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El Herbario de Tasmania (en inglés Tasmanian Herbarium) es un herbario en la ciudad de Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.

Forma parte del Museo de Tasmania y Galería de Arte.
Las primeras muestras de plantas de la colección del herbario, son de la fecha de exploración europea temprana de Tasmania. Estos incluyen especímenes recolectados en el viaje de 1792, a la isla, por parte de Bruny d'Entrecasteaux y las recolectadas por Robert Brown en la primera década del siglo XVII.

Desde 1977, el Herbario ha sido localizado en la bahía Sandy, en el campus de la Universidad de Tasmania.

Véase también

 Real Jardín Botánico de Tasmania
 Western Australian Herbarium
 Botánico australiano oficial de enlace

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Tasmanian Herbarium overview from the Atlas of Living Australia

Historia natural de Australia
Sociedades de botánica
Herbaria
Botánica en Australia
Edificios y estructuras de Tasmania

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


No less an authority than Alan Greenspan, former Chair of the Federal Reserve, called sub-prime mortgages a tool for democratizing credit. Sub-prime mortgages with no down payments are advertised as the road to home ownership for families who can't afford regular loans. They often gamble that they'll be able to re-finance after the house goes up in value, but before new interest rates and higher payments kick in. Now, with the housing market is cooling off, the formula is failing to work for more and more people. Foreclosures are up and they're likely to increase even more. Did stock analysts paint an overly rosy picture of the sub-prime mortgage market to generate investment? Do risky loans to millions of vulnerable borrowers threaten the whole economy? We hear from economists, consumer advocates, a state official who's going after shady lending practices, and John and Delia, two homeowners caught in the sub-prime squeeze.


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Q: How to merge hash with activerecord relations in controller / scope
*

*I have Item model(table) with column [id,name,notes]. then I have hash lets call it stock with column [id_of_item,total_stock],

*when I do query in controller I would like to join the hash into the table as additional column so I can show the total_stock of the item.

*I prefer not to use map/each (looping through all the items since the items table has thousand records. I still don't know whether this possibly or not, thank you.

A: if your stock is
[[1, "total_stock_1"], [2, "total_stock_2"]]
you should use
stock = Hash[[[1, "total_stock_1"], [2, "total_stock_2"]]]
to translate your hash to this style
stock = {1 => "total_stock_1", 2 => "total_stock_2"}
stock = {1 => "total_stock_1", 2 => "total_stock_2"}
@items = Item.all.map{|item| item.attributes.merge({total_stock: stock[item.id]})}
# the output will be a json not a ActiveRecordRelation
[
  {:id => 1, :name => 'item1', :notes => xxx, :total_stock => "total_stock_1"},
  {:id => 2, :name => 'item2', :notes => yyy, :total_stock => "total_stock_2"}
]

A: You can do this in controller:
 @items = Item.all
 render json: @items.map{|item| {'item': item.as_json.merge stock.select{|item| item['id_of_item'] == item.id}['total_stock']} }}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Traditional Rooms
EXPLORE THE GREEK ISLAND OF RHODES
VALLEY OF BUTTERFLIES: The Valley of Butterflies is found in the western side of Rhodes Island, approximately 58 km from Gennadi city.It is a natural reserve, unique of its kind. As its name indicates, this area is a lush green valley that gets overwhelmed in spring and autumn with butterflies of the Panaxia genus, species Quadripunctaria Poda.
During the raining seasons, butterflies stay in the caterpillars, in various areas around the Mediterranean Sea. However, in spring, when they get out of their caterpillar and become a full butterfly, they fly to areas of high humidity in order to reproduce. That is why they come to this valley, which is crossed by river Pelekanos and many waterfalls are scattered all along it.Every year, from May to September, thousands of visitors come to watch this lovely species and walk through narrow paths.The coolness of this place, the flowing waters and the shade of the trees make it ideal to rest, especially during the hot summer days. Small, wooden bridges cross the river and an uphill path leads to the Monastery of Panagia Kalopetra. If you get tired, you can have a refreshment drink or lunch in the picturesque taverns with a view to the waterfalls and enjoy the natural beauty!
ACROPOLIS OF LINDOS: The ancient town of Lindos is 23 km from Gennadi Village and was founded by the Dorians in the 10th century B.C. In the 8th century, it already was a major trading center, due to its geographical position between Greece and the Middle East.
However, it started to decline when the city of Rhodes was founded, in the 5th century. The archaeological remains found inside and around the Acropolis of Lindos reveal the wealth of this ancient town.Part of its worth-visiting monuments is a Doric 4th-century temple devoted to Athena Lindia, where people used to worship their patron goddess with offerings and sacrifices. Two towers of the castle are well-preserved till today. Outside the castle, on the southwest side of the will, there used to be an ancient theatre. Today the only remains of it are some rows of seats, part of the auditorium.
It is believed that the theatre could host 1,800 spectators.The excavations in the archaeological site of Lindos started in the early 20th century.The Italians, who occupied Rhodes island from 1912-1945, tried to restore the ancient findings but they actually damaged part of them.The site today belongs to the Greek Ministry of Culture and much work is being done, by both Greek and foreign archaeologists, to protect this monument.
PALACE OF GRAND MASTER: The Palace of Grand Masters is located at the end of the Street of the Knights in the Old Town of Rhodes.Originally built on the foundations of the Temple of Sun God (Helios), this palace was the residence of the governor and administrative centre in the medieval times.Constructed in the 14th century by the Knights of Saint John, it distinguishes for the spherical towers and the arched gate.
The palace was enormous in size. It had 158 rooms, although today only 24 are open to visitors.The rooms have antique furniture of the 16th and the 17th century, exquisite multi-coloured marbles, sculptures, carpets and fine Oriental vases. In addition, the interior yard is adorned with many statues of the Greek and Roman period. Unfortunately, this magnificent building was largely destroyed in 1856 by explosives, hidden in the basement of the church of Saint John.At the beginning of the 20th century, the palace was restored by the Italians who occupied the Dodecanese islands that time. In the years that followed, it served as a holiday residence for the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III and for Benito Mussolini. Today, it belongs to the Greek State and hosts an interesting museum inside. Also various exhibitions and performances frequently take place in the palace rooms.
PANAGIA TSAMPIKA: The Monastery of Panagia Tsambika is located about 40 km from Gennadi Village. The old monastery of Tsambika is built on top of a hill with gorgeous view to the sea and the surrounding area, while the new monastery, which works today, is found on the road that connects Archangelos to Rhodes Town. It is not known when the old monastery was founded, but we know that it was reconstructed in 1770 by a monk. This monastery was built according to the Dodecanesian architecture with hollow roof tiles. The floor of the temple and the yard are covered with pebbles and shells. Some icons date from the 19th century, while the iconostasis is even older. The name of the monastery comes from the word tsamba, which means spark in the local dialect. In fact, tradition says that a local shepherd found an icon of Virgin Mary on top of the cliff, where the old monastery was later built, following a vigil light. The icon of Panagia Tsambika is considered miracle-working, particularly for the childless women, which is why many women offer to the icon of Panagia child dolls. This monastery is considered a protector of the island and in fact many locals are named Tsambikos for men and Tsambika for women.
PRASONISSI: Prasonisi is the Greek word for "green island". It is located about 40 km from Gennadi Village.During the winter time, and when water levels are high enough, Prasonisi becomes an island. The southernmost tip of Prasonisi contains the Prasonisi Lighthouse. Prasonisi is noted to be a good place for windsurfingand kitesurfing due to predictable and reliable winds with certain qualities( constant direction and during particular times of the day).
From one side of the cape there is the Aegean Sea with good waves and views for advanced surfers. From the other side, there is the Mediterranean Sea with flat water which is better suited for beginners. Two sandy coves ending in an island that you can reach on foot or by swimming, depending on the weather and the level of the water. This is a paradise for surfers, especially in July and August. There are surfboards and wetsuits for hire. It is well worth a visit even if you are not a surfer yourself, just to enjoy the magnificent landscape and admire the skill of the surfers.
Villa Dimitra
: 4th km Gennadiou-Lachanias , Rhodes, GR
: +306932597336 , +306942420342
info@villadimitra.com
© 2018 | VillaDimitra, All rights reserved. | Terms of Use

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I read in the Texas Mutual Comp Newsletter (Spring 2014) interesting statistics regarding traffic accidents. "Transportation-related accidents account for about 40 percent of on-the-job fatalities. (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics). Authorities cite distracted driving in nearly 80 percent of traffic accidents (National Traffic Highway Safety Administration NTHSA). Driver fatigue is a factor in about 100,000 crashes each year across the country (NTHSA). Speed is involved in about one out of three fatal crashes. (National Safety Council). And in the U.S., 63 percent of people killed in traffic accidents are not wearing seatbelts (NTHSA). It's hard for me to believe that in this day and age people still do not understand the severity of not wearing seatbelts, texting and speeding while driving.


Due to the configurable architecture of HAL Systems software, our solutions are applicable to a wide variety of industries and applications.
HAL Traxx Inventory is used for a variety of food and beverage applications. Key functionality is our ability to track ingredients through the production and distribution processes while maintaining traceability of lot/batch and expiration dates. This insures that all final products can be controlled in accordance with distribution rules, and that the ingredients can be determined for any individual final product if required.
HAL Traxx Assets is used for multiple applications in medical where control of critical items is required. Equipment assets such as mobile xray or other patient equipment can be tracked within a facility while keeping control for equipment status elements such as calibration date. In a hospital pharmacy application, individual Rx prescriptions can be tracked from the order to the pharmacy, production, and distribution to the nurses station or patient, all while keeping control of Rx criticality (normal, stat, now).
HAL Traxx Inventory is used effectively in many manufacturing applications. The bill-of-material capability provides effective tracking of component parts to finished product, both with discrete parts and measured ingredients. The quality control capability allows the quarantine of component parts after receiving if testing is required before being used in production. And the internal resupply rules can be implemented to insure smooth flow of products throughout the facility.
HAL Traxx Inventory is an effective solution for order fulfillment applications. Order information from ERP systems or eCommerce sites can be immediately transferred to the HAL solution for quick and efficient order picking, packing, shipping and invoicing. Interfaces with UPS/FedEx can be established to transfer shipping information, reducing the need to enter data in multiple systems and providing overall order status on a single screen.
HAL Traxx Assets is used effectively to track critical tools, both in a basic check-in/check-out environment or in a mobile environment. The quarantine function can track equipment status such as calibration date of service equipment, while the use of HAL Traxx Mobile can extend the solution to tracking equipment on trucks or deployed to a work site. Office equipment can be tracked amongst multiple facilities and locations.


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River to River
Iowa's Forgotten Highway 6
« "River to River" airs on WQPT-PBS September 15 | Main | First Lady Lou Henry Hoover and Rules of the Road »
"River to River" Celebrates 5-Year Anniversary with Special Broadcast on WQPT Sept. 27 at 8PM
A sold-out crowd at the Putnam Museum premiere of "River to River: Iowa's Forgotten Highway 6" five years ago today.
On this day, five years ago at 7:00 p.m. the Emmy® nominated River to River: Iowa's Forgotten Highway 6 had its sold-out grand premiere on the Putnam Museum's Giant Screen in Davenport, Iowa. "The Putnam Museum is a treasure to the Quad Cities and River to River is very much about seeking out the treasures in communities along Iowa's Historic Route 6," said the film's producer Tammy Rundle.
Classic cars lined up outside the museum, and Kris & Heidi Hernandez's red 1961 Ford Starliner was eye-candy for patrons to check out on their way to filling the theater.
Filmmakers Kelly and Tammy Rundle stand next to Kris & Heidi Hernandez's 1961 Starliner at the premiere of their award-winning documentary film, River to River: Iowa's Forgotten Highway 6.
The premiere event kicked off the 5th Annual River to River Retro Road Tour, organized by Dave Darby, the former Executive Director of the Iowa Division of the Route 6 Tourist Association. The film was inspired by Darby's research and photography. The cruise draws 150+ cars each year to Davenport, Iowa (where the Route 6 journey begins) and ends in Council Bluffs with stops at events, museums and restaurants in towns along the way.
To celebrate the 5-year Anniversary River to River: Iowa's Forgotten Highway 6, produced by award-winning filmmakers Kelly and Tammy Rundle of Fourth Wall Films, will air on WQPT-PBS on Sunday, September 27 at 8:00 p.m.
To purchase Fourth Wall Films' Emmy-nominated River to River: Iowa's Forgotten Highway 6 or other award-winning documentaries on DVD, click HERE!
Stream the film at https://vimeo.com/ondemand/highway6movie.
You can also get the River to River: Iowa's Forgotten Highway 6 DVD at the Wilton Candy Kitchen in Wilton, Iowa right on Historic Route 6!
Posted at 03:56 PM in Highway 6 Events | Permalink
Tags: classic cars, documentary, film, History, Iowa, road trip
1 - About the Film & Filmmakers
2 - How YOU Can Help Raise Awareness
3 - Sell the DVD at your Business or Organization
4 - Sponsors & Supporters
5 - Things to See & Do on Iowa's Historic Route 6
6 - Contact Us
► ORDER the "River to River" DVD!
River to River: Iowa's Forgotten Highway 6


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2004 Penny Value: Error List, D, and Close AM
2004 Penny Value – Do you know that a 2004 penny value is worth more than its face value? Some are worth $100, $500, or even more! Indeed, there are certain 2004 penny prices that will astonish you, such as the one that sold for almost $4,000 several years ago.
So, which 2004 pennies are safe to spend and preserve, and which ones should be kept? On the 2004 penny value, here are the qualities to consider.
Facts About The 2004 Lincoln Penny
The same pattern that has been on the one-cent coin for decades appeared on Lincoln pennies in 2004. Victor David Brenner designed the heads-side (obverse) picture of 16th US President Abraham Lincoln, which debuted in 1909. On the penny, his initials appear in tiny letters under Lincoln's shoulder. They are spelled "VDB."
The Lincoln Monument, a famous landmark in Washington, D.C., is represented on the reverse by a motif. On the coin, between the building's center columns, you may see a tiny statue of Lincoln that sits in the real Lincoln Monument! If you look closely, you may see it.
In 1959, Frank Gasparro designed the Lincoln Memorial feature, which stayed until 1960. Until 2008, the penny was still in use. A copper-plated zinc design is used to make all 2004 Lincoln pennies, which weigh about 2.5 grams each.
2004 Penny Value (No Mint Mark)
The coin with no mintmark, issued in 2004, is a very common currency. The Philadelphia Mint produced billions of these 2004 pennies. In reality, there were 3,379,600,000 of them struck, and they are still in circulation today. These Lincoln cents are common coins, as they can be found in pocket change.
Typical uncirculated examples sell for 10 to 30 cents each, while circulated 2004 pennies only have face value.
When a specimen graded a nearly "perfect" MS69RD by Professional Coin Grading Service sold for $604 at auction in 2011, it became the most valuable 2004 penny without a mintmark.
2004-D Penny Value
The Denver Mint produced the 2004 penny with the letter "D" on it. The 2004-D penny, like its Philly-born counterpart, is a very common coin. It has a mintage of 3,456,400,000 pieces (or over 3.4 billion with a "B"), which is impressive!
How much are 2004-D pennies worth if they're so widespread? If they're worn, there isn't much of a difference. Just their face value is worth anything in circulated specimens.
Uncirculated variants, on the other hand, sell for 10 to 30 cents each. In 2008, a specimen graded MS69RD sold for $4,198, setting the all-time record price for the 2004-D penny.
2004-S Penny Value
Coins aren't just struck for use by the United States Mint. They also make collector-specific coins. The San Francisco Mint produced 2,965,422 pennies for this reason in 2004.
Proofs are the name for these 2004-S pennies, which were offered in proof sets to collectors. To guarantee that each and every detail, even the most minute, appears on the finished coin, they were struck with polished planchets (round blanks) twice on high-tonnage presses.
Despite the fact that the United States did not distribute 2004-S pennies into circulation. That doesn't mean that others who acquired these sets or inherited them, later on, couldn't spend some of the coins as regular money.
A typical 2004-S penny might sell for $3 to $5. In 2005, Professional Coin Grading Service graded the most expensive 2004-S penny PR70DCAM, which sold for $374.
See Also: " 2001 Denver Penny Value, 2005 Penny Value, 2000 Penny Error List, 2003 Penny No Mint Mark, 2004 Penny Error List, 2006 D Penny Error, 2007 Penny Error List "
Note: Do you know the grade of your penny? You'll need to understand what condition (or grade) your coin is in before you can determine the actual value of your penny.
2004 Penny Error List and Value
The pennies in superb condition aren't the most valuable ones in 2004; rather, those that aren't quite "perfect." Errors and oddities are sometimes created by the mint.
When it comes to the 2004 Lincoln cent, there is no exception! On the 2004 penny, there are several sorts of costly mistakes to seek out:
2004 Doubled Die Penny
Due to the working die receiving two impressions by the hub at different positions, some 2004 pennies exhibit a doubling of letters, numbers, and other design elements (such as Lincoln's eye or columns in the Lincoln Memorial).
At this time, there are no major or super-valuable 2004 doubled die pennies to report, however, even the most uncommon 2004 doubled die pennies are worth $20 to $50.
Looking for More Information About Coins? Check Other Years From This Lincoln Penny ( Coin ) Series:
2004 Broadstrike Penny
You're probably aware that a coin's rim is razor-sharp. The coin is struck by the retaining collar, which holds the coin in place while being struck and assists to build up the rim on a coin, resulting in the formation of rims.
The coin is flattened flatter and broader by the obverse and reverse dies when the retaining collar fails to deploy, resulting in a broad strike. These rare 2004 penny broad strike errors are typically worth $5 to $10.
2004 Off-Center Penny
An off-center mistake may occur when a 2004 penny isn't seated perfectly on the strike or the dies are misaligned. The coin's worth starts to increase when a coin is at least 5% to 10% off center, ranging from 1% to 99%.
A 5% to 10% off-center penny from 2004 is worth about $10. A penny, however, that is roughly 50% off-center and retains its mint date might be worth $50 to $100!
2004 BIE Penny
A die crack is a kind of oddity that may happen on a coin that dies as they age. It's a sort of damage that may occur on a coin dies. Raised lines or bumps appear on finished coins as a result of these minor cracks or splits in the die. Any coin can experience die cracks anywhere.
A little vertical die crack between the letters "B" and "E" in the inscription "LIBERTY" is a common type of error that affects Lincoln pennies, and it gives rise to the "BIE" moniker. Depending on the appearance of the die crack and the condition of the coin, a 2004 BIE Lincoln penny might be worth anywhere from $5 to $15.
That's all from our articles regarding the 2004 Lincoln penny value. The 2004 Lincoln penny by far isn't the rarest, and the most prestigious coin ever minted in US history. However, there are also some of the uncirculated grades of 2004 that can give a lot of value. The pristine, 2004 penny value can be varied based on their grades, pristine conditions, and rarities.
Categories Lincoln Penny
1976 2 Dollar Bill Value: History, Error, Rare, and Star Note
1926 Penny Value: Worth Up to $4000


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Сборная Сенегала по футболу до 20 лет представляет Сенегал на молодёжных соревнованиях по футболу. В отличие от европейских сборных, максимальный возраст игроков в данной команде не должен превышать 20 лет.

С 2015 по 2019 год три раза подряд сборная выходила в финал КАН (до 20 лет), и все три раза потерпела поражение.

Молодёжный чемпионат мира

Ссылки
 Сенегальская федерация футбола

Сборная Сенегала по футболу
Футбол в Сенегале
Сенегал


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Veterinary Practice
Official Vet
Are we doing enough for the welfare of cows with mastitis?
Recent steps forward in pain recognition and mastitis were discussed at the 2019 Total Dairy Seminar
Livestock Large animal
by Richard Gard
25 September 2019, at 9:00am
Some 450 delegates attended a programme of 36 presentations over two days at the Total Dairy Seminar on 19 and 20 June 2019. The various parts of the dairy industry attended with an active exhibition area and posters covering a wide range of research and analysis. Veterinary surgeons were able to discuss aspects of cow management and nutrition beyond the obvious areas of veterinary involvement and there was a positive buzz of activity throughout the event/
Recognising pain
Chris Hudson, Clinical Associate Professor in Dairy Health and Production at the University of Nottingham, reviewed the changes that have taken place in the recognition of pain with cattle herds. There was interaction with the audience throughout, with responses to key questions recorded on screen and compared to other group observations. In general, the groups of veterinary surgeons, farmers, industry representatives and mixed workshops demonstrated a level of agreement. Fundamentally, cows and calves do feel pain; pain does increase the period of recovery; and reducing pain speeds up recovery. However, it is difficult to demonstrate the benefits of pain relief in commercial terms.
With calf disbudding, it is accepted that the farmer now feels better after using non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and sees their use as an improvement in animal welfare. This approach has changed considerably over the years and administering NSAIDs before disbudding is now considered common practice.
Studies with clinical mastitis indicate that controlling pain, together with antibiotics, has not only led to a more rapid recovery but tangible benefits including reduced cell count, less culling and improved conception rate. It has been shown that using NSAIDs in cows with mastitis can lead to the cow behaving subsequently as though she never had the disease.
It was also mentioned that NSAIDs have a short duration of activity and cases of lameness often persist for weeks. The combination of hoof trim, hoof block and pain relief has been shown to be more beneficial than any one procedure alone.
Considering welfare with mastitis
Jim Reynolds, a professor in large animal medicine at Western University California, explained the factors related to the welfare aspects of bovine mastitis. When using NSAIDs, tissue damage releases prostaglandins, which are potent activators of inflammation and lead to lower pain receptor thresholds. NSAIDs block prostaglandin production in tissues; inflammation is reduced and blood flow activity is normalised; white blood cell activity is maintained; and pain receptor thresholds return to normal.
With experimental E. coli infections, NSAIDs have been shown to reduce fever, reduce heart and respiratory rates and improve rumen function. Lipopolysaccharides in the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria are extremely immunogenic and stimulate a strong immune response in local tissues, with a reaction from the cow delivering a massive white blood cell release into the mammary gland. The white blood cells release immunochemicals that damage tissue and affect blood flow. The amount of lipopolysaccharide released from the bacteria determines the severity of toxic shock that is experienced, from mild to fatal. Vaccinated cows have been shown to react to Gram-negative infections more rapidly and the bacteria are killed before effective volumes of endotoxin are produced, but can be overwhelmed by a large infectious dose.
Jim emphasised the benefits of handling cows so as to reduce stress. Cows need to be calm. Noise or quick movements can scare cows and stop the production of oxytocin, due to the release of epinephrine when a cow is nervous. Blocking the production of oxytocin decreases the immune system, inhibits milk let-down and increases the risk of mastitis.
Behavioural changes are noted with cattle in pain, including: inappetance, decreased water consumption, decreased milk production, depression with increased lying and vocalisation. Cattle are stoic and do not show the impact of pain readily, so when signs are noted, action needs to be taken to reduce the pain at the earliest opportunity.
Non-aureus staphylococci mastitis
Sarne De Vliegher, a professor at Ghent University, is editor of M2 magazine (Rekad Publishing) and, in introducing his involvement with non-aureus staphylococci mastitis, referred to the identification of a new Streptococcus species high-lighted in 2018. Streptococcus bovimastitidis was identified from a milk sample by genome sequencing from one farm in New Zealand. Unfortunately, the organism has not been identified again, even from samples taken on the same farm. If anyone can contribute to the hunt for the new species, which has a similar presentation to Streptococcus uberis, please contact the university.
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are the principal cause of culture-positive milk samples around the world. There are 50 different species and sub-species of NAS, with five typically found in milk samples. Each herd has its own population of NAS and, as commensals, are considered to prevent clinical mastitis.
The organisms can be found surviving on the udder and in the environment as well as within the mammary gland and they can shift between habitats. Bacterial shedding takes place in faeces with colonisation of the teats and the udder. Teat apex colonisation stimulates higher neutrophils, which provide protection against other bacterial invasion. Cows infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci produce as much milk as non-infected cows, but with a raised cell count. Studies have shown that a pre-existing NAS infection after calving shows a reduced incidence of pathogens during lactation.
Antimicrobial resistance is prevalent with NAS but treatment with antibiotics is rarely indicated. One of the many research questions is whether NAS drug resistance is transferable to other bacteria. Other milk producers can also be affected and goats have been shown to have a higher somatic cell count and milk yield than non-infected animals. The speaker said it needs to be recognised that there are many differences between and within NAS species. The overall view is that NAS are not a problem for udder health, except in herds where major pathogens are minimal and more "virulent" NAS species are involved.
Sarne provided an update on heifer mastitis. Heifers can become infected at 9 to 10 months of age and up to calving. A herd is considered to be a heifer mastitis problem herd if more than 15 percent of heifers have mastitis around calving or if more than 15 percent of heifers have a first test day somatic cell count (between 10 and 35 days in milk) of over 150,000 cells per ml. Cleanliness, fly control, transition feeding, nutritional deficiency, optimal per partum feeding management and the avoidance of cross suckling are included in a management plan.
Antibiotics administered intramammarily before calving, in the face of an outbreak, have been shown to be effective. External teat sealants have traditionally been applied to reduce the effect of flies and the administration of internal teat sealants is under investigation. During the discussion, it was indicated that antibiotics can be administered to pre-calving heifers without inserting the syringe nozzle into the teat canal, but it was not known whether the same technique would work with teat sealant products.
In general, the heifers are an important economic resource and mastitis can be a considerable problem ranging from total loss of an animal to reduced yield in the first lactation. The location of heifers in distant pasture has been a problem with mastitis only being detected around calving. Managing the heifers as a valued resource is required to combat heifer mastitis. The administration of dry cow minerals has been shown to improve the quality and quantity of neutrophils in the milk of heifers.
Digital versions of the presentations are available here. In 2020, the Total Dairy Seminar will be held on 1 and 2 July at the Crowne Plaza Hotel, Stratford-upon-Avon.
Richard Gard
LARGE ANIMAL CORRESPONDENT
Following a 16-year apprenticeship with Beecham, Richard established a project management and development consultancy and writes regular contributions for the veterinary press.
More articles on large animal
New Forest eye – a global issue
A greater understanding of the disease also known as infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis and its prevention would be welcomed by both farmers and vets
Managing mastitis
The British Mastitis Conference 2020 discussed new developments in tackling mastitis, from the value of selective dry cow therapy at quarter level to the impact of automatic milking systems
What is the current situation with sheep and goat nematodes?
Goats are more susceptible to endoparasites than sheep and never form an immunity to the parasites, unlike their ovine counterparts
RCVS Knowledge
Cattle vets and COVID-19
Despite being able to work in the fresh air with space and applied hygiene, there are still dangers and analysing risk is now the norm
&copy2021 ‐ Improve International, Alexandra House, Whittingham Drive, Wroughton, Swindon, Wiltshire SN4 0QJ, England.
Co. Registration 3568194 VAT No. 349 7028 73


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A Lithuanian government commission has decided that the remains of participants of the 1863-1864 uprising against Tsarist Russia should be buried in Vilnius' old Rasos Cemetery next year.
The remains were discovered during archaeological excavations on the Gediminas Hill in downtown Vilnius last year.
"A chapel in the Rasos Cemetery was chosen from two options," Government Vice-Chancellor Deividas Matulionis told reporters on Monday.
"We can't say now how it will look exactly, but it will be a kind of pantheon of the 1863 uprising leaders," he said.
According to the official, the other option was to bury the remains in the capital's Church of St. Philip and St. Jacob near Lukiškes Square where the uprising participants were executed by shooting or by hanging.
The religious burial ceremony will most likely be held in July or August 2019 and is planned to be organized together with Poland.
"We should do a joint event with Poland, because this event is as important, or even more important historically, to Poland as to us," the vice-chancellor said.
He added that Belarus could also join the event, although it does not seem to show much interest in these historical finds.
Historians say that 21 participants of the 1863 uprising were buried on the top of the hill in downtown Vilnius. The remains of 17 people have been found to date.
The remains are believed to include those of Zigmantas Sierakauskas (Zygmunt Sierakowski) and Konstantinas Kalinauskas (Konstanty Kalinowski).


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Kansas CU Regulator Joins Association
WICHITA, Kan. - The Kansas Credit Union Association has hired the state's top regulator, Jerel Wright, to head up its governmental and public affairs department in Topeka. Wright, who had been Administrator of the Kansas Department of Credit Unions the last eight years and is a former KCUA staffer, left...
By Jim Rubenstein | October 25, 2005 at 08:00 PM | The original version of this story was published on Credit Union Times Magazine
WICHITA, Kan. – The Kansas Credit Union Association has hired the state's top regulator, Jerel Wright, to head up its governmental and public affairs department in Topeka. Wright, who had been Administrator of the Kansas Department of Credit Unions the last eight years and is a former KCUA staffer, left the regulator's job Sept. 23. "His four-year term was to expire Nov. 30 but he chose not to seek reappointment," said an aide to Gov. Kathleen Sebelius. Named as acting administrator is Jack Hohman, financial examiner. Marla Marsh, president/CEO of the KCUA, said Wright's appointment to her staff provides two political affairs reps in the association's Topeka office. Wright joins William Henry, who is director of government and regulatory affairs. Wright had previously been KCUA director of governmental affairs and a consultant having served the trade group from 1983-1994. "We feel fortunate to be able to have Jerel join our staff again," said Marsh. "His expertise and knowledge of our credit unions will make a significant impact on our overall government affairs strategy." In other KCUA staff changes, David Dick, vice president, resigned to take on the same title at Central Kansas CU in Hutchinson, and Jamie Varbel, head of marketing/communications and who for a time had been on maternity leave, has joined Boeing Wichita CU in its training department. Assuming communication duties is Ashley Friesen, a graduate of Kansas State University. Marsh said she expected to meet with Sebelius, the Democratic governor, last week to discuss a replacement for Wright. [email protected]


This book is the ideal introduction to using OpenLDAP for Application Developers and will also benefit System Administrators running OpenLDAP. It prepares the reader to build a directory using OpenLDAP, and then employ this directory in the context of the network, taking a practical approach that emphasizes how to get things done. On occasion, it delves into theoretical aspects of LDAP, but only where understanding the theory helps to answer practical questions. The reader requires no knowledge of OpenLDAP, but even readers already familiar with the technology will find new things and techniques.


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Mulina  () – jedwabna lub bawełniana nitka używana do zdobienia materiału, haftowania, wykonywania bransoletek itp. Oferowana jest w przeróżnych kolorach, także cieniowanych (kilku odcieniach przechodzących płynnie z jednego w drugi).
Słowo mulina narodziło się w warsztatach jedwabniczych. To tam do skręcenia kilku nici surowego jedwabiu używano siły małych młynów, poruszanych przez wodę (fr. ). Do dziś termin ten odnosi się do czynności skręcania niezależnie od typu produkowanej nici.
Mulina jako pasemko nici powstała w 1899 roku w Miluzie (obecnie Francja). Pomysł był taki by otrzymać nić podzielną, złożoną z sześciu włókien składowych. Dzięki temu można wyszywać pojedynczym cieniutkim włóknem, podwójnym czy użyć wszystkich sześciu naraz w zależności od potrzeb.
Dzięki procesowi merceryzacji nić bawełniana błyszczy się imitując jedwab. Specjalne złożenie nici i nałożenie papierowej obrączki na pasemko umożliwia wyciąganie poszczególnych nitek bez ryzyka tworzenia supełków.
Każde pasemko oznaczone jest numerem oznaczającym kolor.

Przypisy

Przemysł włókienniczy


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Piarist Fathers Compassion Challenge
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Compassion Challenge
Adopt a Seminarian
House of Formation of St. Joseph Calsanz
Latin Mission Project
Language Studies Project
Retired Piarist Fathers Project
Bequests and Estate Giving to the Piarists Fathers
"In the measure you give, you will receive." (Mark 4:24)
Give generously to him and do so without a grudging heart; then because of this the Lord your God will bless you in all your work and in everything you put your hand to.
400th anniversary of The Piarist Order
250th anniversary of the Canonization of St. Joseph Calasanz
Welcome to the web page of The Piarist Fathers Compassion Challenge, which is a campaign sponsored by The Piarist Fathers Province of the United States and Puerto Rico.
During the 2015-2016 academic year, the Piarist Fathers started ,"The Piarist Fathers Compassion Challenge". As members of a religious order, we take four vows: poverty, chastity, obedience and education of youth, especially the poor. As a religious order, we have a number of ministries and some special projects, which we undertake annually. The success of our ministries and projects relies heavily upon the financial generosity of people like you – our alumni, parishioners, co-workers, relatives and friends.
The Compassion Challenge focuses upon five current projects: The Adopt-a-Seminarian Project, The House of Formation of St. Joseph Calasanz, The Piarist Fathers Latin Mission Project, The Piarist Fathers Language Studies Project and The Retired Piarist Fathers Project.The Challenge is an opportunity for the Piarist Fathers to share with you some of our projects and ministries. It allows us to convey our need for your financial support by sharing brief descriptions and proposed budgets for each project. Your decision to support one or more of these projects with a donation will make a difference. TOGETHER WE CAN! Helping us to help others is at the heart of The Piarist Fathers Compassion Challenge.
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For Vocation Information


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The study hypothesis is that high ß-C yellow maize can provide vitamin A efficiently.
The study will use stable isotope labeled high ß-C yellow maize and vitamin A in a well-nourished population by utilizing stable isotope dilution techniques. In this project, deuterium labeled vitamin A that is derived from the labeled ß-C yellow maize will be traced after being eaten by a human subject. Eight men (> 40 years and < 70 y) who are healthy, non-smoking,body weight within 20% of standard weight for height (Metropolitan) and not having taken vitamin A or ß-C supplements within the last month will be recruited as volunteers. This study will last for 50 days during which at day 1, cooked labeled yellow maize paste (porridge) equal to a total of ~ 2 bowls cooked yellow maize (from 100 - 200 g dry weight) containing ~ 1 mg ß-C will be taken by each volunteer. On day 8, a labeled vitamin A (1 mg of 13C retinyl acetate) in oil dose will be used in evaluation of liver storage of vitamin A. Forty six blood samples (460 cc) will be taken during the study which will be analyzed for serum carotenoids and retinoids using HPLC and mass spectrometry techniques.
The serum concentration and isotope ratio of ß-C and retinol will be determined. Serum enrichment curve following each oral dose will be studied. The area under the curve (AUC) of retinol-d4 and labeled retinol from the reference dose in serum samples will be determined and compared. The equivalence of a high ß-C corn meal to vitamin A will be calculated based on the isotope reference method to determine the efficiency of corn ß-C to provide vitamin A.
Pro-vitamin A carotenoids in plants are a major and safe vitamin A source for a vast population in the world. Even though, ß-carotene (ß-C) in vegetables has been considered as a safe vitamin A source, it is essential to determine the efficiency of provitamin A carotenoids in plant conversion to vitamin A. However, the bioavailability of vitamin A and carotenoids from food matrices has not been well studied due to the unavailability of isotopically labeled foods that can be fed to humans.
The main objective of this study is to investigate the bioavailability of ß-C in yellow maize and its bioconversion to retinol stored in the liver using stable isotope labeled high ß-C yellow maize and vitamin A in a well-nourished population by utilizing stable isotope dilution techniques. In this project, the deuterium labeled vitamin A that is derived from the labeled ß-C yellow maize will be traced after being eaten by a human subject. This will allow for quantitative determination of the vitamin A equivalence of high ß-C plant foods.
Eight men (> 40 years and < 70 y) who are healthy, non-smoking adults must have their body weight within 20% of standard weight for height (Metropolitan) and not having taken vitamin A or ß-C supplements within the last month will be recruited as volunteers.
This is a 50 day study during which dose 1, cooked labeled yellow maize paste (porridge) equal to a total of ~ 2 bowls cooked yellow maize (from 100 - 200 g dry weight) containing ~ 1 mg ß-C will be taken by each volunteer. On day 8, dose 2 will be used in evaluation of liver storage of vitamin A using 1 mg of 13C retinyl acetate. One blood sample (20 cc) will be drawn during the screening process. Forty six blood samples (460 cc) will be taken during the study which will be analyzed for serum carotenoids and retinoids using HPLC and mass spectrometry techniques. The serum concentration and isotope ratio of ß-C and retinol will be determined. Serum enrichment curve following each oral dose will be studied. The area under the curve (AUC) of retinol-d4 and labeled retinol from the reference dose in serum samples will be determined and compared. The equivalence of a high ß-C plant food supplement to a vitamin A dose will be calculated based on the isotope reference method.
Muzhingi T, Gadaga TH, Siwela AH, Grusak MA, Russell RM, Tang G. Yellow maize with high β-carotene is an effective source of vitamin A in healthy Zimbabwean men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Aug;94(2):510-9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.006486. Epub 2011 Jun 29.


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BASSATERRE, St.Kitts — The track and field contingent of St. Kitts and Nevis' representative team for the 2018 Central American and Caribbean (CAC) Games is expected to leave for Barranquilla, Columbia, this week as the athletics component of the 23rd edition of the CAC Games gets underway this weekend.
Seven athletes, led by Coach Mr. Shirmon Caines, will compete in the 100m, 400m and 100m hurdles, high jump and long jump from July 29 to Aug. 1.
The St. Kitts-Nevis athletic team comprises 2018 National Champion Jason Rogers and National Sprint Double Champion Shenel Crooke, who will be competing in the 100m event; National Record Holder Warren Hazel competing in the 400m; 2018 National Champion and Club Championships Champion in the high jump, Jermaine Francis; Kizan David, who is the new National Record Holder in the men's long jump; Kristal Liburd, who this year achieved a personal best of 6.43m in the female long jump, and National Record Holder Kieshonna Brooks, who will compete in the 100m hurdles.
"The St. Kitts and Nevis Amateur Athletic Association (SKNAAA) is extremely pleased with the group of track and field athletes who will represent the Federation at this year's CAC Games, currently underway in Barranquilla, Columbia.
"Under the guidance of coach Shirmon Caines, we are confident these seven athletes will serve as excellent ambassadors off the track and shine as bright as they have been doing recently on the track," the association's Public Relations Officer, Kilony Johnson stated.
The eight-member track and field team is part of a larger St. Kitts and Nevis delegation for the CAC Games which also includes athletes and coaches in table tennis and beach volleyball.
The overall St. Kitts and Nevis delegation is being led by the Chef de Mission, Leroy Greene and Team Manager, Lonzo Wilkinson.


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Laurie Ann Huck Offerman (LO) 51, of Auburndale, Florida, died Monday, February 5, 2018. She was born April 2, 1966 in Marietta Memorial Hospital to Bernard Joseph and Dorothy Smith Huck.
Laurie was a 1984 graduate of Fort Frye High School. She was a 1990 graduate of Polk State College in Radiologic Technology and completed Radiation Therapy School in 1993. She enjoyed working as a Radiation Therapist. Laurie was employed by Winter Haven Hospital and finished her career working part time for Central Florida Cancer Institute. She enjoyed listening to music, swimming, bicycling, running and boating.
Laurie is survived by her daughter Allison Offerman Constant (Shaun) of Auburndale, Florida; three sisters Debbie Madison (John) of Indianapolis, Ind., Nancy Huck of Lowell Ohio and Mary Beth Caffey (Allen) of Lowell. She is survived by former husband, William Offerman Jr, the father of their daughter Allison as well as aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces and nephews. Laurie is preceded in death by her brother, Bernard J. Huck Jr and her brother Terry Huck, also preceded by her parents.
Funeral Liturgy, with Mass, will be held at 10 a.m. on Saturday, February 10, 2018, at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic Church in Lowell, Ohio, with The Rev. Timothy Shannon as celebrant. Friends may call at the Lowell Chapel of Cawley & Peoples Funeral Home on Friday from 2 to 4 and 6 to 8 p.m., with the Rosary being recited at 7:30 p.m. and Vigil service at 7:45 p.m. Burial will be in Our Lady of Mercy Church Cemetery.
To send flowers to the family of Laurie Ann Offerman (Huck), please visit our Heartfelt Sympathies Store.


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Archives for posts with tag: RtoP
Not the World Trade Center
It's odd how famous places cease to be landmarks and end up places you navigate via as transit points. The World Trade Center is a case in point. Famous even before the tragedy of 9/11 but fixed in our generation's imagination as our "where were you when you heard Kennedy had been shot?" , yesterday it wasn't an iconic symbol that you deliberately visit but rather where I had to go to get somewhere else.
Today has been a day of phone calls (twenty two in total) contacting the Permanent Missions of the various states I'm looking to meet with during my trip. It's an odd experience in that it is deceptively simple but the success of the trip lives or dies by who I speak too. All in all this is where you need the elevator pitch of academic lore. However, rather than trying to succinctly explain your thesis in less than three minutes, you're trying to get the operator to connect you to the *right* person through a combination of clarity, kindness, seriousness and buzzwords.
The UN operates a directory called The Blue Book, it's a phone book 394 pages in length produced by the heroic "protocol and liaison service" with all the contact information of accredited Permanent Mission staff. Whilst it tells you whether they work in the political or social section, and whether they are a Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Counsellor, Secretary or attache, it doesn't tell you their brief. I'm looking for whoever deals with Protection of Civilians, Responsibility to Protect and/or humanitarian issues.
The idea of coming to New York came about after discussions with colleagues revealed the drawbacks of visiting embassies in London. The simple truth being that if your research is about discussions among states at the UN, and your documentary source material is the records of resolutions, statements and debates at the UN, then well you go and visit the UN.
I began emailing the Missions in September and yes you may well be surprised at how many use gmail (I remain a hotmail man myself). Delicate chase up emails followed, as did some communication with the London embassies asking for their assistance. Between all this and some academic colleagues I have a number of interviews penciled in already with the hope being that "snowballing" (getting recommended and vouched for by those you meet and interview in a chain reaction minus the explosion) and my phone calls today will get me more.
The countries I'm targetting selecting were picked for the following reasons
Have been, are currently or have just been elected to the Council 2010 – 2014
The Permanent Members – "five to rule them all" in the words of David Bosco
States bordering my notional case studies; Cote d'ivoire, Libya, Syria, for the regional perspective
Hmm maybe my case studies, why didn't I think of that before?
States who have been vocal in open thematic debates or participate in informal working groups on relevant topics
South Sudan as the UN's newest member (2011) and given their diplomatic input to RtoP as a concept in the mid 90s.
So between twenty odd phone calls (made from a discreet corner of the UN canteen) and dozens of emails sent over three months what have a I learned?
These people are *busy*
These people are *really busy*
They all seem to be based in a tight radius of The UN Plaza, so I will probably be doing laps.
Some of them have been seconded to The Ebola Task force – "who ya gonna call?"
"Violent extremism, foreign fighters and international terrorism" have somewhat muddled my trip by changing the topic of the open Security Council debate I was organizing things around when back in my "ivory tower"
Some missions are very small, like two or three people only
Staff turnover is a challenging reality – "I'd love to talk but I will be gone by then"
It's alarmingly easy to be confused for someone from the British/Scottish government
A poppy is a good conversation opener
When calling someone because you haven't had a reply to an email, 80% of the time you will be told to send another email
It's probably not a good sign when their voice mail inbox is full.
When attempting to phone the five newly elected non permanent members of the Security Council it is probably not a good idea to call them whilst they're all away attending a handover workshop together. Whilst this may work wonders for global governance and represents a welcome improvement in Council working methods it was *not ideal* from my perspective.
In the process of writing up this blog I've realised I was using the March Blue Book and there's a November one out now..
Tags #PhD, #R2P, Blue Book, diplomats, international society, Intervention, interviews, New York, P5, research, RtoP, UN, United Nations
The United Nations Security Council – The Great Irresponsibles
Amended text of a talk I delivered February 11th 2014 at "Polis Talks Peace" for the LUU World Unite Festival.
My research assumes that the states of the world form an "international society" in that they believe themselves bound by common interests and values and share in the working of common rules and institutions (Bull). So it's the relationship between peace at the international level and Peace on the ground that I'd like to consider here, or peace with a "small p" and a "capital P" respectively.
This framework of an international society is to be found in the ironically named English School of IR Theory. Ironic because its founders came also from Australia and South Africa, and because I myself am not from round here as the more observant of you will have noticed.
Before I proceed I'd like to unpack that definition a little more.
Interests – states have a common interest in the avoidance of war (peace with "a small p") through the existence of regularised, predictable patterns of interstate behaviour which ensure that their independence is respected and guaranteed.
Values – if interests are instrumental and can change dependent on context then values represent that which governments regard as important irrespective of the situation as values should stem from culture and inform their world view. Consider for example the value attached to "juridical equality" in that all states, small or Great are afforded equal legal rights in the UN Charter as part of what has been characterised (by and large) as an "equalitarian regime" (Reus-Smit).
Rules – if values can be shared or held in isolation then rules of behaviour tend always to be shared as they represent mutually accepted standards of appropriate behaviour. Some are codified in treaty; non intervention, diplomatic immunity, freedom of international waters. Others are customary, such as honouring treaties and the rotation of the selection of UN Secretary General by region and convention that none of the P5 will put forward a national candidate of their own. The existence of such rules serves as a reminder than international relations in general and international society in particular exists in a condition of anarchy and not anomie.
Institutions – crucial distinction is to be made here between primary and secondary institutions (Buzan). That is to say, secondary administrative institutions or organisations and non-administrative primary institutions in a sociological sense. The former, administrative institutions, are perhaps the most notable manifestation of international society (UN, EU, AU, OIC, OSCE, NATO, ASEAN, OPCW) and their existence depends in large part on primary non administrative institutions. These are best conceived of as complexes of rules that relate to one another such as; sovereignty, diplomacy, war, international law, the balance of power, Great Power Management (Bull). As well as; the market, equality of peoples, territoriality, environmental stewardship (Buzan).
What was it then that attracted me to this theoretical framework? My research was motivated initially by the ubiquity of the phrase "international community" and a query as to who that was and what it stood for, if anything.
By way of contrast, international society, as defined above, is the umbrella of all 193 recognised UN Member states (most recently South Sudan 2011) where as "international community" is more amorphous and reflects a tighter solidarity among a more selective group of states, often dependent of the issue at hand and therefore absent in the more pluralist "live and let live" international society. Simply put the 193 states of international society recognise that coexistence and cooperation are preferable to and more beneficial than boundless competition or conflict, and this amounts in my mind to a pursuit of peace with a "small p". Where as the more solidarist "international community" will refer to a more exclusive grouping of states willing to coordinate their policies and responses around other "thicker values" – as Buzan has argued, building on Walzer – such as an expansive interpretation of The Responsibility to Protect.
Socially or communally, such interactions are "governed" (in an anarchic/imperfect sense) by inter subjective understandings as to what is appropriate/acceptable or expected behaviour. I.e. what is normal or a "norm" – here is defined as something that is both regular but also valorized I.e. valued and so perceived as legitimate.
Building on Dunne (amongst others) I argue that international society is sustained by states acting in accordance with legitimate practices. Crucially this is not to say states always obey norms or even just that as Louis Henkin of Columbia School of Law remarked, "most states obey most laws, most of the time". The key empirical fact is that state behaviour is always justified in relation to them. Even when they disobey the law, they don't characterise themselves (or allow others to paint them as) law breakers. Instead they argue for an exception, appeal to another higher law or dispute the facts (see Alex Bellamy for a more detailed framework here). In other words, international law is honoured even in breach, as diplomacy in the run up the Iraq war 2002-2003, the toppling of Gaddifi in Libya 2011 and the response to the civil war in Syria from 2011-present all reflect.
I accept that there is a debate about whether international law and diplomacy is causal as an "independent variable" (in the terminology of my quantitative colleagues) that affects behaviour, or simply "window dressing" an after the fact rationalisation provided by states for decisions already made. Anyone who wishes to consider this debate could do worse than see what Robert Jackson and Cornelia Navari have to say on the topic. My position, perhaps typical of the social science PhD is that it is not such a clear cut either/or distinction. I regard the processes of justification, persuasion, argumentation, contestation and legitimation as key to understanding how any social reality (in my case the international) is interpreted and understood by its members as well as observers such as myself.
With this in mind, my thesis research question consider what happens when states attempt to change the norms of contemporary international society and how such contestation over legitimate practice is not itself a threat to the sustainability of international society, since change is preferable to atrophy, but can be if it provokes a backlash which is then mishandled. It is this backlash and the failure to properly address the ensuing "legitimacy crisis" as Dunne et al define in International Politics, 44(2/3), which threatens the sustainability of international society.
Which brings me to the title of my talk.
"The Great Irresponsibles", is a name borrowed (and now attributed) to English School scholar Hedley Bull in a 1979 International Journal article where he criticised the disorderly conduct of the USA and USSR and the risks such behaviour posed to international society. In conducting my research I focus on the United Nations Security Council as the place where normative contestation is publicly played out in defining and responding to threats to international peace and security, since it is the Security Council that is charged with the responsibility for maintaining international peace and security on behalf of the wider UN membership and therefore by extension the membership of our international society.
To be clear, international peace and security is classically conceived of as managing interstate conflict, achieving peace with a "small p" through the absence of interstate war especially among the Great Powers. As students, academics and informed citizens, what we mean by "peace" is vitally important. It reminds me of a quote which I emphasise to students that "the job of clever people is to ask difficult questions, but the job of very clever people is to ask deceptively simple ones".
What we mean by "peace", a word so often used, is a case in point of a deceptively simple question. So what is "peace"? The argument goes that as bad as things are in our world they would be worse if there was a major war between the Great Powers, so all international society can attempt (or indeed should do given other competing priorities and values) is ensure that such major wars are avoided and more generally that interstate wars aren't the norm, which the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) demonstrates has occurred since 1945 and especially the end of the Cold War.
This is the "responsible" thing to do as reflected in the UN Charter, Article 24 of which confers primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security upon the 15 member Security Council, with its five permanent veto wielding members ("five to rule them all" in the words of academic David Bosco) and ten non permanent members elected for geographical representation in blocs of five serving overlapping two year terms.
Such "small p peace" however doesn't strike me as enough, or even a proper discharge of the responsibility "we the peoples" (to quote the first sentence of The UN Charter pre amble) through our member states, invest in the Security Council. Pragmatic perhaps, so maybe I'm just idealistic, but the principal focus on the avoidance of Great Power conflict behind it seems to work in favour of the status quo and those of us fortunate enough to reside in the Global North or West (two crass oversimplifications I concede, but they'll do for now if you indulge me).
For example, with reference to Syria I spoke at an event in Leeds in December 2012 where I cited the death toll at 36,000. As of January 7th 2014, Rupert Colville, Spokesperson for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, says they can no longer verifiably count the 100,000 plus death toll and as such have suspended issuing further figures. Putting to one side the proxy involvement of the Western Powers, Russia, The Gulf States, Turkey, Iran and various state sponsored non state actors in the Syrian Civil War and the potential threat therefore to international peace and security, the slaughter of so many people contrary to long held norms of non combatant immunity is no peace that I can conceive of in clear conscience.
Essentially therefore, the tension I am exploring in my research is how states are trying and could try to adapt the rules of international society to more adequately promote not just "small p" peace but Peace in capital letters – the presence of justice as opposed to simply the absence of physical threat. The fulfilment of essential and basic human rights and a solution to intra state conflicts and civil wars. The responsibility on the part of the international community to protect all civilians and also prevent within reason mass atrocities such as genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes and crimes against humanity as was agreed in the 2005 UN World Summit Outcomes Document.
Given that such solutions could call for direct intervention, picking sides in a conflict and embarking in peace enforcement and possibly state building, never mind just peace keeping, it is easy to see the disagreements and fall outs among international society that such aggressive, invasive and preventive operations would engender. I'm particularly interested in the current norms of sovereignty; non-intervention and collective Security Council authorisation set against practices that would see action unauthorised by the Council in the face of what some deem "an unreasonable veto" or in the name of a "moral majority" and coercive democratisation (regime change) as an escalation of humanitarian intervention. My concern is that such practices regardless of intention will provoke a backlash and damage the consensus by which international society is sustained, leaving us all worse off, and crucially the peoples of Syria no better off, as a result.
Briefly to close I would like to highlight three points of view taken from a recent Security Council debate of October 2013 (S/PV 7052) on reforming the working methods of the Council. Although a mostly administrative debate that dwelt on innovations in the day to day running of the Council, the forty nine participating states also made larger points on the issue of the Council's responsibilities under The Charter and how it required reform in order to meet these and better serve the needs of both kinds of peace.
France remarked that;
"The Syrian crisis has highlighted the impasse that the Security Council has come up against in dealing with the use of the right of veto. A few weeks ago, the President of France spoke in the General Assembly on the importance of creating a code of conduct for the permanent members that would establish guidelines for the use of the right of veto. The Minister for Foreign Affairs also spoke on the subject. What would be involved would be for the five permanent members of the Security Council to collectively and voluntarily suspend their right of veto when a situation involving crime on a massive scale is considered to have occurred.
Clearly, the criteria for such self-management must still be defined by the Council's permanent members themselves. A voluntary step such as this would not entail revising the Charter of the United Nations…The Security Council should take this opportunity to thoroughly review its working methods in order to meet the challenges of the twenty- first century. The world is changing and the threats have changed. Let us be the actors who are willing to deal with that change and show that we are capable of innovating in order to be more effective but also more just."
Russia responded;
"And, of course, such fundamental positions as the right of veto have nothing to do with the working methods of the Council. The suggestion that weakening the right of veto would help to improve the Security Council's effectiveness is deeply deluded and would in fact have the opposite effect. The result would be the rubber-stamping of points of view reflecting the opinions of only one group of States. That is not why the United Nations was created."
Saudi Arabia concluded;
"The international community's attention is focused on the Council more than ever before. Innocent people throughout the world yearn for the Security Council to save them from the scourges of war by implementing its mandate for the maintenance of international peace and security without further delay, which will make the world a safer place. On that basis, the process of reforming the Security Council and its working methods must be inclusive, comprehensive and designed to strengthen the Council's ability to fulfil its mission, reflect contemporary realities and the diversity of the international community, and take into consideration the interests of the entire United Nations membership.
The change in the Security Council's structure should reflect the current situation, as well as new developments in the international arena. It should reflect the equitable geographic distribution of Member States and preserve its ability and effectiveness in fulfilling its duties, including in preventing conflicts and international disputes before they escalate and lead to grave consequences."
What observations can be made about these three different statements (of the forty nine made) in regard to the question of peace and the responsibilities of the Security Council?
France's comments represents an attempt at "norm entrepreneurship" (Finnemore & Sikkink) as they suggest developing a new practice or customary rule without going to the lengths of re writing the actual UN Charter. They suggest that for all the change in normative expectations of what peace means and how a responsible Council and by extension its permanent members should behave, a work around solution is more feasible than substantial reform.
Russia's objection to any such reform of the veto speaks not just to the significance of the national interest, but also about the role of what Bull called "Great Power Management" as an institution of international society. I.e the recognition that some states are more powerful than others and that in return for performing certain roles (such as America and Russia getting in a room an dealing with Syria's chemical weapons) they get afforded special rights such as the veto. Paradoxically the existence of Great Powers both challenges and affirms the existence of international society. Challenges, because of the potential threat of hegemony if not outright hierarchy, and yet also affirms because being a Great Power with concomitant rights depends as much on recognition and perception as mere material might.
Finally Saudi Arabia criticises both the failure of the Council to discharge its responsibilities and is sceptical of any reform that fails to deliver better outcomes or recognise that the world of 2013 is not that of 1945. Indeed, such were their stated concerns that they took the unprecedented step of turning down their elected seat on The Council despite a hard fought lobbying campaign to secure it. Reading their statement with this in mind, France's suspension of the veto among the existing P5 is not enough, and nor do they accept Russia's advocacy of "five to rule them all". Yet at the same time as arguing that The Council must be made more representative, they also call for it to maintain its "ability and effectiveness in fulfilling its duties", something critics say would be harder, not easier under many of the plans for Security Council membership reform, never mind calls for it to attend more to conflict prevention, and so be responsible for Peace with "a capital P" as opposed to a simpler focus on international peace and security with "a small p".
So what we see in this selected exchange between three of the forty nine speakers that day is contestation both of the problem of peace and the nature of the institutional solution I.e. who should be responsible, for what kind of peace and how.
Next year marks the seventieth anniversary of the founding of The United Nations and a special General Assembly Summit looking to consider both the post Millennium Development Goal development framework, and also once again, the vexing question of Council reform. Whilst much of the debate will doubtless link reform to occasioning more responsible behaviour, my final observation would be that just as, if not more important than the question of who shoulders responsibility and how, is the question of how international society defines responsibility and to what norms of behaviour they are beholden.
Tags #PhD, #R2P, discourses, hedley bull, International Community, international society, P5, Peace, R2NV, RtoP, Security Council reform, Syria, tim dunne, United Nations


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