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        0.12.6

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License

                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                       Version 3, 29 June 2007

 Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

                            Preamble

  The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
software and other kinds of works.

  The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
software for all its users.  We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
any other work released this way by its authors.  You can apply it to
your programs, too.

  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
free programs, and that you know you can do these things.

  To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
these rights or asking you to surrender the rights.  Therefore, you have
certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.

  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
freedoms that you received.  You must make sure that they, too, receive
or can get the source code.  And you must show them these terms so they
know their rights.

  Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.

  For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
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  Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
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  Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
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  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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                       TERMS AND CONDITIONS

  0. Definitions.

  "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.

  "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
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  All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
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  The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
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  Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
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  7. Additional Terms.

  "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
that they are valid under applicable law.  If additional permissions
apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
this License without regard to the additional permissions.

  When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
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  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
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    a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
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  All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
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received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
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a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
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  If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
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  Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
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  8. Termination.

  You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
provided under this License.  Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
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this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
paragraph of section 11).

  However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means
prior to 60 days after the cessation.

  Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.

  Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
material under section 10.

  9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

  You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
run a copy of the Program.  Ancillary propagation of a covered work
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance.  However,
nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
modify any covered work.  These actions infringe copyright if you do
not accept this License.  Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.

  10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

  Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
propagate that work, subject to this License.  You are not responsible
for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.

  An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
organization, or merging organizations.  If propagation of a covered
work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could
give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.

  You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
rights granted or affirmed under this License.  For example, you may
not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.

  11. Patents.

  A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based.  The
work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".

  A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
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  In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
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  If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
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then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
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in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
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  If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
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  A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
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or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

  Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

  12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.

  If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot convey a
covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
not convey it at all.  For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

  13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
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License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.

  14. Revised Versions of this License.

  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.

  Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
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by the Free Software Foundation.

  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
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  Later license versions may give you additional or different
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later version.

  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
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  16. Limitation of Liability.

  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.

  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.

                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>

    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".

  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

Contents

Developed by Michael Steinbaugh, Acid Genomics.

Site built with pkgdown 1.5.1.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
DJ Tony Touch Puts The Flat in the Groove
Marco Torres
Marco Torres | May 26, 2014 | 11:00am
"It goes uh, ah! Off the snare drum. Tony Toca, long time no hear from..."
It was around the year 2000 when I was first introduced to the confident, nasal delivery of Nuyorican rapper/producer/DJ Tony Touch. Every month, I would go to the Houston Pubic Library downtown to check out about ten CDs at a time, transferring the tracks I liked onto cassette tapes. On one such trip, I picked up a pair of albums by this duo called The Beatnuts, which included collaborations with a certain Tony Toca.
His sound was vastly different from the Latin hip-hop I was used to hearing from Cypress Hill and South Park Mexican. Tony is a master of mixing the tropical vibes with a pure New York flow, a skill that would serve him wonderfully during the reggaeton explosion during the mid-2000s. His 2005 release The Reggaetony Album saw him collab with heavy hitters such as Voltio, Tego Calderon, Pitbull, Ivy Queen y muchos mas.
His gift of combining the perfect beat with the just right lyrical crew is golden; on top of that, his lyricism was on point. Expressing his mind with a confident Spanglish vocabulary makes him one of the kings of the Latin wave of his era. Combined with his ultimate DJ skills, and as an accomplished mixtape master, Tony Touch continues to tour and rock parties such as he did at The Flat on Sunday night.
Taking his spot behind the turntables around a few ticks shy of 11 p.m., Tony started the night's journey with "People Everyday (Metamorphasis Mix)" by Arrested Development. This would set up the night filled with classic hip-hop, old-school soul samples, and Puerto Rican salsa, all masterfully mixed with passion and a smile.
The Flat may not have been full to capacity, but those who were in attendance proved to be attentive, appreciative and ready to dance. A break-dance circle quickly formed in front of the DJ tables, and even Tony himself took his turn on the floor. It was hot, sweaty and smelly in that room last night -- in other words, absolutely perfect.
One of the characteristics of a great DJ is the art of keeping the crowd guessing. Tony certainly kept us on edge with each track, dropping rap gems which these ears haven't heard in over ten years, combined with the just right new-school cuts that solidified his extensive musical knowledge.
From Big Pun to Busta Rhymes, Black Star to Biggie, the hip-hop was strong, interesting and irresistible. Tony then dropped a short mix of H-Town tracks, including "Mind Playing Tricks On Me" by Geto Boys and "Back Then" from Mike Jones. A trio of UGK records had the crowd hype, and Tony was all smiles.
"I love you guys, man" he said as the night drew to a close. "I love music! Thanks for celebrating music with me tonight".
Every night should be like this, filled with friends, dancing, drinking, and forgetting about life's problems, celebrating our mutual love of la cultura y la musica.
Personal Bias: I wonder why?! He's the greatest DJ!
The Crowd: Mi gente.
Overheard In the Crowd: I always get goosebumps when I hear an entire room singing along to Pimp C's verse on "Big Pimpin'." Every time!
Random Notebook Dump: Another awesome Lunaface production, bringing classic hip-hop to Houston time after time. Also shout-out to The Flat for the continued success. Easily the coolest and realest spot in all of H-Town.
Sonidos y Mas
When he's not roaming around the city in search of tacos and graffiti, Houston Press contributor Marco points his camera lens toward the vibrant Houston music scene and beyond.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Thomas MacDonald
Nuclear Policy Program thomas.macdonald@ceip.org
Thomas MacDonald is a fellow in the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
BSc, Biochemistry, University of Waterloo, 2010
MSc, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 2013
PhD Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021
Email Thomas MacDonald
Thomas MacDonald is a fellow in the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He has an interdisciplinary scientific background which he applies to interesting technical problems which are interwoven with political concerns. His current research focuses on the verification of nuclear arms control and nonproliferation agreements. This work is along two tracks, developing verifiable and feasible arms control proposals to revitalize a flagging arms control establishment, and researching probabilistic methods to find novel approaches to stubborn arms control challenges.
He completed his PhD in nuclear science and engineering at MIT. His dissertation work studied the national security implications of advancing and emerging technologies, specifically remote sensing technologies used to track mobile missiles carrying nuclear weapons. He also completed a MSc in pharmaceutical sciences from the University of Toronto where he synthesized nanoparticles for detecting and treating cancer, and holds a BSc in biochemistry from the University of Waterloo.
Report December 16, 2021
Reimagining Nuclear Arms Control: A Comprehensive Approach
To try to find common ground, this report presents nine detailed practical measures that—implemented individually or as part of a package—would help address each state's specific security concerns and the shared dangers of arms racing and inadvertent escalation.
Op-Ed Defense One December 15, 2021
Nuclear Command-and-Control Satellites Should Be Off Limits
But the greatest danger that this careless stunt highlighted is to a different potential target: high-altitude satellites used for nuclear command and control. Those critical satellites face the threat of being attacked by co-orbital anti-satellite weapons, that is, other spacecraft with offensive capabilities.
Paper December 14, 2020 中文
Revamping Nuclear Arms Control: Five Near-Term Proposals
To quickly lower the risk of nuclear escalation, manage arms racing, and avoid a breakdown in future treaty negotiations, the United States, Russia, and China should consider five politically binding proposals to build transparency and confidence.
December 16, 2021 Live Online
Is There a Future for Nuclear Arms Control?
Tensions between the great powers are rising. A three-way arms race between China, Russia, and the United States is underway. Should a conventional conflict with either Russia or China occur, it could escalate into a nuclear war. Beijing, Moscow, and Washington all say they want to mitigate these dangers through arms control—but is there a practical way forward?
Source: http://carnegieendowment.org/experts/index.cfm?fa=expert_view&expert_id=1874


text:
Q: how to assign key and value of dictionary to different variables iteratively in python I have this dictionary
myDict = {'key1' : 'val1', 'key2' : 'val2', 'key3' : 'val3'}

and I am iteratively using 'key' and 'value' of 'myDict' to create check and radio buttons.
for key, value in myDict.items():
    myDict[key] = Variable()
    myDict[value] = Variable()
    c = Checkbutton(root, text=key, variable=myDict[key], onvalue=key, offvalue="").pack(anchor=W)

    Radiobutton(root, text='radio1', variable=myDict[value], value=1).pack(anchor=E)
    Radiobutton(root, text='radio2', variable=myDict[value], value=2).pack(anchor=E)

    var_list.append(myDict[key]) #var_list is an empty list defined already
print(var_list)

and I am getting this error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "Check_box_lis_0305.py", line 21, in <module>
for key, value in myDict.items():
RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration

Could you please help me to resolve this.

A: checks = {}
radios = {}
for key, value in myDict.items():
    checks[key] = Variable()
    radios[key] = Variable()
    c = Checkbutton(root, text=key, variable=checks[key], onvalue=key, offvalue="").pack(anchor=W)

    Radiobutton(root, text='radio1', variable=radios[key], value=1).pack(anchor=E)
    Radiobutton(root, text='radio2', variable=radios[key], value=2).pack(anchor=E)

    var_list.append(checks[key]) #var_list is an empty list defined already
print(var_list)

Now, when you get a click event, checks[key] will have the value of the check button, and radios[key] will have the selection for the radio button.  I'm not sure why you need var_list here.

A: The problem is that you are changing the dictionary during the for loop with
myDict[key] = Variable()
myDict[value] = Variable()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You can expect a lot from the 2019 Buick Envision. With fewer than 3,000 miles on the odometer, this 4 door sport utility vehicle prioritizes comfort, safety and convenience. Under the hood you'll find a 4 cylinder engine with more than 170 horsepower, providing a smooth and predictable driving experience. Top features include heated front seats, front and rear reading lights, turn signal indicator mirrors, a power liftgate, power windows, remote keyless entry, cruise control, and power seats. With high intensity discharge headlights illuminating your path, you'll always appreciate maximum visibility. Audio features include an AM/FM radio, steering wheel mounted audio controls, and 6 speakers, enhancing the audio experience throughout the interior. Passenger security is always assured thanks to various safety features, such as: head curtain airbags, front and rear side impact airbags, traction control, brake assist, a panic alarm, onStar, and 4 wheel disc brakes with ABS. For added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. It also arrives with a Carfax history report, providing you peace of mind with detailed information. We pride ourselves in consistently exceeding our customer's expectations. Please don't hesitate to give us a call.


text:
Џејмс Кристијан Кимел (; 13. новембар 1967) амерички је водитељ, комичар, писац и продуцент. Водитељ је и главни продуцент емисије Уживо са Џимијем Кимелом која се емитује на телевизији Еј-Би-Си од 2003. године. Био је водитељ доделе награде Еми за ударне термине 2012. и 2016. године и доделе Оскара 2017, 2018. и 2023. године. Појављивао се у неколико филмова где је углавном глумио себе.

Референце

Спољашње везе

 Веб-страница емисије Уживо са Џимијем Кимелом

Рођени 1967.
Амерички телевизијски водитељи
Амерички глумци
Амерички комичари
Амерички сценаристи

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Intellectual capital is quickly becoming a source of competitive advantage. Therefore, it is important to ensure intellectual capital, consisting of human capital, structural capital, and relational capital, is being created and managed in an efficient way. Previous studies have demonstrated that the interaction between the three forms of capital significantly increase intellectual capital in private sector organisations. This study focuses on what has been argued as the largest producers of intellectual capital, higher education institutions; more specifically this study focuses on the University of Otago. The aim of this study is to determine whether ancillary support staff assist in the creation of intellectual capital at the University of Otago. As the University of Otago is a public organisation, it is important to ensure intellectual capital is managed efficiently to improve organisational performance.


ICCN is now planning to have a cultural exhibition in Gangneung on the first week of coming May for two days. We are in the middle of drawing a detailed picture on how to promote ICCN and our members to not only local citizens but also around the world by having such an event. We have imported several different kinds of wines from different countries such as Spain, Italy, and France. We are going to have wine tasting event along with ICCN photo exhibition during the event for two days. As you may have already been notified please do send us photos of each member that can show their culture of your own country. ICCN's passion and willingness towards those events depends on your own willingness and slight interest towards each event.


Quiring, Courtney, et al. "Acamprosate Calcium." Davis's Drug Guide, 16th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2019. Anesthesia Central, anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51836/all/acamprosate_calcium.
Quiring C, Sanoski CA, Vallerand AH. Acamprosate calcium. Davis's Drug Guide. 16th ed. F.A. Davis Company; 2019. https://anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51836/all/acamprosate_calcium. Accessed April 18, 2019.
Quiring C, Sanoski CA, Vallerand AH. Acamprosate Calcium [Internet]. In: Davis's Drug Guide. F.A. Davis Company; 2019. [cited 2019 April 18]. Available from: https://anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51836/all/acamprosate_calcium.


We work with you to design and fabricate a perfectly unique solution for your business or residence.
Our in-house manufacturing services blend traditional hand-making methods and emerging technologies to deliver swift results on the most technically demanding projects. We help you generate the best business solution, whether it is in wood, metal, or plastic.
Restoration, tuning, and educational training sessions are available for vintage and modern woodworking machinery. We specialize in Oliver, Tannewitz, Northfield, Moak, Yates-American, Crescent, and Powermatic vintage machinery.


Parenting is fairly new to me, well it is a year old now and for me the learning is an everyday thing and a work in progress. I did not have a ready made Parenting Mantra. I did not come into this with a lot of preparation; I read only a decent amount about parenting during pregnancy. I rather followed a forum and kept myself updated about my day to day progress. I did not read a lot ahead. I have rather learnt it on the go and have been treading this path with the help of my instincts.
Here are a few things I have taken away from this journey of parenting and have learnt in this year and a half with my baby, who is now a naughty little toddler. This has become my Parenting Mantra.
Trust your instincts: you are mother and trust me you know best. In spite of all that you have read or the innumerable advice, trust your mom gut.
2. Don't fall for the rigid schools of parenting demarcations: There are various thoughts on each and every subject of parenting. And that is great but the fact that the followers of one consider the others to be completely wrong is a great concern. As long as the baby is healthy and happy, no choice of parenting is wrong. So learn to accept other schools of thought and respect them and also be proud of your own choices.
It is fine if you are a cloth diapering mama and another woman is a disposable diaper user. Learn to respect other's views and also do not be intimidated by people who try telling you that your way is wrong way.
3. As long as the baby is Fed; its OK: Small babies need to be fed every 2/3 hours, and there is an age old fight of formula versus Breast milk. Do what you can do, that is, feed the baby. Be it breast milk or Formula. I breast fed my son till he turned 14 months old but I completely understand if another mother formula feeds.
4. Expressing Breast Milk is quite a job; hang in there: For all the expressing mamas out there, who are working and spend time away from their babies. I just want to say hang in. It is extremely tough, the whole cycle of expressing, storing, thawing, ensuring that enough milk is there, it can take over your whole life. There is literally no time left if you work full time and also express milk and feed.
Invest in a good breast pump.
5. Avoid packaged food if possible: Any form of packaged food has high levels of sugar and salt and preservatives. Try giving only homemade food to the baby. I am happy that I did not need to give Cerelac or any other packaged food to my son. Also I did not introduce sugar or salt till the age of one.
6. Babies are fussy eaters: Here is a pointer, babies fuss, a lot…That is ok, your baby may eat one thing one day and reject it the next day. He may refuse to eat anything altogether the next day. Do not panic. Babies below a year are anyway only learning to eat. In spite of whatever people tell you; their main food should still be milk. If he is learning and eating then great, if not, just be patient and keep trying. I know it can be disheartening if you go to huge lengths and try and make different things for your baby and they reject it. But hold hope, they will learn slowly.
7. Babies do not sleep like us: So the biggest learning for me was this; "Sleep like a baby" is a myth. True we never tried sleep training, and always co slept, but my son has not been a heavy napper ever. Apart from the first two months when he did nap a lot, at least every two three hours. Post that he has only been napping once a day. And night time his sleep pattern was always only 2-3 hours at a stretch, till the time he was breastfeeding. The exhaustion is natural if you fail to get a good night's sleep.
9. You cannot spoil a baby by loving them: No matter what anyone tells you, hold your little bundle of joy as much as you can. There is no way that you can spoil a baby, in fact the more you hug and cuddle the more it helps with you too. It releases the hormone Oxytocin which is one major reason for you felling happy. The more you snuggle with your little bundle of joy, the more joy it spreads through your whole mind and heart. So if you want to keep rocking your baby a little more, just do that. Soon he will grow up and you will miss those cosy snuggles.
10. We follow a lot of unstructured free play and try learning through that. Baby A loves to play in the park, and I let him get dirty and let him play freely there.
11. While Imposing rules explain the reason to the toddler: Mot people think that it is not important to explain things to toddlers and young kids and believe in just telling them things that certain things are just rules. Though we may not feel so but they do understand a lot. I always try telling my son why he should not do something rather than just telling him not to do it. Though it is natural for toddlers to try and do everything and he will most likely not listen to you, it is natural for them to be curious. But I still feel that telling him that he should not jump from furniture because he will get hurt is better than just asking him to stop doing it.
12. Toddler tantrums are natural and OK: Tantrums are a part of life and your toddler will learn to do it and you will learn to handle them. The problem arises when you are in public. Then the stares you get can be a bit unsettling. Well do not let them intimidate you, you are not a bad parent and your kid is not a spoilt brat either. Just ignore those people, they have forgotten their own childhood.
13. Do not give in to each demand and each tantrum. Though it is very hard to not give in, always ensure that you do not give in to tantrums just like that and fulfill unreasonable demands. Keep your cool and put in some discipline. Having said that, choose your battles, sometimes it is ok to give the bar of chocolate to the toddler than having the meltdown at the counter.
14. Shop Online as much as possible: Trust me it is just easier.
15. Give yourself some time: Try to sneak in an hour for yourself if you can afford to. Delegate work. Not everything needs to be perfect and not everything needs to be done by you. Delegate work, Ask for help if you have friends and family, else get paid help.
16. Give yourself some credit: You are doing great and remember to give some credit to your better half too. Though the focus is always on the mom, the dad is also equally responsible and is also just learning this new life. It is as much a challenge and a joy to them too. Don't forget to tell that to your partner.
17. Document it: Click photos, make videos, store them in baby books, albums. These are moments worth millions and we already love looking at the photos and videos of baby A from just a year back and marvel at the wonderful way he is growing up. Store and cherish these moments.
18. Last: Hang in there. There are days when I am overwhelmed, tired and sad, but it is getting better each day. Some days are harder and other days are better. But all said and done, seeing your baby grow is a bliss and that is what makes it all worth it.
Enjoyed reading My Parenting Mantra? Don't forget to read what our next blogger mom Afsha Galar who blogs at https://beingmomtastic.wordpress.com says about her Parenting Mantra. Also, do comment and let us know your opinions. We are all ears.
Great mantras for a new parent! This phase is so confusing sometimes for parents…thanks for sharing some thumb rules to make it easy for them.
Thanks Shub, Yes it was quite confusing and also an overwhelming time. I am sure it is so for many new moms.
Yes Sabeeka, I am so glad that we are now able to easily click pictures and also store them. These are such a treasure for life.
Lovely tips Smita. This was such a beautiful balanced view.
There is so much to learn from you as a parent . You say you are a new mum and so you have limited experience but your parenting mantras surely will your motherhood journey very fruitful.
Yes Candy I agree to that. We all need to say this to ourself and more importantly believe it too. ?
Always always trust your instinct…i do trust mine.
I really need to say that all these parenting mantras are great.
I just enjoyed reading this post. There is so much to know and understand from this post. My cousin is expecting and we are all looking forward to the news. However, I never knew the challenges of being a mother were so many. Thank you for sharing this lovely blog.
Thanks so much. I am so glad you liked it. It is indeed a beautiful journey and hard too.


text:
Q: Entity Framework with ASP.NET returning null for one-to-many collection I'm trying to create a one to many relationship with the following objects.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Data.Common;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace Program.Models
{
    public class Log
    {
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public string Source { get; set; }
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public DateTime Timestamp { get; set; }
        public ICollection<Category> Categories { get; set; }

        public Log()
        {
            this.Categories = new List<Category>();
        }
    }

    public class Category
    {
        public int ID { get; set; }
        public string Key { get; set; }
        public string Value { get; set; }
    }

    public class LogDBContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Log> Logs { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Category> Categories {get; set;}

        public LogDBContext(DbContextOptions<LogDBContext> options) : base(options)
        {
        }
        public LogDBContext() : base()
        {

        }
    }
}

On startup, I put the following entities into the database
        var cat1 = new Category { Key = "seed", Value = "seed" };
        var cat2 = new Category { Key = "seed2", Value = "seed2" };

        var log = new Log {
            Source = "seed",
                Timestamp = DateTime.Now,
                Title = "seed" };
        log.Categories.Add(cat1);
        log.Categories.Add(cat2);

        context.Logs.Add(log);

        context.SaveChanges();

I obtain all the entities by calling the function:
        [HttpGet]
        [Route("getAll")]
        public IEnumerable<Log> GetAll()
        {

            return _context.Logs.Include(c => c.Categories).AsEnumerable();

        }

I have tried putting the virtual keyword on the collection of categories (in the Log class) but no matter what I try I get null back for categories from the server.
[{"id":0,"source":"seed","title":"seed","timestamp":"2018-03-19T13:21:27.0034628","categories":null}]

Any help will be greatly appreciated.
Edit:
Based on the feedback I created a constructor for Log that initializes the ICollection.
public Log()
{
    this.Categories = new List<Category>();
}

Now, instead of null I'm getting an empty list
[{"id":0,"source":"seed","title":"seed","timestamp":"2018-03-19T13:21:27.0034628","categories":[]}]
A step in the right direction but not there yet.
edit: For clarification, I'm using EF-Core 2.0.2
edit: Also, I am using .NET Core 2.05
"solution": I switched my project to use Asp.net with the full .Net Framework and it appears to work. I don't know why it refused to work with the asp.net with .net core.

A: Problem is that your One-to-Many relationship is not configured correctly. Write your model classes as follows:
public class Log
{
    public Log()
    {
        this.Categories = new List<Category>();
    }

    public int ID { get; set; }
    public string Source { get; set; }
    public string Title { get; set; }
    public DateTime Timestamp { get; set; }
    public ICollection<Category> Categories { get; set; }

}

public class Category
{
    public int ID { get; set; }

    [ForeignKey("Log")]
    public int LogID { get; set;}
    public string Key { get; set; }
    public string Value { get; set; }

    public Log Log {get; set;}
}

Hope, this will solve your problem..


text:
Faster. Better. Legal Advice.
Pleading Guilty
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Home » pleading guilty
44 weeks' imprisonment for multiple upskirt offences
A 27-year-old Singaporean man, a former student at the Singapore Institute of Management (SIM), was sentenced to 44 weeks jail after pleading guilty to one count of performing a sexual act on the man without his consent. The man pleaded guilty in the State Courts of Singapore. According to …
44 weeks' imprisonment for multiple upskirt offencesRead More
45 weeks' imprisonment for airport employee who received bribes of more than $200,000
A 45-year-old Singaporean man, a former associate director employed by Changi Airports International (CAI), was sentenced to 45 weeks' jail receiving bribes totalling $215,237 from 2015 to 2017. The man pleaded guilty in the State Courts of Singapore. He pleaded guilty to 17 charges involving …
45 weeks' imprisonment for airport employee who received bribes of more than $200,000Read More
7 years' imprisonment with caning for muay thai instructor who sexually penetrated female student
A 31-year-old Singaporean man, a muay thai instructor, was sentenced to 7 years and 4 months' jail and 4 strokes of the caning for sexually penetrating a woman whom he was massaging. The man claimed trial to the Charge in the State Courts of Singapore. He was convicted by the Court after a …
7 years' imprisonment with caning for muay thai instructor who sexually penetrated female studentRead More
5 months' imprisonment for woman who conspired to cause grievous hurt to husband
A 27-year-old Singaporean woman, an administrative assistant, was sentenced to five months' jail for conspiring with her 25-year old boyfriend, a delivery assistant, to cause grievous hurt to her 28-year old husband, a private-hire car driver. The woman pleaded guilty in the State Courts of …
5 months' imprisonment for woman who conspired to cause grievous hurt to husbandRead More
Conditional Warning for criminal intimidation and threat to Minister for Law and Home Affairs
A 21-year-old Singaporean man, a full-time national serviceman, was issued with a 12-months Conditional Warning for having threatened to throw an egg at the Law and Home Affairs Minister in a Facebook comment in March 2019. He was not charged in the State Courts of Singapore. According to …
Conditional Warning for criminal intimidation and threat to Minister for Law and Home AffairsRead More
22 months imprisonment for cheating Spring Singapore of $140,000
3 people were sentenced to imprisonment terms between 18 months and 22 months after pleading guilty to multiple counts of cheating and forgery by defrauding into Spring Singapore releasing almost $140,000 in public monies. The accused persons pleaded guilty in the State Courts of Singapore in …
22 months imprisonment for cheating Spring Singapore of $140,000Read More
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text:
Obama Fears Planned Parenthood, Republicans Shouldn't Fear Shutdown
Opinion | Tony Perkins | Apr 2, 2011 | 12:10PM | Washington, DC
The President may be keeping a low-profile in the budget debate, but there is one shutdown he is concerned about–Planned Parenthood's. According to reports, the White House is more involved in the negotiations than most Americans realize.
While Congress is preoccupied, the President's team has apparently been hosting a series of hush-hush meetings with abortion groups to reassure them about their federal funding. Politico broke the story late yesterday, and sources familiar with the talks say the President is mapping out a plan to protect Planned Parenthood's tax dollars.
When reporters started sniffing around, Planned Parenthood released a statement confirming the alliance. "We have a positive relationship with the Obama administration," said Executive Vice President Dawn Laguens and we applaud its strong commitment to reproductive health, family planning, and preventative health care. President Obama has reinforced this commitment by calling for an increased investment in [our]… program."
The administration can conspire with the abortion movement all it wants–but at the end of the day, the White House is guaranteeing Planned Parenthood a seat at a bargaining table that Democrats refuse to visit. With only seven days on the clock, Senate liberals seem about as interested in passing a budget today as they were all of last year–which is, not at all.
"The Senate says [they] have a plan," said a frustrated John Boehner (R-Ohio), "so pass the thing alright and send it over here, and let's have real negotiations rather than sitting over there rooting for a government shutdown."
If the Senate won't act, then the House will act enough for the both of them. Today, Speaker Boehner and House Republicans voted on H.R. 1235, the Government Shutdown Prevention Act. Essentially, this is H.R. 1–but the bill is repackaged with a warning that if the upper chamber doesn't act by April 8, members won't get paid, and the House plan will become law. Liberals are calling it "symbolic"–and they're right. It's symbolic of all that Republicans have accomplished and Democrats haven't.
As the media tries to predict which party will take the fall for a government shutdown, the blame lies where it did in 2010–with liberal leaders, whose inactivity is the reason our government has operated for 184 days without a budget. Americans understand this as well.
A new Rasmussen poll shows 57 percent of voters are fine with a partial shutdown of the federal government if that's what it takes to get deeper cuts in federal government spending. House Republicans have nothing to apologize for. They've passed two plans in 40 days. That's double the number former Speaker Nancy Pelosi passed all last year when her party controlled the entire Congress!
LifeNews.com Note: Tony Perkins is the president of the Family Research Council and a former member of the Louisiana state legislature.


Well, we couldn't think of anything gayer than that, but you get the message. Christmas wouldn't be quite Christmas without Kylie, would it? Give a bright, funny Christmas card for the gay in your life this Christmas.
Awesome service- delivered as described and received within 48 hours- highly recommend to all.


Model ET series Electric Water Temperature Meter | product | Toho Dentan Co.,Ltd.
This device is used for measuring the water temperature of lakes, rivers, and coastal regions.
This is an immersion-type water temperature meter with a thermistor with excellent sensing speed enclosed in a metal case.
The probes and cabtire cables for all devices are designed to withstand high levels of water pressure and tension. In particular, Model ET-60X for wells is capable of taking high-accuracy measurements even at high temperatures and high pressures (water depth of 1,000 m).
In addition, Model ET-72X is capable of simultaneously measuring the water depth, making it possible to take quick and accurate measurements of the vertical distribution of water temperature.


text: Q: Quadrant probability of non-centric bivariate normal distribution Suppose $(X,Y)$ has a bivariate normal distribuion with non-zero mean vector $\mu$ and covariance matrix $\Sigma$.  What should $\mathbb{P}(X>0,Y>0)$ be?  My attempt gives me an definite integral $\int^\infty_c \phi(y) \Phi(\frac{y-a}{b}) dy$ for some constants $a,b,c$ at some point, where I am unable to continue.  Therefore any suggestion to solving the probability or the way in solving the integral will be appreciated.


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Soul Blazer
November 15, 2018 January 3, 2019 Neppy
Reviewed on Super Nintendo
When I was looking for RPGs to play on my Super Nintendo a few years back, there were quite a lot of choices. And with that I mean a serious lot, the SNES is one of the consoles with the most (and best) JRPGs out there. One game in particular caught my attention which, at that point in time, I've never even heard of. I saw dark skies, a castle in the background, a sword and above that was a name: Soul Blazer. It is a rather generic box art, but I was intrigued. I wanted to know more. After looking up some gameplay, I was convinced. I wanted this game, and fast.
Soul Blazer (released 1992 in North America, 1994 in PAL regions) is the first of a series I and many others refer to as the ''Quintet Trilogy'' or ''Gaia Trilogy'', with Illusion of Gaia (or Illusion of Time if you're from Europe like me) and Terranigma as loose sequels. I say loose because the stories aren't directly connected to each other. Though from what I have gathered calling it a trilogy is not 100% accurate, since there is a fourth game which is also considered a sequel, called The Granstream Saga. I can't confirm this, though I did purchase the game a few months back so I'll find that out some day. Anyhow, back on topic. I refer to it as the Quintet Trilogy because the games were created by a company called Quintet Co., a small video game developer which started with several members from Nihon Falcom, the creators of the Ys franchise. It is very clear to see their influence in the final products. Quintet had a strong relationship back then with Enix, the publisher of the game. Unfortunately Quintet has not been active since the early 2000s and is presumed defunct. I miss you Quintet, I really do..
Soul Blazer follows a theme of Reincarnation and Greed. The land has fallen after the king has basically sold his soul to the devil, when he is convinced by the queen with a lust for power to summon the mighty demon Deathbell. He is essentially the equivalent of the devil, and exchanges souls for gold pieces with the king. The Master—equivalent of God—is displeased by this and sends one of his heavenly companions to the human world to repair it. This divine being is the main protagonist Blazer, who saves humans, animals, flora and more by slaying Deathtoll's minions. He goes through six areas to restore the world and at the end takes the fight to Deathtoll himself. The great thing about Soul Blazer—and Quintet games in general—is that they mimic real-life stories with a fantasy setting. Greed is an obvious sin seen in many games, but the souls you release have a habit of sharing sentences with deeper meanings about how humans think about death and reincarnation.
The areas Blazer visits are memorable in multiple ways. Sure, you have your regular forest/swamp level, but there are temples in the swamp designed after the ancient Incan tribe. Not only that, but the inhabitants of each area are also unique. The earlier mentioned level has animals and trees for example. Blazer is given the ability by The Master to talk with any living being. This makes for some interesting dialogue, as you can now talk with a tree of all things about its opinions on the world. Almost all of the dialogue is skippable and at best give you items, but to be honest the NPCs are one of the main appeals to Soul Blazer. What other game allows you to talk to a dog who tends a graveyard?
Soul Blazer starts off with a central hub where the hero can go in four directions. The first one is on the left, which is a brief tutorial about how the game works and gets to the point real quick, and in later areas functions as an extra teleporter. The top one is where you can speak with The Master to save your progress or move to different areas. The other two are teleporters, one to the dungeon with monsters usually right before the boss, and one to the town. Towns are empty at first but grow bigger the more monsters you slay in the dungeons of said town. In the towns are the souls you've released, which can give sidequests for items, advise on how to progress or dialogue about the game's theming. There are no shops like you would find in regular RPGs as every item is collected in towns or in dungeons, including gear.
Blazer has two ways of dealing with monsters. The first one if through regular sword combat, not unlike other action RPGs of the time like The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. Get close to enemies and slash them with your sword, Fortunately it's a horizontal slash, meaning that you don't have to stand perfectly next or in front of an enemy to hit it. You can also strafe with the L and R buttons, allowing you to hold your sword in front of you to penetrate enemies without having to rely on the slash. The other method is magic, which require gems to be executed. Gems are dropped by the enemies you slay. There are several magic spells unlocked when manually going through the game, ranging from your regular fireball to magic that surrounds you. Strangely enough projectile magic isn't fired through the character; instead, the blue magic ball that floats around you at all time casts the spell. This might feel strange at first as it is not a mechanic you'll see often in games. You have to look into a direction and have the ball be at a perfect angle to hit a projectile. You'll eventually get used to it, but it might require some trial and error before executed correctly. What I do find surprising is that there is no healing magic at all, but you can get an item at any given time in the first town to heal yourself so it's not a problem or anything.
To cast magic spells, you need Gems. Gems are dropped by the enemies you slay in the action stages. Killing monsters is the main attraction as mentioned previously. Monsters spawn from so-called Monster Lairs, a small square on the ground. Kill all the monsters that spawn from the node to deplete it and release a soul. The soul will in turn go to the respective town, where you can talk to it later when you return. Some souls are mandatory to progress while others aren't, but it satisfies my OCD greatly to deplete all nodes. You can open the menu at any given time too to see if you've depleted all nodes in an area. This is good to keep in mind since you cannot kill all enemies straight away the first time you meet them. For example, you would need a better sword or a better spell to defeat metallic enemies. Enemies all have their own form of attacking, and require different strategies to be beaten. ..Or you can cheese them by standing in a certain spot and have them come to you since your sword slashes are horizontal but still! There is a good amount of different enemies and generally mindless slashing will get you nowhere.
Because enemies do not respawn after you deplete their node, there is almost no grinding necessary. There are few enemies that are not part of a node, but overall everybody will end around the same level given you got a completionist mindset. This means that for bosses, you're entirely dependent on your own skill. And bosses are (for the most part) tough cookies that require some strategy. The first boss makes this very clear, as you're both on each side of the room and you can only get to him through moving conveyor belts. However, he will keep attacking and you can't stand on his side of the room or he'll constantly pummel you. This means that you have to closely encounter him, move back and avoid his attacks and repeat the process. No amount of spamming attacks will get you through this boss fight, and that's what makes them interesting. There is almost no penalty to dying against a boss or enemies in general, as there are multiple checkpoints you can teleport to. You will only lose accumulated Gems if you do not have an item that prevents you from losing them.
Unlike most RPGs from the time, Soul Blazer has a nice length of around 10 hours. Completing the game mostly revolves around clearing every monster lair and getting some side items of which fortunately none are missable, meaning that everything can be done in one playthrough. There is no post-game content, as the final boss of this game is the true end goal. Unfortunately there are no difficulty modes or alternative endings, so replayability is entirely dependent on your own enjoyment of the game. For me it was a total blast playing through it again, but I can understand it's not other people their first priority. I suppose you can do a minimalist run, but you'd have to know exactly what monster lairs you can and can't deplete, and it is shown nowhere what nodes are story related and what ones aren't.
Graphics aren't necessarily impressive but they do the job. What I've gathered from people on the internet is that they think the soundtrack is rather.. odd? I can't disagree with them as it's all over the place and not always befitting of the stage themes, but individually they still sound good so yet again, nothing to complain about here.
https://nepsgamingparadise.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/soul-blazer-ost-07-lively-town.mp3
I think I've made this clear enough, but I love Soul Blazer. I won't deny that I am kind of biased towards it, but it really is one of the SNES' hidden gems. A story with elements reminiscing of human nature, full of interesting NPCs to boot in memorable areas. Good gameplay that satisfies my OCD greatly and requires different strategies for different enemies. Magic functions weird but you'll get used to it soon than later. Really, I can't think of any negatives straight from the top of my head; you either like it or you don't. For that reason, I recommend to 100% complete Soul Blazer and put it on a pedistal to worship it.
If you want to play Soul Blazer well.. good luck! It is only available on the Super Nintendo and has since not received a re-release. Prices for a physical copy vary from 40 bucks to quite a lot more, so be prepared to empty your wallet for that. If you desperately want to play it, emulation is always an option. I mean, I'm not responsible for whatever you do or don't and I'm not going to play a holy saint either who never emulates.
Tagged Nintendo, Retro, RPG, SNES, Soul Blazer, Super Nintendo
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Tom Cheshire's Raised Eyebrow: Mini-Reviews #5 - Micro Review Bonus Round!
Mini-Reviews #5 - Micro Review Bonus Round!
In its second-act ensemble set piece it may well be the most entertaining Marvel film ever made, but getting there does mean sitting through an arduous amount of 'superhero politics' while Cap attempts to save Toadette from the clutches of an evil bird... okay I need to stop now.
Yeah, if you're a sucker like me you watched this in both theatrical and ultimate cuts - I dunno, for five and a half hours you could probably do better things with your life, like copying and pasting images of sunglasses onto pictures of actors.
Okay enough of the superhero stuff, I don't even know what to put with this one... erm... I mean it's alright, it has Oscar Isaac playing an evil smurf and about four other characters also playing smurfs engaging in a giant cosplay battle in an apocalyptic city... uh, spoiler alert?
As we finally move away from superhero films, here is a film about a kid who's super power is 'acting against a green screen' - It's brilliant but I don't have much to say about this, I just really wanted to put sunglasses on a bear.
Wow, okay, so, who'd have thought that a show with such a persistent motivation to troll its own audience, a show that consistently gives its main character no concept of what he's doing or who he's with, a show with so many damn Fight Club rip-offs... would be so damn addictive?
Now here's a game nobody talks about anymore - a third person Metal Gear crossed with TimeSplitters? Well, it's not exactly aged well, but I had some fun playing this for the first time recently, even if it was just to listen to all the cringe-worthy dialogue. God I miss Free Radical.
Finally, let me draw your attention to the greatest Nicholas Cage film ever made - I just... please watch it, you won't regret it.


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← The Rolling Stones / Muddy Waters Live at the Checkerboard Lounge 1981
BRIK Audio in handen van Jaap Veenstra – Alpha Audio →
M2Tech's Vaughan White Paper by Marco Manunta
Geplaatst op 19/10/2012 door hermanvandendungen
Marco Manunta has been making quite big steps the last few years in the digital domain. His hiFace USB Spdif converter has been sold in big numbers worldwide and soon after that first product, he came up with dac's, a dedicated external clock, battery supplies and more. Check it out on www.m2tech.biz.
Recently he explained the features of his miracle Joplin AD converter with a rhyme and a video. Now he comes up with a White Paper on the company's Vaughan. Please have a read!
The Vaughan 384/32 DAC is an innovative product with many distinctive features which are worth to be explored in detail.
To say that the Vaughan is a no-compromise design would be unfair. A real no-compromise design would necessarily be ridiculously expensive and would imply certain features which not always meet the user's expectations, all in sake of the "absolute sound". No, the Vaughan is a design in which the most important aspects (with regards to the sound) have been addressed with a reasonable amount of effort and budget share. They are: the integrity of the processing chain, the quality of the supplies, the quality of timings with regards to the jitter and the interfacing capabilities. Of course, an expensive product must also give users the versatility and ease of use they expect for the price. We'll see in the text which follows as various choices impacted on the important aspects listed above, as well as fulfilling the owners' expectations.
High-resolution processing chain
Even if it is nice to think of a DAC as a digital cable directly connected from its input to the sigma-delta modulators of the conversion IC, things are rather different. Converting a digital signal into its analog counterpart means transferring the digital data from the source (be it a computer, a disc or a network interface) to the DAC, processing it in terms of volume, bandwidth, noise shaping, etc., then increasing its original sampling frequency to a much higher one (by either asynchronous sampling rate conversion or oversampling) to drive the output sigma-delta modulators which produce the analog output current to feed the I-V converter prior the analog buffer/low pass filter.
Every computation increases the need for bits to represent the various results without losing resolution. Using a word length less than the necessary results in truncation of the data, which in turn results in distortion.
Truncation effects are magnified by successive processing and truncations. It's advisable to avoid any truncation prior the final data delivery to the modulators. This is what we do in the Vaughan: the 32-bit input signal (either filled with 24-bit data from S/PDIF inputs or with 32-bit data from USB and I2S) is sent to a processing core which is responsible for volume control and oversampling. This processing core uses all the bits which are necessary to carry out all computations without truncations in between. The output of the processing core is ready to be delivered to the output modulators, which work with 32 bits. The distortion increase due to this final truncation is well buried below the thermal noise floor of the modulators, so it's not audible.
The volume control is worth a specific comment. Many so-called experts claim that post-dithering noise shaping must be used to avoid the signal-to-noise reduction implied in volume control. But they refer to the past, when 16 bits was the bit depth available and reducing the listening level by a mere 18db meant losing 3 bits of resolution. Today, we operate with a system in which the ENOB (equivalent number of bits) due to the thermal noise is 21 bits, while the available bit depth at the modulators is 32 bits. This means that it is possible to attenuate the signal down to -68dB before suffering any distortion due to the truncation. Not only: when listening to a 24-bits signal, no resolution is lost down to -50dB attenuation. The volume control in the Vaughan doesn't use any dithering nor noise shaping, simply because it's not necessary: at -50dB attenuation, the resolution is still higher than that allowed by most phono stages.
Oversampling vs. asynchronous sample rate conversion
The Vaughan performs oversampling to increase the input signal's sampling frequency to the value to which the output modulators operate. This value can be 705.6kHz or 768kHz depending on the input sampling frequency. Oversampling is a processing that, provided the sufficient bit-depth is available, doesn't adversely affect the sound quality.
On the contrary, asynchronous sampling rate is a process which, depending on how it is carried out, can potentially affect the sound. Particularly, any method which uses polynomial interpolation or spline curves should be considered with suspect.
Multiple IC's conversion in time-shift mode
It's known that using two or more converters in parallel increases the signal-to-noise ratio. The general rule is that each converters doubling increases the signal-to-noise ratio by 3dB. But using more than one converter also gives the designer more options to operate on the signal without adversely affecting it. We use 4 conversion IC's per channel in mono mode (that is, a total of 8 conversion cores are used per channel). Each IC is driven with the same signal, with a special trick: arrival times of the samples are not the same for all IC's, they're separated by ¼ sampling period. This means that the resulting signal from the sum of the 4 outputs of the IC's in one channel doesn't change abruptly from one sample to the following, rather it smoothly turns from the actual value to the next one, resulting in a reduced aliasing and out-of-band noise. This is the same result obtained by the anti-alias filter implemented in the output buffer using resistors and capacitors. But this way, we obtain the result without using any capacitors, simply by basic mathematics applied from the digital side of the converters but working on their analog side: no dielectric hysteresis, no tolerances, no blurring.
High quality clock chain
Jitter is major detriment cause for digital audio. For this reason, it must be kept as low as possible. The Vaughan uses two high quality TCXO's (Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillators) with very high precision and very low phase noise (phase noise means jitter). To exploit their full potential, they are powered by a dedicated ultra-low noise regulator in order to avoid injecting jitter by the supply noise.
We know that some competitors use oven-compensated oscillators or even rubidium oscillators as clock sources. We think this is a waste of money, marketing hype: as soon as this ultra-stable clock enters a logic cell (buffer, logic gate, FPGA), it is blurred by the noise from the supply of that cell, with a jitter increase. So, unless we use ultra-low noise supplies for each IC which uses the clock and keep the circuit temperature very low to reduce thermal noise, there's no sense in spending all those money for an ultra-stable clock.
Moreover, people should not confuse phase noise with stability. While the former affects the jitter, the latter only affect the long term pitch of note, which is absolutely no concern for listeners.
ADC-grade active components for the analog stage
Making a very high resolution digital processing chain and conversion machine would be useless if the analog circuitry was too noisy and distorting to reveal the upstream quality. For this reason, the Vaughan uses special opamps which were designed to process the delicate signal to be sent to ADC's. They are very low distortion, very low noise design using class-a biasing for the output stage (while almost all opamps are heavily driven into B class and rely on the feedback to linearize their behaviour with low-level signals).
Also passive components are important. We chose to use low-inductance, high-power MELF resistors in order to minimize their effect on the sound, as well as Wima polypropylene capacitors.
Even so, all our effort would be wasted if the power supplies were noisy. The Vaughan uses two regulation stages per each supply rail, with intermediate filtering and ultra-low noise linear regulators as second stage.
Battery power supply
To minimize the effect of the mains voltage, the Vaughan has a high-capacity, high-current LiPo battery inside, which is used to power all the circuits. The battery is managed by the control system with a dedicated integrated battery charger. Whenever the battery is not in charge, the internal AC/DC converter is turned off by the control system and the unit is powered by the battery.
Extensive inputs set
The Vaughan is able to operate up to 384kHz. Alas, the S/PDIF standard (as well as the pro companion AES/EBU) only allows for 192kHz operation. To overcome this limit and give users access to the full potential of its performance, the Vaughan is provided with two inputs per type: two S/PDIF on RCA, two AES/EBU on XLR, and so on. They can be configured in two ways: as two separate normal stereo inputs or as a single dual-mono input, in a mode widely used in professional products called dual-AES. Even if we don't know about digital sources able to convey 384kHz music on dual-AES connections, we know of some consumer products, like the dCS disc player, which are only able to deliver 192kHz on a dual-mono connection.
Further to that, the Vaughan is provided with an I2S input and an asynchronous USB 2.0 port which are both able to accept data up to 384kHz-32bits (we must remember that S/PDIF only allows for 24 bits to be transferred).
External clock input
Sometimes is useful to sync the Vaughan to an external clock source. This is possible by sending the clock signal to the dedicated clock input. The Vaughan has a very special clock input: in fact, it can accept both word clocks (same frequency as the music's sampling frequency) and master clocks (22.5792MHz or 24.576MHz). The Vaughan automatically recognizes the kind of clock being sent to its input: a master clock is directly routed to the processing chain, while a word clock is sent to a PLL to be multiplied, obtaining an internal master clock. This is necessary as the DAC IC's don't work at the same sampling frequency as the incoming music signal: the always operate at 705.6kHz or 768kHz, depending on the sampling frequency.
Comprehensive analog outputs and headphones amp
The Vaughan is provided with both single-ended and balanced analog outputs in order to increase its versatility. Balanced outputs are true differential, as they originate from the balanced signal out of the DAC ICs, they're not produced with a balanced driver or similar. Moreover, a headphones amplifier is included in the package, with a 6.35mm jack socket on the front panel. The amplifier is a bit of a small power amp, with complementary power transistors. It is able to deliver high currents on low-Z headphones with a voltage swing sufficient for even the least sensitive unit. Its 10 Ohms output impedance suits both low-Z and high-Z headphones.
The Vaughan as a preamplifier
Sometimes, it's desirable to keep the signal chain as short as possible to keep the highest sound quality. With the Vaughan, it is possible to set up a hi-fi system with just a computer or a CD transport, a power amplifier and a pair of speakers. In fact, the Vaughan is provided with a digital volume control, a balance control, as well as mute and phase reversal features. A voltage level of 2.7Vrms on single-ended outputs and 5.4Vrms on balanced outputs allow for driving virtually all power amplifiers around. A nice remote control gives users access to all Vaughan's features from the armchair. The large led matrix display allows all users to clearly read the unit's status or control's effects.
Over hermanvandendungen
Almost 40 years of being with and in the world of high-end audio equipment. As distributor of Krell, Sonus Faber, Cello, Conrad-Johnnson and many more, initiator of brands like Kiseki, Cogelco, AH!, PrimaLuna, Mystère and maybe more to follow.
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2 reacties op M2Tech's Vaughan White Paper by Marco Manunta
Rene van Es zegt:
I never heard this converter, but the way it is described makes me feel it is a worthwhile product. No nonsense, no blablabla. Just a good explanation of choices made.
hermanvandendungen zegt:
Klopt René, Marco is no-nonsense en zijn apparaatjes ook. Hij heeft ook net de Joplin uitgebracht, een heel grappig apparaat. Zou jij eens mee moeten spelen.