text:
Unmarked Agents, Accountability, and the Anti-Commandeering Doctrine
Blog Oct 2020
Nicholas Almendares
The Trump Administration recently deployed federal agents to Portland, Oregon in response to ongoing protests. Notably, these agents wore camouflage and drove unmarked cars instead of uniforms and vehicles that would clearly identify their agency affiliation and whose authority they act under. The administration also deployed officers in riot gear lacking agency identification to the nation's capital in June.
Critics argue that these actions represent authoritarian tactics, encourage the use excessive force, and overstep the statutory and constitutional powers of the federal government. They sparked another wave of protests in response throughout the country. Here, I want to sketch an argument relating to the recent events in Portland that is different from those criticisms in two ways. First, it situates these actions in relation to the anti-commandeering doctrine, a legal consideration that has received little attention in this context. Second, it focuses squarely on the fact that these federal agents did not make their affiliation plain. If, for instance, federal law enforcement used excessive force in Portland, that would be unlawful regardless of what uniforms they wore or their identifying markings. Here I want to concentrate on the distinct issue of these federal agents being "unmarked," and the ways in which these unmarked agents challenge the policy of government accountability that is the basis of the anti-commandeering doctrine.
The anti-commandeering doctrine, articulated most famously in New York v. United States and Printz v. United States, forbids the federal government from "dragooning" state agents into enforcing federal programs and mandates. In Printz, for example, the Supreme Court struck down a background check provision in a federal gun law because state officials would be enforcing it. These major anti-commandeering cases can be immediately distinguished from the events in Oregon, because the personnel involved are all federal. No state agents have been impressed into service. But the anti-commandeering doctrine is based on a theory of political accountability, which is undermined by these unmarked federal agents. Thus, while there is no formal commandeering happening, the federal government's use of unmarked agents creates exactly the kind of confusion in the lines of political accountability that the anti-commandeering doctrine is designed to prevent. In other words, the theory behind anti-commandeering is at odds with the federal government's use of agents with such ambiguous affiliation.
Justice Scalia, writing for the Supreme Court in Printz, explained the theory behind anti-commandeering this way:
. . .even when the States are not forced to absorb the costs of implementing a federal program, they are still put in the position of taking the blame for its burdensomeness and for its defects. . . .Under the present law, for example, it will be the [state law enforcement officer] and not some federal official who stands between the gun purchaser and immediate possession of his gun. And it will likely be [that state officer], not some federal official, who will be blamed for any error (even one in the designated federal database) that causes a purchaser to be mistakenly rejected.
The problem with the federal government commandeering state officials is that the state will take the blame for a program it had no hand in enacting. Commandeering muddies the lines of political accountability. And it does so on the ground, in real time, when the law actually touches people's lives. The gun purchaser in Printz, or whatever other relevant person, will mistakenly ascribe responsibility to the state, not the federal government, for the policy.
What does all this have to do with Portland, Washington DC, and possibly elsewhere? The key problem with commandeering is that it makes it difficult to know who is responsible. Federal officers with hidden affiliations create the same difficulties that decided the case in Printz—without knowing the agents' affiliation, we cannot know whether to hold the state or the federal government accountable.
Some might counter that protestors probably know that these are federal agents despite the lack of clear identifying markings on their uniforms: there has been extensive media coverage of the federal government's presence in Portland, protestors are politically-engaged, and local authorities have denounced the federal government's actions. The same can be said in Printz, though. There, the Court struck down the Brady Act, which involved paperwork for the transfer of handguns. Firearms, especially handguns, are heavily regulated, so the people affected by the law would likely understand Congress's role in creating further regulation. Furthermore, state officers would have ample opportunity—and ample incentive—to explain the situation. The situation in Printz was a far cry from tense interactions on the street between protestors and the police. If the Court is worried about confused chains of accountability in a context like Printz, then it should be all the more concerned with unmarked federal agents responding to protests.
There is something formalistic, even kabuki-like about the anti-commandeering doctrine, then: It safeguards clear lines of political accountability even when the people involved understand the situation, i.e., when everyone involved is unlikely to be confused. Indeed, the Supreme Court wholly embraced this; to a majority of the Court this was a feature, not a bug. This aspect of the doctrine has been subjected to extensive criticism, including some of my own arguments in another context.
But there are reasons for thinking that the political accountability rationale is more plausible here—that is, it might make more sense in this context than in the actual case law. First, the federal government seems to be deliberately trying to blur the lines of accountability. Ambiguous uniforms and unmarked cars are unusual, and the Justice Department itself has argued in court that law enforcement personnel should be easy to identify. Second, there is reason to believe that on the street, in the present moment, the vague camouflaged uniforms create confusion because they closely resemble the dress of increasingly common private militia groups. Third, as mentioned above, these are tense, abrupt interactions between the government and the public colored by the use or threat of official force. The luxury of carefully explaining the lines of accountability does not exist in these instances, especially if it is not entirely clear whether the people involved are even government agents at all.
It bears reiterating that none of this is a direct application of the anti-commandeering case law, as no state personnel were conscripted in Portland. Moreover, there is no general requirement that federal law enforcement officers disclose their affiliation. Yet the arguments underpinning the anti-commandeering case law indicate that government actors tasked with law enforcement, or with simply interacting with the public, should clearly present their affiliation, especially if there is bound to be some confusion.
We could go further and develop a theory of "departmental anti-commandeering." The anti-commandeering doctrine directly addresses the fundamental distinction between state and federal governments. Yet if enabling political accountability is the lodestar of the doctrine, then it is often important to go beyond a mere federal/state distinction and enable citizens to identify which part of the government they are interacting with. Congress has a variety of ways to hold agencies accountable, including hearings and budgeting authority, but in order to effectively utilize these mechanisms, Congress has to know which agency to address. The federal agents in Portland reportedly came from a variety of disparate agencies, ranging from Customs and Border Protection to the Transportation Security Administration to the Coast Guard. Further, in order for voters to encourage their representatives to hold federal agencies accountable, which has long been a prized form of constituent service, voters must also be able to identify the agencies that should be monitored. Simply identifying the agents as federal would enable voters to take the government's actions into account going into a presidential election. They would at least know what level of government to criticize, the main point of Printz. But confining political accountability to something that happens once every four years, and which loses much of its bite in the second term, is an impoverished view. Moreover, and though less immediately relevant, there is also the possibility that the agencies in question could be insulated from presidential control, meaning that voters would need some other way to hold them accountable other than presidential elections.
The anti-commandeering doctrine is one of several doctrines designed to foster political, and ultimately, democratic accountability. Accountability works best, is most effective, when we know precisely who we are dealing with. Arguably, that is what the anti-commandeering doctrine is really about.
Nicholas Almendares: Associate Professor of Law at the Maurer School of Law, Indiana University Bloomington.
Recommended Citation: Nicholas Almendares, Unmarked Agents, Accountability, and the Anti-Commandeering Doctrine, Calif. L. Rev. Online (Oct. 2020), https://www.californialawreview.org/unmarked-agents-anti-commandeering-doctrine.
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text:
Q: Is on the earth grammatically correct? Since the earth is a surface, like when we say

There is a picture on the wall.

Can we say, for example:

He's the most talented living human on the earth.

A: When talking about Earth as an object, we have a slight preference for using it with a definite article "the earth is...".
When we are talking about Earth as a place, we have a strong preference for using it without a definite article, for example "... human on Earth".
When we talk about ".... the .... on Earth", we are talking about it as a place, rather than a surface so, in my opinion, it is better without a definite article.
You can talk about something being "on the earth", but that makes me think of it as a surface made of soil, not the planet, for example:

.. scatter the seeds on the earth.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Volume 09, Issue 07 (July 2020)
Change Detection of Land Cover at Flood Potential Areas using Multitemporal Image Data in East Jakarta City
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV9IS070011
Abdul Wahid Hasyim , Dimas Danur Cahya , Ismu Rini Dwi Ari, 2020, Change Detection of Land Cover at Flood Potential Areas using Multitemporal Image Data in East Jakarta City, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT) Volume 09, Issue 07 (July 2020),
Authors : Abdul Wahid Hasyim , Dimas Danur Cahya , Ismu Rini Dwi Ari
Paper ID : IJERTV9IS070011
Volume & Issue : Volume 09, Issue 07 (July 2020)
Abdul Wahid Hasyim Department of Regional and Urban Planning, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. MT. Haryono 167, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia, 65145
Dimas Danur Cahya Department of Regional and Urban Planning, Universitas Brawjaya, Jl. MT. Haryono 167, Malang City,
East Java, Indonesia, 65145
Ismu Rini Dwi Ari Department of Regional and Urban Planning, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl.
MT. Haryono 167, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia, 65145
Abstract East Jakarta City is one of 6 cities / regencies in the. The city of East Jakarta as one of the cities in the Special Capital Province of Jakarta has a significant growing population. Changing of land cover might result on flood disaster in related with the growth of population. Main purpose of the study is to determine variable that influence the flood height of an area with imagery data in the period of four decades 1990, 2000, 2020, and 2020. The first step uses land cover classification analysis to identify land cover in the City of East Jakarta. Then, land use analysis uses change detection methods to determine the changes that occur in each land class. The second step of spatial analysis with the ordinary least square method and geographical weighted regression covering 6 variables flood height, rainfall, contour, river water level, land cover and population density, in order to find out the variables that influence flooding in the research area. The land cover in the East Jakarta City in the period of 1990-2020 had a significant changed, especially for increasing of built-up area. Since total of the area is fixed, the wider built-up area means the lessen areas for other land uses such as vegetation, water body and un-built-up areas. Then, variables that affect flooding in each district are differ for each district. For district of Cakung, Makasar, Kramat Jati, Pulo Gadung is related to contour of the region. Then, at district of Ciracas, Cipayung, Duren Sawit are due to area of land developed. Next, at Jatinegara and Pasar Rebo Districts are about population density, and at Matraman District is rainfall variable. Understanding cause of the flood might give a better approach on propose a flood management disaster strategy that it might conduct in the future reseach.
Keywords Flood , remote sensing, land cover classification, change detection
Rapid growth of population can derive a problem in the city. City of East Jakarta has annual growth population rate at about 4.2% in the period of 2010-2019 [1]. Changing land use has also changing groundwater compartments. At about 40% of the population in Jakarta depend on groundwater resources, wherein this percentage is higher than ground water supply of upstream cities such as Bogor City and Depok City, which is water deficit occurred due to imbalance between abstraction and aquifer replenishment [2]. Flood is events to be inundated by a ridge of land that usually dried. Flood can be caused by rising sea levels as
well as the volume of water displaced due to the inability of the absorption of water into the ground [3].
The East Jakarta is the 1st city with the highest disaster risk index value and the 2nd city with the highest flood disaster risk index value in DKI Jakarta Province [4]. Jakarta has experienced many severe river flood events due to heavy rains, especially in 1996, 2002, 2007, 2013 and 2014 [5]. In particular, the floods that occurred in January 2013 resulted with 40 deaths, 45,000 refugees, and substantial economic damages. Flooding in February 2007 also caused extensive economic losses, increasing between 4.1 and 7.3 trillion IDR [6]. The floods in 2013 caused a loss of 15 billion IDR, and the disasters which struck in 2014 reached 100 million IDR per day [7].
Potential flood management efforts include 4 important aspects, namely i) potential for philosophical, ii) structural,
iii) non-structural, and iv) socio-cultural handling [8]. The potential for handling philosophy is housing settlement revitalization and housing relocation in the flood-prone areas. The potential structural treatments consist of normalization, build reservoir, control dams, retaining dams, absorption wells, and bio pores. The potential of non- structural measures comprises conservation and rehabilitation of forests and land in watersheds, purchase of land to expand conservation land and forest colonies. The potential for handling socio-culture is strengthening of groups and community cadres who care about environment, community assistance in behave pro environmental conservation. Therefore, it is important for this research to identify and analyze land cover, detect land cover changes and investigate spatial relationship between land cover and potential flood areas in the East Jakarta City to develop a sustainable liveable city.
There are two primary data for the study consist of i) Landsat 5 TM imagery data for year 1990, Landsat 7 ETM
+ in 2000, 2010, and ii) Landsat 8 OLI TIRS imagery for year 2020. Image data that is used is May imagery with a percentage of cloud cover 0%. The six variables are flood height, rainfall, area height, river water level, land cover area, and population density. Then, the analytical methods are i) land cover classification, ii) land cover change (change
detection), iii) ordinary least square and iv) geographically weighted regression spatial analysis.
Analysis of Land Cover Classification
Land cover refers to natural and artificial objects found on the surface of the earth, all of which can be observed by remote sensing. The analysis that is used in the study is the supervised classification. The maximum likelihood method considers the average value and the inter-class and channel safety (covariance) [9]. Then, the Maximum Likelihood Method based on the normal distribution (Gaussian) which estimates the probability function of each class [10].
Analysis of Land Cover Change (change detection)
Land cover change is the process of changing the area of an area either increasing or decreasing on a land cover and use [11]. This can be influenced by natural processes such as influence of climate, volcanic eruption, sea-level changes, environment, and others [12].
Among the global thresholding methods, the Otsu variant class model is the most widely used. This model looks for the optimal threshold by maximizing variance between classes. This model is nonparametric, without supervision and can choose the threshold automatically. Change detection can be divided into two forms, namely in the form of increase and in the form of reducing/decreasing [13]. Information on land cover change is used as one of the data to determine the characteristics of an area so that the
Fig. 1 Map of the Research Study Area and Area Altitude
Figure 1 depicts the height of altitude of the area that can be categorized into three groups. Firstly, at about 20,98% (3.944,9 Ha) lies at the height of 1 7 meter above seal level, and there is the smallest percentage area lies at the height of 65 74 meter above sea level (2,3% or 432,5 Ha). Then, majority of it lies at 1 18 meter above sea level (52,33% or 9.839,6 Ha).
Total number of populations of the area are 2.937.859 inhabitants within total area of 18.803 Ha [15]. The average population density is about 15,624 people/Ha, with the most densely populated is Matraman (31,112 people/Ha). Into more detail, it can be seen in Table 1.
TABLE I. POPULATION NUMBER AND DENSITY
No. of Population
(people)
Area (Ha)
Population Density (people/Ha)
1..561
direction of planning to be carried out is better.
Ordinary Least Square and Geographically Weighted Regression Spatial Analysis
The most widely known and applied regression technique is ordinary least squares (OLS). In the spatial regression realm, the OLS technique produces a global regression model from the area of observation. The global regression model is an introduction to spatial regression that produces local models [14].
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Overview of East Jakarta
The East Jakarta City is one of the cities in DKI Jakarta Province which has 10 districts, namely Cakung, Cipayung, Ciracas, Duren Sawit, Jatinegara, Kramat Jati, Makasar, Makasar, Matraman, Pasar Rebo, and Pulo Gadung as can be seen in Figure 1. Administrative boundaries are as follows:
North Side : Central Jakarta City and North Jakarta City
Southern Side: Bogor Regency, West Java Eastside : South Jakarta City Westside : Bekasi City, West Java
Source: Jakarta Timur Dalam Angka, 2020
Analysis of Land Classification
Combination of color composites (composite bands) in the study is Red 7, Green 5, Blue 3 with a basic reason for facilitating researchers to analyze classification of land cover in satellite imagery. The land cover analyzed is divided into 4 land classes, specifically developed land, vegetation, water bodies, and undeveloped land, as can be seen in Figure 2 and Figure 3. The classification method that is used is supervised classification maximum likelihood.
TABLE II. LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION
1990 (Ha)
Empty/ dry Land
Table 2 indicates land cover changing within 4-decade from 1990 2020. Amongst four variables of the land cover, it is only one variable which shows increasing development area in the significant value the built-up area. Since the total are is fixed, in general we may see that the others three variable have been decreasing, with one exceptional condition whereby the water body in the period of 1990 2000 had increased at about 23%. Drastically changing has been occurring at the vegetation total area between decades from 1990 2020, at about (-) 32,7%, (-) 36,8%, (+) 7,47%,
Value the producer's and user's accuracy of each class can be seen in Table 3 with values >70%. Based on the calculation of the accuracy test, the value obtained for overall accuracy is 94,62% and the kappa coefficient value is 0,8999 or 89,99%. The minimum value for receiving a remote sensing-based mapping is 85%, so that the data from the guided classification conducted in the study can be accepted or used [16].
TABLE III. LAND COVER CONFUSION MATRIX 2020
Reference Data (training area)
Reference data (pixels)
Vegetatio n
Row Total
Omission (pixels)
Producer accuracy (%)
72.,99
Column Total
Commission (pixels)
Users accuracy (%)
Source: Analysis Result, 2020
Fig. 2 Land CoveDear Author,
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www.ijert.orgr 1990 and 2000
Fig. 3 Land Cover in 2010 and 2020
Land Cover Change Analysis (Change Detection)
Land cover change analysis is carried out to determine the detailed point/location of changes in each lnd cover using the change detection method in ENVI 5.2 software.
Detection of change can be divided into two forms, namely, increase and decrease. Data entered to compare land cover changes are two years of data, for example, 1990 and 2020. The auto-thresholding method is Otsus the results of land change analysis can be seen in Figure 4.
Fig. 4 Map of Land Cover Change 1990-2020
Figure 4 illustrate land cover changes from 1990 2020 as a result of auto-thresholding method analysis. The first map with red dots indicates a change inland in the form of land reduction. The second one blue dots indicates an increase inland. The white color indicates the non-changes of land use. Then, the third map depicts the overlay result. In general, it is indicated that total land cover of built-up area instead of changed to another land use, its area has been getting wider and wider occupied the others.
TABLE IV. LAND COVER CHANGE
Difference in Change
percentage (%)
18.53 (+)
8.24 (+)
32.71 (-)
177.87 (+)
Based on Table 4, land cover of the built-up area from 1990 to 2000 has been increasing significantly at every decade. Even though the number of percentages per decade has been lessening, but the number of built up area has been getting bigger and bigger with percentage of changing at about 18,53%, 10,24%, 8,24%, respectively. It might assume that land-use change occurred due to continuous growth of population, hence to support their activity the needs of housing settlements and infrastructures also increase.
In general, within four decades, the pattern of land cover of vegetation has been decreasing, except in one period between 2000 and 2010. In the period of 1990-2000, total area of vegetation has been reducing 32.71% or in other words the total area has been dwindling at about 1,937.79 Ha within a decade. The reduction of vegetation land
appears to be predominantly transformed into developed land or built-up area. The area of vegetation has been increasing slightly in the period 2000-2010 at about 3.13% or at around of 125.17 Ha, due to a significant change from water body at Banjir Kanal Timur into a vegetation area. Particularly, there are several specific locations have unchanged vegetation area, such as Rawamangun Golf Course, Pulo Mas Horse Racing area, city parks, Halim Perdana Kusumah Airport, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah park, Military (TNI) Headquarters building and Cibubur Camping Ground.
Photo TABLE VI. COEFFICIENT VALUE OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Variable Coefficient
Area Height (X1) 1,196955
Built-up Area (X2) 0,115023
Table 6 OLS results show that the height of the region has a negative relationship, while the variable area of built-
The East Flood Canal functions as a flood controller
Green Open Space in Taman up has a positive relationship. This means that the greater
Mini Indonesia Indah value of the height of a certain area (X1) indicates the lower
Photo the height of the flood. In contrary, the greater value of built- up area (X2) indicates the higher the height of the flood.
TABLE VII. HETEROSKEDASTICITY TEST
Parameter Score
Settlements around Kali Baru Timur
Ria Rio Lake as a catchment Koenker BP Statistic 5,197422
area The results of heteroskedasticity can be seen in Table 7
Figure 5 the existing condition of the study area
The water body in the study is in the form of rivers, reservoirs/lakes, and puddles. Pattern of land cover of the water body tends to be increased, except in the period of 2000-2010. Between 1990-2000, the condition of water bodies has been increasing at around 23.14% or in other words it became wider at around 354,42 Ha from 1531,44 Ha (year of 1990) to 1.885,86 Ha (year of 2000). Increases and reductions are influenced by seasonal conditions of the annual image that has been used, it caused total area of the water bodies that mostly in the form of lakes/reservoirs and rivers will also be different. In one hand, decreasing land cover of water body in the period of 2000-2010, it might cause by the changing of reservoir at Banjir Timur Kanal that is covered by vegetation, so that the satellite analysis read the data of 2000 as a vegetation area. On the other hand, within the period of 2000 2010, Conversely, due to rain pouring there were some puddle points on the road or outside rivers, reservoirs/lakes, that the satellite analysis read it as the water body.
Ordinary Least Square (OLS)
Independent variables (X) that are estimated to have positive or negative linear relationships to the flood height of an area have been analyzed by OLS regression. The height of flood is placed as dependent variable in the regression analysis labelled as Y. Independent variables that is allowed into the model are only two because in the ArcGIS application requires value of the degree of freedom of the model have to be greater than 2. OLS diagnostics of the best model is as described in Table V.
TABLE V. OLS REGRESSION DIAGNOSTICS
that the BP Koenker value is above 0.05. Meaning, in the model, there is no heteroskedasticity and the value of stationary independent variables in each unit of analysis. The significance of the independent variable is seen from the probability value in the model results. However, it should be noted also the figures from Koenker (BP). Values from Koenker (BP)> 0.05 then Robust_Pr is not used. The probability value of the variable height of the area and the area of built land has a probability value above 0.05 then Robust_Pr is used because it has a value below 0.05 which is equal to 0.035655 * for the height of the area and 0.020644* for the area of the developed land. The multicollinearity value in the model can be seen from the VIF of each variable. In Table 8, it can be seen that the VIF value of the variables in the model is less than 10, so there is no multicollinearity among the independent variables [13]. If there is multicollinearity, the variable can be said to be unfavorable because it does not explain anything.
TABLE VIII. VIF VALUE OF ECH VARIABLE
Nilai VIF
Area Height (X1)
Built-up Area (X2)
The results of multicollinearity can be seen that the VIF values of the two independent variables are below the value of 10. So, there is no multicollinearity in each variable and the resulting model can be used.
Residual is the difference between the existing value and the predicted value of the model. Residual values from OLS modeling must be normally distributed. Because the more the residual value away from the number 0, the resulting model is not good. The test can be performed with Bell Curve or Jarque-Bera values.
Std. Error
Robust_Pr
-65,662466
0,021550*
Area Height
TABLE IX. RESIDUAL NORMALITY TEST
Jarque-Bera Statistic
OLS regression analysis results in Table 5 show significant values marked by probability values below 0.05. The significant value plays a role in testing the results of subsequent regressions.
Table 9 depicts that results of the model residual normality have a Jarque-Bera value with above a significant value of 0.05 [14]. Meaning that the model residuals are normally distributed and there is no bias in the resulting model. Model performance is indicated by adjusted R2 and AICc values. Model performance test results in Cipayung District are as illustrated in Table 10.
TABLE X.
UJI PERFORMA MODEL
Adjusted R2
AICc
The performance of the model can be seen in Table 10, the adjusted R2 value of the model is 40.65%. It means that
value. Residual standard values must be randomly distributed. If the residual standard values appear to be clustered, spatial autocorrelation occurs and the resulting GWR model is not good.
TABLE XII. COEFFICIENT ESTIMATION FOR EACH SUBDISTRICT IN CIPAYUNG DISTRICT
Subdistrict
Local Intercept
X1 (Area Height)
X2 (Land Area Built)
Munjul
Pondok Ranggon
Cilangkap
Ceger
Bambu Apus
Lubang Buaya
40.65% of the model has explained the phenomenon of flood
height in Cipayung District. The AICc value of the model is
79.30. The greater the value, the better the model will be produced.
From the test results, it can be concluded that the global regression model for flood height variables can be accepted. The following formula exemplifies a global model of flood height in Cipayung District.
Y= -65,662466 + 1,196955 X1 + 0,115023 X2
Y = Flood Height X1 = Area Height
X2 = Land Area Built
The coefficient value of each variable shows how much influence the variable has on the flood height in Cipayung District. From the OLS results, it was found that the greatest influence to minimize the height of flooding that occurred was the height of the region, which amounted to 1,196955. The relationship between the area of built-up land and flood height is directly proportional. Thus, the higher the value of the area of built-up area, the higher the height of the flooding that is occurred in Cipayung District.
Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR)
The global regression model that has been obtained from the OLS process can be broken down in to local regression model using the GWR method. Calculation of the local model is based on an assumption that the effect of independent variable toward dependent variable will be different at each location [17]. The local model will also able to describe the condition of each village in a better way and it will cover inaccuracy of the global regression model.
Flood Height Observation Value (y)
Flood Height Prediction
Value ( )
Residual Standard Value
TABLE XI. GWR DIAGNOSTICS IN CIPAYUNG DISTRICT
Table 11 shows the predicted value of flood height that is obtained by entering the observation value of the independent variable into the model. The difference between the observed value and the predicted value is the residual value which is then standardized into the residual standard
Table 12 shows that there are some differences in the value of the coefficient of altitude in each sub-district. Meaning that the results give an idea of which areas are contributing more to the high and low floods of an area. In summarize, the greater the coefficient value, the lower the height of the flood.
Figure 6 Spatial Autocorrelation Test Results in Cipayung District
The spatial autocorrelation test of the GWR model in Figure 5 uses the formula from Morans I. The desired result of the test is a randomly distributed residual standard value. When it is viewed from the results of the spatial autocorrelation test presented in the figure, it appears that the standard residuals in the GWR model have been spread evenly with a significance value of 0.148 and a z-score of –
1.444. The data from the spatial autocorrelation test concluded that the resulting model is valid and can be used.
Figure 6.1 illustrates that an area with red color indicates that the model is influenced by the height of area (X1), wherein the lower of the flood in case the area is in the form of un-built-up. Figure 6.2 indicates total of the built-up area (X2), whereby the redder indicates the wider built-up area, so the height of flood is also higher. In general, the model gives an information that the height of the area (X1) do not functionally well in order to flow rainfall to the lower places, due to dense area at the upper stream. The areas indicated by circle A and B lies in the height of altitude and dense built- up areas, that are indicated as areas with high puddle.
Therefore, the global model can be used as a reference in seeing the effect of the variable area of land developed and the height of the area on the height of the flood.
Figure 7 Map of the Influence of Area Altitude and Land Area Built on Flood Height
Due to the growth of population, the condition of land cover in the East Jakarta City in the period of 1990-2020 had a significant changed, especially for increasing of the land cover of built-up area. Since total of the area is fixed, the wider built-up area means the lessen areas for other land uses such as vegetation, water body and un-built-up areas.
The results of OLS and GWR analyzes might give a specific note of the variables that affect flooding at each district, as follows.
Cakung District : the height of the region
Ciracas District : area of land developed
Cipayung District : the height of the area and the
size of the developed land
Duren Sawit District: land area developed
Jatinegara District : population density
Kramat Jati District : altitude and rainfall
Makasar District : the height of the region
Matraman District : rainfall
Pasar Rebo District : population density
Pulo Gadung District: altitude and rainfall
Knowing each cause of flooding due to research of change detection of land cover might give a better approach on dealing with flooding in a certain area, so that the planning process might heading to the correct direction. Hence, for the future research, result of the research gives a quite significant input in order to develop a more appropriate flood management disaster strategy in the level of both district as well as city level.
Special thanks address to the Regional Disaster Management Agency and the Jakarta Central Statistics Agency for providing the data, as well as for the people who have been willing to be interviewed for this research activity.
Jakarta Timur Dalam Angka Tahun 2020. Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Jakarta Timur .
Rencana Penanggulangan Bencana Tahun 2013-2017. Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta.
Data Indeks Risiko Bencana Indonesia Tahun 2018. Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana
Pola Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Wilayah Sungai Cidanau- Ciujung-Cidurian-Cisadane-Ciliwung-Citarum Tahun 2012. Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum
Akmalah, E., & Grigg, N. S. (2011). Jakarta Flooding : systems study of socio-technical forces. Water International, 36 (6), 733-747. (2012). BBWSCC. Pola Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Wilayah Sungai.
Takagi, H., Esteban, M., Mikami, T., Fujii, D. (2016). Projection of Coastal Floods in 2050 Jakarta. Urban Climate, Vol. 17: 135-145.
Sagala, S., Lassa, J.A., Yasaditama, H., Hudalah, D. (2013). The Evolution of Risk and Vulnerability in Greater Jakarta: contesting government policy in dealing with a megacitys exposure to flooding. IRGSC Working Paper, No.2 (18 pp).
Oppusunggu, R. E. and Tantular, R. (2015). Creating Peoples Awareness and Pushing Active Contribution. Case: Wider Public Engagement on Flood and Land Use Problems in Jakarta and Surroundings. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 184: 240- 244.
Lillesand, T. M., & Kiefer, R. W. (1994). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, Third Edition, John Wiley & Son Inc. New York.
Pedroni. (2003). Improved Classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data Using Modified Prior Probabilities in Large and Complex Landscape. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 91- 113.
Hasyim, AW., Gusti, HIK., Prayitno, G., (2020). Determination Of Land Cover As Landslide Factor Based On Multitemporal Raster Data In Malang Regency. International Journal of GEOMATE 18 (69), 254-261
Wasil, A.R., dan Ainun, P.W. (2012). Modelling Land-Use Change.
Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung
Otsu, N. (1979). A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE. Trans Systems Man Cybernet. Vol. 9, pp. 6266
Mitchell, A. (2005). The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2.
California: ESRI Press
Profil Kotamadya Jakarta Timur, 2003
Jaya, I. N. S. (2010). Analisis Citra Digital : Perspektif Penginderaan Jauh Untuk Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam. Bogor: IPB Press..
Fotheringham, A. S., Charlton, M. E., & Brundson, C. (1998). Geographically Weighted Regression: A Natural Evolution of the Expansion Method for Spatial Data Analysis. Environment and Planning A , 30 (11), 1905-1927
DOCUMENTATIONOF ACTIVITIES
The following is a photo of the documentation carried out during a ground check, to obtain a sample training area so that when conducting supervised classification according to field conditions. Also, to get information related to flooding by asking the community in the surrounding settlements.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polypyrrole Synthesized via Different Routes
Investigation on the Time-Frequency Effects of A Crack in A Rotating System

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: C++ template function - Compiler error: 'can not change from from const char* to int' I have a template function specified:
template<class T> void jsonParse(json_object* jobj, eParseWhat parseWhat, T &value) {
    ...

    if(parseWhat == PARSE_UID) {
        value = json_object_getInt(val);
    }
    if(parseWhar == PARSE_EMAIL) {
        value = json_object_getString(val);
    }
    ...
}

Now when I want to parse the uid of the json-object I call the method with an int:
json_object* obj = ...;
int uid = 0;
jsonParse(obj,PARSE_UID,uid);

But then a compile error occurs at the assignment in line:
value = json_object_getString(val);

Because of the call with an int the compiler thinks that the type of the variable value is int and json_object_getString(val) returns const char*. So the compiler says:
can not convert from const char* to int.
Have you got any suggestion to solve this problem?

A: Why are you even using a template if you are going to do a switch statement of a bunch of if statements for each type? Your template instantiation will never compile if you want to treat every type as multiple types. This design is flawed but if you must then you can use specializations to accomplish something similar.
template<class T> void jsonParse(json_object* jobj, eParseWhat parseWhat, T &value) {
    static_assert(false); // not a handled type
}

template<> void jsonParse(json_object* jobj, eParseWhat parseWhat, int &value) {
    value = json_object_getInt(val);
}

template<> void jsonParse(json_object* jobj, eParseWhat parseWhat, std::string &value) {
    value = json_object_getString(val);
}

As GMan points out it is usually preferable to overload functions rather than specialize a function template. The equivalent using an overloaded function would be something like this:
void jsonParse(json_object* jobj, eParseWhat parseWhat, int &value) {
        value = json_object_getInt(val);
    }

void jsonParse(json_object* jobj, eParseWhat parseWhat, std::string &value) {
        value = json_object_getString(val);
    }

A: Didn't you intend to write:
    if(parseWhat == PARSE_UID) {
        value = json_object_getInt(val);
    }
    else if(parseWhar == PARSE_EMAIL) {
        value = json_object_getString(val);
    }

On a sidenote: template usage in your example is quite strange and confusing to me. I'd rather use some kind of Variant class for this (one example is boost::any, but you can easily implement your own - it's a matter of two hours).

A: Your code won't compile in any way, cause in that method T value can't be int and char* at the same time...
You try to cast differnt types (one is a int, on is a char) to a value (that isn't even defined) ;)
First you have to use:
json_object* obj = ...;
int uid = 0;

jsonParse<int>(obj,PARSE_UID,uid); //last parameter is int

or
jsonParse<string>(obj,PARSE_UID,whatever); //last parameter is string

But that don't work, as said before... you can't use a type in two diffrent ways in one template...
Sorry... :)


text:
I saw the lovely and intelligent Amy Goodman speak tonight at LeMoyne College. It was the fourth annual Rev. Daniel Berrigan SJ/International House Peacemaker Lecture. I'll be writing about it when I get a chance.
I just heard Janane Garafalo talking about "camel toes" on Majority Report. Can't remember the last time THAT happened on a political talk show! LOL.
Bobby Eberle hates Kos more than he loves freedom
Poor Bobby Eberle's got his panties in a wad over bloggers saying what they think at any moment they choose to think it or say it. What's he advocating? Censorship? Think about it. Who is the party of the politically correct, really? If politicians wish to distance themselves from the bloggers, then let them do so. The same goes for advertisers. My hope is that Kos would not let the loss of a few bucks break his honesty. I think the most important thing is being unencumbered to freely speak. Bobby totally misses that point. I can imagine Bobby in Colonial times. Oh, that nasty Ben Franklin said a baaaad thing!
Our soldiers in Iraq are dying for freedom. FREEDOM--someone tell Bobby-I think he's forgotten. Instead, he feigns heart-pain and shock over someone daring to comment (albeit harshly) upon the use of soldiers of fortune in Iraq. I'll cry tomorrow, Bobby. We are humans out here...and we know what Bobby and his ilk are all about. They want to exact revenge upon an ideological enemy by attacking his income. To hell with truth and freedom. Censor thyself and assimilate or be broken! Once Bobby develops more of a penchant for the love of truth than a lust for political supremacy and market-based revenge, we just might be able to connect.
As the Internet continues to develop, it is the responsibility of those with reach and influence to act appropriately.
.....so government can go on doing as they please with nothing but sterile commentary from those who might see the danger in it...even when the situation might call for emotional appeal in order to awaken the masses? I don't think so, Bobby.
Last, I find it interesting that Bobby resurrected Kos' statement, even after Kos decided to censor it himself after apologizing. Bobby's allowing the re-emergence and further dissemination of the original statement he found so utterly painful and inapproriate will ensure further pain for those he says were injured.
Way to go, .
I'm listening To Kos on Air America's radio show "Majority Report". He's being extremely gracious. He will not make an issue over the Kerry delinking because he knews it would play into the right wing's (and the mainstream media's) hands. See Majority Report listener comments here.
Matt Stoller has a fantastic summary of the right wing/Kos/Kerry delinking/blogging situation here at The Blogging of the President.
I applaud Atrios' philosophy on the matter.
The O'Franken Blog Has Arrived!
The web address is: http://www.ofrankenfactor.com
Assorted stories--TAXES
or...Hey, Norquist, Get your smarmy claws out of our DEMOCRACY!
Media Transparency: The Apparat: George W. Bush's back-door political machine
Patriot News: Specter not radical enough for the Bushites. Grover Norquist longs to see fellow Republican incumbent Sen. Arlen Specter defeated by right wing Toomey. Specter has dared to vote against Bush on several issues.
Star Ledger: At a time when many states are facing the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression, governors are begging from the federal government, borrowing from investors and stealing from their surpluses.
U.S. Newswire: As these states suffer from financial shortages, Grover Norquist names those calling for necessary tax hikes "rats in the Coke bottle".
Newsday: The creation of Grover Norquist's ARP is deceiving and based on the double lie that the Social Security system is in crisis and that ARP wants to save it. ARP hope to start a grass-roots movement to convert the nation's oldest and most successful social insurance system into a stock investment scheme.
MLive.com: In Michigan, Republican lawmakers are being politicallywhipsawed. Grover Norquist warns hikes would be "fiscal abdication" by Republicans. Norquist has warned GOP lawmakers seeking to run for other offices that they vote for tax increases at their peril.
SF Gate: Concentration of undue Constitutional power: Norquist is wonderful at organizing, but he needs to get his damned unelected hands off of the people's American democracy. Undue political pressure on our lawmakers is destroying the balance of American democracy within this Republic. Democrats must learn how to counter these unsavory tactics.
Maine News: Grover Norquist strong-arms would-be tax-raisers in Maine while critics try to crash conference
Courier Journal: In Kentucky, Norquist's advocating no new taxes causes a confiscation of dedicated funds by Gov. Ernie Fletcher-- (in order to make good on his irresponsible promise to raise no new revenue). Gov. Fletcher has squandered his opportunity to lead by submitting a budget that turns its back on basic needs and kills momentum at all levels of education.
Topeka Capital-Journal: Where the president's suicidal tax cuts would lead us--The president can no longer claim, as he did in previous budgets, that his tax cuts for millionaires and huge corporations will not cause real pain for ordinary working Americans. The tradeoff between President Bush's tax cuts and the roads, hospitals, schools and critical services ordinary Americans rely on is crystal clear.
The Hill: Tax hawks cooling to Norquist--Influential conservatives from an array of anti-tax groups are publicly criticizing Grover Norquist, considered President Bush's most prominent liaison to the conservative grassroots, for being too close to the White House. Conservatives also were outraged by the decision of Norquist's group to give Sen. Arlen Specter (R-Pa.) a "Hero of the Taxpayer Award" in the midst of his fierce primary battle with conservative challenger, Rep. Pat Toomey.
Iraq is out of control, civil war looming; Bush favorable poll ratings down
Chaos reigns in Iraq today. Violence has erupted all over the country. So many of our troops have died over the weekend. So many Iraqi protestors have been "liberated"..by bullets through the head. They were angered over the arrest of a man named Mustafa al-Yacoubi, an acolyte to cleric Muqtada al-Sadr. They were angered over the forced shut-down of a newspaper. They tried to take matters into their own hands by taking control of the police stations and government buildings in their neighborhood. It's been rumoured that even some of the Iraqi police abandoned their posts to join the ranks of the volunteer Mehdi Army. Violence, chaos, anarchy.
With the fall of Hussein came a newfound religious freedom. After their 'liberation' In 2003, Shiites were free for the first time in a long time. Mustafa al-Yacoubi the arrested aide at the center of the eruption of mob violence, has claimed al-Sadr is supported by 75% of Iraqi Shiites. That's close to 45 per cent of Iraq's population. 45 per cent.
The Bush administration should have invited the U.N. world-community to be part of this intervention from the start. We would have had a good chance to win over these Shiites. Listen to where they stood a year ago:
In Sayyid Muqtada's entourage, they speak only of differences between "traditional" and "active" howzah - or schools of theology - in Najaf. The "active" theologians believe religious leaders should become involved in the day-to-day running of society.
The example of Islamic Iran is foremost in everyone's mind. "I want an Islamic republic, but with justice," a former prisoner from the Dawa party said. "We have knocked on all the doors and we don't see any just Islamic republics."
There is no difference between politics and religion, Sayyid Jaffar said, "but men of religion and politicians do not have to be the same ones - that is the main difference between us and Iran".
The Iraqi people, he added, were "closing an evil period" and "know very little about how other countries are ruled".
For 35 years of Baathist rule, most Shiite leaders practiced taqiya to survive. For the moment, rifts are mostly about whether they tried to live peacefully under the regime or actively fought it.
Now, says a Shiite named Tariq, "everyone is practising taqiya against the Americans, because we are under occupation. The Shiite leadership is divided and confused; they're trying to find their bearings. Shiites in Baghdad have repeatedly told me they will fight the Americans if they don't leave."
If only we'd done things right. Had we brought in international experts to show these people clearly that this was not a U.S. occupation, but a U.N. action, and had we tried to show them what democracy could do for their Islamic republic in the way of the justice they were seeking, they may have been convinced to be patient, to learn, and take part in a new government. Instead, they may see Iran as their governmental role model. That's a damned shame.
In a CBS poll taken on Sunday, we see that Americans may be grasping the reality of the security disaster in Iraq.
CBS News Poll. March 30-April 1, 2004. N=834 registered voters. MoE ±3.
"Is your opinion of George W. Bush favorable, not favorable, undecided, or haven't you heard enough about George W. Bush yet to have an opinion?"
March 30-April 1, 2004.........%
Favorable............................39
Not Favorable......................42
Undecided...........................16


text:
Fond du Lac County Airport  is a county-owned public-use airport located 1 mile (2 km) west of the central business district of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, a city in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, United States. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025, in which it is categorized as a regional general aviation facility. The airport is home to EAA chapter 572.

Facilities and aircraft
Fond du Lac County Airport covers an area of 586 acres (237 ha) at an elevation of 808 feet (246 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways: 18/36 is 5,941 by 100 feet (1,811 x 30 m) with an asphalt surface and 9/27 is 3,602 by 75 feet (1,098 x 23 m) with an asphalt surface.

The airport has one FBO, the Fond du Lac Skyport.

For the 12-month period ending August 10, 2020, the airport had 63,200 aircraft operations, an average of 173 per day: 95% general aviation, 5% air taxi and less than 1% military.

In January 2023, there were 53 aircraft based at this airport: 49 single-engine, 3 multi-engine and 1 jet aircraft.

EAA AirVenture
The airport, along with Appleton International Airport in Greenville, is an alternative to flying into Wittman Regional Airport during EAA AirVenture Oshkosh. Every year the FAA sets up and operates a temporary air traffic control tower during the event.

Shuttle buses run between the AirVenture grounds and the airport frequently.

See also
List of airports in Wisconsin

References

External links

Airports in Wisconsin
Buildings and structures in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Arsène Mersch (14 December 1913, in Koerich – 11 July 1980, in Koerich) was a Luxembourgian professional road bicycle racer and cyclo-cross racer, who became national champion in both categories twice. He also won one Tour de France stage, and wore the yellow jersey for one day.

Major results

1934
GP Faber
1935
 national road race champion
Stage 2 Volta Ciclista a Catalunya
1936
1936 Tour de France:
Winner stage 21
5th place overall classification
Wearing yellow jersey for one day
 national cyclo-cross champion
Stage 5 Tour of Belgium
1938
 national cyclo-cross champion
Stage 1 Tour de Suisse
1939
Stage 8 Tour de Suisse
 national cyclo-cross champion
 national road race champion

External links

1913 births
1980 deaths
People from Koerich
Luxembourgian male cyclists
Luxembourgian Tour de France stage winners
Tour de Suisse stage winners


I am Sam, VP of Business Development with Contempo Vacation Homes. I have an MBA from Rollins, Winter Park, and I have been with Contempo since 2002. I've competed in 6 Ironman events. The first one was 2011, and the most recent was 2015, now I spend my time in my microfarm growing over 60 varieties of veggies with 60 (++?) animals to keep me busy.
I'm thrilled to be a part of this inaugural event benefiting Give Kids The World Village. When it's done, I'll have a fantastic story to tell — 32 stories, to be exact.
The Village matters to me because it creates happiness and hope for children and families who need it most. I can't think of a better reason to go Over The Edge.
But I need your help. To make a tax-deductible donation, click the big green "Donate Now" button. I am participating along with my co-workers, Ian Pardoe, Dawn Sabato, and Nikki Downer as "Team Contempo". Any questions, just ask me.


This article is a continuation of my previous article from Hugi#20 about optimising SIMD code on x86 processors.
When writing 3DNow! code it is important to remember that the older K6-2 and K6-III processors didn't have the new useful instructions introduced in Athlon. It is recommended that we first optimise for K6-2, and later consider whether it is necessary to write additional Athlon-specific routines.
The K6 family, as well as all older non-Intel processors, had very weak FPUs. The weakness of the competitors' FPUs resulted from the lack of pipelining - only one FPU instruction could be executed at a time. However, K6-2's 3DNow! solution provides an excellent workaround for this problem: the 3DNow! code performs much better than any FPU code on any x86 processor. This is because all 3DNow! instructions have two-cycle latency and are pipelined. What's more, they process two FP-numbers at a time (well, that's obvious... *grin*). The division can be performed in 4-6 cycles or in 8-10 cycles, depending on the required precision (15bit or full 24bit) and on the number of divisors (1 or 2). Of course two divisions can be performed simultaneously, because of two-cycle latency of used instructions, which can provide a yet better result. Also square root is very fast with 3DNow! - it takes 4 cycles more than the division (only 2 cycles more if we need reciprocal square root). And of course we must remember that 3DNow! supports only single precision - if we want to work with a greater level of precision we are still confined to FPU. However, 3DNow!'s single precision is enough for all real-time calculations, including 3D-graphics, raytracing and DSP. In these areas we get a 2 to 4 times faster code than the usual FPU code (on Intel P5 and P6 family processors and on AMD Athlon).
Indeed, all of the above is to convince you to use 3DNow!, to make a version of your routines also for the AMD processors *grin*. Note that K6-2 processors are very cheap, yet they can provide a high performance when treated properly.
A simple guideline for K6-2 is to optimise like for Pentium, even though the K6 architecture is much more advanced than P5, and has some level of out-of-order execution. Practice shows that hard-optimised 3DNow! code (i.e. taking into account the K6-2 decoding, issuing, operand fetching and execution) usually is not faster than a simple paired code. The only noticeable difference is that we have to sweat much more when writing K6-2-specific DIOX schemes. Of course when optimising code by pairing, we have to consider instruction latencies, which are sometimes different than on Pentium.
- stores to memory usually have NO latency - they are performed as if they didn't exist.
From the K6 architecture we also get very fast immediate loads. For example the instruction "mov edx, 5" is not executed at all - its result is ready right after the decoding stage.
The K6's MMX is superior to Intel's MMX in some terms (note that Pentium II and friends have the same MMX execution units as Pentium MMX). The latency of MMX multiplications is 2 instead of 3. If the code is not tight enough, e.g. it has long dependency chains, all loads from memory are performed earlier, before they are needed. There is also no pairing limitation on loads (on Pentium MMX the MMX loads could only go to the U pipe and couldn't go in parallel with integer code). Another nice feature of K6's MMX is that pack*/punpck* instructions are executed in ALUs and not in the shifter, so there can be two unpacks executed simultaneously.
Things a little bit change with Athlon, mainly because of longer latencies of instructions. Usually this doesn't hurt much, since this processor has a very nice instruction decoding facilities and other goodies. The 3DNow! code optimised for K6-2 runs well on Athlon, and usually cannot be tuned better.
Addition from register to register is a simple instruction. Addition from memory to a register generates two micro-operations: one for loading the data from memory, and one for doing the actual addition. The third example is also easy to understand: 4 uops are generated - one for load, one for add and two for store. A simple store operation always generates two uops.
The first and the third instructions can be executed simultaneously, and they will be. The second instruction will be executed after them, as it depends on the result of the first instruction.
The last instruction is decoded for two cycles, because it generates 8 uops, and no more than 6 uops per cycle can be generated. There are instruction decoding tables which specify how many uops each instruction generates. See the Intel manuals or Agner Fog's guide.
The last two instructions both write to xmm0 register. But there is no write-after-write dependency, since the high and low parts of xmm0 are physically two separate registers, so both instructions execute in parallel.
Now, let's consider two instructions: addss and addps.
The difference is noticeable. The addss instruction touches only the lower part of xmm1, and doesn't stress any dependency upon the high part. The addss instruction generates one uop. But the addps instruction accesses both sub-registers, high and low, and generates two uops, one processing the low part and one the high part. The addss instruction has a latency of three cycles - and this is the real latency of the SSE SIMD-FP addition unit. Since this unit is pipelined, the two uops of the addps instruction are issued one after the other, so the entire result is ready after four cycles. But since there is no dependency between the sub-registers, the first result, regardless of whether it is high or low part of the register, can be used by another instruction after three cycles. The same concerns also load and store instructions, so usually the addps instructions have a 3-cycle latency.
You have probably noticed that the packed versions of instructions (except movhlps, movlhps and movmskps) are always decoded by the d0 decoder, since they generate at least two uops. Therefore it is a good idea to use those instructions with memory operand, instead of issuing loads earlier, as long as the source operands are aligned. Another thing is that a chain of packed instructions performs very slowly, since there is only one instruction per cycle decoded - all go to d0. Therefore packed instructions should be intermixed with simple instructions to achieve optimal decoding speed.
At this point it is worth to mention the Athlon's 2-2-2 decoding scheme.
The following table shows latencies of actual micro-operations. The K6-2 internally also uses micro-operations, though in a different way than P6 and Athlon.
The concerned MMX instructions are all MMX instructions that don't perform loads or stores. Loads and stores are performed differently on each processor and are not presented here. The MMX non-mul instructions are all MMX instructions that don't perform multiplication; the MMX mul instructions are: pmulhw, pmullw, pmaddwd, pmulhrw (3DNow!), pmulhuw (SSE, Athlon).
3DNow! instructions are divided into two categories: table lookup (pfrcp and pfrsqrt) and regular (all the other). The 3DNow! MMX instructions (pavgusb, pmulhrw, pswapd (Athlon) ) are treated as regular MMX instructions.
SSE instructions are divided into four categories: addition (addss, subss, maxss, minss, cmpss), multiplication (mulss), logical (xorss, andss, orss) and table lookup (rcpss, rsqrtss). Division and square root (div*s and sqrt*s) are typically very slow, and aren't presented here. The SSE MMX instructions (pavg*, pmin*, pmax*, pmulhuw, psadbw), also supported on Athlon, are treated as regular MMX instructions.
Other instructions not presented here include: pshufw, pinsrw, pextrw, maskmovq, pmovmskb, movntq, SSE conversion instructions, emms, femms, prefetch(w), prefetchnt0/1/2/a, sfence and other special instructions.
Again, the table presents latencies of u-ops, not actual instructions.
As a side note, Athlon treats all "merged unit" MMX/SSE instructions, i.e. those which access both MMX and integer resources, as vector-decodable. Vector-decodable instructions are typically decoded one per cycle. This concerns movd to/from integer register, pinsrw, pextrw, maskmovq and pmovmskb. There is also a small drawback on Athlon - passing result from a MMX instruction to a SIMD-FP instruction and vice versa takes one additional cycle.


text:
7 of the Best Family-Friendly Hikes in California
By Hannah Clayton
In Family & Kids, List Mania: GuideAdvisor's Top Picks, North America, Stories, Things to Do, Travel Advice & Inspiration
From coastal hikes to mountain treks in the Sierra Nevadas, California offers up some of the best trails in North America. Whether you're looking to capture a mantle-worthy photo or build up those quads, here are seven trails that you and your family should not miss. And to make the experience even better, consider hiring a guide to show you the way and entertain you and the kids with stories about the history, geology, flora and fauna of any given area.
The GuideAdvisor crew did exactly that during a tour of California and we were amazed – not only did we enjoy great hikes and spectacular views, but we were thoroughly entertained all along the way by some absolutely amazing guides.
1. The Lost Coast Trail
This backcountry trail takes you along 24 miles of rugged coast, from Mattole to Black Sands Beach. The route offers up the best of California — from dramatic coastal cliffs to stretches of wilderness, from seals and sea lions to redwoods in the Sinkyone Wilderness preserve. This is where you go if you want to leave the crowds, traffic and bustle of everyday life behind.
2. Thousand Island Lake
This isn't an easy hike, but you'll feel like you've been dropped right into an Ansel Adams photograph. A three- or four-day trek along the Pacific Crest Trail to Thousand Island Lake in the Sierra Nevadas offers challenging alpine trekking along with panoramic mountain vistas. There are several options for day hikes around Banner Peak, where you'll come across lakes, ponds and glaciers. And for the more adventurous, there's an option to climb Mount Ritter and Banner Peak. The trailhead at Devil's Postpile is open from June until early December, depending on the snowfall, and you may need a wilderness permit (obtained from Inyo National Forest).
3. The Panorama Trail in Yosemite National Park
This 8.5-mile trek earns its name with views of Yosemite's famous landmarks — all in one day. Start at Glacier Point and wind your way down to the Mist Trail, where you'll get views of the Half Dome, Illilouette Falls, Liberty Cap, Nevada Falls and Mount Starr King. At the Panorama Point, you'll see, as the name implies, panoramic views of the Yosemite Valley, all the way to the Royal Arches.
4. Ten Lakes Trail in Yosemite National Park
If you're looking for a longer trek in Yosemite, the Ten Lakes Trail takes two to three days, with an elevation gain of about 2,400 feet. The route takes you through scenic woods and meadows, past granite cliffs and into a canyon, before spilling you out into the middle of three alpine lakes. Be prepared for strenuous switchbacks and the possibility of creeks flowing across the trail.
5. Point Reyes National Seashore
An hour's drive north of San Francisco, Point Reyes National Seashore offers 150 miles of hiking trails along the coast and through the forest, with options for day hikes or multi-day backpacking trips. Point Reyes juts out several miles into the Pacific, making it a great spot for whale watching in April and November. The views along the coastal trails are considered some of the best in California. Two of the GuideAdvisor staff recently joined hiking guide Liz Wilhelm of Blue Waters for an excellent trek on Hog Island near Point Reyes and can attest to the absolute stunning scenery of the area.
6. Skyline-to-the-Sea Trail
This 30-mile hike takes you from the Santa Cruz Mountains through the South Bay Woods to Waddell Beach on the Pacific Ocean through two of the Bay Area's state parks, Castle Rock and Big Basin Redwoods. The trail gives you a taste of everything California: mountain vistas stretching to the sea and ancient redwood forests. Side trips include Berry Creek Falls and the Redwood Loop. Start at Castle Rock State Park off Highway 35; the trek will take about three days.
7. Redwood Forest Hikes
While California is known for its coastal walks, a hike through its ancient redwood forests — with the tallest trees in the world — is a must. It's also ideal for hikers — cool in the summer, rarely below freezing in winter, without the crowds. Head to Jedediah Smith State Park and hike the Boy Scout Tree Trail. Or head to Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park and trek the Miners' Ridge and James Irvine loop.
What is your favorite California hike?
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A while back I did an engagement session, you've probably seen it, but if you haven't you can find it here!
Now you're wondering, what that has to do with these two! Chris is a pilot and we have a mutual friend so my hubby and I've hung out with him a time or two. He was gracious enough to hook me up with the use of Steinbach Airport and a plane, it was one of the biggest, coolest props I've worked with!
These two…. I'm honored to be shooting their wedding in a few months! They're planning a private outdoor wedding and it couldn't be more them! They got engaged at Sandylands Provincial Park and (of course) are to the moon excited for the upcoming months! Pretty shortly after they got engaged I got a message from Kristin asking if we were available. I was beyond excited that they wanted us to be their wedding photographer…. unfortunately we were booked! These guys were so wonderful that they changed the date! Guys…. I can't say thank you enough! Congrats again on your engagement and looking forward to August! Leave some love for these wonderful people folks!


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Best DUI Lawyers in Champaign
We scored 34 DUI Lawyers in Champaign and Picked the Top 8
Bruno Law Offices
Daniel P. Fossier, Attorney at Law
King Law Offices, PC
Patel Law, PC
Sarm Law
The Law Office of Scott Lerner
Weaver & Kearns
law office of Daniel C Jackson
Why These DUI Lawyers?
Our goal is to connect people with the best local experts. We scored Champaign DUI Lawyers on more than 25 variables across five categories, and analyzed the results to give you a hand-picked list of the best.
Bruno Law Offices is a firm of criminal defense and DUI attorneys near Champaign that has been serving the community since 1980. The firm works with individuals who have been accused of drinking and driving, and its team is responsible for investigating the client's case, giving the client legal advice during the arrest, and representing the client during trial. Partner Thomas Bruno has served as the president of the Champaign County Bar Association.
301 West Green Street
Review Individual Attorney Information
Daniel P. Fossier, Attorney at Law, is a general litigation lawyer that has been serving the people of Champaign for over 20 years. The attorney has experience practicing criminal law, and he offers legal counsel to those accused of operating a vehicle while intoxicated. He reviews the evidence of the case to build a strong defense and get the client's case dismissed. Fossier also practices personal injury and family law.
301 North Neil Street
Helpfulness: B+
King Law Offices is a legal firm that was founded by a DUI lawyer in Champaign. The firm's founding attorney, Brian King, has been a licensed attorney since 1972, and his team handles drunk driving cases. The team has experience with a number of DUI defenses, such as challenging the reasoning for the initial stop and determining if the test was valid. The team also represents underage clients accused of drinking and driving.
Patel Law PC is a general litigation law firm that was founded by a DWI lawyer near Champaign. The attorney has been practicing law for over 25 years, and his team defends clients from allegations of drunk driving. It also represents those accused of driving while under the influence of drugs. Additionally, the firm handles criminal cases involving theft, assault, and murder. Founder Baku Patel is a member of the American Association for Justice.
108 West University Avenue
Price: Free consultation
Sarm Law is a general litigation law firm that was founded by a DUI attorney in Champaign in 2017. The firm offers legal advice and representation to clients who are facing allegations of driving while intoxicated. It also helps those acquitted of drunk driving remove the charge from their criminal records. Additionally, the team has experience with other traffic violation cases, including those involving speeding, driving without a license, and reckless driving.
The Law Office of Scott Lerner is a general practice law firm that serves the Champaign area. The firm's founding attorney, Scott Lerner, has been in practice since 1992. He offers legal representation to clients involved in criminal cases including driving under the influence (DUI). The firm is committed to working closely with clients to determine their goals and presenting viable options that address their needs. Other areas of practice include juvenile delinquency and family law.
201 W Springfield Ave Suite 205
Variable (Good)
Responsiveness: A
Weaver & Kearns is a general litigation law firm offering criminal defense services in Champaign and the nearby communities. The firm's team boasts over 50 years of collective experience practicing law, and it represents those facing charges for driving while impaired by drugs or alcohol. The team reviews the case to identify illegal actions made by the police and verify the validity of the sobriety test. Additional practice areas include family and real estate law.
Law Office of Daniel C. Jackson serves the Champaign metro area and defends clients who've been charged with driving under the influence. Its attorneys offer comprehensive legal assistance to those facing charges and protects their rights within the trial process. Its attorneys assess evidence, such as blood alcohol content levels, and scrutinize police checkpoints and other procedures to devise legal defense strategies. Law Office of Daniel C. Jackson also assists with drug charges, violent crimes, and a full range of other misdemeanor and felony offenses.
Car Accident Lawyers in Champaign, IL
Criminal Defense Attorneys in Champaign, IL
Personal Injury Attorneys in Champaign, IL
Divorce Attorneys in Champaign, IL


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Persone
 Michelangelo Vella (1710-1792) – compositore, organista e pedagogo maltese
 Giuseppe Vella (1749-1814) – religioso italiano
 Amedeo Vella (1839-1923) – compositore e musicista italiano
 Antonino Parlapiano Vella (1881-...) – politico italiano
 Gianni Vella (1885-1977) – pittore maltese
 Arturo Vella (1886-1943) – politico e antifascista italiano
 Gaspare Vella (1928-2009) – psichiatra e accademico italiano
 Alfred Vella-James (1933-...) – calciatore maltese
 Bruno Vella (1933-2021) – avvocato e politico italiano
 George William Vella (1942) – politico maltese
 Eddie Vella (1945) – calciatore maltese
 Karmenu Vella (1950) – politico maltese
 Paolo Vella (1950) – funzionario e politico italiano
 Vinny Vella (1950) – attore e comico statunitense
 Rosario Saro Vella (1952) – vescovo italiano
 Stefano Vella (1952) – medico italiano
 Chris Vella (1955) – calciatore maltese
 Enrico Vella (1957) – calciatore, allenatore di calcio e dirigente sportivo italiano
 Ray Vella (1959) – calciatore maltese
 Silvio Vella (1967) – calciatore maltese
 Simon Vella (1979) – calciatore maltese
 Glen Vella (1984) – cantante maltese
 Jari Ivan Vella, in arte Ensi (1985) – rapper italiano
 Terence Vella (1990) – calciatore maltese

Geografia

Andorra
 Andorra la Vella – città

Isole Salomone
 Vella Lavella – isola nel gruppo delle isole della Nuova Georgia (Provincia Occidentale)

Svizzera
 Vella – ex comune ora frazione di Lumnezia, comune nella regione Surselva (Canton Grigioni)


Dandruff is embarrassing and can be frustrating to get rid of. It can affect any age, but is most common in children and teens. Fortunately, there are a number of home remedies you can use to rid yourself of those white flakes forever.
Sometimes dandruff is caused by not washing your hair enough. If going a day or two between washes, leaves you with a flaky dry scalp, this may mean it's just time for a wash. Dandruff can also appear if you use a lot of dry shampoo, since it can dry out your skin. Since you don't actually scrub and rinse with water when you use dry shampoo, it also means that you didn't remove the dead skin cells on your scalp. Those dead cells are what contribute to your dandruff, so it's important to at least rinse your hair regularly, even if you use a lot of dry shampoo.
Vinegar is one of the best treatments for dandruff. Simply rinsing your head with a mix of vinegar and water (about 2 tbsp vinegar and 6 tbsp water is a good mix) will help remove your dandruff.
Aloe Vera gel is a beneficial treatment option for severe dandruff, especially if you haven't been able to avoid scratching and have irritated your scalp. Apply the gel before bed, then rinse well in the morning.
Ginger is a spice that has many uses. Besides just flavouring your food, it's also great for motion sickness, and even dandruff. Grind up some raw ginger and mix with olive oil. Warm the mixture slightly and rub into scalp. This will not only help cure your dandruff, but nourish your hair too.
Baking soda and water can work great as a DIY shampoo, and can also reduce dandruff. Baking soda is gritty, which can mildly exfoliate and remove dead skin cells. To apply, mix baking soda with warm water and apply to your head in place of shampoo.
Apply olive oil to your scalp and hair and let it soak in for thirty minutes, before shampooing out. If you do this once a week, your hair and scalp will thank you.
An unusual idea is to apply fermented yogurt to your scalp and leave it in place for an hour or more. Rinse, and wash your hair normally with a mild shampoo.
Dry salt can also help exfoliate your scalp. Start with your hair dry, or just slightly damp and massage ordinary table salt into your scalp for at least two minutes. This might sound messy, and uncomfortable, but you may be surprised at how good it feels on your itchy scalp. If you have Epsom salts, those are even better. When you are done massaging, shampoo the salt out.
If you don't want to massage something like salt into your scalp, just use your fingers. Make it a habit to spend at least five minutes massaging your scalp before you shower. Your fingertips will help exfoliate all those dead skin cells so they'll wash out in the shower.
Consider adding more raw fruits and vegetables to your diet. Sometimes this can help your scalp become healthier from the inside out, and that will obviously improve your dandruff situation.
If your dandruff persists despite you trying a number of different remedies, you may need to make an appointment with your doctor. Dandruff in itself is not dangerous, or contagious, but there are other conditions that can masquerade as dandruff.


Watch the performances that will represent Groove at the 2016 Industry Dance Awards!
At every Regional Competition this year we recognized the nominees that were in the running to represent Groove at the 2016 Industry Dance Awards (IDA). We saw a lot of talent come across our stage this season and we would like to congratulate all of the nominated performances from our Regional Competitions!
With that being said, we're excited to announce the performances that will be representing Groove at IDA 2016!
Please be sure to vote for your favorite by visiting the Industry Dance Awards website! Voting will take place from June 17-24!


Embarrassed by your dog's behavior on a leash? This 6-week outdoor class works only on helping your dog behave appropriately on a loose leash in a variety of situations: Approaching another dog, meeting the neighbors, passing dogs in close proximity and getting out of the car nicely. It will also help you make those judgment calls when you may not be able to control your dog, and how to manage the various distractions present during an outdoor walk. Last 3 sessions are field trips to off-site locations. Offered April through September. Each class is 45 minutes long.
Prerequisites: Must complete Training Express: Loose Leash Walking I AND Dog is must be at least 6 months old.
Front-clip harness required for class.
Cost: $100 for 6 week class, $127 for 6 week class and front-clip harness.


text:
Guards on the walls
Moscow's chief rabbi left Russia because the authorities demanded that he support the war in Ukraine
At a meeting of Jewish communities in the Russian capital, Rabbi Pinhas Goldschmidt was voted to the post of chief rabbi in Moscow. Goldshmidt, who has held this position for the past 30 years, will continue to hold office for the next seven years. His deputy will be Rabbi David Yushuyev and the general director of the community will be Rabbi Yosef Susaykov.
Rabbi Goldshmidt is currently in Israel. He left Moscow two weeks after Russian troops invaded Ukraine, provided assistance to refugees in Eastern Europe for several weeks and then returned to Israel. According to the official version, he takes care of his sick father.
After his re-election, those close to Goldschmidt told the media that the real reason for his departure was the pressure exerted on him by the Russian authorities to support the Ukrainian invasion. After the refusal, he was hinted that it would be better for him to leave the country, the Jerusalem Post said, referring to the rabbi's daughter, journalist Avital Chizhik-Goldshmidt.
After Goldschmidt left, the Kremlin began to put pressure on the leadership of the Jewish community in an attempt to oust him and appoint a new chief rabbi. However, after the election results, Goldschmidt retained his post.
After the election of Goldshmidt, the Kremlin began to put pressure on the leadership of the Jewish community to replace him and appoint a new head for the Jewish community. However, according to the election results, Goldshmidt maintained his position.
Goldshmidt was involved in the establishment and leadership of the Russian Jewish Congress and is also the president of the Jewish communities in Europe and the chairman of the Supreme Rabbinical Court of the CIS and the Baltic States.
Source – Newsru.co.il
Source: https://ieshua.org/glavnyj-ravvin-moskvy-uehal-usu-rasi-rossi-za-za-za-trebovanij-vlastedderzhat-vojnu-v-v-ukraine.htm
The Chief Rabbi of Ukraine addressed the Russians and Jews of Russia: "People, stop the war!" Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Valery Zaluzhny: "Ukraine must become like Israel" KYIV'S CHIEF RABBI AND FAMILY, STAY PUT TO HELP NEEDY DESPITE RUSSIAN INVASION Russia's assistant to the president, Medinski, suggested starting classes in Russian schools with a prayer for Russia's honor Yuri Sipko: Russia is at war with God? Ministers from different countries about the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine (supplemented) Pat Robertson: Russia's invasion of Ukraine sets the stage for an attack on Israel Church in Minsk, which condemned Russia's military actions in Ukraine, is threatened with deregistration In Belarus, the authorities arrested the pastor of the Minsk church "Light of Hope" Chinese authorities arrest Christian and declare him 'socially dangerous' for preaching the gospel
Faith pleases God!
The Omsk pastor is threatened by 4 years of conclusion for "psychological violence against parishioners"


(GREEK NEWS AGENDA) "Greece in a Changing Euro- Mediterranean Setting: Guidelines for Future Action" is a research monograph by Dimitris Xenakis, published by the Hellenic Centre for European Studies (www.ekem.gr).
After examining the changing Euro-Mediterranean setting and the parameters that have shaped Greece's foreign policy, this study focuses on Greece's increased involvement in Euro-Mediterranean affairs and the establishment of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Assessing both the challenges and the opportunities for the country's strategic and economic interests, the research concludes with guidelines for future action in the framework of the new Euro-Mediterranean structure.
(GREEK NEWS AGENDA) The National Museum of Contemporary Art (EMST) in association with the Center for Music Composition & Performance (CMCP) is organizing a second series of events in tribute to the composer Ianis Xenakis.
The events are taking place from September 15 to October 11.
The exhibition "Itinerary to Mount Athos, 1928-1930" features a selection from the 400 photographs taken by Swiss photographer Frédéric Boissonnas during his travels to Mount Athos in 1928 and 1930.
The exhibition is organised by the Hellenic Foundation for Culture, in Sofia and runs from September 16 through October 25.
Legendary tenor Jose Carreras returns to Greece after four years since his last appearance for a concert with the ERT National Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of David Gimenez, on 19 September at the Herod Atticus Odeon (Herodion) in Athens.
Amadou & Mariam, the two musicians who manage to overcome all obstacles to become international stars and ambassadors of Mali's musical tradition throughout the world, will be appearing live in Athens 18 September at the Papagou Garden Theatre.
Armed with over 100 instruments the Spaghetti Western Orchestra is performing in Athens the stunning music Ennio Morricone wrote for movies such as "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly," "For a Few Dollars More" and "Once Upon a Time in the West." At the Badminton Theatre from September 16 to 25.


Im a hard working simple man with traditional values and ready to settle down with one woman.
Looking to meet someone who loves life and is willing to do and try new things.
Professional in information technology approaching retirement and seeking companionship, friendship, and more.
un latino como tu querias !
es dificil describirse uno mismo, eso te lo dejaria a ti para que lo hagas ..
I am polite, but I am fully in charge of my life...but, I do listen to what my woman likes.


Eyenetwatch was inspired in 2001 based on a philosophy of protecting individuals through the use of unequivocal security data, that data being biometric data, unforgeable and totally unique to each individual.
In the early days of the biometric industry, products tended to be standalone or cumbersome networked devices, which were difficult to install and manage, but, once installation was complete, worked quite reliably considering the early stage of development of this innovative technology space.
Since 2001 the technology has moved forward dramatically to the current suite of products which are simple and quick to install, network and manage. Users are easily enrolled, deployed and the devices operate with lightening speed and higher accuracy. With the rise of the smart phone, device and solution management can even be carried out on your mobile device via most of the mobile platforms.
Many products have come and gone, as have resellers, manufacturers and industry personalities, one of the few constants has been Eyenetwatch which has operated profitably and consistently for 15 years and has been focused on longevity alongside its technology partners, resellers and customers.
Assuring you of our commitment to quality and service, thank you for your interest in our history.


Up until a year ago I had never made a poached egg. And I had never felt the need to. Even after I tasted my first poached egg I wasn't convinced. But my mother was visiting and I thought I would treat her and my husband to poached eggs and Hollandaise sauce.
Not only are my husband and I hooked on poached eggs now, but we also frequently devour a batch of Hollandaise sauce – the Hollandaise deserves its very own post, though, so I will focus on the poached eggs for now.
There are so many methods and tips out there for poached eggs. And because I'm so very helpful, I am adding a few links.
The Guardian's Word of Mouth Blog has a cute comparrison of the methods employed by Marcus Wareing, Delia Smith and Rose Prince. The article is written by Felicity Cloake and is aptly called How to Make the Perfect Poached Egg. The methods include shallow-poaching and the clingfilm method.
And if you need A LOT of poached eggs and aren't too bothered about what they look like, Cooking Tip of the Day has a very pretty tutorial on Poaching eggs in the oven. Who knew!
But we love Heston and Heston's methods work. If I was going to advocate following his method to the letter, I would call this Perfect Poached Eggs, not Almost Perfect Poached Eggs. But I am also a practical being with a normal, tiny kitchen, so we will take some liberty with his suggestions.
If you want a pretty photo tutorial and a complete run-down of Heston's Poached Eggs, Howtopoacheggs.com has a good one. It also has tutorials on the classic method and the pouch method.
The freshest egg you can lay your hands on – if at all possible you should hold the hen over the slotted spoon so that she can lay the egg right into it.
Salt – salt your water, not your egg. I have no idea why.
A slotted spoon – you should ideally let the egg (sans shell, doh) rest on the slotted spoon for a minute or two to get rid of the slimy bits. This is where the freshness of the egg is key. If you use an old egg, you will lose half your egg white (if not more). You might as well seperate the eggs and make poached yolks then, because that will be more appetising than the slime-covered yolk you'll end up with if you use old eggs.
A thermometer! If you water is less than 70 C, your egg will either be raw or rubbery and raw (if cooked longer). If your water is more than 80 ºC, your egg will look like a watery fried egg.
Fill your saucepan with about 15 – 20cm of water and add a couple of teaspoons of salt.
Heat the water. Once it gets to 80 ºC, try to keep the temperature there. If your water starts bubbling it is too hot!
Take the very freshest egg you can find and crack it straight into the water. If you are really set on draining some egg white, crack the egg into your hand first and let a little bit of egg white drain away. Obviously make sure that your hands are squeaky clean!
Don't place any vinegar or plates or things in your pot/pan. Just the little egg.
When the egg is cooked, remove it with a slotted spoon and place the slotted spoon (with the egg still on top) onto some kitchen towel for a few seconds just to absorb some of the excess water.
Serve with this Super Simple Hollandaise sauce and preen at your kitcheny awesomeness.
If you see bubbles starting to form in your egg white (or on the bottom of the pan) your water is too hot!
If your poached eggs look like watery fried eggs, your eggs aren't fresh enough.
I hope you have found this post useful and will try to make some poached eggs yourself! Let me know how it goes.
What a cool post. I am looking forward to seeing your hollandaise recipe it was soooo tasty!


text:
UNWTO Candidate Dho receives powerful endorsement on Earth Day
Today is earth day. The event is celebrated in 192 countries around the globe. Professor Jeffrey David Sachs is an American economist and director of The Earth Institute at Columbia University, where he holds the title of University Professor, the highest rank Columbia bestows on its faculty. He is known as one of the world's leading experts on economic development and the fight against poverty.
He is a special adviser to the former United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon on the Millennium Development Goals, having held the same position under former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. He is co-founder and chief strategist of Millennium Promise Alliance, a nonprofit organization dedicated to ending extreme poverty and hunger.
Ambassador Dho Young-shim is the Chairperson of the UN World Tourism Organization's Sustainable Tourism for Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP) Foundation (Republic of Korea)
Ambassador Dho promotes tourism, sports, and education to fight poverty in the world's least developed countries. She is spearheading the Thank You Small Library project of the UNWTO ST-EP Foundation which has established over 80 libraries in developing countries since October 2007.
Ms. Dho is a candidate to become the next Secretary-General of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
Today Professor Jeffrey David Sachs issued an open letter of endorsement to support the campaign for Ambassador at UNWTO.
The open letter reads:
To All Concerned:
I am absolutely delighted to learn that Ambassador Dho Young-Shim is a candidate to lead the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Under the very able leadership of Secretary-General Dr.
Taleb Rifai, the UNWTO has positioned itself and the tourism industry as a strong and creative supporter of Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals. From my detailed and longstanding engagement with Ambassador Dho I have no doubt that she would continue to lead the UNWTO will great energy, dedication, decency, and commitment to the global agenda of sustainable development and peace.
In my capacity as a senior UN advisor and as a development scholar and practitioner at Columbia University, I have closely worked with Ambassador Dho for more than a decade, for both the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. Ambassador Dho is a remarkable person: full of energy, drive, and tremendous organizational and leadership capacity.
She gets things done. She insists that others get things done. And she always acts for the greater good. She has served as a member of many high-level groups in support of the UN agenda and the UN leadership, currently including her active role as a member of the SDG Advocates appointed by the UN Secretary-General, in which I too am a member.
Ambassador Dho knows the challenges facing Africa and the developing world more generally.
She also knows well and on a first-hand basis the successes that Korea has achieved during the past half century in economic development and quality education, and has worked fervently and diligently to extend the lessons of Korea's successes to the rest of the world. And she knows the myriad ways that tourism can serve not only the wellbeing and safety of tourists and workers in the tourist sector, but of humanity more generally, in extending good will, creating quality jobs, and breaking down barriers between peoples.
I am fully confident that Ambassador Dho would be an outstanding Secretary General of UNWTO.
With all best wishes,
Jeffrey D. Sachs
University Professor
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Posted by Chief Assignment Editor
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