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Stewart Hotston
Writing, Editing, Watching and Reading
Age of Ascent
School of the Sword
Reflections from a noob on the conservation of information
This weekend I went to Fantasy Con here in the UK and it was brilliant. This is the second convention I've been to, after Nineworlds a little earlier in the year. It was a little smaller than I was expecting but filled with people from across the industry – writers, readers, editors, publishers and even an agent or two. I was supposed to be at a LARP (but a broken tarsal put paid to that) but requests that I do a couple of panels sold me on going because, hey, I quite like talking about stuff when asked and in this case they were topics I felt I could at least contribute to without looking silly.
I also went to a bunch of panels and worked hard on BarCon (which as you can imagine included alcohol). There was a sinister room of which Allen Stroud kindly took a few of us on a tour – only to regret it almost instantly.
In terms of personal goals I wanted to meet people in the industry, get to know them, explore current trends and figure out where I go next. Talking to someone about pitches (I think it was Jon Oliver from Solaris/Abaddon) reminded me that I hate being sold to and although as an author I need to find a way to communicate what I'm passionate about writing, I was committed to actually having a good time, laughing and making some new friends (if that last isn't too bold).
I was delightfully entertained by Nate Crowley every time we crossed paths and I hope we get to crew together at Empire next year because I think we'd make a frightening double act.
I have lots of people to thank, not least David Moore and Jon Oliver for always being around to chat to, Adrian Tchaikovsky (and Annie), Phil Sloman, Simon Bestwick, Allen Stroud, Jeanette Ng, Anna Smith Spark, Theresa Derwin and David Tallerman for all being sparkling company and having interesting stuff to say.
The highlight though was that after my comment last week that I wasn't quite sure what to do next and entirely different option as presented as the most obvious answer. Roped into a discussion about cosmology (in the theoretical physics sense) I got a bit fanboy about information theory and how there's a great first contact story in it and someone said – 'don't just talk about it, write it because I want to read that story.'
I was pleased to hear it but then it was pointed out that they were a commissioning editor. So guess what…I'm now writing out and planning that very novella. Which involves me reading information theory thermodynamics papers from Arxiv.org…oh, and the stages of grief as it's that kind of story.
At the same time I got an open invite to pitch to another publisher whose work I love. I'm now also frantically editing that piece because it's in need of it but there you go. I'm not sure it's for them but everyone who's read the alpha version thinks it's the most compelling piece I've written so you never know…
Swordfish Prep
I'm off to Swordfish today. I'm quite nervous. There are 8 of us from School of the Sword going. Three of us have won medals this year in international tournaments, including me. In theory we should place well in the different disciplines we're representing. However, this is the largest competition in the world (it's not officially the world championships but it's regarded almost as such). It's also only my 3rd competition ever. Despite feeling like I'm nearly at my best, I'm also certain that my competition craft simply isn't at the same level as my technical skill.
Having said that, flying into Gothenburg will be awesome and there will be lots of people I know there from around the world all looking to perform well and teach each other new things. I'm particularly looking forward to some single dagger seminars.
In the run up to the event probably the single most important thing I've taken away from my training was something that Caroline Stewart and Phil Marshall said on diet, nutrition and making sure that we're all functioning with as much energy as we'll take into the first fight by the last fight. To that end I'm resolving to take proper bottles so I can have enough liquid as well as buying some sweets for popping between fights. I guess I've known it's important but it was only when someone else laid it out starkly that I realised I could see my own standard dropping as the number of fights built up and this could be traced directly back to a lack of liquid and energy. I'm going old fashioned with peanut M&Ms for quick and slow release energy, I'm not quite sure I'm star trek enough for energy gels.
But hey, I'm going to try and stab other people with swords while they try to stab me in return. I'm going to have to submit to the vagaries of judging – where even the best judges are only human and the worst…still only human. I'm going to be tentatively letting my competitive side out while trying not to allow myself to get too hyped so that when I inevitably don't conquer the universe on my first attempt I can live with myself. The journey to this point has been quite an eye opener for me – and I'm someone who thinks they've got a good view of what they're like and how I'm motivated. To discover, at the age of 40, that I'm good at a sport, good enough to win medals at an elite standard, is a shock I'm still not quite over. It's propelled me to exercise more, to keep practising, to be more disciplined and to worry about the collection of small injuries I've collected over the year. At the same time I find the focus I need to fight well, to pick myself up after losing a fight or even just a point, is one I've realised can be translated straight across to the rest of my life. I've said to myself 'get up and start again, that's how you fight successfully' more than once about work, writing and life in general.
At the same time, such focus is exhausting and can't be kept up for extended periods, it's simply too intense and anti-social. By this time next week I'll be taking, what I consider to be, a well earned rest. For now, en garde you curs, cos if you look at me like that I'll cut ya.
I'm currently 'training' for Swordfish. By which I mean I'm slowly racking up a series of minor but frustrating injuries that are hampering my ability to keep pushing through. Without boring you I've had aggravated nerves, ligament strains, hyper-extensions and muscle locks.
However, every time I feel a little annoyed or down about it I look at this photo and think happy thoughts.
It's less than three weeks to Swordfish now, the flights are booked (God bless Avios points that made it pretty much free), the hotel's all done and I'm considering buying some breeches if only because Josh Davies and Adrian Faulkner have done the same. (I think I'll end up with some slim fit tracksuit pants). We're into the final stretch and I think I can make four more training sessions before it arrives.
Last night I fenced even though I am/was nursing an injury to my ankle – so at less than full speed, but Pim, a two time winner of the rapier and dagger at Swordfish, was taking us through competitive stress situations in preparation. The main learning point for me was about demonstrating clear hits. We were only half judging the bouts last night (as in the scores weren't really important) but there were several occasions where hits were called that neither fencer felt were given/received and then occasions where there were definite hits but no one called them. For me it wasn't about the frustration of not having hits called but actually about finding a way to ensure that the hits I'm delivering successfully are clear and obvious. It means no thrusts to the wrist above the hilt (because even though it's good fencing NO ONE EVER SEES THEM) and several other factors. It also means moving quickly to take advantage in the fight but not giving up your sense of your own style.
This year is the first year in which I've been fighting competitively and I've still got a lot to learn. As it stands I'd be happy to get out of the pools stage but we'll have to see.
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O Contador

    ★★★★☆

 Wanderley Caloni, October 28, 2016

O Contador é um filme que se divide em duas metades. A primeira metade é envolvente e possui uma forma de contar histórias de maneira inteligente, embora óbvia. A segunda metade se abstém em servir como catarse para os fãs de filmes de ação e Ben Affleck.

O curioso é que a ação, embora implícita na primeira metade, se torna muito mais eficiente por conhecermos melhor o protagonista, e o espectador “preenche as lacunas” com sua imaginação. Afinal de contas, a sequência do massacre inicial é tenso justamente por apenas ouvirmos os tiros e pessoas caindo, e vermos alguém adentrando o prédio onde ele acontece apenas por suas pernas e seu movimento cuidadoso ao subir as escadas e cruzar o corredor. Uma das melhores cenas de tensão do ano, por sinal.

Nesse sentido, a segunda metade, embora cheia de ação, é explicita e confusa, com exceção de uma sequência que se passa em uma fazenda (mais uma vez: eficiente por causa dos personagens, nunca pela ação em si). Aliás, a grande “revelação do filme” (que sequer é revelação de tão óbvio) encontra o seu pior momento para acontecer, embora seu desfecho seja bem-humorado (e descerebrado). Por isso, ao analisar o filme como um todo, cada vez faz mais sentido dividi-lo e encará-lo em inteligente enquanto se concentra em personagens e ação genérica quando vemos apenas socos e tiros burocráticos.

Até porque o grande esquema desmascarado pelo contador do título é tão vago e faz tão pouco sentido para o espectador médio que está aí só para mais uma vez colocar as grandes corporações como grandes vilãs. Só isso para justificar a pressão exercida por certo personagem para que um investidor pare de “vender a descoberto”. Deixa eu repetir pra ver se faz mais sentido: ele vem com uma arma e seus punhos e intimida um investidor para parar de vender a descoberto.

Por isso vamos nos concentrar na história de vida do grande personagem-chave destra trama: O Contador. Ele tem vários pseudônimo, a maioria derivada de famosos matemáticos. E entre Charles Babbage e George Boole, sempre Boole, lógico (ele foi o criador da lógica booleana). O heroi da trama é autista e teve uma infância difícil, mas aprendeu com o pai a se defender e criou uma vida à prova de bandidos e aproveitadores (incluindo o governo), pois ele trabalha para organizações criminosas para lavar seu dinheiro.

O que nos leva a uma questão relevante da trama: a priori ele não faz nada de errado. Lavar dinheiro é tão criminoso quanto sonegar impostos (ou seja: só é porque o governo diz que é). Dessa forma, ele acaba até ganhando a simpatia do policial que está para se aposentar (sim, eles usam esse clichê, embora de maneira funcional). Mesmo que este trabalhe para o Tesouro, há algo que parece fascinar o oficial Ray King (J.K. Simmons eficiente como sempre). É por isso que ele pede para alguém que manterá a operação de busca de identidade do sujeito em silêncio, a analista Marybeth Medina (uma desinteressante Cynthia Addai-Robinson).

E Ben Affleck ganha através da introdução de seu personagem pelo ótimo Seth Lee (que o vive na infância) o suporte necessário para que sua persona fechada, sempre desviando o olhar e com comentários secos e impessoais, ou observações pessoais extremamente mecânicas (“você está zangado”, fala ele para um cliente ao observar sua feição). Ainda assim, é um papel estereotipado, que só funciona graças aos movimentos de câmera do diretor Gavin O’Connor, que consegue tornar quase todo personagem interessante apenas deixando pouco tempo de tela para eles (embora haja momentos em que suas atuações sejam eficientes por mais tempo; notadamente quando o filme foge da ação para estudar seus personagens).

E se disse que quase todo o elenco parece eficiente, é porque a função da contadora Dana Cummings parece periférica demais para que ela sequer exista na trama. É como se o roteirista Bill Dubuque, que faz um ótimo desenvolvimento inicial, fosse obrigado a inserir um pretenso par romântico para Affleck porque sim. Dessa forma, ela é a menina que desconfia haver algo de errado com a contabilidade da gigante empresa Living Robotics (um nome nada sutil para um filme com um autista como protagonista), e é ela que irá correr perigo para que Affleck a salve (sabe lá deus por que alguém se preocuparia com ela).

Porém, nem tudo é medíocre. A direção de arte que cria o personagem de Affleck o torna um ser curioso em poucos segundos, apresentando sua precisão em abrir e fechar a garagem elétrica de sua casa (e um espaço milimetricamente planejado para seu carro), além de um espelho quadrado que enfoca apenas o que Christian Wolff precisa ver, ou até seus talheres na cozinha, limitados a um garfo, uma faca e uma colher, igualmente separados em sua gaveta. Além disso, o controle financeiro do sujeito é admirável. Só faltou ele ter alguns bitcoins salvos em diversas contas para se proteger caso tudo dê errado.

Visto de trás pra frente, O Contador é um excelente estudo de personagem e de quebra um estudo do seu tempo, elevando a posição dos autistas (e, em sua maioria, habilidosas com matemática e lógica) em pessoas-chave para uma sociedade próspera. Infelizmente, as cenas de ação não são lá aquelas coisas, e os closes, importantes no estudo de personagem, apenas atrapalham quando a câmera treme e os cortes aumentam. De toda forma, se você está mais interessado no drama e menos nos tiros, é uma boa pedida. Mesmo que você não seja fã de Ben Affleck.

           Imagens e créditos no IMDB.

    ★★★★☆

 O Contador ● O Contador. The Accountant (USA, 2016). Dirigido por Gavin O'Connor. Escrito por Bill Dubuque. Com Ben Affleck (Christian Wolff), Anna Kendrick (Dana Cummings), J.K. Simmons (Ray King), Jon Bernthal (Brax), Jeffrey Tambor (Francis Silverberg), Cynthia Addai-Robinson (Marybeth Medina), John Lithgow (Lamar Black), Jean Smart (Rita Blackburn), Andy Umberger (Ed Chilton). ● Nota: 4/5. Categoria: movies.  Publicado em 2016-10-28.  Texto escrito por Wanderley Caloni.

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Rydel Lynch Net Worth, Age, Height, Relationship Status
Rydell Lynch is an American singer, musician, and television actress. She is a founding member of the pop rock group R5. She also played Ellington Ratliff. Her 2013 Ready, Set, Rock EP produced the hit "Loud." She keeps in touch with a large social circle and online following. Enter Biography section and explore Wikipedia, Biography, Age, Height, Weight, Marriage, Husband, Body Measurements, Net worth, Family, Career and many more facts about Rydel Lynch.
Real Name Rydel Mary Funk
Nick Name Rydel Lynch
Famous As Singer, Social Media Star
Birthplace Littleton, CO
Spouse/Husband Funk
Rydel Lynch Height and Weight
How tall is Rydell Lynch? The height of him is 5 feet 5 inches or 1.65 m or 165 cm and he weighs about 55 kg or 121 pounds. She has beautiful dark brown eyes and blonde hair. What are Rydell Lynch's body measurements? She often surprises her fans by sharing model photos of her on Instagram and they seem very eager to show her appreciation for the series of photos of her. The dimensions of it are 362840 inches. Wear a bra with a 36C cup.
Rydell Lynch Biography, Age and Youth
How old is Rydel Lynch? His birthday falls on August 9, 1993. He is 27 years old. He has US citizenship and is ethnically mixed. His birth sign is Leo. He was born in Littleton, Colorado. She is the daughter of Stormy and Mark Lynch. She is the second oldest child and the only daughter of five siblings. Her brothers are Riker, Rocky, Ross and Ryland Lynch. In terms of education, she is well educated.
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Rydell Lynch married and husband
Who is Rydell Lynch's husband? He married Funk on September 12, 2020, in Phoenix, Arizona. On October 10, 2020, it was announced on YouTube that Lynch and Funk are expecting their first child.
Rydell Lynch with her husband Funk
Rydel Lynch net worth
What is Rydel Lynch's net worth? She made her debut in the Sunday School musical as part of the Crossroads Choir. He also appeared in an episode of Violetta in 2015 performing "Heart Made Up on You" with R5. His fortune is estimated to be between $2 and $5 million.
Rydell Lynch's career
Rydel Lynch appeared on School Girl as a cheerleader with her brother Riker Lynch. Rydel had two songs on R5's second studio album Sometime Last Night. The first "lightning". She appeared in R5's All Day, All Night, which was released in theaters on April 16, 2015. She took keyboard and tambourine lessons and was also a dancer.
Facts about Rydel Lynch
Rydel Lynch loves creativity and personal expression in the content she creates as a music lover and social media model across multiple platforms.
He shares his usual activities and relationships with his viewers and allows them to live part of his life.
He has a good sense of clothing and fashion, as well as a natural affinity for the camera.
Warm yet mysterious, she attracted many admirers and followers.
His willingness to appreciate other artists is evident in his work.
She has created numerous covers of famous songs and is very energetic, dramatic and creative in her musical performances.
Rydel lists Neon Trees and Walk the Moon as his favorite bands.
Rydel Lynch or Rydel Mary Funk or Rydel Mary Lynch is an American woman who is a popular singer, songwriter, musician, and famous television actress by profession. She is widely known as one of the founding members of the popular American pop rock band R5.
She is also known for her roles in popular series like Sunday School Musical, Schoolgirls, Goofs, and more. She also became famous in the music industry with the release of her debut album Louder in 2013.
Rydel Lynch Wiki/Biography
Rydel Lynch was born on August 9, 1993 and will be 27 years old in 2021. She was born and raised in a strong Christian family in Littleton, Colorado, USA. She is American and believes in the Christian religion immensely.
He completed his early education at a local high school in Littleton, USA.
He then enrolled at a local private college in Littleton, Colorado, USA, where he graduated. From an early age she learned to play the keyboard, tambourine and double maraca while dancing. Subsequently, she developed an interest in singing and dancing and decided to continue her career in the same fields.
family, friend and relationship
Rydel Lynch's father's name is Mark Lynch, he works as a manager at Wholesale Medical and his mother's name is Stormy Lynch, she is a homemaker.
Father Rydel Lynch Mother Rydel Lynch
She also has four brothers, her brother's names are Riker Lynch, Rocky Lynch, Ross Lynch and Ryland Lynch, all of whom are famous celebrities in the American entertainment industry. In addition, her cousins are named Derek Hough and Julianne Hough, both of whom are well-known personalities and artists in the United States.
Rydell Lynch's relationship status is married. She is married to Kapron Funk, a popular YouTuber by profession. The couple got engaged in the first half of 2020 and married in the second half.
Rydel Lynch's husband
They recently announced through a YouTube video that they are expecting their first child.
She had previously been associated with Ellington Ratliff, a professional musician and her bandmate. The couple dated for nearly five years before announcing their split for unknown reasons.
Rydell Lynch is a beautiful, warm and beautiful girl with a charming and attractive personality. She has a warm curvy body with an attractive build and a beautifully shaped slim physique. The dimensions of it are approximately 322.634 inches.
She is 5 feet 8 inches tall and weighs around 60kg. She has beautiful long shiny blonde hair and beautiful charming light brown eyes.
Rydell Lynch began her career as an actress and singer in the industry. She made her film debut in 2008, starring in the television series Sunday School of the Musical. She then appeared on the 2009 television series Schoolgirls as a cheerleader.
She has also appeared in many other television series such as Holly's Children's Day, The Bolts, Violetta, and So You Think You Can Dance. In 2009, she formed the pop rock band R5 with her brothers and fiancé Ellington Ratliff.
As of 2021, Rydel Lynch has a net worth of $3.2 million. She mainly earns from her acting career, singing career and other business ventures.
Rydel Lynch received the popular Radio Disney Showstopper Award at the 2010 Radio Disney Music Awards with his pop rock band R5.
She also appeared in various brand ads early in her career and even appeared in some of her husband's YouTube videos.
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Технологическая и индустриальная история США описывает формирование наиболее мощной и технологически развитой страны мира. Быстрая индустриализация США в XIX веке стала возможной благодаря доступности земли и рабочей силы, климатическому разнообразию, наличию сети рек, каналов и морских побережий, удобных для транспортировки грузов, обилию природных ресурсов, облегчающих доступ к дешевой энергии, развитию транспорта и наличию капитала. В этом столетии на базе примитивной аграрной экономики развилась мощная промышленность, которая к середине XX века производила около трети всех промышленных товаров мира.

Под влиянием технологических инноваций и развития транспорта в период до начала гражданской войны в США происходила первая промышленная революция, а после войны — и вторая. К началу XX века США уже превосходили европейские страны по экономическому развитию и наращивали свою армию и флот. Хотя в годы Великой депрессии технологическое развитие США замедлилось, из Второй мировой войны Америка вышла в качестве одной из двух мировых сверхдержав. Во второй половине XX века США успешно конкурировали с СССР за политическое, экономическое и военное доминирование, для чего американское правительство вкладывало значительные средства в развитие науки и технологий, добиваясь прогресса в космическом кораблестроении, компьютерных технологиях и биотехнологии.

Начало индустриализации
По окончании американской революции правительство США обеспечило строгое соблюдение прав собственности и гибкую систему социальной и классовой структуры. Кроме того, были приняты меры для соблюдения патентных прав, представления о которых были привнесены западноевропейскими иммигрантами и адаптированы к нормам Конституции США. Конгресс был уполномочен «обеспечить прогресс науки и ремёсел закреплением на ограниченный срок за авторами и изобретателями эксклюзивных прав на их открытия и изобретения».

Мельницы и первые фабрики

В 1780-х годах Оливер Эванс изобрёл зерновой элеватор и усовершенствовал традиционную мукомольную мельницу. Впоследствии Эванс использовал также в качестве двигателя паровую машину и создал сеть мастерских для обеспечения соотечественников своими полезными изобретениями.

В 1789 году вдова генерала Грина заказала Эли Уитни разработку машины для отделения хлопка от зерен. Изобретённая им хлопкоочистительная машина (Коттон-джин) могла быть сделана любым плотником и значительно уменьшила затраты труда на очистку хлопка, обеспечив владельцам плантаций хлопка на Юге огромные прибыли. Хотя сам Уитни не предвидел финансового успеха, который обеспечило его изобретение, он получил от правительства контракт на обследование и обеспечение точности и идентичности таких машин своему изобретению, чем были заложены основы стандартизации производства.

Между 1800 и 1820 годами появились инновации, которые вновь повысили качество и эффективность производства. Симеон Норт предложил использовать разделение труда при производстве огнестрельного оружия. Впоследствии это привело к разработкам фрезерных станков. В 1819 году Томас Бланчард изобрёл токарный станок, а к 1822 году Джон Холл наладил производство винтовок с использованием всех этих инноваций и неквалифицированных рабочих. В Великобритании его система получила название американской.

Одновременно механизация проникала в текстильную промышленность. Английские прядильные и ткацкие станки было запрещено вывозить за границу, а всем, кто был знаком с их устройством, было запрещено иммигрировать. Тем не менее, уже в 1787 году в Бостоне была построена первая американская фабрика по производству хлопкового волокна, в которой станки приводили в движение лошади. В 1793 году была построена ткацкая фабрика на Род-Айленде. Её владелец, Мозес Браун использовал информацию, полученную от Сэмюэля Слейтера, английского подмастерья, который иммигрировал в США, узнав, что в Америке хорошо платят англичанам, знакомым с механизмами для текстильного производства. Эта фабрика была полностью механизирована и работала на гидроэнергии. В начале XIX века Слейтер построил собственную фабрику в Массачусетсе, которая стала одним из первых в США индустриальных центров. Поскольку для расширения производства ему не хватало рабочих рук, Слейтер начал строить также дома, магазины и церкви для своих рабочих и их семей. Кроме выгод привлечения работников, Слейтер использовал их надомный труд для подготовительных стадий обработки сырья. Система Слейтера («Род-Айлендская система») получила распространение, но в 1820 году была заменена на более эффективную систему Лауэлла. Френсис Лауэлл объединил первичную обработку пряжи и изготовление шерстяной нити в одном здании, нанимая для этого незамужних молодых девушек и женщин («фабричных девушек»), а для финансирования всего предприятия создал корпорацию. С наёмными работницами Лауэлл заключал контракт, который стал новой формой использования трудовых ресурсов наряду с рабским трудом, работой подмастерьев и прислуги.

Дороги и каналы

С момента обретения независимости и до образования новых штатов Кентукки, Теннесси и Огайо в США почти не было хороших дорог. Чаще всего для далеких переездов и транспортировки грузов использовали морские и речные суда. Поэтому, как только кроме прибрежных штатов в составе США появились территории без выхода к морю, наряду со строительством дорог значительное внимание уделялось строительству каналов.

Для строительства дорог были созданы акционерные общества, такие как Ланкастерская дорожная компания в Пенсильвании, открытая в 1795 году. Компании возвращали вложенные в дороги средства, взимая плату за проезд. С тех пор в США распространены платные автомобильные дороги. В 1808 году министр финансов США Альберт Галлатин предложил финансировать строительство дорог и каналов из федерального бюджета. Правильность такого решения была вскоре подтверждена в ходе англо-американской войны 1812—15 годов. Первая национальная дорога между Мэрилендом и Виргинией была построена в 1815—18 годах.

Аналогично было создано множество компаний для строительства каналов. К 1812 году их было построено только три, в Виргинии, Южной Каролине и Массачусетсе. В 1817 году был построен канал Эри, соединивший реку Гудзон с Великими озёрами. В 1825 году законодательное собрание штата Пенсильвания приняло решение о строительстве сети каналов, соединяющих Филадельфию с западными регионами и Великими озёрами. До 1848 года сеть каналов соединяла штаты от Массачусетса до Иллинойса. Многие каналы были финансово успешными, но некоторые едва не довели штаты Огайо, Пенсильвания и Индиана до банкротства.

Пароходы

Несмотря на появление дорог и каналов, путешествовать по ним было очень неудобно, дорого и долго. Первые пароходы появились ещё в 1780-х годах, но они были защищены патентами, сложно устроены, тяжелы и дороги. В 1807 году Роберт Фултон построил свой первый экономичный «Пароход Северная река», который ходил по реке Гудзон между Нью-Йорком и Олбани. К 1820 году пароходы можно было встретить повсеместно на судоходных американских реках и в Чесапикском заливе. Только на реках Миссисипи и Огайо количество пароходов между 1817 и 1855 годами выросло с 17 до 727.

Развитие технологий после гражданской войны

После гражданской войны в США активно строились железные дороги, линии телеграфной и телефонной связи, а к началу XX века появился и двигатель внутреннего сгорания. Эти инновации существенно облегчили освоение и экономическое развитие западных территорий.

Железные дороги
Ещё в 1820-х годах многие изобретатели пытались приспособить паровые машины для передвижения по земле. Одной из ранних попыток был проект железной дороги между Нью-Йорком и Филадельфией, предложенный Оливером Эвансом в 1813 году. К середине 1830-х годов такие проекты были осуществлены уже несколькими компаниями, локомотивы которых везли вагоны по рельсам. Между 1840 и 1860 годами общая длина железнодорожных путей в США выросла от 5 353 до 49 250 км. При транспортировке грузов железные дороги оказались столь эффективными, что ранее построенные каналы и дороги для гужевого транспорта были запущены ввиду невыгодности их эксплуатации. Однако ранние железные дороги не были соединены между собой в единую сеть, их эксплуатировали десятки конкурирующих между собой компаний, чьи поезда использовали разную ширину колеи, и вместо доставки сразу из одного пункта в другой товары приходилось часто перегружать с одного вида транспорта на другой. Завершение в 1869 году строительства первой трансконтинентальной железной дороги, которая сразу стала самой эффективной и прибыльной, стимулировало консолидацию железных дорог и стандартизацию технологий на железнодорожном транспорте. На этом бизнесе сколотили свои состояния знаменитые железнодорожные магнаты, такие как Джей Гулд и Корнелиус Вандербильт. К 1920 году в США появилось 408 800 км железных дорог со стандартной шириной колеи, контролируемые всего семью железнодорожными компаниями. Из-за необходимости синхронизации расписания железнодорожного транспорта в 1883 году в стране было введено единое стандартное время, и все штаты США были разделены на четыре часовых пояса.

Производство чугуна и стали

Небольшое количество чугуна для производства сельскохозяйственных орудий, подков для лошадей или топоров, ещё в колониальную эпоху выплавлялось в Америке кузнецами в примитивных сыродутных печах. Однако уже для производства пушек его не хватало. Во второй половине XVII века в колониях появились первые доменные печи, а к концу XVIII века из Англии переняли способы использования в них каменного угля взамен ранее применявшегося древесного.

В 1850-х годах, когда в Великобритании был изобретен бессемеровский процесс, американец Уильям Келли разработал аналогичный процесс производства из чугуна высококачественной стали, пригодной для применения в кораблестроении, на железных дорогах и в производстве оружия. В 1868—1872 годы Эндрю Карнеги использовал новейшие изобретения для производства стали в созданной им сталелитейной компании, завод которой был построен в Пенсильвании близ стыка нескольких железных дорог. Карнеги первым использовал в своей компании метод вертикальной интеграции: он владел одновременно шахтами в Миннесоте, где добывали железную руду, пароходами на Великих озёрах для её транспортировки, угольными шахтами и печами для производства кокса, железными дорогами для транспортировки кокса и руды в Пенсильванию и расположенным там сталелитейным заводом. К 1900 году компания Карнеги производила больше стали, чем вся Великобритания, а в 1901 году Карнеги продал её миллионеру Джону Моргану за 480 миллионов долларов.

Телеграф и телефон
Сэмюэл Морзе и Альфред Вейл разработали передатчик длинных и коротких электрических сигналов для обмена информацией азбукой Морзе между 1837 и 1844 годами. Первая телеграфная линия была сооружена между Балтимором и Вашингтоном в 1844 году. Уже к 1849 году почти каждый штат к востоку от реки Миссисипи имел телеграфную службу. Последовавшая консолидация телеграфного бизнеса в 1866 году привела к его слиянию с компанией, специализировавшейся на денежных переводах, Western Union и созданию практически монопольной компании с 22 000 телеграфных агентств и 1 330 900 км телеграфных линий по всей стране. Телеграф использовали для координации передвижений войск во время американо-мексиканской и гражданской войн, передачи распоряжений о сделках на фондовой и товарной биржах с помощью тикерного аппарата и для дипломатических переговоров, в особенности после ввода в действие трансатлантического телеграфного кабеля в 1866 году.

Александр Белл получил патент на первый телефонный аппарат в 1876 году. Между 1877 и 1893 годами, пока этот патент действовал, количество телефонов, обслуживавшихся телефонной компанией Белла, возросло с 3 до 260 тысяч. Цены поначалу были высокими, и телефоны могли себе позволить только бизнесмены и правительство. После 1893 года в отрасли появилось множество независимых операторов, из-за конкуренции цены упали, и к 1920 году в США было уже около 13 миллионов телефонов, которые были установлены в 39 % фермерских хозяйств и в 34 % прочих домовладений.

Нефть

Нефть была найдена в Пенсильвании в 1859 году и сразу стала причиной «нефтяной лихорадки», напоминавшей Калифорнийскую золотую лихорадку 1849 года. Накануне гражданской войны нефть стала ценным ресурсом, но её переработка в мазут и другие виды топлива на месте в значительных масштабах, так же как и транспортировка в другие регионы страны была невозможна. В 1865 году здесь началось строительство нефтепроводов для транспортировки нефти к железным дорогам, что оставило без работы тысячи бондарей, ранее занятых на изготовлении бочкотары под разливную нефть.

Джон Рокфеллер был пионером горизонтальной интеграции в американском нефтяном бизнесе. Начиная с 1865 года он скупал нефтяные скважины, нефтепроводы, железные дороги и нефтеперерабатывающие заводы и, в конце концов, уничтожил почти всех конкурентов своей компании Standard Oil. К 1879 году Рокфеллер контролировал 90 % нефтепереработки США. Её нефтепроводы напрямую соединяли нефтяные скважины Пенсильвании с нефтеперерабатывающими заводами в Нью-Джерси, Кливленде, Филадельфии и Балтиморе, что значительно удешевляло производство. Standard Oil стала первой компанией-трестом, осуществлявшим централизованное руководство нефтяными компаниями Рокфеллера в каждом из штатов, где находились его заводы и нефтепроводы. Тресты стали распространённым методом монополизации производства в США и извлечения сверхприбылей из производства путём вздувания цен при отсутствии конкуренции. Поэтому в 1890 году против трестов был принят акт Шермана, а в 1911 году Верховный суд США принял постановление о разделении Standard Oil на несколько конкурирующих компаний, которыми стали Exxon в штате Нью-Джерси, Mobil в Нью-Йорке и Chevron в Калифорнии.

Спрос на продукты нефтепереработки поначалу сводился к потребности в керосине для освещения и обогрева домов, а также в смазочных материалах для оружия и машин на производстве. Позже, после распространения двигателей внутреннего сгорания, вырос спрос на бензин. Между 1880 и 1920 годами ежегодное количество производимых в США продуктов нефтепереработки выросло в 17 раз. Последующая разработка обнаруженных нефтяных месторождений в Техасе, Оклахоме, Луизиане и Калифорнии способствовало индустриализации и этих регионов. Там появились новые крупные нефтяные компании, такие как Sunoco, Texaco и Gulf Oil.

Электричество

В Америке пионером изучения электричества был Бенджамин Франклин. Он наиболее известен изобретением молниеотвода и изучением электрической природы молнии. Но источником электричества длительное время были маломощные батареи. Лишь после того, как Майкл Фарадей в 1831 году показал связь между электричеством и магнетизмом, стало возможно создание электрогенератора, которые питали дуговые лампы, первые и поначалу малоэффективные электрические светильники.

В 1880 году Томас Алва Эдисон запатентовал лампу накаливания новой конструкции, более эффективную и экономичную. Как и Белл, Эдисон занялся коммерциализацией своего изобретения. Он основал ряд компаний, занимавшихся всей системой подачи электричества для освещения домов и улиц: производством генераторов (Edison Machine Company), кабелей (Edison Electric Tube Company), электричества (Edison Electric Light Company), электрических розеток и лампочек. Как и другие промышленные предприятия той эпохи, компании Эдисона значительно выиграли от слияния в одну мощную компанию-конгломерат General Electric. Электрическое освещение быстро приобрело популярность. Между 1882 и 1920 годами количество электростанций в США выросло от одной (в Нью-Йорке) до 4 тысяч. ОТ электростанций, расположенных в непосредственной близости от потребителей к 1900 году произошёл переход к строительству длинных линий электропередачи и электростанций в удаленных регионах страны. Для финансирования этого строительства появились первые холдинги, такие как Ebasco, созданные основной компанией General Electric в 1905 году. К 1935 году, холдинги (как ранее тресты) оказались под жёстким контролем законодательства, но уже к 1920 году электрические светильники практически полностью вытеснили керосиновые лампы, распространённые в XIX века.

Кроме освещения электричество нашло применение в электромоторах. Высокоэффективный электрический двигатель изобрёл в 1883 году Никола Тесла. Его моторы быстро вытеснили на производстве паровые машины, а в 1888 году электромотор начали использовать и для приведения в движение городского транспорта.

Вначале Эдисон запатентовал способ производства постоянного тока. Но это порождало проблемы в изменении электрического напряжения при переходе от электрогенератора к устройствам нагрузки. Кроме того, передача постоянного тока на большие расстояния была неэффективной. В 1887 года Тесла предложил использование переменного тока в генераторах, трансформаторах, электромоторах и светильниках. Лицензию на этот способ использования электроэнергии приобрёл Джордж Вестингауз, который и занялся его коммерциализацией, составив конкуренцию General Electric. Эдисон в ответ начал кампанию по дискредитации переменного тока, в том числе публично использовав переменный ток для уничтожения слонихи Топси. Впоследствии этот способ убийства был использован в устройстве электрического стула. Тем не менее, Эдисон проиграл войну токов, и в 1893 году комиссия по сооружению Ниагарской электростанции (в состав которой входили известные миллионеры Джон Морган, Джон Джекоб Астор, IV, барон Ротшильд и др.) приняла решение о использовании системы переменного тока и установлении стандарта в 60 герц.

Автомобили

Технологии, которые привели к созданию автомобиля, впервые появились в 1870-х — 1880-х годах в Германии. Николаус Отто изобрёл четырёхтактный двигатель, первый двигатель внутреннего сгорания, Готтлиб Даймлер и Вильгельм Майбах модифицировали его, доведя мощность до необходимой для достижения приемлемой скорости движения, а Карл Бенц разработал свечу зажигания. Хайрам Перси Максим и другие американские изобретатели предложили национальные модели «самодвижущихся экипажей» в середине 1890-х годов, но они поначалу были неэффективны, тяжелы и слишком дороги.

Революцию в американском автомобилестроении произвела модель Т Генри Форда, который использовал американскую систему стандартизации на своих конвейерах. Так началась эпоха поточного производства. В 1908 году компания Ford выпустила на рынок модель Т с мотором в 20 лошадиных сил. Спрос на эту модель был столь велик, что уже в 1912 году для её сборки был построен новый завод в штате Мичиган, образцовый для своего времени: хорошо освещенный вентилируемый, с автоматическими конвейерами. В том же году было продано 6 тысяч автомобилей Форд Т по цене приблизительно 900 долларов каждый. К 1916 году вследствие высокой производительности труда цены на них опустились до 360 долларов, а объём продаж вырос до 577 тысяч. Заработная плата на предприятии Форда была сравнительно высокой, но каждый, кто принимал участие в деятельности появившихся в это время профсоюзов или политических партий анархистов и коммунистов, немедленно увольнялся.

С распространением автомобильного транспорта система городских и сельских дорог также потребовала реконструкции. Её лоббировали созданные по всей стране ассоциации автомобилистов. В результате в 1910-х — 1920-х годах были не только расширены и улучшены уже существующие, но и созданы новые автомагистрали, такие как Первая и Шестьдесят шестая федеральные трассы. Их покрытие далее улучшали после Великой депрессии. Хотя во время второй мировой войны спрос на автомобили упал, крупные автомобильные компании, Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, выжили и обеспечили дальнейший рост автомобилестроения в послевоенный период.

Сельскохозяйственная техника

В 1840-х годах множество небогатых американцев и иммигрантов из Европы отправились на Запад, надеясь получить там землю. Плантаторы американского Юга пытались препятствовать этой массовой миграции, опасаясь, что она станет мешать становлению там крупного землевладения, и первые попытки Хораса Грили и других политиков провести закон о гомстедах, допускающий свободное распределение земель на Западе, были провалены. Лишь после отделения южных штатов во время гражданской войны закон вступил в силу. Согласно новому закону, каждый фермер, проживший на занятой им земле пять лет или через шесть месяцев проживания заплативший по 1,25 доллара за акр (3 доллара за гектар), мог получить 160 акров (65 га).

Хотя на Западе под сельское хозяйство было занято 400 миллионов акров земли, между 1870 и 1910 годами количество американцев, занятых в сельском хозяйстве, упало на треть. Это было связано с распространением новой сельскохозяйственной техники. Жатка, изобретённая Сайрусом Маккормиком в 1834 году, в четыре раза увеличила эффективность работ на сборе урожая за счет замены ручного труда машиной. В 1837 году Джон Дир ввёл в употребление стальной плуг, значительно облегчивший обработку земель в прериях Среднего Запада. К 1866 году внедрение машин для сбора урожая (жатка, сноповязалка, комбайн), позволило поднять урожай зерновых до 9,9, а к 1898 году — до 15,3 бушеля с акра.

Железные дороги обеспечивали быструю доставку сельскохозяйственной продукции на рынок. Чтобы доставлять свежее мясо и другую скоропортящуюся продукцию, были разработаны вагоны-рефрижераторы. Кроме того, в таких компаниях, как Heinz и Campbell, были изобретены способы консервирования. Цены на продукты питания упали. В результате крупные общенациональные компании начали вытеснять мелких местных торговцев.

Социальные последствия индустриализации

Урбанизация
В период между 1865 и 1920 годами в США происходила концентрация населения, политического влияния и экономической активности в крупных городах. В 1860 году в стране было лишь девять городов с населением свыше 100 тысяч человек, а к 1910 году их стало уже пятьдесят. В отличие от старых портовых городов (Нью-Йорк, Бостон, Филадельфия) они находились внутри страны на пересечении транспортных путей (Денвер, Чикаго, Кливленд). Первые двенадцать президентов США родились в сельской местности, а между 1865 и 1912 годами президентами избирали представителей городского бизнеса.

Индустриализация и урбанизация усиливали друг друга. В то же время скученность и антисанитария американских городов были причиной распространения массовых инфекций, таких как дизентерия, холера и брюшной тиф. Чтобы бороться с ними, муниципалитеты занимались планированием городского строительства, канализацией, водопроводом и благоустройством городских улиц.

Иммиграция и профсоюзы

В результате технологической революции старомодные ремесленники разорялись и были постепенно замещены наёмными рабочими и инженерами, работавшими на высокопроизводительном механизированном производстве. Разработанная Фредериком Тейлором научная организация труда также способствовала повышению его производительности. Позже научный менеджмент был с производства перенесен в планирование городского строительства и благоустройства, позволив сделать экономичнее домовладения и городской транспорт.

Индустриализация привела к появлению многочисленного класса низкоквалифицированных рабочих, занятых монотонным низкооплачиваемым трудом, нередко в опасных условиях и без перспективы сделать карьеру. Тем не менее, со временем спрос на рабочие руки поднимал заработную плату и привлекал все больше иммигрантов из Европы ирландского, итальянского, польского, русского и еврейского происхождения, которые в США могли заработать больше, чем у себя на родине.

В конце XIX века в США появились первые профсоюзы, в которые поначалу по образцу средневековых гильдий объединялись плотники, каменщики и представители иных ремесленных специальностей, чтобы путём забастовок и совместных переговоров с хозяевами и нанимателями добиваться повышения заработной платы и сокращения продолжительности рабочего дня. Все ветви власти в целом пытались подавить рабочие движения вообще и забастовки в особенности.

Бароны-разбойники

Чтобы финансировать масштабные проекты и крупные промышленные предприятия, возникшие в эпоху американской технологической революции, возникли корпорации держателей акций (Stockholder Corporation). Они образовывались путём слияния трестов либо путём образования одной крупной фирмы на месте нескольких конкурирующих в ходе монополизации отрасли.

Лидеры промышленников и финансистов широко использовали взятки и подкуп для влияния на политику правительства, которое защищало их от иностранной конкуренции высокими таможенными тарифами, субсидировало строительство железных дорог, а также сотен новых городков и крупных городов. Самые богатые и влиятельные финансисты той эпохи, Джон Морган, Джей Гулд, Джон Рокфеллер, Эндрю Карнеги, получили прозвище «баронов-разбойников».

Реакцией на деятельность «баронов-разбойников» и другие эксцессы промышленной революции стало «Прогрессивное движение». Его инициировала разоблачительная журналистика и требования общественности принять законодательные меры по защите рынка в общенациональных масштабах. В результате к 1906 году был принят ряд законодательных актов по защите рынка продуктов питания и лекарственных средств, а также законы против трестов, ограничивающие монополизацию и защищающие рыночную конкуренцию.

Исследовательские университеты

Первые американские университеты появились ещё в колониальную эпоху по образцу английских. Там преподавали семь свободных искусств для обучения будущих членов духовенства и адвокатов, а не каким-либо иным профессиональным навыкам и научным методам. Военная академия США, открытая в 1811 году, была первым в американской системе высшего образования учебным заведением, отличавшимся от традиционных университетов и включившим в учебный план инженерные дисциплины. К середине XIX века в США появилось множество политехнических институтов для обучения студентов научным и техническим методам, применимым для разработки, создания и управления все более сложными машинами. Так, в 1824 году был открыт Политехнический институт Ренсселира, который присваивал выпускникам звание бакалавра по техническим дисциплинам. К 1850 м годам целый ряд университетов Лиги плюща включили в учебный план курсы естественных наук.

В 1862 году Конгресс принял специальный акт о субсидировании политехнических вузов, которым выделялись значительные земельные фонды. Эти земли должны были использоваться для строительства или финансирования (путём сдачи в аренду) учебных заведений, специализировавшихся на военном деле, инженерных дисциплинах и архитектуре. Десятки американских университетов в каждом или почти каждом штате были основаны, чтобы получить фонды согласно этому акту. В период между 1900 и 1939 годах количество студентов в вузах выросло от 238 000 до 1 494 000 человек. Высшее образование стало столь доступным, что наличие диплома какого-либо колледжа стало обязательным для занятия должностей, для которых ранее требовалось лишь среднее или профессиональное образование.

Развитие технологий в эпоху мировых войн

Хотя авиация стала массовым явлением лишь в XX веке, её история насчитывает много веков и различных попыток построения летательных аппаратов. Кому удалось впервые создать самолёт — точно не известно. Вероятно, самой знаменитой из ранних моделей самолёта является Wright Flyer, самолёт братьев Райт, который поднялся в воздух в 1903 году. Поначалу воздухоплавание оставалось занятием любителей, но с началом Первой мировой войны самолётостроение стало финансироваться воюющими государствами, быстро осознавшими их значение для разведки и ведения боевых действий (см. Авиация Первой мировой войны). Только в 1917 году США потратили 640 миллионов долларов для создания самолётного парка из 20 тысяч машин.

По окончании войны в 1918 году США продолжали финансировать самолётостроение, теперь для мирных целей, в частности, для развития авиапочты. Для координации научных исследований и разработок в области воздухоплавания был создан Национальный консультативный комитет по воздухоплаванию, в 1958 году преобразованный в НАСА. Наиболее известным достижением американской аэронавтики 1920-х годов стал первый беспосадочный трансатлантический перелет Чарльза Линдберга (1927). В 1930-х годах начался бум пассажирских авиаперевозок, массовое строительство аэропортов, создание системы управления воздушным движением и служб расследования авиационных катастроф и происшествий.

К началу Второй мировой войны для раннего обнаружения вражеской авиации начали применять радиолокационные станции. Для войны на море американский флот и ряд флотов других стран имел несколько авианосцев, оказавшихся незаменимыми в боевых действиях, особенно в бассейне Тихого океана. Кроме авиации продолжали совершенствоваться подводные лодки, широко использовавшиеся ещё во время Первой мировой войны. Для их нужд и для борьбы с ними был изобретен гидролокатор. Дальнейшее развитие получило стрелковое вооружение, включая пулеметы и другое автоматическое оружие, танки и противотанковое оружие. К концу Второй мировой войны на вооружении американской армии появилось также ядерное оружие.

Технологии постиндустриальной эпохи

Космическая гонка

Одним из создателей современной американской астронавтики считается Роберт Годдард, который начал эксперименты с ракетной техникой ещё в 1920-х годах. Его ракеты на жидком топливе (бензин и жидкий кислород) поначалу взлетали лишь на 12 метров, но через десять лет высота была доведена до 2 км.

Однако в середине XX века в области ракетостроения лидировала Германия. По окончании Второй мировой войны в плен американцам сдался разработчик немецких ракет Фау Вернер фон Браун, который внес выдающийся вклад в развитие американского ракетостроения. Вскоре после запуска в СССР Спутника-1, первого искусственного спутника Земли, США вывели на околоземную орбиту собственный спутник Эксплорер-1 (1958), а первым американским астронавтом стал Алан Шепард, полёт которого состоялся через месяц после полёта Юрия Гагарина.

Успешное осуществление в 1960-х годах программы Аполлон позволило астронавтам США первыми высадиться на Луне. В 1970-х годах началось строительство Спейс шаттлов, многоразовых космических кораблей. Бурное развитие околоземной астронавтики обеспечило применение орбитальных спутников для поддержания связи, в том числе телефонной, радиосвязи и телевещания, которое стало в Америке массовым начиная с 1950-х годов. Кроме того, появились метеорологические спутники.

Компьютеры

Американская наука и техника сделала основной вклад в развитие телекоммуникаций и информационных технологий. В частности, транзистор и светодиод, операционные системы UNIX и язык программирования С были разработаны в лабораториях компаний AT&T и Bell. Индустрия персональных компьютеров зародилась в Кремниевой долине, а ARPANET и Интернет — в Агентстве по перспективным оборонным научно-исследовательским разработкам США и в НАСА. Крупнейшими производителями персональных компьютеров являются IBM и Apple, а операционных систем и офисного программного обеспечения — Microsoft. Поисковые программы Google и Yahoo! также созданы в Америке. Крупнейшие социальные сети Myspace, Facebook, Твиттер появились в США. Разработка системы беспроводных компьютерных сетей и миниатюризация компьютеров, которая, согласно закону Мура со временем непрерывно усиливается, позволили создать сотовую телефонию и положили начало слиянию телефонов и компьютеров в современных смартфонах.

Здравоохранение и биотехнологии
После Второй мировой войны большая часть нобелевских премий по физиологии и медицине была присуждена американцам. Ключевую роль в развитии биомедицинских исследований сыграл частный сектор экономики. К 2000 году он финансировал 57 % научно-исследовательских работ в области медицины, в то время как государственные Национальные институты здравоохранения США лишь 36 %, а некоммерческие частные фонды — 7 %. В период с 1993 по 2003 годов финансирование исследований в частном секторе выросло ещё на 102 %.

Система Национальных институтов здравоохранения США состоит из 24 независимых государственных институтов, миссия которых состоит в профилактике, обнаружении, диагностике и лечению болезней человека. Кроме того, Национальные институты здравоохранения в виде грантов финансируют исследования около 35 тысяч научных групп, работающих в других учреждениях по всей стране и даже некоторых других странах. В результате развития американского здравоохранения с 1971 по 1991 год смертность от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний упала на 41 %, а от инсульта — на 59 %. В настоящее время более 70 % детей, больных раком, выздоравливают.

Исследования в области молекулярной генетики и геномики революционизировали здравоохранение. В 1980-х — 1990-х годах были проведены первые опыты по генотерапии на людях, и сейчас множество генов человеческого генома могут быть локализованы, идентифицированы и функционально охарактеризованы.

Университеты, госпитали и частные корпорации также вносят свой вклад в разработку новых методов диагностики и лечения болезней человека. Например, Национальные институты здравоохранения финансируют фундаментальные исследования синдрома приобретённого иммунного дефицита, но многие лекарства от этого опасного заболевания были разработаны американской фармацевтической промышленностью.

Примечания

Литература

 Servos, John W., Physical chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling: the making of a science in America, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-69-108566-8

История США по темам

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I don't think the medical device industry has thought at all about data integrity and authentication issues. In a world where sensor data of all kinds is undetectably manipulatable, they're going to have to start.
DICOM® (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is the international standard to transmit, store, retrieve, print, process, and display medical imaging information.
My practical experience with it is DICOM is a standard in the sense that everyone can have their own version of it. Different machines have their own individual interpretation of the "Standard".
You needn't even tamper with the machine that goes ping. Nowadays, test results are routinely e-mailed between clinics and practitioners, with all the risk that it entails... Fax is still used a lot in some countries, as it is deemed "safer".
Already in "normal" circumstances, medical "competence" is the source of much pain and anguish. Is that a tumour on the mammogram, or just a finger smudge on the display, from the free lunch brought over by that pretty pharma rep with all the freebies? (Or it could be a floating point round-off error) But the ultrasound disagrees. OK, we'll perform a biopsy. (How about discussing options and asking for the patient's opinion?) [One month later] The result is inconclusive, but we recommend operating anyway. And there's DNA diagnostics. How freaked out should you be if you have a BRCA1 gene? And why should 23-and-me and the Podunk police dept. be able to monetize or have access to this info?
Critic Peter Gøtzsche said not entirely in jest that doing away with mammogram examinations would immediately cut the prevalence of cancer... And breast cancer screening is hardly an isolated case.
Back in the 80s, there was a special issue of the Proceedings of the IEEE on the subject of medical imaging. I remember that the point was made that the compression method had to be extremely carefully selected, lest a life-and-death medical decision be made on an artefact. That would have ruled out lossy compressions such as JPEG, which wasn't standardized until 1992.
And medical imaging is overused, and hazardous per se! When I had a CT scan, I made the mistake of asking what the X-ray dosage was. No one in the room was able to answer. I should have walked out then and there (but was too weak to), I'm quite sure the doctor didn't even examine the results of the tests he ordered.
@all: do you think intellectual level of current legislator let address this issue as well when they introduce their (dem or rep) version of health reform?
Are they just listening what Bruce and other experts deliver on hearing without understanding what to do?
Or they are acting on any OWN negative experience to address any problem on bipartisan basis.
By the way, I just want to point out that all humans has the same body structure regardless of their race, nationality, sexual preferences, religion, political affiliation, wealth etc.
That is why ALL health related problems should have the highest level of priority on any politician's list because affected the WHOLE population. Period.
Future medical devices will be getting better cybersecurity. It's just the pipelines are long. The newest FDA guidance is much stricter and more specific that it used to be. They've been embarrassed.
"You needn't even tamper with the machine that goes ping. Nowadays, test results are routinely e-mailed between clinics and practitioners, with all the risk that it entails... Fax is still used a lot in some countries, as it is deemed "safer".
I got bamboozled by this myself. One medical professional referred me to another medical professional and stressed the fact that if I gave permission to have my records and scans emailed to the other provider that would save a lot of time in their office because the doctor would have already seem my medical exams. So I said Ok. The next day I called the other doctor's office only to discover that the doctor I have been referred too and who now had my intimate personal medical records did not even take my insurance! WTH? I gave away the informational milk and got nothing to show for it.
Yup, this is how certain organizations get away with illegally implanting their employees to track them. The organization also has people in the hospitals working as nurses or security guards who have access to the machines.
You can also implant such devices into yourself. The problem with face tracking etc. is that it's not all that accurate. You implant one of these in your target's neck and suddenly you can track them anywhere. You follow them to their local hospital and modify the CT results should they ever go there.
Sharing medical records with my medical providers makes sense. Access to medical data can help us to better determine certain patterns in the progression of a diagnosis, and potentially even find cures to certain conditions. Therefore, not only am I ok with my doctors having access to this data but i am also ok with researchers to access it provided I know: who they share the data with; how can the data be deleted; how is it stored. Accepting signatures by fax is a bad joke that Bruce wrote about and we should get away from asap. Data integrity in the medical field needs a lot of work because it's in the Doctor's office where we should not have to worry about privacy.
One of my college jobs was as a security guard, and I was occasionally assigned as a substitute in a hospital. One thing I noticed (early 1970s) was a telautograph in the pharmacy, apparently to expedite the delivery of "signed" prescriptions without hand-carrying them in a building that had been remodeled many times since the 1920s.
Compare and contrast to security of Fax machines.
These have been in the standard before 2019a, that is simply the most current version. Some of the specification has existed as early as 2004 if not earlier, but updates were made when MD5 was demonstrated to be broken.
A vendor can implement a certain amount of this on their own, but not all of it.
There is Public Key infrastructure that has to be supplied by the facility.
SHA512 is one of the options for generating the hash.
It requires the use of RSA key-pairs, and the the public part of the key be transmitted in an X.509 (1993) signature certificate.
The certificate type is mandated to be X509_1993_SIG.
The community has in fact considered these issues, whether they have been implemented by vendors and facilities is a different question.
Given that Bruce thinks this isn't a movie plot threat, it is likely that others will think the same and (more) vendors and facilities will implement at least one of if not all of the Base, Creator, Authorization, or Structure Report RSA Digital Signature Profiles. Base with specification of (7FE0,0010) Pixel Data as the element to be hashed/signed would likely be sufficient to identify if image data tampering had taken place.
The interoperability issues (per Bob P) are a different matter (a variety of hash algorithms are enumerated, but that doesn't mean everyone will implement each of them). Communication is enabled by DICOM. Interoperability (a significant issue) is addressed primarily by IHE (which frequently overlays DICOM, as well as HL7 and other standards). IHE does not create standards, it utilizes existing standards and specifies how to use them in a narrow fashion to achieve interoperability including testing opportunities.
From a more clinical perspective, a patient with a tampered/false positive will be re-imaged prior to treatment on a different piece of equipment than was used for the diagnostic exam (for radiation therapy at least), and will most likely be re-imaged just prior to each treatment at the treatment machine (Image guidance). A patient with a tampered/false negative will likely undergo other diagnostics because they will still have symptoms, which mitigates the likelihood that they will receive no treatment (but it might very well delay treatment, which is definitely bad).
A "well known" patient will frequently be assigned a fictitious name and fuzzed demographics(correct identification is then handled using other information).
But for securing the data stream from the sensor (e.g. CT detectors) through the image reconstruction (securing the image reconstruction code) to the point where the data is encoded (securing the DICOM translation code) in the DICOM format, one has to rely on technologies defined outside of the medical community. CAN bus/CANOpen do not appear to have standardized a security stack, but there are security solutions available. Signed code modules (dlls, jars, etc.) have been standardized or at least "solved for free and built in to the tools" for a number of programming languages.
This explains how they were able to manipulate a few doctors.
Back in 2005, the French carte Vitale was shown to be not as secure as purported.
In Germany, the local equivalent wasn't very well received either. There was a demo at CCC 35C3 showing how sloppily the system was implemented by the various providers.
In either case, the alleged benefits did not happen, and the future of the system is unclear. And even if your CT or MRI unit were to be hardened down to the last resistor, the resulting images would still be stored in these rather shaky systems.
I came to realize that doctors aren't that interested in old medical records, the span of their interest is quite limited, and they're more likely to lazily order new tests rather than listen to the patient who try to say that this was already done many times, as late last year and the result was always negative. So what's this fixation on data collection?
All this is rather theoretical when you look at the vintage of the equipment in some wards. As long as your CT scanner keeps working, why change it? An hospital administrator, whose daily diet is composed of budget cuts, overworked staff, bedpan requisitions, etc., would first and foremost look at the price (or, god forbids, the amount of kickback) rather than to worry about some esoteric technical sh*t they'd have to dig deep into the specs to figure out.
researchers are able to add or remove cancer signs from CT scans. The results easily fool radiologists.
Um-hmm. And the mainstay treatments, ionizing radiation and toxic chemotherapy, can both cause and cure cancer.
Radiation hormesis and a hair-of-the-dog cure for a hangover straight out of the same liquor bottle that caused it.
The doctors are too drunk to use a scalpel without "cutting around" and cutting up altogether too much healthy tissue when they attempt to remove a tumor or malicious growth.


I thought it would be great fun and a help to my blog to share old content, but not just any old content. Each week I will share an old blog post from a previous year, any year, BUT it has to be from the current week (for example, something I've posted around December 10th, from any previous year) I will go in, edit the post if needed, add a pinnable image if I don't already have one, and share it on Facebook.
I FINALLY made it back! Thank you for your link up, Karen!
Thanks for hosting and for featuring me this week.


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Kiełkowanie hipogeiczne, kiełkowanie podziemne – rodzaj kiełkowania, w którym liścienie pozostają w glebie, a część nadliścieniowa (epikotyl) wydłuża się. Substancje odżywcze pobierane są z liścieni do momentu wytworzenia liści. W ten sposób kiełkują między innymi nasiona zbóż.

Zobacz też
 kiełkowanie epigeiczne

Przypisy

Wzrost i rozwój roślin


Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular structure of the body. The body's immune system attacks the nerve signals in the muscles as if they were foreign matter. Myasthenia Gravis is a progressive, degenerative disease that can lead to death if untreated. This disease affects both men and women but at different ages, however it is more common in women and is therefore thought to be linked to hormones. The onset begins for men when in their 60's while women tend to develop it in their 20's or 30's. With Myasthenia Gravis, the body's immune system's antibodies interfere with the nerve signals to the muscles, making contracting voluntary muscles difficult. The exact cause of Myasthenia Gravis is not known but many contributing factors have been linked to it such as thyroid conditions, stress, certain medications, pregnancy, menstrual cycles, and viral or respiratory illnesses.
Early symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis include lack of eye muscle control and focus, slurred speech, and problems swallowing. The facial and throat muscles are often the first areas noticeably affected by the disorder. With the worsening of the condition, one may have a general weakening and loss of control of the limbs making simple tasks such as grasping objects, walking, and controlling facial expressions difficult. If left untreated, muscles in the chest can be affected, which can impair the cardiovascular system. As, with rest, the fatigued muscles recover some, those with Myasthenia Gravis usually feel best in the morning.


Midweek in January, excluding New Years Day and MLK Monday, Catamount is offering First-Timer Learn to Ski & Snowboard packages at the reduced rate of $45. Call for a reservation at 518-325-3200 ext. 100! Ages 14 and older.
In addition to this offering, Catamount is also participating in the Bring a Friend program during the same January period. This program allows a skier or snowboarder to bring a first-timer for $65. That includes a first-timer package and a lift ticket for the influencer. Reservations for the first time lesson are also required. Call 518-325-3200 ext. 100 to make your reservation today! Ages 14 and older.
Learning to ski or snowboard can lead to becoming a full time winter snowsports enthusiast!


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SHANNON PLUMB: STANDARD PROJECTION
Date: August 01 - 31, 2014
Location: The Standard, Hollywood
Partner: The Standard Hotel, Hollywood
Artists: Shannon Plumb
Still from "Olympics Track and Field" by Shannon Plumb
24/7 PROJECTION WITH SHANNON PLUMB AT THE STANDARD, HOLLYWOOD
In collaboration with Art Production Fund, projections of artist Shannon Plumb's work will be displayed at The Standard, Hollywood 24/7 through the month of August.
Looped low-fi DVD projections of color and sound of Plumb's Roller Coaster (2001), Olympics Track and Field (2005), Rattles and Cherries (2004), Lunch Break (2009), and Shampoo (2001) will provide a look into the artist's cinematic studies.
Plumb's projections, inspired by the slapstick comedy and physical humor of silent film legends Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin, explore the complexities of the ordinary and the extraordinary as she takes on various personas from the silver screen.
ABOUT SHANNON PLUMB
Brooklyn cinematic artist Shannon Plumb finds inspiration from studying early film. She's known for her low-fi aesthetic and use of Super 8 film, stationary camera shots, long takes, and hand-made props and costumes which pushes her work beyond her early silent film predecessors and influences. The artist is represented by Stephan Stoyanov Gallery in New York.
ABOUT ART PRODUCTION FUND
Art Production Fund is a non-profit organization dedicated to commissioning and producing public art projects, reaching new audiences and expanding awareness through contemporary art.
ABOUT THE STANDARD
The Standard frequently collaborates with artists on publications, products, installations, and events throughout its network of properties and shops. Standard Press has published books by Andrew Kuo, Dzine, and JR & José Parlá. The Shop at The Standard has produced editions with artists including Julia Chiang, Wes Lang, Tomokazu Matsuyama, Ryan McGinness, Tomoko Sugimoto, KAWS, and José Parlá among others.
For more information about The Standard, visit www.standardhotels.com and www.standardculture.com.
Art Production Fund, 81 Prospect Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201 T. 212-966-0193 staff@artproductionfund.org


AutoGain is a binary options robot that operates based on what is known as the social trading concept; where a trader copies the exact trades made by another trade. Social trading is a common feature offered on most binary options platforms, however, AutoGain takes it one step further by making it fully automated. AutoGain claims that by following its algorithm, its users will have a win rate of at least 60%.
So is AutoGain a legitimate robot or just another scam? See our answer below.
While AutoGain does not promise the bombastic claims that most other scam robots do (a 60% win rate is, after all, nothing special), they are unfortunately still a scam at its core and an extremely lazily-produced one at that. There are no videos or any real information provided on their site, all you get is just a poorly-written FAQ and Terms and Conditions page which were clearly written by someone who learned how to speak English quite poorly. Let's take a look at some of the claims they make.
The above is an extract from their 'About Us' section which actually does not tell you anything about them at all. Notice how among all that wordiness, there was no real information conveyed as to how their system works or who its creators are. While they claim a win rate of at least 60% in this part, they then go on to contradict themselves further below.
Notice how they now say "if any of your bet loses, then one of the next will certainly win because the most successful brokers place the same bets as you do" which first of all is not how a 60% win rate works and secondly their explanation of how the most successful brokers (who are these brokers and how do they find them???) are placing the same bets as you is the lamest cop-out ever. Notice also how they recommend that you increase the value of your bet subsequent to any losing bet, ostensibly so that you can now make up for your previous loss but in reality is a great way to make sure you lose even bigger, especially since you are using a scam robot.
All of these scam robots are basically affiliate marketing scams; the scammers don't actually make money directly from you, but rather they make money by getting an affiliate commission from their broker when you fund a trading account with them. This is why all the robots are offered free of charge; essentially they are just there to promote the broker, which will usually be unregulated. And as for the robots themselves, they are just generic automated trading software which you can buy on the market; further these scammers most likely just use the same robot for every one of their scams. It doesn't really matter whether the robot works or not because once the trading account is funded, which needs to happen before using the robot, the scammers take their cut.
In the case of AutoGain, the broker they are trying to promote is very clear; it is UTrader, which is a broker that is licensed by the CROFR in Russia. This is quite different from the norm because usually these scammers utilize several different brokers at once or at the very least try to hide which broker they are promoting. While it is not clear whether or not the people behind AutoGain and UTrader are one and the same, it would not turn out to be a surprise if they were.
AutoGain is a lame scam that is attempting to promote UTrader's binary options broking services. This scam is also one of the lowest effort scams we have ever seen. Don't waste your time or money with this one.
7 Binary Options review: AutoGain Robot: 1 stars.


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Minutes of the<MeetNo1> 6th Meeting
<MeetMDY1> November 21, 2016
Call to Order and Roll Call
The<MeetNo2> 6th meeting of the Interim Joint Committee on Appropriations and Revenue was held on<Day> Monday,<MeetMDY2> November 21, 2016, at<MeetTime> 1:00 PM, in<Room> Room 154 of the Capitol Annex. Representative Rick Rand, Chair, called the meeting to order, and the secretary called the roll.
Members:<Members> Senator Christian McDaniel, Co-Chair; Representative Rick Rand, Co-Chair; Senators Danny Carroll, Chris Girdler, David P. Givens, Denise Harper Angel, Stan Humphries, Dennis Parrett, Brandon Smith, Robin L. Webb, and Stephen West; Representatives John Carney, Larry Clark, Ron Crimm, Mike Denham, Jeffery Donohue, Myron Dossett, Kelly Flood, Joni L. Jenkins, Terry Mills, Marie Rader, Steven Rudy, Sal Santoro, Dean Schamore, Arnold Simpson, Wilson Stone, Susan Westrom, and Addia Wuchner.
Guests: Jay Morgan, Vice President, Shaun McKiernan, Budget Coordinator, and Travis Powell, General Counsel, Council on Postsecondary Education; Jack Couch, KIPDA.
LRC Staff: Jennifer Hays, Charlotte Quarles, Cynthia Brown and Jennifer Beeler
In honor of Eric Kennedy's departure from LRC and the Appropriations and Revenue Committee, Chairman McDaniel and Chairman Rand proposed a resolution in his honor. The resolution was adopted by voice vote upon a motion from Senator Parrett, seconded by Representative Crimm.
Representative Simpson made a motion, seconded by Representative Stone, to approve the minutes of the October 27, 2016, meeting. The motion carried by voice vote.
Testimony on the Contract Spaces Program
Jay Morgan, Vice President, Shaun McKierman, Budget Coordinator and Travis Powell, General Counsel of the Council on Postsecondary Education (CPE) gave a brief presentation on the Contract Spaces Program and how money is appropriated.
Mr. Morgan explained that Kentucky participates in the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) Contract Spaces Program for Veterinary Medicine Program and Optometry School Program. Kentucky pays the schools the difference between in-state and out-of-state tuition for a pre-determined number of Kentucky Students. Kentucky Residents compete for Kentucky's reserved spaces. Those who are awarded these spaces attend the institution and pay the in-state tuition rate.
He stated that recently Kentucky has funded 164 veterinary medicine slots that were filled at Auburn University and Tuskegee University, and 44 optometry slots that were filled at Southern College of Optometry, Indiana University, University of Alabama-Birmingham and most recently University of Pikeville.
Mr. Morgan explained that House Bill 303 specifies that CPE maintain the program's FY 2015-16 funding at $5.6 million in each year of the 2016-2018 biennium. In order to stay within budget and maintain spaces CPE took necessary action and negotiated with SREB and partners a 'hold', which saved Kentucky approximately 6 percent on tuition rate increases for most SREB spaces. This action funded all but one optometry space and all veterinary for FY 2016-17. For FY 2017-18 CPE negotiated a lower rate for SREB spaces and funded all but four optometry and two veterinary spaces.
Mr. Morgan explained that due to budget shortfalls CPE would need approximately $541,000 in order to recover the necessary funds to keep all contract spaces and recuperate CPE monies that were used out of its general fund budget.
After the testimony at the October 27, 2016 meeting, Jack Couch, KIPDA presented before the committee regarding the formula dating back to 1976 used to appropriate funds through the Joint Funding Administration (JFA). He stated that 70 percent of the JFA funds are divided evenly among the 15 Area Development Districts (ADDs), 20 percent is the allocated based off population, and the last 10 percent was used several different ways in the past. He explained that this is the formula that the 15 ADDs have agreed upon and discussed with the Department of Local Government in hopes to go back to this formula in the future.
With no further business before the committee, the meeting was adjourned.


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take it away
Take it away scheme recognised with award
We are thrilled to announce the Sir Charl
Read more about Take it away scheme recognised with award
Scheme that gives more people the chance to play musical instruments is recognised with award
Today the Sir Charles Groves Prize, awarded by Making Music for outstanding contribution to the musical life of communities in th
Read more about Scheme that gives more people the chance to play musical instruments is recognised with award
Sir Charles Groves Prize
The prize honours the remarkable contribution of Sir Charles to both amateur music, as a former president of Making Music, and to British musicianship and composition. It was launched to mark the renowned conductor's 75th birthday.
Read more about Sir Charles Groves Prize
Take it away instrument purchase scheme now available to all ages
Since its inception 10 years ago, Creative United's 'Take it away' scheme has helped over 80,000 children and young people in Eng
Read more about Take it away instrument purchase scheme now available to all ages
Take it away scheme: interest-free finance when buying a musical instrument
Lanched in 2007, the 'Take it away' scheme works with music retailers to provide interest-free finance for the purchase of musical instruments and equipment, helping to ensure that more people can access instruments and learn to play. As of August 2017, the scheme has been expanded to cover all age groups and to include digital musical equipment and musical accessories like cases.
Read more about Take it away scheme: interest-free finance when buying a musical instrument


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Census & Deprivation
2011 Census & Index of Multiple Deprivation
A census is a count of all people and households in the country that takes place every ten years. It asks people about subjects such as work, health, ethnic background, education and marital status.
The responses build a picture of today's society which helps central and local government, health authorities, businesses, voluntary sector organisations and communities target resources and plan for years to come.
The 2011 Census took place on 27 March 2011. In England and Wales the 2011 Census was organised and carried out by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Local authorities, such as Dudley Council, worked with ONS to support the census. This is the most recent Census, with the next one due in 2021.
2011 Census Results
The first results from the 2011 Census were released on 16 July 2012, when the Office for National Statistics (ONS) published headline statistics for each local authority in England and Wales.
A summary of the results for Dudley is as follows:
The population estimate for Dudley borough was 312,925. This is an increase from the 2001 Census population of 305,155.
There were 129,867 occupied households in Dudley borough, compared to 124,988 in 2001.
95% of people in Dudley borough responded to the 2011 Census questionnaire. This gives the results a good degree of accuracy.
Key census results were released on 11 December 2012 for local authorities and 30 January 2013 for areas within local authorities such as wards and super output areas. A 2011 Census profile giving the statistics for Dudley and how they compare to England is available at the bottom of this page, along with an interactive 2011 Census Area Profiler you can use to compare Dudley's census results with those of other areas.
A snapshot of the key results for Dudley is as follows:
24.8% of the borough population are aged 60 or over, an increase from the 22.2% in the 2001 Census and greater than the England figure of 22.4%.
11.5% of people are from ethnic groups other than White British, compared to 7.5% in 2001. The equivalent 2011 Census figure for England is 20.2%.
78.2% of the population reported their health as being "Very Good" or "Good", marginally less than the 81.4% for England as a whole.
70.2% of people in employment aged 16 to 74 are working full-time (defined as 31 hours or more per week), down from 75.1% in 2001. There is a corresponding increase in part-time working which is also seen at the national level.
68.7% of households own their property, either outright or with a mortgage/loan, a higher proportion than for England (63.4%). Both areas have seen owner occupation decrease since 2001 (Dudley 70.8%, England 68.1%).
The proportion of households who rent their property from a private landlord or letting agency has increased from 3.5% in 2001 to 8.4% in 2011, but is still notably lower than the national level where 15.4% of households are in this housing sector.
35% of households now have two or more cars/vans, up from 31.5% in 2001, and a higher proportion than the 32.1% of households in England. In 2011 borough households had 159,274 cars/vans, up from 142,582 in 2001.
Confidential and secure
Everything you tell the census is in strictest confidence and will only be used to produce statistics. The Office for National Statistics will not share your personal information with any other government department or organisation.
Index of Deprivation
The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2015 is a measure of deprivation at a small area level across England. The IMD publication, available at the bottom of this page, provides information on the Index of Multiple Deprivation and other deprivation measures relating to income, employment, health & disability, education & skills, housing & services, crime and the living environment.
Please note the Index of Multiple Deprivation is a separate set of statistics to the 2011 Census.
English Indices of Deprivation 2015
2011 Census profile showing key census results for Dudley Borough compared to those for England. (PDF 166.65KB)
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2015 for Dudley Borough (PDF 3.09MB)
2011 Census Area Profiler
The 2011 Census Area Profiler is an interactive excel-based tool designed to show people the 2011 Census results for an area of their choice, and allow them to compare it to any other area. The profiler lets you view tables of census results showing the number and percentage of the population across a wide range of topics, such as age, ethnic group, general health, occupation and method of travel to work. There are also charts that show the percentage figures for the two selected areas. The Profiler includes census results for Dudley and other local authorities, but also has a specific Dudley focus, with the user able to choose areas within Dudley Borough for comparisons, such as community forums, wards and super output areas.
When you open the profiler there are boxes where you can select your area and comparison area. Help information is also available within the profiler to assist users. Please note that dependent on your version of Excel you may need to accept an "Enable Editing" and/or "Enable Content" message to use the full functionality of the profiler.
To find out which community forum, ward or lower layer super output area (LSOA) an address is located within, and view a map of the the area, please use our search facility.
Find community forum of an address
Find ward of an address
Find lower layer super output area (LSOA) of an address
2011 Census Area Profiler (XLS 3.44MB)
Office of National Statistics
Details on all aspects of the census including the history of the census can be found on the Office of National Statistics website.


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Hotel Bel-Air renovation draws raves/labor strife
Any celebrities who've been feeling adrift over the two-year absence of one of Hollywood's favorite heirloom hotels, can relax. The Hotel Bel-Air is back in business.
And when we say relax, we mean relax.
"This has since 1946 been an exclusive Hollywood retreat where celebrities come to escape," says hotel spokeswoman Alisha Mahon. "It's a truly intimate hideaway with Beverly Hills, Century City and Rodeo Drive still just minutes away.
"No other property in proximity allows this kind of luxurious seclusion. And that's always been a big part of Hotel Bel-Air's appeal to legendary stars like Marilyn Monroe, Grace Kelly, Nicole Kidman and Angelina Jolie."
About 250 fired union workers are hoping today's A-listers and other prospective guests act at the hotel's Friday re-opening more like Claude Rains in the 1933 classic, "The Invisible Man."
They don't want to see anybody there.
They're calling for a boycott and say the hotel used the renovations as a pretense to eliminate union jobs.
"We're asking that no one eats, meets or sleeps at the Hotel Bel-Air until these employees are rehired," says Leigh Shelton of Unite Here Local 11, representing 20,000 Southern California hospitality workers. "We'd like to see them get priority hiring consideration as jobs open up and reasonable compensation for what they've already lost."
She expects 500 protesters to march from the hotel down Canyon Road to Sunset Boulevard. Protesters for Occupy LA are supporting the boycott against the hotel, owned by Hassanal Bolkiah, the Sultan of Brunei, who is perhaps 1 percent of the 1 percent, being known for owning nearly 2,000 luxury cars and a palace with 290 bathrooms.
Mahon says hotel security are working with local law enforcement to ensure safety for all involved.
It's a discordant note to at a place of serenity so all-encompassing it's where a beleaguered, but defiant Richard Nixon went to work on his 1978 memoirs and where in 2004 Oprah Winfrey celebrated her 50th birthday.
Mahon says the "top-to-bottom" interior renovations include a new spa and fitness studio, and 12 new canyon-clinging rooms with private infinity edge spa pools peering out over some of the continent's most precious real estate. The renovations increase room count from 91 to 103.
The renovations are part of a wave of polishing being bestowed upon famed Hollywood properties catering to America's glitterati. The Beverly Hills Hotel, the Peninsula Beverly Hills and The Four Seasons in Beverly Hills are also enjoying multi-million dollar refreshing.
Lonely Planet author Adam Skolnick, a rare third generation Los Angeleno, says the Bel-Air is a glamorous link to a pre-TMZ Hollywood.
"The Bel-Air is an L.A. institution that bridges the gap from what L.A. used to be to what it has become," he says. "It has this grand aura the modern five-diamond luxury hotels can't hope to match."
It's changed in other ways Skolnick understands more personally. His parents, Richard and Trude, were married at the Bel-Air in 1968.
So, is he the offspring of movie stars? The grandson of a Tinseltown titan?
Hardly.
"My grandfather, Max Gottleib, was a fruit vendor who delivered fruit out of a truck to customer's homes," Skolnick says. "He was able to pay for two college educations and a wedding at the Hotel Bel-Air on a fruit vendor's wages. It shows how things in L.A. have changed."
Indeed. Rooms at the newly renovated Bel-Air start at $565 per night; the palatial presidential suite goes for $13,500 per night.
Better get busy peddling those apples.
Related . . .
When Sultans get Occupied
Labels: Alisha Mahon, Hotel Bel-Air, Julia Roberts parties, Oprah birthday, Sultan of Brunei excesses


Author(s): Jong, S. de; Tuyls, K.; Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper, I.G.
In this paper, we introduce a nature-inspired multiagent system for the task domain of resource distribution in large storage facilities. The system is based on potential fields and swarm intelligence, in which straightforward path planning is integrated. We show both experimentally and theoretically that the system is adaptive, robust and scalable. Moreover, we show that the planning component helps to overcome common pitfalls for nature-inspired systems in the task assignment domain. We end this paper with a discussion of an additional requirement for multi-agent systems interacting with humans: functionality. More precisely, we argue that such systems must behave in a fair way to be functional. We illustrate how fairness can be measured and illustrate that our system behaves in a moderately fair manner.


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Kieran O'Gorman (born 1972) is a retired Irish hurler who formerly played with Lismore GAA at club level and with Waterford GAA at inter-county level.

O'Gorman generally played at either full-back or corner-back and was noted his large stature, standing at over  tall.  O'Gorman's main achievement was winning the All-Ireland Under 21 Hurling Championship in 1992 with Waterford GAA. O'Gorman also played for a number of years with the Waterford Senior Hurling Team.

O'Gorman played club hurling with Lismore GAA right into the 2000s.  Success came early in his club career having won Waterford Senior Hurling Championships in both 1991 and 1993.  Later on his career, he played in a Lismore GAA side notable for coming very close in the championship but ultimately failing at either the final hurdle or the semi final stage.  He went on to lose a further 2 finals and numerous semi-finals, all to Ballygunner GAA.

Honours
 All-Ireland Under 21 Hurling Championship winner - 1992
 Munster Under-21 Hurling Championship winner - 1992
 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship winner - 1991 and 1993
 Waterford Minor Hurling Championship winner - 1990

References

1972 births
Living people
Waterford inter-county hurlers
Lismore hurlers


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Kygo reveals he wants to collaborate with Martin Garrix
"We are really good friends so hopefully we can make that happen..."
Kygo reveals he wants to work with Martin Garrix
Andrew Rafter
Norweigan melodic master Kygo has revealed in a recent interview with RTL Entertainment that he is in discussions with his good friend Martin Garrix to record a song for his new studio album.
When asked who he would like to work with during the interview, the Norwegian DJ and producer mentioned the usual names like Ed Sheeran and The Weeknd.
But he also revealed that he would like to work with his long-time friend, and two-time Top 100 DJs winner, Martin Garrix.
"I've been talking to Martin Garrix about making a song together for my new album. That'd be very cool. We are really good friends so hopefully, we can make that happen!".
In 2017, Kygo's second album 'Kids in Love' debuted at number one on Billboard's Top Dance/Electronic Album chart, the DJ and producer also scored a number one with his 2016 debut album 'Cloud Nine'.
Martin Garrix recently released a brand new track, 'Happy', under his AREA21 alias, a name reserved for his collaborative work with Detroit-based singer/rapper, Maejor.
kygo Martin Garrix
Martin Garrix has co-produced, mixed and mastered U2's new single: Listen
UNTOLD Festival reveals first phase of 2021 line-up
Martin Garrix and U2's Bono and The Edge have released a track together for Euro 2020: Listen
Martin Garrix to play headline live stream set at Hydeout digital festival this weekend
Martin Garrix opens new STMPD studio complex
EDM festivals and DJs share #SaveTheSummer statement encouraging fans to stay at home


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Joseph Nyamihana Mulenga (died 29 August 2012) was an Ugandan judge. He served as Justice of the Supreme Court of Uganda for twelve years between 1997 and 2009, and was a judge and later President of the East African Court of Justice. Mulenga died in August 2012.

Biography
Mulenga obtained a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London in 1965. He was called to the bar at Middle Temple the next year.

During fourteen years Mulenga was National Deputy Chairman of the Democratic Party of Uganda.

In the years between 1986 and 1989 he was Minister of Justice and Attorney General, he later was Minister for Regional Co-operation. In 1997 he became a member of the Supreme Court of Uganda where he would serve for twelve years. He also became a judge of the East African Court of Justice where he would become President.

He later started working on a part-time basis for the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. He died on 29 August 2012.

References

Year of birth missing
2012 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Democratic Party (Uganda) politicians
Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
Justices of the Supreme Court of Uganda
Attorneys General of Uganda
East African Court of Justice judges
Ugandan judges of international courts and tribunals


"The recent ticket expensive! a trip out will increase transport fares well hundreds of pieces. "Mr LEE intends to travel soon to see all the major sigh after upsurge excursion fares. With the advent of summer, student passengers and increasing tourism, more and more people are choosing to fly as a way to travel, but summer is a traditional airline marketing season fare much higher than usual, how can buy tickets to the price is right? Yesterday, Eastern professionals to teach the public how to buy cheaper tickets. "Itinerary once finalized, booking in advance is the best choice. 1 month or half a month ahead concerns the best to choose air ticket prices. "Under normal circumstances, popular routes if there is about 50 percent of the price of airline tickets, you may wish to buy. In addition, at about 6 to 7 o'clock in the evening every day movement of concerned about ticket prices, ticket agent Chamber of Commerce released part of the ticket price-competitive during this period. In addition, some hot routes, night tickets are generally slightly lower than fares for flights during the day, such as Nanjing-tickets in more than 88 percent of Xiamen on July 19, night flight tickets lowest for 54 percent, passengers can choose to buy the evening ticket to save money. When purchasing tickets directly purchased a return ticket, so instead of buying tickets individually saves an average of 20%-50%. If you of travel time compared loose, joint drive tickets is a good of select, price to than direct cheap many, but joint drive flights is two a different of flights, each flights are needed paid fuel additional tax and airport construction fee. that fuel additional tax and airport construction fee to make two times, so, more out 1 time times of fuel additional tax and airport construction fee you also need consider zainei.


Lee Ridley is the first stand-up comedian to use a communication aid. He may not be able to talk but he definitely has something to say and his comedy will leave you speechless.
As well as winning Britain's Got Talent this year (the first comedian to do so), Lee also won the BBC New Comedy Award in 2014. TV and Radio credits includeThe One Show, Voice Of The People (BBC Three), BBC At The Edinburgh Festivals and Ability – the Radio 4 series that Lee stars in and co-wrote – has just been recommissioned for a second series.