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Cooperative breeding
Cooperative breeding is a social system characterized by alloparental care: offspring receive care not only from their parents, but also from additional group members, often called helpers.[1] Cooperative breeding encompasses a wide variety of group structures, from a breeding pair with helpers that are offspring from a previous season,[2] to groups with multiple breeding males and females (polygynandry) and helpers that are the adult offspring of some but not all of the breeders in the group,[3] to groups in which helpers sometimes achieve co-breeding status by producing their own offspring as part of the group's brood.[4] Cooperative breeding occurs across taxonomic groups including birds,[5] mammals,[6] fish,[7] and insects.[8]
Costs for helpers include a fitness reduction, increased territory defense, offspring guarding and an increased cost of growth. Benefits for helpers include a reduced chance of predation, increased foraging time, territory inheritance, increased environmental conditions and an inclusive fitness. Inclusive fitness is the sum of all direct and indirect fitness, where direct fitness is defined as the amount of fitness gained through producing offspring. Indirect fitness is defined as the amount of fitness gained through aiding related individuals offspring, that is relatives are able to indirectly pass on their genes through increasing the fitness of related offspring.[9] This is also called kin selection.[10]
For the breeding pair, costs include increased mate guarding and suppression of subordinate mating. Breeders receive benefits as reductions in offspring care and territory maintenance. Their primary benefit is an increased reproductive rate and survival.
Cooperative breeding causes the reproductive success of all sexually mature adults to be skewed towards one mating pair. This means the reproductive fitness of the group is held within a select few breeding members and helpers have little to no reproductive fitness.[11] With this system, breeders gain an increased reproductive fitness, while helpers gain an increased inclusive fitness.[11]
Many hypotheses have been presented to explain the evolution of cooperative breeding. The concept behind cooperative breeding is the forfeiting of an individual's reproductive fitness to aid the reproductive success of others. This concept is hard to understand and the evolution of cooperative breeding is important, but difficult to explain. Most hypotheses aim to determine the reason helpers selectively reduce their fitness and take on an alloparental role.
Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy of aiding the reproductive success of related organisms, even at a cost to the own individual's direct fitness. Hamilton's rule (rB−C>0) explains that kin selection will exist if the genetic relatedness (r) of the aided recipient to the aiding individual, times the benefit to the aid recipient (B) is greater than the cost to the aiding individual(C).[9] For example, the chestnut-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps) has been found to have high rates of kin selection. Helpers are predominantly found aiding closely related broods over nonrelated broods.[12] Additional species such as Neolamprologus pulcher have shown that kin selection is a dominant driving force for cooperative breeding.[12]
Group augmentation presents a second hypothesis towards the evolution of cooperative breeding. This hypothesis suggests that increasing the size of the group through the addition of helpers aids in individual survival and may increase the helper's future breeding success.[13] Group augmentation is favored if the grouping provides passive benefits for helpers in addition to inclusive fitness.[14] By group augmenting, each individual member reduces their chances of becoming a victim of predation. Additionally, an increase in members reduces each helper's duration as a sentinel (standing upon a high surface to survey for predators) or babysitting (guarding the offspring and den). The reduction in these guarding behaviors enables helpers to forage for longer periods.[15]
Lukas et al. proposed an evolutionary model for cooperative breeding, which linked the coevolution of polytocy, production of multiple offspring, and monotocy, production of single offspring, with the evolution of cooperative breeding. The model is based on the evolution of larger litters forcing the need for helpers to maintain the high reproductive costs, thus leading to cooperative breeding. Lukas et al. suggests polytocy may have encouraged the evolution of cooperative breeding. Their proposed model suggests the transition from monotocy to polytocy is favorable. Additionally, they found the transition from polytocy without cooperative breeding to polytocy with cooperative breeding is highly favorable. This suggests cooperative breeding evolved from noncooperative breeding monotocy to cooperative breeding polytocy.[1]
Today, there is growing support for the theory that cooperative breeding evolved by means of some form of mutualism or reciprocity. Mutualism is a form of symbiosis that is beneficial to both involved organisms. Mutualism has many forms and can occur when the benefits are immediate or deferred, when individuals exchange beneficial behaviors in turn, or when a group of individuals contribute to a common good, where it may be advantageous for all group members to help raise young. When a group raises young together, it may be advantageous because it maintains or increases the size of the group.[16] The greatest amount of research has been invested in reciprocal exchanges of beneficial behavior through the iterated prisoner's dilemma. In this model, two partners can either cooperate and exchange beneficial behavior or they can defect and refuse to help the other individual.[16]
Environmental conditions govern whether offspring disperse from their natal group or remain as helpers. Food or territory availability can encourage individuals to disperse and establish new breeding territories, but unfavorable conditions promote offspring to remain at the natal territory and become helpers to obtain an inclusive fitness.[17] Additionally, remaining at the natal territory enables offspring to possibly inherit the breeding role and/or territory of their parents.[18]
A final factor influencing cooperative breeding is sexual dispersal. Sexual dispersal is the movement of one sex, male or female, from the natal territory to establish new breeding grounds. This is highly regulated by the reproductive costs in producing a male versus a female offspring. Maternal investment within female offspring may be considerably higher than male offspring for one species, or vice versa for another. During unfavorable conditions the cheaper sex will be produced at higher ratios.[19]
A second factor affecting the sexual dispersal is the difference in ability of each sex to establish a new breeding territory. Carrion crow (Corvus corone) were found to produce more female offspring in favorable environmental conditions. Female Corvus corone have been found to establish successful breeding territories at a higher rate than males. Male Corvus corone were produced at a higher rate under unfavorable conditions. Males were found to remain at the natal territory and become helpers.[20] Thus, if environmental conditions favor the dispersal of a specific sex it is considered the dispersal sex. If environmental conditions are unfavorable females may produce the philopatric sex, therefore generating more helpers and increasing the occurrence of cooperative breeding.[20]
Breeder costs consist of prenatal care, postnatal care and maintenance of breeding status. Prenatal care is the amount of maternal investment during fetus gestation and postnatal care is the investment following birth. Examples of prenatal care are fetal, placentae, uterus and mammary tissue development. Postnatal examples are lactation, food provisions and guarding behavior.[19]
Dominant males and females exhibit suppressive behaviors towards subordinates to maintain their breeding status. These suppressive acts are dependent upon the sex ratio of helpers. Therefore, the costs will be altered depending upon the helpers. For example, if there are more male helpers as compared to females, then the dominant male will suppress subordinate males and experience a higher cost. The opposite is true for females. Breeders will even suppress subordinates from mating with other subordinates.[21]
The cost to helpers varies depending upon presence or absence of related offspring. The presence of offspring has been found to increase the helper's cost by the helper contributing to guard behaviors.[22] Guarding behaviors, such as babysitting, can cause individuals to experience weight loss on an exponential scale depending upon the duration of the activity. Other activities, such as sentinel behavior and bipedal surveillance, cause helpers to have reduced foraging intervals inhibiting their weight gains. The reduced foraging behavior and increased weight loss reduces their chance to breed successfully, but increase their inclusive fitness by increasing the survival of related offspring.[11][23][24]
Helpers contribute depending upon the cost. The act of helping requires an allocation of energy towards actually performing the behavior. Prolonged allocation of energy may greatly impact a helper's growth.[24] In banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) juvenile male helpers contribute far less than females. This is due to a difference in the age of sexual maturity.[24] Female banded mongooses reach sexual maturity at one year of age, but males reach sexual maturity at two years of age. The difference in age causes the prolonged energy allocation to be detrimental to a specific sex.[24]
Male juvenile Mungos mungo may reduce helping behaviors until sexual maturity is reached. Similarly, if there is a lack of food due to environmental conditions, such as reduced rainfall, the degree of helper input may be reduced greatly within juveniles. Adults may maintain their full activity because they are sexually mature.[18]
Additionally, the costs of being a helper can be more detrimental to one sex. For example, territorial defense costs are generally male dependent and lactation is female dependent. Meerkats (Suricata suricatta) have exhibited male territory defense strategies, where male helpers will fend off intruding males to prevent such intruders from mating with subordinates or dominant females.[25] Additionally, subordinate female pregnant helpers are sometimes exiled from the group by a dominant female. This eviction causes the subordinate female to have an abortion, which frees up resources such as lactation and energy that can be used to help the dominant female and her pups.[10]
Rarely, a female helper or breeder will defend the territory while males are present. This suggests specific helping costs, such as territory defense, is rooted to one sex.[13]
Cooperative breeding reduces the costs of many maternal investments for breeding members. Helpers aid the breeding females with provisioning, lactation stress, guarding of offspring and prenatal investment.[13][19][26] Increasing the number of helpers enables a breeding female or male to maintain a healthier physique, higher fitness, increased lifespan and brood size.[22][27]
Female helpers can aid in lactation, but all helpers, male or female, can aid in food provisioning.[18][19] Helper food provisioning reduces the need for the dominant breeding pair to return to the den, thus allowing them to forage for longer periods. The dominant female and male will adjust their care input, or food provisioning, depending on the degree of activity of the helpers.[18]
The presence of helpers allows the breeding female to reduce her prenatal investment in the offspring, which may lead to altricial births; altricial is the production of young which are dependent upon adult aid to survive. This enables the breeding female to retain energy to be used within a new breeding attempt.[19] Overall, the addition of helpers to a breeding pair encourages multiple reproductions per year, and increases the rate of successful reproduction.[27]
Male breeders can benefit directly from reproducing with subordinate females and aiding in raising the young. This allows the male to obtain a "repayment investment" within these subordinate offspring. These offspring have a higher chance to become helpers once sexual maturity is reached. Thus, paying into their care will increase the dominant male's overall fitness in the future. This act ensures the dominant male subordinate helpers for future reproduction.[28]
Helpers primarily benefit from an inclusive fitness.[1][17][23] Helpers maintain an inclusive fitness while aiding related breeders and offspring.[11] This type of kinship may lead to inheritance of quality foraging and breeding territories, which will increase the future fitness of helpers.[29] Additional, helpers experience an increased chance of being helped if they were once a helper.[27]
Finally, helpers benefit from group interactions, such as huddling for thermodynamic benefits. These interactions provide necessary elements to survive.[15][29] They may also benefit from the increased group interaction on the level of cognitive concern for one another increasing their overall life span and survival.[30]
Biological examples
Approximately eight percent of bird species are known to regularly engage in cooperative breeding, mainly among the Coraciiformes, Piciformes, basal Passeri and Sylvioidea.[31] Only a small fraction of these, for instance the Australian mudnesters, Australo-Papuan babblers and ground hornbills, are however absolutely obligately cooperative and cannot fledge young without helpers.[32]
The benefits of cooperative breeding in birds have been well-documented. One example is the azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyanus), in which studies found that the offspring's cell-mediated immune response was positively correlated with increase in the number of helpers at the nest.[33] Studies on cooperative breeding in birds have also shown that high levels of cooperative breeding are strongly associated with low annual adult mortality and small clutch sizes, though it remains unclear whether cooperative breeding is a cause or consequence.[34] It was originally suggested that cooperative breeding developed among bird species with low mortality rates as a consequence of "overcrowding" and thus fewer opportunities to claim territory and breed. However, many observers today believe cooperative breeding arose because of the need for helpers to rear young in the extremely infertile and unpredictable environments[35] of Australia and sub-Saharan Africa under the rare favourable conditions.[31]
An older female watches over pups while alpha female is away.
Meerkats become reproductively active at one year of age and can have up to four litters per year. However, usually it is the alpha pair that reserves the right to mate and will usually kill any young that is not their own. While the alpha female is away from the group, females that have never reproduced lactate and hunt in order to feed the pups, as well as watch, protect, and defend them from predators. Although it was previously thought that a meerkat's contribution to a pup's diet depended on the degree of relatedness, it has been found that helpers vary in the number of food items they give to pups. This variation in food offering is due to variation in foraging success, sex, and age.[36] Research has additionally found that the level of help is not correlated to the kinship of the litters they are rearing.[37]
Canids
Cooperative breeding has been described in several canid species[38] including red wolves,[39] Arctic foxes[40] and Ethiopian wolves.[41]
Cooperative breeding entails one or more individuals, usually females, acting as "helpers" to one or a few dominant female breeders, usually helpers' kin. This sociosexual system is rare in primates, so far demonstrated among Neotropical callitricids, including marmosets and tamarins. Cooperative breeding requires "repression" of helpers' reproduction, by pheromones emitted by a breeder, by coercion, or by self-restraint. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy believes that cooperative breeding is an ancestral trait in humans, a controversial proposition.
^ a b c Lukas, D.; Clutton-Brock, T. (2012). "Life histories and the evolution of cooperative breeding in mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1744): 4065–70. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1433. PMC 3427589. PMID 22874752.
^ Dickinson, Janis L.; Koenig, Walter D.; Pitelka, Frank A. (1996-06-20). "Fitness consequences of helping behavior in the western bluebird". Behavioral Ecology. 7 (2): 168–177. doi:10.1093/beheco/7.2.168. ISSN 1045-2249.
^ Haydock, J.; Koenig, W. D.; Stanback, M. T. (2001-06-01). "Shared parentage and incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker". Molecular Ecology. 10 (6): 1515–1525. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01286.x. ISSN 1365-294X.
^ Richardson, David S.; Burke, Terry; Komdeur, Jan; Dunn, P. (2002-11-01). "Direct benefits and the evolution of female-biased cooperative breeding in seychelles warblers". Evolution. 56 (11): 2313–2321. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[2313:DBATEO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0014-3820.
^ Cockburn, Andrew (1998-01-01). "Evolution of Helping Behavior in Cooperatively Breeding Birds". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 29: 141–177. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.141. JSTOR 221705.
^ Jennions, M (1994-01-01). "Cooperative breeding in mammals". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 9 (3): 89–93. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90202-x. PMID 21236784.
^ Wong, Marian; Balshine, Sigal (2011-05-01). "The evolution of cooperative breeding in the African cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher". Biological Reviews. 86 (2): 511–530. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00158.x. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 20849492.
^ Bourke, Andrew F. G.; Heinze, Jurgen (1994-09-30). "The Ecology of Communal Breeding: The Case of Multiple-Queen Leptothoracine Ants". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 345 (1314): 359–372. doi:10.1098/rstb.1994.0115. ISSN 0962-8436.
^ a b Nicholas B. Davies, John R. Krebs, S. A. W. An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology.pdf. 522 (2012).
^ a b West, Stuart (2007). "Evolutionary explanations for cooperation". Current Biology. 17 (16): R661–R672. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.004. PMID 17714660.
^ a b c d Gerlach, G.; Bartmann, S. (1998). "Reproductive skew, costs, and benefits of cooperative breeding in female wood mice ( Apodemus sylvaticus )". 13: 408–418.
^ a b Browning, L. E.; Patrick, S. C.; Rollins, L. A; Griffith, S. C.; Russell, A F. (2012). "Kin selection, not group augmentation, predicts helping in an obligate cooperatively breeding bird". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1743): 3861–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1080. PMC 3415917. PMID 22787025.
^ a b c Mares, R.; Young, A. J.; Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2012). "Individual contributions to territory defence in a cooperative breeder: weighing up the benefits and costs". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 279 (1744): 3989–95. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1071. PMC 3427572. PMID 22810429.
^ Kokko, H.; Johnstone, R. A. (2001). "The evolution of cooperative breeding through group augmentation". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1463): 187–196. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1349. PMC 1088590. PMID 11209890.
^ a b Hatchwell, B. J. (2009). "The evolution of cooperative breeding in birds: kinship, dispersal and life history". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 364 (1533): 3217–27. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0109. PMC 2781872. PMID 19805429.
^ a b Clutton-Brock, Tim (2002). "Breeding Together: Kin Selection and Mutualism in Cooperative Vertebrates". Science. 296 (5565): 69–72. doi:10.1126/science.296.5565.69. PMID 11935014.
^ a b Marino, J.; Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Johnson, P. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2012). "Ecological bases of philopatry and cooperation in Ethiopian wolves". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 66 (7): 1005–1015. doi:10.1007/s00265-012-1348-x.
^ a b c d Nichols, H. J.; et al. (2012). "Food availability shapes patterns of helping effort in a cooperative mongoose". Animal Behaviour. 83 (6): 1377–1385. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.005.
^ a b c d e Sharp, S. P.; English, S.; Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2012). "Maternal investment during pregnancy in wild meerkats". Evolutionary Ecology. 27 (5): 1033–1044. doi:10.1007/s10682-012-9615-x.
^ a b Canestrari, D.; Vila, M.; Marcos, J. M.; Baglione, V. (2012). "Cooperatively breeding carrion crows adjust offspring sex ratio according to group composition". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 66 (9): 1225–1235. doi:10.1007/s00265-012-1375-7.
^ Mitchell, J. S.; Jutzeler, E.; Heg, D.; Taborsky, M. (2009). "Gender Differences in the Costs that Subordinate Group Members Impose on Dominant Males in a Cooperative Breeder". Ethology. 115 (12): 1162–1174. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01705.x.
^ a b Santema, P.; Clutton-brock, T. (2013). "Meerkat helpers increase sentinel behaviour and bipedal vigilance in the presence of pups". Animal Behaviour. 85 (3): 655–661. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.029.
^ a b Brotherton, P. N. M.; Riain, J. M. O.; Manser, M.; Skinner, J. D. (2013). "Costs of Cooperative Behaviour in Suricatas (Suricata Suricatta)". Proc Biol Sci. 265 (1392): 185–190. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0281. PMC 1688874. PMID 9493405.
^ a b c d Hodge, S. J. (2007). "Counting the costs: the evolution of male-biased care in the cooperatively breeding banded mongoose". Animal Behaviour. 74 (4): 911–919. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.024.
^ Pauw, A (2000). "Parental care in a polygynous group of bat-eared foxes, Otocyon megalotis ( Carnivora : Canidae )". African Zoology. 35: 139–145. doi:10.1080/15627020.2000.11407200.
^ Nichols, H. J.; Amos, W.; Cant; Bell, M. B. V.; Hodge, S. J. (2010). "Top males gain high reproductive success by guarding more successful females in a cooperatively breeding mongoose". Animal Behaviour. 80 (4): 649–657. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.06.025.
^ a b c Charmantier, A.; Keyser, A. J.; Promislow, D. E. L. (2007). "First evidence for heritable variation in cooperative breeding behaviour". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 274 (1619): 1757–61. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0012. PMC 2493572. PMID 17490945.
^ Liedtke, J.; Fromhage, L. (2012). "When should cuckolded males care for extra-pair offspring?". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 279 (1739): 2877–82. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2691. PMC 3367774. PMID 22438493.
^ a b Sorato, E.; Gullett, P. R.; Griffith, S. C.; Russell, A. F. (2012). "Effects of predation risk on foraging behaviour and group size: adaptations in a social cooperative species". Animal Behaviour. 84 (4): 823–834. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.07.003.
^ Isler, K.; Van Schaik, C. P. (2012). "How Our Ancestors Broke through the Gray Ceiling" (PDF). Current Anthropology. 53: S453–S465. doi:10.1086/667623.
^ a b Jetz, Walter; Rubinstein, Dustin R. (2011). "Environmental Uncertainty and the Global Biogeography of Cooperative Breeding in Birds" (PDF). Current Biology. 21 (1): 72–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.075. PMID 21185192.
^ See Cockburn, Andrew; "Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds"
^ Valencia, Juliana; Elena Solis; Gabrielle Sorci; Carlos de la Cruz (2006). "Positive correlation between helpers at nest and nestling immune response in cooperative breeding bird". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 60 (3): 399–404. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0179-z.
^ Arnold, Kathryn E.; Ian P. F. Owens (7 May 1998). "Cooperative breeding in birds: a comparative test of the life history hypothesis". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 265 (1398): 739–745. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0355. PMC 1689041.
^ See McMahon T.A. and Finlayson, B.; Global Runoff: Continental Comparisons of Annual Flows and Peak Discharges. ISBN 3-923381-27-1
^ Clutton-Brock, T.H. "Individual Contributions to babysitting in a cooperative mongoose, Suricata suricatta" (PDF).
^ Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Brotherton, P.N.M.; O'Riain, M.J.; Griffin, A.S.; Gaynor, D.; Kansky, R.; Sharpe, L.; McIlrath, G.M. (2000). "Contributions to cooperative rearing in meerkats". Animal Behaviour. 61 (4): 705–710. doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1631.
^ Moehlman, Patricia D., and H. E. R. I. B. E. R. T. Hofer. "Cooperative breeding, reproductive suppression, and body mass in canids." Cooperative breeding in mammals (1997): 76-128.
^ Sparkman, Amanda M.; et al. (2010). "Direct fitness benefits of delayed dispersal in the cooperatively breeding red wolf (Canis rufus)". Behavioral Ecology. 22 (1): 199–205. doi:10.1093/beheco/arq194.
^ Kullberg, Cecilia; Angerbjörn, Anders (1992). "Social Behaviour and Cooperative Breeding in Arctic Foxes, Alopex lagopus (L.), in a Semi‐natural Environment" (PDF). Ethology. 90 (4): 321–335. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00843.x.
^ van Kesteren, Freya; et al. (2013). "The physiology of cooperative breeding in a rare social canid; sex, suppression and pseudopregnancy in female Ethiopian wolves" (PDF). Physiology & Behavior. 122: 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.016. PMID 23994497.
Acanthiza
Acanthiza is a genus of passeriform birds, most endemic to Australia, but with two species (A. murina and A. cinerea) restricted to New Guinea. These birds are commonly known as thornbills. They are not closely related to species in the hummingbird genera Chalcostigma and Ramphomicron, which are also called thornbills.
They are found primarily in Australia and have a thin long beak. Colloquially the thornbill is sometimes referred to as a "tit" by locals, but in reality the Australian continent lacks any true tits, albeit Acanthiza species do show some similarities with tits in their behavior. They have a similar role as small insect-eating birds with titmice and kinglets. Like tits, Thornbills live in small groups foraging amidst trees and shrubs, and feed in a similar manner. Cooperative breeding is recorded from most species except the brown and Tasmanian thornbills.The habitat preferences of the group vary from dense forest to open saltbush and bluebush plains.
Acanthiza follow a very characteristic undulating path when flying. Their diet is formed essentially of little insects and plant lice that these birds glean from foliage. They are also exceptional acrobats that are easily able to stay head downward like tits do.
The nest of the Acanthiza is a large dome-shaped construction, completely enclosed except for a side hole, just like that of the long-tailed tit; however Acanthiza adds to it an additional room whose function is unknown. It is somewhat similar to the Aegithalidae in combining long incubation periods with highly synchronous hatching. This combination, normally impossible due to intense competition for food, occurs because parents and (usually) helpers can organise food supply in such a manner that sibling competition for food is virtually absent.The number of eggs usually ranges from two to four, and the incubation period is around twenty days with laying intervals of two days. The length of an adult bird is 8 to 10 centimetres (3.1 to 3.9 in).
The acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) is a medium-sized woodpecker, 21 cm (8.3 in) long, with an average weight of 85 g (3.0 oz).
The bushtits or long-tailed tits, Aegithalidae, are a family of small, drab passerine birds with moderately long tails. The family contains 13 species in four genera, all but one of which are found in Eurasia. Bushtits are active birds, moving almost constantly while they forage for insects in shrubs and trees. During non-breeding season, birds live in flocks of up to 50 individuals. Several bushtit species display cooperative breeding behavior, also called helpers at the nest.
Alloparenting
Alloparenting (also referred to as alloparental care) is a term used to classify any form of parental care provided by an individual towards a non-descendant young. Non-descendant refers to any young who is not the direct genetic offspring of the individual, but does not exclude related young such as siblings or grandchildren. Individuals providing this care are referred to using the neutral term of alloparent (or 'helper').Alloparental care encapsulates a diverse range of parenting systems across a range of animal groups and social structures. The alloparent-young relationship can be mutualistic or parasitic, and between or within species. Cooperative breeding, joint brood care, reciprocal allonursing, brood parasitism and cuckoldry represent situations in which alloparenting plays a role.
Butcherbird
Butcherbirds are Australian magpie-like birds. Most are found in the genus Cracticus, but the black butcherbird is placed in the monotypic genus Melloria. They are native to Australasia. Together with three species of currawong and two species of peltops, butcherbirds and the Australian magpie form the subfamily Cracticinae in the family Artamidae.
Butcherbirds are large songbirds, being between 30 and 40 cm (12–16 in) in length. Their colour ranges from black-and-white to mostly black with added grey plumage, depending on the species. They have a large, straight bill with a distinctive hook at the end which is used to skewer prey. They have high-pitched complex songs, which are used to defend their essentially year-round group territories: unlike birds of extratropical Eurasia and the Americas, both sexes sing prolifically.Butcherbirds are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates.
Butcherbirds are the ecological counterparts of the shrikes, mainly found in Eurasia and Africa, which are only distantly related, but share the "larder" habit; shrikes are also sometimes called "butcherbirds". Butcherbirds live in a variety of habitats from tropical rainforest to arid shrubland. Like many similar species, they have adapted well to urbanisation and can be found in leafy suburbs throughout Australia. They are opportunistic, showing little fear and readily taking food offerings to the point of becoming semi-tame.
Female butcherbirds lay between two and five eggs in a clutch, with the larger clutch sizes in more open-country species. Except in the rainforest-dwelling hooded and black butcherbirds, cooperative breeding occurs, with many individuals delaying dispersal to rear young. The nest is made from twigs, high up in a fork of a tree. The young will remain with their mother until almost fully grown. They tend to trail behind their mother and "squeak" incessantly while she catches food for them.
Corvida
The "Corvida" were one of two "parvorders" contained within the suborder Passeri, as proposed in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, the other being Passerida. Standard taxonomic practice would place them at the rank of infraorder.
More recent research suggests that this is not a distinct clade—a group of closest relatives and nothing else—but an evolutionary grade instead. As such, it is abandoned in modern treatments, being replaced by a number of superfamilies that are considered rather basal among the Passeri.
It was presumed that cooperative breeding—present in many or most members of the Maluridae, Meliphagidae, Artamidae and Corvidae, among others—is a common apomorphy of this group. But as evidenced by the updated phylogeny, this trait is rather the result of parallel evolution, perhaps because the early Passeri had to compete against many ecologically similar birds (see near passerine).
Dallas World Aquarium
The Dallas World Aquarium is a for-profit aquarium and zoo located in the West End Historic District of downtown Dallas, Texas, USA. It aids conservation and education by housing many animals that are threatened or endangered as part of a cooperative breeding program with other zoos around the world. It has been an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums since 1997, and is a member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
Group augmentation
In animal behaviour, the hypothesis of group augmentation is where animals living in a group behave so as to increase the group's size, namely through the recruitment of new members. Such behaviour could be selected for if larger group size increases the chance of survival of the individuals in the group. Supported hypothesis of selection mechanisms towards increasing group size currently exist, in helping raise other animals' offspring (alloparental care) and performing other cooperative breeding acts including kin selection. It is currently proposed that group augmentation may be another mechanism (closely related/connected to cooperative breeding) which occurs through the recruiting of new group members and helping of unrelated individuals within a group.
Mexican jay
The Mexican jay (Aphelocoma wollweberi) formerly known as the gray-breasted jay, is a New World jay native to the Sierra Madre Oriental, Sierra Madre Occidental, and Central Plateau of Mexico and parts of the southwestern United States. In May 2011, the American Ornithologists' Union voted to split the Mexican jay into two species, one retaining the common name Mexican jay and one called the Transvolcanic jay. The Mexican jay is a medium-sized jay with blue upper parts and pale gray underparts. It resembles the western scrub jay, but has an unstreaked throat and breast. It feeds largely on acorns and pine nuts, but includes many other plant and animal foods in its diet. It has a cooperative breeding system where the parents are assisted by other birds to raise their young. This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".
Mohoua
Mohoua is a small genus of three bird species endemic to New Zealand. The scientific name is taken from mohua – the Māori name for the Yellowhead. Their taxonomic placement has presented problems: They have typically been placed in the Pachycephalidae family (whistlers), but in 2013 it was established that they are best placed in their own family, Mohouidae.All three species display some degree of sexual dimorphism in terms of size, with the males being the larger of the two sexes. Mohoua are gregarious (more so outside the breeding season) and usually forage in groups . They also forage in mixed species flocks at times, frequently forming the nucleus of such flocks. Social organization and behaviour is well documented for all three Mohoua species; cooperative breeding has been observed in all three species and is common in the Whitehead and Yellowhead. The three species of this genus are the sole hosts for the Long-tailed Cuckoo which acts as a brood parasite upon them, pushing their eggs out of the nest and laying a single one of its own in their place so that they take no part in incubation of their eggs or in raising their young.
Philopatry
Philopatry is the tendency of an organism to stay in or habitually return to a particular area. The causes of philopatry are numerous, but natal philopatry, where animals return to their birthplace to breed, may be the most common. The term derives from the Greek 'home-loving', although in recent years the term has been applied to more than just the animal's birthplace. Recent usage refers to animals returning to the same area to breed despite not being born there, and migratory species that demonstrate site fidelity: reusing stopovers, staging points, and wintering grounds. Some of the known reasons for organisms to be philopatric would be for mating (reproduction), survival, migration, parental care, resources, etc.. In most species of animals, individuals will benefit from living in groups, because depending on the species, individuals are more vulnerable to predation and more likely to have difficulty finding resources and food. Therefore, living in groups increases a species chances of survival, which correlates to finding resources and reproducing. Again, depending on the species, returning to their birthplace where that particular species occupies that territory is the more favorable option. The birthplaces for these animals serve as a territory for them to return for feeding and refuge, like fish from a coral reef. In an animal behavior study conducted by Paul Greenwood, overall female mammals are more likely to be philopatric, while male mammals are more likely to disperse. Male birds are more likely to philopatric, while females are more likely to disperse. Philopatry will favor the evolution of cooperative traits because the direction of sex has consequences from the particular mating system.
The pygmy falcon, or African pygmy falcon (Polihierax semitorquatus), is a falcon that lives in eastern and southern Africa and is the smallest raptor on the continent. As a small falcon, only 19 to 20 cm long, it preys on insects, small reptiles, and small mammals.
Reproductive success
Reproductive success is defined as an individual's production of offspring per breeding event or lifetime. This is not limited by the number of offspring produced by one individual, but also the reproductive success of these offspring themselves. Reproductive success is different from fitness in that individual success is not necessarily a determinant for adaptive strength of a genotype since the effects of chance and the environment have no influence on those specific genes. Reproductive success turns into a part of fitness when the offspring are actually recruited into the breeding population. If offspring quantity is not correlated with quality this holds up, but if not then reproductive success must be adjusted by traits that predict juvenile survival in order to be measured effectively. Quality and quantity is about finding the right balance between reproduction and maintenance and the disposable soma theory of aging tells us that a longer lifespan will come at the cost of reproduction and thus longevity is not always correlated with high fecundity. Parental investment is a key factor in reproductive success since taking better care to offspring is what often will give them a fitness advantage later in life. This includes mate choice and sexual selection as an important factor in reproductive success, which is another reason why reproductive success is different from fitness as individual choices and outcomes are more important than genetic differences. As reproductive success is measured over generations, Longitudinal studies are the preferred study type as they follow a population or an individual over a longer period of time in order to monitor the progression of the individual(s). These long term studies are preferable since they negate the effects of the variation in a single year or breeding season.
The rufous-bellied kookaburra (Dacelo gaudichaud), originally known as Gaudichaud's kookaburra after the French botanist Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré, is a species of kookaburra which is widely distributed through the forests of lowland New Guinea. It has also been recorded on Saibai Island, Queensland, Australia.
It has a black cap, blue-tinged wings, and a pale rufous belly and tail feathers, but its white bill distinguishes it very clearly from other kookaburras with their black bills. Juveniles, however, have a dark grey bill. Like the blue-winged kookaburra, the sexes can be distinguished by the colour of the tail feathers: blue in males and rufous in females and immature birds. Rufous-bellied kookaburras are smaller than other kookaburra species at around 143 grams (5.0 oz) as against the laughing kookaburra's 335 grams (11.8 oz) and about 28 centimetres (11.0 in) as against the laughing kookaburra's 46 centimetres (18.1 in). Despite this major size difference, the rufous-bellied kookaburra has been known to form (infertile) hybrids with all other kookaburra species, though available genetic studies suggest it is clearly the most distant of the four.This kookaburra is unusual in that it occupies dense rainforests (as opposed to the open country preferred by other kookaburras) and does not live in cooperative breeding family groups but singly or when breeding in pairs. Rufous-bellied kookaburras can be found in the middle story of the tropical rainforest, where they fly out directly and swiftly from their perch to seize large insects from trees. Despite their direct flight, rufous-bellied kookaburras are capable of very sharp twists and turns around the dense trees that form their habitat. Rufous-bellied kookaburras have been known also to hunt small vertebrates, but do so less frequently than the larger woodland kookaburras, and frequently are mobbed by smaller birds when it preys on their eggs or nestlings. Males are very aggressive in defending their territory, which averages 2 to 2.5 hectares (4.9 to 6.2 acres) in size, and sometimes fight intruders violently.
Like their larger relatives, rufous-bellied kookaburras breed in termite mounds. Breeding usually takes place from May to October, though the young do not disperse fully until February and pairs have never been known to attempt a second brood in one year. Two white eggs are laid, though the actual incubation period is not known.
Seychelles warbler
The Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis), also known as Seychelles brush warbler, is a small songbird found on five granitic and corraline islands in the Seychelles. It is a greenish-brown bird with long legs and a long slender bill. It is primarily found in forested areas on the islands. The Seychelles warbler is a rarity in that it exhibits cooperative breeding, or alloparenting; which means that the monogamous pair is assisted by nonbreeding female helpers.
A few decades ago the Seychelles warbler was on the verge of extinction, with only 26 birds surviving on Cousin Island in 1968. Due to conservation efforts there are more than 2500 of the species alive today with viable populations on Denis, Frégate, Cousine and Aride Islands, as well as Cousin Island [1].
Social monogamy in mammalian species
Monogamous pairing refers to a general relationship between an adult male and an adult female for the purpose of sexual reproduction. It is particularly common in birds, but there are examples of this occurrence in reptiles, invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and mammals.
Tend and befriend
Tend-and-befriend is a behavior exhibited by some animals, including humans, in response to threat. It refers to protection of offspring (tending) and seeking out the social group for mutual defense (befriending). In evolutionary psychology, tend-and-befriend is theorized as having evolved as the typical female response to stress, just as the primary male response was fight-or-flight. The tend-and-befriend theoretical model was originally developed by Dr. Shelley E. Taylor and her research team at the University of California, Los Angeles and first described in a Psychological Review article published in the year 2000.
White-browed scrubwren
The white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis) is a passerine bird found in coastal areas of Australia. Placed in the family Pardalotidae in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, this has met with opposition and indeed is now known to be wrong; they rather belong to the independent family Acanthizidae.
It is insectivorous and inhabits undergrowth, from which it rarely ventures, though can be found close to urban areas. It is 11–14 cm (4.3–5.5 in) long and predominantly brown in colour with prominent white brows and pale eyes, though the three individual subspecies vary widely. Found in small groups, it is sedentary and engages in cooperative breeding. The larger Tasmanian scrubwren was formerly considered a subspecies of this species.
White-throated treecreeper
The white-throated treecreeper (Cormobates leucophaea) is an Australian treecreeper found in the forests of eastern Australia. It is unrelated to the northern hemisphere treecreepers. It is a small passerine bird with predominantly brown and white plumage and measuring some 15 cm (6 in) long on average. It is insectivorous, eating mainly ants. Unlike treecreepers of the genus Climacteris, the white-throated treecreeper does not engage in cooperative breeding, and wherever it overlaps with species of that genus, it feeds upon much looser bark besides typically using different trees.


All KEP Helmets are Made in Italy.
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KEP Italia Helmets are lighter than all other riding helmets that are ASTM certified. With 5 international safety certifications, these helmets are designed for optimum protection in the case of an injury.
This helmet has attained the following safety certifications: CE VG1 01.040, PAS 015 and ASTM 1163.
The 5 point strap will secure the helmet in place. The air circulation on the KEP Italia is simply superior.
All KEP Italia Helmets come in two shell sizes: Medium and Large. The medium shell helmet accommodates liners size 51 through 58. Large Shell fits liners sizes 59 through 62.
The KEP Cromo Jockey Helmet comes in Black color. Other colors can be ordered on special order.


Having a special needs child or loved one creates unique stresses for families. Putting in place a Special Needs Trust can help alleviate some worries and provide more stable financial resources, no matter what happens. Please cut and paste, or print out, this checklist in preparation for your meeting with a Posternock Apell, PC Estate and Special Needs Trust attorney.
Bring a copy of disability determination letter.
Identify who would serve as Trustee of this trust.
If the first Trustee was unable to serve, who would serve as a back up?
Identify who will receive the assets of the trust if the beneficiary dies.


text:
Bushova doktrína () je fráze používaná k souhrnnému popsání různých principů zahraniční politiky USA za vlády prezidenta George W. Bushe (2001–2009). Označení "Bushova doktrína" se objevilo poprvé v létě 2001, ovšem masově se v americkém tisku ujalo až po teroristických útocích z 11. září t. r., kdy Bush přišel s tezí, že Spojené státy mají právo vyhranit se proti zemím, které pomáhají terorismu nebo které přechovávají teroristy (kterážto teze byla použita pro ospravedlnění zahájení války v Afghánistánu).

Později k Bushově doktríně připadly i další prvky, například:
 kontroverzní "politiky preventivní války", která hlásá, že Spojené státy mají právo použít své prostředky (včetně vojenské akce) pro svržení státních režimů ostatních zemí, pokud jsou pro ně vnímány jako hrozba, a to i tehdy, pokud tato hrozba není bezprostřední
 koncepce celosvětového "šíření demokracie a svobody", prezidentem Bushem vnímané jako "Boží dar lidstvu" (zejména pak do regionu Blízkého východu)
 strategie boje s terorismem
 odhodlanost razit a uskutečňovat zájmy Spojených států amerických jednostranně
 polarizace postoje k světu po 11. září (ztělesněná Bushovou větou "Buďto jste s námi, nebo jste s teroristy")

Některé z těchto bodů byly kodifikovány do publikace National Security Strategy of the United States (Národní bezpečnostní strategie Spojených států) na sněmu národní bezpečnosti dne 20. září 2002.

Vlivy v Bushově doktríně
Hlavní vliv na formování Bushovy doktríny měli:
 ideologie neokonzervatismu
 think tanky jako Projekt pro nové americké století (PNAC), jehož publikace mj. vybízely k sesazení Saddáma Hussajna již v lednu 1998
 podobně smýšlející politici a vysocí státní úředníci jako Dick Cheney, Paul Wolfowitz, Donald Rumsfeld, Richard Perle, Condoleezza Riceová, Dan Quayle
 izraelští politici jako Natan Sharansky (ministr výstavby) nebo Ron Dermer (velvyslanec v USA)

Přijetí a kritika
Bushova doktrína se "zhmotňovala" a utvářela postupně (přibližně v průběhu jednoho roku – od poloviny září 2001 do stejného období v roce 2002). Mnoho jejích prvků bylo definováno prostřednictvím prezidentových výroků, ale existuje málo konkrétních dokumentů nebo materiálů, o nichž by se dalo říci, že tuto doktrínu přímo definují.

Bushova doktrína byla podle očekávání kladně přijata jak členy Bushovy administrativy, tak neokonzervativci, tak republikány.

V konečném výsledku ale sklidila spíše kritiku, jako celek i v jednotlivých otázkách; a to jak v USA tak na mezinárodním poli. Na téma byly napsány knihy několika desítek autorů a publikováno nesčetné množství názorů, sloupků a fejetonů v tisku.

Obecně bylo doktríně vytýkáno, že znamená bezprecedentní odklon od historicky uplatňované americké zahraniční politiky, jež ctila multilateralismus a nezahajování válek, mimo případ, kdy by Spojené státy byly samy napadeny jinou zemí a válku by schválil americký Kongres (v souladu s oddílem č. 8 americké ústavy).

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura
 Weisberg, Jacob. The Bush Tragedy, Random House, 2008.
 Bacevich, Andrew J. The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced By War, New York & London, Oxford University Press, 2005.
 Bennett, William J. Why We Fight: Moral Clarity and the War on Terrorism, New York, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2003.
 Chernus, Ira. Monsters To Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin, Boulder, CO, Paradigm Publishers, 2006

Související články
 Brežněvova doktrína
 Reaganova doktrína
 Intervencionalismus
 Neokonzervatismus
 Projekt pro nové americké století

Externí odkazy
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070614085349/http://www.cgs.uiuc.edu/resources/occasional_papers/bushdoctrine.pdf%7B%7B
 http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/9pmqq53321645902/?p=6c87f9990b144762b89212774e97d8fb&pi=11
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060218072227/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/03spring/record.pdf%7B%7B
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091130055637/http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-americanpower/war_law_4028.jsp
 Keller: "Spojené státy se od roku 2002 oficiálně řídí doktrínou, která připouští rozpoutání preventivních válek. Nezříkají se použití jaderných zbraní jako první."

Zahraničněpolitické doktríny USA
Válka v Iráku
Válka proti terorismu
George W. Bush

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Серр Жан Пьєр (,  15 вересня 1926 у Бажі, Франція) — видатний французький математик, член Паризької АН (1976), Американської академії мистецтв та наук в Бостоні (1960).

Життєпис
Закінчив Вищу нормальну школу в Парижі.

З 1956 професор в Колеж де Франс, Паризького університету. Основні праці по алгебрі, алгебраїчній геометрії і топології многовидів. Золота медаль і премія Дж. Філдса (1954). Жан Пьєр Серр став наймолодшим володарем медалі Філдса в 27 років. Донині він зберігає це досягнення. Абелівська премія «За ключову роль у наданні сучасної форми багатьом галузям математики, включаючи топологію, алгебраїчну геометрію і теорію чисел» (2003).

Бібліографія

Джерела

Лауреати Філдсівської премії
Французькі математики
Члени Французької академії наук
Алгебристи
Лауреати Абелівської премії
Члени Шведської королівської академії наук
Випускники Вищої нормальної школи (Париж)
Випускники Паризького університету
Алгебричні геометри
Топологи


Your college financial aid isn't exactly free money -- you may have to give a portion of it to Uncle Sam.
Sweet! You've been given -- or won -- some much-needed money to help you pay for your higher education. Now you can afford to pay for tuition, books and other necessities without facing such a steep mountain of debt after you graduate.
Unfortunately for you, however, that good news came last year. Now it's a new year. And with each new year comes federal income-tax season. And with income-tax season comes questions.
Is that money for college really just something you've been granted or earned by merit, something you don't have to pay back, and also don't have to list as taxable income? Could it all be that easy? Or is that too good to be true? Are there some strings attached somewhere?
The answers are yes, no and maybe. Scholarships, fellowships and grants may be taxable under certain circumstances, but they aren't in other cases. Often, parts of scholarships, fellowships or grants are tax-free, but other parts might be considered taxable income.
Think of it this way: Uncle Sam uses the tax code to promote certain things that lawmakers consider valuable to our society. That's why there are tax breaks for home ownership (mortgage interest) and for families (deductions for dependent children). Uncle Sam considers getting a higher education a virtue as well, so he's willing to give students a break from paying taxes on much of the money they get to help them go to college or graduate school.
But Uncle Sam and the lawmakers also think it's a virtue for people to pay their fair share of taxes to help keep the country functioning. So they have placed some limits on just what's deductible.
Many people believe that scholarships, fellowships and grants are always just free money for legitimate students and institutions of higher learning. Many people are wrong. It's never a good idea to fail to list taxable income. Anyone who receives financial help for higher education would be wise to understand the ins and outs of applicable tax rules.
Confused? Read on for some tips on how to figure things out.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Employment Practices Liability - coverage for claims brought against your agency by personnel of the agency for suits regarding wrongful termination, discrimination, sexual harassment and more.
Swiss Re Corporate Solutions offers a stand alone EPL policy; however this product can only be purchased if the underlying E&O insurance policy is also with Swiss Re Corporate Solutions. Please complete the EPLI Application and submit to our E&O Department for consideration.
Both Utica Mutual and Swiss Re Corporate Solutions can offer an EPLI endorsement to their E&O policy.


Provision the nest with pollen and nectar. Some species are cleptoparasites laying their egg on the pollen stores collected by other megachilid bees.
Eardley, C & Urban, R. 2010. Catalogue of Afrotropical bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes). Zootaxa 2455: 1-548.
Eardley, C, Finnamore, A.T. & Michener, C.D. 1993. Superfamily Apoidea (pp. 279-357). In GOULET, H. & HUBER, J. (eds). Hymenoptera of the World: an identification guide to families. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 668 pp.
Eardley C.,Kuhlmann M., Pauly A. 2010. The Bee Genera and Subgenera of sub-Saharan Africa. Abc Taxa vol 7: i-vi, 138 pp.
Michener, C.D. 2000. The Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. 953 pp.


It looks like another light will shine into the dark recesses of the No Child Left Behind Act.
Education Secretary Margaret Spellings has taken a significant step toward some enlightenment in the national policy that labels schools as "failing to make adequate yearly progress" through a complicated test-and-compare formula.
She will allow up to 10 states to measure the progress of students from one year to the next – an eminently sensible idea that could easily have been the criteria from the start.
In fact, a number of educators – including Nevadans – suggested as much in the beginning. But the federal Education Department was so intent on imposing its restrictions from the top that it wasn't open to revisions, no matter how logical.
After all, the measurements in No Child Left Behind should be of the progress of students, not schools.
How can one possibly compare one class to the next year's and expect to get an accurate picture of whether students and curriculum are living up to expectations? This is especially true under No Child Left Behind, which emphasizes the lowest end of the learning scale and unfairly degrades schools when a handful of its most challenging students fails to make the grade.
Any teacher will tell you that one class may be brilliant while the next is a struggle every day. And Nevada, with its influx of families from states all over the country, seems especially susceptible to wide disparities in student preparedness.
No Child Left Behind doesn't appear to be going away anytime soon, so it's good to see adjustments being made. The sooner the better, which makes us wonder why the Education Department is limiting to 10 the number of states able to implement this much-needed change.


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Archetypal stages on the path of individuation: a note on method
Jung presents the process of engaging with the unconscious (aka the "individuation process") often as a series of stages; where at each stage the focus is on a specific archetype.
Before individuation begins in earnest, of course, all human beings develop an ego (consciousness), and in the course of their early life also a persona (a set of social roles they habitually enact). We all do this, and insofar we do (generally, in the first half of life), we are not individuated at all: the psyche is aligned with the collective. Then at the first stage of the individuation process, we face the Shadow; later we integrate the Anima; and finally approximate the Self. Somewhere before that last stage (but it is never quite clear exactly when and how) the Wise Old Man (spirit) appears, too.
Jung frequently traced this path in his work; although there are many variations in terminology and interpretation, it is recognizably the same progression. (See, for instance, GW IX/I, §§1-86; the initial chapters of Aion, GW IX/II, §§1-67, also §422-427; and the second of the Two Essays, GW VII, §§202-406.) But if that route is somehow the typical one (or maybe even the only one), are there any particular reasons for this?
Jung, of course, would point to "experience", and this means in his mind a certain fuzzy mix of case studies (from his own practice as psychotherapist), interpretations of mythological material, and his personal mystical experience (in dreams and visions). This produces the (incorrect) impression that we're dealing with objective empirical science; and Jung sometimes tries to push into that direction in order to claim respectability for his views. That, however, is a questionable move, and we should have none of it. We're better off treating Jung's views as an interesting philosophical perspective, a sort of "ontology of the soul in terms of archetypes", as Hillman characterizes it (The Myth of Analysis, 12).
Now, reading it like that, we obviously cannot answer our question — why there should be this particular progression of archetypes on the individuation path — by producing yet another set of examples from psychotherapeutic casuistry, from dream series', alchemistic literature or mythological tales. We have to examine the dynamic more closely, and understand why engaging with the Shadow, for instance, has an inherent tendency to making us aware of the Anima — or why an engagement with the Anima leads us to insights into the Wise Old Man.
The latter question may be even the more interesting one: for in Jung's work, there is an ambivalence what the central archetype at this stage would be. In some cases, he quotes the Wise Old Man; in others, he talks more generally of the "Mana Personality"; and most frequently, he posits the relativization of the ego/approximation to the Self as the stage after the Anima engagement. Which is it? Was he undecided about this, or did he have diverging views on the question at different stages in his work? Perhaps these variations were not actually that different to him, but rather overlapped and converged?
Insofar we are strictly concerned with Jung exegesis, we have to remember that he considered his method to be empirical (even though we might not concur with his criteria for what counts as empirically verified data). The experience on which he relied was in his case material, and he sometimes suggests that the relative frequency of Wise Old Men appearances is lower than that of the Self symbols. But although this would account for the relative weight that Jung himself gave these variations, it would not be cogent for us. The lead question, then, must rather be whether we can find any pointers to reasons more inherent in the dynamic itself.
archetypes Jung philology methodology persona shadow soul spirit
The idea of spirit (and its class of peers) – Synchronicities and Mirrors says:
[…] of the ways in which Jung differentiated them was by showing dynamic interactions and interdependencies between them. There are personalities and shadows only because the soul projects them; there can be chaotic […]
Soul-making – Synchronicities and Mirrors says:
[…] archetypal ideas, e.g. between Spirit and Anima. These interrelations are what is behind the progression Ego-Shadow-Anima-Spirit in Jung's typical layout. And I have said that these connections must be built into the […]
The structural characteristics of archetypal ideas – Synchronicities and Mirrors says:
[…] the question is whether these archetypal ideas really contain the dynamic, the interdependencies which Jung traces, in their very formulations and in their symbolic content. Let's examine some specific points in […]
Sense of meaning and surrender of choice
15August
There is an often overlooked connection between the impression of something as meaningful — a "sense of meaning" — and a willingness to give up one's own freedom of action and choice. Is that an ingredient in synchronicities, too? (After all, the feeling of meaningfulness is a necessary ingredient in the phenomenon as such.) 1. In his analysis of the history of advertising, Tim Wu explains the...
How Jungian is the "pathologizing" nexus as indicator of soul-work?
In Mysterium Coniunctionis, Jung points to a fundamental difference between Christian religion and alchemy. Both are concerned, according to him, with the monumental task of unifying opposites; but Christian religion finds these opposites projected in spirit (Geist) and alchemy projects them into physis (Stoff), whereas "none locates the problem where it originated, namely, in the human soul"...
Synchronicity or synchronicities?
There seems to be some confusion about the difference between the terms 'synchronicity' and 'synchronicities'. So let's see if we can sort that out, using the two examples above.
By Leif Frenzel August 7, 2021
The interrelation of souls as mark of distinction from spirit

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Hard-Drives are not detected by Ubuntu LiveCd or Installation I'm reposting my question 'cause it seems the previous is alreadt forgotten.
I can boot to windows 7 normally.
However in Ubuntu - I cannot boot. When using a Ubuntu Live CD, I cannot see my drives in gparted or disk utility.
Launching Nautilus - no drives are seen
Any ideas?

A: This could be a problem with your fstab, or your partition table. You said you can boot into windows, can Ubuntu not see Windows? If so that is most likely a problem with your fstab file.
If gparted can't see any partitions that is most likely a problem with your partition table as I think gparted bypasses fstab and all that.
Try downloading testdisk from the repos in your live CD and do a scan and see if that is able to see your partitions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Reaching out to son | ConductDisorders - A soft place to land for battle weary parents.
Discussion in 'Substance Abuse' started by Sherydoc3, Feb 15, 2018.
It has now been 2 days since my child decided he would rather leave our home than get help for his drug use and mental health issues. Of course I am worried sick about him! He was dropped off at a "friends" place by my husband and told that he was welcome to come home if he gets help. He also has 2 cases with the court that have to be dealt with. His next court date is next week. I want to reach out to him and text him. I don't know if I should or let him make the first move. Any advice?
Hi. Sorry for your pain.
Do you know what you want you would say to him if you texted him? He already made it clear he doesn't want to change. Would he be nice about your reaching out or take advantage of your missing him by saying he is starving and freezing even if he is not?
You know his games best and what you can handle. We all know the games. But if you feel you need to reach out maybe "I am sorry about your decision to refuse help. We love you and are always here if you change your mind."
He may or may not answer and if he does answer are you ok hearing venom such as you are heartless and don't care about him? If he responds he will most likely be in fight Mom mode.
I hope you can figure out what is best for you.
My husband just texted him and asked how was he doing. He said good and he got a raise at work today. I was surprised that he even responded. His response, at least, was not an angry one.
I know I feel better when I have some line of communication to son. First few days that he was out of our home, I drove by work to make sure he was there. I needed to know that he was alive. I don't think there is a right or wrong answer. What can you live with, while still keeping with your boundary?
Agree. No right or wrong answer.
I'm sure like our son did, your son doesn't think "he is that bad". He is working etc. And "you don't understand" the need to party. Husband and I did plenty of partying when we were young but it never took over our lives because we were not addicted to anything.
My son has been sober for 5 months now and his fog is lifting. He said that part of him wanted to get sober and part of him didn't. This has been going on for 7 years and he is 22. He is where he is because husband literally drove away and left him in the parking lot of the program we had set up for him. We sent him away to go to sober living in 2016 and he just could not stay sober more than 3 months. I really do think that he tried but addiction is truly and illness.
A therapist in a rehab he was in in Florida (after not doing well in sober living) who was a former addict said that we do not wait until he is ready. That could take many many years, if ever. She was married with a baby and said what she needed her parents to do for her to turn it around. That is when we took the firmest stand ever and he is doing better than he has since he was 15. He looks amazing and he is realizing so many things now for the first time. We are hopeful.
Do what you need to do. Every story is different and every one of us is different.
Dearest SD, I know this is difficult. There is no right or wrong here. Setting boundaries and standing by them is key. Detachment doesn't mean we coldly cut our adult children from our lives. It means we will not put up with unacceptable behaviors in our homes, and we work hard not to despair over their choices and consequences. If it is in your heart to check in with him and see how he is doing, keeping communication with him, there is nothing wrong with that. For some here, it has helped. I am glad your son responded to your husbands text. He knows that you both love him and I believe that is important.
Be kind to yourself and stand firm with love. We all hope the best for our d cs, that they will find their potential. We are not hard hearted, we are compassionate parents who wish the best for our adult children. We have also all endured very difficult times at one point or another in raising them. When they are of age and still making choices that affect them, us and the peace of our homes, what can we do? You gave your son a choice to straighten up and abide by house rules or leave. He chose to leave. I know it is hard right now. I have been where you are at many times.
The thing is, we also have to have compassion for ourselves. It is difficult to live with someone who disregards house rules. It is disrespectful to you and the peace of your home.
Try not to write the end of the story. That is what helps me, when I am sad over my two and the lifestyle they are choosing.
One thing I know for certain, is that my two were not thriving in my household. They stagnated and continued on a downward spiral. My home became like a war zone, a place I didn't want to be.
I spend my mornings walking and praying for my two. This helps me tremendously. What rang in my mind this morning was my task to nurture myself, to have self respect and compassion for myself.
It is a grieving we go through, when our d cs go off the rails. I am pretty sure that you and your husband have tried just about everything to help your son launch successfully. When things get so hard that we are forced to give ultimatums, that is telling. In having compassion for yourself, the sanctity of your home, you are also loving your son. You are showing him that life has expectations and rules.
When one refuses rules, there are consequences. Now, he has an opportunity to seek his life, and he will do this, whether he is in your home or not, his way. Hopefully, he will learn to make better choices.
Try to spend this time finding ways to replenish and strengthen yourself.
There is no judgement here. We have all pretty much been through the ups and downs and sideways of this. It is a difficult journey, what works for some, may not work for others.
One thing for sure, we all support one another here.
Thank you, thank you, thank you! Your posts are helping me tremendously!


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How can Positive Education programs create happier communities?
Author: Jide Alaga
The proposed report will consider the potential of Positive Education [PE] programmes in schools to increase well-being. The appeal of such programmes is that they can benefit very many individuals. The main output of this report will be to identify the actions that can be taken by agents committed to doing the most good using this type of intervention. As such, the primary (but not exclusive) audience is members of the effective altruism community. The report will assume that maximising collective happiness is the aim.
The intention is to split the report into three parts. Part 1 will provide a very short introduction to PE. It will identify the most popular PE programs, how successful they are, and what they are based upon. Part 2 will discuss how PE programs can create happier communities in the long-run in addition to happier students in the short-run. Part 3 will help interested actors explore the potential areas where they can be most useful.
Part 1 - Introduction to PE
What are the general results on well-being?
What are the stand out cases?
What are the different kinds of PE?
What is the underlying theoretical framework behind PE?
What is its well-being effect?
How is it measured?
Part 2 - PE and greater societal happiness
What norms or skills does PE generally produce?
How durable are these norms/lifestyle changes?
How scalable are these norms/lifestyle changes?
What are the main obstacles to PE?
How might it prepare one for the greatest sources of misery outside of school?
Is there enough evidence to make any conclusions?
Part 3 - PE for Effective Altruists
Which actors are in the best position to help with this?
What can they do?
What are the bottlenecks in the way of this happening faster?
What are the possible areas for further research?
What is PE
Positive Education is a style of teaching that merges standard academic education in schools with lessons specifically focussed on increasing the individual well-being of students [1]. This is done primarily through cultivating the character strengths highlighted in positive psychology, such as resilience, trust, and a hopeful sense of the future [2]. Overall, studies show positive education programs increase both the academic performance and the individual well-being of students [3].
Scaling up PE
How might PE increase societal well-being? In the absence of society-wide data on individual wellbeing and its connection to PE, we can infer the wider consequences of PE by determining if learned norms and skills from PE stay in effect throughout high school and well into adult life. There is evidence to suggest that, when done right, education in schools has a good track record of changing behavioural norms in individuals and that investing in these skills early is more likely to create a positive feedback loop of behavioural changes [4].
Methods and limitations
The report will rely upon case studies of PE programs in effect to support its findings. However, many cases use different metrics to measure well-being, and are similarly non-homogeneous with respect to their program structure and content. This will make any attempt at generalised conclusions problematic. In addition to this, many of the key considerations concerning the impact of PE on society as a whole will likely be speculative. The report will have to make inferences from these programs to discern their wider impact given that their implementers are either not capable of collecting or have not yet collected the necessary data.
[1] Bott et al. The State of Positive Education. Report. (International Positive Education Network. World Government Summit, 2017), pg 4; Adler et al. Global Happiness and Well-Being Policy Report. Report. (Global Happiness Council, 2019), pg 54.
[2] The State of Positive Education, pg 33-35.
[3] The State of Positive Education; Adler, Alejandro. Teaching Well-being Increases Academic Performance: Evidence from Bhutan, Mexico, and Peru. PhD diss. (University of Pennsylvania, Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations, 2016).
[4] Miller, Dale, and Deborah Prentice. "Changing Norms to Change Behaviour," (Annual Review of Psychology, no. 67, 2016, 339-61), 353-361; Cunha, Flavio, and James Heckman. "The Technology of Skill Formation," (American Economic Review 97, no. 2 2007), pg 31-47.


We will host yoga teachers from studios throughout Southern York County. Each teacher will bring their own style and personality and experience to their class. Each class will be 30 minutes long and will have a live music accompaniment in most cases. Every class is open to all levels but some will be geared to a more gentle flow while others will be a little more dynamic in movement. We suggest you bring your own mat and props but if you do not have them we will supply a limited amount of mats donated by the Shrewsbury YMCA.
Want to be a yogi in the Yogis Take The Park Festival? Click here to find out how!


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Mission Zero Corridor
Ray C. Anderson Foundation | Newsroom
The goal of the Mission Zero Corridor project is to demonstrate and display cutting-edge technologies and to foster innovative and sustainable practices in highway design, stewardship and management that change the way we think about highways. The initial vision study for the highway is being funded by the Ray C. Anderson Foundation and Interface. The study is being conducted through the Georgia Conservancy. Research is being conducted by graduate students in the College of Architecture at Georgia Institute of Technology.
Videos From This Campaign
Sixteen Mile Stretch of Interstate in West Georgia May Become the Most Restorative Highway in The U.S.
Content from this campaign
Mission Zero® A Legacy of Sustainability
"There is no more strategic issue for a company, or any organization, than its ultimate purpose. For those who think business exists to make a profit, I suggest they think again. Business makes a profit to exist. Surely it must exist, for some higher, nobler purpose than that." Ray C. Anderson ...
Aug 13, 2015 11:00 AM ET
Creating the World's First Sustainable Highway
Is it possible to have a 'green highway'? The Mission Zero Corridor Project in West Georgia believes that it is. It has appointed breakthrough innovation consultancy Innovia Technology to help create a 'travel...
Solar Structure is Planted to Provide EV Charging Between Atlanta and Montgomery
The first piece of infrastructure on the Mission Zero Corridor is the photovoltaic for electric vehicle (PV4EV) Lift by Spotlight Solar™, a 3,000 kw solar array, funded by Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia (KMMG) at the Georgia Visitor Information Center in West Point, GA. The solar structure will power an electric vehicle (EV) quick charging station with enough renewable electricity to charge...
The Mission Zero Corridor Starts At West Point Visitor Information Center
"Soon, EV (electronic vehicle) drivers will be able to drive from Montgomery, Alabama, to Atlanta, Georgia, with ease," said Harriet Langford, trustee for the Ray C. Anderson Foundation. "The PV4EV charging station will be powered from the sun."
Jul 7, 2015 1:30 PM ET
This summer, friends and associates of Ray C. Anderson gathered on what would have been his 80th birthday to dedicate the naming of a 16-mile stretch of Interstate 85 in West Georgia in his honor. A West Point, GA native and graduate of Georgia Tech, Ray founded Troup County–based ...
Nov 12, 2014 2:00 PM ET
More From Ray C. Anderson Foundation
Wendell Hadden Receives Ray C. Anderson Sustainability Award at Interface Sales Meeting
Ecocentricity Blog: More Than a Drop in the Bucket
What If You Could Rescue Landscapes That Have Been Deforested...With a Tree?
Monday, January 13, 2020 - 10:00am
Videos from Ray C. Anderson Foundation
Ray C. Anderson Foundation's NextGen Committee Awards $100,000 Grant to Inga Foundation
Ecocentricity Blog: Queen Daenerys Targaryen the Wasteful
Cultivating the Business Leadership Required for a More Sustainable, Inclusive and Equitable Economy


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{{Ficha de artista musical
| Fondo = grupo_o_banda
| nombre = Mudvayne
| imagen = MudvayneLive2021.png
| Tamaño = 300px
| Subtítulo = Mudvayne tocando en Aftershock 2021
| origen = Peoria, Illinois,Estados Unidos
| estado = Activo
| estilo = Metal alternativoNu metalMetal progresivoGroove metalHard rock
| tiempo = 1996-20102021-presente
| discográfica =
| Artistas_relacionados = Slipknot, Korn, Static-X, American Head Charge, 10 Years, Dope, Nonpoint, Nothingface, bloodsimple, Hellyeah, Audiotopsy.
| sitio web = http://mudvayneofficial.com/
| miembros = Chad GrayRyan MartinieGreg TribbettMatthew McDonough
| Miembros anteriores = Sean Barclay
}}

Mudvayne es una banda estadounidense de heavy metal formada en Peoria, Illinois en 1996. Consta de cuatro miembros, el vocalista principal Chad Gray, Greg Tribbett en guitarras, Ryan Martinie en bajos y Matthew McDonough en batería. Bajo el sello Epic Records, La banda cuenta con una discografía de cinco álbumes de estudio, dos álbumes de compilación, y dos DVD.
En sus comienzos, la banda se encontraba influenciada por el metal progresivo con ritmos de jazz y blues, aunque conservando un tono agresivo característico del heavy metal.

Mudvayne ha alcanzado la fama en el 2000 con su álbum debut L.D. 50, que alcanzó el puesto n.º 85 en el Billboard 200, y que desde entonces ha sido cerficado oro por la RIAA. El sencillo principal del álbum, Dig, ganó el MTV2 Award en los MTV Video Music Awards, en el 2001. Adicionalmente, fue la primera vez en la que el premio le fue entregado a una banda de metal. En el 2006, Mudvayne fue nominada por mejor performance de una banda de metal, en los Premios Grammy, por su sencillo Determined del álbum Lost and Found. Mudvayne posee cuatro cerficicaciones oro por la RIAA, y ha vendido aproximadamente tres millones de álbumes en los Estados Unidos.

Desde 2010, la banda ha permanecido inactiva, con sus miembros enfocados en la realización de otros proyectos y haciendo apariciones especiales. Chad Gray es el vocalista del grupo de heavy metal Hellyeah, a la que también pertenecía Greg Tribbett hasta 2014. A principios de 2015, Chad Gray declaró que el regreso de la banda, por el momento parece muy poco probable a menos que "todos los integrantes de la banda se lamieran las heridas y lo superaran.
En el 2021, después de 11 años de separación, la banda anunció su regreso a los escenarios, con fechas confirmadas para sus giras.

 Biografía
 Orígenes (1996-1998)
Mudvayne se formó en 1996 con Chad Gray, Greg Tribbet, Matthew McDonough, y Shawn Barclay, publicando su demo Kill, I Oughtta. En 1998, el bajista Shawn Barclay fue reemplazado por el actual integrante Ryan Martinie.

Su primer trabajo fue editado en 1996, ellos mismos produjeron un EP titulado Kill, I Oughtta, que les sirvió para darse a conocer en el ambiente musical de su zona y para conseguir un contrato con la compañía discográfica Epic Records.

 L.D.50 (1999-2000)
Su primer disco, L.D. 50, fue producido por Shawn Crahan y Garth Richardson, el primero de estos percusionista de Slipknot, y sirvió como carta de presentación, no sólo del peculiar estilo muy elaborado de la banda, sino también de sus aptitudes como músicos.

Hoy en día, Mudvayne es una banda bastante elogiada en el panorama del rock internacional. Aunque el hecho de haber hecho una gira con Slipknot haciendo de teloneros les haya costado la comparación del estilo con estos (de hecho fue de ellos que copiaron, por así decirlo, el maquillaje que utilizan en sus conciertos), cosa que Matt McDonough negó. En una entrevista que dio a MTV declaró que en comparación del maquillaje no es una copia y que esos comentarios solo están basados en el sentido común, la posición del mencionado baterista es algo contundente, ya que con su respuesta echa por tierra cualquier posición que se generó a través de esto; él declaró:

Además se notan claramente las diferencias en su música. Los miembros de la banda dicen que el maquillaje es una forma de darle algo más a sus conciertos, un aspecto visual.

La banda había estado de tour junto a Slipknot nuevamente y acompañados de grandes agrupaciones, System Of A Down, Rammstein, American Head Charge y No One, estos seis grupos estuvieron por casi mes y medio por todo EE. UU en el The Pledge Of Allegiance Tour, lamentablemente Mudvayne fue la primera banda en abandonar el tour a casi cumplir el mes, Rammstein fue la segunda banda en retirarse porque se sintió algo perturbado por los sucesos del 9/11 y decidieron abandonarlo dejando a solo cuatro grupos continuar el tour hasta terminarlo.

 The Beginning of all Things to End y The End of All Things to Come (2001-2003)
A este disco le siguió The end of All things to come, donde se simplifican las estructuras de los temas en comparación con L.D.50 y Lost and Found. Se trata de un trabajo donde ahondan su lado más agresivo con una mayor madurez compositiva, alejada de los excesos de su primer trabajo pero manteniendo su concepto de complejidad.
Durante el año 2003, participaron del Projekt Revolution con Linkin Park.
Como dato curioso, la canción «Not falling» fue usada en la serie de MTV TV de Ciertopelo (Fur TV en inglés) y en la película Ghost ship en los créditos finales (empieza unos veinte segundos antes de terminar).

 Lost and Found (2004-2006)
En el 2005 fue lanzado el álbum Lost and Found, el cual obtuvo disco de platino.

A mediados del 2005 Mudvayne participó en el escenario principal de Ozzfest, durante ese concierto, Chad Gray vestía un traje de mono sin cabeza. Pasaron por un lamentable  suceso cuando estaban de tour junto con American Head Charge, Life Of Agony y Bloodsimple, el fallecimiento de un integrante de American Head Charge, el guitarrista Bryan Ottoson, por una sobredosis de medicamentos y tuvieron que cancelar el tour. Mudvayne en el año 2006 estuvo de tour junto a Korn y 10 Years en el See You On The Other Side Tour.

 By the People, For the People (2007-2008) By the People, For the People es el álbum recopilatorio que contiene canciones en vivo y demos de sus anteriores álbumes, así como dos nuevas grabaciones, el sencillo «Dull Boy» y «King of Pain», un cover de la banda The Police. El álbum fue llamado así porque la banda quería dar un cierto tipo de homenaje a sus admiradores como parte de agradecimiento, pero además tuvieron la oportunidad de que participaran en la elección de las mejores canciones y también en el diseño de la carátula.

En noviembre del 2007 se llevó a cabo una convocatoria en la que los admiradores podrían participar en la creación del video para Dull Boy y en el que el ganador se llevaría una cámara de video digital de última tecnología.

En el 2007 Chad Gray y Greg Tribbett llevaron a cabo el proyecto Hellyeah, una banda de Post-thrash que incluye al baterista de Pantera, Vinnie Paul Abbott, y a miembros de la banda Nothingface.

 The New Game (2008)
La banda lanzó su álbum llamado The New Game el día 18 del mes de noviembre de 2008, de él se destacan los singles «Do What You Do» y «Scarlet Letters» además de un videoclip para la canción «A New Game» entre las 11 canciones se encuentra la canción «Dull Boy» que había sido presentada con anterioridad en el álbum By the People, For the People.

 Mudvayne (2009)
Su sexto álbum de estudio, titulado así mismo Mudvayne, fue producido por Dave Fortman asociado con Jeremy Parker. El álbum es «un poco más retro» desde el punto de vista de un escritor musical, de acuerdo a Gray: «Hemos estado haciendo ésta progresión natural, y yo creo que para éste, apenas clasificamos de un regreso natural». El álbum fue grabado durante el verano del 2008 en El Paso Texas. El 7 de octubre de 2009, Mudvayne colocó un anuncio en su MySpace diciendo que lanzarían un álbum titulado así mismo, el 22 de diciembre, seguido de una gira. Publicaron previamente a su lanzamiento de su álbum dos canciones llamadas «Beautiful and Strange» y «Heard it All Before» en su página oficial de MySpace. Mudvayne ha sido descrito por McDonough como «el mejor CD que la banda ha grabado desde su segundo álbum, The End Of All Things To Come».

El álbum fue lanzado en cuatro diferentes formatos: una edición Estándar en caja de plástico, otra edición Versión Deluxe limitada a 100.000 copias; contiene el disco «sensible» a la luz en formato Digipack y un led para poder ver la carátula. Una edición Versión Super Deluxe, edición limitada a 1000 copias, las cuales sólo se venden a través de la Web oficial del grupo. Contiene el disco «sensible» a la luz en formato Digipack, un led para poder alumbrar la portada del disco, una calcomanía y un póster.

 Regreso (2021-presente)
El 18 de abril del 2021 la banda anuncia su regreso a los escenarios después de 11 años de inactividad, en sus redes sociales y su plataforma de YouTube publicaron un teaser que anunció su regreso a la música, además el grupo emitió el siguiente mensaje: "Estos síntomas sugieren que nuestra evolución, suponemos, que del reino animal al reino humano fueron catalizados o disparados por nuestro encuentro con estos alucinógenos, y… Sí, somos un mono con una relación simbólica con una seta, y eso nos ha dado conciencia, lenguaje, religión, y todo el espectro de efectos que fluyen con estas cosas. Y uno sólo puede preguntarse cómo estos alucinógenos también afectan nuestra futura evolución. Nos han llevado a este punto y mientras les hacemos conscientes de nuestra relación, quizá seamos capaces de tomar el control de nuestro futuro camino evolutivo". El mensaje es misterioso pero dio señales de su vuelta, además publicaron fechas para sus giras.

Fechas 2021
 Inkcarceration Festival: 11 de septiembre, Mansfield, Ohio.
 Louder Than Life: 26 de septiembre; show cancelado porque Chad y varios miembros del staff dieron positivo a Covid-19.
 Aftershock Festival: 9 de octubre, Sacramento, California. Apartir de este show, la banda cuenta con la participación de un segundo guitarrista como apoyo. Su nombre es Marcus Rafferty, él es tecnico de guitarra en Hellyeah y otras bandas como Lamb Of God y Hatebreed.
 Welcome To Rockville: 14 de noviembre, Daytona Beach, Florida.
Fechas 2022
 Voragos: 16 de febrero, Norwegian Pearl Miami, Florida. Ahora pospuesto para 2023.
 Upheaval Festival: 15 de julio, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
 Rock Fest: 16 de julio, Cadott, Wisconsin''.
Setlists

Miembros

Miembros actuales
 Chad Gray: voz (1996-2010, 2021-presente)
 Ryan Martinie: bajo (1998-2010, 2021-presente)
 Greg Tribbett: guitarra (1996-2010, 2021-presente)
 Matt McDonough: batería (1996-2010, 2021-presente)

Miembros anteriores
 Sean Barclay: bajo (1996-1998)

Línea del tiempo

Discografía

Otros álbumes

Premios
 Ganado - 2001 MTV Video Music Awards - MTV2 Award «Dig»
 Nominado - 2006 Grammys - Best Metal Performance «Determined»

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Mudvayne
 Instagram de @MuDvAyNe
 Perfil Oficial de Mudvayne en Facebook

 Canal oficial en YouTube

Cuartetos de música de Estados Unidos
Grupos de rock de Illinois
Artistas de Epic Records
Grupos de música formados en 1996
Grupos de música de los años 1990
Grupos de música de los años 2000
Grupos de música de los años 2010
Grupos de metal alternativo de Estados Unidos
Grupos de death metal de Estados Unidos
Grupos de black metal de Estados Unidos
Grupos de death metal melódico de Estados Unidos
Grupos de nu metal de Estados Unidos
Grupos de metal progresivo de Estados Unidos


When we compiled our first Florida medical cannabis strain blog post, it was for the most part an exhaustive list of what was available on the market at the time. Since then the market has exploded with MMTC's offering an expanded menu of cannabis products and strains.
Meet some of the newcomers.
Known for diminishing stress, while increasing focus, OG Kush is a patient daytime favorite.
OG Kush is available from Trulieve in 250mg vaporizer cartridges.
A sativa dominant with a strong lemony zing, Super Lemon Haze is highly energetic. This is a strain best avoided for those prone to THC induced anxiety.
Super Lemon Haze is available from Trulieve in 600mg ceramic vaporizer cartridges with other products to follow soon.
A personal favorite, Sunset Sherbert is perfect blend of cerebral energy and physical relaxation. A go to for stress and depression, this strain is incredibly uplifting; similar to it's Girl Scout Cookie parent.
Sunset Sherbert is available from Trulieve in 600mg vaporizer cartridges.
GG#4 is an award winning strain, known for it's couch locking heavy euphoria and body relief.
Gorilla Glue is available from Trulieve in vaporizer cartridges.
Available from Trulieve in vaporizer cups, this strain is one of the limited flower based products available on the Florida market.
Harlequin GDP is a CBD dominant cross between Harlequin and indica favorite Grand Daddy Purple. Available from Trulieve in a 1:1 tincture blended with a touch of 9lb hammer, this strain is a go to for anxiety and PTSD related symptoms.
Named after a prominent cannabis advocate, Jack Herer is a patient favorite. A sativa dominant strain, Jack Herer is known for a pleasant, clear headed, uplifted, and energetic experience.
Jack Herer is available from Knox under the Hydra label.
This indica strain is a favorite for muscle spasms and stress, producing a relaxing euphoric effect.
Sensi Skunk is available from Knox in tincture and vaporizer cartridges under the "Sagitta" name.
An indica dominant hybrid, Predator Pink is known for an initial sativa like energy followed by the classic indica relaxation and body effects.
Available from Curaleaf in vaporizer cartridges.
Kush strains are always popular with patients and the Master is no different. Master Kush is reveled for it's balance of whole body relief and cerebral focus. This is a great choice for patients needing heavy pain relief while staying clear headed.
A cross between Orange Bud and OG Kush this hybrid is often used for patients treating depression and lack of appetite. It's uplifting and calming with mild physical effects.
Haleigh's Hope is a CBD dominant strain brought to recognition for it's success in treating pediatric epilepsy and cerebral palsy. It has a rich history, named after a 4 year old patient, and inspiring medical cannabis legislation.
Haleigh's Hope is available at Curaleaf.
Interested in obtaining your medical cannabis card? Our clinic offers individualized and personalized medical cannabis evaluation and treatment. We will guide you throughout the entire process and join you in a partnership towards better health!
Newer PostWhat Conditions Qualify for Medical Marijuana in Florida?


text:
Atrium Theatre in North Walsham showing The Theory of Everything
Published: 7:52 AM April 9, 2015 Updated: 2:41 PM October 10, 2020
Eddie Redmayne playing Prof Stephem Hawking in the film The Theory of Everything. Picture: SUBMITTED - Credit: Archant
A North Walsham arts hub will be screening the blockbuster film The Theory of Everything tomorrow.
The British-made film about the life of theoretical physicist Prof Stephen Hawking will be shown at the Atrium Theatre on Spenser Avenue at 3.30pm and 7pm.
Starring multi-award winner Eddie Redmayne and Felicity Jones, the film is based on the memoir Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen, by Prof Hawking's first wife Jane Wilde.
The memoir and film is about her relationship with the scientist.
It also portrays Prof Hawking's life in the 1960s at Cambridge University when he was diagnosed with motor neuron disease.
The film was nominated for four Oscars and Eddie Redmayne won best performance by an actor for his portrayal of the world famous physicist.
It also won numerous BAFTAs and Golden Globe awards.
The Theory of Everything is being screened by North Walsham-based charity Arts North Norfolk. Joseph Ballard, Arts North Norfolk director, said: 'The Theory of Everything has been the most requested film to date. I think it's a great piece of drama that stands up to great testament – presenting the best of British film and faces.'
Tickets are £6 for adults and £5 for concessions, and tickets for the matinée screening include the film, a cup a of tea and slice of cake in the café from 2.30pm before the film.
For tickets and information about Arts North Norfolk events visit No. 1 Market Place, North Walsham (open Wednesday to Saturday), visit www.artsnorthnorfolk.org or call 01692 218060.