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What we have done is have our site SharkAttacks.net search for Shark Attack information in every language from around the world every day or two.
Around 100 Languages displaying 20 results from each language with Google translator translating the information into the language of your choice.
If you find an incident we don't have listed please contact us and inform us of your discovery. We will give you credit for the find.
We feel that this will help us gather shark attack information from around the world. Currently, the biggest shark attack files average 90 to 95 % of attacks happen in English speaking countries or to English speaking persons which is nowhere near worldwide as claimed.
The incident happened about 5:30 p.m. on Easter Sunday in Jacksonville Beach near the 30th Avenue South access point.
A young girl is recovering after she was reportedly bitten by a shark while swimming.
Part 2 of our Cape Cod series, focusing on whether sharks might scare away tourists this summer and what businesses can and should do about it.


Alexis Eisenhofer studied business economics from 1993 to 1997 at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich where he received his doctorate in multi-period Portfolio Optimization at the Capital Market Research Institute. Since 1999 he is Founding Director and CEO of financial.com AG, an applications service provider for market data, with responsibilities for the devisions finance, data and products. Since 2005 he is founding and honorary board member of Münchner Finance Forum e.V., dedicated to promote the interchange between business economics and institutional investors.


As the director of the Ronald M. Loeb Center on Alzheimer's Disease at Mount Sinai, Dr. Alison Goate specializes in researching the disease's basic mechanisms to improve our treatment options. November is National Alzheimer's Disease Awareness Month.
More than five million Americans are living with Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia. "Alzheimer's disease is most commonly associated with progressive memory loss over a period of years, though there can also be deficits in other cognitive areas," says Dr. Alison Goate, the director of the Ronald M. Loeb Center on Alzheimer's Disease at Mount Sinai. "Alzheimer's dramatically affects the activities of daily living and, as yet, we don't have a disease-modifying therapy for it."
In casual speech, people tend to use dementia and Alzheimer's interchangeably. "Dementia is the broad umbrella term for memory loss, cognitive impairment and behavioral change. But there are about 60 known causes of dementia," Goate says. "Alzheimer's accounts for about 70% of all dementia cases. Most people know someone who has the disease."
Alzheimer's is a disease most often associated with aging. "The disease usually affects older adults over the age of 65," says Goate. "There are some relatively rare forms of Alzheimer's that include early onset of the disease."
"Both genetic evidence and environmental factors contribute to an individual's risk of developing Alzheimer's," Goate says. "At the moment, we understand the genetic factors better. There are familial subtypes of the disease and we have identified one gene that increases people's risk three- to ten-fold."
Doctors identified other risk factors as well. "Anyone who has suffered a head injury with loss of consciousness is probably at greater risk of Alzheimer's," Goate says. "The more education you have, the lower your risk, which might have to do with what we call cognitive reserve, which means you have more brain connections that can compensate for the loss of other cells."
Counterintuitively, health problems that might seem unrelated to the brain are also associated with Alzheimer's.
"We've found that having untreated cardiovascular risk factors like diabetes, hypertension and obesity probably also increase your risk of Alzheimer's," Goate says. "Because poor people are less likely to have those disorders treated in middle life, they're at higher risk of Alzheimer's down the road."
While Alzheimer's strikes both men and women, women are disproportionately affected. "Women are affected more than men, and that's true even accounting for the fact the women are alive longer," says Goate. "Women are also more likely to be caregivers to people with Alzheimer's, so they are affected both ways."
The classic warning signs of Alzheimer's disease involve problems with short-term memory. "People with Alzheimer's forget something from five minutes ago — they may ask the same questions and tell the same stories over and over again," Goate says. "Sometimes, this can become dangerous, because someone goes to run the bath and then forgets it and it overruns the place, or sets the kettle to boil and forgets to turn it off." In the early stages, the patient may remember events that occurred 20 or 30 years ago perfectly well, but not remember something that happened five minutes ago.
Memory problems can be accompanied by other cognitive losses. "People can become confused because they don't have a good sense of time and place. A red flag in the early stages is when someone goes out to do something quite normal, like go to the grocery store and they get lost," says Goate. "Any executive function can be impacted. Someone who balanced her checkbook or played bridge for her whole life can't do it any more." Often both the patient and a spouse and loved ones notice the early signs.
Currently, doctors don't have medications that can halt the progression of Alzheimer's, but they can moderate the symptoms. "Right now there are a couple of drug classes that are on the market, including anticholinergic drugs, which can help to treat the symptoms for a short period of time for some people," Goate says. "They don't stop the progression of the disease, so we need more and better drugs."
In taking care of patients with Alzheimer's, it's crucial to treat other health problems like hypertension or diabetes.
"For most patients, Alzheimer's is a five- to fifteen-year progression," Goate says. "Sometimes it depends on how healthy you were before and how carefully you're taken care of. If you have any other illness, that's almost certainly going to contribute to a shorter lifespan." As the disease progresses, patients need full-time care.
The Human Genome Project has mapped the sequence, or order, of chemically-bonded pairs that make up human DNA like rungs on a ladder. So doctors are using this knowledge to treat Alzheimer's.
"Twenty years ago, when we were studying families with inherited forms of the disease, we would sequence only a few people in the family. But now the cost has dropped to about $1,500 for an individual, so a large study can look at the unique gene sequences of 10,000 people," says Goate. "We're trying to learn more about the biology of the disease so can we develop new therapeutics to target the disease pathways."
We can all benefit from asking, "What can I do to prevent Alzheimer's?"
"Taking care of your cardiovascular health is important not only to cut your risk of heart attack, but also diseases like Alzheimer's," Goate says. If you're caring for someone with Alzheimer's, you may want to ask, "Do we know how rapidly this disease will progress?" Being a caretaker is incredibly demanding, so don't hesitate to ask, "At what point should I start thinking about getting help?" and "What resources are available to me in the community?"
One misconception about dementia: there's no need for a more precise diagnosis. "If someone is showing signs of dementia, it's important to get a diagnosis, because some causes are reversible," Goate says. "We have different therapies for different forms of dementia and sometimes what people assume is dementia can be a manifestation of depression. It's best to figure out exactly what's going on."
There's a wealth of Alzheimer's information online. Two places to start are the Alzheimer's Association (alz.org), which runs a free 24-hour helpline too — and Mount Sinai (icahn.mssm.edu/research/centers/alzheimers-disease-research-center).
There's a lot of promising work being done. So look for an appropriate trial near you at clinicaltrials.gov.
"Caretakers need a respite too," Goate says. "Talk to the doctor about resources in your community, including adult day care centers."
It turns out that eating a heart-healthy diet and getting exercise, the things that are good for your heart, also protect against Alzheimer's.
— An estimated 5.3 million Americans are living with Alzheimer's in 2015.
— Almost two-thirds of Alzheimer's patients are women.
— 1 in 3 people will have Alzheimer's or another form of dementia at the end of their lives.
— Only 45% of patients or their caregivers have been told the diagnosis of Alzheimer's.


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LabGuru Case Study
SaaS Provider Achieves Compliant, Customized Cloud Web Security on AWS
Labguru (labguru.com) is the flagship product from BioData. It is a secure web based ELN [Electronic Lab Notebook] platform for designing, performing, and managing projects in the life sciences.
Labguru's customers include a wide variety of biochemical research laboratories, both in academia and industry. As such, it has a number of unusual requirements for web security. "Initially we had a basic service from CloudFlare, plus we had implemented a lot of security within our platform's code. But as we began to acquire some large customers from industry, we discovered that we needed a better solution to secure the endpoints that we make publicly accessible. There was a growing amount of bot scans, crawlers, and other suspicious traffic that we wanted to eliminate," said Johai Kadosh, BioData's DevOps and Production Manager. BioData evaluated a number of security solutions, including AWS WAF. Although it has a number of good features, it isn't meant to be a comprehensive solution, and BioData needed much more.
The company also evaluated Imperva Incapsula and Reblaze. "We eliminated Incapsula early, because their prices were way over our budget. Then we looked closely at Reblaze." BioData knew that its security solution had to fulfill a list of strict requirements. Some requirements could be evaluated before purchase, including compliance, customer privacy, and customization. Others could be anticipated before purchase, but needed to be verified after the deployment occurred. Those requirements included high reliability, minimal latency, and minimal cost.
Compliance and Customer Privacy
Mr. Kadosh explained, "We need to comply with GDPR, FDA CFR 21, and other standards. Compliance requires us to have all the data under our account, and all the traffic needs to be handled within our own compute resources." BioData executives appreciated that Reblaze is a compliant solution, and that it runs within a dedicated Virtual Private Cloud for each customer.
Unlike many other cloud security solutions (which decrypt and often store customer data on their own infrastructure), Reblaze performs all its traffic processing exclusively on the customer's resources.
WAF Customization
Mr. Kadosh explained, "Our web platform is very complex; I can't just place a WAF filter in front of it. I needed a high level of customization, and Reblaze is very customizable."
Initial Impressions After Rollout
After its due diligence was completed, BioData selected Reblaze as its web security solution. Because Reblaze is fully integrated with AWS WAF, the deployment and launch of Reblaze were straightforward. Mr. Kadosh said, "The first thing I noticed with Reblaze is that it works. Whatever you configure it to block, will be blocked. Then we began to dive into customization, and realized that although Reblaze supports extremely complex configurations, we needed some assistance. I reached out to the support team, and they were a tremendous help. The issues that we had were solved very quickly."
Minimal Latency
Mr. Kadosh was surprised by the minimal overhead required for Reblaze. He said, "I would expect the WAF to add much more latency to the application than it actually does.
For all the processing Reblaze does, and all thevalue we are getting from it, I'm seeing less than three milliseconds added.
"The Best Support"
Mr. Kadosh also appreciates the support that he has received. "It's the best we've had so far [from a vendor]. The issues that we've had were responded to right away. Everything was done over SMS or WhatsApp within an hour." Reblaze is a fully managed platform, updated automatically to protect against the latest web threats. "Every so often we receive a new AMI [AWS machine image] and it's deployed to the WAF. It's easy, and I like knowing that the IP blacklists and other security rulesets are always being updated."
Minimal Cost
When asked about his favorite parts of Reblaze, Mr. Kadosh said, "Its compute requirements are awesome. I'm putting all my traffic through Reblaze, from multiple environments.
The machines I'm using are the lowest that Amazon provides. Reblaze's cost efficiency is one of its greatest features.
As do most organizations, BioData needs its infrastructure to be reliable. Mr. Kadosh said, "I was concerned about placing the WAF endpoints before all my production environments. It creates a potential bottleneck, and if the WAF endpoints go down, this will kill all my production environments. I needed a very reliable solution." Reblaze's SLA includes 99.999% uptime, and it runs on the same compute resources that the customer's platform does. Mr. Kadosh said Reblaze has proven to be reliable. "Reblaze works."
Unanticipated Benefits
In use, Reblaze has proven even more helpful than expected. Mr. Kadosh said, "Our platform is always under development; we're continuously improving and adding features, and adding more clusters and endpoints. We really appreciate Reblaze's flexibility. We're able to change rules along the way, and they propagate without any issues, and they simply work." But even more appreciated is Reblaze's real-time reporting and full traffic logging. Mr. Kadosh explained, "We evaluate the logs frequently. The dashboard shows a lot of information. We really appreciate that the logs and graphs are available to you live—it allows a very good understanding of the traffic." When asked to summarize his experience using Reblaze, Mr. Kadosh said, "We really appreciate its ability to be customized, which allows it to fit various needs. It requires a very small amount of compute power. And Reblaze's support is great. "Probably the most useful feature is the traffic reporting. The logs and the graphs in the dashboard show the requests that are blocked, and why and where they're being blocked.
The information that the dashboards and the logs provide is priceless.
Scrubbing incoming traffic in the cloud while adhering to strict compliance requirements for customer data privacy
Customizing web and API traffic processing according to very complex requirements, varying on a per-customer and a per-endpoint basis
Blocking hostile traffic with minimal latency
Achieving all the above with minimal added expense
Reblaze runs in a Virtual Private Cloud under BioData's AWS account. With the assistance of Reblaze support, rulesets were constructed and customized to meet Labguru's requirements.
Hostile traffic is blocked, and compliance is maintained; all processing occurs within BioData's AWS resources
Compute resource requirements are minimal. Added latency is less than three milliseconds
For more Case Studies and Success Stories
Coinberry
Ventures Lab

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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AI4Networks
SPONSORS/COLLABORATORS
TurboRAN
Funded PhD positions in AI4Networks
Postdoctoral Fellow Position
Overseas Placement Positions
ASSH
QSON
TurboRAN: State of the art testbed for enabling unprecedented experimental research on multi-band, multi-tier artificial intelligence enabled wireless networks of future
Project Collaborators
The goal of this project is to develop TurboRAN: Testbed for Ultra-Dense-Multi-Band Control and Data Plane Split Radio Access Networks of the Future.. TurboRAN will cover an area of 360,000 square meters at The University of Oklahoma (OU) campus as well as an indoor lab area of 7,500 square feet. This novel testbed will have the ability to experimentally test the static and dynamic parameters associated with a multi-cell, multi-tier, multi-band cellular eco-system being envisioned for 5G and beyond. To capture the envisioned deployment scenarios for 5G and beyond and enable compelling new research on AI enabled proactive self-organizing networks (P-SON), control and data plane split architecture (CDSA) and database aided CDSA, TurboRAN will comprise of: three layers of cells; operation in HF bands as well as in mm-Wave bands; conventional heterogeneous as well as C-RAN implementation; MIMO provision; mobile access points and UEs. In addition to end-to-end programmability and flexibility for modelling a variety of futuristic heterogeneous cellular system scenarios, another unique feature of the TurboRAN will be the integrated big data processing capability to explore the potential of untapped cellular control and user plane data for designing artificial intelligence enabled proactive rather than reactive next generation SON (i.e. P-SON). Together, these features make the planned testbed a powerful enabler for cutting-edge research towards future cellular networks.
Prof. Ali Imran (Principal Investigator- University of Oklahoma)
Prof. Pramode Verma (University of Oklahoma)
Prof. Hazem Refai (University of Oklahoma)
Prof. Muhammad Ali Imran (University of Surrey)
Prof. Rahim Tafazolli(University of Surrey)
Asad Zaidi (PhD candidate - University of Oklahoma)
Umair Hashmi (PhD candidate - University of Oklahoma)
Azar Taufique (PhD candidate - University of Oklahoma)
Hasan Farooq (PhD candidate - University of Oklahoma)
Ahmad Asghar (PhD candidate - University of Oklahoma)
Haneya Naeem Qureshi (PhD candidate - University of Oklahoma)
Arsalan Darbandi (Master's degree candidates - University of Oklahoma)
şinasi çetinkaya (Master's degree candidates - University of Oklahoma)
Marvin Manalastas (Master's degree candidates - University of Oklahoma)
Shruti Bothe (Master's degree candidates - University of Oklahoma)
5GIC University of Surrey, UK
Intellectual Merit
1. A. Asghar, H. Farooq and A. Imran, "Self-Healing in Emerging Cellular Networks: Review, Challenges, and Research Directions," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1682-1709, third quarter 2018. doi: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2825786.
2. Ahmad Asghar, Hasan Farooq, Ali Imran "On Concurrent Optimization of Coverage, Capacity and Load Balance in HetNets through Joint Self-Organization of Soft and Hard Cell Association Parameters", in the press for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technologies, 2018 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2018.2846655.
3. U. S. Hashmi, S. A. R. Zaidi and A. Imran, "User-Centric Cloud RAN: An Analytical Framework for Optimizing Area Spectral and Energy Efficiency," in IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 19859-19875, 2018. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2820898.
4. A. Zoha, A. Saeed, H. Farooq, A. Rizwan, A. Imran and M. A.Imran, "Leveraging Intelligence from Network CDR Data for Interference Aware Energy Consumption Minimization," in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1569-1582, 1 July 2018. doi: 10.1109/TMC.2017.2773609.
5. Onireti, O., Imran, A. & Imran, M. , "Coverage and Rate Analysis in the Uplink of Millimeter Wave Cellular Networks with Fractional Power Control" in EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2018): 195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-018-1208-0.
6. H. Farooq, A. Asghar and A. Imran, "Mobility Prediction based Autonomous Proactive Energy Saving (AURORA) Framework for Emerging UltraDense Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking. doi: 10.1109/TGCN.2018.2858011.
7. O. Onireti, A. Imran and M. A. Imran, "Coverage, Capacity, and Energy Efficiency Analysis in the Uplink of mmWave Cellular Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 3982-3997, May 2018. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2017.2775520.
1. One PhD thesis has been produced. This thesis presents mobility management solutions using CDSA architecture and will be ultimately tested on the TurboRAN testbed.
Broader Impact
Course Delivered by PI
1. Course titled "Emerging Topics in LTE-A and 5G". This course was taught by PI in Spring 2018 and was taken by all students working on the project.
2. Courses on machine learning, Big data analytics and stochastic processes were arranged for project students in Fall 2017.
1. One of the theoretical solutions developed by the GRA working on the project won IEEE Green ICT Best Solution International.
1. PI presented a half-day tutorial at IEEE PIMRC, Oct 2017, Montreal Canada.
2. PI gave a presentation at the 5GIC university of Surrey, during his NSF IRES funded visit to 5GIC in July 2018. 5GIC hosts over 150 researchers working on cellular communications and hosts a consortium of over 20+ wireless industries.
3. PI gave a presentation at the University of Glasgow, during his NSF IRES funded visit to the UK in July 2018.
Keynotes/Invited Talks
1. "Network automation: fundamental challenges, solution approaches and opportunities", invited talk at Summer School Sponsored by IEEE ComSoc and HEC at LUMS, Aug 9, 2018, Lahore, Pakistan.
2. "Challenges in use of AI for network Automation and how to address these challenges", invited talk at Fujitsu Laboratories, Europe, July 11, 2018, London, UK.
3. "Leap Towards Zero Touch RAN Automation", invited talk, at Telekom Austria HQ, Jun 25, 2018, Vienna, Austria.
4. "On the role of AI in 5G and beyond", invited plenary talk at 5G North America, May 14-16, 2018, Austin Texas.
5. "How AI will transform the Future of RAN", invited talk at AT&T Campus, April 17, 2018, San Romano, CA.
6. "Towards next generation AI Enabled SON", invited seminar at T-Mobile HQ, April 1, 2018, Seattle, WA.
7. "Future of open source software-defined Big Data-Enabled RAN", keynote at the 11th international conference on open source system and technologies, Dec 18-20, 2017, Lahore, Pakistan, http://icosst.kics.edu.pk/2017/
8. "Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Based RAN", invited talk in an industry panel at RAN USA, Dec 4, 2017, Silicon Valley, USA https://ran-usaevent.com/speakers/.
K-12 Outreach Program
1. To continue the K-12 outreach program PI is running and recruit new K-12 students to work on the REU component of this project, in Feb 2018, PI gave a presentation at Booker T Washington High School, Tulsa. This is a historically black school. One student was recruited as a result of this talk for Summer 2018.
International Collaboration Opportunities
1. To give project GRAs an experience of international collaboration, they were introduced with PI's collaborators at 5GIC, Surrey; the University of Glasgow and the University of Leads UK, via emails and video conference sessions.
Conference Attendance
1. One GRA involved in the project was sent to present her paper and attend IEEE PIMRC held in Bologna, Italy, Sep 2018.
1. Internships were arranged for two GRAs involved in the project with Bell Labs, NJ in Summer 2018.
1. Project students were provided one to one mentoring by PIs through twice a week meetings for close guidance to conduct the proposed research.
2. One of the project participant students who was eligible for participation in PI's ongoing IRES project was sent to 5GIC, Surrey, the UK for summer 2018.
Thank you for visiting AI4Networks.com
4502 East 41st Street Building 4, Tulsa, OK 74135
info@bsonlab.com


it was july 1 2005 i drive a tri axle dump my boss ask me to deliver some stone to a remote camp he took me to the location first by pick up it was a very remote camp the next day i took aload of stone to the camp and dump it the fallowing day i took another load of stone to the location to tailgate it i went to the camp to turn around to tailgate out to the main rd when i got out to chain my gate i had i wierd feeling that something was watching me i scaned the woods nothing i went on about my work i drove out the road about 150 yards raised my box in the air the tried to trip my gate it dident trip then it did dumping a2 foot pile of stone i finaly got the truck into gear and started to tail gate it i went about 75 yards i dident have my chains set right so back up to the pile of stone that i dumped when i back around the corner there was a sin color animal on the stone it look like a 250 to300 pound bear i kept backing the back up alarm was beeping but still this animal did not look at me i got about 5or6 feet and hit my brakes it stood up most of it was behiund the truck i then seen something else run across the road i went to the other mirror nothing i went back to drivers mirror the animal was gone i got out walk to the back of the truck there was nothing i scanned the woods it was gone i fix my chains and started to tailgate agian to my surprise i went about 40 yards and i look in my mirror there was 2 of these animals walking upright the big one was about8or9 feet tallvery large redish brown hair black face it scared me i took off went to my boss we went back up ther with a couple of other people we had flash lights when we first got out of the trk we heard a high pitch whissle and hoot or howl ive never heard this in the woods after all im a advid hunter something big took off runing throught the woods there where foot prints in the stone we measured them the one was 17 inchs and 7 in acrossed the other were10 inches we took pictures of the foot prints i thought you would like to know about this sighting i know it changed my out look on this matter i never believed in this i know what i saw it was bigfoot it will change the way i feel about the woods my gaurd will be up for know on thank you tghe nanimal had very hairy body black face it looked just like the picture on the home page of the web sight standing next to the man.
What website is he referring to? He says it looks just like the bigfoot on the website.
Why does it seem that the stories written by those from America do not know how to spell properly, incorrect grammar and just generally look like a person with very little schooling wrote them?.


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Tag Archives: World War Two
Asperger's Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna
2018.05.15 BooksAsperger, autism, disability, Nazi, World War TwoJacy Young
A new book on Hans Asperger will interest AHP readers: Asperger's Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna by Edith Sheffer. As described on the publisher's site:
Hans Asperger, the pioneer of autism and Asperger syndrome in Nazi Vienna, has been celebrated for his compassionate defense of children with disabilities. But in this groundbreaking book, prize-winning historian Edith Sheffer exposes that Asperger was not only involved in the racial policies of Hitler's Third Reich, he was complicit in the murder of children.
As the Nazi regime slaughtered millions across Europe during World War Two, it sorted people according to race, religion, behavior, and physical condition for either treatment or elimination. Nazi psychiatrists targeted children with different kinds of minds—especially those thought to lack social skills—claiming the Reich had no place for them. Asperger and his colleagues endeavored to mold certain "autistic" children into productive citizens, while transferring others they deemed untreatable to Spiegelgrund, one of the Reich's deadliest child-killing centers.
In the first comprehensive history of the links between autism and Nazism, Sheffer uncovers how a diagnosis common today emerged from the atrocities of the Third Reich. With vivid storytelling and wide-ranging research, Asperger's Children will move readers to rethink how societies assess, label, and treat those diagnosed with disabilities.
Seminar Series @ Oxford History of Medicine Wellcome Unit
2015.04.27 Events, Newsmedicine, psychiatry, PTSD, war trauma, World War TwoShayna Fox Lee
The Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine's current series of seminars is on "Medicine & Modern Warfare." Two talks may be of particular interest to the AHP community:
April 27: 'Culture, politics or biology? How does American PTSD relate to European war trauma?' Speaker: Ben Shephard, Bristol.
June 8: '"It would frighten you to see the people sent to this place": Why did the emotional and nervous states of women factory workers provoke such concern in Britain in the Second World War?' Speaker: Hazel Croft, University of London
Find the full lineup of dates here.
25 Years of History of Psychiatry & A New Issue
2014.11.19 General, JournalsAndrew Scull, David Healy, emotion, History of Psychiatry, masculinity, nostalgia, passion, schizophrenia, shell shock, World War TwoJacy Young
The journal History of Psychiatry is celebrating its 25th anniversary. A special issue marking the occasion has just been released. Among the articles in the issue are ones addressing the history of nostalgia, the treatment of shell shock at the Maudsley Hospital, masculinity in Victorian asylums in New Zealand and Australian, the distinction between passion and emotion, and much more. Full titles, authors, and abstracts follow below.
Editorial: "The first 25 years of History of Psychiatry," by German E Berrios.
"Some reflections on madness and culture in the post-war world," by Andrew Scull. The abstract reads,
This article examines the treatment of madness as a theme in drama, opera and films, concentrating its attention for the most part on the period between World War II and the 1980s. These were the years in which psychoanalysis dominated psychiatry in the USA, and so Freud's influence in the broader culture forms the central though not the sole focus of the analysis.
"Nostalgia: A conceptual history," by Filiberto Fuentenebro de Diego and Carmen Valiente Ots. The abstract reads, Continue reading 25 Years of History of Psychiatry & A New Issue →
APA Monitor: The Psychology of Hunger
2013.10.02 JournalsAPA Monitor, David Baker, hunger, Josef Brozek, Minnesota Starvation Experiment, starvation, World War TwoJacy Young
The October 2013 issue of the American Psychological Association's Monitor on Psychology is now online. This month's Time Capsule section features an article by David Baker and Natacha Keramidas on the Minnesota Starvation Experiment: "The Psychology of Hunger."
In the 1940s, at the height of World War Two, researchers at the University of Minnesota recruited 36 young men to participate in a nearly year long study of the physical and psychological effects of starvation. Over the course of the study the men were charged with losing 25 percent of their normal body weight. The hope was that the findings of such research could be used in war related relief efforts. Needless to say, participation in this study was difficult. As Baker and Keramidas describe,
During the semi-starvation phase the changes were dramatic. Beyond the gaunt appearance of the men, there were significant decreases in their strength and stamina, body temperature, heart rate and sex drive. The psychological effects were significant as well. Hunger made the men obsessed with food. They would dream and fantasize about food, read and talk about food and savor the two meals a day they were given. They reported fatigue, irritability, depression and apathy. Interestingly, the men also reported decreases in mental ability, although mental testing of the men did not support this belief.
For some men, the study proved too difficult. Data from three subjects were excluded as a result of their breaking the diet and a fourth was excluded for not meeting expected weight loss goals.
The men and the study became subjects of national interest, even appearing in Life magazine in 1945. But in some ways, world events overtook the study. The war in Europe ended on May 8, 1945, barely halfway through the starvation phase of the experiment. Keys and the men worried that the data they had sacrificed for would not get to relief workers and the starving people they wished to serve in time to help them. Relief efforts were underway and there was no clear guide for rehabilitating those who were starving.
The article can be read in full here.
David Boder's Interviews w/ Holocaust Survivors
2013.01.25 General, Links, Resourcesarchive, David Boder, Holocaust, interview, oral history, World War TwoJacy Young
In the mid-1940s, in the aftermath of World War II, psychologist David Boder (left) undertook a series of interviews with survivors of the Holocaust, a project that ultimately resulted in over 90 hours of audio recordings. Boder himself published exerts from these interviews, alongside his analysis, in the 1949 book I Did Not Interview the Dead.
Boder's work is now the basis of a digital archive, Voices of the Holocaust. The project aims "to provide a permanent digital archive of digitized, restored, transcribed, and translated interviews with Holocaust survivors conducted by Dr. David P. Boder in 1946, so that they can be experienced by a global audience of students, researchers, historians, and the general public." To this end both audio and transcriptions of his interviews can be found on the site.
The Voices of the Holocaust website also features a biography of Boder, which includes discussion of how he came to undertake this project and what the interviews themselves involved. As the site describes,
Arriving in Paris in late July, Boder would spend the next two months interviewing 130 displaced persons in nine languages and recording them on a state-of-the-art wire recorder. The interviews were among the earliest (if not the earliest) audio recordings of Holocaust survivors. They are today the earliest extant recordings, valuable not only for the testimonies of survivors and other DPs, but also for the song sessions and religious services that Boder recorded at various points during the expedition.
…. Boder left Europe in early October, having recorded over ninety hours of material and completely used up the two hundred spools of wire that he had brought with him.
Most of the interviews were conducted with Eastern European Jews, and of these the majority were from Poland. Yet Boder was keen on speaking to many different kinds of groups: Western European Jews (including six Greek Jews that did not fit neatly in either category) number close to twenty. His interviewees thus covered the extreme ends of the spectrum of modern Jewish experience, from passionately Torah-observant Jews who hailed from great yeshiva centers in Lithuania, to assimilated German Jews married to non-Jewish spouses. Most, however, fell somewhere in between. When it came to war time experience, the greater part—whether Eastern or Western, Hungarian or Greek—had ended up in labor or concentration camps. The terrible rigors were what Boder believed his American audience needed an education about: "We know very little in America about the things that happened to you people who were in concentration camps," was how Boder would orient his narrator to the task and purpose of the interview. But such a mandate did not stop Boder from interviewing over twenty Jews who had not been in the camps. Their stories—of enduring the privation of ghettos, of hiding in woods or on farms, of fleeing to or fighting for Russia—presumably qualified as the "not unusual stories" that Boder said he was seeking and could similarly perform the task of educating an audience across the ocean.
Tip 'o the hat to the Center for the History of Psychology's Facebook page for bringing this resource to our attention. Included in the Center's collections is the Peirce Wire Recorder Boder used in his interviews.
Special Issue: History of Psychosocial Stress
2012.12.19 Journalshans selye, history of the human sciences, mental hygiene, psychosocial, rats, somatic disorders, stress, World War TwoJacy Young
Interested in the history of stress? If so, you will want to check out a just released special issue on the topic. The December 2012 issue of History of the Human Sciences is guest edited by Rhodri Hayward and dedicated to the subject of "Inventing the Psychosocial: Stress and Social Psychiatry." Articles in this issue examine a diverse array of subjects including: the work of Hans Selye, somatic disorders during World War Two, the development of psychosocial medicine in Britain, the rat and stress, and much more. Full titles, authors, and abstracts follow below.
"The invention of the psychosocial: An introduction," by Rhodri Hayward. The abstract reads,
Although the compound adjective 'psychosocial' was first used by academic psychologists in the 1890s, it was only in the interwar period that psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers began to develop detailed models of the psychosocial domain. These models marked a significant departure from earlier ideas of the relationship between society and human nature. Whereas Freudians and Darwinians had described an antagonistic relationship between biological instincts and social forces, interwar authors insisted that individual personality was made possible through collective organization. This argument was advanced by dissenting psychoanalysts such as Ian Suttie and Karen Horney; biologists including Julian Huxley and Hans Selye; philosophers (e.g. Olaf Stapledon), anthropologists (e.g. Margaret Mead) and physicians (e.g John Ryle and James Halliday).
This introduction and the essays that follow sketch out the emergence of the psycho-social by examining the methods, tools and concepts through which it was articulated. New statistical technologies and physiological theories allowed individual pathology to be read as an index of broader social problems and placed medical expertise at the centre of new political programmes. In these arguments the intangible structure of social relationships was made visible and provided a template for the development of healthy and effective forms of social organization. By examining the range of techniques deployed in the construction of the psychosocial (from surveys of civilian neurosis, techniques of family observation through to animal models of psychotic breakdown) a critical genealogy of the biopolitical basis of modern society is developed.
"The pursuit of happiness: The social and scientific origins of Hans Selye's natural philosophy of life," by Mark Jackson. The abstract reads,
In 1956, Hans Selye tentatively suggested that the scientific study of stress could 'help us to formulate a precise program of conduct' and 'teach us the wisdom to live a rich and meaningful life'. Continue reading Special Issue: History of Psychosocial Stress →
John Huston's 1946 Film Let There Be Light
2012.09.07 General, VideoJohn Huston, Let There Be Light, Mind Hacks, trauma, war neurosis, World War TwoJacy Young
The wonderful blog Mind Hacks has just brought to our attention John Huston's 1946 film, Let There Be Light. The third of three propaganda films Huston was commission to make for the United States Army, Let There Be Light features World War II era soldiers experiencing neuropsychiatric illness as the result of the trauma of war.
Initially banned by the US government, the film made its debut at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival. Now the film – which showcases the experiences of these soldiers, their often harsh treatment at the hands of medical professionals, and the soldiers distaste for the military post-war – is available in full online, both on YouTube (above) and as a downloadable file on Internet Archive.
The World War II Era Red Wing Studies
2012.06.04 General, Journals, LinksJohn Anderson, pilots, Red Wing Studies, World War TwoJacy Young
A recent piece in Amherst College's Amherst Magazine looks at the work of psychologist John P. Anderson (right) and colleagues during World War II. In the so-called Red Wing Studies, Anderson, along with Herman Kabat and Ralph Rossen, set out to investigate why Air Force pilots were passing out in flight during high speed maneuvers. Suspecting that the cause was impaired cerebral blood flow, the men tested their hypothesis by employing leather collars that inflated around the subject's neck (seen on Anderson, right). This procedure was tested first on animal subjects and then on the researchers themselves before it was applied to other human subjects.
The use of this inflatable collar allowed Anderson, Kabat, and Rossen to observe the body's response to a lack of oxygen to the brain. As the article describes,
The most common symptoms included unconsciousness, dilated pupils, seizure-like movements and loss of bladder and bowel control.
If the experiments themselves are troubling, the choice of test subjects is even more so. The Red Wing Studies of 1943 were conducted on schizophrenic patients and prison inmates, some of whom were in the juvenile court system. Researchers have long debated whether these subjects—who volunteered for the testing, according to records—had the intellectual capacity to truly give what today's scientists call "informed consent." ….
At the same time, the Red Wing findings advanced scientific knowledge, laying the groundwork for significant studies on brain physiology and function. They led to the development of the human centrifuge, which is used in the training of pilots and astronauts, and the G suit, a special garment, worn by high-speed aircraft crews, that can be pressurized to prevent blackout during certain maneuvers.
The work on which this article is based has also appeared in the journal Perspectives in Biology and Medicine as "Experimental Arrest of Cerebral Blood Flow in Human Subjects: The Red Wing Studies Revisited," by Brian A. Smith, Ellen Wright Clayton, and David Robertson. The abstract reads,
Loss of consciousness in pilots during rapid ascent after bombing missions was a major problem in World War II, and experiments were undertaken to study the cause of this phenomenon. Postulating impaired cerebral blood flow as a likely mechanism, the investigators developed a neck device, the KRA Cuff, which when inflated could shut off blood supply to the brain. With cessation of blood flow for up to 100 seconds, the investigators observed a sequence of responses, including unconsciousness, followed by dilated pupils, tonic/clonic movements, loss of bladder and eventually bowel control, and appearance of pathological reflexes. This study, carried out in prisoners and patients with schizophrenia in 1941–42, largely disappeared from public discourse for a number of years. It has received occasional attention subsequently and been considered controversial. Recently discovered records, including extensive written and photographic data from the studies, shed new light on the methods and motives of the research team. We describe here this new information and its implications for the scientific and ethical assessment of the study.
Read the full Amherst Magazine article, Medical Sleuthing, online here.
via the Society for the History of Psychology (Division 26 of the American Psychological Association) listserve.
New Issue: History of Psychiatry
2011.02.21 General, JournalsAndrew Scull, asylum, Carl Lange, Freud, History of Psychiatry, John Bowlby, World War TwoJacy Young
The March 2011 issue of History of Psychiatry has just been released online. Included in this issue is an article on the mental health field in the United States post-WWII by Andrew Scull (left), as well as articles on the development of psychiatry in Latvia, the role of patient dress in a nineteenth century English lunatic asylum, and the influence of findings in pediatric medicine on John Bowlby's development of the concept of 'maternal deprivation'. Full titles, authors, and abstracts follow below.
"The mental health sector and the social sciences in post-World War II USA. Part 1: Total war and its aftermath," by Andrew Scull. The abstract reads,
This paper examines the impact of World War II and its aftermath on the mental health sector, and traces the resulting transformations in US psychiatry and psychology. Focusing on the years between 1940 and 1970, it analyses the growing federal role in funding training and research in the mental health sector, the dominance of psychoanalysis within psychiatry in these years, and the parallel changes that occurred in both academic and clinical psychology.
"From social pathologies to individual psyches: Psychiatry navigating socio-political currents in 20th-century Latvia," by Agita Lûse. The abstract reads,
The paper explores psychiatry's responses to the twentieth-century socio-political currents in Latvia by focusing on social objectives, clinical ideologies, and institutional contexts of Soviet mental health care. The tradition of German biological psychiatry in which Baltic psychiatrists had been trained blended well with the materialistic monism of Soviet psychoneurology. Continue reading New Issue: History of Psychiatry →
HoP in Social History of Medicine
2010.04.01 General, Journalscriminal, insanity, psychosurgery, World War TwoJacy Young
The April 2010 issue of Social History of Medicine contains a number of articles on topics related to the history of psychology and the history of psychiatry. These include pieces on insanity and the right to marry in nineteenth century England, concerns surrounding mentally unfit soldiers during World War Two, and the importance of an individual's capacity to work to psychosurgery practices in the early twentieth century. A further article explores the psychiatric classifications of criminals in New York State in the first half of the twentieth century (by Stephen Garton, right). Titles, authors, and abstracts follow below.
"Capacity to Marry: Law, Medicine and Conceptions of Insanity," by Ezra Hasson. Continue reading HoP in Social History of Medicine →


text:
Mortgage and housing sectors react positively to Budget
This week's Budget may have killed off the chance of another rate cut, with industry figures cautiously optimistic about the impact it will have.
AMP Capital chief economist Shane Oliver said that this Budget was unlikely to have much impact on the Reserve Bank's monetary policy deliberations.
"While this Budget could provide a boost to confidence, ongoing fiscal tightening will act as a mild drain on growth in the years ahead," he said.
"Our view remains that we have probably seen the low for the cash rate but that the risks are skewed to more cuts and a rate hike is a long way off."
Mortgage Choice chief executive John Flavell said it was too early to tell what impact the Budget will have on buyer and seller activity – although he didn't sound concerned.
"Auction attendance and clearance rates will come into sharp focus over the coming months to demonstrate stronger indications of consumer confidence," he said.
"However, with interest rates set to remain at historically low levels throughout 2015, the housing sector remains positive for both current mortgage holders and those looking to enter the property market."
The federal government revealed in the Budget that foreign investors in residential real estate will have to start paying application fees from December 1.
CBRE head of research Stephen McNabb said the global property group didn't expect far-reaching consequences for foreign investment as the changes are relatively small and don't compare unfavourably to measures in other countries.
"In residential markets, most application fees will sit at $5,000 and in our opinion are unlikely to have a detrimental impact on both the level of demand from foreign buyers and foreign developer activity in Australia," he said.
"In commercial markets, we see a similarly muted impact with the $25,000 cost representing less than three basis points for a $100 million investment."
Last Updated: 14 May 2015 Published: 14 May 2015


text:
Vitamin D supplementation and serum heat shock protein 60 levels in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized clinical trial
Leila Sadat Bahrami1,
Seyed Hashem Sezavar Seyedi Jandaghi2,
Leila Janani3,
Mina Pahlavan4,
Seyed Mostafa Arabi5,
Homa Sadeghi6 &
Mohammadreza Vafa1
Nutrition & Metabolism volume 15, Article number: 56 (2018) Cite this article
The aim in this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D (25(OH)D3) supplementation on heat shock protein 60 (HSP 60) and other inflammatory markers (IL-17, TNF-α, PAB) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).
In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial, we recruited 80 male and female patients aged 30–60 with CHD and 25(OH)D3 serum levels < 30 ng/ml from Rasool-e-Akram Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Serum levels of HSP 60 as primary outcome, and 25(OH)D3, IL-17, TNF-α, PAB, lipid profiles and parathyroid hormone (PTH) as secondary outcomes were measured at baseline and post-intervention. We randomly assigned eligible participants to a placebo group (N = 40) or an intervention group (N = 40) (50,000 IU/wk. vitamin D supplement) for eight weeks.
The results demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation resulted in a significant increase in 25(OH) D3 serum levels in the intervention group compared to the placebo group (46.86 vs. 7.28 ng/ml). PTH levels decreased in the intervention group compared to the placebo group (− 19.81 vs. 2.92 pg/ml) after eight weeks of supplementation. Furthermore, we observed a significant change in waist circumference (− 0.97 vs. -0.26 cm), fat percentage (−.13 vs. 0.1%), systolic blood pressure (− 3.85 vs. -2.11 mmHg) and diastolic blood presure (− 4 vs. -1.86 mmHg) in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (all P values < 0.05). Other variables did not significantly change after the intervention.
Based on our findings, weekly vitamin D supplementation of 50,000 IU for eight weeks in patients with CHD resulted in decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference and fat percentage. No significant effect on HSP 60, inflammatory markers or lipid profiles was observed.
IRCT, IRCT201612122365N14. Registered 12 December 2016.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Between 2011 and 2012, the direct and indirect costs of CVD and stroke were $316.6 billion in the US [1]. Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for the highest proportion of health care costs in the US, with more than 1 million hospitalizations per year [2]. In the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1.4 million deaths due to CVD occurred in 2015. In addition, disability adjusted life years (DALY) rates for CVD are higher than the global average in the Eastern Mediterranean region [3]. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CVD. Even though the actual mechanism involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis remains unknown, there is a close correlation between inflammation and atherosclerosis both in the very early stages of atherosclerosis and in its progression [4]. The inflammatory cascade can be initiated by environmental or cardiovascular risk factors. Some cardiovascular risk factors are hemodynamic stress, sustained hyperlipidemia, homocysteinemia, smoking, inflammatory mediators and infection [4, 5]. Consequently, the inflammatory procedure may overlap plaque formation, endothelial injury and rupture [4].
Atherosclerotic lesions have been reported to increase the levels of growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines, such as HSPs [6]. HSPs are recognized according to their molecular weights as 110, 90, 70, 60, 40 kDa and lower molecular weights [7]. Under normal circumstances, HSPs play the role of molecular chaperones [8]. However, their production increases in stressful conditions, such as CVD, hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus and dementia [9]. Classic atherosclerosis risk factors lead to the expression of endothelial HSP 60s and adhesion molecules. Because T cells respond to the HSP 60s from the beginning of atherogenesis, the presence of HSP 60 can be considered a 'danger signal' for both cellular and humoral defense response [10]. Moreover, some inflammatory markers, such as IL-17 [11] and TNF-α [12], participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Vitamin D is one the most common nutrients in studies on cardiovascular health. In addition to the pivotal role of vitamin D in muscloskeletal health via the metabolism of calcium, this vitamin may affect cardiovascular health via anti-inflammatory activity [4]. It has been estimated that approximately 50% of the world's population has a vitamin D deficiency [13], and it has been suggested that this deficiency may increase the incidence of CVD worldwide [14, 15]. Vitamin D receptors are ubiquitous in all cells involved in atherosclerosis, such as vascular endothelial and immune cells [16].
It is thought that vitamin D prevents atherosclerosis through different mechanisms, such as the stimulation of nitric oxide bioavailability, the inhibition of smooth muscle proliferation in the endothelium and vascular calcification [17]. However, according to our knowledge, no study has been conducted on the effect of HSP 60. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum HSP 60 levels in patients with CHD.
Study design, participants and sample size
This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted at Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran from December 2016 to March 2017 during the autumn/winter months. The inclusion criteria were average age of 30–60 and a diagnosis CHD by a cardiologist. The exclusion criteria were BMI > 35 kg/m2; a 25(OH)D3 serum level > 30 ng/ml; any diseases such as cancer, myocardial infarction (MI), diabetes, liver or kidney disorders; the intake of any medication outside the treatment protocol; the intake of any nutritional supplement (oral and/or intravenous) in the previous four months; the intake of any herbal remedy; the routine consumption of vitamin D-fortified foods; pregnancy or lactation; smoking; and alcohol consumption. Our study population consisted of 40 participants in each group. We calculated the sample size by using G * Power 3 software. Cohen's effect size was 0.7 for mean difference in the standard deviations. Among 110 enrollments, 80 males and females were eligible to participate the study. Eighty participants were randomly assigned in either placebo or vitamin D group (40 subjects in each group) after signing the consent form. The primary outcome of our study was HSP 60, and the secondary outcomes were Interleukin17 (IL17), Pro-oxidant-antioxidant Balance (PAB), TNF-alpha, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, anthropometric measurements (weight, Height, BMI, waist circumference, fat percentage), systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Prescreening of coronary heart disease was done by cardiologist in the first visit, and other inclusion and exclusion criteria were evaluated by our nutritionist. The study was approved by Ethical Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences (Reference Number 28891), and was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the identification Number of IRCT201612122365N14.
Randomization and intervention
We applied the block randomization method with quadruple blocks for randomized sampling. According to the sample size, 20 blocks were generated using (http://www.sealedenvelope.com) website. We filled similar boxes with vitamin D or placebo, and printed distinct random number on each box. For the sake of confidentiality of subjects' information and blindness of the study, an outsider staff handed the boxes to the subjects according to the number of randomization. We followed up the subjects' compliance by weekly phone calls.
Participants of the intervention group, received 50,000 IU cholecalciferol, and other 40 subjects of the placebo group took matching placebo (Zahravi pharm. Co; Tehran, Iran) for 8 weeks. Participants were advised to take their supplements once a week preferably with their lunch. Consumption of 50,000 IU vitamin D per week was considered to be safe since the upper limit is 10,000 IU/d [18].
Anthropometric assessments and blood pressure
At the baseline and after the 8-week intervention period, anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure were measured with the same measurement tools and staff. Height was measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer with the nearest 0.1 cm. Weight and fat percentage were determined with a digital scale to the nearest 0.1 kg (Beurer, GmBH, Ulm, Germany). BMI was calculated as weight divided by the square of height (kg/m2). Waist circumference (WC) was measured at the approximate midpoint between the lower border of the last palpable rib and iliac crest in a standing position at the point of minimal waist via non-elastic meter to the nearest 0.1 cm. Blood pressure was measured 3 times at 5-min intervals in the seated position with both feet flat on the floor, after a 10-min rest, using a digital sphygmomanometer (Omron M3, Kyoto, Japan).
Biomarkers analysis
Blood samples were collected at the baseline and after 8th-week intervention. Sera were separated from blood samples by 3000 g centrifugation in the room temperature and were kept in − 80 °C until analysis. Lipid profiles were measured with enzyme kits (Farasamed Co., Tehran, Iran) by an auto-analyzer (BT 1500). Serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-(OH) D3) was evaluated by human ELISA kit (EUROIMMUN, Germany, cat.NO: EQ. 6411–9601). We categorized vitamin D status according to the following reference range: serum 25(OH) D3 levels < 10(ng/mL) as severe deficiency, 10–20(ng/mL) as deficiency, 20–30(ng/mL) as insufficiency, and > 30(ng/mL) as sufficiency [19]. Furthermore, the human ELISA kits of HSP 60 (ZellBio GmbH, Germany, cat.NO: ZB-11774S-H9648), IL-17 (ZellBio GmbH, Germany, cat.NO: ZB-10142S-H9648), TNF-α (IBL, Hamburg, Germany, cat.NO: BE55181), and PTH (EUROIMMUN, Germany, cat.NO: EQ. 6421–9601) were used to evaluate biomarkers. Serum concentration of PAB was measured based on the previous study protocol [20].
Dietary intake, physical activity and sun exposure
We evaluated sun exposure, physical activity, and dietary status both at baseline and post-intervention. We asked the subjects about the duration of sun exposure in minutes per hours of a routine day in the recent week. Accordingly, the duration of sun exposure was categorized as 0–10 min; 10 min–1 h; 1–2 h; and more than 2 h. We asked them about the exact time of exposure as well: 7 am–10 am, 10 am–3 pm, and 3 pm–5 pm. For autumn and winter days, we only considered the duration of sun exposure between 10 am and 3 pm. Furthermore, the participants were asked which parts of their body were exposed to sunlight and whether they used sunscreen or not. Physical activity (Met-Min/week) level was measured by the standardized short-form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Persian [21]. We evaluated Dietary intakes by 2-day food recall forms (1 usual day and 1 holiday) and the Nutritionist IV software program (First Databank Inc., Hearst Corp., San Bruno, CA, USA).
We tested normal distribution via Kolmogorov-Smirnov with P value of 0.05. We tested between-group differences by independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney U test as the parametric and nonparametric tests respectively. Between-groups variance was assessed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for weight, BMI, energy, dietary calcium, vitamin D intake, sun exposure, physical activity, and baseline values as covariates. Besides, paired t test and nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test were applied for assessing within-group differences (TNF-α, PAB, 25(OH) D3, LDL, HDL, TC, TG, PTH, Energy, Vitamin D, Calcium, BMI, WC, Weight, Fat percentage, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure). For comparing the difference between observed and expected frequency we ran Chi-square test. All statistically significant analyses were run in SPSS (ver. 24; SPSS Inc.، Chicago، IL، USA). A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Participants' enrolment
Among 110 enrolled participants, 80 subjects were eligible for inclusion, and 67 patients completed 8 weeks follow up. We didn't receive any reports of adverse side effects or vitamin D toxicity symptoms during the trial. [Fig. 1].
Flow chart. Of the 110 subjects assessed for eligibility 67 completed the study stages
Demographic characteristics
The mean age of the participants was 56 years. Approximately, most of the subjects were males (71.9% in vitamin D and 77.1% in placebo group), and most of them were employed (59.4% in vitamin D and 57.1% in placebo group). At baseline, there were no differences between placebo and intervention groups (p > 0.05). [Table 1].
Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants
Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on HSP 60 serum concentration (p > 0.05). IL-17, TNF-α, PAB and Lipid profiles did not change significantly within and between groups. There was a significant decrease in PTH level (− 19.81 vs. 2.92 pg/ml) (p = 0.003), and a dramatic increase in 25(OH) D3 serum levels in intervention group and the modest increase in placebo group (46.86 vs. 7.28 ng/ml) (p < 0.001 vs 0.016). Dietary factors including energy, vitamin D, and calcium did not significantly differ between and within 2 groups at the baseline vs after 8 weeks intervention (p > 0.05). Anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure are represented in Table 2. BMI and weight did not change significantly after intervention (p > 0.05). Waist circumference (− 0.97 vs. -0.26 cm) (p = 0.005), systolic (− 3.85 vs. -2.11 mmHg) (p = 0.009) and diastolic blood pressure (− 4 vs. -1.86 mmHg) (p = 0.010), and fat percentage (− 1.13 vs. 0.1%) (p = 0.029), decreased significantly in vitamin D group after intervention. Whereas, diastolic blood pressure of placebo group attenuated after the intervention [Table 2].
Table 2 Biochemistry Tests Dietary Intake, Anthropometric Characteristics and Blood Pressure at the Baseline and After Intervention
Hours of exposure to sunlight and physical activity did not differ significantly between groups at the baseline and post intervention. (p > 0.05) [Table 3].
Table 3 Sun Exposure and Physical Activity at Baseline and After Intervention
According to the results of our study, vitamin D supplementation increased serum vitamin D levels comparing placebo group. However, HSP-60 did not change significantly after intervention (p = 0.08). Oral intake of 50,000 IU vitamin D once a week for 8 weeks a standard protocol for treatment of severe and moderate vitamin D deficiency, and no adverse effects have been reported in human studies for this recommendation [19, 22]. Various interventional and cross-sectional studies have been carried out in this field and have yielded concordant results from our study [23,24,25].
There was no significant difference between HSP 60 levels in placebo group and vitamin D group before and after intervention. Oxidative stress, infection, heat, and immune diseases may stimulate body production of HSP 60, and conclusively increase inflammatory complications [26]. Various studies have suggested that vitamin D may reduce oxidative stress [27], which decreases HSP 60 production. However, the results of our research, represented controversial results about the association of vitamin D and HSP 60.
Inflammatory markers
Our Findings indicated no significant differences in serum levels of inflammatory markers within and between groups. Various studies have been conducted on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation. In line with the results of our study, Witham and coworkers reported no differences in TNF-α, among MI patients (N = 74) treated with single dose of 100,000 IU vitamin D comparing placebo group [28]. Nonsignificant results may have been due to low bioavailable dose of vitamin D in each intervention episode. Similarly, Jorde and colleagues indicated that vitamin D supplementation didn't have any effects on IL-17 and other inflammatory markers in patients with overweight and obesity [29]. In contrast, Schleithoff and coworkers compared the effect of 50 μg vitamin D plus 500 mg calcium versus placebo in a daily manner for 9 months, among 93 CHD patients. They found that TNF-α (inflammatory marker) decreased, and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory marker) increased significantly after vitamin D intervention [30]. The inconsistent results may be related to baseline vitamin D status/25(OH)D concentrations of study subjects, intervention dose, length of intervention, bioavailability of supplements, and added effect of calcium.
In the current study, there was no significant association between vitamin D supplementation and PAB. Asemi and colleagues investigated the effect of 50,000 IU vitamin D comparing placebo on total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) among 54 patients with Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and vitamin D deficiency. No relationship was found between vitamin D supplementation and oxidative stress levels. These results may have been due to low baseline levels of oxidative stress [27]. In contrast, Anandabaskar and coworkers demonstrated that weekly supplementation of 60,000 IU vitamin D for 8 weeks among 70 males and females with type 2 diabetes may decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) and TAC levels [31].
Lipid profiles
Vitamin D may affect lipid profiles by reducing intestinal absorption of lipids, endogenic lipid synthesis, stimulating lipolysis, and improving lipid metabolism [32]. Vitamin D may improve insulin activity that prevents metabolic syndrome [32]. Furthermore, vitamin D may inhibit bile acid synthesis which results in decreased cholesterol levels [32]. However, we did not find any significant results around improvement of lipid profiles. The results of our study are along with some other previous studies which failed to demonstrate any significant association between increased serum level of vitamin D and improvement of the lipid profiles [33,34,35]. Non-significant results may have been because of normal concentration of lipid profiles at the baseline. On the other side, Salekzamani and coworkers demonstrated that 50,000 IU/week vitamin D for 16 weeks resulted in descending Triglyceride (TG) levels in 80 subjects with vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome [36].
vitamin D deficiency leads to hyperactivity of parathyroid gland to compensate for lack of vitamin D, as the result of which PTH level increases [37]. In the current study, vitamin D supplementation represented a significant decrease in PTH level after vitamin D intervention. According to the results of previous studies, increased levels of parathyroid hormone may lead to the transfer of large amounts of calcium into cardiomyocyte and can lead to death of these cells and damage to the heart tissue. Also lead to contractions and tightness of vessels in the smooth muscle of vascular endothelium wall that can be effective in boosting blood pressure. Therefore, supplementation of vitamin D that can reduce parathyroid hormone levels may be effective in improving cardiovascular health [38].
Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, physical activity and sun exposure
The covariates of this study were weight, BMI, WC, body fat percentage, dietary intake of energy, vitamin D, calcium, physical activity, and sun exposure. WC and body fat percentage represented significant decrease in vitamin D group after the intervention. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased in vitamin D group after the intervention. On the other side, diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower within placebo group comparing baseline and endpoint.
Various observational studies have reported an inverse association between vitamin D levels and blood pressure [38,39,40]. The probable biological mechanisms for aforementioned studies may be related to the expression of vitamin D receptors on the surface of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and myocytes [41,42,43]. Furthermore, vitamin D may improve endothelial function and decrease production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, renin-angiotensin system activity, and PTH level [38, 44].
Strengths and limitations
We applied the safe and sufficient dose of vitamin D, which could replace serum level of 25 (OH) D3 correctly. Moreover, based on our information this study was conducted for the first time. We controlled the study for potential confounding factors as well. However, our study had some limitations such as short study period, using the ELISA method to measure 25(OH) D3, and enrolling the study subjects before measuring 25 (OH) D3 levels, because of which, 6 subjects were excluded since they were non-deficient.
In conclusion, vitamin D supplementation only represented the significant effect on 25(OH) D3, PTH, WC and fat percentage in subjects with coronary heart disease. In short-term treatment, it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation. To confirm the beneficial effect of vitamin D on health outcomes, longitudinal clinical trials are required. We recommended future studies to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on another types of HSPs in CVD patients in a larger sample size and longer follow-up period. The results of this study can be used in future studies with similar theme of research, and health-related strategic planning for CVD in countries with similar socioeconomic, cultural, and vitamin D deficiency prevalence.
HDL:
HSP:
Heat Shock Protein
Interleukin
LDL:
Low Density Lipoprotein
PAB:
Pro oxidant Anti-oxidant Balance
PTH:
Total cholesterol
TG:
TNF:
Tumor Necrosis Factor
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We are thankful to all the subjects who participated in this study. All authors take responsibility for this manuscript in terms of the validity and reliability of the data, the recruitment, the analysis and the writing.
This study was supported by a Grant from the Research Vice Chancellor of Iran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran).
Please contact author for data requests.
Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Leila Sadat Bahrami
& Mohammadreza Vafa
Rasool-e Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Seyed Hashem Sezavar Seyedi Jandaghi
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Leila Janani
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mina Pahlavan
Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Seyed Mostafa Arabi
Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Homa Sadeghi
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Vafa M and Bahrami LS designed the study. Bahrami LS, Sezavar SH and Pahlavan M carried out the study and informed the patients. Janani L analyzed the data. Bahrami LS, Vafa M designed the manuscript, Arabi SM and Sadeghi H revised the manuscript, and all authors studied and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Correspondence to Mohammadreza Vafa.
The study amendments and comparable ethical standards were approved by the Ethical Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences.
All subjects signed the informed consent after detailed description of the study.
Bahrami, L.S., Sezavar Seyedi Jandaghi, S.H., Janani, L. et al. Vitamin D supplementation and serum heat shock protein 60 levels in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 15, 56 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-018-0292-9
Vitamin D supplementation
Heat shock protein 60


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Help me write my essay response to literature review
(33) The king's 'horse-wealh' who can do his errands, his wergeld shall be cc scillings. 332, _et seq._ See also p. Nothing more casts one down than to find an utter disproportion between the reality and one's previous conceptions in a case of this kind, when one has been brooding all one's life over an idea of greatness. [95] It may be objected that the "Boundehesch," which gives the above details, is comparatively a modern work. cit._, p. On p. He is the Embalmer of deceas'd Vermin, and dresses his Mummyes with as much care, as the Ancient _Egyptians_ did their Kings. We blush and involuntarily clench the fingers when we feel shame, even if it be retrospective. Go then with love; go then with joy: O go with all thy pure white faith! A step which might have been very important was taken when, probably early in the fifth century, the form most convenient for the printed book was established by the definitive supersession of the roll form of manuscript by the _codex_, or manuscript in modern book form. If we are disappointed in the character of one we love, it breaks the illusion altogether; for we drew certain consequences from a face. The nearest approach to any practical justification of such judgments that I remember to have seen is afforded by cases of which the following example is a specimen:– "Of 10 cases treated by Lister's method, 7 did well and 3 suffered from blood-poisoning: of 14 treated with ordinary dressings, 9 did well and 5 had blood-poisoning; what are the odds that the success of Lister's method was due to chance?".[8] Or, to put it into other words, a short experience has shown an actual superiority in one method over the other: what are the chances that an indefinitely long experience, under similar conditions, will confirm this superiority? It was at Parma I first noticed the women looking out of the windows (not one or two stragglers, but two or three from every house) where they hang like signs or pictures, stretching their necks out, or confined, like children by iron bars, often with cushions to lean upon, _scaldalettos_ dangling from their hands (another vile custom). The other is politic and accommodating, looking to a peaceful meeting-ground between the desires of the body and the demands of the soul, and so between the pagan and the Christian forms of worship. West's two former pictures; but in all three he gives you to understand that he has reflected the true countenance and divine character of the Messiah. In the more advanced stage represented by the pastoral peoples they are more help me write my essay response to literature review highly prized, because, although a man may prefer his cattle to his daughters, these, if successfully reared, will bring a certain addition to his stock. And if, to an impartial eye, in a foreign city, native innocents seem too aggressively to the fore, why should not the seclusion desired for them be visited a thousandfold upon the heads, let us say, of students, who are also in a crude transitional state, and undergoing a growth much more distressing to a sensitive observer than the physical? In nobili famosaque urbe Moguntina, huius artis impressorie inuentrice prima. Over a tremendous valley to the left, we saw the distant hills of Perugia, covered with snow and blackened with clouds, and a heavy sleet was falling around us. In February 27, 1610, Lord Bacon wrote to Mr. We can only introduce the conception of a limit, towards which the numbers are tending, by assuming that these circumstances do not change; in other words, by substituting a series with a fixed uniformity for the actual one with the varying uniformity.[4] 15. It must be noted, however, that the Maya meaning of Votan (heart _fig._ spirit) closely agrees with that of Wodan (mind) and Buddha (knowledge). Suppose, for instance, that a man is firing at a mark. Sa divination instinctive les a reconnus, sans peut-etre qu'il s'en rendit compte, dans des coupes de joues, des nuances de prunelles, des airs de tete. The preference for kinship through males, in connection with the tracing of descent, over kinship through females, combined with the practice of wives leaving their own family to live among their husband's kin, would take from the totem one of its most important uses, as all the members of a "family" would dwell together instead of being, like the individuals belonging to the American or Australian totems, intermingled in one group. Such precipitate judgments may occur in the case of ordinary deductive conclusions. If a woman be killed, whatever be her wergeld, let it be paid _ex parte patris_ just as we have said in other cases. The piety of her worshippers enabled her to do this, either by devoting their daughters for a limited period to this sacred service, in return for which the reward of fecundity would be looked for, or by presenting them absolutely to the goddess in return for favours received at her hands. Amid the tears of a whole town, and the thanksgiving of some for a greater grief averted, very quietly and consciously, under the most painful conditions, the Fine Gentleman laid down his life for a little child's sake. If this was so we can well understand that the average Turanian physical type must present peculiarities which distinguish it easily from that of the Caucasian races. It is a poor centre of a man's actions, himself. [Sidenote: The Scanian wergeld.] In Chapter XLIII.
FLEMISH AND DUTCH PAINTERS.—Rubens is the prince of the Flemish painters. For our purpose it is the application, not the accuracy of translation that matters. I see thee in the Hemisphere Advanc'd, and made a Constellation there. For us this philosophy is represented by Philo, who was born about twenty years before Christ. In the case of every dogmatist I now consider it my sacred duty to concede everything in advance, even to the acknowledgment of the least, and least significant, shades of his convictions and beliefs. [Illustration: Cicero. It should not be omitted that it was here (in the house or the adjoining magnificent grounds) that Sir Philip Sidney wrote his ARCADIA; and the story of Musidorus and Philoclea, of Mopsa and Dorcas, is quaintly traced on oval pannels in the principal drawing-room. The effect, indeed, that was to follow the eating of the forbidden fruit appears to an ordinary mind to furnish the most praiseworthy motive for not obeying the commandment to abstain. It is strange that the name of the Egyptian princess who is said to have brought up Moses is given by Josephus as _Thermuthis_, this being the name of the sacred asp of Egypt (see "_supra_"). i., p. Accordingly, the dogmas of earlier Paganism, which were developed while it was still mixed with Judaism in the Church, were preserved in Protestantism. "Elementatum," therefore, is strictly appropriate, and might be rendered "with the letters built up or put together," while "caracterum apicibus" of course refers to the engraving in relief which forms the face of the type. I imagine that he had been influenced by the writers on Chances, as of the few who had already treated that subject nearly all the most important are referred to in one passage (_Philosophia Rationalis sive Logica_, §593). There is, to begin with, a very old objection, founded on the assumption which our science is supposed to make of the existence of _Chance_. With one exception no division surrendered so few men at Appomattox. Those who wear waistcoats or hats may, of course, attempt to defend them on practical grounds: they may even say, with some truth, that waistcoats have convenient pockets, and hats keep the sun off. There are plenty of novices, and plenty of fanatics, who go on steadily losing in the full conviction that they will eventually come out winners. "You see how they serve me," Charles said pleasantly to his guest, the Chevalier de Grammont. Incisa CHAPTER XXII.—Journey to Venice. But they must waive this privilege when they descend into the common lists; and in proportion as they have committed themselves in conversation or in idle fancy, they are ashamed to commit themselves in reality, because any thing they could do at first must unavoidably fall short of that high standard of excellence, which (if at all) can only be attained by the labour and experience of a whole life. Evidently the poet means to make it clear that Onela's passive attitude was due to the fact that his nephew was a lawless exile, and so no longer entitled to protection from his kin (2612 and 2380). In the final paragraph of the clause both texts give the alternative rule applying to cases, probably the most frequent, in which proper 'definition' of the wife's property had been made on the marriage. This can only be learned or practised from the attentive observation of nature in those forms in which any given character or excellence is most strikingly displayed, and which has been selected for imitation and study on that account.—Suppose a dimple in the chin to be a mark of voluptuousness; then the Venus should have a dimple in the chin; and she has one. To neglect to make one's self master of a language tacitly implies, that in travelling through a country we have neither wants nor wishes to gratify; that we are quite independent, and have no ambition to give pleasure, or to receive instruction. After the fable has described the state of man, with regard to arts and intellectual matters, it passes on to religion; for after the inventing and settling of arts, follows the establishment of divine worship, which hypocrisy presently enters into and corrupts. T. Certainly, there is a consent between the body and the mind, and where nature erreth in the one, she ventureth in the other: "Ubi help me write my essay response to literature review peccat in uno, periclitatur in altero."[456] But because there is in man an election, touching the frame of his mind, and a necessity in the frame of his body, the stars of natural inclination are sometimes obscured by the sun of discipline and virtue; therefore, it is good to consider of deformity, not as a sign which is more deceivable, but as a cause which seldom faileth of the effect. The single landholder who is not under a manorial lord in the Domesday survey is said to hold 'as for a manor'–though he may have no tenants. There is nothing in life quite like guiding a company against time across unknown or dimly remembered country. Nothing so vile but it was to be admired for its faithfulness in representation. Thus, properly speaking, the expression 'to look into another's soul' is only an abortive metaphor. Their loss was 25 killed and 143 wounded. Attempts have been made to explain this feeling of direction by sight or smell, and, more recently, by the perception of magnetic currents which would enable the animal to take its bearings like a living compass. But students of Bacon need no Shelley to inform them that Bacon was indeed a poet. Precisely the same remarks apply to help me write my essay response to literature review the example given by Mill. Hail, of the reason the Great Vindicator! A loud tone, a practical joke, a teasing reminder of a bygone fault, disconcerted him wholly. In his first book, an edition of Cicero's "Epistolae ad Familiares," printed in 1469, the colophon is cast into these verses: [Illustration: Cicero. review me write essay my to literature response help.
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