This week, I changed a lightbulb. In fact, in the past few weeks, I've changed many lightbulbs. In the spirit of environmental accountability, we've switched every lightbulb in our home to an 'energy-saver', giving us a wonderful sense of 'doing something' to help the environment, as well as that annoying initial 20-30 second period of dim-light around the home. But these are not the lightbulbs I wanted to focus on. I changed the headlamp bulb in my car. A simple task, for the most part, and one which you would think would be possible on the side of the road in the dark in case of emergency (I was in the driveway in the sunshine, but you get the picture). But no. In order to complete this routine maintenance task, the entire headlamp assembly requires to be disconnected from the battery, unscrewed from the car body, unclipped, taken off of the front of the car, more unclipping, more disconnection, before finally you have access to the offending lightbulb.
Where am I going with this? Design. Someone designed that process. Someone thought that the optimum design was one which required the fitting to be stripped from the body of the car to be serviced. Someone made the decision that this was an acceptable process to go through to change a lightbulb. Someone thought this it was a good idea to change from the "open bonnet / unclip bulb-housing / change bulb / close bonnet" routine that I remember from my first car, to this 12-step process requiring a reference manual.
Now, I'm sure there is a reason that this process is so annoying. I'm sure that by designing and mounting the headlamp in this way, some cost/weight/production/design savings were made, or at least the production process was significantly improved. Surely? I would certainly hope so, otherwise the design could be described as "sloppy" at best. But the question is: have we really sacrificed the Focus (hint...) on the end-user so much that we are prepared to design things in such a way as to make their job or experience knowledgably worse in order to save a few bucks? Do we still design with the ultimate satisfaction of the consumer/customer/owner/passenger in mind, or has this slipped down the order of importance behind efficiency and cost?
The dangers of over-optimisation are now receiving wider coverage in the analysis community, and we should learn from other sectors and industries which have been there before. Whilst efficient design, cost savings and production efficiency are vital, especially in today's marketplace, we should never lose sight of the fact that every product is designed to be used. That is the main purpose. If design optimisation makes for a more difficult, less satisfactory user experience, is it the correct thing to do? If the addition of analysis and simulation to a design process leads to anything other than an enhanced user experience, in terms of either safety, efficiency, ease of use of cost-savings, then do we have to re-examine its value?
You'll be happy to know that I did manage to change the lightbulb in the end.


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I do not know if this man is purposefully ignorant of church history or if his nose was growing while making that statement. I do know we can weigh his statement, measure it, and find if it is wanting. Is the Church transparent and honest?
Let us begin our examination with the Joseph Smith himself. The first example involves Joe trying to make the moves on the daughter of Sidney Rigdon.
Wagner described these events with this narrative."George W. Robinson, a prominent Nauvoo citizen married to another of Rigdon's daughters, wrote to James A. Bennett, a New York friend to the church, on 22 July 1842, that 'Smith sent for Miss Rigdon to come to the house of Mrs. [Orson] Hyde, who lived in the under-rooms of the printing- office. . . . According to Robinson, Nancy 'inquired of the messenger . . . what was wanting, and the only reply was, that Smith wanted to see her.' Robinson claimed that Smith took her into a room, 'locked the door, and then stated to her that he had had an affection for her for several years, and wished that she should be his; that the Lord was well pleased with this matter, for he had got a revelation on the subject, and God had given him all the blessings of Jacob, etc., etc., and that there was no sin whatever.' Robinson reported that Nancy 'repulsed him and was about to raise the neighbors if he did not unlock the door and let her out' . . . .
How did Joseph Smith respond when Nancy's brother went public with the incident? Was he transparent and openly admit what he had done? Hardly! He did what we see too often today when powerful men are caught trying to sexually manipulate a young woman. First he denied everything until that inconvenient piece of evidence was presented to him. He then changed his story and engaged in attacks on Nancy. According to historian Michael Quinn, Joe published affidavits that Nancy was sexually impure. This is not the only woman Joe did this too. He publicly attacked women who refused his advances and spoke out about it. Does that sound like honesty and transparency?
2. This next case takes place in Nauvoo in June of 1844. The Mormon City Council was angry that a newspaper, The Nauvoo Expositor had exposed Joseph Smith's practice of polygamy. For this, Mayor Joseph Smith called the City Council together to declare the paper a "public nuisance" in order to have the press destroyed.
Was the irritation a lie? No, in fact it was Joseph Smith who had been lying about his practice of taking other men's wives and daughters as polygamous partners.
3. The next example involved Joseph Smith's mother, Lucy Smith, who wrote a book, Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith. It was published by Apostle Orson Pratt in 1853. By 1865, Brigham Young was frowning upon this book. Brigham ordered that it "should be gathered up and destroyed, so that no copies should be left" (Latter-Day Saint's Millennial Star, vol. 27, pp. 657-58).
The biography had been started shortly after the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, and into 1845, Lucy Mack Smith dictated her recollections and family story to Nauvoo schoolteacher Martha Jane Coray. Coray worked with her husband to compile these books of notes and other sources into a manuscript, which was then copied.
One copy was given to Brigham Young, and the other stayed with Lucy Smith in Nauvoo. Eventually, Apostle Orson Pratt obtained Lucy's copy and published it in 1853, with some omissions and new material added. One of the omissions was a reference to folk magic practiced by the Smith family.
After its publication, Brigham Young declared the book to be a "tissue of lies" and wanted corrections made. There was no "corrected" version until the church published a 1901 serialization and 1902 book.
To review this point. Orson Pratt deleted a passage about folk magic and Brother Brigham wanted all copies burned so members would not read the book and get ideas that maybe the Smith family held the rights of the priesthood instead of Brigham. This would not be the only time changes were made to a book or one was banned.
4.Many people are unaware that over the years the Church has made thousands of changes to its scriptures. Leaders have added and deleted words and tampered with previously published revelations by writing in new material and falsely attributing it to an earlier date. A a true believing member, I had been told these changes were small grammatical and spelling errors that needed to be corrected. While this does account for many changes, there are significant changes to words that change the meaning of passages. Did I see these changes in official published material from the Church? Like most people, I had to do research outside of official publications to find out the Church had been less than forthcoming about scriptural changes.
5.History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a history of the early Mormon movement during the lifetime of Joseph Smith. It is largely composed of Smith's writings and interpolations and editorial comments by Smith's secretaries and scribes.
The History was completed in August 1856 by historians who wrote it as if it was written by Joseph. Brigham Young required the historians to write it that way. Sixty percent of the history was written after the death of Joseph Smith. The church consciously let members believe that the official history was written by Joseph Smith. (Brigham Young University Studies, Summer 1971, pp. 466, 469, 470, 472 Ken Clark) In the 20th century, after the deception was pointed out by critics, the church acknowledged this truth.
7.Censorship of historians during the twentieth century was one way leaders attempted to control the narrative. One example of this was Fawn Brodie. She published her seminal biography on Joseph Smith, titled No Man knows my History in 1945. Her depiction of Joseph Smith as a fraudulent "genius of improvisation"upset Church leaders. Although he refused to read her book,Apostle J. Reuben Clark asked the Deseret News to publish his long review of the book. The Church also asked a young church apologist, Hugh Nibley to write a rebuttal. His pamphlet No Ma'am, That's Not History was a classic ad hominem attack, not addressing the historical claims. Brodie was excommunicated for writing a book that did not idolize the founder of the Church.
Another example is how Michael Quinn was excommunicated from the Church, in part for publishing research detailing how polygamy continued in Utah even after its termination had been officially announced by President Wilford Woodruff in 1890.
8. A picture is worth a thousand words:Censorship in artists depictions of events in Church history is well documented on the internet. When I served a full time mission for the Church, my companions and I carried a small flip chart that contained pictures that we had received straight from Church headquarters in. We had no idea we were assisting the church in a false narrative about Church history. One picture had Joseph and Oliver translating the Book of Mormon with the gold plates sitting on a table. It was only years later did I learn the Gold Plates were never used and Joe stuck his head in a hat to look at his rock. I can see why this would be censored. Another picture we used involved the Angel Moroni (or was it Nephi?) visiting Joe in his room. The picture does not show his siblings who slept in the same room. Over the years, millions of Mormon missionaries have shared this false narrative, often unaware even to themselves. The position of Church apologists have been to blame the artist for getting it wrong.
9. Censorship in the manuals: The Church used a manual titled, Teachings of the Presidents of the Church for any years as the official study guide for all adult members. The Church used carefully placed ellipses to obscure teachings on various topics. This is discussed in a previous post of mine titled Censorship in Manuals.
10.Various quotes by Church leaders regarding censorship.
"Some of those who speak on these subjects have been called and given divine authority to do so. Others, whom I choose to call alternate voices, speak on these subjects without calling or authority.
In the five years since I was called as a General Authority, I have seen many instances where Church leaders and members have been troubled by things said by these alternate voices. I am convinced that some members are confused about the Church's relationship to the alternate voices." Apostle Dallin Oaks April 1989 Conference. This quote was widely interpreted by members they were to learn about Church history only from approved sources.
"I have a hard time with historians… because they idolize the truth. The truth is not uplifting; it destroys. Historians should tell only that part of the truth that is inspiring and uplifting." Apostle Boyd K.Packer 1994 as quoted by Michael Quinn.
"Remind them that James did not say, If any of you lack wisdom, let him Google" Apostle Russel Ballard 2015.
When the book Mormon Enigma was published in 1984, it won the Mormon History Association Best Book award, the Evans Biography Award, and the John Whitmer Historical Association Best Book award. This drew the attention of Church leaders, who instructed local leaders not to allow the authors to speak in Church meetings.
"What a thing it is for a man to be accused of committing adultery, and having seven wives, when I can only find one." Joseph Smith. He made this comment at a time he had taken numerous wives.
The Morning Breaks and the shadows flee for a brief season: In the 1970s, the Church historian's office was run by professional historians, such as Leonard Arrington and Dean Jessee. According to Arrington, "historians, at Brigham Young University and elsewhere, were given full access to the Church Archives and commissioned to write accurate and reliable treatises on a variety of assigned topics" ("The Writing of Latter-day Saints History," Dialogue, 14:3 [Autumn 1981], p. 126). Several publications came of the new openness from the historian's office.
In the early 1980s,the openness ended, access to the church archives was severely restricted, even for trusted church historians, and Arrington and his staff were transferred to Brigham Young University.It marked a demoralizing end to a "Camelot" era for Mormon scholars.
Conclusion: Unlike scholars and intellects who regard history as an important guide to the present and the future, religious leaders with fundamentalist views, frequently see the study of history as a potential threat to their authority and to the belief system that has been carefully assembled like dominoes. Since most fundamentalist leaders fear members knowing the historical complexities of the religion, they carefully guard the past and attempt to censor the writing of historians to prevent members from knowing facts that they think might shake their beliefs. In this case, truth becomes secondary to a faith promoting narrative.
The Church has a long history of reacting to events the leaders never saw coming. In the 1970s, the Church could almost completely control the flow of information to its members, but it chose not to do so. Today, the church has lost all control of information and is reacting in various ways.
It has quietly published articles with a faith promoting angle about various controversial topics. Looking for these articles on a Church website is more difficult than finding the proverbial needle in a haystack.
Leaders have attempted to pretend the Church has always been open and transparent by referencing some obscure article that can be found by cleaning out the shed and finding it in the box at the bottom, titled "Do not open under any condition'". Elder Ballard engaged in these type of gaslighting with the first part of the quote we started with. He said this, "Some are saying that the church has been hiding the fact that there's more than one version of the first vision, which is just not true. The facts are we don't study, we don't go back and search what has been said on the subject. For example Dr. James B. Allen of the BYU in 1970, he produced an article for the church magazines explaining all about the different versions of the first vision. ." In this case, Ballard's words are as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal.
Members and leaders have engaged in victim blaming and question why no one cleaned out the shed and looked through every box to find the desired information.
The Church had to be pulled into the age of information, all the while kicking and screaming. Today, there are faint rays of hope with a new openness that was imposed upon the institution. May it continue….
Great thoughts and information. While the Church is more open today there are still troubling signs. They attempted to censor mormonleaks recently.
Coercing young girls into sexual relationships is wrong. If the church that can't even admit that , then I have no need for it.A church that whitewashed its history is just morally bankrupt.


How do we constraint the search space so that only a few options out of the cross-product of "knobs" are used?
I want configs (MCB, NCB) -> [(56, 32), (56, 24), (64, 24)] to be used but not (64, 32). Is there a way to create such constraints on the products on the search spaces?
Currently I do not think we support this use case but it should not be too difficult to add a method to add a user-defined function to ConfigSpace: https://github.com/dmlc/tvm/blob/8d3b392da6eae59dab068947e76ddf9e3534661d/python/tvm/autotvm/task/space.py#L579.
However in the past we have not really needed these types of constraints as it is the job of the tuner to deduce nontrivial constraints, and it will quickly learn around trivial constraints (e.g., violating hardware resources as they will raise errors during tuning).


text:
Smiles as signals of lower status in football players and fashion models: Evidence that smiles are associated with lower dominance and lower prestige
Timothy Ketelaar, Daniel Gambacorta, Igor Dolgov, Cuauhtémoc Luna-Nevarez, Micki Klungle, Bryan L. Koenig, Daniel Hor, Jennifer Zarzosa, Lee Wells - evolutionary-psychology
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From the book : Evolutionary Psychology 10 issue 3 : 371-397.
Across four studies, the current paper demonstrates that smiles are associated with lower social status.
Moreover, the association between smiles and lower status appears in the psychology of observers and generalizes across two forms of status: prestige and dominance. In the first study, faces of fashion models representing less prestigious apparel brands were found to be more similar to a canonical smile display than the faces of models representing more prestigious apparel brands. In a second study, after being experimentally primed with either high or low prestige fashion narratives, participants in the low prestige condition were more likely to perceive smiles in a series of photographs depicting smiling and non-smiling faces.
A third study of football player photographs revealed that the faces of less dominant (smaller) football players were more similar to the canonical smile display than the faces of their physically larger counterparts.
Using the same football player photographs, a fourth study found that smiling was a more reliable indicator of perceived status-relevant personality traits than perceptions of the football players' physical sizes inferred from the photographs.
Published by evolutionary-psychology
www.epjournal.net – 2012. 10(3): 371397
Timothy Ketelaar, Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA. Email: ketelaar@nmsu.edu(Corresponding author).
Bryan L. Koenig, Institute of High Performance Computing and National University of Singapore.
Daniel Gambacorta, Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
Igor Dolgov, Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
Daniel Hor, Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
Jennifer Zarzosa, Department of Marketing, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
Cuauhtémoc LunaNevarez, Department of Marketing, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
Micki Klungle, Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
Lee Wells, Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
Abstract: Across four studies, the current paper demonstrates that smiles are associated with lower social status. Moreover, the association between smiles and lower status appears in thepsychology observers and generalizes across two forms of status: prestige and of dominance. In the first study, faces of fashion models representing less prestigious apparel brands were found to be more similar to a canonical smile display than the faces of models representing more prestigious apparel brands. In a second study, after being experimentally primed with either high or low prestige fashion narratives, participants in the low prestige condition were more likely to perceive smiles in a series of photographs depicting smiling and nonsmiling faces. A third study of football player photographs revealed that the faces of less dominant (smaller) football players were more similar to the canonical smile display than the faces of their physically larger counterparts. Using the same football player photographs, a fourth study found that smiling was a more reliable indicator of perceived statusrelevant personality traits than perceptions of the football players' physical sizes inferred from the photographs.
Smiles as signals of lower status in football players and fashion models
Keywords: emotion, smile, status, dominance, prestige
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯Introduction
Debates about the information that an audience derives from a sender's facial displays (see Fridlund, 1994; Parkinson, 2003) have traditionally focused on whether these displays primarily advertise the mental states of the sender (e.g., whether the sender feels happy or sad) or signal the behavioral tendencies of the displayer (e.g., whether the displayer intends to help you or harm you). Research on one particular category of facial display—the smile—has recognized, however, that facial displays can also provide information about the sender's relative social status (e.g., Goldenthal, Johnston, and Kraut, 1981; Kraut and Johnston, 1979). This research has demonstrated that less dominant individuals smile more often than their more dominant counterparts. The current paper extends this research on the association between smiles and lower social status in three important ways: First, by exploring whether human smiles convey information about two distinct forms of status: dominance and prestige. Second, whereas previous research on human smile displays and status has focused on the behavior of senders (e.g., do lower status individuals smile more?), the current project extends this research to the question of whether the link between smiles and lower status appears in thepsychologyof thereceiversof such displays. Finally, the association between smiles and lower social status is explored across two distinct forms of human smile:Duchenne smiles and happiness embarrassment/appeasement smiles. Darwin (1872/1998) was among the first to suggest that human smiles might represent an evolutionary homology in the sense that smiles appear to have evolved across human and nonhuman populations to function as submissive gestures that prevent acts of aggression from higher status individuals (see also van Hoof, 1972). Indeed, this link between smiles and lower status is embodied in the primatologists' convention of identifying the top ranked individual as the only member of a particular primate group that does not express submissive behavior to other members of the group (e,g., Combes and Altmann, 2001). Darwin's insights regarding smiles suggest that in addition to providing information about the mental state of the sender (e.g., that they feel happy) or the behavioral tendencies of the displayer (e.g., that they intend to cooperate with you), a smile can also provide information about the relative social status of the displayer. Consistent with Darwin's observations, previous research has demonstrated a strong correspondence between human smiles and lower social status (Dovidio, Brown, Heltman, Ellyson, and Keating, 1988; Goldenthal et al., 1981; Keating, Mazur, and Segall, 1977). As Darwin noted, nonhuman primates also utilize smilelike, silent teethbaring displays referred to as fear grimaces function to preempt aggression from more dominant individuals by that virtue of advertising the subordinate (and thus less threatening) status of the displayer (Preuschoft and Van Hooff 1997; Parr and Waller, 2006; van Hooff, 1972). Although
Evolutionary Psychology – ISSN 14747049 – Volume 10(3). 2012. 372
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human females tend to smile more than males (Hall, 1985), both men and women smile 1 more when they are in a position of relatively less power (Deutsch, 1987). The literature on signaling in canines (wolves) adds to the wellestablished link between smiling and lower status by revealing that wolves "smile" by displaying their teeth with their mouth opened horizontally (as opposed to vertically) and this display is a reliable signal of submissive or friendly intentions (see Fox, 1970). While animal behavior researchers do not claim that these smilelike displays are isomorphic with human facial displays of emotion, the converging evidence across species suggests that evolution may have shaped human smile displays to advertise the displayer's relatively lower social status to conspecifics. Although previous research has demonstrated an association between smiles and lower status in humans, most of these studies have defined status strictly in terms of physical dominance. This leaves unexplored whether smiles can also convey information about less physical forms of status such as prestige. There are at least two forms of low status in humans Whereas early theorizing in evolutionary psychology viewed human status displays as analogous to dominance displays in other species (see Barkow, 1989), this assumption has been qualified by the recent insight that evolution has given rise to a uniquely human form of status known as prestige (Henrich and GilWhite, 2001; but see Horner, Proctor, Bonnie, Whiten, and de Waal, 2010 for evidence of nonhuman prestige). Prestigious individuals gain their status because others seek them out as models or teachers in order to copy them or to acquire from them the best available cultural information. By contrast with the dominance form of status, which often entails an individual controlling socially valued resources through the threat of physical force, the prestige form of status entails freely conferred (not coerced) deference toward an individual who possesses some exceptional ability or knowledge (Henrich and GilWhite, 2001). Thus, whereas dominance displays directed toward less dominant individuals often evoke submissive behaviors and avoidance, prestige displays directed toward less prestigious individuals, such as demonstrating one's knowledge of the latest digital technology in adolescent homo sapiens (see Miller, 2000; 2009), often provoke selective imitation of the displayer (not avoidance) and a variety of sycophantically ingratiating behaviors such as proximity seeking on the part of subordinates (Henrich and GilWhite, 2001). In this light, previous research demonstrating an association between human smiles and lower social status must be qualified by the acknowledgement of a second form of status, prestige, that is distinct from physical dominance. This recognition of two distinct forms of status in humans—dominance and prestige—raises an important research question: Do human smile displays function as signals of subordination for both forms of status?
1 Despite the robust association between smiles and lower status, there are contexts in which higherstatus individuals sometimes smile more than lowerstatus individuals, such as when higher status individuals perceive that they have more "license" to smile than their lower status counterparts (Hecht and LaFrance, 1998), or in same sex female groups where women may be inclined to utilize affiliative behaviors (such as smiles) more than displays of formidability to gain higher status (see Cashdan, 1998). Evolutionary Psychology – ISSN 14747049 – Volume 10(3). 2012. 373 
Could individuals benefit from signaling their lower status? Why would a subordinate individual ever signal their lower status, especially in cases where higher rank is defined in terms of prestige rather than dominance? In ethology and animal behavior, a signal can be defined as "any act or structure which alters the behaviour of other organisms, which evolved because of that effect, and which is effective because the receiver's response has also evolved" (Maynard Smith and Harper, 2003, p. 3). Given this definition, lower dominance individuals may benefit from signaling their lower dominance insofar as it reduces aggression from more dominant individuals. Possible benefits for signaling lower prestige are less obvious, but perhaps they are analogous to the benefit of signaling lower dominance. That is, perhaps signaling lower prestige, like signaling lower dominance, constitutes a form ofstrategic deference whereby one social agent benefits in the relative sense of avoiding costs they might otherwise pay if they challenged those above them in the status hierarchy. For example, less prestigious individuals who regularly receive benefits from more prestigious individuals could undermine that flow of benefits by failing to defer to their prestigious benefactors, and as a result of challenging these more prestigious individuals, reduce their benefactors' prestige and associated resource pool. Another way that less prestigious individuals might benefit from signaling their lower prestige is by conserving resources and energy that would be wasted in unwinnable prestige competitions with more prestigious individuals. For example, a less wealthy member of an indigenous group of native Americans who is not likely to benefit from entering into a giftgiving competition (i.e., a potlatch) with a much wealthier member of their group might avoid entering into such a costly competition by signaling their substantially lower status beforehand. Similarly, more prestigious individuals could also benefit from receiving these signals of lower prestige when doing so allows them to forgo costly displays of conspicuous consumption until a more relevant competitor arrives on the scene. All of these potential benefits of signaling lower status (and attending to such signals) provide plausible mechanisms that could result in the evolution of smiles as signals of lower status for both dominance and prestige forms of status. Are happiness smiles as effective as embarrassment smiles at conveying information about lower status? The question of whether human smiles convey information about both dominance and prestige is further complicated by the realization that human smiles have several functionally distinct forms that range from happiness smiles to embarrassment displays (see Figure 1). The canonical happiness display or socalledDuchenne smileinvolves activation of muscles around the eyes and the mouth and has traditionally been portrayed as a signal of one's internal state of "happy feelings" or positive affect rather than a signal of submissivenessperse(Davidson,Ekman,Saron,Senulis,andFriesen,1990;Ekman,2003;Frank and Ekman, 1993). By contrast, the human embarrassment display or appeasement smile typically involves a mouthonly smile but also includes a number of nonverbal behaviors such as head tilts, eye gaze aversion, and face touching (Keltner, 1995; Keltner and Buswell, 1997). Several studies suggest that theDuchenne smilecovaries with cooperative intentions(Brown, Palameta, and Moore, 2003; Mehu, Grammer, and Dunbar,
2007; Scharleman, Eckel, Kacelnik, and Wilson, 2001); whereas the embarrassment or appeasement display is a good candidate for an analog of the various submissive teeth baring gestures observed in other species (Darwin, 1872/1998; Keltner, 2009). Given these findings it would be unsurprising to observe that the embarrassment display evokes inferences about the relatively lower dominance of the displayer. By contrast, it is unclear whether theDuchenne or true happiness display will also be associated with both smile forms of status because research to date has focused only on the physical dominance form of social status. Figure 1. distinct forms of human smile: The "eyes and mouth" smile of the Two Duchenne smile or happiness display (left) and the mouth only smile associated with the embarrassment display (right)
Overview of the current studies Across four studies, the current paper explores whether two distinct types of human smile display (happiness smiles and embarrassment smiles) are associated with two forms of lower status: lower prestige and lower dominance. These studies represent an attempt to not only demonstrate an association between displayer behavior (smile or no smile) and displayer status (high versus low) but also to test whether this association between smiles and status appears in thepsychology observers. In the animal signaling literature, this of distinction between displayer behavior and observer psychology is conceptualized with the termssender andecerrevi (see Dawkins and Krebs, 1978; Searcy and Nowicki, 2005; Smith and Harper, 2003). In the current studies we examine smiles from the standpoint of both sender behavior and receiver psychology.
In the first study we evaluate the association between displayer smiling behavior and displayer prestige by examining whether the faces of fashion models representing less prestigious apparel brands are more similar to canonical smile displays than the faces of models representing more prestigious brands. Photos of fashion models were sampled from high and low prestige brand websites and rated in terms of their similarity to several canonical displays of emotion, including two displays involving smiles: happiness and embarrassment displays.In this study, status was defined in terms of prestige, as freely conferred deference from subordinates, rather than dominance.
Study 1 Materials and Methods
Twentyone undergraduates at a large Southwestern University participated for extra credit in a seminar on emotion. Photos of fashion models were from brand websites for four different apparel categories: (1) men's white cotton, buttondown shirts, (2) women's white cotton blouses, (3) men's and women's black Vneck sweaters, and (4) eyewear (glasses and sun glasses). Faces of fashion models representing high and low prestige brands of each apparel category were selected from the home page of each brand's website. If more than one model's face appeared on the home page for the brand website, a single face was randomly selected to represent that particular brand. If a brand did not have a website or if no model's face appeared on its homepage, this brand was excluded from the content analysis. For each apparel category, high prestige brands were defined as brands for which an apparel item was listed as above the median price for that particular product, whereas low prestige brands were defined as brands for which an item was listed as below the median price. Prices for these apparel items were collected from the e commerce site Amazon.com between January and April of 2006. For example, the median price for men's black Vneck sweaters was $80 and the high prestige brands ranged from $90 to $410, whereas sweaters from lower prestige brands ranged from $33 to $70. Using this procedure, we identifiedNmodels' faces from brand websites across the four= 61 2 apparel categories (35 faces for high prestige brands and 26 faces for low prestige brands ). The digital images of models' heads were cropped to show only the models' faces (e.g., no hair; see Figure 2) and were embedded in a PowerPoint slideshow in which each face appeared just once. On each slide—displayed alongside a single cropped photo of a model's face—were six canonical facial displays of emotion. These canonical displays corresponded to Facial Action Coding System (FACS) coded photos depicting facial displays of embarrassment, contempt, disgust, neutral, anger, and happiness (photos were from Ketelaar, Preston, Russell, Davis, and Strosser, 2007). Procedurewho were not told that theThe PowerPoint slideshow was presented to participants, faces presented in the slides were those of fashion models. While viewing each slide, participants rated the similarity between the cropped face and each of the six canonical emotion displays on a seven point scale (0 =not at all similarand 6 =extremely similar). This similarityrating procedure allows the researcher to construct a languagefree measure of facial display judgments whereby participants do not need to understand the meaning of emotion terms suchoncmptetorraarebmtnssemin order to rate the degree to which a target face resembles the canonical emotion display associated with a particular category of

2 Sixtyone models' faces were selected from high and low prestige brand websites across the five apparel categories: 3 faces for models advertising name brand women's Vneck sweaters, 8 faces for models advertising name brand men's Vneck sweaters, 8 faces for models advertising name brand women's shirts, 3 faces for models advertising name brand men's shirts, and 39 faces for models advertising name brand glasses. Evolutionary Psychology – ISSN 14747049 – Volume 10(3). 2012. 376 
emotion (Alvarado, 1996). Participants were given a single packet of forms (each page corresponded to the ratings for one model's face) and were randomly assigned to view one of two random orderings of presentation of the models' faces. Figure 2. Study 1: Examples of headshots of fashion models from folk and elite apparel advertisements
Note:Photos were cropped to remove the models' hair. 
Study 1 Results
For each participant we computed 12 mean emotion similarity ratings, one for each of the six distinct emotion displays separately for the high and low prestige brand models. Interrater reliability for each of these emotion similarity ratings (collapsing across model status) was adequate (Cronbachα's > .80 for each of six emotion ratings). We then tested the prediction that models representing the less prestigious brands would be rated higher on happiness and embarrassment displays than models representing the higher status brands using two pairedsamplettests (one for happiness ratings and another for embarrassment ratings). The faces of models representing less prestigious brands were rated as more similar to a canonical smile display than the faces of models representing more prestigious brands.Consistent with predictions (see Figure 3), participants rated the faces of models affiliated with the less prestigious brands as more similar to the canonical happiness facial display than the faces of the models affiliated with the more prestigious brands,t(19) = 8.70,p< .001,d= 2.06. Moreover, participants rated the faces of the models affiliated with the less prestigious brands as more similar to the canonical embarrassment facial display than the faces of the models affiliated with the more prestigious brands,t(19) = 6.18,p < .001,d= 1.40. 
Figure 3.Study 1: Ratings of similarity between six canonical facial displays of emotions and photos of models' faces in folk versus elite advertisements.
 Models for the more prestigious, higher status brands also displayed more negative and neutral emotions than models for the less prestigious, lower status brands. Although we did not have specific predictions regarding negative emotions, we tested the possibility that models representing the higher status brands would display more "negative" emotions (contempt, anger, and disgust) than models representing the lower status brands using a series of pairedsamplettests (one for each emotion rating; see Figure 3). These analyses revealed that participants rated the faces of models affiliated with the more prestigious brands as more similar to the canonical anger facial display than the faces of models affiliated with the less prestigious brands,t(19) = 2.52,p< .05,d= 0.63. Participants also rated the faces of models affiliated with the more prestigious brands as more similar to the canonical disgust facial display than the faces of models affiliated with the less prestigious brands,t(18) = 2.81,p .05, <d 0.73. In addition, participants tended to rate the faces = associated with the more prestigious brands as more similar to the canonical contempt facial display than the faces of models affiliated with the less prestigious brands,t(19) = 1.26,p= .22,d= 0.29, although the latter finding was not statistically significant. Finally, participants rated the faces of models affiliated with the more prestigious brands as more similar to the canonical neutral facial display than the faces of models affiliated with the less prestigious brands,t(19) = 2.88,p< .05,d= 0.66.
Study 1 Discussion
Study 1 examined whether individuals associated with lower levels of prestige display more smiling than individuals associated with higher levels of prestige. Consistent with this hypothesis, the faces of fashion models affiliated with the websites of less prestigious brands were more similar to the canonical happiness and embarrassment smile displays than the faces of fashion models affiliated with the websites of more prestigious Evolutionary Psychology – ISSN 14747049 – Volume 10(3). 2012. 378

brands. Fashion models affiliated with the more prestigious brands not only displayed less smiling but also displayed more negative and neutral emotions. These findings suggest that the link between smiling and status can be extended beyond the realm of physical dominance where higher status is typically signaled by threats of physical force. The finding that fashion models affiliated with the less prestigious brands smiled more than their more prestigious counterparts is consistent with several interpretations, including: 1) fashion models affiliated with the lower prestige brands are actually happier than their higher status counterparts and are signaling this psychological state by smiling, 2) fashion models affiliated with the higher prestige brands are actually instructed to not display signals of happiness, so as not to be inferred as possessing lower status (or conversely, perhaps lower prestige models are told to smilemore high prestige than models), and finally, 3) fashion models affiliated with the lower prestige brands are actually signaling something other than happiness or lower prestige by smiling. It is safe to assume that fashion models do not normally have the creative authority to pose as they please, including their facial expressions. Therefore the observed pattern of smiling or not smiling in fashion models may be more informative about the marketing intentions behind the corporations and decision makers who control a brand image, than they are about the emotional or personality characteristics of the models themselves. Consistent with the assumption that prestigious apparel brands would want to maintain their high status image by selecting images that avoid signals of lower status, our data showed that models representing the more prestigious brands did indeed smile significantly less than models for similar, albeit less prestigious apparel items. It seems unlikely that the smiling of fashion models affiliated with low prestige brands reflects these individuals actually being happier than the (nonsmiling) models affiliated with high prestige brands. Indeed, these findings are opposite to what one would expect when considering that "Research on subjective wellbeing consistently reveals that the characteristics and resources valued by society correlate [positively] with happiness" (Lyubomirksy, King, and Diener, 2005, p. 803). A more plausible explanation for these differences in smiling involves the implicit tradeoff between displaying a smile to convey positive affect (e.g., "I am happy") and strategically suppressing a smile in order to convey higher prestige (e.g., "I am affiliated with a prestigious brand"). Thus, the nonsmiling faces of the fashion models affiliated with the high prestige brands may not be attempting to convey that they feel less happy (by suppressing their happiness smiles), so much as they are attempting to avoid conveying the impression that they are affiliated with low prestige brands. Indeed, it is common knowledge in the fashion industry that highend fashion brands demand "No smiling on the runway!" (see Tierney, 2007). As one former fashion industry professional remarks: I myself have worked on fashion shoots for both the highend (magazine editorial) and the massmarket end (catalogs, etc.) and yes, it's (sic) two completely different styles of modeling. In the massmarket shoots, the aim is to look approachable and friendly, simply because that's assumed to be what the potential customer of that type of product is attracted to … With the highend jobs, it's all about creating a mood, about attitude, rather than getting people to identify with the product or model. (Tierney, 2007, para. 8)
The current findings suggest that instructions to suppress smiles have less to do with wishing to convey information about the sender's lack of positive affect (happiness) and instead have more to do with the desire to convey an image of high prestige. Although the current results may say more about the intentions of marketers and fashion executives than they say about the intentions of the actual fashion models themselves, these findings (that higher prestige is associated with less smiling) are nonetheless suggestive about the meaning that observers derive from a target's smile. These correlational findings suggest that, in the fashion industry, fashion marketers believe that smiling might undermine the high status image of a high prestige brand. Is it possible to provide an experimental demonstration that observers psychologically associate lower prestige with smiling? Study two was designed as a step in that direction.
In study two,examine whether this association between smiles and prestige (lesswe prestigious individuals smile more) appears in the psychology of observers by extending the correlational approach in study one and experimentally priming participants with either high or low prestige fashion narratives. We predict that lowprestige primes will increase participants' tendencies to detect smiles in briefly presented photos of smiling and non smiling faces.
Ninetyfive undergraduates (61 % female, ages ranged from 18 to 52) in enrolled an introductory psychology course at a large Southwestern University participated for subject pool credit. The experiment and stimulus screens were created using the EPrime 2.0 and Experiment Builder software and were run on a standard Windows 7 operating system. The faces used as stimulus images in the experiment were obtained from the Matsumoto and Ekman (1988) Japanese And Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotions (JACFEE) and a variety of Internet face databases [the Indian face database (Jain and Mukheriee, 2002), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Biological and Computational Learning face recognition database ("Face recognition database," n.d.), Psychological Image Collection at Stirling ("PICS," n.d.), Yale face database B (Georghiades, Belhumeur, and Kriegman, 2001)] and were not necessarily of people who had done any fashion modeling. We selected camerafacing headshots based on image suitability and picture resolution. Our final set contained 85 photos: 70 neutral (28 female) and 15 smiling (5 female) faces. For the smiling faces, we used only faces that featured a closedmouthDuchenne This smile. was because a pretest indicated that observers easily detected smiles when photos of smiling faces showed teeth—making such photos unsuitable for our purposes. All the images were converted to blackandwhite, size adjusted, and cropped such that the image height was 400 pixels tall by 300 pixels wide, with the whole face still visible and occupying a central position to ensure uniformity across different images. The images were standardized using Adobe Photoshop CS5. We also used a visual white noise mask of the
same size (400 by 300 pixels) created with the same image manipulation software. ProcedureAfter providing informed consent, participants completed a brief demographics survey and then read one of two vignettes describing either a fictitious lowprestige brand or fictitious highprestige brand (see Vigneron and Johnson, 2004). In the high prestige condition, participants read a vignette describing an elite, highpriced fashion brand that reflected "timeless elegance and redefining style," "leading the avantgarde of fashion," and "available in a small number of select boutiques." In the low prestige condition, participants read a vignette describing a lowprestige, bargain fashion brand that reflected "the most current fashions at the greatest value," "to make your look come together at the right price," and providing "an affordable broad selection." Immediately after reading the vignette, participants completed a 10item manipulation check designed to test whether they understood what the vignettes were designed to convey. For this manipulation check participants rated their degree of agreement with ten statements such as "I think the advertised brand is very exclusive" and "In general, I think products under this brand are affordable." After completing the manipulation check, participants were told that they would be viewing a series of pictures of fashion models representing the brand that they had read about. They were instructed to indicate whether each model they saw was smiling or not smiling by pressing designated keys on a keyboard connected to the computer displaying the photos. A possible concern was that participants who knew more about fashion could have simply learned that models are trained to not smile and thus these participants might report seeing fewer smiling faces. To address this we included a factor we refer to as "fashion exposure" as a covariate in our design. Including this "fashion exposure" covariate was designed to rule out the possibility that individuals who are more familiar with fashion react differently to high and low prestige primes compared to participants with less exposure to fashion. Degree of fashion exposure was assessed after the smile detection task (see below) by asking participants to complete a brief survey assessing their prior experience with fashion (adapted from Fairhurst, Good, and Gentry, 1989; Goldsmith, Flynn, and Moore, 1996). After completing the fashion exposure survey participants were debriefed and dismissed. The smile detection task. At the start of each trial of the smile detection task, participants were shown a central fixation cross in the middle of the screen for 1 second. A picture of a face, randomly chosen without replacement from the 85 in the set, was then 3 displayed for approximately 20 milliseconds . We selected the shortest duration available under EPrime 2.0 intending that the faces would be shown so briefly that participants could just make out a face but could not reliably tell if the face was smiling or not. A white noise mask was shown for 1 second immediately after each face in the same location to
3 The EPrime image presentation duration was set to 1 ms. The display refresh rate was 60Hz, thus the base image display time was 17 ms. Also, we estimate that it took less than 5 ms of additional time for the software to move on to the subsequent slide in the sequence. Evolutionary Psychology – ISSN 14747049 – Volume 10(3). 2012. 381 
The heroine with a thousand faces: Universal trends in the characterization of female folk tale protagonists
The view from the cuckold
The bilingual brain: Human evolution and second language acquisition
Evolutionary theory's increasing role in personality and social psychology
Sex differences in attitudes toward partner infidelity
Politics as sex: The Old Testament case

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text:
import React from 'react'
import styled from 'styled-components'

const Section = styled.section`
  display: flex;
  min-height: calc(100vh - 200px);

  @media all and (min-width: 800px) {
    order: 2;
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`

export default Section

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Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/e/pan18.html
Heather Antecol
First Name: Heather
Last Name: Antecol
RePEc Short-ID: pan18
http://academic.claremontmckenna.edu/faculty/profile.asp?Fac=291
Claremont McKenna College Department of Economics 500 E. Ninth Street Claremont, CA 91711
Terminal Degree: 1998 Department of Economics; McMaster University (from RePEc Genealogy)
Robert Day School of Economics and Finance
Claremont, California (United States)
http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/rdschool/
RePEc:edi:edmckus (more details at EDIRC)
Jump to: Working papers Articles
Antecol, Heather & Cobb-Clark, Deborah A., 2005. "Racial Harassment, Job Satisfaction and Intentions to Remain in the Military," IZA Discussion Papers 1636, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Heather Antecol & Deborah Cobb-Clark, 2009. "Racial harassment, job satisfaction, and intentions to remain in the military," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 22(3), pages 713-738, July.
Antecol, Heather & Cobb-Clark, Deborah A., 2004. "Identity and Racial Harassment," IZA Discussion Papers 1149, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Antecol, Heather & Cobb-Clark, Deborah A., 2008. "Identity and racial harassment," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 66(3-4), pages 529-557, June.
Antecol, Heather & Kuhn, Peter J. & Trejo, Stephen, 2003. "Assimilation via Prices or Quantities? Labor Market Institutions and Immigrant Earnings Growth in Australia, Canada, and the United States," IZA Discussion Papers 802, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Antecol, Heather & Cobb-Clark, Deborah A., 2002. "The Changing Nature of Employment-Related Sexual Harassment: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Government (1978-1994)," IZA Discussion Papers 619, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Antecol, Heather & Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. & Trejo, Stephen, 2002. "Human Capital and Earnings of Female Immigrants to Australia, Canada, and the United States," IZA Discussion Papers 575, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Antecol, Heather & Kuhn, Peter, 2000. "Gender as an Impediment to Labor Market Success: Why Do Young Women Report Greater Harm?," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 18(4), pages 702-728, October.
Antecol, Heather, 2000. "An examination of cross-country differences in the gender gap in labor force participation rates," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(4), pages 409-426, July.
Heather Antecol & Peter Kuhn, 1999. "Employment Equity Programs and the Job Search Outcomes of Unemployed Men and Women: Actual and Perceived Effects," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 25(s1), pages 27-45, November.
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NEP Fields
NEP is an announcement service for new working papers, with a weekly report in each of many fields. This author has had 3 papers announced in NEP. These are the fields, ordered by number of announcements, along with their dates. If the author is listed in the directory of specialists for this field, a link is also provided.
NEP-BEC: Business Economics (1) 2005-07-03
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic & Financial History (1) 2002-12-02
NEP-URE: Urban & Real Estate Economics (1) 2004-06-02
To update listings or check citations waiting for approval, Heather Antecol should log into the RePEc Author Service.


text:
Algerian police stifle protest
By Euronews • last updated: 12/02/2011
Opposition organisers say up to 10,000 people marched in the Algerian capital Algiers today calling for a similar change at the top that the people of Tunisia and Egypt have obtained.
But the police were out in force, and prevented the crowds from reaching the city centre or the main square.
After a few hours most had left, leaving isolated groups of mainly young people to throw stones at the police.
"We will only go home when the regime has fallen, we want a people's regime," said the honorary president of Algerian League for the defence of Human Rights Ali Yahia Abdenour.
At least 300 arrests were made, but it appeared police policy was to release most of them shortly afterwards.
"We have just one problem, the regime. We have only one solution; change, so we can have a peaceful transition, if that's possible," said the President of the Rally for Culture and Democracy Doctor Said Sadi.
Although several organisations backed the unauthorised protest it did not receive support from the main trade unions, opposition parties, or the banned radical Islamic movements.
"The large number of security personnel which surrounded the 1st of May square has succeeded in immobilising the demonstrators, who have only been able to shout slogans, and diverse demands," said euronews' reporter Suleiman Yassini.
Meet Trump's legal team for the impeachment trial
Spanish islands ban pub crawls in crackdown on drunk tourists
Macron will not release any more bears in the Pyrenees, herders say
Thousands evacuated after 'English' bomb found in Düsseldorf, Germany
Australia kills 5,000 camels over environmental concerns
Meet the Turkish sports stars on the wrong side of President Erdogan


Classic or modern? It is impossible to answer unequivocally – it all depends on your taste and to your interior. Probably should not talk about that in a classic study of natural wood furniture in modern dance with brilliant chrome legs will look defiant. And vice versa. Jeffrey Hayzlett describes an additional similar source. Despite the variety of manufacturers, design, usually repeated, taking up close selection of furniture, you will be surprised to find that "the exact same model I have seen elsewhere and in other tissues. Recently Pemco sought to clarify these questions. " It is caused by things rather prosaic: First – plagiarism. Despite the fact that the word is not good, rip-off – one of the major driving force in the furniture business. A small extraordinary team of designers creating new solutions.
The rest of the furniture the public acquainted with the novelties of the international exhibitions and shamelessly copy them to your furniture. This is true not only of domestic manufacturers. Plagiarism – a worldwide practice. Most models of Italian, German, French, etc. factories average – this is the partial or total loan (it sounds a little better than plagiarism). Second, in Unlike furniture cabinet, which can be made to order for your sketches, furniture is usually not individually manufactured.
It is caused by technology features proizvodstva.Dlya to make good sofa, it is necessary to accurately calculate the shape of the frame, cushions and covers geometry. For a single-density polyurethane foam the size of the cover will be one for the other – a bit more. Otherwise, fabric or leather is not properly tensioned, the seam "move out" in the direction and etc., etc. For the development of the technology and construction of one model, the manufacturer may take a few months. Even a complete copy of furniture when bought imported bed, disassembled, carefully measured and copied to the smallest detail – is no guarantee that the sofa "will." As a rule, "get" only with third times. Because the foam used another brand (less dense or hard), other fabric ("runs" in a different way), another frame and other equipment and circuit assembly. What are the implications of the above can we do? Conclusion 1. Did you like the sofa from Italian firm "A", very beautiful, but very expensive? The same model (or very similar) can be found in another Italian (Spanish, French, German, Finnish or Polish) from "B" or domestic company "G", but at a more affordable price. The design will be the same. Another question is whether the same quality? (We are talking about Drawing models). Conclusion 2. If you expect that the sofa will be clear to the architect prepared niche width of 2,47 m, be aware that you have to buy a sofa 2.15 m, because the other sizes in model of your choice simply will not. In the resulting "hole" will have to put a vase or a small table. Therefore, to avoid embarrassing slips of the architect or designer, it makes sense to do a choice of furniture at the design stage.
The probability of covering losses Material responsibility seriously reduced workers' legislation. In this connection, in case of damage to the actions of full-time IT employee the employer is not able to recover damages. When working within the framework of outsourcing company that provides maintenance services of computer equipment, provides guarantees in accordance with the concluded agreement to the subscriber's computer services. In the contract it is desirable to add the condition of rsikov insurance as a result of the actions causing damages to the customer of the company-outsourcer. Result service Unforeseen circumstances occur in the same company for so many, so staff do not own have the appropriate skills to address them. Outsourcing companies regularly need to solve difficult problems that occur in the operation of information appliances. Staff outsourcing company involved in the provision of IT services, continuously improve their professional skills, participate in various online forums and are always aware of the latest developments in information systems.
These circumstances may positively reflected at the level of services performed by IT outsourcers. Effective management of the business owner has, applying IT outsourcing, there is no need to expend time and effort to manage IT staff. Outsourcing company take these problems on themselves. Management Echelon gets more time to take the main direction of business enterprise. Independence in making decisions on retooling Own employee organizations may not be aware of modern advances in information technology. Moreover, the interest in upgrading an existing computer infrastructure for existing staff often low.
Need to put more mental effort while maintaining the existing level of wages low stimulant. So look at the effectiveness of in-house expertise is not always re objective, which may adversely affect the correctness of the decision. IT outsourcing firms are constantly monitoring the latest developments in computer systems. In this regard, the most modern information systems is an integral part of professional IT outsourcing. Speed of service in certain cases, their own IT staff can not cope with the problem because of its size. Financial expediency can not wait for these cases to hold a significant number of IT staff. In this situation, IT outsourcing is a great option. Outsourcing company in a position to allocate sufficient their staff for large-scale projects to build or upgrade a computer infrastructure in the specified period. And if there are problems with computers or software – for operational recovery of the system. Companies leading states are allocating huge sums on IT outsourcing – 50% of fund for spending on information technology. According to the estimates of analysts need to IT outsourcing services in the near future will be constantly rising in Russia. This is due to the modernization of Russian companies and a wide spread of information technologies, as well as high economic effectiveness of IT service subscriber.
Programs that are part of the EMT network meet reference frame marked by the DGT on competences which must have purchased a translator highly qualified at the end of their studies. The formation of a professional nature, focuses, rather than in the learning of languages, in the acquisition of skills for the exercise of the profession-oriented to the needs of the market. This includes the marketing of services, negotiations, management of time and budgets, seeking information or use of computer tools, among other competencies.To promote training in the countries in which the translation has not reached the sufficient degree of professionalization, the Network EMT requires attached programs to sponsor others who want to be part of the project. In this way, it contributes to the active collaboration and the exchange of good practices among institutions with long experience and high reputation in this discipline and others that still have a significant way to go. Swarmed by offers, UISOL is currently assessing future choices. The EMT Spanish Spain is represented in the EMT network by three three public universities graduate programs: University Pompeu Fabra: the Master in translation studies offers training in the field of the different translations specialized (humanistic and literary, scientific and technical, legal and economic) and in the interpretation. It has a duration of one academic year (60 ECTS). University of Salamanca: the official Master in translation and Intercultural mediation, of one year's duration, pursues specialize students in intercultural linguistic competence and professional translator in multilingual environments and train experts in various fields such as the communication and political and business mediation and specialised translation. University of Alcala de Henares: the European Master in Intercultural communication, interpretation and translation in the public services of the madrilenian University is intended to provide theoretical knowledge and skills, skills and tools necessary for linguistic and cultural liaison between staff of the medical, administrative, educational institutions, etc..


• 1964 ~ 18-year-old Millie Small was riding high on the pop music charts with My Boy Lollipop. Rod Stewart played harmonica. Millie Small was known as the 'Blue Beat Girl' in Jamaica, her homeland.
This entry was posted in Composers, musicians, Pianists, Today in Music History and tagged Anton Stepanovich Arensky, composer, Enrico Caruso, George Gershwin, George M. Cohan, guitar, pianist, singer. Bookmark the permalink.


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SUPPORT SHANSI
GAVIN TRITT
VISION, MISSION, AND PROGRAMS
THE SHANSI TEAM
Gavin Tritt joined Oberlin Shansi as Executive Director in January 2013. As Shansi Executive Director, Gavin is responsible for overseeing educational and cultural exchange programs in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, and elsewhere in Asia. He is responsible for all aspects of the Oberlin Shansi mission, from strategic planning and strengthening institutional governance to supervision of programs, finances, and day-to-day operations
Before Oberlin Shansi, Gavin spent nearly 20 years with The Asia Foundation, an international development organization based in San Francisco. His last position with The Asia Foundation was as Country Representative for Cambodia. In that role, he provided leadership for all Asia Foundation programs, operations, and external relations in Cambodia, including work on governance and economic reform, promoting human rights, and combatting human trafficking. Gavin also served as Director of Governance Programs, Director of Books for Asia, Assistant Country Representative in the Philippines, and Economic Program Officer. As Director of the Books for Asia Program, he managed the acquisition of one million donated books annually, valued at $40 million, and their distribution to thousands of libraries in eighteen Asian countries.
Gavin holds a degree in East Asian Studies from Yale University and a Master of International Affairs from the Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs. Following graduation from Yale he taught English at Hunan Medical University in Changsha, China and the Chinese University of Hong Kong as a Yale-China Teaching Fellow.
50 N Professor
Peters 103
Oberlin, OH 44074
Shansi@oberlin.edu
© 2017 Oberlin Shansi, some rights reserved


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News: School News
Get to Know UDC Law: Student Edition | Christian Cooper
Monday, April 9, 2018 (0 Comments)
Posted by: Erin Looney
Among the more than 200 U.S. law schools, UDC David A. Clarke School of Law (UDC Law) consistently ranks in the top 10 for diversity. In 2017, U.S. News & World Report gave the School the #7 spot, and the Princeton Review identified the faculty as 4th most diverse in the U.S. PreLaw gave the school an A+ rating in 2017 and ranked UDC Law at #8 for African American students for 2018.
Behind the outstanding rankings are even more impressive people, and UDC Law is excited to share their goals, achievements, and inspiring stories!
With the fourth highest female enrollment among U.S. law schools, it's easy to find a roster of outstanding women to feature for Get to Know UDC Law. It's also no chore to identify students in their 3L or 4L years who have a long list of accomplishments. In fact, we have many more of both to introduce over the coming weeks. However, just to shake things up, we're doing something a little different for this edition of Get to Know UDC Law.
Meet Christian Cooper
Christian Cooper, a 2L from Surprise, Arizona, has the kind of varied interests and background that can make it tough to settle on a post-graduation path. This is in no way a bad thing. In fact, it's his range that makes Cooper an asset to UDC Law. On one hand, with experience in the Arizona State Senate, the U.S. Congress and in political consulting, a career in legislation is a logical fit. On the other hand, as a former athlete at the collegiate and professional level, sports law makes just as much sense (more on that sports career in a moment). "I'm torn between two goals," he said. "One side of me would like to work as a legislative attorney, (but) the other side would like to work in a general counsel office of a sports team or even open my own sports management firm."
Regardless of which direction he chooses after graduation, Cooper's engagement in his education at UDC Law should prepare him for success. He has served on several committees at the school, including the curriculum, clinical affairs and student services committees. He's also active in Phi Alpha Delta (PAD), where he was Marshal this year. Next year, he will be PAD's Vice-Justice, a position he says he is excited to take on so he can "leave a lasting mark on this school." As well, he is the Project Officer for the Sports and Entertainment Law Students Association.
Cooper has also been active in community service projects since he was in elementary school when he volunteered at food banks and in neighborhood clean ups. Prior to law school, he worked with Aspire, an organization that helps older adults maintain their independence as they age. With Aspire, his role was to help "in any way I could, but mostly I played the piano for everyone."
Cooper with fellow students and Phi Alpha Delta officers, Mi Chau (front) and Sherrod Terry.
Meeting UDC Law's 40-hour community service requirement, then, was something that came naturally by the time he entered the program. Cooper worked with Dr. Edgar Cahn's Benefits Check Program and with the D.C. Bar Pro Bono Center Advice and Referral Clinic. With Benefits Check, he and other UDC Law students assisted elderly citizens in identifying benefits programs to which they are entitled and ensuring they were receiving those benefits. He credits Professor Saleema Snow for introducing him to the Advice and Referral Clinic, through which he provided support to practicing attorneys as they gave pro bono advice to people who were unable to afford it. Of his community service, Cooper said, "It truly is an unbelievable experience to meet with someone who needs help and then be able to provide them that help."
Another important part of the UDC Law experience is our top-ranked clinical program. Students participate in legal clinics to represent clients and learn substantive law and lawyering skills in the most realistic setting. This semester, Cooper participated in the Legislation Clinic, directed by Professor Marcy Karin, an opportunity that has provided him hands on experience to help him make that tough decision between a career in sports law or legislation.
Professor Karin and the Legislation Clinic have likely made a strong case for the legislative route, and surely being elected to office strengthens the possibility for the legislative path. That's right; Cooper was once elected Precinct Committeeman, a political position in Arizona that he called "the lowest political office one could be elected to. There is no salary, but the work is nevertheless still important."
However, there are at least as many factors that give the sports law path an edge. Remember the aforementioned professional sports career? As an undergraduate, Cooper briefly played football for San Diego State University before deciding to finish his B.A. in Political Science and Minor in Justice Studies back home at Arizona State. There, he played collegiate paintball, which led to a stint in professional paintball with the Phoenix Contact. When he has a minute to breathe from law school, he still plays semi-professionally with a team in Baltimore. Through his time as a multi-sport athlete, he became interested in the business and legal side of the sports industry.
Last summer, Cooper played in the D.C. Chamber of Commerce annual charity golf tournament as part of his Rauh Summer Public Interest Fellowship. Tough assignment.
Cooper has used his interest in the business of sports and his high-level experience as an athlete to help lay the groundwork should he choose the sports law direction. Last summer, part of Cooper's Rauh Summer Public Interest Fellowship involved playing a little golf at the D.C. Chamber of Commerce annual charity golf tournament because, as he points out, "I am secretly good at golf." On top of being not-so-secretly good at golf, Cooper has also won international business competitions in sports and entertainment marketing, business law and law ethics.
At this point, Cooper may feel equally drawn to both a legislative career and a sports law career, but rest assured, he'll have support whichever way he leans when his time at UDC Law comes to an end. As he tells it, his family are his biggest fans. The oldest of three siblings and the oldest cousin, Cooper isn't shy about returning the sentiment. "I'm a big momma's boy," he said, "and love my grandma and pappy like no one can imagine."
Cooper and his family at Christmas.
However, it's his father whose support has been most unwavering, no matter his decisions. As part of this series, we ask students to name someone who inspires them. Cooper's answer is best told through his own words.
The story of my Dad and I could be written in numerous volumes. So I guess I will sum it up with this. Few, and I mean very few, people in this world have an unbelievably supportive father like mine. My Dad has supported me in every single aspect in my life. Regardless of what I wanted to do in life, from wanting to play an off-brand sport like paintball to taking the plunge into law school, my Dad has always made me feel like I was the greatest person to have ever done anything.
Whether he's the greatest legislative attorney ever, a hall of fame sports attorney or just really good at whatever he does, Cooper will certainly keep it interesting. With his family behind him, he won't have to do it alone.
At the D.C. Chamber of Commerce gala with his supervisor and staff.
Before law school, Cooper played with a professional paintball team in Phoenix.
He now plays with the Baltimore Nasty, a semi-professional team.
<< See the prior student in the series
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Builders, subcontractors, manufacturers and insurers need to work together to minimize the threat of construction defect exposures by promoting high-quality products and proven risk management techniques according to the National Association of Independent Insurers (NAII).
"Because construction defect exposures threaten all these industries, the best way to defuse that threat is through improved communication and cooperation between the industries," Dave Golden, NAII director of commercial lines, commented.
The point was driven home at a recent meeting of NAII's general liability committee, where guest speaker David Jaffe of the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) pointed out his organization's emphasis on researching new building technologies. "Builders and manufacturers must work together before products come to market, during construction, and after the homes are built and sold in an effort to minimize liability and satisfy the ultimate customer—the home buying public," he said.
As an example, Jaffe pointed to the exposures presented by synthetic stucco (EIFS), probably the best-known deficient building product class, which does not allow trapped water to escape and results in water damage claims. The NAHB was actively involved in addressing the EIFS issues on behalf of its members, who are primarily small businesses, many of who were involved in EIFS-related litigation.
The building industry learned a lesson from synthetic stucco—that everyone needed to think of a building as a system and not as a series of unique subsets, and that manufacturers, builders and subcontractors all needed to be involved in new product development, according to Jaffe.
Adopting proven risk management and loss prevention techniques to stop problems before they start.
Construction defect litigation, which first emerged in California in the 1980s, has since spread to other western states, and has also emerged as far away as North Carolina, Virginia and Pennsylvania, Golden said. According to Golden, trial lawyers in these states are targeting multi-family construction and filing suit, in some cases before a defect is even identified—a practice that has led to multi-million dollar awards against builders, resulting in higher housing costs for consumers.
Since then, several states have introduced or are considering legislation to address the problem, including Washington, Colorado, California, Nevada and Arizona. NAII supports legislation and practices that are aimed at controlling the exposure, Golden added.


Family Apartments - Residence "La Meridiana"
Our family apartments are suitable for family with children or young guys.
They are one double bedrooms, a second open space bedroom with two single beds, a windowless bathroom with ventilation system, a kitchen and a comfortable seaview veranda. These apartments don't have air conditioning. Max 4 people.
Quotation per apartment per week. Reservation can be made from Saturday to Saturday (this can be changed in low season).
They have a double room, a second bedroom with two single beds or a bunk bed, bathroom, kitchen and a veranda or terrace. Some of them has a stunning view in front of the sea. There is the possibility for some of them to add another bed. These apartments don't have air conditioning. Max 4/5 people.


Deirdre Barrett is an evolutionary psychologist at Harvard Medical School's Behavioral Medicine Program. She is the author of several books, including Waistland, Trauma and Dream, and Supernormal Stimuli. She lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.


The perfect pair of skinny pants to keep your street style on point. This pair features cartoon print, skinny fit, belt loops, front and back pockets design, finished with a zip fly closure. These pants will look perfect paired with a pastel crop top and matching single soles!


text:
Dimorphism or dimorphic may refer to:

Science
 Dimorphic root systems, plant roots with two distinctive forms for two separate functions
 Sexual dimorphism, a phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species
 Nuclear dimorphism, when a cell's nuclear apparatus is composed of two structurally and functionally differentiated types of nuclei
 Frond dimorphism, differing forms of fern fronds between the sterile and fertile fronds
 Phenotypic dimorphism, switching between two cell-types
 Dimorphic fungi, fungi which undergo this type of switching
 Dimorphism (geology), the property of some substances to exist in two distinct crystalline forms

Mathematics
 Semilinear map, a homomorphism between modules, paired with the associated homomorphism between the respective base rings

See also
 Polymorphism (disambiguation)
 Monomorphic (disambiguation)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


1.1.Customer (being a consumer) has the right to withdraw from the Contract within 14 days without giving any reason.
1.2.The withdrawal period will expire after 14 days from the day Customer acquires physical possession of the Product.
1.3.To exercise the right of withdrawal, Customer must inform the Seller at the address below of the decision to withdraw from the Contract by an unequivocal statement (e.g. a letter sent by post or e-mail).
1.4.Customer may also use the model withdrawal form on the Seller's Website, but this is not obligatory. If Customer elects to use such form, the Customer can also electronically fill in and submit the model withdrawal form or any other unequivocal statement on the Website. If Customer uses this option, the Seller will communicate to Customer an acknowledgement of receipt of such a withdrawal on a durable medium (e.g. by e-mail) without delay.
1.5.To meet the withdrawal deadline, it is sufficient for Customer to send the communication concerning the exercise of the right of withdrawal before the withdrawal period has expired.
Obligations of the Customer during the withdrawal period.
2.1.During the withdrawal period, the Customer shall handle received Products and packaging with due care. The Customer must only unpack or use the Product to the extent necessary to determine the nature, properties and functioning of the Product. As guidance, the Customer may only unpack, use and inspect the Product to the extent this would be allowed if Customer had purchased the Product from physical premises like a shop or outlet.
2.2.The Customer will be liable for a decrease in value of the Product if the Customer has used, damaged or otherwise disposed of the Product in a manner that is not consistent with what is allowed under clause 7.1.
2.3.The Customer will not be liable for any decrease in value of the Product if Seller has not provided Customer with all the information on the right of withdrawal that the Seller is required to provide by law before entering into the Contract.
3.1.If Customer withdraws from the Contract, Seller shall reimburse to Customer all payments received from Customer, including the costs of delivery (with the exception of the supplementary costs resulting from Customer's choice of a type of delivery other than the least expensive type of standard delivery offered by Seller), without undue delay and in any event not later than 14 days from the day on which Seller was informed about the decision to withdraw from the Contract.
3.2.Seller will carry out such reimbursement using the same means of payment as Customer used for the initial transaction, unless Customer has expressly agreed otherwise; in any event, Customer will not incur any fees as a result of such reimbursement.
3.3.Seller may withhold reimbursement until Seller has received the Products back or Customer has supplied evidence of having sent back the Products, whichever is the earliest.
3.4.Customer shall send back the Products without undue delay and in any event not later than 14 days from the day on which Customer communicated the withdrawal from the Contract to Seller. The deadline is met if Customer sends back the Products before the period of 14 days has expired.
3.5.Customer will have to bear the direct cost of returning the Products by post. If the Product by its nature cannot normally be returned by post, Customer will have to bear the direct cost of returning the Products. The cost is estimated at a maximum of approximately 20 EUR (or the equivalent value in other currencies).
4.1.3.the Product has been personalized or made to Customer's specifications; to the extent the Seller has made it clear on the Website or confirmed in the order confirmation that such Products are excluded from the withdrawal and return rights.
5.1.In the event of a force majeure situation (e.g. strikes, extreme weather conditions), the Seller's obligations under the Contract are suspended during the period of the force majeure situation.


Study Subject(s): Study subject is evolutionary genomics.
Course Level: this application is available for pursuing Postdoctoral and PhD degree level.
Scholarship Provider: German Science Foundation.
Scholarship Open for Students of Following Countries: The students of Germany can apply for this application .
Description: Host-parasite co-evolution is predicted to have complex consequences on the genetic architecture of both interacting species. These consequences may relate to the mechanisms that (i) are of direct relevance to the interaction (e.g., resistance, pathogenicity), (ii) associate with a possible cost of co-adaptation (e.g. life-history trade-offs), or (iii) increase evolutionary rates (e.g., recombination). The advertised positions will be involved in the genomic and population genetic analysis of host and parasite material generated through evolution experiments within the German priority programme SPP 1399 on host-parasite co-evolution.
Duration of award(s): The positions will be for three years; extensions may be possible.
application Deadline: Do submit your applications till 19th December 2012.


This is a mint survivor. Stored indoors, tires were kept inflated all this time. Absolutely all original survivor. Unbelievable condition. There are a couple of very minor paint scrapes at the best tube (minor) and the pedals. The downtube decal is faded reasonably as used to be the norm for this actual color. Tires have one hundred% tread life.
The photos tell the tale.
Bike will probably be boxed professionally and carefully.


Can I have my dog in my car?
Yes, dogs are permitted to participate as long as they stay in the vehicle.
How do I purchase a vehicle pass?
Advanced Purchases: Purchase online in advance and save! You can purchase your vehicle pass in advance by visiting your event location web page and select "Buy Tickets" to purchase online, credit card only.
Onsite Pass Purchases: Vehicle passes are sold at the front gate, Cash or Credit accepted. Advance purchase is recommended for easier admittance. *Jones Beach location accepts cash only onsite.
Discounted Pass Purchases: Throughout the season promotions and specials will vary by venue location. Please visit the location webpage for details about current specials and discounts.
Skip the lines and purchase a Dash Pass for quicker admittance into Magic of Lights at participating locations!
What is a "Dash Pass"?
All sales are final and promotions and discounts cannot be added retroactively. Tickets are valid any day during the open season. If the venue permanently closes for the season due to unforeseen circumstances or inclement weather unused advanced purchased vehicle passes may be refunded at the discretion of the venue management.
Will you close in bad weather?
We will do our best to notify the public as quickly as possible if we must close due to bad weather conditions. Please find your location webpage via the "Find Your Location" menu above, alerts and notifications will be posted if a venue is closed due to unforeseen circumstances or inclement weather.
Do I have to use my vehicle pass on a specific day?
No, you can redeem your vehicle pass any day Magic of Lights is open (unless you purchased a special event or promotion ticket, then it may be redeemable on the stated date).
Do I purchase a vehicle pass per person or per car?
One vehicle pass is redeemable for one carload entry to Magic of Lights (unless otherwise stated or promoted).
How much does a vehicle pass cost per carload?
Varies by location, we have pricing for standard vehicles, limos, RVs, and buses. Please check the location information page for details in pricing and permitted vehicle types.
When is Magic of Lights open?
Times and dates vary by venue location, most locations will be open from dusk until 10pm. Season opens November 17, 2017 at all locations. This includes holidays!
How do I sign up for discounts and specials?
See the bottom sign up form, select your venue location and enter your email address to receive venue specific discounts, promotions, and special event information.
I have a great location for Magic of Lights. How can I host the show at my venue?
Please email host@funguysevents.com for further information.
Please email sponsor@funguysevents.com for further information or visit our Sponsorship page.
Yes! Please email info@funguysevents.com for further information.
How do I find a location near me?
Please view the dropdown menu above with list of locations.
If you've purchased your vehicle pass in advance online, you must present your pass at the gate. We cannot lookup lost or missing passes. You can present a printed pass or pass/receipt on a mobile phone.
Advanced purchased vehicle passes can be purchased online via credit card. Cash or credit is accepted at the gate. *Jones Beach location accepts CASH ONLY at the gate.
Can I leave my vehicle?
Please remain inside your vehicle at all times for your safety and the safety of other patrons. Photography is permitted from inside your vehicle. There may be an exception when Magic of Lights locations host an out-of-car festival or event. It is permitted to park in designated spots and enter the festival area by foot at those locations. Please observe all signs and directions.
One vehicle pass is one drive through the Magic of Lights display unless notated by promotion at venue. Please visit venue specific web page for details on specials and promotions.
Do I need to turn off my headlights?
Yes, please turn off your headlights when you drive through the Magic of Lights display. If you cannot turn your lights off, please turn your lights on dim.
What is a Standard Sized Vehicle?
Any vehicle (including SUVs & Minivans) with 3 rows of seating or less is considered a standard vehicle, if your vehicle has over 3 rows of seating, you will be subject to the Limo/Party Bus/RV pass pricing (limit to 15 passengers) or the Tour/School bus pricing where permitted. Some venues do not allow tour/school buses due to height restrictions please check venue specific webpage for these details.
Please do not tailgate the vehicle in front of you. Keep a safe distance, as cars in front of you may stop suddenly. Be alert of slow or stopped vehicles.
No passengers are permitted in the back of pickup trucks. Follow local traffic safety laws.
Please remember to turn your headlights back on when exiting the Magic of Lights.


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