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By SND_Editor on January 25, 2023 Communication, Defence & Space Industry, Featured Stories, Space Exploration
Written by Staff Writer.
European Space Agency (ESA) director general Josef Aschbacher says space transportation, or the lack of it, is one of the biggest challenges now facing the European space sector and is potentially a crisis.
With only two Ariane 5 launches remaining and following the failure of the Vega-C rocket in December (the second since 2019) and the halting of the Soyuz launches at Kourou, French Guiana, the ESA is fast running out of options for future space launches.
"From mid-2023, we do not have guaranteed access to space for European launches, and this is a huge problem," Aschbacher said during ESA's annual media briefing on January 23, 2023
But the director general said there were several measures the space agency was taking to address the problem. That included advancing the maiden launch of Ariane 6 as quickly as possible and supporting upcoming micro launches in more than half a dozen European member nations.
"They are the lower segment, below one tonne of payload, but certainly an important part of the space program which is developing here," he said of the micro launches. ESA is also looking at reusability options, particularly concerning the Prometheus and Themis programs. "We are preparing for the first hop test from Kiruna (Sweden), probably next year. This is an extremely important test because it goes to the issue of reusability."
But there was no escaping the impact of the latest Vega-C failure and the suspension of ESA's cooperation with Russia's State Space Corporation (Roscosmos) on ESA that facilitated the Soyuz rocket launches. Adding further pressure are the Ariana 6 delays.
"It is a top priority for ESA and Europe to make sure that Vega-C gets back to flight as quickly as possible – but under the right conditions," Aschbacher said. "We are at the final stretch of getting Ariane 6 ready. We had a very successful hot firing test last week with more than 900 seconds of firing, including the APU, which is an extremely important milestone… it's clear with Ariane 6 that we need to re-establish European access to space."
A lot is riding on Ariane 6, the ArianeGroup-built successor to the Ariane 5 rocket launchers. But Ariane 6 has been under development for around a decade. ESA director of space Daniel Neuenschwander told the briefing there were still three milestones to work through before any launch and said any tentative launch date was unlikely to be announced before mid-2023.
However, beyond the short to medium term, if Soyuz remains off limits, the longer-term future scenario looked problematic. Aschbacher said ministerial-level discussions were going on about launches and said a recent joint statement on launches signed by France, Germany, and Italy was a good basis to work on future launches.
"But it's also clear that apart from getting Vega-C and Ariane 6 onto the launch pad and engaging with micro launchers, we have to think about the future, and this, for me, it is a crisis in terms of independent access to space for Europe. It is clear to me that in the future we will need some changes. I do not yet have the solution, but it is something I am willing to address and discuss with stakeholders."


Just wondering: What ever happened to calling a game from the bleachers? I distinctly remember as a wee lad, sitting in our basement on a bed of red and black shag carpet, surrounded by Transformers and He-Man action figures, watching Harry Caray and Steve Stone drunkenly call a game from the bleachers. The bleachers! The more you think about that, it is just classic. It's ballsy, spontaneous, fun, ill-advised and something you would only see at Wrigley Field. I suppose it was, in essence, 'vintage Harry', but what I wouldn't give to listen to Pat Hughes and Ron Santo call a game from the (Bud Light...eck) bleachers. Harry even upped the ante by doing it shirtless once. What a stalwart. What a stallion. Let it be said, that if in this post-9/11 society that we live in, Bob Brenly and Len Kasper were to call a game from the bleachers (Brenly being the shirtless one, clearly), it would change the face of the game in a way unseen since Jackie Robinson. That may be an blatant exaggeration, but I will do anything to prove my point. America needs many things, but shirtless, drunken announcers is at the top of the list.


Chief Executive of the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF), David Grevemberg CBE heads up the organisation responsible for the Commonwealth Games, the Commonwealth Youth Games and many other initiatives that inspire Commonwealth athletes to drive the ambition and impact of all Commonwealth citizens through sport.
Previously Chief Executive of the highly successful Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games, David's wealth of experience as a professional athlete and world-renowned sport administrator underpinned the delivery of an outstanding Commonwealth Games in 2014. David's relationship management and significant networks across national and international governments, international sporting federations and business and cultural influencers has driven the Commonwealth Game's brand to new heights of recognition on the world sporting stage.
David spent considerable time on the Gold Coast in the lead up to, and during the Commonwealth Games, overseeing project delivery and sharing his expertise and guidance with the Gold Coast 2018 executive team. The successful hosting of the Games was a key influence in securing the Sport Accord conference on the Gold Coast, a legacy opportunity he says will again showcase the city to the world as an outstanding destination to host major events.
A former competitive wrestler, and native of New Orleans, America, David spent much of his career at the International Paralympic Committee prior to joining the Commonwealth Sports Movement. In recognition of his services to the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games, in 2016 David was appointed by Her Majesty The Queen as an honorary Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE).


WANT A SCOOP OF THE ACTION?
We work with some of the regions best loved restaurants, hotels and other fine food outlets, so you can be assured that you are in safe hands.
Seasonality and locally sourced ingredients are at the very heart of The Cowlick® philosophy. As a south west producer, we have an abundance of amazing produce right on our doorstep, which makes our ice creams even more scrumptious.
Our bespoke flavours vary from savoury sorbets and lively palate cleansers all the way through to rich, creamy ice creams to accompany the most delicious of deserts.
Why not challenge us to create something unique for your menu!
All of our ice cream is freshly made to order and delivered directly to your door. We can supply you with staple favourites, such as vanilla, chocolate and strawberry and also a wide variety of flavours depending on how adventurous you're feeling - the choice is yours!
Our specialist wholesale service operates throughout Devonshire and beyond. We are always looking for new stockists of our delicious ice cream.
We can deliver our products directly to your door, using our temperature controlled courier service.
We supply Napoli tubs as well as 2 and 4 litre tubs for the catering trade. We also hand-tub 125ml and 500ml for retail sales. Our prices are always competitive and we are sure we can work with you to ensure that your business needs are met.
We are always happy to discuss our products, so please get in touch if you would like to know more about our services.


Halsey's "Hopeless Fountain Kingdom" Is A Modern Telling Of "Romeo & Juliet"
Halsey made a profound statement when her debut album BADLANDS took over the pop and indie scene. Taking her from the suburbs of Newark right to the grand stage of Madison Square Garden, Halsey went on a journey in the era of BADLANDS and took some time to get the next one going. Now she's back, and Halsey builds a narrative in Hopeless Fountain Kingdom, and while the music doesn't always support the quality, the story brings a nice change.
Halsey introduces the story of the album with 'The Prologue,' the album's beginning track. It sets up the scene in a similar fashion to Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet, with a modern-day taste to it. If you move past the pretentious side to this, it's a solid way of introducing the album. The first full track of the record, '100 Letters,' brings an ethnic start to the album, its Indian drums providing a nice new sound for her to experiment with. The song follows the idea of a couple trying to repair a breaking relationship. It almost goes hand in hand with the prologue; though, instead of two forbidden lovers trying to make it work, it's two lovers trying to repair a forsaken love. It does, however, have the same idea of foreshadowing: the couple breaks up, just like how Romeo and Juliet both die.
The idea of two forbidden lovers was toyed with in the video for the lead single 'Now Or Never.' This plays more closely to the idea of Romeo & Juliet: two enemy factions faced with two of their members falling in love. The atmospheric sound gives the song a sense of intimacy, the choruses expanding as Halsey begs "I want you to hold me down." It's a nice song that certainly fits the narrative, but lacks a sense of sonic climax. It just doesn't feel like ti goes anywhere. The same is true of previous track 'Alone,' it's vintage vibe offering a cool vibe but doesn't amount to much.
There are plenty of great moments on the album that everything comes together. The drama of 'Lie' is assisted by Migos' Quavo, both sides of the couple both pondering over the toxicity of their relationship. Quavo comes in as a surprise over the dark instrumental after Halsey anthemically brings it in with the first verse. The pre-chorus damningly chants "All I'm sayin' is if you don't love me no more then why lie?" 'Walls Could Talk' comes in with a neo-baroque sound (that is, a playful, dinky vibe by strings accentuated by thick, dark synths) as Halsey creepily chants. 'Bad Love' follows with a dark, melodic synth with a charming melody to top it, Halsey's belting in the choruses really coming out strong.
At the core of the record is the piano ballad 'Sorry,' which in many ways is also the heart of the album. It's a revealing track, Halsey singing about her insecurities and all the details and memories she keeps with her. She somberly sings in the chorus, "So I'm sorry to my unknown lover / Sorry that I can't believe / That anybody ever really / Starts to fall in love with me," apologizing for her own insecurities that came with the past. In many ways, that's what this album is all about: how things can fall apart in the face of who you are. By its end, yes, the couple has broken up and their time has come, but that's okay. When love dies, so can your soul, but if you can keep it alive, than you can start fresh and continue on. Your story does not end, just as the story of Hopeless Fountain Kingdom doesn't. Love and life is a journey that does not end unless you let it.
Halsey's Hopeless Fountain Kingdom is a modern telling of Romeo & Juliet in many ways. What is most important about it is that is teaches us that there isn't an end. Tragedy may come, and tragedy may leave, but we will always continue. Halsey's dramatic approach to the story comes in a way to really makes us understand the nature of these things, and lets us leave with a more confident approach. You can strive for continuation - that is the real take away.


PhoenixMotorsport offers a polishing and chromium plating service for the dedicated car enthusiast, to both enhance the appearance and to protect their investment. We can also copper, zinc and nickel plate purely for corrosion resistance.
Chromium plating alone does not give that "mirror shine" we all associate with chrome plating. The item must be polished prior to plating for this finish as chroming alone will produce a bright, but not shiny finish.
As all our polishing is done by hand using a large buffing wheel, it is not possible to polish inside small nooks and crannies so there will inevitably be shielded areas where the hand polisher cannot buff. We are more than happy to chrome plate your own polished parts should you wish to polish these areas with a tiny buffing wheel (such as a Dremel).
We mainly chrome plate steel items, but are able to plate alloy parts also, but due to the "breathability" of aluminium and the various qualities of it, there is no warranty on this service. Magnesium cannot be plated, only polished.
Any chrome plated parts will require some routine maintenance of cleaning, and application of a protective wax where possible because whilst resisting rust, it is not immune to it and regular cleaning and polishing will extend it's life enormously.
Brackets, clamps, nuts and bolts can all benefit from chroming as well as some major items such as cam covers, engine pulleys, springs and linkages. Please note that if the item to be plated is badly corroded, it may be impossible to retrieve a mirror surface finish and a new item should be found.
All items sent for polishing/plating must be cleaned of oil and grease or a surcharge will be applied. Old chrome or paint is not a problem.


iFDG is proud to present the Airbus A321. The aircraft model includes most of the standard features including animated control surfaces, wingviews, flaps, full lighting configuration, highly detailed, reflective textures, and dynamic shine. This example is painted in the current scheme of US Airways (N163US). Livery by Clemens Pieper.
Tail decal of US Airways Airbus A321-211.
The archive 321usa.zip has 55 files and directories contained within it.


Corop is a rural locality at the intersection of the Midland Highway and the Waranga Western Channel in northern Victoria. It is 15 km south-east of Rochester. Corop was the name of a pastoral run taken up by Edward Curr in 1843. It is thought that the name was derived from an Aboriginal word meaning the call of the brolga. The shallow waters of Lake Cooper, about one kilometre south of Corop, were a habitat for brolga and other water birds.
Corop also had the offices of the local water works trust during the 1880s, and a butter and cheese factory was opened in 1893. The Waranga Western irrigation channel (1909) passes near Corop and irrigates crops, notably tomatoes.
Corop has since diminished as a local commercial centre, although the general store continues. The library with 4000 volumes was recorded as existing into the 1960s; other recreational facilities have substituted, outdoors on Green Lake, north of Corop, and tennis courts in the recreation reserve. The former school, Anglican church and Presbyterian church are privately owned.
South of Corop there are the Lake Cooper winery and the Corop wetlands.
At the 2011 census farming and horticulture accounted for 49.6% of employment.


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Home Entertainment Anime Bungou Stray Dogs Season 4 Release Date & Time, Where To...
Anime Bungou Stray Dogs Season 4 Release Date & Time, Where To Watch, Preview
Keshav Sharma
Bungou Stray Dogs is one of the most beloved manga series of all time and has a huge fanbase. The series already has 3 seasons and fans are eagerly waiting for the upcoming season. People on social are posting reels and sharing reels and using hashtags on Twitter. The popular series created by Kafka Asagiri and illustrated gained massive popularity in the anime industry. Here in this article, we are going to tell you about BUngou Stray Dogs Storyline, Release Date, Cast, and many more.
1 Bungou Stray Dogs Season 4 Preview
2 Bungou Stray Dogs Season 4 Release Date & Time
Bungou Stray Dogs Season 4 Preview
Talking about the storyline, the series tells the story of Atsushi Nakajima. Atsushi is an orphaned teenager, who was abruptly kicked out of the orphanage one day homeless and penniless on the streets. Later in the episode, we got to know that it happens because of the stranger's superpower he has. One fine day when Atsushi was roaming around he saved the life of a man as he was trying to commit suicide.
The name of that man was Osamu Dazai and after talking to him he got to know about Atsushi's superpower which can turn him into a berserker white tiger in the moonlight. The detective suggests Atsushi to his group which has many people like Atsushi who have superpowers to solve strange cases that are difficult and complex for normal police to solve
Atsushi joined the group and started solving strange cases. Later, in the show, we came across different characters who wanted to destroy the group of Osamu Dazai or the city. Our heroes kept fighting with them and try to stop them. As the show progressed, we also got introduced to more characters such as Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and more. The book-lover writer has created the characters with whom they can relate, so he named these people accordingly.
Bungou Stray Dogs Season 4 Release Date & Time
Talking about the release date the first episode of Bungou Stray Dogs aired on April 7th, 2016 while the second season was released in the same year on October 6th and 3rd, and the last season was released on April 12th, 2019, and ended on June 28th, 2019. The 4th season of the show will air on January 4, 2023. Fans are so excited and waiting for the upcoming season of the show. As per reports, the next season of Bungou Stray Dogs is expected to be released on January 4th, 2023. To get more updates and the latest news across the world stay connected with socialtelecast.com
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Philippine Government Supports the Outsourcing Industry
Outsource to Philippines February 13, 2009 Outsourcing News
Aside from the wide support gained by the outsourcing industry from foreign and local business entities, the Philippine government is providing technical and financial assistance to the industry. In the 2006 State of the Nation Address (SONA) made by former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, she mentioned her "Ten-Point Agenda" that focuses on the improvement of the Outsourcing and Offshoring Industry to improve the economic status of the country.
It includes the attempt to establish a Philippine Cyber Corridor (PCC), an interconnected center of technology-related services that will spread itself across the country. Included in this Information and Communications Technology (ICT) belt are outsourcing companies that provide Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO), medical transcription, and software development. The corridor will serve as a home for this industry that will cater to foreign and local outsourcing businesses.
During the 2006 State of the Nation Address (SONA) where the "Super Regions" was discussed, the President declared seven areas as Tier 1. This will provide Metro Manila and the University Belt with high-speed Internet connectivity and powerful online networks.. The coverage of the project will range about 600 miles from the city of Baguio all the way to Zamboanga, focusing on new wave cities like Sta. Rosa, Legaspi, Naga, Tagbiliran, Tacloban, Dumaguete, and Bacolod. Cebu and Subic Clark were also mentioned in addition to 20 more areas that were identified as potential ICT centers in the country.
The project aims to connect the countryside and isolated regions of the country and encourage more investments in the fields of Information Technology and communications. Primarily, it will host a number of contact centers and outsourcing companies around the country while identifying other potential locations for further growth of the outsourcing industry.
In 2006, the outsourcing industry was able to employ 244,000 workers for ICT- related jobs, and is expected to increase in the next five years. Through the Philippine support for the outsourcing industry, the country is beginning to now recognized worldwide for its quality service and performance in the field of outsourcing.
Philippine Outsourcing Still Standing Amid Tragedy
Aquino Forecasts a $100B Profit from BPO in 2020
Global Outsourcing Industry: A Year After Trump's Inauguration
Are BPO Companies in the Philippines Here to Stay?


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package Codility;

import java.util.HashMap;

/*
 * Author : Haridarshan H.S.
 * Link : https://codility.com/programmers/task/dominator
 */

public class _L0601LeaderDominator {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		System.out.println(solution(new int[]{3,4,3,2,3,-1,3,3}));
	}
	public static int solution(int[] A)
	{
		HashMap<Integer, Integer> elementMap=new HashMap<>();
		elementMap.put(A[0], 1);
		int max=1;
		for (int i = 1; i < A.length; i++) {
			int element=A[i];
			if(elementMap.containsKey(element))
			{
				elementMap.put(element,elementMap.get(element)+1);
				if(elementMap.get(element)>max)
				{
					max=elementMap.get(element);
				}
			}
			else{
				elementMap.put(element,1);
			}
		}
		return max>A.length/2?max:-1;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Герцовцы () — село в Кольчинской поселковой общине Мукачевского района Закарпатской области Украины.

Население по переписи 2001 года составляло 79 человек. Почтовый индекс — 89630. Телефонный код — 3131. Занимает площадь 0,175 км². Код КОАТУУ — 2122786602.

Ссылки
 Герцовцы на сайте Верховной рады Украины
 Административно-территориальное устройство Закарпатской области

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: ajax jquery concept in php I am trying to use ajax jquery concept in my application, which is new to me. I have written out the code. But not getting exact output. My code is like:

<form name="ajax" id="ajax" method="post" action="">
 Username: <input type="text" name="username" id="username" />

 Password: <input type="text" name="pass" id="pass" value="" />

 <input type="submit" name="sub_btn" id="sub_btn" value="Login" />
</form>

and in the bin/login-process.php file I just echo "hello".
Now if I am trying to run this page,I am getting the alert message("Fail") but that is for a very very short time and it again redirects to the same page. But I don't want to disappear the alert message until user clicks on the "ok" button.

A: change your button type from submit to button like this
<input type="button" name="sub_btn" id="sub_btn" value="Login" />

as this is submitting your form with normal POST method, that's why your page is getting redirected.
for checking returned output write your success function like this
success: function(response){
    alert("Success :"+response);
}

A: You have two ways to fix this problem.
1. Change the button type to "button"

<input type="button" name="sub_btn" id="sub_btn" value="Login" />

2. Modify your click handler

$(document).ready(function(){
    $('#sub_btn').click(function(event){
        event.preventDefault();

Reason:
When you add a submit button to your form, clicking the button trigger a submit event hence submit the form to the provided action, in your case you want to submit your form using Ajax so your should prevent the default behavior by adding event.preventDefault() that means you are preventing default action of the event.
Suggestion:
Instead of hooking click event of the button, hook the submit event of the form, after all people can also submit your form but hitting "Enter" key. This will work for both mouse click and keyboard Enter key.
$(document).ready(function(){
    $('#ajax').submit(function(event){
        event.preventDefault();

A: Simply update your click handler function like this:
$('#sub_btn').click(function(e){
    e.preventDefault();
    ....//all your other code here.

Problem here is that you do not stop default action which is form submit.
Some details about preventDefault
Another option is to add return false; at the end of you click function.

I am getting the alert message("Fail") but that is for a very very
  short time

When you click button, your function is executed and ajax request is started. But you do not stop default action (submit) and browser submit your form as usual. That terminates execution of your ajax call which results in error callback being called.

A: Please note that the success function is being called incase of an HTTP success (200), so you must be throwing an http error (such as unauthorized), to get the error callback, a more regular way of doing so, is by outputting json in the server, something along the lines of:
$response['Success'] = false;
if ($user = User::tryLogin($username, $password)){
  $response['Success'] = true;
}
echo json_encode($response);

and in the jquery success function, you'll need to do something along the lines:
$('#sub_btn').click(function(){
  var username = $('#username').val();
  var password = $('#pass').val();

  $.post("bin/login-process.php", {username : username, password : password}, function(data){
    if (data.Success){
    // login success
    }
    else{
    // login failed
    }
  },"json");
});

A: Use This:

    <form name="ajax" id="ajax" method="post" action="">
     Username: <input type="text" name="username" id="username" />

     Password: <input type="text" name="pass" id="pass" value="" />

     <input type="button" name="sub_btn" id="sub_btn" value="Login" />
    </form>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The economist's real job: to save the public from itself
Alexander Salter
The economic way of thinking teaches us to look beyond the "good intentions" of government policy. Instead it brings into focus the unintended effects of those policies — effects that otherwise might elude us.[1]
Suppose the public demands a higher minimum wage to benefit the working poor. The law is passed, workers earn a higher wage, and the public erroneously concludes that the law has unambiguously promoted human welfare. They are focusing only on the obvious effects of the law, and ignoring the secondary, often hidden and unintentional, effects.
The workers who are made better off by minimum wage laws — and yes, they do exist — are easily observable. The public frequently misses those who are made worse off, especially those who can no longer find employment at the higher mandated wage.
The economist must educate the public on the actual consequences of public policies like these.
This way of thinking is often counterintuitive, and even when it is understood, it is often deeply unpopular.
Questioning the Economic Way of Thinking
Even worse, the most ardent opponents of this view of the economist's public role are often economists themselves. Many economists who engage in public intellectualism are also scholars. The scholar's goal is to get published in reputable scientific outlets, and the publication process almost always rewards novelty. As such, there is never any shortage of articles questioning not only particular conclusions of the economic way of thinking, but the economic way of thinking itself.
Some scholars suggest that humans may be so frequently irrational that economists can say very little about the consequences of particular public policies. Others argue — more than 200 years since Adam Smith! — that we know almost nothing about what makes some countries rich and some countries poor, and that the only way to find out is to run controlled experiments in developing countries to see what "works."
These approaches are well-intentioned and can produce good scholarship. But they also damage economics as a discipline. If there is no constancy to human behavior — if there are no deep-level laws that describe how individuals attempt to make themselves as well off, as they see it, as they can — then there really is no such thing as economics as a discipline, because economics is fundamentally the study of human action.
Why We Can't Have It All
To conclude that there are no fundamental laws of human behavior implies that the only thing preventing the world from looking exactly as we would like it to is political willpower. There are no natural constraints; there is only choice. There is no economic way of thinking; there are just particular empirical results, which may or may not be generalizable.
It is the first duty of economists in the public square to defend the economic way of thinking.
It is the first duty of economists in the public square to defend the economic way of thinking over the wishful way of thinking and to educate the public about why many of our desires cannot be satisfied by adopting the policies that the public thinks will work.
In this sense, the economist is a public guardian who points out the constraints that often require us to make difficult trade-offs. Do we mandate a higher wage for entry-level jobs, knowing that a higher wage will benefit those who are skilled enough to earn that higher wage while pushing those who aren't out of the job market? Or do we eliminate the minimum wage so that more people can get jobs, even if those jobs don't pay as well?
Nobody likes being told there is no such thing as a free lunch.
The economist must engage in the unpopular task of protecting the public from itself. This is often an activity that the public strongly dislikes. Nobody likes being told there is But it is incredibly important. Unless someone reminds the public that free lunches are illusory, they may never figure out how to get a meal in the first place.
[1] As economist and educator Paul Heyne put it, the economic way of thinking starts with the realization that all social phenomena emerge from individuals' purposeful decision-making, based on expected future costs and benefits.
Prof. Salter is an Assistant Professor of Economics in the Rawls College of Business, and the Comparative Economics Research Fellow with the Free Market Institute, at Texas Tech University. Salter was…	read more
goals of economics
importance of studying economics
what is economics
Learn Liberty Turns 7
Free trade lets us turn corn into cars.


text:
Associated academic departments
The Museum is embedded within the Department of Zoology.
The collection is Accredited and Designated.
The Museum has 8.94 full time equivalent staff.
Website |
Research catalogue |
Museum of Zoology Blog |
Vertebrate Collections: Mathew Lowe
Invertebrate Collections & Archives: Russell Stebbings
General museum: Jack Ashby
Read research case studies from the Museum of Zoology
The Museum of Zoology is one of the country's largest and most important natural history museums, with over two million modern and fossil specimens from across the world.
The specimens we hold are a record of life on earth collected over the past 200 years, all too many from animals now that are extinct.
Embedded within the University's Department of Zoology, and physically sharing a building with the Cambridge Conservation Initiative (the world's largest coming together of international environmental NGOs, dedicated to helping to conserve biodiversity for future generations), a key strategic theme of the museum is environmental conservation. The Vertebrate Store houses our non-avian dry collections of both fossil and recent vertebrates. Bones and fossils of everything from Aardvarks to Zebras are available for researchers to access. For example, thylacince DNA has been analysed from this collection. Over 250,000 shells and slides collected around the globe fill the Invertebrate Store. Many were collected in the Mediterranean and Red Sea before the Suez Canal opened in 1869, giving scientists a glimpse at which species have moved to this artificial waterway. Over one million pinned insects collected over the past 200 years are stored in the Insect Room. These are a critical record of environmental change and therefore a key area of active research for the Museum. 30,000 study skins and bones of birds, as well as over 10,000 clutches of eggs form the collections in the Bird Room. The collections contain many of the Museum's most iconic treasures including great auks, dodos and passenger pigeons. There are over 20,000 jars in the Spirit Store filled with the soft tissue remains of vertebrates and invertebrates preserved in alcohol and formaldehyde.
Our collections and academic outputs lead and support on environmental conservation research, and it is a principal theme in our interpretation and public and formal learning programmes. Our taxonomic and evolutionary research strands, explaining the origin of biodiversity and describing its distribution, are a significant complementary strength. Our curators' research interests include systematics, ecology, evolution, and palaeontology. Molecular techniques and modern scanning methods are transforming the way we work. The University Museum of Zoology includes research programmes that study major aspects of animal life. Current programmes include:
Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics
Conservation Biology and Ecology
Vertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution
Other areas of interest include museums as sites of scientific communication, and as biased windows onto the natural world.
Museology and public engagement
Planning Timeframe
Exhibitions are planned at least one year ahead; for public programmes please allow approximately six-nine months.


text:
Home > Sermons > Rabbi O' Weekly Parsha:…
Rabbi O' Weekly Parsha: Ki Tavo (Deuteronomy 26:1-29:8 ) Did Woody Allen Get It Wrong?
The following dialogue is from the film Manhattan:
Yale: You are so self-righteous, you know. I mean we're just people. We're just human beings, you know? You think you're God.
Isaac: I . . . I gotta model myself after someone.
Can one mode oneself after G-d? According to classical Jewish wisdom, the answer is yes; in fact, it is an obligation. This presents a theological question: how can a human, who is finite, emulate an all knowing and omnipotent Being? One of the sources of the answer is found in this week's Torah reading.
G-d will establish you before Him as a sacred nation as He has promised you when you observe the commandments…and you go in His ways. (Deut. 28:9)
How do we go in G-d's ways? What are the expectations established by this imperative and how can one evaluate if (s)he is being successful in achieving it? The Talmud (Sotah 14a) discusses some of the characteristics of G-d. He clothes the naked (Adam and Eve), visits the sick (Abraham), comforts the mourning (Abraham, after Sarah's death), buries the dead (Moses) and so on. By doing these things, says the Talmud, we will be considered walking in the ways of G-d. The Talmud also states "one should be similar to G-d; just as He is compassionate and merciful so should you be. Just as He is kind, so too are we to be kind.
How are we meant to understand this mitzvah in light of the fact that the Torah has already given many commandments requiring us to treat others as we would want to be treated; giving charity, helping the downtrodden and so many other directives that require us to come out of our selfish selves. When doing these mitzvot, aren't we emulating G-d? What is unique about this commandment?
The fact that there is a specific mitzvah requiring us to emulate the ways of the Almighty, is an obvious acknowledgement that the other commandments do not provide guidance in every conceivable situation that a person encounters. It's not enough to just be kind or compassionate, there appears to be something more required of us. The Medieval commentator Ralbag (1288-1344) explains that even though we might be kind or compassionate in a given situation, sometimes a person might face a challenge in which (s)he is unsure how to proceed; there is no Torah precedent or specific mandate to follow. In such instances, we are to strive to emulate or imitate G-d. If we are unsure how to act, then we should be kind, slow to anger, etc.
Ralbag adds an additional point. The Torah is the Jew's instruction book for good living. Whether it is birth, marriage, business, or even death, there is a mitzvah-i.e. directive-explaining to us what the Almighty wants from us. The mitzvot are about action, both positive and negative, (don't murder, steal, commit adultery, worship idols; be kind, judge favorably, don't be cruel to animals, et al.) and instruct us how to act and how not to act. However, the commandment to emulate G-d focuses not on our actions but rather on our character. It is not enough for us to merely act properly and to abstain from incorrect behavior, we must also refine our character. G-d is without flaw, something that can't be said of any human being, and although we can't ever reach that level, we can strive to develop our character in His image. In short, this mitzvah pushes us to demand of ourselves that we not only focus on what we do but also on who we are.
Two outcomes emanate from this approach. When there is no clear Torah mandate, we are to exercise our personal judgment. However, the absence of well-defined mandate in a particular situation does not mean that we are free to do as we please. We are required to act in a manner that emulates the ways of G-d. Secondly, we are required to integrate the virtues ascribed to G-d into our character and personality; a Jew's life is not just about acting properly, we must direct our attention not only to act in a specific way but also to focus on who we are. The following story involves Rav Chaim Ozer Grodzinski (1863-1940), Rabbi of Vilna and the greatest authority on halacha (Jewish law) before WWII. People around the world corresponded with him regarding various matters in both individual and communal Jewish life.
One year during the Sukkot festival, a guest came to his home to eat in his Sukkah. R' Chaim Ozer excused himself saying that due to his old age it was uncomfortable for him to sit in the Sukkah; he then excused himself from joining his guest. He mentioned the halachah (point of Jewish law) that "one who is uncomfortable due to the cold or heat in a Sukkah is exempt from being there," and retired to the house. The young guest, however, who felt fine (i.e healthy) remained in the Sukkah. A short while later, R' Chaim Ozer emerged from the house and returned to sit with his guest in the Sukkah. Realizing the guest was perplexed, R' Chaim Ozer explained, that his feeling a bit cold might have exempted him from the mitzvah of Sukkah but not from being kind and performing the mitzvah of welcoming and hosting guests (hachnasat orchim). His being was one of kindness, and he allowed it to penetrate into his very essence. He didn't have to sit in the Sukkah but he wanted to because of the person he had become. We are not in this world merely to act properly, we are here to focus on who we are so that we can become the exemplary people we want to be.
Next time someone is upset with you and accuses you of "thinking you are G-d," is "I gotta model myself after someone" the right answer? In Jewish consciousness we would say, "I am obviously not G-d but I use His model of kindness, compassion, and patience as the paradigm to which I live my life." It's not pie in the sky fufu dust, it is one of the mitzvot of the Torah, which means it is within our reach. May all of us strive to lead our lives this way.
(Sources: Rambam,Sefer HaMitzvos, 8;Sotah 14a; Shabbos 133b; Ralbag, Devarim 28,toeles 4;Shulchan Aruch,Orach Chaim 640:4)
Rabbi O's Weekly Parsha:…
Rabbi O's Weekly-…


Anthony Perrego had an incredible 2018 season that included 18 victories while on his way to a Modified championship at the Orange County Fair Speedway. For the Montgomery, N.Y., driver it was a career year and one that was good enough to open up doors for the 24-year-old. The success has led to a new opportunity, one that will see him competing on the Super DIRTcar Series for car owner Ray Graham.
Perrego joins the Graham Racing stable as he takes over the seat vacated by Peter Britten. For Perrego, it is his first opportunity to travel north on a regular basis. He's been a mainstay in the American Racer Tire circuits, but this new ride offers him the chance to hit the road to apply his trade with some of the best in the business while gaining more experience competing on Hoosier Tires. He raced on Hoosier Tiers at the Orange County Fair Speedway, which was obviously a success. Central New York will be an entirely different animal.
Perrego joins veteran driver Danny Johnson at Graham Racing. He is hopeful that he'll be able to work with Johnson to help make the transition to the slicker track conditions he'll face quicker. Johnson has spent a lifetime racing in Upstate New York with tons of success. Perrego will look to him for guidance during the season.
Perrego will have busy schedule with Graham as the plan is to run the entire Super DIRTcar Series with the team. He'll also continue driving for Brian Smith on the Short Track Super Series. The team hopes to make every north region event as well as the south region which will be a combination effort with Delaware car owner Gary Simpson. This is all joined by weekly competition at the Orange County Fair Speedway.
Even though it will be his first year on the Super DIRTcar Series trail, Perrego is coming into this new opportunity with high expectations. He doesn't just want to be competitive, he expects to win. He's also confident that'll he'll be finishing near the top of the points at the conclusion of the season.
This year there will be a bit of a learning curve for Perrego, but there is no doubt the young gun has the ability to compete on the Super DIRTcar Series. He's set high goals and he would be a good bet to reach them.


text:
Q: Can't even make the Bootstrap carousel example code work. Specifically the prev and next buttons I was exploring the basics of Bootstrap and everything seemed to worked fine(the very basic stuff, tables, col, etc.). However, I tried to make a carousel by following the example on the bootstrap website and it didn't work. The carousel appeared fine with everything but the next and prev buttons did nothing.
So I just copied the example on the website directly and the same thing happens, everything is there but non-functional. I was using the bootstrap files given to me by WebStorm but I changed it to the CDN links as a troubleshooting step to no avail.
I tried in Edge and Chrome too. [edit]I also tried a suggestion that I found on SO to change the anchor tags to button tags for the buttons but it didn't work[/edit]
Am I missing a dependency somewhere? I believe I have everything I need:

*

*bootstrap.min.css

*bootstrap.bundled.min.js

*jquery.min.js

Thank you.
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.1.3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css">
    <title>Title</title>

My Caption Title (1st Image)

The whole caption will only show up if the screen is at least medium size.

      <button class="carousel-control-prev" data-target="#carouselExampleIndicators" role="button" data-slide="prev">

          Previous
      </button>
      <button class="carousel-control-next" data-target="#carouselExampleIndicators" role="button" data-slide="next">

          Next
      </button>

A: Like @CBroe pointed out in the comment there was a version mismatch, the code was for Bootstrap 4.0 and the Bootstrap version I was using was 5.0.


text:
Gotenba  es una ciudad de la Prefectura de Shizuoka, Japón. Su área es de 194 km² y su población total es de 88 896 (2012).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Shizuoka


An inspired collaboration between filmmakers Emma Davie and Peter Mettler, Becoming Animal is a different kind of nature film, tracing how we sense the 'more than human' world and exploring how it also senses us. An immersive audiovisual quest, it traces a journey to the Grand Teton Park in North America with the influential American environmental philosopher David Abram (The Spell of the Sensuous) to explore how the written word and technology has affected how we see. We pique our senses to witness the so-called natural world — which in turn witnesses us, prompting us to reflect on the very essence of what it means to inhabit our animal bodies.
Becoming Animal traces a journey through Grand Teton Park in North America that challenges audiences to ask questions about how we see, hear and sense what is around us, in the places where humans and animals meet. Becoming Animal embraces the audio-visual sensory tools of cinema to trace how the written word and technology has affected how we see. We pique our senses to witness the so-called natural world —which in turn witnesses us, prompting us to reflect on the very essence of what it means to inhabit our animal bodies.
Shot in and around the Grand Teton National Park, with its dizzying diversity of wildlife, trails of curious humans in RVs and billion-year-old geology, Becoming Animal is a geyser of provocative ideas and heightened sensations related to the ubiquitous circuitry that connects us to our ever-shifting surroundings. A snail's body becomes an immense landscape as the soundscape immerses us in shivering leaves, rushing rivers and the weird spacey pitch of elk calls at night.
Driven by wonder, curiosity and a desire for balance between ecological and technological imperatives, Becoming Animal is an invitation to explore our relationship with this "more than human world" and recognize it for what it is: an exquisitely intricate system in which everything is alive and expressive; humans, animals and landscapes are inextricably interdependent, and there is no such thing as an empty space.
Emma had read David Abram's books when they first came out, and was deeply affected by them. We had discussed the ideas, but at the time had never thought of making a film directly related to them. However, after Emma attended a workshop with David four years ago, she saw the transformative effects his words and ideas had on those who were present, and this led her to ask him if he would consider embarking on a film project as an experiment. Peter was a natural choice for a collaborator, as his work possesses a similar transformative quality. We had discussed extensively over the years of our friendship how the current ecological crisis was a crisis of perception as much as anything – this film was a way of examining some important aspects of the meaning and implications of that crisis.
Of course, within this question there is already an important separation: we describe "nature" as something fundamentally apart from ourselves. This is a central paradox that we were always aware of and engaged with throughout the process of making Becoming Animal. Although the film is about our urge to exist beyond our limited notion of self and other – to claim a more expanded sense of being that connects us to everything – there is also an additional aspect that even to think this realization is to already be one step removed from the immediacy of experience. So the perennial question of how the mind both liberates and limits is also present, and film, with its endless hall of mirrors, can reflect this. We hope the film exists in a space in which the cumulative effect of David's ideas, woven into a cinematic journey, will start to create new links in the minds of the audience, resonating with their own deep questions about these themes.
Near the beginning of the film, Emma states: "Nature is a tricky word – one that separates us from it." We both wrestle with this relationship while making films, as everyone does in their own respective ways. The fact that we have created this word to indicate an environment that is conceptualized as somehow separate from ourselves seems inherently problematic. It's likely that this notion of separation is one of the reasons we are not more protective of the places and ecosystems we belong to. If we consider ourselves as part of nature, and nature part of us, then we might take much better care of the worlds we inhabit.
Using image and sound recording technologies in this day and age is, of course, a fascinatingly poignant proposition. So much of our experience and knowledge now comes to us exclusively through media. It seems appropriate then to consider an approach that accepts this media as part of our evolution as well – as part of "nature." For better or worse, this is where we are at; we watch the world through our personal and cultural recordings and transmissions. We engage our devices even as we walk through forests, committing recordings to a bank of memory and displaced time. It is a paradox to make a film about our senses and the connection to our surroundings, while also addressing how these technologies have changed our relationships to our surroundings. But that is exactly what we wanted to embrace, so that as one watches the film there is an awareness of the mediated nature of the experience of cinema itself. This is why at times you will hear the rustling, breathing animal (Peter) that holds the camera as he makes his way through the brush, and why you see the crew, cameras, and David – our "guide" – intermittently throughout. This layer provides a way to better understand what we are all going through, whether as filmmakers, tourists, or as a cultural audience.
One of the audience members said that, at the end of the film, they felt their relationship with the chair they were sitting on had changed – they felt they were more in connection with it. Others have talked of how the film made them see the colours on a fly differently, or that they had to stop in order to look at a tree and sense the movement it made. Any response which shifts perception and wakes us up to an awareness of being part of the natural world, as opposed to separate from it is welcome!
We talked a lot in advance and shared bits of David's work that interested us, and divided this material into themes. Rather comically, at one point during the production we tried to synchronize our notebooks. Finding strategies for being on the same page was important, but this collaboration had already started before the film began, through discussions and shared enthusiasms that developed between us over the years. Peter was the cinematographer, although both of us decided on the visual language of the film. Emma collaborated with David, and helped him edit his words. Both of us were equally involved in editing and shaping the material into its current form, which involved a long process of editorial propositions including the writing of our own bits of voiceover. Both of us, along with David, have been circling the ideas presented in the film for many years, and this chemistry of collaboration was able to bring together three varied perspectives on themes that are very important to each of us.
The sound is comprised of sometimes subtle, realist, natural environmental soundscapes, in combination with human creations of choral and electronic compositions, all applied separately to specific scenes. Near the beginning of the film we hear elk mating calls at night, which David describes as something that "seems to really set the context, for even all of our human music making." On one hand, we encounter the quiet of animals munching and the ambience of wilderness or rushing water, and on the other hand, the sounds of our technologies and our culture – our modern expressions of being. It was a tricky balance to find in the mix. It's surprisingly challenging to record and reproduce the subtlety of wilderness without imposing one's own creative influences. We were also considerate of David's idea that our language has evolved from the sounds of the natural world, like the "russsshhhhhh" of water.
While it is important to show calamity, destruction, or injustice, it is not enough to only see these types of representations. How did we let these things happen? What has conditioned us to see the way we see, to relate to the life around us in the way we do? It is essential to engage in opposition and find corrective measures for major problems like our relationship to the environment, but this also demands a deeper associative perception into the states of our being – especially in relation to the wider non-human world. Empathy, awareness and reciprocity are qualities we hope Becoming Animal may evoke, to better understand our position as living beings in a living world.
A maximage and SDI Productions film in association with Creative Scotland in co-production with Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen SRF.


text:
Ban on photographs of headstones plan
A ban on photographing headstones in council-run cemeteries looks set to be enforced after concern was expressed about a headstone survey.
It follows a request to Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Council from a group who asked for permission to conduct a photographic survey of headstones within its cemeteries.
However, the council committee dealing with the matter have recommended refusing permission after seeking legal advice.
At a recent meeting some councillors had expressed concern that pictures of local headstones online may be used for criminal gains.
It is understood the initial project, at the request of the Church of the Latter Day Saints, commonly known as the Mormons, was to aid a global family ancestry project.
Church representative Brian Monroe had made a formal request to Kernan Cemetery office seeking permission to conduct the survey.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, in conjunction with Brigham Young University in Utah, provide a web-based app with GPS for headstone positioning and a website – BillionGraves.Com – which collects, organises and displays gravestones throughout the world.
Local Sinn Fein Cllr Gemma McKenna explained that, while the council owned the cemetery, the families owned the headstones, and she said permission would need to be sought from family members who may not want the photographs to go on the internet.
She said council "needed to be careful in dealing with this request" as it was "a very sensitive issue".
Councillor McKenna was told by a council official that people could request to have a photo removed; it had been highlighted that is was a public cemetery and anyone could come in and take pictures.
But Councillor McKenna reiterated that the issue was with the council granting permission for the pictures to be taken and published worldwide.
She was worried people could have concerns with this.
A Council official revealed that while it did not appear to be possible to prevent this type of activity taking place, they were currently seeking legal advice regarding what powers they could use.
They were also looking at what other local authorities were doing in relation to this growing activity which was a matter of deep concern.
A further report would be brought back when they were in receipt of a legal opinion.
The matter is due before the full council on November 23.
Serious oil spills leave several NI roads 'like sheets of glass'
Two people rushed to hospital after NI crash
Man found dead in Co Armagh home named locally
Shops get drop in rates but pubs see a large spike
Car stolen from Co Armagh town


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            camp : 'A'
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          for (var j = 0; j<$scope.pageG.length;j++) {
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          }

          $scope.$watch('currentPageG + numPerPageG', function() {
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              end = begin + $scope.numPerPageG;

            $scope.filteredPageG = $scope.pageG.slice(begin, end);
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          $scope.selectPageG = function(pageNumberG, $event) {
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      $scope.currentPageH = 1;
      $scope.numPerPageH = 10;
      $scope.maxSizeH = 5;
      $scope.pageH = [];
      $scope.makePageH = function() {
        $http({
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          url: protocol + '/' + 'freeboard' + '/api/list/',
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          for (var j = 0; j<$scope.pageH.length;j++) {
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      /* page */

    };

  }

  //console.log('done');

})();


text:
Imprints & Genres
MSP Original Titles
Martin & Miller Publishing
Just Us Books
Aspiring Authors
Most people are familiar with the Nazi atrocities of World War II committed against the Jews. Far less commonly known, however, are the experiences of the Poles of Eastern Poland at the hands of the occupying Soviet army.
Far From My Home, Never to Return: A Polish Child's WWII Memoir is a first-person account chronicling the dire peril and adversity endured and suffered by one of these Polish families through the eyes of a young the late Nadia Bogdaniec, who was only eight years old when the Soviets first arrived in her village in 1939.
Shortly after the Soviets' arrival, over a million Poles were forcefully deported by the Soviets from Eastern Poland to various regions of the USSR, including Siberia, to be worked or starved to death in the Soviet labor camps.
Most of them would never escape. This is a unique true story of hope and survival in the face of this utterly dire peril and extreme
adversity.
Print copy: $18.95
Kindle: $7.99
Nook: $7.99
Available in all other eBook formats.
Nadia Seluga was born (Jan. 1, 1931 - Dec. 30, 2020) in a small village in eastern Poland called Łunin. Łunin was in a beautiful part of Poland known as "Polesie." Unfortunately, Polesie is no longer a part of Poland, but is now within the boundaries of western Belarus.
Nadia and her family were deported in 1940 by the Soviets from their idyllic life in Polesie to work and starve in the soviet labor camps. They were lucky to finally manage to escape from the labor camps, but it was no easy journey. After leaving Siberia, they travelled through central Asia and Iran and eventually made it to the British Dominion of East Africa in Uganda, where they lived for a few years before finally moving back to the Western world sometime after the end of WWII. Sadly, however, they would never return to Poland. All the siblings, including Nadia, married and had children. They all now have grandchildren. Nadia, Marysia, and Janka are the only current surviving original members of the adversity detailed in Nadia's memoirs, Far From My Home, Never to Return: A Polish Child's WWII Memoir.
publishing books in the heart of Appalachia since 2010
Martin Sisters Publishing Company
submissions@martinsisterspublishing.com
© 2021 by Martin Sisters Publishing Company, Inc.


Honda introduces the brand new, fun and economical CB125E. Designed with Honda's renowned quality and durability, the CB125E is ideal for riders looking for a reliable, fuel efficient commuter machine.
A new addition to Honda's popular entry level line-up.
The new CB125e is priced competitively and offers value like no other motorcycle in the Honda range.
Like all motorcycles in the Honda range, the CB125E is strong and dependable with easy handling making certain it is perfect for first time riders.
The combination of style and practicality ensure the CB125E will be a fun and satisfying ride.
Perfect for learner riders, the CB125E is LAMS Approved [learner approved] which makes it a great bike to learn on.
A 124cc, air-cooled, single cylinder engine ensures the CB125e is ideal for quick trips around town, runs to uni or day trips to the beach.
Low, comfortableFront disc and rear drum brakes will offer first time riders' confidence in braking at any speed while the low, comfortable seat creates a confident riding position for riders of all proportions.
With unique Honda heritage styling, the CB125e will look great around town.
The CB125e will be available in three bright colours; Red, White and Blue.


I am 100% Chinese ;-). Now I live in Mechelen Belgium. My mother language is Mandarin Chinese. But I can speak very good Cantonese Chinese.
I have already some experience in tutoring Mandarin Chinese. Now I am still busy with tutoring Chinese. And it's absolute not a problem to help you on spoken Cantonese.
I can speak fluent English and good enough Dutch.
At this moment, I am available and flexible.
Remark: Price at student's home is only within 3.5km around Mechelen. If more than that, there will be an extra fee to discuss, and prefer a 2 hours lessons.
I am 100% Chinese ;-) . Now I live in Mechelen Belgium. My mother language is Mandarin Chinese. But I can speak very good Cantonese Chinese.
I'm easy going, mind open but straight and honest.
I have already some experience in tutoring Mandarin Chinese. Now I am still busy with tutoring Chinese.
Very pleased with this teacher. Very friendly and a clear system of teaching. Very much recommended!
Fijne en degelijke eerste les.
De 1ste les is heel goed meegevallen. Smaakt naar nog. Zeer aangename lerares.


text:
We use [pytest][Getting Started Guide] as our website test runner.
You will need to install `pytest` on your development machine if you want to download and run exercise tests for the Python track locally.
You should also install the following `pytest` plugins:

- [pytest-cache][pytest-cache]
- [pytest-subtests][pytest-subtests]

We also recommend using the code linting program [pylint][pylint], as it is part of our automated feedback on the website and can be a very useful static code analysis tool.
For ease-of-use, the [pytest-pylint][pytest-pylint] plugin for `pytest` will allow you to run `pylint` via `pytest` on the command line.

Pylint configuration can be a bit much, so this [tutorial from pycqa.org][tutorial from pycqa.org] can be helpful for getting started, as can this overview of [Code Quality: Tools and Best Practices][Code Quality: Tools and Best Practices] from Real Python.

## Installing pytest

Pytest can be installed and updated using the built-in Python utility [`pip`][pip].

For additional tips, Brett Cannon has a nice [quick-and-dirty guide on how to install packages for python][quick-and-dirty], along with a great explanation on [why you should use `python -m pip`][python-m-pip].
For more on Python's command line arguments, see [command line and environment][python command line] in the Python documentation.

**Note:** `Python3` and `py` may or may not be aliases for Python on your system.
Please adjust the install commands below accordingly.
To install `pytest` in a virtual environment, ensure the environment **is activated** prior to executing commands.
Otherwise, the `pytest` installation will be global.

#### Windows

```powershell
PS C:\Users\foobar> py -m pip install pytest pytest-cache pytest-subtests pytest-pylint
Successfully installed pytest-6.2.5 ...
```

#### Linux / MacOS

```bash
$ python3 -m pip install pytest pytest-cache pytest-subtests pytest-pylint
Successfully installed pytest-6.2.5 ...

```

To check if installation was successful:

```bash
$ python3 -m pytest --version
pytest 6.2.5
```

## Running the tests

To run the tests, go to the folder where the exercise is stored using `cd` in your terminal (_replace `{exercise-folder-location}` below with your path_).

```bash
$ cd {exercise-folder-location}
```

The file you will want to run usually ends in `_test.py`.
This file contains the tests for the exercise solution, and are the same tests that run on the website when a solution is uploaded.
Next, run the following command in your terminal, replacing `{exercise_test.py}` with the location/name of the test file:

```bash
$ python3 -m pytest -o markers=task {exercise_test.py}
==================== 7 passed in 0.08s ====================
```

### Fixing warnings

If you do not use the `pytest -o markers=task` in the command above, is possible that you will get `warnings` about "unknown markers" when running a test that uses our _new_ syntax.

To avoid typing `pytest -o markers=task` for every test you run, you can use a `pytest.ini` configuration file, which can be downloaded from the top level of the Python track directory: [pytest.ini][pytest.ini].

You can also create your own `pytest.ini` file with the following content:

```ini
[pytest]
markers =
    task: A concept exercise task.
```

Placing this file in the _root_ or _working_ directory for Exercism exercises will register the marks and stop the warnings.
More information on pytest marks can be found in the `pytest` documentation on [marking test functions][marking test functions with attributes] and the `pytest` documentation on [working with custom markers][working with custom markers].

_More information on customizing pytest configurations can be found in the pytest documentation on [configuration file formats][configuration file formats]_

### Test Failures

When tests fail, `pytest` prints the text of each failed test, along with the expected and actual `return` values of each to the terminal.
Below is an generic example of a failed test:

```bash
$(my_venv) python3 -m pytest -o markers=task {exercise_test.py}

=================== FAILURES ====================
______________ name_of_failed_test ______________
# Test code inside of {exercise_test.py} that failed.
...
E   TypeOfError: ReturnedValue != ExpectedValue

exercise_test.py:{line_of_failed_test}: TypeOfError
============ short test summary info ============
FAILED exercise_test.py::ExerciseTest::name_of_failed_test
========== 1 failed, 2 passed in 0.13s ==========
```

### Extra arguments

If you really want to be specific about what pytest returns on your screen, here are some handy command-line arguments that allows you to configure its behavior.

#### Return All Details [`-v`]

Adding the `-v` (_verbose_) flag will return both environment information and a test summary in addition to test failures:

```bash
$(my_venv)  python3 -m pytest -o markers=task -v exercises/<exercise_name>/<test_file_test.py>

======================================== test session starts ===========================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.9.0, pytest-6.2.5, -- /usr/local/envs/my_env/bin/python3
cachedir: .pytest_cache
metadata: {'Python': '3.9.0', 'Platform': 'macOS-10.14.6-x86_64-i386-64bit', 'Packages': {'pytest': '6.2.1'}, 'Plugins': {'subtests': '0.5.0', 'pylint': '0.18.0'}
rootdir: /Users/<user>/exercism/python, configfile: pytest.ini
plugins: subtests-0.5.0, pylint-0.18.0

collected 5 items

exercises/exercise-name/exercise_file_test.py::ExerciseNameTest::test_one FAILED                          [ 20%]
exercises/exercise-name/exercise_file_test.py::ExerciseNameTest::test_two FAILED
exercises/exercise-name/exercise_file_test.py::ExerciseNameTest::test_three PASSED                        [ 40%]
exercises/concept/exercise-name/exercise_file_test.py::ExerciseNameTest::test_four FAILED
exercises/concept/exercise-name/exercise_file_test.py::ExerciseNameTest::test_five PASSED                 [ 60%]
exercises/concept/exercise-name/exercise_file_test.py::ExerciseNameTest::test_six FAILED
exercises/concept/exercise-name/exercise_file_test.py::ExerciseNameTest::test_seven PASSED                [ 80%]
exercises/concept/exercise-name/exercise_file_test.py::ExerciseNameTest::test_eight FAILED
exercises/concept/exercise-name/exercise_file_test.py::ExerciseNameTest::test_nine PASSED                 [100%]

================================================ FAILURES ======================================================
# Failed tests are then individually printed out below

.......
```

#### Stop After First Failure [`-x`]

Using the `-x` flag will run the tests as normal, but stop the test run upon the first test failure.
This helps when you want to debug a single task or test failure at a time:

```bash
$(my_venv) python3 -m pytest -o markers=task -x exercises/<exercise_name>/<test_file_test.py>

=================== FAILURES ====================
_______________ example_test_foo ________________
...
...
============ short test summary info ============
FAILED example_test.py::ExampleTest::example_test_foo
!!!!!!!!!!! stopping after 1 failures !!!!!!!!!!!
========== 1 failed, 5 passed in 0.28s ==========
```

#### Failed Tests First [`--ff`]

The `pytest-cache` plugin remembers which tests failed last time you ran `pytest`, so using the flag `--ff` will tell `pytest` to run previously failed tests **first**, then continue with the remainder of the tests.
This might speed up your testing if you are making a lot of smaller fixes around one particular task or set of inputs.

```bash
$(my_venv) python3 -m pytest -o markers=task --ff <example_file_test.py>
==================== 7 passed in 503s ====================
```

### Recommended Workflow

We recommend using the following commands to make your debugging easier and (possibly) faster:

First change your working directory to the directory of the exercise you want to test:

```bash
$(my_venv) cd path/to/exercise
```

Then, run the tests together with the previously explained arguments `-x` and`--ff`:

```bash
$(my_venv) python3 -m pytest -o markers=task -x --ff <example_file_test.py>
```

This will test your solution.
When `pytest` encounters a failed test, the program will stop and tell you which test failed.
When you make fixes and run the test again, `pytest` will first run the previous test that failed, then continue with the remaining tests.

### Using PDB, the Python Debugger, with pytest

If you want to "debug like a pro", you can use the `--pdb` argument after the `pytest` command, and drop into the built-in [Python debugger][pdb], `PDB`.

```bash
$(my_venv) python3 -m pytest -o markers=task -x --ff --pdb <example_file_test.py>
=============== 4 passed in 0.15s ===============
```

When a test fails, dropping into `PDB` will allow you to step through your code viewing the current scope, as well as checking the value of variables and the signature of different functions.
More details on the `PDB` module can be found in the [Python documentation on PDB][pdb].
Additionally, the [pytest docs on PDB][pytest-pdb] and [this guide from Real Python](https://realpython.com/python-debugging-pdb/) are extremely helpful.

## Extending your IDE

If you'd like to extend your IDE with some tools that will help you with testing and improving your code, check the [tools](./tools) page.
We explore multiple IDEs, editors and some useful extensions for linting and debugging there.

## Additional information

### Adding python to your PATH

**Note:** If you have installed Python on Windows via the [PSF Installer][psf-installer], then the command will be `py` as opposed to `python3`.

Typing `python3 -m` every time you want to run a module can get a little annoying.
To avoid this, you can add the `Scripts` folder of your Python installation to your path.
If you do not know where you have installed Python, run the following command in your terminal:

```bash
$ python3 -c "import os, sys; print(os.path.dirname(sys.executable))"
{python_directory}
```

The _returned_ directory is where your current active Python version is installed, in this section it is referred to as `{python_directory}`.

#### Windows

Click the `Windows Start` button and lookup _Edit the system environment variables_ and press enter.
Next press, `Environment Variables...`:

![Press the blue button, lol](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/exercism/python/main/docs/img/Windows-SystemProperties.png)

Then find the `Path` variable in your _User variables_, select it, and click `Edit...`:

![Selecting the path variable](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/exercism/python/main/docs/img/Windows-EnvironmentVariables.png)

Then add a new line, as shown in the picture, replacing `{python_directory}` with your Python installation's directory:

![Add python to path](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/exercism/python/main/docs/img/Windows-AddPythonPath.png)

#### MacOS/Linux

The below should work for most Linux and MacOS flavors with a `bash` shell.
Commands may vary by Linux distro, and whether a `fish` or `zsh` shell is used.
Replace `{python_directory}` with the output of `python3 -c "import os, sys; print(os.path.dirname(sys.executable))"`

```bash
export PATH="$PATH:{python_directory}}"
```

[Code Quality: Tools and Best Practices]: https://realpython.com/python-code-quality/
[Getting Started Guide]: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/getting-started.html
[configuration file formats]: https://docs.pytest.org/en/6.2.x/customize.html#configuration-file-formats
[marking test functions with attributes]: https://docs.pytest.org/en/6.2.x/mark.html#raising-errors-on-unknown-marks
[pdb]: https://docs.python.org/3.9/library/pdb.html
[pip]: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/getting-started/
[psf-installer]: https://www.python.org/downloads/
[pylint]: https://pylint.pycqa.org/en/latest/user_guide/
[pytest-cache]:http://pythonhosted.org/pytest-cache/
[pytest-pdb]: https://docs.pytest.org/en/6.2.x/usage.html#dropping-to-pdb-python-debugger-on-failures
[pytest-pylint]:https://github.com/carsongee/pytest-pylint
[pytest-subtests]:https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-subtests
[pytest.ini]: https://github.com/exercism/python/blob/main/pytest.ini
[python command line]: https://docs.python.org/3/using/cmdline.html
[python-m-pip]: https://snarky.ca/why-you-should-use-python-m-pip/
[quick-and-dirty]: https://snarky.ca/a-quick-and-dirty-guide-on-how-to-install-packages-for-python/
[tutorial from pycqa.org]: https://pylint.pycqa.org/en/latest/tutorial.html
[working with custom markers]: https://docs.pytest.org/en/6.2.x/example/markers.html#working-with-custom-markers


Judges 16:1 And Samson went to Gaza, and saw there a harlot, and went in unto her. Judges 16:2 [And it was told] the Gazites, saying, Samson is come hither. And they compassed him in, and laid wait for him all night in the gate of the city, and were quiet all the night, saying, [Let be] till morning light, then we will kill him. Judges 16:3 And Samson lay till midnight, and arose at midnight, and laid hold of the doors of the gate of the city, and the two posts, and plucked them up, bar and all, and put them upon his shoulders, and carried them up to the top of the mountain that is before Hebron.
Judges 16:6 And Delilah said to Samson, Tell me, I pray thee, wherein thy great strength lieth, and wherewith thou mightest be bound to afflict thee. Judges 16:7 And Samson said unto her, If they bind me with seven green withes that were never dried, then shall I become weak, and be as another man. Judges 16:8 Then the lords of the Philistines brought up to her seven green withes which had not been dried, and she bound him with them. Judges 16:9 Now she had liers-in-wait abiding in the inner chamber. And she said unto him, The Philistines are upon thee, Samson. And he brake the withes, as a string of tow is broken when it toucheth the fire. So his strength was not known. Judges 16:10 And Delilah said unto Samson, Behold, thou hast mocked me, and told me lies: now tell me, I pray thee, wherewith thou mightest be bound. Judges 16:11 And he said unto her, If they only bind me with new ropes wherewith no work hath been done, then shall I become weak, and be as another man. Judges 16:12 So Delilah took new ropes, and bound him therewith, and said unto him, The Philistines are upon thee, Samson. And the liers-in-wait were abiding in the inner chamber. And he brake them off his arms like a thread. Judges 16:13 And Delilah said unto Samson, Hitherto thou hast mocked me, and told me lies: tell me wherewith thou mightest be bound. And he said unto her, If thou weavest the seven locks of my head with the web. Judges 16:14 And she fastened it with the pin, and said unto him, The Philistines are upon thee, Samson. And he awaked out of his sleep, and plucked away the pin of the beam, and the web.
Judges 16:15 And she said unto him, How canst thou say, I love thee, when thy heart is not with me? thou hast mocked me these three times, and hast not told me wherein thy great strength lieth. Judges 16:16 And it came to pass, when she pressed him daily with her words, and urged him, that his soul was vexed unto death. Judges 16:17 And he told her all his heart, and said unto her, There hath not come a razor upon my head; for I have been a Nazirite unto God from my mother's womb: if I be shaven, then my strength will go from me, and I shall become weak, and be like any other man. Judges 16:18 And when Delilah saw that he had told her all his heart, she sent and called for the lords of the Philistines, saying, Come up this once, for he hath told me all his heart. Then the lords of the Philistines came up unto her, and brought the money in their hand. Judges 16:19 And she made him sleep upon her knees; and she called for a man, and shaved off the seven locks of his head; and she began to afflict him, and his strength went from him. Judges 16:20 And she said, The Philistines are upon thee, Samson. And he awoke out of his sleep, and said, I will go out as at other times, and shake myself free. But he knew not that Jehovah was departed from him.
Judges 16:21 And the Philistines laid hold on him, and put out his eyes; and they brought him down to Gaza, and bound him with fetters of brass; and he did grind in the prison-house.
Judges 16:22 Howbeit the hair of his head began to grow again after he was shaven. Judges 16:23 And the lords of the Philistines gathered them together to offer a great sacrifice unto Dagon their god, and to rejoice; for they said, Our god hath delivered Samson our enemy into our hand. Judges 16:24 And when the people saw him, they praised their god; for they said, Our god hath delivered into our hand our enemy, and the destroyer of our country, who hath slain many of us. Judges 16:25 And it came to pass, when their hearts were merry, that they said, Call for Samson, that he may make us sport. And they called for Samson out of the prison-house; and he made sport before them. And they set him between the pillars: Judges 16:26 and Samson said unto the lad that held him by the hand, Suffer me that I may feel the pillars whereupon the house resteth, that I may lean upon them. Judges 16:27 Now the house was full of men and women; and all the lords of the Philistines were there; and there were upon the roof about three thousand men and women, that beheld while Samson made sport. Judges 16:28 And Samson called unto Jehovah, and said, O Lord Jehovah, remember me, I pray thee, and strengthen me, I pray thee, only this once, O God, that I may be at once avenged of the Philistines for my two eyes. Judges 16:29 And Samson took hold of the two middle pillars upon which the house rested, and leaned upon them, the one with his right hand, and the other with his left. Judges 16:30 And Samson said, Let me die with the Philistines. And he bowed himself with all his might; and the house fell upon the lords, and upon all the people that were therein. So the dead that he slew at his death were more than they that he slew in his life. Judges 16:31 Then his brethren and all the house of his father came down, and took him, and brought him up, and buried him between Zorah and Eshtaol in the burying-place of Manoah his father. And he judged Israel twenty years.


text:
$2 billion argument: what Senator Lebedev accuses Vekselberg and Blavatnik of
In his lawsuit, the MP argues that under the old arrangements he was entitled to get 7.5% from $28 billion received from AAR Consortium for the sale of shares in TNK-BP.
Senator from Chuvashia, co-founder of the group "Synthesis" Leonid Lebedev in court requires billionaire Viktor Vekselberg (№4 in Russia's rating Forbes, the state - $ 15.1 billion) and Leonard Blavatnik (№22 in the American Forbes rating; $ 17.8 billion) more $ 2 billion. Lebedev lawsuit was registered with the court on the eve of New York and published on the site office. Thus Lebedev is trying to prove their right to 7.5% of the $ 28 billion received AAR consortium in the sale of TNK-BP, in 2013.
The statement said that Lebedev, Vekselberg and Blavatnik are partners in the oil business since 1997, but legally formalized their business relationship after four years. In 1997, Lebedev helped partners to privatize 40% of TNK: it was he who brought in "companies controlled by one of the defendants," $ 25 million, as well as its stake in the parent company TNK (1.8%), and its main production subsidiary "Nizhnevartovskneftegas" (10.5%).
In 2001, during a meeting in New York, the partners agreed that Lebedev will be entitled to 15% of the profits of the oil business and, specifically, 15% of OGIP, through which the partners owned itemAketi TNCs.
Then Lebedev and Vekselberg immediately signed the agreement, and Blavatnik later agreed with all the terms of the contract and ordered to issue a letter of guarantee for $ 200 million, confirming the commitment OGIP dividend payment.
In 2003, the major shareholders of TNK reached an agreement with the British British Petroleum to establish a joint venture. To do this, the largest shareholders of TNK - Vekselberg and Blavatnik, on the one hand, and the "Alfa Group" Mikhail Fridman - on the other hand, the AAR consortium created on a parity basis. At the time of the transaction to create TNK-BP in the media was a stream of negative publications about one of the then business partner Lebedev. Referring to this, Vekselberg and Blavatnik insisted that Lebedev's part was not advertised, according to the lawsuit. Partners have offered to buy out the share of Lebedev, but he refused, and the company Coral was established in June 2003, where for three years were passed bills in the amount equal to 7.5% of payments received from BP's AAR, the total payout Coral was $ 600 million.
A source close to Lebedev said of Forbes, that Blavatnik and VekselberThey were advised of the intention Lebedev sue, but there was no reaction. According to the source, the claim submission to completion of the sale of TNK-BP «Rosneft" would hurt the company and, as a result, would reduce the value of the share Lebedev.
Representative Blavatnik told Bloomberg, that the charges are groundless Lebedev: "The plaintiff is trying to use the US judicial system in order to once again voice the false accusations." Vekselberg's representative declined to comment.
Lawyer firm "Khrenov and Partners" Vasily Vasilyev assesses the prospects for judicial action as favorable for Lebedev, as represented fairly extensive evidence base in the form of a written agreement and transactions, confirming their implementation.
Leonard Blavatnik
Leonid Lebedev
TNK-BP
AAR Consortium
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