text:
Bivol goes for interim title!
During the last 40 years or so we have become somewhat accustomed to seeing Oriental fighters being fast tracked through the ranks to a world title. Fighters from Thailand, Japan and Korea have all won world titles in their first 10 or so bouts with fighters, particularly Japanese, doing it regularly over the last few years. Notably it seems fighters from other countries now want to do the same now and we've already seen Vasyl Lomachenko race to a world title in just 3 professional bouts.
The next fighter looking to win a "world title" in their first 10 bouts is Kyrgyzstan born Russian based fighter Dmitry Bivol (6-0, 6), who looks to claim the WBA "interim" Light Heavyweight title and over-come the unbeaten, and tricky, Felix Valera (13-0, 12), of the Dominican Republic.
Valera, who enters the bout as the current "interim" champion, came to the attention of hardcore boxing fans last year when he travelled to Russia and out-pointed Stanislav Kashtanov for the title. The bout was one that many fans felt was scored incorrectly in favour of the Dominican, but in fair Valera did show some genuinely impressive traits and showed that he genuinely does know his way around the ring.
The Dominican has a very relaxed style, he can border on lazy at times but has the flash hand speed, intelligent movement and ring IQ that can take a fighter very far. He's a fighter whose record suggests he's a big puncher, though it must be said that aside from Kashtanov he's not faced anyone of any real value and his best stoppage is a 4th round KO against the limited Emilliano Cayetano.
Whilst Valera is a relaxed and "lazy" fighter the same can't really be used to describe Bivol who is an aggressive, high intensity fighter who brings the pressure and the action and looks to break down opponents. He can look a bit one paced at times, but he does everything excellently with a wonderful array of punches, an brilliant work rate and the desire to hunt a stoppage even when a bout is already won.
Unlike many fighters, including Valera, Bivol has been matched insanely hard. Everyone of his opponents has had a winning record, and in fact everyone has had double figure wins. We won't pretend the opposition have been fringe world level but they have been very good opponents for a fighter at the start of their career.
It's hard to bet against Bivol, who genuinely does look like one of the hottest young talents in the sport.
Saying that however Valera does have the style that perhaps could give Bivol real nightmares. Valera knows how to fight on the back foot, knows how to use the ring, and knows how to ride a shot. If Bivol goes into the bout looking to steam role the Dominican then he may find himself up again a man that really tests him mentally and physically. For Bivol to win he needs to use his intelligence, rely on his strong amateur background, and take his time.


text:
Speciation
Title: Speciation
Subject: Evolutionary biology, Ecological speciation, Macroevolution, Microevolution, Species problem
Collection: Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Sexual Selection, Speciation
Diagrammatic representation of the divergence of modern taxonomic groups from their common ancestor.
Introduction to evolution
Common descent
Evidence of common descent
Processes and outcomes
Parallel evolution
History of life
Timeline of evolution
Evolutionary taxonomy
Cladistics
Transitional fossil
Extinction event
History of evolutionary theory
Before Darwin
Before synthesis
Modern synthesis
Evo-devo
History of paleontology (timeline)
Fields and applications
Applications of evolution
Biosocial criminology
Ecological genetics
Evolutionary aesthetics
Evolutionary epistemology
Evolutionary ethics
Evolutionary game theory
Evolutionary linguistics
Evolutionary neuroscience
Evolutionary physiology
Experimental evolution
Paleovirology
Universal Darwinism
Evolution as fact and theory
Social effect
Creation–evolution controversy
Objections to evolution
Level of support
Evolutionary biology portal
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages.[1][2][3] Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.
There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments.
Natural speciation 1
Speciation rate 1.1
Allopatric 1.2
Peripatric 1.3
Parapatric 1.4
Sympatric 1.5
Example of three-spined sticklebacks 1.5.1
Speciation via polyploidization 1.5.2
Hawthorn fly 1.6
Speciation via hybrid formation 1.6.1
Reinforcement 1.7
Artificial speciation 2
Hybrid speciation 3.1
Gene transposition as a cause 3.2
Human speciation 3.3
Darwin's Dilemma 4
Darwin's dilemma: Why do species exist? 4.1
The effect of sexual reproduction on species formation 4.2
Punctuated evolution 4.3
Further reading 7
Natural speciation
Phyletic gradualism, above, consists of relatively slow change over geological time. Punctuated equilibrium, bottom, consists of morphological stability and rare, relatively rapid bursts of evolutionary change (see the illustration at the bottom of the page).
Comparison of allopatric, peripatric, parapatric and sympatric speciation
All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.[4]
One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last ice age, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen between different genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.[5]
There is debate as to the rate at which speciation events occur over geologic time. While some evolutionary biologists claim that speciation events have remained relatively constant over time, some palaeontologists such as Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould have argued that species usually remain unchanged over long stretches of time, and that speciation occurs only over relatively brief intervals, a view known as punctuated equilibrium.
Allopatric
During allopatric (from the ancient Greek allos, "other" + Greek patrā, "fatherland") speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain building). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and/or phenotypic divergence as: (a) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures; (b) they independently undergo genetic drift; (c) different mutations arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes.
Island genetics is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include insular dwarfism and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on Komodo. The Galápagos islands are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that Galápagos tortoises could be identified by island, and noticed that finches differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he reflected that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other differing Galápagos birds were all species of finches. Though the finches were less important for Darwin, more recent research has shown the birds now known as Darwin's finches to be a classic case of adaptive evolutionary radiation.[6]
Peripatric
In peripatric speciation, a subform of allopatric speciation, new species are formed in isolated, smaller peripheral populations that are prevented from exchanging genes with the main population. It is related to the concept of a founder effect, since small populations often undergo bottlenecks. Genetic drift is often proposed to play a significant role in peripatric speciation.
Mayr bird fauna[7]
The Australian bird Petroica multicolor
Reproductive isolation occurs in populations of Drosophila subject to population bottlenecking
Parapatric
In parapatric speciation, there is only partial separation of the zones of two diverging populations afforded by geography; individuals of each species may come in contact or cross habitats from time to time, but reduced fitness of the heterozygote leads to selection for behaviours or mechanisms that prevent their inter-breeding. Parapatric speciation is modelled on continuous variation within a "single", connected habitat acting as a source of natural selection rather than the effects of isolation of habitats produced in peripatric and allopatric speciation.
Parapatric speciation may be associated with differential landscape-dependent selection. Even if there is a gene flow between two populations, strong differential selection may impede assimilation and different species may eventually develop.[8] Habitat differences may be more important in the development of reproductive isolation than the isolation time. Caucasian rock lizards Darevskia rudis, D. valentini and D. portschinskii all hybridize with each other in their hybrid zone; however, hybridization is stronger between D. portschinskii and D. rudis, which separated earlier but live in similar habitats than between D. valentini and two other species, which separated later but live in climatically different habitats.[9]
Ecologists refer to parapatric and peripatric speciation in terms of ecological niches. A niche must be available in order for a new species to be successful.
Ring species
The Larus gulls form a ring species around the North Pole.
The Ensatina salamanders, which form a ring round the Central Valley in California.
The Greenish Warbler (Phylloscopus trochiloides), around the Himalayas.
the grass Anthoxanthum has been known to undergo parapatric speciation in such cases as mine contamination of an area.
Sympatric
Sympatric speciation refers to the formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location.
Often-cited examples of sympatric speciation are found in insects that become dependent on different host plants in the same area.[10][11] However, the existence of sympatric speciation as a mechanism of speciation is still hotly contested. Scientists have argued that the evidences of sympatric speciation are in fact examples of micro-allopatric, or heteropatric speciation.
The best illustrated example of sympatric speciation is that of the cichlids of East Africa inhabiting the Rift Valley lakes, particularly Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika. There are over 800 described species, and according to estimate, there could be well over 1,600 species in the region. All the species have diversified from a common ancestral fish (Oryzias latipes) about 113 million years ago. Their evolution is cited as an example of both natural and sexual selection.[12][13]
Until recently, there has been a dearth of strong evidence that supports this form of speciation, with a general feeling that interbreeding would soon eliminate any genetic differences that might appear. But there has been at least one study, in 2008, that suggests that sympatric speciation has occurred in Tennessee cave salamanders.[14]
Sympatric speciation driven by ecological factors may also account for the extraordinary diversity of crustaceans living in the depths of Siberia's Lake Baikal.
Example of three-spined sticklebacks
The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Freshwater three-spined sticklebacks, which have been studied by Dolph Schluter, were once thought to provide an intriguing example best explained by sympatric speciation. Schluter and colleagues found two different species of three-spined sticklebacks in each of five different lakes. Each lake contained a large benthic species with a large mouth that feeds on large prey in the littoral zone, as well as a smaller limnetic species with a smaller mouth that feeds on the small plankton in open water. DNA analysis indicated that each lake was colonized independently, presumably by a marine ancestor, after the last ice age. It also showed that the two species in each lake are more closely related to each other than they are to any of the species in the other lakes.The two species in each lake are reproductively isolated; neither mates with the other. However, aquarium tests showed that the benthic species from one lake is able to mate with the benthic species from the other lakes. Likewise the limnetic species from the different lakes are able to mate with each other. These benthic and limnetic species even display their mating preferences when presented with sticklebacks from Japanese lakes. A Canadian benthic prefers a Japanese benthic over its close limnetic relative from its own lake.
The researchers concluded that in each lake there had been great competition within a single original species for limited resources. This led to disruptive selection — competition favoring fishes at either extreme of body size and mouth size over those nearer the mean, as well as assortative mating — each size preferred mates like it. The result was a divergence into two subpopulations exploiting different food in different parts of the lake.The fact that this pattern of speciation occurred the same way on three separate occasions suggests strongly that ecological factors in a sympatric population can cause speciation.
However, the DNA evidence cited above is from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which can often move easily between closely related species ("introgression") when they hybridize or engage in despeciation. A more recent study,[15] using genetic markers from the nuclear genome, shows that limnetic forms in different lakes are more closely related to each other (and to marine lineages) than to benthic forms in the same lake. The three-spine stickleback is now usually considered an example of "double invasion" (a form of allopatric speciation) in which repeated invasions of marine forms have subsequently differentiated into benthic and limnetic forms. The three-spine stickleback provides an example of how molecular biogeographic studies that rely solely on mtDNA can be misleading, and that consideration of the genealogical history of alleles from multiple unlinked markers (i.e. nuclear genes) is necessary to infer speciation histories.
Speciation via polyploidization
Polyploidy is a mechanism that has caused many rapid speciation events in sympatry because offspring of, for example, tetraploid x diploid matings often result in triploid sterile progeny.[16] However, not all polyploids are reproductively isolated from their parental plants, and gene flow may still occur for example through triploid hybrid x diploid matings that produce tetraploids, or matings between meiotically unreduced gametes from diploids and gametes from tetraploids (see also hybrid speciation).
It has been suggested that many of the existing plant and most animal species have undergone an event of polyploidization in their evolutionary history.[17][18] Reproduction of successful polyploid species is sometimes asexual, by parthenogenesis or apomixis, as for unknown reasons many asexual organisms are polyploid. Rare instances of polyploid mammals are known, but most often result in prenatal death.
Hawthorn fly
One example of evolution at work is the case of the hawthorn fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, also known as the apple maggot fly, which appears to be undergoing sympatric speciation.[19] Different populations of hawthorn fly feed on different fruits. A distinct population emerged in North America in the 19th century some time after apples, a non-native species, were introduced. This apple-feeding population normally feeds only on apples and not on the historically preferred fruit of hawthorns. The current hawthorn feeding population does not normally feed on apples. Some evidence, such as the fact that six out of thirteen allozyme loci are different, that hawthorn flies mature later in the season and take longer to mature than apple flies; and that there is little evidence of interbreeding (researchers have documented a 4-6% hybridization rate) suggests that sympatric speciation is occurring. The emergence of the new hawthorn fly is an example of evolution in progress.[20]
Speciation via hybrid formation
Reinforcement, also called the Wallace effect, is the process by which natural selection increases reproductive isolation.[21] It may occur after two populations of the same species are separated and then come back into contact. If their reproductive isolation was complete, then they will have already developed into two separate incompatible species. If their reproductive isolation is incomplete, then further mating between the populations will produce hybrids, which may or may not be fertile. If the hybrids are infertile, or fertile but less fit than their ancestors, then there will be further reproductive isolation and speciation has essentially occurred (e.g., as in horses and donkeys.)
The reasoning behind this is that if the parents of the hybrid offspring each have naturally selected traits for their own certain environments, the hybrid offspring will bear traits from both, therefore would not fit either ecological niche as well as either parent. The low fitness of the hybrids would cause selection to favor assortative mating, which would control hybridization. This is sometimes called the Wallace effect after the evolutionary biologist Alfred Russel Wallace who suggested in the late 19th century that it might be an important factor in speciation.[22]
Conversely, if the hybrid offspring are more fit than their ancestors, then the populations will merge back into the same species within the area they are in contact.
Reinforcement favoring reproductive isolation is required for both parapatric and sympatric speciation. Without reinforcement, the geographic area of contact between different forms of the same species, called their "hybrid zone," will not develop into a boundary between the different species. Hybrid zones are regions where diverged populations meet and interbreed. Hybrid offspring are very common in these regions, which are usually created by diverged species coming into secondary contact. Without reinforcement, the two species would have uncontrollable inbreeding. Reinforcement may be induced in artificial selection experiments as described below.
Artificial speciation
New species have been created by domesticated animal husbandry, but the initial dates and methods of the initiation of such species are not clear. For example, domestic sheep were created by hybridisation, and no longer produce viable offspring with Ovis orientalis, one species from which they are descended.[23] Domestic cattle, on the other hand, can be considered the same species as several varieties of wild ox, gaur, yak, etc., as they readily produce fertile offspring with them.[24]
The best-documented creations of new species in the laboratory were performed in the late 1980s. William Rice and G.W. Salt bred fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, using a maze with three different choices of habitat such as light/dark and wet/dry. Each generation was placed into the maze, and the groups of flies that came out of two of the eight exits were set apart to breed with each other in their respective groups. After thirty-five generations, the two groups and their offspring were isolated reproductively because of their strong habitat preferences: they mated only within the areas they preferred, and so did not mate with flies that preferred the other areas.[25] The history of such attempts is described in Rice and Hostert (1993).[26][27]
Diane Dodd used a laboratory experiment to show how reproductive isolation can evolve in Drosophila pseudoobscura fruit flies after several generations by placing them in different media, starch- and maltose-based media.[28]
Dodd's experiment has been easy for many others to replicate, including with other kinds of fruit flies and foods.[29] Research in 2005 has shown that this rapid evolution of reproductive isolation may in fact be a relic of infection by Wolbachia bacteria.[30]
Few speciation genes have been found. They usually involve the reinforcement process of late stages of speciation. In 2008 a speciation gene causing reproductive isolation was reported.[31] It causes hybrid sterility between related subspecies.
Hybrid speciation
Hybridization between two different species sometimes leads to a distinct phenotype. This phenotype can also be fitter than the parental lineage and as such natural selection may then favor these individuals. Eventually, if reproductive isolation is achieved, it may lead to a separate species. However, reproductive isolation between hybrids and their parents is particularly difficult to achieve and thus hybrid speciation is considered an extremely rare event. The Mariana Mallard is thought to have arisen from hybrid speciation.
Hybridisation is an important means of speciation in plants, since polyploidy (having more than two copies of each chromosome) is tolerated in plants more readily than in animals.[32][33] Polyploidy is important in hybrids as it allows reproduction, with the two different sets of chromosomes each being able to pair with an identical partner during meiosis.[34] Polyploids also have more genetic diversity, which allows them to avoid inbreeding depression in small populations.[35]
Hybridization without change in chromosome number is called homoploid hybrid speciation. It is considered very rare but has been shown in Heliconius butterflies [36] and sunflowers. Polyploid speciation, which involves changes in chromosome number, is a more common phenomenon, especially in plant species.
Gene transposition as a cause
Theodosius Dobzhansky, who studied fruit flies in the early days of genetic research in 1930s, speculated that parts of chromosomes that switch from one location to another might cause a species to split into two different species. He mapped out how it might be possible for sections of chromosomes to relocate themselves in a genome. Those mobile sections can cause sterility in inter-species hybrids, which can act as a speciation pressure. In theory, his idea was sound, but scientists long debated whether it actually happened in nature. Eventually a competing theory involving the gradual accumulation of mutations was shown to occur in nature so often that geneticists largely dismissed the moving gene hypothesis.[37]
However, 2006 research shows that jumping of a gene from one chromosome to another can contribute to the birth of new species.[38] This validates the reproductive isolation mechanism, a key component of speciation.[39]
Human speciation
Humans have genetic similarities with chimpanzees and bonobos, their closest relatives, suggesting common ancestors. The central idea of biological evolution is that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor. Evolution means that we are all distant cousins: humans and oak trees, hummingbirds and whales. Human beings are all descendants of a LUCA, the last universal common ancestor. The LUCA splits into branches of different species. This split is called a speciation event. Over a large number of years, evolution produces diversity in forms of life due to evolutionary changes, such as: gene flow, mutations, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection.[40]
The variants in shared ancestral species is said to be due to multiple genetic lineages. Roughly one-quarter of our genome shares no immediate ancestry with chimpanzees. It was determined that the human genetic lineage must have started evolving before the differentiation of humans, chimps, and gorillas.[41]
Analysis of genetic drift and recombination using a Markov model suggests humans and chimpanzees speciated apart 4.1 million years ago.[42] Even though there are similarities an article demonstrates that the human genome is a mosaic with respect to evolutionary history. The variants in shared ancestral species is said to be due to multiple genetic lineages.[41]
Darwin's Dilemma
In addressing the question "what is the origin of species?" there are two key issues: (1) what are the evolutionary mechanisms of speciation, and (2) what accounts for the separateness and individuality of species in the biota? Since Darwin's time, efforts to understand the nature of species have primarily focused on the first aspect, and it is now widely agreed that the critical concept needed to understand the origin of new species is reproductive isolation.[43] Next we focus on the second aspect of the origin of species.
Darwin's dilemma: Why do species exist?
In The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin interpreted biological evolution in terms of natural selection, but was perplexed by the clustering of organisms into species.[44] Chapter 6 of Darwin's book is entitled "Difficulties of the Theory". In discussing these "difficulties" he noted "First, why, if species have descended from other species by fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?" This dilemma can be referred to as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space.
Another dilemma, related to the first one, is the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in time (see diagram at the bottom of the page). Darwin pointed out that by the theory of natural selection "innumerable transitional forms must have existed", and wondered "why do we not find them embedded in countless numbers in the crust of the earth." That clearly defined species actually do exist in nature in both space and time implies that some fundamental feature of natural selection operates to generate and maintain species.
The effect of sexual reproduction on species formation
It has been argued that the resolution of Darwin's dilemmas lies in the fact that out-crossing sexual reproduction has an intrinsic cost of rarity.[45][46][47][48][49] The cost of rarity arises as follows. If, on a resource gradient, a large number of separate species evolve, each exquisitely adapted to a very narrow band on that gradient, each species will, of necessity, consist of very few members. Finding a mate under these circumstances may present difficulties when many of the individuals in the neighborhood belong to other species. Under these circumstances any species that happens, by chance, to increase in population size (at the expense of one or other of its neighboring species, if the environment is saturated) this will immediately make it easier for its members to find sexual partners. The members of the neighboring species whose population sizes have decreased, will experience greater difficulty in finding mates, and therefore form pairs less frequently than in the larger species. This has a snowball effect, with large species growing at the expense of the smaller, rarer species, eventually driving them to extinction. Eventually only a few species remain, each distinctly different from the other.[45][46][48] The cost of rarity not only involves the costs of failure to find a mate, but also indirect costs such as the cost of communication in seeking out a partner at low population densities.
The photograph of an African pygmy kingfisher used in the WorldHeritage article on this species. It illustrates the appearance of all African pygmy kingfishers, down to such details as the narrowly barred, glossy blue forehead and crown; the lilac cheeks and ear coverlets, with adjoining blue spot; and below that a small white stripe on the sides of the neck. The remainder of the head and hind neck are bright orange-rufous. The chin and throat are white, the bill red, the eyes dark brown. The mantle to upper tail coverts are dark purple-blue. The tail and flight feathers are blackish, the secondaries edged dark blue. The upper breast to vent and underwing coverts are rufous, and the legs and feet orange-red.[50]
Bernstein et al.[46] argue furthermore that if an environmental gradient is populated by a single species, which is perfectly adapted to only a small portion of that environment, it will be difficult for better adapted individuals to pass their adaptation on to others in region. Such advantageous characteristics are unlikely to be due to a single altered gene, but rather to a combination of several altered genes each of which, on its own, imparts little or no benefit to its carrier. If such an individual mates with a randomly selected mate, the advantageous combination of genes will be broken up, and the advantage lost, unless it happens to mate with another individual with the same advantageous combination of altered genes. This will be an exceptionally rare event, the consequence of which is that the species will be resistant to change over time, or to the budding off of new species.
Rarity brings with it other costs. A rare or unusual feature is very seldom advantageous. In most instances it will be indicative of a (non-silent) mutation, which is almost certain to be deleterious. It therefore behooves sexual creatures to avoid mates sporting rare or unusual features.[51][52] Should this be the case, then sexual populations will rapidly shed rare or peripheral phenotypic features, thus canalizing the entire external phenotype, as illustrated in the accompanying illustration of the African pygmy kingfisher, Ispidina picta, taken from the WorldHeritage article on this species. This remarkable uniformity of all the members of a sexual species has stimulated the proliferation of field guides on birds, mammals, reptiles, insects and many other taxons, in which each species can be described in full by means of a single illustration (or a pair of illustrations if there is sufficient sexual dimorphism). Once a population has become as homogeneous in appearance as is typical of most species (and is illustrated in the photograph of the African pygmy kingfisher), its members will avoid mating with members of other populations that look different from themselves.[53] Thus the avoidance of mates displaying rare and unusual phenotypic features inevitably leads to reproductive isolation, one of the hallmarks of speciation.[54][55][56][57]
In the contrasting case of organisms that reproduce asexually, there is no cost of rarity; consequently there are only benefits to fine scale adaptation. Thus asexual organisms very frequently show the continuous variation in form (often in many different directions) that Darwin expected evolution to produce, making their classification into "species" (more correctly "morphospecies") very difficult.[46][51][52][58][59][60]
Punctuated evolution
Moderately adapted species that are already established are intrinsically stable because of the cost of rarity. Such species can only be replaced by new, substantially better adapted species. Potential emerging new species, that are only marginally better adapted than their established competitor(s), would have a high cost of rarity when they first arise. Thus, the few individuals in the better-adapted new species would be unable to compete unless their new adaptive features could compensate for the high initial cost of rarity. As a result, displacement of one species by another would have a quantum character. This view of species evolution is consistent with that of Eldridge and Gould,[61] that evolution is characterized by long periods of stasis punctuated by relatively rapid changes in species composition.
Thus the fossil record of an evolutionary progression typically consists of species that suddenly appear, and ultimately disappear, in many cases close to a million years later, without any change in external appearance.[62][63][64] Graphically, these fossil species are represented by horizontal lines, whose lengths depict how long each of them existed. The horizontality of the lines illustrates the unchanging appearance of each of the fossil species depicted on the graph. During each species' existence new species appear at random intervals, each also lasting many hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing without a change in appearance. The exact relatedness of these concurrent species is generally impossible to determine. This is illustrated in the following diagram depicting the evolution of modern humans from the time that the Hominins separated from the line that led to the evolution of our closest living primate relatives, the chimpanzees and gorillas.
Hominin species distributed through time
For similar evolutionary time lines see, for instance, the paleontological list of African dinosaurs, Asian dinosaurs, the Lampriformes and Amiiformes.
Species problem
Heteropatry
Chronospecies
Koinophilia
Assortative mating
Court Jester Hypothesis
Speciation (genetic algorithm)
Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller Model
Ecological speciation
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^ Feder JL, Roethele JB, Filchak K, Niedbalski J, Romero-Severson J (1 March 2003). "Evidence for inversion polymorphism related to sympatric host race formation in the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella". Genetics 163 (3): 939–53.
^ Berlocher SH, Bush GL (1982). "An electrophoretic analysis of Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) phylogeny". Systematic Zoology 31 (2): 136–55.
^ Ridley, M. (2003) "Speciation — What is the role of reinforcement in speciation?" adapted from Evolution 3rd edition (Boston: Blackwell Science) tutorial online
^ Ollerton, J. "Flowering time and the Wallace Effect" (PDF). Heredity, August 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
^ Hiendleder S, Kaupe B, Wassmuth R, Janke A (7 May 2002). "Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies".
^ Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
^ Rice WR, Salt GW (1988). "Speciation via disruptive selection on habitat preference: experimental evidence". The American Naturalist 131 (6): 911–917.
^ Rice WR, Hostert EE (1993). "Laboratory experiments on speciation: What have we learned in forty years?". Evolution 47 (6): 1637–1653.
^ Gavrilets S (October 2003). "Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?". Evolution 57 (10): 2197–2215.
^ Dodd, D.M.B. (1989). "Reproductive isolation as a consequence of adaptive divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscura". Evolution 43 (6): 1308–1311.
^ Kirkpatrick M, Ravigné V (2002). "Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments". The American Naturalist 159: S22–S35.
^ Koukou K, Pavlikaki H, Kilias G, Werren JH, Bourtzis K, Alahiotis SN (January 2006). "Influence of antibiotic treatment and Wolbachia curing on sexual isolation among Drosophila melanogaster cage populations". Evolution 60 (1): 87–96.
^ Phadnis, N.; Orr, H. A. (2009). "A Single Gene Causes Both Male Sterility and Segregation Distortion in Drosophila Hybrids". Science 323 (5912): 376–9.
^ Wendel J (2000). "Genome evolution in polyploids". Plant Mol. Biol. 42 (1): 225–49.
^ Sémon M, Wolfe KH (2007). "Consequences of genome duplication". Curr Opin Genet Dev 17 (6): 505–12.
^ Comai L (2005). "The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid". Nat. Rev. Genet. 6 (11): 836–46.
^ Soltis P, Soltis D (2000). "The role of genetic and genomic attributes in the success of polyploids". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (13): 7051–7.
^ Mavarez, J.; Salazar, C.A.; Bermingham, E.; Salcedo, C.; Jiggins, C.D.; Linares, M. (2006). "Speciation by hybridization in Heliconius butterflies". Nature 441 (7095): 868–71.
^ University of Rochester Press Releases
^ Masly, John P., Corbin D. Jones, Mohamed A. F. Noor, John Locke, and H. Allen Orr (September 2006). "Gene Transposition as a Cause of Hybrid Sterility in Drosophila".
^ Minkel, J.R. (September 8, 2006) "Wandering Fly Gene Supports New Model of Speciation" Science News
^ "Speciation".
^ a b Ebersberger, I.; Galgoczy, P.; Taudien, S.; Taenzer, S.; Platzer, M.; Von Haeseler, A. (2007). "Mapping Human Genetic Ancestry". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (10): 2266–76.
^ Hobolth A, Christensen OF, Mailund T, Schierup MH (2007). "Genomic Relationships and Speciation Times of Human, Chimpanzee, and Gorilla Inferred from a Coalescent Hidden Markov Model". PLoS Genet 3 (2): e7.
^ Mayr, Ernst (1982). The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution, and inheritance. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press. see page 273
^ Darwin, Charles (2006). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: Dover Publications.
^ a b Hopf FA, Hopf FW. (1985). The role of the Allee effect on species packing. Theor. Pop. Biol. 27, 27-50.
^ a b c d Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE (December 1985). "Sex and the emergence of species". J. Theor. Biol. 117 (4): 665–90.
^ Bernstein, Carol; Bernstein, Harris; (1991). Aging, sex, and DNA repair. Boston: Academic Press.
^ a b Michod, Richard E. (1995). Eros and evolution: a natural philosophy of sex. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
^ Michod, Richard E. (1999). Darwinian dynamics: evolutionary transitions in fitness and individuality. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
^ Hockey, P.A.R., Dean, W.R.J., Ryan, P.G. (2005) Roberts Birds of Southern Africa, p. 176, 193. Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.
^ a b Koeslag, J.H. (1990). Koinophilia groups sexual creatures into species, promotes stasis, and stabilizes social behaviour. Journal of Theoretical Biology 144, 15–35.
^ a b Koeslag, J.H. (1995). On the engine of speciation. , 401-409177 Journal of Theoretical Biology
^ Unnikrishnan M.K. and Akhila H.S. (2014). The phenotypic differences between carrion and hooded crows across the hybridization zone in Europe are unlikely to be due to assortative mating. [1] Comment on Poelstra, J.W. et al. (2014). The genomic landscape underlying phenotypic integrity in the face of gene flow in crows. Science 344: 1410-1414. [DOI:10.1126/science.1253226]
^ Mayr E. (1988) "Towards a new philosophy of biology". Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
^ Williams G.C. (1992) "Natural selection. Domains, levels, and challenges". p. 118. Oxford University Press, New York.
^ Maynard Smith J. (1989) "Evolutionary genetics". pp. 275-280. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
^ Maynard Smith J. (1983) "Genetics of stasis and punctuation". Annual Reviews of Genetics 17 11-25.
^ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G., Warburg, E.F. (1952) Flora of the British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Pre
^ Grant, V. (1971) Plant speciation' New York: Columbia University Press.
^ Eldridge N, Gould SJ. (1972) Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism. In Schopf, Thomas J. M. (1972). Models in paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper. pp. 82–115.
^ Campbell, N.A. (1990) Biology p. 450–451, 487–490, 499–501. Redwood City CA: Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company.
^ Gould, S.J. & Eldredge, N. (1977) "Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered." Paleobiology 3 115–151.
^ McCarthy, T. & Rubridge, B. (2005) The Story of Earth and Life. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. ISBN 1-77007-148-2.
Coyne, J. A. & Orr, H. A. (2004). Speciation. Sunderlands, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Grant, V. (1981). Plant Speciation (2nd Edit. ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
Mayr, E. (1963). Animal Species and Evolution. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-03750-2
Marko, P. B. (2008). Allopatry. Oxford: Elsevier.
White, M. J. D. (1978). Modes of Speciation. San Francisco, California: W. H. Freeman and Company.
on Speciation in microorganisms is freely available.Philosophical Transactions BDedicated issue of
Observed Instances of Speciation from the Talk.Origins Frequently Asked Questions
Speciation, and
Evidence for Speciation from Understanding Evolution by the University of California Museum of Paleontology
Speciation from John Hawks' Anthropology Weblog
Modes of speciation
Heteropatric
Polyploidy
Paleopolyploidy
Auxiliary mechanisms
Intermediate stages
Species complex
Haldane's rule
List of evolutionary biology topics
Evolutionary history of life
Last universal ancestor
Evolutionary developmental biology
Phenotypic plasticity
Evolution of taxa
dolphins and whales
sea cows
Tetrapods
Evolution of organs
Flagella
In eukaryotes
eucaryote cell
chromatin
plastids
auditory ossicle
Evolution of processes
Programmed cell death
Avian flight
Biological complexity
in primates
Eusociality
Mosaic evolution
Multicellularity
Mating types
Gamete differentiation/sexes
Sex-determination
Life cycles/nuclear phases
Tempo and modes
phyletic gradualism/punctuated equilibrium
gradualism/saltationism
micromutation/macromutation
uniformitarianism/catastrophism
Anagenesis
Catagenesis
Cladogenesis
Protocell
History of evolutionary thought
Biological classification
Gene-centered view
Modern evolutionary synthesis
Background extinction rate
Coextinction
Ecological extinction
Extinction debt
Genetic pollution
Lazarus taxon
Local extinction
Pseudoextinction
Extinction vortex
Genetic erosion
Muller's ratchet
Mutational meltdown
Theories and
De-extinction
Hypothetical species
Extinction risk from global warming
Extinction events
Timeline of extinctions
Cretaceous–Paleogene
Triassic–Jurassic
Permian–Triassic
Late Devonian
Ordovician–Silurian
Extinct species
Lists of extinct species
List of extinct plants
IUCN Red List extinct species
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Vague or ambiguous time from May 2012
Articles needing additional references from January 2014
WorldHeritage articles needing factual verification from February 2013
Evolution, Biology, Evolutionary biology, Speciation, Population genetics
Speciation, Evolution, Biology, Paleontology, Ecology
Evolution, Pollution, Animal, New Zealand, Genocide
Human, Recent African origin of modern humans, Evolutionary psychology, Fossil, Evolution
Speciation, Evolutionary biology, Evolution, Sexual selection, Incipient speciation
Speciation, Evolution, Evolutionary biology, Population genetics, Mutation
Speciation, Charles Darwin, Species, Language, Evolution

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The V02 90 Pro is the logical choice for inline skaters looking to graduate to bigger wheels and higher speeds. The bigger wheels are also accompanied by K2's Vortech Ventilation System, designed to keep feet cool and dry. Our Speed Lacing System makes fine-tuning the fit of the V02 90 a cinch, and its Vo2 cuff and Vo2.2 frame creates the perfect balance of speed, stability, and support. Strap these on and skate away!


text:
Ritual and Reflection: A Conversation with Betye Saar By Angela N Carroll
Above:Betye Saar, Gliding into Midnight, 2019. Mixed media assemblage, 144 x 180 x 180 in. Tia Collection, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Image courtesy the artist and Roberts Projects, Los Angeles.
When I view an archival image of Oasis (1984), an installation of blown glass spheres situated around a child's rocking chair embedded in the sand by mixed-media artist Betye Saar (b. 1926), originally staged at The Museum of Contemporary Art; I can hear the ocean. Thirty-plus years of life come roaring back into fragmented memories from my youth, thoughts about family, and liberation. White sand. A bright sun refracts against my shea-buttered skin. I am shining in the light—smiling as I imagine the future, transfixed by a seemingly endless blue horizon. I come back to the present, trying to remember the last time I felt safe here—genuinely free. I return to the ocean, crashing against my petite frame, my strong stance refusing to fall.
To be Black in the world is to feel constant tension—a tightness in your muscles, clenching anticipation that never completely subsides. Even in moments of unabashed joy, there is a knowing that white-supremacist, illogical pathologies will attempt to disrupt your peace—microaggressions, bigoted violence, trending loops of unprosecuted slaughter. If every part of a person's life is an oasis, as Saar proclaims it can be, we all may find some refuge in the intimate nostalgic respites Saar reveals.
For over 60 years, Saar has scoured and reassembled refuse into meditative interventions, immersive installations, venerated altars, and object-laden collage or assemblage constructions. In all iterations, the worlds Saar builds are created with the highest intention and an immense curiosity to understand who we are by reviewing the material culture of who we have been. Saar is drawn to the resonance of objects, the residual imprints or essence that remains after the object has traversed countless lives.
Above: Betye Saar, Mojotech, 1987. Mixed media assemblage, 76 x 294 x 16 in. Courtesy the artist and Roberts Projects, Los Angeles. Photo: Robert Wedemeyer
This year, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami will exhibit the first survey of rarely seen installations created by Saar over the last 30 years. Curated by Stephanie Seidel, Serious Moonlight reconfigures large-scale installations that mark significant periods of inquiry and experimentation in Saar's practice. When commenting on Saar's narrative approach, Seidel noted, "Through these rarely seen installations, made nearly three decades ago, the exhibition illustrates her bold and pioneering approach as an artist, storyteller and mythmaker, and the ongoing significance and relevance of her work to the most pressing issues in America today."
Oasis (1984) is included in the exhibition among other significant works including House of Fortune (1988), Limbo (1994) and Wings of Morning (1992), Mojotech (1987), Secrets and Shadows (1989), A Woman's Boat: Voyages (1998) and Gliding into Midnight (2019), which will include fragments from the 1993 installation In Troubled Waters. In all iterations, the works within Serious Moonlight continue to showcase the exquisite curiosity and prolific artistry of one of the most dynamic 20th century American artists of her generation.
Saar describes the act of making art as "a ritual," which this writer likens to an alchemical process that involves a procedural set of acts. "The imprint—ideas, thoughts, memories, dreams, from the past, present, and future; The search—the selective eye and intuition; The collecting—gathering, and accumulating objects and materials, each bringing a presence, an energy; The recycling and transformation—the materials and objects are manipulated and combined with various media, and the energy is integrated and expanded; The release—the work is shared, (exhibited), experienced and relinquished." When the set of acts are fulfilled, Saar considers the ritual to be complete.
Above: Installation view: "Limbo: A Transitional State or Place," Santa Monica Museum of Art, 1994. Image courtesy the artist and Roberts Projects, Los Angeles
Saar activates and is activated by an intuitive and attentive process deeply tied to her spiritual studies. Ancient traditions inspire her; Haitian Voodoo and American hoodoo, African traditional religions, and metaphysical systems including phrenology, astrology and palmistry. She is perpetually gathering—staying alert to the pull of other objects and open to the imagining that will eventually become a tangible work. The objects she gathers are in some ways familiar but otherwise foreign to her, newly encountered, stumbled upon and salvaged. Once an object is obtained and added to her extensive inventory, it is stored until its usefulness is more pronounced.
"I remember reading Arnold Rubin's Artforum article in 1975, Accumulation: Power and Display in African Sculpture, in which he talked about how certain materials in African art have power and other materials are just for display or to help reinforce that power. That was a strong influence on me. Once again, it goes back to my intuition—'mother-wit' or whatever you want to call it—about selecting materials that possess power," Saar disclosed in an interview conducted via correspondence with this writer.
"Rubin described how the borders around a rug are used to protect the inner area. If it is sacred—for instance, a prayer rug—then the inside of the design is the sacred part, and the fringe is there to prevent negativity from entering that inner area. I found that very interesting. If you're making an assemblage, there's power in a certain part of the piece, and then all the rest is decoration, either to throw off the negativity or to attract positive feelings. That's how I felt about my boxes or collages: the sacred element is located in a particular place in the composition; the rest is just display, used to entice the viewer to look at the work," Saarwrote.
By rendering new mythos from classical archetypes and instinctively feeling her way towards found objects that will eventually substantiate new works, Saar asserts ancient ways of being as valid methodologies. As such, Saar's practice clarifies strategies of resistance that rupture expected—linear, taught—ways of being, making and discovery.
In 1990, Ishmael Reed conducted an interview with Saar (Saar Dust (1990) for The Art of Betye and Allison: Secrets Dialogues Revelations exhibition catalog) to discuss her practice. When asked if the work involves chance, Saar responded, "This is an important part of the work, the element of risk, the element of the unknown, like that's where the spirituality comes in, you know, like trusting the spirit to guide you through." The unknown, what Saar also describes as the mystery, is an exploration in discovery; the unearthing, renaming, and assertion of value to that which was previously lost, forgotten in the annuls of thrift stores or the litter of sidewalks.
Above: Betye Saar, Snake in the Heart, 1987. Sequins hand-applied on cloth, 27 x 14 1/2 in. Courtesy the artist and Roberts Projects, Los Angeles. Photo: Robert Wedemeyer
Black cultural memory is often discarded. Saar's reclamation of found images and family photographs, segments of quilts, glass beads or ancestral keepsakes is a subtle defiance—a refusal to be erased or singularly defined. A declaration that rejects what Michelle Wright conceptualizes as qualitative collapse the crisis of modernity, the need to simultaneously deny and exploit the labor of Blackness by situating it within linear and limited notions of spacetime (what Wright asserts as the collapse of meaningful, layered, rich and nuanced interpolations that occur when seeking to assert Blackness through linear spacetime).
Instead, Saar's work envisions the continuity of Black presence in the world by exemplifying what Achille Mbembe clarifies as an interlocking of presents, pasts and futures, "that retain their depths of other presents, pasts, and future, each age bearing, altering, and maintaining the previous ones (On the Postcolony, by Achille Mbembe)."
Who have we been? How have we preserved our history? Saar's quest to unveil the creative potential of obscure ephemera is a transformative gesture—an attempt to elevate subjects—both theme and personhood—from the violence of being discarded—considerations that literally and figuratively identify people or objects as waste. When asked whether institutions should do more to ensure that unsung artists are included in their collections and exhibitions, Saar noted, "Yes, of course, they should. If a museum collects American art, it should also include African American artists. As well as Asian American, Hispanic American, Middle Eastern American and Native American artists. There are many 'American' artists. We are all American."
This desire to see and encourage others to accept an expanded conception of practice through a diverse appraisal of topics that remain relevant 30 years after their construction substantiates Saar as an inspiring, relevant and masterful genius. A review of her astounding career in any form is a momentous and revelatory occasion.
Betye Saarblack women artistICA MiamiInstallations
The Colorful Life of Emma Amos By Jasmine Wilson
ICA Miami Announces Summer Intensive Program
Studio Visit: Sheena Rose with DVCAI/The Fountainhead Residency
From Mardi Gras to Betye Saar: 5 Short Films that Center Black Joy & Creativity By April Dobbins
ICA Miami Presents Symposium on Frantz Fanon
What did Artists like at Art Week Miami
Goodman Gallery presents Glyphs: an exhibition of bronze sculptures from William Kentridge In the Miami Design District


Hey Man, I don't have much of a jump shot but I can shoot the eyes out of a free throw, still leaving me shorter than NBA legend Magic Johnson. However, everybody's johnson possesses a little magic.
Buy the Red's Blues Club poster with Robert Bilbo Walker HERE.
Well, Smokey, I've always got your back, but in the words of Craig…….
You can always come stay with me on the Island of misfits.
Let's go to Gilleys. It'll make us feel better.
Damn, any suggestions about how to unsee this?


text:
New Book Traces Obama Strategy To Protect America From Hackers, Terrorists & Nation States
A review of Charlie Mitchell's 'Hacked: The Inside Story of America's Struggle to Secure Cyberspace.'
Wilson Alexander
Writer, Student & Athlete
Hardcover, 320 pages
Published June 20th 2016 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
One of the most pressing issues in cybersecurity policy is the question of jurisdiction. Who should secure cyberspace from rogue hackers, terrorists, and nation-states? Is it the responsibility of the government, the private sector, or both? In his recent book, Hacked: The Inside Story of America's Struggle to Secure Cyberspace, Charlie Mitchell traces how that question has been answered in the Obama administration, mapping recent attempts by the government and industry to cooperate on the issue.
Towards the end of his second term, President Bush began to explore the issue of cybersecurity and the Obama administration picked up where he left off, except the 44th president, hoping not to stifle economic growth by putting undue burdens on corporations, was less inclined to use regulation as a security mechanism than his predecessor. Hoping for a more voluntary approach, the administration attempted to partner with the private sector and the two aspects of that partnership that Mitchell highlights were cybersecurity standards and information sharing.
After Congressional failure to pass cyber legislation (a constant theme throughout the book), the White House decided to take the lead and in 2013 the President issued an executive order based on government and private sector collaboration.
The most significant example of such collaboration was the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cybersecurity framework creation process. The executive order tasked NIST with developing a framework of "voluntary standards" for cybersecurity in collaboration with the tech industry. Both sides met and discussed the framework at a series of conferences at various college campuses across the country. The basics of the framework included "five core functions: know, prevent, detect, respond, and recover… It would also include three framework implantation levels." It also included a list of other issues that NIST officials hoped industry leaders would consider including "improving authentication" and "bolstering the cybersecurity workforce."
The process was constantly threatened by business leader's fears that the framework (specifically the metrics used to measure adoption of the framework) would devolve into regulation, accordingly the three implementation levels were changed to four "tiers." The Framework was released in 2014 to positive reviews from the business community, but the media and security experts had more unenthusiastic takes.
Information sharing, another area of collaboration highlighted by Mitchell, refers primarily to the flow of information about cyber threats between the government and private industry. Laws and national security considerations limit the sharing ability of the federal government, and concerns about liability and government punishment inhibit industry sharing with the government.
Hacked follows the twisted path that information sharing-legislation takes through Congress and explores how Washington strives to foster increased information sharing between the two parties. A number of bills are proposed in the House during Obama's second term with different approaches to information sharing, especially concerning who in the government information should be shared with: the Department of Homeland Security, the NSA, or multiple government agencies.
Mitchell spends most of his time not on the specifics of the bills but on the excruciatingly difficult and long process that the House and the Senate take to pass them. Cybersecurity legislation is repeatedly passed over because of looming elections, government shutdowns, squabbles between Republicans and Democrats, the budget, immigration, and the Iran nuclear deal. Even when it is brought up, it is constantly assailed by privacy advocates such as the ACLU.
Mitchell closes the book with musings on the future of cybersecurity in the United States. Questions still exist about whether the voluntary approach favored by the Obama administration has staying power, especially when a new President takes office this January. Restructuring at the federal government level, especially within Congress and the bureaucracy, is also necessary to deal with the cyber threat more efficiently, and he warns against seeing information-sharing as an end in itself instead of part of a larger cyber strategy. The private sector, especially the insurance community, has made great strides in security, but the government still struggles to provide adequate incentives for companies to invest in it, and time will tell whether the government or private industry will take the lead in cybersecurity development in the future.
Mitchell ends by stating that "cybersecurity, and cyber threats, are now a permanent feature of the governing, political, and economic landscape," the dangers they pose will not disappear, and any response to them must be based on this fundamental fact. Though a bit dry at times, Hacked is a must read for anyone seeking greater familiarity with this essential element of national security, which will only grow in importance in the coming years.
Obama Issues Federal Government Policy For Cyberattack Response
Obama's War On Hackers
Obama Calls For Norms To Prevent 'Cyber Wild Wild West'
Vulnerabilities/ThreatsRiskThreat IntelligenceOperationsCompliance
The ROI Story: Identifying & Justifying Disruptive Technology
RadiantOne: Identity Integration for Zero Trust and Digital Transformation


text:
ABC for the PCC
A Handbook for Church Council Members
Sorry, this item is out of print.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC
This bestselling book has been fully revised and updated to take into account recent changes in secular and canon law. Since it was published in 1979, "ABC for the PPC" has proved an invaluable source for parochial church councillors, churchwardens and clergy alike. It provides information and practical suggestions about the legal and spiritual duties and responsibilities of the PPC, with an emphasis on real partnership between clergy and laity.
John Pitchford is an experienced parish priest who has served both in rural areas and in London, as well as being a member of the General Synod for the Hereford Diocese, UK.
"A magnificent compendium...a constant reference point and a welcome source of fresh ideas." The Reverend Sir Derek Pattinson, former Secretary General of the General Synod "I commend the ABC to Churchwardens and PCC members and congratulate Pitchford on an excellent revision of a really useful compendium." Bishop Mark Santer"
Church Log Book (Pages only)
Good Parish Management Guide
Grow Your Church's Income
Church Treasurer's Handbook
The PCC Member's Essential Guide
Making Church Buildings Work
Church Property Register (Pages Only)
The Churchwarden's Year
Your Church and the Law
Parish Survival Guide
The Churchyards Handbook


text:
Samsung to Obtain Joyent, a US Cloud Services Firm
Network, Top Slider
Samsung Electronics is going to obtain U.S. cloud services company, Joyent as it builds its services business around mobile devices and the Internet of Things.
The details of the deal are not disclosed yet. According to the reports, Joyent will operate as a standalone subsidiary under the new dispensation and continue providing cloud infrastructure and software services to its customers.
Samsung disclosed that the acquisition would give the smartphone maker access to its own cloud platform to support it in the areas of mobile, IoT and cloud-based software and services.
Further, Samsung said that it had evaluated a number of providers of public and private cloud infrastructure but finalized Joyent as it saw "an experienced management team with deep domain expertise and a robust cloud technology validated by some of the largest Fortune 500 customers."
The key executives of Joyent, like CEO Scott Hammond, CTO Bryan Cantrill, and Bill Fine, vice president of product are supposed to join Samsung and work on company-wide cloud initiatives.
In the large and competitive cloud computing market, Joyent is expecting to achieve the scale required to compete effectively, with Samsung being a key customer.
Scott Hammond, CEO of Joyent said, "As a result of this acquisition, Samsung will become an anchor tenant for Joyent's Triton and Manta solutions."
Triton is Joyent's container-as-a-service platform while Manta is its object storage technology. CTO Bryan Cantrill predicts that, Samsung is about to use Triton and Manta as the server-side foundation for a new generation of mobile- and IoT-based application.
"Alibaba wants to double its revenue to a Trillion Dollars" says Jack Maa
The Weather Company Launched the World's Most Advanced Hyper-Local Weather Forecasting Model - 'Deep Thunder'
insights success June 16, 2016


text:
import datetime as dt
from textwrap import dedent

import pytest
from freezegun import freeze_time
from khal import exceptions
from khal.controllers import import_ics, khal_list, start_end_from_daterange
from khal.khalendar.vdir import Item

from . import utils
from .utils import _get_text

today = dt.date.today()
yesterday = today - dt.timedelta(days=1)
tomorrow = today + dt.timedelta(days=1)

event_allday_template = """BEGIN:VEVENT
SEQUENCE:0
UID:uid3@host1.com
DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:{}
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:{}
SUMMARY:a meeting
DESCRIPTION:short description
LOCATION:LDB Lobby
END:VEVENT"""

event_today = event_allday_template.format(today.strftime('%Y%m%d'),
                                           tomorrow.strftime('%Y%m%d'))
item_today = Item(event_today)

event_format = '{calendar-color}{start-end-time-style:16} {title}'
event_format += '{repeat-symbol}{description-separator}{description}{calendar-color}'

conf = {'locale': utils.LOCALE_BERLIN,
        'default': {'timedelta': dt.timedelta(days=2), 'show_all_days': False}
        }

class TestGetAgenda:
    def test_new_event(self, coll_vdirs):
        coll, vdirs = coll_vdirs
        event = coll.new_event(event_today, utils.cal1)
        coll.new(event)
        assert ['                 a meeting :: short description\x1b[0m'] == \
            khal_list(coll, [], conf, agenda_format=event_format, day_format="")

    def test_new_event_day_format(self, coll_vdirs):
        coll, vdirs = coll_vdirs
        event = coll.new_event(event_today, utils.cal1)
        coll.new(event)
        assert ['Today\x1b[0m',
                '                 a meeting :: short description\x1b[0m'] == \
            khal_list(coll, [], conf, agenda_format=event_format, day_format="{name}")

    def test_agenda_default_day_format(self, coll_vdirs):
        with freeze_time('2016-04-10 12:33'):
            today = dt.date.today()
            event_today = event_allday_template.format(
                today.strftime('%Y%m%d'), tomorrow.strftime('%Y%m%d'))
            coll, vdirs = coll_vdirs
            event = coll.new_event(event_today, utils.cal1)
            coll.new(event)
            out = khal_list(
                coll, conf=conf, agenda_format=event_format, datepoint=[])
            assert [
                '\x1b[1m10.04.2016 12:33\x1b[0m\x1b[0m',
                '↦                a meeting :: short description\x1b[0m'] == out

    def test_agenda_fail(self, coll_vdirs):
        with freeze_time('2016-04-10 12:33'):
            coll, vdirs = coll_vdirs
            with pytest.raises(exceptions.FatalError):
                khal_list(coll, conf=conf, agenda_format=event_format, datepoint=['xyz'])
            with pytest.raises(exceptions.FatalError):
                khal_list(coll, conf=conf, agenda_format=event_format, datepoint=['today'])

    def test_empty_recurrence(self, coll_vdirs):
        coll, vidrs = coll_vdirs
        coll.new(coll.new_event(dedent(
            'BEGIN:VEVENT\r\n'
            'UID:no_recurrences\r\n'
            'SUMMARY:No recurrences\r\n'
            'RRULE:FREQ=DAILY;COUNT=2;INTERVAL=1\r\n'
            'EXDATE:20110908T130000\r\n'
            'EXDATE:20110909T130000\r\n'
            'DTSTART:20110908T130000\r\n'
            'DTEND:20110908T170000\r\n'
            'END:VEVENT\r\n'
        ), utils.cal1))
        assert 'no events' in '\n'.join(
            khal_list(coll, [], conf, agenda_format=event_format, day_format="{name}")).lower()

class TestImport:
    def test_import(self, coll_vdirs):
        coll, vdirs = coll_vdirs
        view = {'event_format': '{title}'}
        conf = {'locale': utils.LOCALE_BERLIN, 'view': view}
        import_ics(coll, conf, _get_text('event_rrule_recuid'), batch=True)
        start_date = utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2014, 4, 30))
        end_date = utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2014, 9, 26))
        events = list(coll.get_localized(start_date, end_date))
        assert len(events) == 6
        events = sorted(events)
        assert events[1].start_local == utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2014, 7, 7, 9, 0))
        assert utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2014, 7, 14, 7, 0)) in \
            [ev.start for ev in events]

        import_ics(coll, conf, _get_text('event_rrule_recuid_update'), batch=True)
        events = list(coll.get_localized(start_date, end_date))
        for ev in events:
            print(ev.start)
            assert ev.calendar == 'foobar'
        assert len(events) == 5
        assert utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2014, 7, 14, 7, 0)) not in \
            [ev.start_local for ev in events]

    def test_mix_datetime_types(self, coll_vdirs):
        """
        Test importing events with mixed tz-aware and tz-naive datetimes.
        """
        coll, vdirs = coll_vdirs
        view = {'event_format': '{title}'}
        import_ics(
            coll,
            {'locale': utils.LOCALE_BERLIN, 'view': view},
            _get_text('event_dt_mixed_awareness'),
            batch=True
        )
        start_date = utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2015, 5, 29))
        end_date = utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2015, 6, 3))
        events = list(coll.get_localized(start_date, end_date))
        assert len(events) == 2
        events = sorted(events)
        assert events[0].start_local == \
            utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2015, 5, 30, 12, 0))
        assert events[0].end_local == \
            utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2015, 5, 30, 16, 0))
        assert events[1].start_local == \
            utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2015, 6, 2, 12, 0))
        assert events[1].end_local == \
            utils.BERLIN.localize(dt.datetime(2015, 6, 2, 16, 0))

def test_start_end():
    with freeze_time('2016-04-10'):
        start = dt.datetime(2016, 4, 10, 0, 0)
        end = dt.datetime(2016, 4, 11, 0, 0)
        assert (start, end) == start_end_from_daterange(('today',), locale=utils.LOCALE_BERLIN)

def test_start_end_default_delta():
    with freeze_time('2016-04-10'):
        start = dt.datetime(2016, 4, 10, 0, 0)
        end = dt.datetime(2016, 4, 11, 0, 0)
        assert (start, end) == start_end_from_daterange(('today',), utils.LOCALE_BERLIN)

def test_start_end_delta():
    with freeze_time('2016-04-10'):
        start = dt.datetime(2016, 4, 10, 0, 0)
        end = dt.datetime(2016, 4, 12, 0, 0)
        assert (start, end) == start_end_from_daterange(('today', '2d'), utils.LOCALE_BERLIN)

def test_start_end_empty():
    with freeze_time('2016-04-10'):
        start = dt.datetime(2016, 4, 10, 0, 0)
        end = dt.datetime(2016, 4, 11, 0, 0)
        assert (start, end) == start_end_from_daterange([], utils.LOCALE_BERLIN)

def test_start_end_empty_default():
    with freeze_time('2016-04-10'):
        start = dt.datetime(2016, 4, 10, 0, 0)
        end = dt.datetime(2016, 4, 13, 0, 0)
        assert (start, end) == start_end_from_daterange(
            [], utils.LOCALE_BERLIN,
            default_timedelta_date=dt.timedelta(days=3),
            default_timedelta_datetime=dt.timedelta(hours=1),
        )

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


After dating for 6 years and typically keeping their relations private, Karlie Kloss and Joshua Kushner launched a news bomb on Instagram when they announced they are going to get married.
According to the People magazine, Kushner proposed "a few weeks ago during a romantic weekend together in upstate New York," but the couple decided to break out the news to the public just recently.
Joshua, who is an entrepreneur and founder of a number of firms, is close to Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump, whom he calls sister, according to Forbes. The US president's daughter has welcomed the model to the family, writing in the commentary section below Kloss' engagement announcement.
The 25-year-old model, who has featured in numerous fashion shows and campaigns for brands like the Christian Dior, used to be a Victoria's Secret Angel, but also started an educational company, Kode With Klossy. She shared in the overly emotional reaction to the news from her friends Serena Williams and Princess Beatrice, the daughter of the Duke of York.
— som2ny (@som2ny_official) 26 июля 2018 г.
The social media users also rushed to share their excitement over the engagement.
— MODELS (@ShadyModelFacts) 25 июля 2018 г.
Some turned their attention to a wedding ring featuring a cushion-cut diamond in a platinum solitaire setting, which is thought to be worth as much as $500,000, according to Fox News estimates.
— realizetoday (@realizetoday) 25 июля 2018 г.
— VS Angels (@VSangls) 25 июля 2018 г.
However, not everyone was that benevolent; some slammed the model for becoming a relative of Donald Trump.
— Micah (@MicahWest) 24 июля 2018 г.
— Chelle Oh (@Cheezpaper) 24 июля 2018 г.
— Andrea Ball (@AndreaBall) 24 июля 2018 г.
— jeri hautzig (@jerihautzig) 24 июля 2018 г.
Many joked about the model's future initials.
— Andy Tulin (@AndyTulin) 24 июля 2018 г.
— slaylor swift | tampa (@spinnningaround) 24 июля 2018 г.
— A.❣ (@AT_Tunechi) 24 июля 2018 г.
Some were guessing if the US President is going to be in the guest list, along with Kloss' celebrity friends Serena Williams and Taylor Swift.
— p (@pnrudzin) 24 июля 2018 г.
Despite being the younger brother to Donald Trump's son-in-law and advisor Jared Kushner, Joshua, a self-proclaimed lifelong Democrat, has distanced himself from the President, avoided expressing his views on policy and even attended the anti-Trump women's March for Our Lives with his future wife.


Dean: bạn guys don't walk enough. You're gonna get flabby. bạn know, I'm starting to think Junkless has a better sense of humor than bạn do.
Dean: Cas, hold up. What were bạn going to tell me?
Dean: Destiny? Don't give me that "holy" crap. Destiny, God's plan... It's all a bunch of lies, bạn poor, stupid son of a b*tch! It's just a way for your bosses to keep me and keep bạn in line! bạn know what's real? People, families - that's real. And you're gonna watch them all burn?
Castiel: I dragged bạn out of hell, I can throw bạn back in.
Lucifer: Castiel, Did bạn just Molotov my brother... with Holy Fire?


text:
How Singers And Bands Make Money
How do singers and bands who record other people's music make money? In the past, we have explored how songwriters and publishers earn an income from their musical activities. This time around, the focus is on singers and bands who don't write their own music, but may be signed to a deal with a music label.
Often referred to as artists, singers and music bands are often the face of the music business. They are the ones who get up on stage (or host live streamed concerts these days) to perform in front of adoring fans. In addition, they spend a lot of time recording songs created by songwriters and other musicians and going on tours, sometimes all around the world.
Like other players in the music industry, singers and music bands can earn money in several different ways. But how it all works can get murky if you don't have a working idea about the various revenue streams and how they apply. So, how do bands and singers get paid? Again, it's important to start with the basics.
Generally speaking, every song has two parts that can be monetized.
i. The Composition
ii. The Master Recording
Singers and bands usually make money with the master recording. If you are a talented singer and manage to get discovered by an agent or label, who goes on to "sign you," the usual deal is that the label will bind you to a contract for a certain period. That period is often measured in a set number of albums and tours, rather than time.
After recording an album under a music deal, the label's primary job is to exploit the music. Usually, you assign the master rights of your songs to your label and they are responsible for duplicating, distributing and marketing these recordings. In the past, this primarily happened through CDs and downloads. This has shifted to music streams for the most part since the emergence of Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal and others. Since CD sales and downloads are negligible nowadays, it makes more sense to focus on streams for this article.
Let's assume that your album streams 1,000,000 times across the major streaming platforms. Based on current estimates, your label would earn between $4,000 - $10,000, depending on the contract they negotiated with the streaming service. After your label collects the monies from the streaming platforms, the label retains a portion of the income and forwards the remainder to the singer/band. How much of the total revenue that goes to the singer depends on the contract the singer signed with the label.
This can vary from 0% (rare, but possible) all the way up to more than half of the revenue. Often, if a singer doesn't get paid any money from streaming, CD sales or downloads, it is usually due to the fact that the label paid the singer an upfront fee to buy out the master rights and likeness of the artist for the specific release. The singer or band essentially is an employee of the record label and earns a set amount of salary regardless of sales. These deals are more common in Asian countries, rather than in North America or Europe.
Due to the much lower pay rate for streamed music, compared to CD sales or downloads, performances have now become the main income stream for performing artists. Of course, this has been temporarily curtailed in recent times due to the stay at home orders brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Before streaming, artists usually considered tours as a means to promote their album sales. Nowadays, the roles have been reversed, with artists viewing album releases as promotional material for their tours.
When you sign a major label deal (or a larger indie label deal), a tour per album is often part of the contract. The label helps organize and promote the tour and earns revenue from ticket sales. Similar to the concept explained above for CD sales, downloads and streams, the performing artist will likely earn a percentage of the ticket sales, or a set amount regardless of ticket sales.
Master Licensing
Each new recording of a song is a new master of the same song. For example, let's say John writes a song called "Best Song Ever" and records a demo of that song. That demo is a master recording of "Best Song Ever."
Someone on Kane Brown's team hears "Best Song Ever" and thinks that this song is perfect for Kane's new album. Kane records "Best Song Ever" with his own vocals and band. This recording becomes a new, separate master recording of that same song. Since Kane Brown has a label contract with RCA Nashville, he assigns the master rights of the song to his label and they release it as part of his new album.
To take it further, a rep on Coca Cola's advertising team hears "Best Song Ever" and thinks it's the perfect song for their new national TV ad, and they want to use the song as recorded by Kane Brown. RCA Nashville can issue them a license for a fee, which allows them to use the master recording for the TV ad. The label will collect the fee from Coca Cola, retain their portion, and forward the remaining percentage to Kane. It's pretty much the same for other singers and bands. The amount of the percentage going toward the artist depends on the contract that has been negotiated between the two parties.
These are the three main ways singers and bands, who are signed to a label, make money. To summarize, they make money from recorded music through the following three income streams.
Music sales: Every time the label sells a CD, a download or stream of the singer or band.
Music performances: Every time the singer or band performs the song at a concert for which tickets have been sold.
Master licensing: Every time a brand wants to use the exact master recording of the song for a commercial project such as an advertisement, movie or video game.
In addition to the above sources from recorded music, singers and bands can also make money from a number of other activities. These include selling merchandise at concerts, product endorsements, TV or event appearances, session work, and many other opportunities.
Publishing Administration Agreements
A guide to understanding how administration deals are structured.