text:
DSW DESIGNER SHOE WAREHOUSE
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text:
Kuujjuarapik jest najbardziej na południe wysuniętą inuicką wioską w Nunavik w północnym Quebecu (Kanada). Znajduje się w administracji regionalnej Kativik w regionie administracyjnym Nord-du-Québec. Nazwa oznacza "małą wielką rzekę". Osada jest dostępna drogą lotniczą, a w niektórych miesiącach również drogą wodną.
Przyległa wioska Whapmagoostui jest zamieszkana przez około 800 mieszkańców, głównie Kri. Najbliższą wioską inuicką jest, odległa o 160 km w kierunku północno-zachodnim, Umiujaq. Inuici i Kri zamieszkiwali tereny nad Wielką Rzeką Wielorybią od dawna przy czym Inuici preferowali teren bezpośrednio przy wybrzeżu a Kri w głębi lądu.

Historia

W 1820 roku Kompania Zatoki Hudsona otworzyła faktorię handlową, znaną jako "Great Whale River House", "Great Whale River" i "Great Whale". Na mapach z 1851 i 1854 roku faktoria nosi nazwę "Whale River House" i "Whale House". Misja katolicka powstała w latach osiemdziesiątych XIX wieku. W 1895 roku rząd federalny buduje stację meteorologiczną. Opieka medyczna i policja zostały zapoczątkowane w pierwszej połowie XX wieku. W tamtym czasie osada była zamieszkiwana tylko podczas letnich obozowisk.

W latach trzydziestych XX wieku Inuici porzucili nomadyczne życie na rzecz życia w wiosce. W 1940 roku armia amerykańska otworzyła bazę sił powietrznych wykorzystując jako robotników Inuitów i Kri. W 1941 roku placówka Kompanii Zatoki Hudsona została zamknięta. Po drugiej wojnie światowej, w 1948 roku, baza wojskowa została przekazana rządowi Kanady.

W ramach programu Mid-Canada Line, 1955 roku w osadzie zaczęła w działać stacja radarowa. Pomimo że była w użyciu tylko przez 10 lat, przyczyniła się do trwałego osiedlenia się Inuitów i powstania wioski.

W 1961 roku, gdy rząd Quebecu zdecydował nadać francuskie imiona miejscom na północy kraju, nazwa osady została zmieniona na Grande-Baleine, która to nazwa została zastąpiona rok później przez Post-de-la-Baleine. Kiedy wioska została formalnie zarejestrowana przybrała obecną nazwę, używaną od dłuższego czasu używaną przez Inuitów.

Obawiając się wpływu planowanych prac w związku z budową elektrowni wodnej, w 1982 roku przeprowadzono referendum, w którym większość Inuitów zdecydowała się przenieść do nowej wioski, Umiujaq, 160 km na północ. Duża część Inuitów przeniosła się tam w 1986 roku powodując znaczące mniejszenie liczebności osady.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Społeczności inuickie w Quebecu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Game #43 Preview: Stroman vs Covey
May 16, 2019 by Blue Bird Banter Leave a Comment
Blue Jays (17-25) vs White Sox (19-22)
After wrapping up a super short trip out to San Francisco, the Blue Jays head to Chicago to take on the White Sox, a team they haven't seen since… Sunday? Really? We're playing 7 of 9 games against the White Sox? OK, yes. The Blue Jays take on the White Sox again, this time at Guaranteed Rate Field, with the first pitch set for 8:10 ET.
Blue Jays' Starter
Marcus Stroman heads to the mound, making his second straight start against the White Sox. His last start went pretty well through 6 innings, as he allowed just 2 runs (1 earned, although it was his error that caused him to score) on 5 hits and no walks. But he got knocked around when he came back out for the 7th, surrendering 3 singles around a lineout, and his night was over as he left with the bases loaded. Derek Law allowed 2 of the inherited runners to score, and all of a sudden Stroman's line doesn't look so good with 4 runs allowed. The good news about this game though was that was the first time Stroman didn't allow a walk in a start this season.
With that start, Stroman's record on the year fell to 1-6, a pretty remarkable number for someone with a 3.12 ERA. For whatever reason the Jays bats cannot score him any runs when he is on the mound, again filling the scorecard with zeroes (insert comment about some pathetic "analyst" somewhere claiming his teammates don't like him and aren't trying for him).
White Sox' Starter
The right handed Dylan Covey will also be making his second straight start against the same team, as he pitched for the White Sox last Friday night. The Blue Jays touched him up early, scoring 3 runs in the first and another in the second, all on home runs by Randal Grichuk and Teoscar Hernandez. Considering the Jays worked Covey for 5 walks and 2 home runs over 4.2 innings, only scoring 4 runs seems kinda low. But also considering it's the Blue Jays, scoring 4 runs in the early going seems incredibly impressive, and it was enough to hold on to the 4-3 win.
Through 10.2 total innings on the season now, Covey is not having a good time. He has allowed 8 runs on 10 hits and 10 walks, striking out just 5 and surrendering those 2 home runs.
Blue Jays' Lineup
Teoscar Hernandez has now struck out in 6 straight plate appearances, and appears completely lost at the plate. The knack for barreling the ball and hitting it hard from last year is completely gone. If ever I felt there was a player who needed a reset in the Minors, this is the time. Bring back Gurriel, or call up Biggio. Either should be able to carry the load in left field.
The only other hit aside from the home runs that the Jays got off Covey was a leadoff single from Eric Sogard, and seeing as he got the day off yesterday, I could see him back in the lineup today. Although with Brandon Drury also having a big day at the plate, the Jays might try to get both into the lineup, which means Drury could go to the outfield, or maybe Vladimir Guerrero Jr. gets a half day at DH, although I don't think that one is as likely as Drury taking some more reps in the OF.
White Sox Lineup
Top prospect Eloy Jimenez is currently on a rehab assignment in AAA, where he is 2-6 with a double so far. He was removed from yesterday's game a bit early, but likely to just give him a little break. It doesn't appear his reinstatement from the Injured List is imminent, and we may not see him in this 4 game series. I think the expectation when he first went on this rehab assignment was to get him back as the team heads to Houston on Monday, and there doesn't seem to be any reason to think otherwise at this point. Which is all too bad, as fans won't get to see two of the best hitting prospects in the game go head to head.
Leury Garcia, who hurt his back in the series back in Toronto, missed both Monday and Tuesday's games (as a side note, the White Sox didn't play yesterday, which I'm not sure I remember a team having an off day on a Wednesday at this point in the season before. It's also their only scheduled off day in May). Garcia claims that he's not going on the IL, so I'm guessing that he thinks he'll be good enough to play today after getting 3 days of rest.
Yesterday's Heroes
Gleyber Torres went 3-8 with 3 home runs as part of a double header – 2 in the matinee and 1 in the nightcap – good enough to win our Monster Bat award. The Yankees swept the twin bill over the Orioles with scores of 5-3 and 3-1, thanks in large part to Torres.
Eugenio Suarez hit a game tying 2 run home run in the 8th inning, and then in the bottom of the 10th he hit a 1 out single that pushed the winning run to third base, both of which were huge plays for his Reds. The Reds did score Votto from third, which gave them the 6-5 win over the Cubs, and Suarez' .565 WPA was good enough for the WPA King title.
Zack Greinke made it through 7.2 shutout innings, allowing just 4 hits while walking nobody. His Pitcher of the Day efforts helped his Diamondbacks beat the Pirates 11-1.
Find the Link
Find the link between Covey and Jed Bradley.
Stats are courtesy of Fangraphs
Filed Under: Blue Jays
'Inside the NBA' disrespects Pascal Siakam with All-Star votes
Double Blue Bring Back Grey Cup Star Robbie Smith
Hogan: Argos Re-Sign Grey Cup Hero

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
#ifndef I_RXBUFFER_H_
#define I_RXBUFFER_H_

#include <iGlobals.h>
#include <list>

typedef struct MpiRxMessage_T {
   unsigned char *buf;
   int size;
   int source; // Comm Rank
   int tag;
   int curSize;
   bool hasSepBuf;
} MpiRxMessage_T;

class iRxBuffer {
   public:
      iRxBuffer() {}
      ~iRxBuffer() {}
      void pushMessage(unsigned char *buf, int size, int source, int tag, int totSize, int part);
      void pushMessageReq(unsigned char *buf, int source, int tag, int totSize);
      int popMessage(int source, int tag, void *buf, int size, MPI_Status *status);
      bool probeMessage(int source, int tag, MPI_Status *status);
      void removeMessage(int source, int tag);
   private:
      std::list<MpiRxMessage_T> buffer;
      std::list<MpiRxMessage_T>::iterator getMessage(int source, int tag);
      std::list<MpiRxMessage_T>::iterator getInProgressMessage(int source, int tag);
};

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: bouncycastle 1.49 has no crl generator for X509v3 I am quite new to java programming. I want to create a basic crl but I have realised that X509v3  has no crlgenerator. I would like to know how the crl is generated for X509v3. so far this what I have got.
http://www.bouncycastle.org/wiki/display/JA1/X.509+Certificate+Revocation+Lists

A: According to RFC5280 x509v3 certificates are to be combined with x509v2 CRL-s
In plain english: As of today (March 2014) x509v2 is the latest version of CRL and it's OK to use it with x509v3 certificates. You should use the X509V2CRLGenerator in your application.
See also:

*

*https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5280

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Provides motion control to open and close various shipboard utility valves. The actuator is designed to withstand exposure to humidity, driving rain, salt fog & spray, sand & dust, solar radiation, and corrosive atmosphere. Available in a variety of stroke lengths, speeds, and forces.
Provides rotary motion to open and close various ball valves on nuclear submarines. The actuator is designed to withstand harsh environments and meet the stringent submarine acoustic requirements.
Supplies linear motion to open and close various valves on nuclear submarines. The actuator is designed to withstand harsh environments and meet the stringent submarine acoustic requirements.
This Electrohydraulic Servoactuator provides precision motion control for high-pressure steam input valves used on main propulsion turbines and turbo-alternators for nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers.
This Electromechanical actuator provides precision motion control for high-pressure steam input valves used on main propulsion turbines and turbo-alternators for nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers. It is designed to replace hydraulic actuators and will reduce maintenance and construction costs.
Moog designs and manufacturs the first, second, and third stage thrust vector control actuators for the Trident C4/D5 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile.


text:
Intervarsity Relations
Deeper Waters Forum Guidelines
Notice – The ministries featured in this section of TheologyWeb are guests of this site and in some cases not bargaining for the rough and tumble world of debate forums, though sometimes they are. Additionally, this area is frequented and highlighted for guests who also very often are not acclimated to debate fora. As such, the rules of conduct here will be more strict than in the general forum. This will be something within the discretion of the Moderators and the Ministry Representative, but we simply ask that you conduct yourselves in a manner considerate of the fact that these ministries are our invited guests. You can always feel free to start a related thread in general forum without such extra restrictions. Thank you.
Deeper Waters is founded on the belief that the Christian community has long been in the shallow end of Christianity while there are treasures of the deep waiting to be discovered. Too many in the shallow end are not prepared when they go out beyond those waters and are quickly devoured by sharks. We wish to aid Christians to equip them to navigate the deeper waters of the ocean of truth and come up with treasure in the end.
We also wish to give special aid to those often neglected, that is, the disabled community. This is especially so since our founders are both on the autism spectrum and have a special desire to reach those on that spectrum. While they are a special emphasis, we seek to help others with any disability realize that God can use them and that they are as the Psalmist says, fearfully and wonderfully made.
General TheologyWeb forum rules: here.
Nick Mentioned on Dr. Craig's Podcast RE: Disagreement with Dr. Walton on Creation
tWebber
Amens Received: 0
Amens Given: 0
So, just catching up on my Reasonable Faith podcasts at the gym, and I was surprised to hear Nick's name mentioned in the most recent episode (I think it came out Sunday). Apparently Dr. Craig critiqued (Old Testament professor) Dr. Walton's Cosmic Temple Inauguration theory in a recent Defender's class (Defender's is sort of like an advanced Sunday School class that Dr. Craig does that covers core Christian doctrine and theology).
Nick, I guess, then did an interview with Dr. Walton on his audio blog, and they discussed Dr. Craig's critique.
So in the latest Reasonable Faith podcast, Kevin Harris, and Dr. Craig took some time out to clarify some points about the critique that he didn't think Dr. Walton understood.
I haven't listened to the Defender's podcast, or Nick's interview yet (going to do so after posting this), but I know (and in part, agree with) Dr. Walton's Cosmic Temple theory, and it sounds like there's just a lot of basic miscommunication going on between the both of them.
Has this issue between the scholars already been discussed on this forum? I did a quick search, and didn't see anything.
Oh, here are the relevant links:
Dr. Craig's Defender's Podcast: I believe the critique starts on episode 7.
Nick's Audio Blog Interview
The Latest Reasonable Faith Podcast
jpholding
Faith: Toonist
One of many more such mentions to come, I'm sure. Nick already has well-deserved credibility and I expect as he grows his writing collection, he'll eventually also find himself referenced by authors like Strobel, much as Tekton has been.
Apologiaphoenix
Amens Received: 73
I was notified of this and it was an honor, especially to be mentioned as a friend.
I really don't think Craig gave his opinion correctly. Walton and I both thought the same thing was being said as did other people. I also think Craig is off to say that Walton's interpretation is just absurd. I find it to be the most sensible one I have found.
And I certainly hope JPH's prediction comes true.
I don't think Craig misunderstood what Walton meant by function. At one point in the Defenders course he sorta clarified that what he believed Walton meant by function was something like God given purpose, which I took to mean in a more spiritual or symbolic way rather than a utilitarian way. Craig, also clarified that he did not mean to say that people and animals just sat around until given their function in his Reasonable Faith podcast. Maybe it was because I was already familiar with Craig's clarification in the Reasonable Faith podcast that i didn't see him saying anything strange in the Defenders course.
I also don't think Craig was reading Aristotelian views into scripture or necessarily into Walton's interpretation of scripture. I think the only reason Craig used Aristotelian language for "function" is because he found it practical to do so. Its useful in making differentiation between types of function regardless of where it came from, especially when Walton himself uses the word function, and yet that word is not found in the narrative. But as you pointed out, being a philosopher, Craig is going to think in philosophical terms.
I agree that Craig goes too far by calling Walton's interpretation absurd, but honestly, I think that Craig might have been fine with Dr. Walton's view if it weren't for the fact that Dr. Walton doesn't believe that Gen. 1:1 signifies any creative act. I think Craig would have been fine if Walton said that the rest of the narrative was not a creative act, but by discluding 1:1 from the equation, you're left with no scriptural reason to justify creatio ex nihilo (at least in this passage). And of course, the concept of creatio ex nihilo is the lynchpin to Craig's Kalam Cosmological argument. So I think he was miffed for that reason.
People are probably sick of hearing me talk about it, but I think that OT Professor John Sailhamer's Historical Creationism theory could bridge the gap between Craig and Walton. As I understand Sailhamer's theory, he believes the Genesis narrative is both a creative function, and also a symbolic/spiritual function. Gen 1:1 is about the physical creation of the universe and everything in it (heaven and earth being a merism for the cosmos) at an indeterminant period, and that 2 onwards is primarily about God's preparation of the promised land (not the whole earth) for his covenant people. If I recall correctly, he even mentions Walton's cosmic temple view in his book Genesis Unbound. I'll have to look it up later to see if I'm remembering that correctly though.
Last edited by Adrift; 12-16-2014, 12:09 PM.
What Mr. Q Can't Tell You by Apologiaphoenix
Started by Apologiaphoenix, Today, 05:45 PM
by Apologiaphoenix
Not Everyone Is An Expert by Apologiaphoenix
Started by Apologiaphoenix, Yesterday, 08:45 AM
by KingsGambit
Science Skepticism by Apologiaphoenix
Started by Apologiaphoenix, 01-13-2021, 08:25 AM
by rogue06
Book Plunge: Irreversible Damage by Apologiaphoenix
Book Plunge: Strong Poison by Apologiaphoenix
Started by Apologiaphoenix, 01-11-2021, 06:12 PM
by Faber


text:
James Webb Space Telescope Is Like NASA's Time Travel Machine. Here's Why
The James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) amazing first images of our universe have made an exciting week for all of us.
We can see faint faraway galaxies as they were more than 13 billion years ago in images like the one below.
It's the ideal moment to take a step back and be grateful for both our first-class seat on the cosmic elevator and the ability these photos give us to travel across time.
These images also bring up intriguing questions on how the cosmological scale of distance measurement is affected by the expansion of the Universe.
The Possible Time Travel.
Although it may seem weird to think about seeing back in time, space researchers do it every day.
The speed of light is one of the most well-known of the physics "rules" that govern our universe. And when we refer to "light," we actually mean all of the electromagnetic spectrum's wavelengths, which move at a staggering speed of around 300,000 kilometres (186,400 miles) per second.
Light moves so quickly that it seems to happen instantly in our daily lives. It still takes some time to reach anywhere in the cosmos, even at these incredible speeds.
The Moon appears to you as it did 1.3 seconds ago when you stare at it. Even though it's a very brief glimpse into the past, it's still the past. The only difference is because photons (light particles) emitted from the Sun's surface take slightly longer—over 8 minutes—to reach Earth.
The Milky Way, our galaxy, is more than 100,000 light-years across. And the lovely young stars visible in the Carina Nebula image from the JWST are located 7,500 light-years away.
In other words, the historical period represented by this nebula is around 2,000 years earlier than the time when ancient Mesopotamia is supposed to have developed the first form of writing.
Looking Far In The Depths Of The Universe.
We are constantly looking away from the Earth and towards the past, at how things once were. Astronomers can utilise light, as it has been observed over time, to try to piece together the puzzle of our Universe, which is a superpower.
How Amazing Is JWST?
What makes JWST so amazing Space-based telescopes enable us to view specific light spectrums that are blocked by the Earth's thick atmosphere. The ultraviolet (UV) and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum were both used in the construction and optimization of the Hubble space telescope.
The JWST was built to operate with a variety of infrared wavelengths. And this is a significant factor in why the JWST can go further into the past than Hubble.
How Different Types Of Waves Are Important?
Gamma rays, radio waves, and all other wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum are all emitted by galaxies. All of them provide crucial details about the many mechanics operating in a galaxy.
Since the light from nearby galaxies hasn't altered much since it was first released, we can examine a wide variety of these wavelengths to learn more about what's going on inside of them.
But we no longer have that luxury when galaxies are very far away. The expansion of the Universe has caused the light from the farthest galaxies, as we perceive it now, to be stretched to longer and redder wavelengths.
How Has The Expansion Of Our Universe Made It Difficult For Observation?
As the Universe has expanded, some of the light that would have been visible to our senses when it was first released has lost energy. Currently, it is located in a totally different area of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is a cosmological redshift phenomenon.
The JWST excels most in this area. JWST is able to observe galaxies that Hubble has never been able to because of the wide range of infrared wavelengths it can detect. The JWST has the largest mirror and best pixel resolution in the known universe, which when combined with this capability makes it the most potent time machine.
Is There Difference Between Light Age And Distance?
Light age and distance are not equal.
We will be able to observe incredibly far-off galaxies with the JWST as recently as 100 million years after the Big Bang, which took place some 13.8 billion years ago. Therefore, light from 13.7 billion years ago will be visible to us.
However, the fact that those galaxies are not 13.7 billion light-years away is about to harm your head. That would mean that those galaxies are currently 46 billion light-years away from us.
This mismatch, which makes operating on a very big scale challenging, is entirely due to the expanding Universe.
Why Is The Universe Continuously Expanding?
The Universe is growing due to something called dark energy. It is believed to be a universal constant that operates uniformly over all of space and time.
And the impact of dark energy on the expansion of the Universe increases with its size. Because of this, the universe is actually 13.8 billion light-years across despite being 13.8 billion years old.
On a galactic scale (inside the Milky Way), we are unable to observe the impact of dark energy, but we can do so across much longer cosmological distances.
We are in an amazing technological era. We weren't aware that there were galaxies outside of our own until just a century ago. Now that we know there are trillions, we have an abundance of options.
The JWST will continue to lead us on weekly trips through space and time for the foreseeable future.


Royal Caribbean International and DreamWorks Animation recently commemorated the grand opening of the Kung Fu Panda Noodle Shop, a new family style eatery on board Quantum of the Seas and the first-ever DreamWorks Animation Kung Fu Panda themed restaurant on land or at sea. Guests will be able to give their taste buds a "Kung Fu" kick with the bold flavors of dim sum delights, savory noodle bowls and traditional Chinese desserts alongside Po and the cast of colorful characters from the DreamWorks Animation film Kung Fu Panda.
Following a 53-night global odyssey from New York to Shanghai, Quantum of the Seas set sail for the first time from her new homeport of Shanghai, China on June 25, 2015. She will sail three- to eight- night itineraries year-round from Shanghai to Japan and Korea. The newest addition on board, the Kung Fu Panda Noodle Shop will entice guests to indulge in four-piece dim sum, noodle bowls, such as Taiwanese spicy beef noodles, and desserts including sesame balls and custard tart. Guests also can strike a pose with Po and the Furious Five for a keepsake picture sure to reveal their inner Dragon Warrior. Menu items are priced a la carte, ranging from $2 to $5.
The DreamWorks Experience, available only on Royal Caribbean, allows guests to get up close and personal with their favorite feature-film characters such as Shrek, Fiona and Puss In Boots of Shrek; Alex the Lion and the Penguins of Madagascar; Po of Kung Fu Panda; and Hiccup of How to Train Your Dragon. Guests can engage with their favorite characters during energetic parades, character breakfasts, themed activities and more. The DreamWorks Experience is available on Quantum of the Seas, Allure of the Seas, Oasis of the Seas, Freedom of the Seas, Liberty of the Seas, Voyager of the Seas and Mariner of the Seas.
Quantum of the Seas, which debuted in November 2014, is the first of Royal Caribbean's Quantum-class ships, which include Quantum of the Seas, Anthem of the Seas, Ovation of the Seas, as well as a fourth vessel to be delivered in 2019. Quantum-class ships feature unmatched innovations in onboard attractions, such as RipCord by iFLY, the first skydiving experience at sea; the North Star, an engineering marvel that transports guests more than 300 feet above the ocean; SeaPlex, the largest indoor sports and entertainment complex at sea with bumper cars, roller skating and more; as well as the Bionic Bar powered by Makr Shakr—home to the world's first robotic bartenders.


text:
/* globals describe, before, beforeEach, after, it*/
var sinon        = require('sinon');
var bunyan       = require('bunyan');
var logger       = require('../request-logger.js');
var express      = require('express');
var request      = require('supertest');
var should       = require('should');
var errorHandler = require('express-error-handler');
var noCache      = require('connect-cache-control');

/**
 * Creates a default app that uses the request logger and has an endpoint
 * at /something that should return a 200 OK
 * and an error endpoint that throws a new error.
 * The app uses express-error-handler so that 404 become errors and are captured
 * in the error log.
 */
function createDefaultApp(loggerOptions) {
  var log = logger(loggerOptions);
  var app = express();

  app.use(log.requestLogger());

  app.get('/something', function returnSomething(req, res) {
    res.send('Hello World!');
  });

  app.get('/slow-response', function slowResponse(req, res) {
    setTimeout(function() {
      res.send('Hello response timer');
    }, 100);
  });

  // Route that triggers a sample error:
  app.get('/error', function createError() {
    throw new Error('Sample error');
  });

  app.get( '/log.gif', noCache, log.route() );

  app.get( '/log.gif/:msg', noCache, log.route() );

  app.use(errorHandler.httpError(404));

  // Log request errors:
  app.use(log.errorLogger());

  return app;
}

describe('bunyan-request-logger', function () {
  var infoSpy;
  var errorSpy;
  var app = createDefaultApp({level: bunyan.FATAL});

  before(function () {
    infoSpy = sinon.spy(bunyan.prototype, 'info');
    errorSpy = sinon.spy(bunyan.prototype, 'error');

    // hide console errors while running the tests
    sinon.stub(console, 'error');
  });

  beforeEach(function () {
    infoSpy.reset();
    errorSpy.reset();
  });

  after(function () {
    infoSpy.restore();
    console.error.restore();
  });

  describe('info logging', function () {

    it('should call info twice per request', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/something')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          infoSpy.calledTwice.should.be.true;
          done();
        });
    });

    it('should call info twice per request that returns HTTP 500 error', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/error')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          infoSpy.calledTwice.should.be.true;
          done();
        });
    });

    it('should call info twice per request that returns a HTTP 404 not found', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/does.not.exist')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          infoSpy.calledTwice.should.be.true;
          done();
        });
    });

    it('should log the response at the info level', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/something')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          var logInfoMetadata = infoSpy.secondCall.args[0];
          logInfoMetadata.should.have.properties('res');
          done();
        });
    });

    it('should log the response time at the info level', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/slow-response')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          var logInfoMetadata = infoSpy.secondCall.args[0];
          logInfoMetadata.res.responseTime.should.be.a.Number;
          logInfoMetadata.res.responseTime.should.be.aboveOrEqual(100);
          done();
        });
    });

    it('should log the request id in the response at the info level', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/something')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          var logInfoMetadata = infoSpy.secondCall.args[0];
          logInfoMetadata.res.requestId.should.be.a.String;
          logInfoMetadata.res.requestId.should.not.be.empty;
          done();
        });
    });

    it('should log the request at the info level', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/something')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          var logInfoMetadata = infoSpy.firstCall.args[0];
          logInfoMetadata.should.have.keys('req');
          done();
        });
    });

    it('should log the request id at the info level', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/something')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          var logInfoMetadata = infoSpy.firstCall.args[0];
          logInfoMetadata.req.requestId.should.be.a.String;
          logInfoMetadata.req.requestId.should.not.be.empty;

          done();
        });
    });

    it('should log the same request id for the request and response', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/something')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          var reqMetadata = infoSpy.firstCall.args[0];
          var resMetadata = infoSpy.secondCall.args[0];
          reqMetadata.req.requestId.should.equal(resMetadata.res.requestId);

          done();
        });
    });
  });

  describe('error logging', function () {
    it('should not call error on a simple request', function (done) {

      request(app)
        .get('/something')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          errorSpy.called.should.be.false;
          done();
        });
    });

    it('should call error once on a error on an endpoint that returns 500', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/error')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          errorSpy.calledOnce.should.be.true;
          done();
        });
    });

    it('should call error once on a error on a 404 when using error handler', function (done) {
      request(app)
        .get('/this.does.not.exist')
        .end(function (err) {
          should.not.exist(err);

          errorSpy.calledOnce.should.be.true;
          done();
        });
    });
  });

});

exports.createDefaultApp = createDefaultApp;


Welcome to Paws Inn Paradise!
Your guilt-free solution to enjoying your vacation or business trip when you have to be separated from your pet!
For reservations please give us a call @ (727) 520-PAWS (7297), or fill out our online Reservation Request form and well be in touch shortly. We look forward to seeing you and your pet!
Paws Inn Paradise is a 9,000 square foot facility that opened in January 2006. We have an in-ground, heated swimming pool that was built specifically for the dogs. It slopes from 6 to 30 inches at it's deepest end. The perfect size for all dogs. We have a very large Doggie Day Care room filled with toys and lots of love, as well as webcams so you can watch all day. After the first visit, the dogs are pulling their owners across the lobby to get back to day care because they love it so much!
We have 10 Penthouse Suites. These are private rooms that were built to spoil your pet in. We have 17 Presidential Suites that are oversized and 9 of which have doggie doors for access to their own fenced in patio. Five others have low to the floor pool view windows. All of our suites have 19" color televisions, and web cams so you can log into our website (from your laptop or personal computer) and see exactly what your pet is doing. If your pet is scheduled for day care or pool play time while they are boarding with us, you can watch them from the live doggie cams that are open to the public every day.
We have 42 economy quarters and another 18 economy indoor/outdoor runs. These have the fence-enclosed outdoor patios, but no TV's or webcams. Please stop in to meet everyone and see why we're named, Paws Inn Paradise!
At Paws Inn Paradise we offer quality pet care and grooming services. Please navigate through all of our available services and options to find what will work best for you. We hope to see you soon!
Check out Racing For Rescues for local adoptable pets! Racing for Rescues Facebook!


text:
Succession plan remains, but let Dr M clean up the govt first, says Mukhriz
Published on 30 Dec 2018 4:17:13 PM
Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (Bersatu) deputy president Datuk Seri Mukhriz Mahathir on Sunday said Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir should be given the opportunity to fix things before passing on the baton to his successor Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim.
He was responding to rumors that there was a motion in the Bersatu annual general meeting for Dr Mahathir to remain as Prime Minister until the next general election.
Let Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad clean up the government before handing it over to his successor, Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim, says Datuk Seri Mukhriz Mahathir.
The Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (Bersatu) deputy president said Dr Mahathir should be given the room and the opportunity to fix things before passing on the baton to his successor.
He was addressing rumours that there was a motion in the Bersatu assembly for Dr Mahathir to remain as Prime Minister until the next general election, on the sidelines of the Bersatu annual general meeting on Sunday.
Read more at https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/30/mukhriz-succession-plan-for-anwar-to-take-over-as-pm-remains-but-let-dr-m-clean-up-the-govt-first/


The button features besides the web links covered inside them are maybe the most significant elements helping the users to have interaction with the web pages and take various actions and move from one webpage to some other. Specially currently in the mobile first world when at least half of the pages are being watched from small-sized touch screen devices the large comfortable rectangle zones on screen very easy to find with your eyes and tap with your finger are more crucial than ever before. That's the reason why the updated Bootstrap 4 framework advanced presenting even more pleasant experience canceling the extra small button size and providing some more free space around the button's captions making them more legible and easy to make use of. A small touch bring in a lot to the friendlier looks of the brand-new Bootstrap Button Upload are at the same time just a bit more rounded corners that along with the more free space around helping to make the buttons a lot more pleasing for the eye.
Here in this version that have the same amount of great and easy to use semantic styles delivering the capability to relay interpretation to the buttons we use with simply bring in a particular class.
to properly convey their objective to assistive technologies such as screen readers.
These are however the one-half of the attainable conditions you can put into your buttons in Bootstrap 4 since the new version of the framework as well brings us a new subtle and attractive solution to style our buttons helping keep the semantic we right now have-- the outline setting ( learn more here).
Crucial aspect to note here is there really is no such thing as outlined hyperlink button so the outlined buttons are really six, not seven .
ones to remove all of the background pics and colorings on any button.
class so really everybody could get the impression you want.
When you need it, spanning the whole width of the element it has been placed within which combined with the large size comes to be the perfect call to action.
attribute) should you need to replicate the state programmatically.
element ( more tips here).
- A number of future-friendly styles are included to turn off every one of pointer-events on anchor buttons. In web browsers which support that property, you won't find the disabled cursor anyway.
attribute to indicate the condition of the element to assistive technologies.
- toggles push condition. Brings the button the look that it has been switched on.
Generally in the new version of the most popular mobile first framework the buttons evolved aiming to become more legible, more easy and friendly to use on smaller screen and much more powerful in expressive means with the brand new outlined appearance. Now all they need is to be placed in your next great page.


I mentioned in a previous post that I get a daily e-mail from Amazon for free Kindle books. I have almost the limit on my Kindle again, so I'm very careful now which books I download. Until I delete more, I don't have much room for new books. But when I saw this book this morning, I had to get it. I haven't read it yet, and don't know how long it will be free, so I thought I'd let you know, if you have a Kindle, it's available free at Amazon.com. The reviews are good, it sounds like a good, fun read, and the price is right.
It's a beautiful Sunday morning - I don't know what it is about this RV park, but I'm waking early, ready to get up and make that coffee. I must be getting a better sleep? Even Katie is getting up early most mornings.
I have a long list and will be driving to the closest Walmart this morning to replenish food and paper products. It's only about 14 miles away - I overheard some people in the office talking about going to the Walmart, and asked the volunteer. I was surprised there's a Walmart in this area. Nice!
The scab finally fell off Katie's nose. I'm taking her to the Vet next week for her Rabies and annual shots, and will see if there's something I can put on her nose when it's hot and dry to stop that from happening again.
I had a meet-up with one of our fellow full-timers, Lloyd, this morning. What an interesting man! He's really easy to have a conversation with, which seems to be the norm for RVers. We drove to a local Starbucks and talked for a while, then back to The Palms where we sat outside in the sun and continued our conversation. Thanks, Lloyd, for coming over and visiting. I really enjoyed meeting you!
That's about all the news or information for today. My son, Tom, sent me an e-mail with the latest two cars he's restored, and if you are interested in cars, here are the photos. I always enjoy seeing his restored cars and houses, they are usually junkers when he buys them, and jewels when he sells them. He is not selling these cars, at least not now. He likes to keep them for a while and drive them. Might as well enjoy them after all the work to get them so pretty!
The first one is a1968 Rally Sport Camaro. He has much of the original paperwork as well as ownership history back to the original owner. Tom found some 8 track tapes to play in the restored 8 track AM/FM radio. The tires are original bias ply (non radials) from the 1960's. He found a guy who had a small inventory of these original Red Line Firestones.
Today was a beautiful day, the sun was shining, the breeze very light, and it was warm, not hot! It would be nice if every day was like this, except for an occasional storm. Plus my condo sale is done and I had some good company. What more could I want?
Thank you for your comments - thinking my blog was gone was pretty stressful. Not only is this a blog that I enjoy writing and hopefully you enjoy reading, it's my travel journal with all the facts and photos of my RVing experience. I often use the blog to find things by using the "search" gadget on the right sidebar, so it's a good resource for information I need, too.
My first thought was, "My Blog has been REMOVED!!! OMG - what did I do?"
I do back-up my blog from time to time on Blogger, and I have also opened a Word Press account and transferred all my posts, comments and followers to that blog so if I ever do want to switch, some of the work will be done. It doesn't take long to set up a Word Press account.
I've had comments and e-mails asking me about backing up the blog. Rather than re-create the wheel, please check Rick's blog post, Back To Normal And How To Backup Your Blog, from June 5, 2010. Quoting Rick, "If you are a Live Writer user, then your blog posts are saved automatically on your HD." That's nice - I don't use Live Writer, except for a few times when Blogger was giving me fits, but that's actually a good reason to use Live Writer.
As much as I, and some of you, complain about Blogger, I have to admit I like using their program. I find it easy to use for the most part, and the fact that it's free - well, what can I say, IT'S FREE. We all use it every day, either posting or reading others' posts, or both, and seldom is there a problem. So, although I'm sure I'll complain and rant about Blogger again, I do appreciate having a blogging program that doesn't cost me anything. (Except for the info they are gathering about me, I guess.) I just have to remember to back up on a regular basis. That way, if it DOES get removed for real, I won't lose much.
If you are thinking about moving your blog over to Word Press, I've done some research. The best information I've found is at Beautifully Invisible. This is the information I used. I opened the Word Press account and moved all my Blogger posts over, but didn't make it "public." It's my back-up, JIC. I'm keeping my Blogger account because I like it. I only opened the Word Press account and moved my posts over as a "ready-to-go" backup just in case. As I've said before, I don't completely trust Blogger. Sorry. But I don't. I also use Blogger's back-up which is stored on my hard drive, so I feel double insured.
Another resource is Grit and Glamor. If you scroll down a bit to Moving from Blogger to Word Press, she has a lot of links concerning moving your blog.
I subscribe to Free Kindle Books [freekindlebooks@ereaderiq.com] and this one came up today. I don't know how long it will be free, but if you have a Kindle and are interested in getting a copy, check it out at Amazon.com.
My TV came in the mail yesterday, and it's all set up. I've been listening to the radio a lot since my TV burned up, and now I don't know which to use. My mom and dad listened to the radio all the time, my mom had her radio soap operas on when she was doing her housework and my dad listened to all the baseball games when he was out working in the yard, so it's kind of like "comfort food" to have the radio on in the background.
There has been a Montana RV Group here since I arrived, and they are all pulling out now. That's one row of sites that will be empty. It was kind of neat walking past them on our walks, all lined up, looking the same. People were sitting outside, socializing in the late afternoons. Hope they all had a good time.
The clouds were coming in!
Ouch! This is kind of scarey, you know? I logged on to read blogs, and these are the messages I got.
Not really much to report today. Katie and I are enjoying our stay here at Distant Drums RV Park. I've taken a few photos of some of the wildlife. I don't think I'm going to be snapping pics of burros or coyotes here. Katie and I have been walking a lot more because it's so easy and safe for us to be anywhere in the park. Of course, there's a lot of interest and entertainment when we have the bigger guys in the area, but for now I'm relaxing and not looking for snakes, burros or coyotes on our walks, and that's nice, too.
This is our site - each site has either a double patio, a longer one for the rig and a shorter one for the car and patio area, or like mine, a small rock area for the rig to park on and the concrete pad is for the car/patio. Not having a car, the patio I have is a nice size.
When I came in on Sunday, the park was pretty full, but Monday morning some rigs pulled out, leaving a much more spacious feeling.
The Palms and an empty site next to us - Monday at dusk.
That large L-shaped concrete pad is the site across from us. There was a big rig there that pulled out early Monday morning. As of this morning the three sites across from us were vacant, and we had a very open feeling with no one across from us or on our passenger side.
Each time I've walked down the little road to the laundry/shower/dog park area, this little guy has run from under a rock, across the street, and waited till we passed before moving on. He's tiny, and very pretty, I think.
Oriole, Kingbird, or Kingfinch? I'll try for a closer, clear photo.
Katie with her ball. I'm re-training her to fetch and return the ball.
she seems to have forgotten or lost interest in the ball game.
Sunset on Sunday, warm, calm and clear.
Sun in the Western sky with clouds Monday.
The clouds were nice, and we had a nice breeze. Still pretty warm, though.
The weather is a bit cooler today, but still warm. The weather forecast is predicting some rain later in the week - that will be a nice change.
I'm not going to win the Frugal Boondocker award this month!
Well, once we arrived at this RV park, Distant Drums RV Park in Camp Verde, AZ, and I looked around and checked out the facilities, I decided I was going to stay longer. This park gets an A++and I'd highly recommend it if you are in the area.
The Good Sam rate for one night is $30, and a month is $561. That's for a smaller back-in site, I'll post a photo tomorrow of my site. It's not really small, just smaller than some of the others, and there are some REALLY nice, big RVs here. The $561 seemed like a bargain - especially in this heat, when the A/C will be going all day. I felt a little guilty making this decision after just spending a month at Santee Lakes in Jan/Feb, and I have to admit I'm going through boondocking withdrawal, but I'm glad we're here for a month.
Small store with ice, drinks, some RV needs and pet needs.
Also free coffee all day.
and propane on site that I'll get when I leave.
They even have a community computer for guests, free of charge. And they pick up any trash bags left out before 8:00 am so you don't have to walk to the dumpsters!
After you check in, a volunteer comes by in his golf cart and leads you to your site, then stands there and guides you in until you're perfectly positioned. I've never had that service before.
They have five private showers. They are full bathrooms, you go to the office to get the key, and when you're done you bring the key back and they go clean the bathroom - after each use. That's really nice!
Notice the fancy paper towel?
They also have a laundry with six washers and dryers. They are $1.50 each, and don't accept coins, you pay at the office and they give you a card that goes into the machine when you use it. I did my laundry this morning, and while the wash was going, I walked down the hall to the shower, and when I was done the washing machines were just finishing and I put the wet clothes into the dryer. It worked out nicely. Everything here is spotless.
Notice the TV, iron and ironing board.
This park doesn't charge extra for electricity or pets; my A/C has been on for two days now, and it hasn't cost me extra. The Palms is finally cool.
I spent this morning cleaning and vacuuming The Palms, then did the laundry and took my looong shower, and this evening I put out my rugs, chairs, American flag and solar lights, so I'm all set up and ready to relax. I think the weather forecast says the temps are going to be going down, but if we have some hot days in the next month, I might even try out the pool. I've heard the hot tub is really nice on cool evenings, too.
The RVers here seem to be upper middle aged to older (like me). I haven't seen any kids yet, and the whole park is very neat, quiet, and friendly.
I'm really going to enjoy this month, then I'll drive to Indio for my f/u blood tests and then head to New Mexico for the rest of the summer. I'll be back in boondocking mode by then, and I'm sure I'll be raring to go.
HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO GRAYDIN AND DREW!
Saturday was my youngest grandson, Graydin's, birthday. He is now 3! I called to wish him a Happy Birthday. They were having a busy day with his older brother's Little League game, then the family was going out to a place that has pizza and games. I was there for Kennedy's 9th birthday, and Graydin loved playing the games where you sit in the "car seat" or "motorcycle seat" and drive. The road is on the screen in front of you and he loved that. He was turning the steering wheel like a pro. I'm sure he had a great time on Saturday.
Sunday was my middle grandson, Drew's, birthday. I called to wish Drew a Happy Birthday and he told me what he got for his birthday presents. We talked for a bit, then as we were hanging up, he said, "Thanks for calling." So cute - he's 7 now. Such good manners!
I haven't gotten any photos yet so couldn't put any in this post, but I'm sure they both had great Birthdays!
We stayed in a beautiful site Friday. This Wickenburg BLM is a year-round campground with the usual 14-day limit. I missed the road the first time I passed it, not sure exactly where the campground was, and when I turned around, I totally didn't see the parking lot from the road going back and had to turn around again. Once you find it, you won't miss it again. Here are the directions, in case you're in the area and want a nice place to stay with great hiking and beautiful desert plants all around you. I've added a couple of landmarks to the directions I had.
The road is immediately before the Safeway store (1999 W. Wickenburg Way) traveling north. Turn right at Vulture Road, right before the Safeway. Good paved road all the way. Go six (6) miles on Vulture Road. You'll pass Syndicate Wash and Mile Marker 20. After the memorial sign for the Fire Chief on the left, there is a 25 MPH sign. The road will curve right, and right there on the left (the road is hard to spot) there will be a parking lot for a trail. Turn left into the parking lot, drive through the lot to dirt roads on right and left. Take either, campsites are along the road, most are pull-through with rock fire rings. There was a vault toilet, but I didn't see it up close. I saw some hikers park their vehicles by the toilet when they took off for their hike.
We were in a very large site, you could fit a long RV with a boat or toad easily in this site, or 3 or 4 smaller RVs. There was a nice rock fire ring to our right, and behind The Palms was this large campfire pit made from rocks and ashes that looked like they had been wet and formed to make it larger.
The campsites are pretty private - I was a little worried that we were alone except for an RV I could barely see, but when we drove out, there were others there, they were just blocked from view by the gorgeous trees and cactus. It's a small camping area, I think around 20 sites. I definitely would have stayed the 14 days, but it was still really hot there, and I wanted to keep driving north.
As were were driving north along the freeway yesterday, there was a large load coming toward us with police cars before and aft with their lights flashing. I moved over to the right, but the police apparently didn't think I was over enough and made a swerve almost in front of me, forcing me to quickly move further into the shoulder. Kind of scared me, I was over enough already. As you can see, the large load wasn't into our lane very much, and I couldn't completely drive in the shoulder, it wasn't wide enough. But it was an exciting group to see coming at us.
So, we continued on and stopped yesterday afternoon at Camp Verde, AZ. Cliff Castle Casino has a large parking lot on the street below the casino that is okay to use for one night. The sign says if you want to stay longer, call the casino, and the number is on the sign.
They have a courtesy van that comes through the parking lot frequently in case you want to go to the casino up the hill. I thought I might do that and have a meal as a thank you for the overnight parking, but it was too hot to leave Katie.
There is an RV park across the freeway (recommended on the casino parking lot signs) that looked nice on-line, so I have a reservation for tonight ($30 with Good Sam discount - ouch!), but they have showers and a laundry, and I need both right now, and I need to dump the tanks and get more fresh water and all of that will also be accomplished. I can see why boondockers occasionally stay at an RV park. There are things we need to do, and if I can stay every couple of weeks at a park and get them all done, I think that will be a good plan. Two weeks at BLM, one night at RV park.
When I was at the Quartzsite LTVA area, I didn't understand why boondockers would spend the money at an RV park every week or two, but the LTVA has dumpsters, a dump site and free fresh water, so you have everything you need. It wasn't until I moved to the BLM 14-day areas with no services that I realized it's a problem getting rid of the garbage bags and taking showers.
The plan is to continue driving north tomorrow toward cooler weather.
We've left Quartzsite. Thank you all for your concern about us in this heat. Yesterday late morning I decided we'd better move - it was right after I posted yesterday's blog. What finally made up my mind was that I was going to take Katie to the local vet, who only takes walk-ins. She's about due for her shots, and needs a Rabies shot so I can renew her license. I wanted to ask the vet about her nose, and the way it dries out and turns brown in little spots in this heat, and if there is something I can put on it to protect her nose. Unfortunately the vet is only open from Monday through Thursday, four hours a day. After thinking about the temps over the weekend I decided to get to a cooler location and drive north a ways.
By the way, I DO have A/C and I did run it a few times during the day, but unless it was running continuously it didn't do much good. It cooled the air temps down to the point that I almost needed my sweatshirt, then went right back up when I turned it off. The breezes coming through the windows did a better job overall.
There are still many RVs there in the different BLM lots, not a LOT, there were maybe a dozen or so where I was, with others coming for a day or two then moving on. Most people didn't have their generators running much during the day. I assume the other BLM areas were the same.
So we drove north, and when we got to Wickenburg it seemed cooler here and I knew there were a couple of good places, one BLM in particular, to park. I hoped we could stay longer, we have a fantastic site!!, but it's still a bit too hot for us, so we're going to drive north a little more until we find cooler weather.
Here are the extra photos that I liked, but didn't get into the previous blogs in Quail Hill and Hi Jolly.
This is the beautiful water in the canal near Imperial Dam. When you are camping in the desert, it sure is nice to have something like this nearby.
Katie was very interested in the burros when they came by. I said to her, "Do you hear burros?," and this was her response. So cute!
Shortly after we got to Quail Hill, there was a fire over the ridge - it worried me a little, but the smoke was gone in the morning.
I always sit in the dinette bench seat facing front, but the way The Palms was positioned, I wanted to see the water across the road, and had to change sides to get that view. Katie was NOT happy with the change. Her bed is always in the corner of the other seat, where these storage books are in the photo below, and I was sitting next to them. I put her bed on the other bench seat and she wouldn't get in it. She was kind of at loose ends, didn't seem to know where she wanted to be be, and finally found the edge of the seat back and slept with her nose in the corner, behind me. Poor baby, don't you feel sorry for her?
This is a quail in the tree next to our site. They were flying into the tree and eating the tiny yellow flowers. These are the same flowers the burros were eating at Quail Hill. This guy did a little flight thing to get this flower and I caught him just right with it in his beak.
I liked this photo of the squirrel. It was late afternoon and he was searching for food when we went outside and Katie made a short (leashed) dash in his direction. He ran like lightning across the wash and screeched really loud for along time. He was MAD! I sat in my chair and read for a while, then he slowly, carefully came back over the wash and climbed a dead tree stump and looked around to see if he was safe.
I put out some seed in a plastic bowl I found by the wash. The squirrels were having a seed fest, but the quail seem to like the seed thrown on the ground better.
And finally, when I switched back to the "new" blogger, I got this message at the top of my screen. I switched before and liked the new format, but this message worried me and I switched back. I guess I'm stuck with the new format now, but I have this message each time I go into my "Design" area. The suggestion that I switch to Chrome doesn't work, as I get the same message in Chrome.
You'll probably have to click on the message to read it. Are any of you getting this message? I don't see that I'm missing any parts of Blogger, and so far am having no problems. It seems to work the same as the old format.


text:
Role of the psychiatrist in the mental health service
Pogády, J.
Bratislavske Lekarske Listy 53(1): 81-87
Defining the role of the consultant psychiatrist in a public mental health service. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32(5): 603-11; Discussion 616, 1998
Comment: 'devining' the role of the consultant psychiatrist in a public mental health service. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32(5): 612-615, 1998
The psychiatrist as the 'vulnerable' mental health consultant: expanding the role of the psychiatrist. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 20(5): 379-384, 1975
Community mental health service aspects as seen by a consultant psychiatrist. Royal Society of Health Journal 94(5): 223-5, 231, 1974
HSJ awards 2005. Mental health innovation. Winner: a nutritionist and a psychiatrist offer food and mood help for service use. Health Service Journal 115(5982): Suppl 33, 35-Suppl 33, 35, 2005
The role of the psychiatrist in the new mental health care. Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie 56(8): 494-495, 2014
The psychiatrist's role in occupational mental health. New Directions for Mental Health Services: 57-63, 1983
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Role of the public health nurse in mental health 2 III Use of mental health concepts in giving nursing service to a family. 1956
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Emergency Department Mental Health Triage and Consultancy Service: an advanced practice role for mental health nurses. Contemporary Nurse 14(2): 138-144, 2003
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DNA microarray profiling performed on clinical tissue specimens can potentially provide significant information regarding human cancer biology. Biopsy cores, the typical source of human tumor tissue, however, generally provide very small amounts of RNA (0.3–15 μg). RNA amplification is a common method used to increase the amount of material available for hybridization experiments. Using human xenograft tissue, we sought to address the following three questions: 1) is amplified RNA representative of the original RNA profile? 2) what is the minimum amount of total RNA required to perform a representative amplification? 3) are the direct and indirect methods of labeling the hybridization probe equivalent?
Total RNA was extracted from human xenograft tissue and amplified using a linear amplification process. RNA was labeled and hybridized, and the resulting images yielded data that was extracted into two categories using the mAdb system: "all genes" and "outliers". Scatter plots were generated for each slide and Pearson Coefficients of correlation were obtained.
Results show that the amplification of 5 μg of total RNA yields a Pearson Correlation Coefficient of 0.752 (N = 6,987 genes) between the amplified and total RNA samples. We subsequently determined that amplification of 0.5 μg of total RNA generated a similar Pearson Correlation Coefficient as compared to the corresponding original RNA sample. Similarly, sixty-nine percent of total RNA outliers were detected with 5 μg of amplified starting RNA, and 55% of outliers were detected with 0.5 μg of starting RNA. However, amplification of 0.05 μg of starting RNA resulted in a loss of fidelity (Pearson Coefficient 0.669 between amplified and original samples, 44% outlier concordance). In these studies the direct or indirect methods of probe labeling yielded similar results. Finally, we examined whether RNA obtained from needle core biopsies of human tumor xenografts, amplified and indirectly labeled, would generate representative array profiles compared to larger excisional biopsy material. In this analysis correlation coefficients were obtained ranging from 0.750–0.834 between U251 biopsy cores and excised tumors, and 0.812–0.846 between DU145 biopsy cores and excised tumors.
These data suggest that needle core biopsies can be used as reliable tissue samples for tumor microarray analysis after linear amplification and either indirect or direct labeling of the starting RNA.
Recent studies suggest that DNA microarray profiling performed on clinical specimens may provide information directly applicable to cancer diagnosis and treatment. One application of microarray analysis is aimed at differentiating subgroups of cancers using gene expression profiling, also referred to as class discovery [1–4]. Golub et al. used gene expression profiling of patient leukemia cells to distinguish acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) . Moreover, they showed that subsets of leukemia cells that morphologically appeared to be ALL had a gene expression profile and response to therapy that was more consistent with AML, thus a new class of leukemia was described. Microarray analysis was also used to identify a subset of ALL tumors with a distinct gene expression profile that respond poorly to standard therapy . Subgroup profiles have also been developed for other histologically homogeneous tumors such as diffuse B-cell lymphomas and hereditary breast cancers [2, 3]. A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) tumor cohort was divided into subsets of tumors with distinct gene expression profiles that correlated with overall survival . Hedenfalk et al. compared gene expression profiles of breast tumors from women with and without BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. They showed that these two classes of breast tumors displayed different gene expression profiles and created a BRCA1/BRCA2 subclass. Such studies aimed at delineating the gene expression profiles of subtypes of tumors that exist within a purportedly homogeneous tumor population may not only aid in cancer diagnosis, but may also provide novel insight into the genetic mechanisms of oncogenesis.
In addition to cancer diagnosis, gene profiling is being explored as a means of predicting tumor treatment response, a long sought after goal of clinical oncology. Towards this end, a number of studies have related tumor gene expression profiles to treatment outcome and response to a given cytotoxic therapy, a process termed class prediction. Tumor gene expression profiles were generated for a series of patients with esophageal cancer treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy resulting in the identification of an expression profile that correlated with longer survival and possibly tumor chemosensitivity . Similarly, clinical outcomes and gene expression profiles were compared in subsets of patients with longer survival in B-cell lymphomas, AML and breast cancer, which produced gene expression profile that correlated with tumor response in each of these tumor types [6–8].
Thus, initial reports have suggested that incorporating gene expression profiling into clinical trials may provide novel information relevant to both cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, to fully investigate the potential clinical applicability/value of microarray analysis will necessitate the performance of large prospective clinical trials. Such trials will confront a number of confounding variables including the uniform collection and preparation of RNA , the stability of the reference and experimental samples over a prolonged period  and microarray quality control over time . However, the most significant impediment to performing these studies is likely to be the small size of the tumor biopsy. In a recent study of fifty-five breast biopsies obtained using a 14-gauge needle, the median recovery was only 1.34 μg of RNA (range 100 ng–12.6 μg) . Moreover, Assersohn et al. in their analysis of breast fine needle aspirates reported a mean recovery of 202,500 cells, which would correspond to approximately 100 ng of RNA . Because obtaining multiple biopsies from the same patient will likely be the exception, in most clinical trials the majority of gene expression profiles will have to be generated from single core biopsies that are likely to yield these small amounts of starting RNA material. Thus, in an attempt to optimize and validate procedures for tumor sample sizes relevant to the clinical setting, we have performed a series of microarray based gene expression analyses on core biopsies from human tumor xenograft models. These studies included the evaluation of the representative nature of amplified RNA compared with the original RNA sample, a comparison of direct and in-direct methods of probe labeling and the determination of the minimum starting RNA material needed to perform a valid and representative amplification.
Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen) and purified with RNeasy® mini kits (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA samples and Universal Human Reference RNA (Stratagene) were amplified one or two rounds using RiboAmp® RNA Amplification Kits (Arcturus) per manufacturer's instructions. Starting RNA quantity varied by experiment, between 0.8 and 10 μg of whole tumor samples. The reference RNA for these experiments was amplified using 10 μg aliquots of Universal Reference. All amplified samples were purified with an RNeasy® Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions and samples assessed for purity by agarose gel electrophoresis, and spectrophotometry was used to determine concentration.
For direct labeling ten micrograms of amplified universal human reference were labeled with cyanine 5-dUTP (Cy5) and 5 μg of amplified U251 RNA samples were labeled with cyanine 3-dUTP (Cy3) using SUPER-SCRIPT II and Oligo (dT) 12–18 (Invitrogen). The method described by Khan et al., was followed . Labeled probes were purified using Micro Bio-Spin 6 Chromatography Columns (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and purified using Microcon-30 spin columns (Millipore, three 400 μl TE washes used). The final elution was taken up to 17 μl with TRIS EDTA.
For indirect labeling of total RNA, 20 μg of both sample and reference were diluted into a total of 12 μl of DEPC water. For amplified RNA, starting material was reduced to 3 μg of both sample and reference, also diluted into a total of 12 μl of DEPC water per sample. For total RNA, 1 μl of 500 ng/μl oligonucleotide d(T)12–18 (Stratagene Fairplay Kit) was added to each tube for cDNA priming. Amplified samples had 1 μl of 3 μg/μl random primer (Invitrogen) added to each reaction tube. Samples were incubated at 70°C for 10 minutes, and cooled on ice. Each sample then had the following components added: 2 μl of 10 × StrataScript reaction buffer (Stratagene Fairplay Kit), 1 μl of 20 × dNTP mix, 1.5 μl of 0.1 M DTT, and 0.5 μl Rnase Block. Subsequent to mixing, 1 μl of 50 U/μl StrataScript RT was added to each tube and tubes were incubated at 48°C for 25 minutes. Another aliquot of 1 μl StrataScript RT was added to each tube, and tubes were incubated for an additional 35 minutes. The resulting cDNA was purified using a MINElute Kit (Qiagen). Samples were next coupled to either 111 μg of monofunctional dye for total RNA-derived cDNA, or 55 μg of monofunctional dye for amplified RNA-derived cDNA. Reference RNA was always labeled with Cy5; tumor samples were labeled with Cy3.
Microarray Slides were obtained from the Radiation Oncology Sciences Program Microarray Lab at the National Institutes of Health . Slides were 8 k human slides printed on site using a Named Genes clone set from Research Genetics (Huntsville, AL), spotted onto poly-L-lysine coated slides using an OmniGrid arrayer (GeneMachines, San Carlos, CA). Slides were pre-hybridized for at least one hour at 42°C with 40 μl of pre-hybridization solution consisting of 5 × SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 1% BSA. Solution was loaded under M Series Lifterslips (Erie Scientific). Pre-hybridization solution was washed off by rapidly plunging the slides in distilled water for 2 minutes, followed by 100% isopropanol for 2 minutes. Slides were allowed to air dry prior to sample hybridization. Cy3 and Cy5 labeled targets were combined together for hybridization after dye-coupled cDNA purification. 1 μl of human COT-1 DNA (Invitrogen) and 1 μl of pd(A)40–60 (Amersham Biosciences) was added to each tube. Targets were denatured at 100°C for 1 minute before snap cooling on ice. 20 μl of pre-warmed (42°C) 2 × F-Hybridization Buffer (50% formamide, 10 × SSC, 0.2% SDS) was added to each sample. The combined target/hybridization solution mixture was incubated at 42°C for one minute, mixed and loaded onto microarray slides. Humidity was maintained in each chamber through the addition of 20 μl of DEPC water. Slides were hybridized at 42°C overnight. Post-hybridization washing included: 5 minutes in 2 × SSC + 0.1% SDS, 5 minutes in 1 × SSC, 5 minutes in 0.2 × SSC, and finally 1 minute in 0.05 × SSC. Slides were dried in a centrifuge set for 25°C at 650 rpm for 3 minutes. Slides were scanned at 10 microns using a Genepix® 4000 scanner (Axon Instruments), and images and data were stored in a database (mAdb) maintained by the Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health.
Data was extracted into two categories using the mAdb system: "all genes" and "outliers". "All genes" were extracted excluding spots flagged as Bad/Not found, and spots with target diameters less than 50 μm or greater than 300 μm. "Outliers" were defined as spots with a signal to background ratio ≥2, and an overall signal ≥1,000, genes required values in 100% of arrays, and the expression ratio was ≥2 or ≤0.5. Spots were included if either channel was ≥2,500 but the other criteria were unmet. Target pixels were 1 SD above the background ≥80%. After extraction, scatter plots were generated for each slide and Pearson Coefficients of correlation were obtained.
Expanding clinical applications of cDNA microarrays necessitate the ability to perform arrays with relatively minute starting amounts of RNA. The most commonly used method to increase the amount of RNA from a clinical specimen to a level suitable for analysis is through RNA amplification . However, whether the gene expression profile generated from amplified RNA is representative of that obtained from total RNA has been the subject of some controversy . To address this issue in our system, two replicates of amplified RNA and un-amplified RNA, derived from sc U251 tumors, were hybridized against amplified reference and un-amplified reference RNA, respectively. Scatter plots comparing the total gene expression level of the 2 amplified samples to each other and the 2 original RNA samples to each other (figures 1a and 1b) resulted in high correlation coefficients indicative of the reproducibility of the microarray platform used in these studies. Earlier publications have determined that a threshold of 0.70 for the concordance value is a marker of reproducibility [13, 16]. Higher correlations within groups were obtained when just the outliers were compared (Figures 1d and 1e), consistent with prior studies . Comparison of the original RNA samples to the amplified samples from in vivo biopsy cores yielded similar correlation coefficients, and once again, the outlier genes have a higher coefficient than the all gene group (figure 1c and 1f). The outlier genes obtained for the original RNA and amplified RNA samples were also compared. Replicates for each group were averaged and the number of outliers in each determined (data not shown). In the original RNA sample 263 outliers were detected, 67% of those were also detected within the amplified RNA sample. Therefore, the amplification of the RNA material from a U251 tumor biopsy core maintained the majority of outlier genes found in the un-amplified sample.
Correlations using amplified and total RNA isolated from U251 tumor. (A) Correlations between gene expression ratios for all genes using amplified RNA replicates 0.951 (n = 6,841 genes) and (B) total RNA replicates 0.919 (n = 6,981 genes). (D) and (E) represent scatter plots and correlations obtained for amplified 0.995 (n = 456 genes) and total replicates 0.995 (n = 274 genes), respectively, for outlier gene expression. (C) and (F) Representative correlation between total and amplified RNA from one sample 0.73 for all genes (n = 6,987 genes) and 0.945 for outliers (n = 203 genes). Extraction methods for all genes and outliers are found in the methods.
Although a high concordance existed between our amplified and non-amplified specimens, the amount of starting RNA material for these experiments was greater than what might be expected from a core biopsy from a patient's tumor. We amplified 5 μg of RNA, whereas typical biopsy core specimens obtained in our clinic using a 14-gauge needle yield 0.3–3 μg of RNA (unpublished data). To determine the amount of RNA starting material needed to amplify and maintain a high concordance with the original biopsy specimen, serial dilutions (5 μg, 0.5 μg, and 0.05 μg) of LnCaP tumor biopsy material was used for amplification. Orthotopic LnCaP tumors were used in this study to validate that the high correlation seen in the earlier experiments were not specific to sc xenograft tumors. To control for the potential influence of varying the reference to sample RNA ratio, reference RNA was correspondingly serially diluted to 5 μg, 0.5 μg and 0.05 μg of starting material. All samples were then amplified 2 rounds to generate enough material for hybridization. The comparison of 5 μg of un-amplified RNA versus amplified RNA of this orthotopic tumor model showed similar coefficients to the ones derived from the sc U251 model suggesting that the site of tumor growth does not influence the concordance values (figure 2a). However, the resulting Pearson Coefficients indicate a decreasing similarity to the original specimen as the starting amounts of material are reduced (figure 2a/2b/2c). We also examined outlier concordance by determining the percentage of original RNA outliers detected in the 5 μg, 0.5 μg, and 0.05μg of amplified samples. Three hundred and fifty three genes were identified as outliers for 5 μg of un-amplified RNA, while, 547, 557 and 300 genes were outliers in the 5 μg, 0.5 μg, and 0.05 μg amplified specimens, respectively (figure 2d/2e/2f). The overlap in outliers between the 5 μg of original RNA and each amplified specimen was 244 (69%), 194 (55%), 155 (44%) genes. Although there was concordance between the 5 μg amplified and the original specimens for outlier identification, a 44% concordance for the outliers in the amplified 0.05 μg sample compared to the 5 μg original sample is below the 0.70 concordance value sited in the literature as a marker of reproducibility .
RNA detection limits. (A) Total RNA versus 5 μg amplified RNA yielded a coefficient of 0.789 after two rounds of amplification (n = 6,096 genes) (B) The correlation for all genes between total RNA and a serially diluted 0.5 μg aliquot that was removed from the 5 μg sample and amplified 2 rounds yielded a coefficient of 0.7 (n = 6,102 genes). (C) The correlation between gene expression ratios for all genes between total RNA and a 0.05 μg aliquot that has been serially diluted from the 0.5 μg aliquot yielded a coefficient of 0.669 (n = 6,114 genes). (D-F) Venn diagrams depicting outlier concordance between the samples featured in (A-C, respectively). Extraction methods for all genes and outliers are found in the methods.
An additional parameter that can determine the amount of starting RNA material needed is the method of fluorophore labeling. The two methods used to fluorescently label cDNA probes are direct labeling and indirect (amino-allyl) labeling. As the indirect method require less starting material and less expensive labeling dye, it was important to determine whether the data generated from these labeling methods was interchangeable. Two replicates of amplified RNA from the U251 sc tumor sample and reference RNA were labeled via each method, microarray analysis performed and scatter plots generated. Pearson Coefficients were generated to determine similarity. For direct labeling, 5 μg of experimental sample and 10 μg of reference was used and for the indirect method 3 μg of both the experimental sample and reference was used. The reproducibility of the hybridization results for both the direct or indirect method of probe preparation using this microarray platform was indistinguishable for the all gene groups (figure 3a/3b). Similarly, the outlier coefficients from each labeling method were extracted and the directly labeled replicates yielded a Pearson Coefficient of 0.992 for outliers (n = 647), and indirectly labeled replicates yielded a Pearson Coefficient of 0.99 for outliers (n = 588) (data not shown). When directly comparing the method of probe preparation (figure 3, representative image), a high correlation was observed in the hybridization results. Therefore, while using less amplified RNA starting material, the indirect method of probe preparation yields similar results to directly labeled samples.
Scatter plot images and corresponding Pearson Coefficients between direct and indirect labeling methods. (A) Scatter plot of direct labeling replicates yielding a Pearson Coefficient of 0.948 for all genes (n = 7,476 genes). (B) Scatter plot of indirect labeling replicates yielding a Pearson Coefficient of 0.924 for all genes (n = 7,474). (C) A representative image of a comparison of the gene expression ratios between a direct and indirectly labeled slide. The average Pearson Coefficient generated comparing labeling methods was 0.895 for all genes (range 0.883–0.911, n = 7,474 genes). Extraction method for all genes is found in the methods.
After determining the limits of RNA amplification and the optimal method of probe labeling we simulated a patient biopsy procedure. Three core specimens were taken from a xenograft tumor, representing the patient biopsies, and the remainder of the tumor was harvested to represent the entire gene expression profile. Samples were obtained from two tumor types, DU145 and U251, both grown in the flank of SCID mice. The DU145 samples were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, whereas the U251 samples were stored in RNAlater. As the use of liquid nitrogen can be cumbersome in the operating room, the reagent RNAlater has been used to preserve RNA specimens at room temperature for up to 24 hours. Therefore, we included specimens stored in RNAlater to determine whether the specimens maintained fidelity. All core samples, range of original RNA 0.8 μg to 5 μg, were amplified and 3 μg of amplified RNA was indirectly labeled and hybridized against amplified human reference. Individual cores served as biologic replicates; 2 excisional tumor biopsies were obtained and each was analyzed in duplicate.
Comparison of the DU145 excisional biopsy cores generated average coefficients of 0.90 for all genes (n = 6,711 genes), and 0.99 for outliers (n = 363 genes)(data not shown). Similarly, U251 excisional biopsies yielded an average coefficient of 0.90 for all genes (n = 7,078 genes) and 0.98 for outliers (n = 494 genes). The similarity between the coefficients obtained for the U251 and DU145 hybridizations suggests that storage of samples in RNAlater reagent does not influence the results obtained from microarray hybridization. The similarity between the individual cores and their corresponding excisional biopsy samples for both DU145 and U251 was then assessed according to Pearson Coefficients (Table 1). For each tumor the individual cores had correlations that ranged from 0.75 to 0.85 when compared to the whole tumor specimen for all genes and 0.95–0.97 for the outliers. Therefore, in these in vivo model systems the gene expression profile generated from needle core biopsies correlated to the gene expression profile of the whole tumor.
As microarray technology enters mainstream usage in clinical oncology for class discovery and class prediction, a major confounder in the generation of gene expression profiles is likely to be the necessity of using small tissue samples (<1 μg). To address this issue, we investigated xenograft tumors to evaluate the similarity between amplified and non-amplified specimens, the minimal amount of starting material for RNA amplification that retains fidelity, and the method of fluorophore probe labeling. To our knowledge, this is the only study reported to date evaluating all three of these variables in one xenograft experiment. We then simulated a patient needle core biopsy to determine whether the gene expression profile generated from such a biopsy is representative of the tumor.
A number of publications on the fidelity of amplified RNA compared to total RNA generally conclude that the amplified RNA does represent the total RNA sample particularly when comparing the outlier gene pattern [18–25] As noted by Nygaard et al., however, gene expression ratios are not always fully preserved . In these publications, various starting material amounts, methods of analysis, and methods of amplification varied greatly. Feldman et al. recently demonstrated the advantages of mRNA amplification for microarray analysis, however, in their study cultured murine tumor cell lines were used . The data presented here is consistent with those obtained from in vitro murine cell lines in that it illustrates that total RNA from human xenografts can be purified, amplified and hybridized using commercially available kits to result in similar gene expression profiles for amplified RNA versus total RNA .
After validating that amplified RNA and total RNA preparations yielded similar results for all genes as well as the outliers, we determined the amount of starting material needed to begin the amplification process and retain fidelity. Nygaard et al. recently published that 0.2 μg of total RNA amplified 2 rounds yields an average correlation between amplified and non-amplified arrays ranging from 0.71 to 0.84 . Similarly, Wang started with total RNA in the 0.25–3.0 μg range and demonstrated no affect on the fidelity or reproducibility of amplification compared to the total RNA samples . In each of these studies the starting material was from cell culture. The results presented here using starting material from human xenograft models agrees with their findings: 0.5 μg of total RNA amplified 2 rounds has a Pearson Coefficient of 0.7 when comparing the amplified RNA and total RNA specimens. Because the amount of material generally obtained from needle core biopsies is typically between 0.3 and 5 μg these results suggest that the amount of amplified RNA generated from patient core biopsies can provide sufficient material for microarray analysis. However, these data also suggest that as the amount of total RNA starting material decreases the coefficient of similarity to the original specimen also decreases, which may contribute to inconsistencies in data interpretation.
The two common labeling methods for microarray analysis are direct and indirect (amino-allyl) labeling . Direct labeling, which directly incorporates labeled nucleotides into cDNA during reverse transcription, is biased towards the incorporation of Cy3 dye. This may be due to either the inability of the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme to efficiently incorporate bulky Cy-labeled dUTP or the Cy labeled dye may be insoluble under RT conditions. Indirect labeling overcomes this bias by incorporating the less-bulky amino-allyl modified nucleotides into cDNA followed by the coupling of Cy3 and Cy5 to the amino-allyl groups. Previous comparisons of the direct and indirect labeling methods have shown similar hybridization results, however, they have used total RNA derived from cell culture or large amounts of normal tissue starting material [28–30]. We have expanded upon this data by verifying in a human xenograft model that the results of hybridization comparisons between the direct and indirect labeling methods produced similar results and can therefore be directly compared. As the indirect method uses less amplified starting material to produce a probe, more hybridizations can be performed than with the direct labeling method.
Having established that amplified RNA labeled indirectly from a human xenograft model could be used for microarray analysis, it was then necessary to establish that core biopsies would generate representative expression array profiles compared to excisional biopsy material. Sotiriou et al. using human tumor xenografts obtained a coefficient of 0.87 between two cores from the same tumor using amplified RNA and coefficients of 0.77 and 0.78 between excisional biopsy total RNA and resultant core biopsy amplified RNA . Assersohn et al., also using a human xenograft model, found a correlation of 0.76 between cores and 0.69 between cores and whole tumor extracts . Our findings for the coefficients between cores and the whole tumor were in agreement with these studies (range 0.75–0.85).
As the most common method of biopsy storage is to flash freeze the specimen in liquid nitrogen, the majority of our specimens were prepared in this manner. However, the use of liquid nitrogen can be cumbersome to use in the operating room. Recently, the reagent RNAlater has been used to preserve RNA specimens at room temperature for up to 24 hours. To evaluate this storage reagent, U251 tumors were biopsied and stored in both liquid nitrogen and RNAlater. Consistent with prior studies, similar coefficients were derived using either method of storage. Thus it appears that snap freezing with liquid nitrogen or the more convenient use of RNAlater is equivalent.
The data presented in this paper demonstrate that very small amounts of human xenograft tissue (as low as 0.5 μg) can be amplified generating results that faithfully represent the corresponding total RNA samples. Fifty-five percent of total RNA outliers were detected with this amount of starting material. Because typical core biopsies yield between 0.3–5 μg of starting material, they should provide sufficient product for microarray experiments after amplification has occurred. We have also demonstrated that human xenograft core biopsies ranging from 0.5–5 μg of starting total RNA material yield Pearson Coefficients between 0.750–0.846 when the amplified core material is compared to the whole tumor. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that core biopsies after linear amplification and either indirect or direct labeling can reliably be used for clinical oncology microarray studies.
The authors thank the members of the ROSP Microarray Lab for producing the microarray slides used in this study and for providing assistance, and the Advanced Technology Center Microarray Facility for providing training and assistance.
EG aided in study design, obtained and assisted in analyzing the data, and drafted the manuscript. SA aided in generating and analyzing data, and critically reviewed the manuscript. CM provided specimens and expertise in clinical study design, and critically reviewed the manuscript. EC manufactured all slides used in the study, provided expertise in the microarray process, and critically reviewed the manuscript. XL aided in generating and analyzing data. PT aided in data analysis and critically reviewed the manuscript. KC conceived of the study, assisted in data analysis, and aided in drafting and reviewing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


Every industry has its share of consultants—experts who make a living helping organizations find ways to improve how they operate in certain areas. Of course, some of those consultants are more expert than others (and I'm sure we've all got experience of both the good and the bad).
However, it has always struck me that project management is an area where being a consultant is hard. Of course that's a somewhat biased perspective—because I'm a consultant, but project management is an extremely diverse discipline. What I mean by that is if you compare project management in one organization with project management in another, there will be a lot of differences—and that makes it difficult to have a level of expertise that meets the needs of every potential client.


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