

Het middel kan anafylaxie veroorzaken en is daarom in Amerika voorzien van een 'boxed warning', de scherpste waarschuwing die de FDA kan eisen bij een geneesmiddel dat is toegelaten.

Het middel kwam in maart 2016 in opspraak na een brief van het Zorginstituut Nederland (ZiN) aan minister Schippers waarin gesteld wordt dat de werkzaamheid van elosulfase alfa onvoldoende wetenschappelijke onderbouwing heeft. Kosten voor een behandeling met elosulfase alfa bedragen ongeveer een half miljoen euro per patiënt per jaar. Het gemeten effect - loopafstand steeg van 200m met 225m, waar dat bij gemiddeld ziekteverloop ieder jaar afneemt met 5 meter - is beperkt.
Veel patiënten moesten voortijdig stoppen met behandeling vanwege serieuze bijwerkingen.

In juni 2019 werd BioMarin door een Belgische kortgedingrechter verplicht om Vimizim gratis te blijven leveren aan een jong meisje dat leed aan het syndroom van Morquio. BioMarin was daar eerder dat jaar mee gestopt nadat onderhandelingen met de Belgische overheid over de terugbetaling van het middel herhaaldelijk mislukten. Daarop spanden de ouders van het meisje een kortgedingprocedure aan om het bedrijf daar toch toe te verplichten. BioMarin werd door de rechter verplicht het middel gratis te blijven verstrekken aan het meisje tot er een uitspraak ten gronde zou gedaan worden, of tot het middel beschikbaar zou zijn op de Belgische markt aan een redelijke prijs.

Peptide
Weesgeneesmiddel


text:
Molecular Mechanisms of Human Retinal Disease
Mardon, Graeme Chen, Rui
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
See 84 grants from Graeme Mardon
See 56 grants from Rui Chen
See grants from Baylor College of Medicine
Neuron death in Parkinson's disease: The role of Trib3
The normal development of inferotemporal cortex
Intervening to Improve Birth Weight and Infant Respiratory Health in Rural Ghana
Nuclear Function of Abl in DNA Damage Response
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Kidney Function Decline: Genes or Environment?
Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment via self-amplified RNA (SafeR) circuits
Cocaine-induced adaptation in NMDA receptors
Multimodal Imaging of Progesterone/Neurosteroid Effects in Nicotine Addiction
Role of Executive Control in Adolescent Substance Use and Co-occuring Problems
The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in autoimmune hepatitis
The long-term goal of this project is to improve both the diagnoses and the treatments of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). LCA is a set of inherited, early onset retinopathies that affect about 1 in 50,000 in the general U.S. population and accounts for more than 5% of all retinal dystrophies. The clinical phenotypes of LCA classically follow autosomal recessive modes of inheritance, are often severe, and are characterized by several visual perturbations identifiable at birth or within the first year of life, including infantile nystagmus, a variety of fundus changes, and minimal or absent responses on the electroretinogram. Consistent with this clinical heterogeneity, the molecular basis for LCA is also heterogeneous, with mutations in fifteen different genes associated with LCA. We recently identified the causative gene associated with LCA3, named SPATA7, which encodes a highly conserved but novel protein of unknown function and for which no animal models have been established. We have created null alleles of the mouse Spata7 gene and have shown that Spata7 homozygotes are viable but present severe retinal defects, recapitulating the major features of the human LCA3 condition. Significantly, SPATA7 mutations are associated with both LCA and early-onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP), suggesting that a detailed understanding of SPATA7 function could have broad implications for our ability to diagnose, prevent, and treat human retinal diseases. In this proposal, our Specific Aims are to:
Specific Aim 1. Study a mouse model for LCA3: Spata7 null mutant analysis, Specific Aim 2. Define the role of Spata7 in retinitis pigmentosa, Specific Aim 3. Determine the prevalence of SPATA7 mutations in ocular disease patients. Together these studies will greatly increase our understanding of the mechanisms of human retinal disease and improve our ability to diagnose, prevent, and treat LCA and other human ocular dystrophies.
Public Health Relevance
The main goal of this project is to create a model of the human retinal disease called Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), which is the leading cause of blindness in infants. In order to create more effective means of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, we need a more detailed understanding of this devastating disease. Our model for LCA using mouse gene targeting will provide an essential platform for determining the exact defects in the eye and to conduct gene therapy studies to correct such defects.
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Research Project (R01)
1R01EY020540-01A1
Biology and Diseases of the Posterior Eye Study Section (BDPE)
Shen, Grace L
R01 EY Molecular Mechanisms of Human Retinal Disease
Mardon, Graeme; Chen, Rui / Baylor College of Medicine
Mardon, Graeme; Chen, Rui / Baylor College of Medicine $430,945
Mardon, Graeme; Chen, Rui / Baylor College of Medicine $82,000
Eblimit, Aiden; Zaneveld, Smriti Agrawal; Liu, Wei et al. (2018) NMNAT1 E257K variant, associated with Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA9), causes a mild retinal degeneration phenotype. Exp Eye Res 173:32-43
Eblimit, Aiden; Agrawal, Smriti Akshay; Thomas, Kandace et al. (2018) Conditional loss of Spata7 in photoreceptors causes progressive retinal degeneration in mice. Exp Eye Res 166:120-130
Dharmat, Rachayata; Eblimit, Aiden; Robichaux, Michael A et al. (2018) SPATA7 maintains a novel photoreceptor-specific zone in the distal connecting cilium. J Cell Biol 217:2851-2865
Gui, Shupeng; Rice, Andrew P; Chen, Rui et al. (2017) A scalable algorithm for structure identification of complex gene regulatory network from temporal expression data. BMC Bioinformatics 18:74
Chen, Yong; Zhao, Li; Wang, Yi et al. (2017) SeqCNV: a novel method for identification of copy number variations in targeted next-generation sequencing data. BMC Bioinformatics 18:147
Agrawal, Smriti A; Burgoyne, Thomas; Eblimit, Aiden et al. (2017) REEP6 deficiency leads to retinal degeneration through disruption of ER homeostasis and protein trafficking. Hum Mol Genet 26:2667-2677
Arno, Gavin; Agrawal, Smriti A; Eblimit, Aiden et al. (2016) Mutations in REEP6 Cause Autosomal-Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet 99:1305-1315
Zhao, Li; Chen, Yiyun; Bajaj, Amol Onkar et al. (2016) Integrative subcellular proteomic analysis allows accurate prediction of human disease-causing genes. Genome Res 26:660-9
Zhong, H; Eblimit, A; Moayedi, Y et al. (2015) AAV8(Y733F)-mediated gene therapy in a Spata7 knockout mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis and retinitis pigmentosa. Gene Ther 22:619-27
Eblimit, Aiden; Nguyen, Thanh-Minh T; Chen, Yiyun et al. (2015) Spata7 is a retinal ciliopathy gene critical for correct RPGRIP1 localization and protein trafficking in the retina. Hum Mol Genet 24:1584-601
Be the first to comment on Graeme Mardon's grant


The disc for downloading a Shiny Zigzagoon, which when transferred to the game included one of the first patches for fixing the berry glitch after its official acknowledgement by Nintendo.
Bulbapedia also has an article about Berry glitch.
PRAMA Initiative a également une page sur Berry glitch.
This article refers to a glitch in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire when time-based events will stop. For the glitch related to when the player uses a Pomeg Berry with a relatively low amount of HP see Pomeg glitch.
The Berry glitch (Japanese: きのみ問題) is the name of a glitch where all clock-based events will freeze, including the growth of berries and the player's clock. It was officially patched in later versions of the Generation III games so it does not exist in Pokémon Emerald. The glitch causes all berries to stop growing, and occurs after the game's internal clock has been active for a currently unknown amount of time.
It is not to be confused with the game's internal battery running dry, a different problem which is explicitly mentioned while booting the game.
For a limited amount of time, Nintendo allowed players to send their games in, and receive them back with the Berry glitch fixed.
The Pokémon Colosseum Bonus Disc, which includes a Jirachi transferable to the handheld games and a trailer for the 6th Pokémon movie, also included the opportunity to connect the Game Boy Advance to the GameCube and have the Berry glitch fixed.
In Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen, the player could press SELECT+B at the title screen to reveal a screen titled "Berry Glitch Fix." From here, one could connect to a Pokémon Ruby or Sapphire game with a link cable and have the Berry glitch fixed.
Downloading Jirachi from Pokémon Channel will fix the Berry glitch after it has been transferred to the game.
When the player links an affected game to Pokémon Box, when the player saves their game in the 'Go To Adventure' mode the Berry glitch will have been automatically fixed, with the message "The Berry Program was updated".
In the Japanese versions of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, if the player uses the e-Reader cards for the Pokémon Scoop's Winter 2004 event the cards will also fix the Berry glitch.
In certain stores across the US and Japan, players could recieve a specifically marked demo disc containing a Shiny Zigzagoon and a fix to the Berry glitch.


The Environmental Protection Agency claims that indoor pollutants can be five times more toxic than the outside. In some buildings, the air pollution can be 100 times more polluted. The World Health Organization has stated numerous times that 85% of all cancers are attributed to environmental rather than genetic factors. This suggests that cancer is caused by exposure to carcinogens found in household cleaners, dust, building materials, and smoke. It is highly recommended to invest in a high-quality air filter for all indoor spaces, especially rooms and cars. Here's some information about indoor pollution and the best air purifiers allergies can be treated with.
Inside air can be a serious health risk if it is not clean and pure. Since the average person with a home spends around 90% of their time inside, it is important to invest in our air to maximize the health of our bodies.
One serious thing to consider is the amount of possible sources of pollution lowering our home's air quality. The term "indoor air pollution" is an umbrella term that encompasses dozens of sources of toxic airborne material that can negatively affect the human body.
Cracks in the walls or floor of your home can allow radioactive radon to seep into the environment of your home. Radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer and it can seriously affect your health in other areas as well.
Radon is odorless and colorless, making it hard to distinguish its presence. It can be anywhere—inside any home and you won't even know it. It is a gas that is inhaled into the lungs, where it damages cell DNA, which is what creates the potential for cancer.
Radon is usually carried by water and can float down and collect in your basement if you frequently experience flooding. It is important to have adequate ventilation in your home because radon can be airborne in solid form, which can cling to dust and cause serious lung damage.
People will never be the only ones living in our homes. From pets, to mold, viruses, bacteria—all the living things around you can make their contributions to the environmental air in your home. They can create a range of health problems.
A quality air purifier will help you get rid of the toxic byproducts that these living things create.
Mold is a term that encompasses many types of fungi. There are thousands of species of mold that grow indoors and outdoors .You may notice the presence of mold from a few unpleasant connotations: musty odor, damp floors, moldy carpets, soggy drywall, athlete's foot, etc.
Symptoms of mold exposure include allergic reactions, asthma attacks, irritates eyes, skin, nose and throat, as well as lung problems.
You can get your home tested for mold if you suspect a serious overgrowth.
You can read more about toxic mold here.
Millions of people that have a dog or cat are allergic to their pet's dander and don't even know it. It also has no correlation to the length of the fur that the pet has. Their skin sheds and creates dander, which floats around in the air to be easily inhaled.
Dander is extremely light—a smaller form of dandruff like humans have. Dander can cause allergic reactions if it comes in contact with the skin or lungs, so ventilation and air purification will greatly assist in the removal of this irritant from the air.
I wrote a bit more on how you can be allergic to your pet and not realize it here.
Water and stain repellent on clothes and upholstery.
Government agencies often try to regulate the amount of formaldehyde used in building furniture and other products, but the sheer number of formaldehyde releasing products in our homes already are simply too great to be avoided for a long time.
The health effects for each person will be different and some people are sensitive to formaldehyde and react more allergically than others.
Formaldehyde does not have a distinct odor or color that indicates its presense and that is why it is dangerous.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has declared that formaldehyde is "carcinogenic to humans," meaning that there is much research to prove that this substance causes cancer.
An air purifier will dramatically reduce the amount of formaldehyde in your entire home.
Cleansers can poison the air if it is not properly ventilated. Inside use of pesticides, bleach, paints and air fresheners (candles and incense as well) can release toxins in the air of your home.
Bleach and cleansers contain ethers, which bind with ozone to form an invisible poisonous cloud.
Frequent use of candles and air fresheners release VOC's like nitrogen dioxide.
Plastics and cosmetics can contain phthalates, which interfere with the endocrine system.
Fire prevention chemicals contain PBDE's that can bioaccumulate in the body and cause brain damage, learning disabilities, and memory less. They are found in plastics, electronics, and mattresses.
Perfluorinated acids(PFA's) can cause birth defects and damage the thyroid and liver. They can be found on non-stick cookware.
Chlorine in bathroom cleaners and paint thinners are toxic in nature and cause circulatory system damage.
Hypochlorites in bleach and disinfectants are corrosive and can seriously irritate the skin and eyes. They also cause nervous, respiratory and digestive system damage.
If you like to freshen your home, you should try some non-toxic natural air fresheners that smell even better. You can try getting an essential oil diffuser and make your own blends of nature oils to set the perfect desired mood. Essential oils are incredibly relaxing and have a ton of health benefits.
Even if you keep the windows down, cars are basically toxic gas factories that are always seeping poisons inside of your car slowly. The majority of the inside of cars have extremely unhealthy environments that can affect your health even if you drive for only 30 minutes each day. We spent so much time in our cars if you think about it.
I've always thought about why I've never seen an air purifier in somebody's car. What about in the winter when you don't ever roll down your windows? This time of the year is when cars get extremely dusty and dirty.
You may find that you have a depressed mood or slightly off feeling right after getting out of your car and especially if you've been in it for too long. I have recently found a very inexpensive car air purifier for your car. It plugs into the jack in your car, has two charging spots and purifies and filters the air in your car silently. It's under $6 and is a great long-term investment for your health. You can get it with free shipping here.
Health professionals insist upon opening the windows in your car. It is a very tight space that gets contaminated with gasoline fumes, smoke, engine products, and other things you can be allergic to, like pollen. But sometimes it's too cold to open the windows and even the air blowing may not be enough.
A great all-around air purifier for a great price. This device will remove many harmful contaminants and particles economically. Click the image for a discount!
You should try to open the windows in your home and incorporate indoor houseplants into your living environments. However, that may not be enough to purify particles, pollen, or chemicals.
A great air purifier that noticeably does the job for me is this one. It really does a lot of work to its surroundings. When I turn it on, the fresh air it creates reminds me of being at the fresh, clean shore. It's highly recommended if you find yourself frequently sneezing from seasonal allergies or if you think your home is poorly ventilated with many possible contaminants. I was really surprised at how good of a price this quality air purifier was.
I am always here for you, so if you have a question or something to add about the best air purifiers allergies can be treated with, please leave me a comment!


The TLP's recent assault on law and order and its subsequent retreat have triggered a furious debate over the means required to curb violent fanaticism in our society.
Arguments by proponents of different narratives overlook the factors behind the genesis and rise of fundamentalism in Pakistan. It is generally taken for granted that General Zia was the patron saint of these two movements. This view, however, won't enable us to understand their roots.
A year ago, at the time of the 40th anniversary of the military coup against Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, The Friday Times carried a letter on July 21, 2017 from a Pakistani residing in Australia that drew attention to how usurpers changed the course of Pakistan's history and, among other things, made Pakistani society intolerant. As a result, Zia bowed to the Americans to plunge Pakistan into the never-ending conflict in Afghanistan.
The writer's claims, however, made no reference to the regional and global context that might have pushed the military regime in a particular direction. It has not helped so far nor will it help in the future if we don't keep in view the wider events taking place around Pakistan in the late 1970s and the subsequent decades.
Among these, three tectonic shifts in and around Pakistan merit particularly close consideration: the Iranian Revolution in February 1979; the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979; and the cumulative reaction to these major events in the Muslim world, especially in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, and in the West, particularly in the US.
Lest we forget, the biggest challenge to the monarchy in Iran wasn't from the clergy but from the Tudeh Party, the country's communist party. The US intervened by lending support to the Islamists led by Imam Khomeini, who was exiled in Iraq and then France, to assume power in Iran and offering exile to the Shah. This was a blow to the Soviet ambition to dominate countries bordering the Central Asian Republics, which were then part of the Soviet Union. The first part of this plan was already in operation through a communist takeover in neighbouring Afghanistan.
We can blame General Zia and his team for 'Islamising' Pakistan, but there were forces beyond their control at play. A centuries-old balance between Shia and Sunni power in the region had been upset by America's move to replace a secular order led by the Shah with a staunchly religious regime. The Soviets literally went berserk over the setback to Iran's communists and retaliated by occupying Afghanistan towards the end of 1979. Cumulatively, these events changed the course of history in Iran, Afghanistan and their common neighbour, Pakistan.
Of particular importance is the philosophical basis of the Iranian Revolution. In his book 'The Shia Revival', Vali Nasr explains that the religious leadership with Imam Khomeini as its head considered the Shah's secular policy and his vigourous drive for modernisation as well as Ali Shariati's call for an Islamic (leftist) revolution to be a threat. So they decided that the best way to defeat both was for the religious leadership to seize power.
Now, consider Zia, a Wahabi facing an Iran ruled by Shia clerics and an Afghanistan under communism and Soviet occupation. From that point onwards, it was relatively simple to build Sunni defences with Saudi help. However, while forging an alliance with religious parties, Zia kept the reins in his hands. The same cannot be said about his successors. As a result, fundamentalist and jihadi groups gained greater autonomy and lethality.
Among the consequences of these tremors was the coordinated action by Zia and the Saudis to forestall the export of Khomeini's revolution and prevent the rise of political Islamic movements in their countries. It took a practical shape when the Islamic jihad in Afghanistan was sponsored via America's help.
The Shia-Sunni power balance in the Middle East was later impacted by the US move to overthrow Saddam Hussain's rule. In a span of 25 years, the superpower made two far-reaching decisions, resulting in Iran's growing power. That the US is now tightening the screw on Iran is partly to assuage the Saudis while selling them state-of-the-art weaponry.
Thus, the US opposition to Iran's nuclear plans goes beyond its traditional support to Israel. This is the historical background to Saudi Arabia and its allies' discomfiture.
In Pakistan, the patronage accorded to Deobandi movements has been extended to the Barelvi mullahs. But as the proverb goes, if you ride a tiger, you always run the risk of being attacked by it. Unlike older religious parties, the TLP likes to show its strength through violence on the streets. The challenge posed by it has to be met with a combination of force and reason.


WWIIReenacting.co.uk Forums • View topic - WW2 radio body layouts.
Post subject: WW2 radio body layouts.
Hi i've been wondering how all of the gear was layed out in the back of the wireless trucks for the British army, (Bedfords, Fordsons etc) does any one have any pictures or drawings they could share?
Post subject: Re: WW2 radio body layouts.
Get a copy of "Wireless for the Warrior". Vol 2 is the one for wartime sets.
Good luck. I lost out on a pretty good Ant FFW recently so am a little envious.
Do you know who wrote/published this book as I can't find much about it online?
Just realised mistyped into google now found publisher's website, thanks for the advice.
I'd highly recommend contacting Geoff of Gold Beach. Their Bedford QL is incredible and would give you a fantastic idea as to layout. I believe, though don't quote me, that their QL was a wireless truck originally.
If you are planning on visiting Salute to the Forties at Chatham Dockyard next month then i believe the QL will be there.
Ive attached a pic i took of the inside of it when at the Watercress event. Needless to say i was drooling when looking around it. Hope this helps?
It is for the Shuttleworth Collections Fordson WOT2, Simon has been down to give Neil and the others pointers but any pictures and leads on equipment greatfully received.
Great pic by the way thats an awful lot of kit inside that Bedford but it looks great properly fitted out.
Were Fordson 15 cwt's even used in the Radio Role?
The Bedford MW version was specifically built for the role with a seperate pto driven dynamo to charge the radio batteries.
If we are talking about a Fordson WOT2 with a house body many of these were Radar Units and not Radio.
From memory the Morris C8's were used with House Bodies in the Radio role.
I don't think Spanter has ever made it clear if we are talking about a house body or a modified GS body which the MW consisted of in the company/platoon radio truck role.
I used to own a Fordson WOT2H with a house body which featured on the front of Windscreen many years ago. It had never been fitted with any equipment in the back and showed only delivery mileage. Could this be the same truck?