Kamen Rider Decade: All Rider Tai Dai-Shocker stayed at #3 on Kogyo Tsushinsha's Japanese box office chart during the August 22-23 weekend. According to Box Office Mojo, it took in US$1,327,638 on 345 screens during its third weekend for a cumulative box office of US$15,910,494.
Kunihiko Yuyama's Pocket Monster Diamond & Pearl: Arceus Chōkoku no Jikū e, the 12th film in the Pokémon anime franchise, also stayed at #5. It earned US$1,092,268 on 366 screens in its sixth weekend to add to its total of US$44,153,227.
Mamoru Hosoda's Summer Wars film rose from #11 back onto the chart at #9 in its fourth weekend. It garnered US$915,330 in its fourth weekend on 128 screens for a total of US$9,800,496.
Masakazu Hishida's Yatterman: Shin Yatter Mecha Daishūgō! Omocha no Kuni de Daikessen da Koron!, the second anime movie based on the superhero comedy franchise, opened at #10 with US$702,155 on 210 screens. Similarly, Shinsuke Sato and Production I.G's Oblivion Island: Haruka and the Magic Mirror opened at #12 on Box Office Mojo's chart with US$674,449 on 211 screens.
Gokusen the Movie , Toya Sato's live-action theatrical film based on Kozueko Morimoto's Gokusen school comedy manga, fell from #7 off the chart in its seventh weekend.


text:
Energy Trendz Daily 24 November 2021 (Interim)
By Ruth McKinlay, November 25, 2021
Spot prices at Haywards ranged from $76 - $115 and averaged $86 yesterday. Wind generation averaged 214 MW.
There was a large price differentiation yesterday, with averages of $45 at Benmore, $133 at Haywards, and $147 at Otahuhu. Wind generation averaged 204 MW.
Energy Trendz Daily 19 - 21 November 2021
Daily average prices yesterday were $65, $67, and $72 at Benmore, Haywards, and Otahuhu respectively. Wind generation averaged 360 MW.
Energy Trendz Weekly 21 November 2021, Issue 1,280
Electricity Contract Indexes November 2021, Issue 152
By Greg Sise, November 22, 2021
The main index fell by 7.6% this month, mainly the result of a fall in the FPVV sub-index. This month the data showed six new long-term contracts of ten year terms, following on from the three that appeared last month.
Electricity market, Hedging
Average prices were $78, $81 and $87 at Benmore, Haywards, and Otahuhu respectively. Wind generation averaged 134 MW.
Energy Trendz Daily 17 November 2021 (Provisional)
Hydro Watch 18 November 2021, Issue 1,283
Total storage increased 234.1 GWh over the last week. South Island controlled storage increased 6.2% to 2,214 GWh; South Island uncontrolled storage increased 28.4% to 417 GWh; with Taupo storage increasing 2.8% to 486 GWh.
Spot prices at Haywards ranged from $0.01 - $91.90 and averaged $38 yesterday. Wind generation averaged 544 MW.
Prices yesterday averaged $31 at Benmore and Haywards, and $36 at Otahuhu. Wind generation averaged 531 MW.
Spot prices at Haywards ranged from $89 - $154 and averaged $121 yesterday. Wind generation averaged 147 MW.
Energy Trendz Daily 9 November 2021 (Interim)
Energy Trendz Daily 8 November 2021 (Provisional)
By Ruth McKinlay, November 9, 2021
Energy Trendz Daily 5 - 7 November 2021
Average prices were $84, $88 and $95 at Benmore, Haywards, and Otahuhu respectively. Wind generation averaged 87 MW.
Energy Trendz Weekly 7 November 2021, Issue 1,278
Average prices increased by 22.8% at Benmore, increased by 22% at Islington, increased by 15% at Haywards and increased by 12.8% at Otahuhu over the last week. Total Storage decreased to 3,025 GWh. NI storage increased by 5% to 488 GWh while SI storage decreased by 3% to 2,536 GWh.
Spot prices at Otahuhu ranged from $82 - $118 and averaged $97 yesterday. Wind generation averaged 505 MW.
Hydro Watch 4 November 2021, Issue 1,281
Total storage decreased 60.9 GWh over the last week. South Island controlled storage increased 0.7% to 2,136 GWh; South Island uncontrolled storage decreased 19.8% to 400 GWh; with Taupo storage increasing 5.1% to 488 GWh.
Spot prices at Otahuhu ranged from $45 to $200 yesterday. Wind generation averaged 54 MW.
Electricity Contract Indexes October, Issue 151
By Claudia McHerron, October 28, 2021
The main index rose this month as buyng pressure came back into the futures market. Three large CFDs are excluded from the indexes because they are ten years in length or more, and therefore are exempt from price disclosure under the Electricity Industry Participation Code.
Spot price averages at Haywards were $63 on Thursday, $55 on Friday, $71 on Saturday, and $60 on Sunday.
Average prices decreased by 4% at Benmore, decreased by 5% at Islington, decreased by 4% at Haywards and decreased by 4.4% at Otahuhu over the last week. Total Storage increased to 3,111 GWh. NI storage increased by 5% to 459 GWh while SI storage increased by 2% to 2,652 GWh.
Total storage increased 65 GWh over the last week. South Island controlled storage increased 2.6 % to 2,087 GWh; South Island uncontrolled storage decreased 1.8 % to 566 GWh; with Taupo storage increasing 5.3 % to 459 GWh.
Spot prices at Otahuhu ranged from $0.01 - $86.87 and averaged $26.57 yesterday. Wind generation averaged 489 MW.
Average prices increased by 26.7% at Benmore, increased by 28.6% at Islington, decreased by 1.9% at Haywards and decreased by 2.8% at Otahuhu over the last week. Total Storage increased to 3,046 GWh. NI storage increased by 6% to 436 GWh while SI storage increased by 1% to 2,611 GWh.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task
Ling Rothrock
Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
This paper presents a genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task. It has been suggested that, as task complexity increases, human decision strategies tend to shift from compensatory to noncompensatory ones. Therefore, the key feature of the model is a robust inductive system that utilizes noncompensatory strategy rules. The model utilizes a multi-objective optimization learning method, and seeks to optimize genetic rule set fitness along three dimensions: completeness, specificity and parsimony. Results of model performance on human data collected in a dynamic command-and-control environment suggest that the model is capable of differentiating decision strategies. Implications of model application in other domains are also discussed.
Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks
Proceedings of the 1999 Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering Conference (ANNIE '99) - St. Louis, MO, USA
Duration: Nov 7 1999 → Nov 10 1999
Proceedings of the 1999 Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering Conference (ANNIE '99)
11/7/99 → 11/10/99
Dive into the research topics of 'Genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Genetics Engineering & Materials Science 100%
Multiobjective optimization Engineering & Materials Science 11%
Rothrock, L. (1999). Genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task. In Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks (Vol. 9, pp. 305-310). ASME.
Rothrock, Ling. / Genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task. Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks. Vol. 9 ASME, 1999. pp. 305-310
@inproceedings{e53b72973d1441bda265018007a65d64,
title = "Genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task",
abstract = "This paper presents a genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task. It has been suggested that, as task complexity increases, human decision strategies tend to shift from compensatory to noncompensatory ones. Therefore, the key feature of the model is a robust inductive system that utilizes noncompensatory strategy rules. The model utilizes a multi-objective optimization learning method, and seeks to optimize genetic rule set fitness along three dimensions: completeness, specificity and parsimony. Results of model performance on human data collected in a dynamic command-and-control environment suggest that the model is capable of differentiating decision strategies. Implications of model application in other domains are also discussed.",
author = "Ling Rothrock",
booktitle = "Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks",
publisher = "ASME",
note = "Proceedings of the 1999 Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering Conference (ANNIE '99) ; Conference date: 07-11-1999 Through 10-11-1999",
Rothrock, L 1999, Genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task. in Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks. vol. 9, ASME, pp. 305-310, Proceedings of the 1999 Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering Conference (ANNIE '99), St. Louis, MO, USA, 11/7/99.
Genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task. / Rothrock, Ling.
Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks. Vol. 9 ASME, 1999. p. 305-310.
T1 - Genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task
AU - Rothrock, Ling
N2 - This paper presents a genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task. It has been suggested that, as task complexity increases, human decision strategies tend to shift from compensatory to noncompensatory ones. Therefore, the key feature of the model is a robust inductive system that utilizes noncompensatory strategy rules. The model utilizes a multi-objective optimization learning method, and seeks to optimize genetic rule set fitness along three dimensions: completeness, specificity and parsimony. Results of model performance on human data collected in a dynamic command-and-control environment suggest that the model is capable of differentiating decision strategies. Implications of model application in other domains are also discussed.
AB - This paper presents a genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task. It has been suggested that, as task complexity increases, human decision strategies tend to shift from compensatory to noncompensatory ones. Therefore, the key feature of the model is a robust inductive system that utilizes noncompensatory strategy rules. The model utilizes a multi-objective optimization learning method, and seeks to optimize genetic rule set fitness along three dimensions: completeness, specificity and parsimony. Results of model performance on human data collected in a dynamic command-and-control environment suggest that the model is capable of differentiating decision strategies. Implications of model application in other domains are also discussed.
BT - Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks
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Rothrock L. Genetics-based inductive inference model to represent human decision strategies in a supervisory control task. In Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks. Vol. 9. ASME. 1999. p. 305-310


text:
Q: How to encrypt dynamic content in marketing emails? I have a marketing email in which I want to include some contact information dynamically, but I would like to encrypt it.
In my example, I have a button with a query string containing contact information that I would like to encrypt/obfuscate.

So far I have looked into two options:

*

*Use handlebars to apply transformations

*Add a new calculated field to the Contact

From the reading I have done, neither option is possible due to current limitations because:

*

*I cannot add custom Handlebar helper functions to emails

*Calculated fields are limited in terms of the operations that can be used
How can I do this?
Resources:

*

*https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics365/customerengagement/on-premises/customize/define-calculated-fields?view=op-9-1#calculated-field-functions-syntax

*https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics365-release-plan/2022wave1/marketing/dynamics365-marketing/win-customer-attention-creating-conditional-dynamic-content-easy-to-use-no-code-experiences

*https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics365/marketing/conditional-content

*https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics365/marketing/dynamic-email-content#conditional-statements-and-comparisons

*https://community.dynamics.com/365/marketing/f/dynamics-365-for-marketing-forum/395868/custom-code-in-marketing-email-for-multi-optionset

*https://experience.dynamics.com/ideas/idea/?ideaid=1fe77cd1-7cca-ea11-bf22-0003ff68edf5

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Jan. 8: Rockets 132, Magic 90
Mark Mulligan
Mark Mulligan/Staff photographer
Houston Rockets center DeMarcus Cousins (15) watches a shot fail to fall during the first quarter of an NBA game between the Houston Rockets and Orlando Magic on Friday, Jan. 8, 2021, at Toyota Center in Houston.
Houston Rockets guard James Harden (13) celebrates a three point shot during the second quarter of an NBA game between the Houston Rockets and Orlando Magic on Friday, Jan. 8, 2021, at Toyota Center in Houston.
Houston Rockets guard John Wall (1) gathers the Rockets bench during a timeout during the second quarter of an NBA game between the Houston Rockets and Orlando Magic on Friday, Jan. 8, 2021, at Toyota Center in Houston.
Houston Rockets guard James Harden (13) listens to guard John Wall (1) during a timeout during the second quarter of an NBA game between the Houston Rockets and Orlando Magic on Friday, Jan. 8, 2021, at Toyota Center in Houston.


text:
Q: How can I chunk grouped items? I'm attempting to group items than chunk the items of each group. I came up with something that works, but I'm confused by itemsGroup.FirstOrDefault(). Why is there always a 1 item collection off the items group, and how might I change my query to avoid it?
var testItems = new[]
{
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-1" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-2" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-3" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-4" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-5" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-6" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-7" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-8" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-9" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-10" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-11" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-12" },
    new { ItemId = "A", Value = "A-13" },
    new { ItemId = "B", Value = "B-1" },
    new { ItemId = "B", Value = "B-2" },
    new { ItemId = "B", Value = "B-3" },
    new { ItemId = "B", Value = "B-4" },
    new { ItemId = "B", Value = "B-5" },
    new { ItemId = "B", Value = "B-6" },
    new { ItemId = "B", Value = "B-7" },
};

var groupedItems = testItems.GroupBy(ti => ti.ItemId)
    .GroupBy(o => o.Key, o => o.Chunk(5));

foreach (var itemsGroup in groupedItems)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Group: {itemsGroup.Key}");

    var chunkNumber = 0;
    foreach (var chunk in itemsGroup.FirstOrDefault())
    {
        chunkNumber++;
        Console.WriteLine($"\tChunk: {chunkNumber}");
        foreach (var item in chunk)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"\t\tItem: {item.Value}");
        }
    }
}

Expected output:

Group: A
        Chunk: 1
                Item: A-1
                Item: A-2
                Item: A-3
                Item: A-4
                Item: A-5
        Chunk: 2
                Item: A-6
                Item: A-7
                Item: A-8
                Item: A-9
                Item: A-10
        Chunk: 3
                Item: A-11
                Item: A-12
                Item: A-13
Group: B
        Chunk: 1
                Item: B-1
                Item: B-2
                Item: B-3
                Item: B-4
                Item: B-5
        Chunk: 2
                Item: B-6
                Item: B-7

I'm in .NET 5 using the Chunk extension copied from .NET 6 here: https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/5842db2c301cb1752ae854232a4fbae51d4a9ed0/src/libraries/System.Linq/src/System/Linq/Chunk.cs


In the annals of American-style "capitalism," today was truly an episode from The Twilight Zone.
For starters, the country's monetary central planner – the Bernanke Fed – dropped rates 1/4%. Investors were indignant, hoping for even more candy. As the kiddies came down from their 1,000 Dow point sugar high of the last 2 weeks, their mood was agitated and whiny. The Dow dropped 300 in less than 2 hours.
Perhaps Insana is showing strains from running actual money in the real world. We'd be surprised if he doesn't return to the more forgiving world of business journalism, that is, if there is anyone left hiring in the teeth of a killer bear market.
The fund-raising "Conversation with Warren Buffett" drew over 1,500 people, including a mix of Silicon Valley executives such as John Doerr, a partner at venture-capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers… Tickets ranged from $100 to more than $2,300, drawing in around $1 million, according to the Clinton campaign.
I personally think that society is responsible for a very significant percentage of what I've earned. If you stick me down in the middle of Bangladesh or Peru or someplace, you find out how much this talent is going to produce in the wrong kind of soil… I work in a market system that happens to reward what I do very well—disproportionately well… I do think that when you're treated enormously well by this market system, where in effect the market system showers the ability to buy goods and services on you because of some peculiar talent—maybe your adenoids are a certain way, so you can sing and everybody will pay you enormous sums to be on television or whatever—I think society has a big claim on that.
So on the one hand, Buffett realizes that the free market maximizes human potential, then turns around and supports Big Government, itself the greatest threat to free markets. Some capitalist.
Next up: Larry Kudlow, so-called supply-side "economist" who talks a good game when it comes to lower taxes and fewer regulations, but supports the very institutions that pump up Big Government most – the military-industrial complex and the Fed. Kudlow is truly conflicted, citing heroes such as Schumpeter and Mises, forgetting that they were fierce opponents of central banking. He supported the monetary madness of Greenspan in 2001 and now Bernanke and will be the last to admit their interventions caused an epic credit bubble which is now unwinding. Kudlow's advice to CNBC viewers after the close?
I wouldn't panic. Investors should stay in for the long-term. Goldilocks is alive and well.
Finally, this just in: Apparently, the Fed wasn't too pleased with the tantrums of investors. Later in the day it leaked its intention to add liquidity through "alternative measures." Wednesday morning the Dow futures are up 100 points.
Beam me up, Scotty. Still no signs of intelligent life.


Garden gallery malaysia we are provide additional. Absolute gardens sdn bhd plant rental landscaping. Garden design ideas malaysia flower for front dream. Absolute gardens sdn bhd plant rental landscaping.


Did Kanye West Tweet The Release Date For Yeezy Season 3?
A laptop says February 11, the same date as Swis''s release.
Kanye West may be premiering his latest fashion line Yeezy Season 3 on February 11, the same day that his album Swish is scheduled to drop. A tweet sent off this evening presents a laptop, and if you shout "COMPUTER, ENHANCE!" at your screen enough times, you'll see the words "YEEZY SEASON 3" and the date February 11. That's also the beginning of New York Fashion Week, btw.
Kanye has been balancing his music and fashion lives recently. "No More Parties In L.A." was delayed from it's scheduled G.O.O.D Friday release date by a Yeezy Season 3 fitting. Listen to that below.


text:
Ex-military member arrested for possession
A former American military member was arrested last Sunday after Okinawa Prefectural police found marijuana in his possession.
Joseph B. Helington, 23, a former Marine, arrived at Kadena Air Base on a flight from Guam originating in Hawaii. After disembarking from the plane, Okinawan custom officials discovered marijuana is Helington's shoes. Okinawan police were called to the scene and after a brief search, officials discovered 0.80 ounces of the illegal substance.
He also had paraphernalia, including a pipe, rolling paper, and one hemp seed hidden in his pockets. When questioned, Helington claimed the marijuana was for his own use.


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Our comprehensive guide makes it possible to grow healthy, productive plants indoors year round. Dig in!
When the winter blahs set in and you're dreaming of fresh greens from your summer garden, consider growing indoors. Not only do plants cleanse your household air (read about Greens That Clean) and improve the aesthetics of any indoor space, they can provide your family with a wealth of yummy, organic foods.
City dwellers, or those without a good gardening spot in the yard, may find growing indoors especially useful. Plants don't need to take up much space — a windowsill is fine if that's all you have. For others, the indoor garden may become starter plants for an outdoor garden come spring.
Now you can enjoy growing indoors all year long! At Planet Natural, we've carefully selected only the best indoor gardening supplies — from lighting to hydroponics — to make your indoor growing experiences blossom. Got bugs? Check out our Pest Problem Solver for pictures, descriptions and a complete list of earth-friendly remedies.
An indoor garden can take up as much or as little space as you are willing to give it. Growing plants of all kinds, even tomato gardening can be done on a windowsill or on a table.
Larger growers, or the more dedicated may want to set up a table or bench specifically for the garden. Find an area with a tile or linoleum floor to catch the inevitable drops of water, or place a tarp under your table.
Shelves provide lots of planting room while taking up little space. If using shelves, make sure that adequate light reaches every plant. This may require a separate grow light for each shelf.
Plants need light to photosynthesize and need to photosynthesize to survive. Without adequate light a plant will grow tall and spindly. If there is enough energy to grow leaves, they still may not totally expand. And without enough light, don't plan on seeing flowers or fruit.
Even plants grown near a window will probably not get enough light during the winter months to thrive. There are a few things to think about when purchasing a grow light.
Plants have photoreceptors that absorb specific wavelengths of light. Your light needs to have the same wavelengths as the sun, which is why a regular light bulb doesn't work.
The light should be as close to the plant as possible without burning the leaves.
Most vegetables and other plants do best with 14-16 hours of sunlight or simulated light. There are a few ways you can tell if your plant is getting enough light or not. If it isn't getting enough light, it usually will have small leaves, thin stems, and the color of the plant will be lighter than usual.
A hormone called "florigen" controls budding and flowering. Long day plants require about 14 to 18 hours of light to produce just the right amount of florigen to flower and reproduce. Short day plants require about 10-13 hours of light. If short day plants are exposed to too much light, florigen can be destroyed, preventing blooming.
There are a lot of different grow lights for sale out there and it can be confusing to figure out which type is best for your indoor garden. The following run-down should bring some clarity.
Incandescent Lamps are inexpensive and can be bought at a hardware store or nursery. While they work OK for growing houseplants, they are not ideal for an indoor garden.
Fluorescent Lights work best for growing herbs and other plants that don't require a lot of light. They are not good for plants that are budding or flowering because they don't put off enough light. Inexpensive, they can be purchased at the local hardware or garden supply store.
The new Compact Fluorescent Systems, however, are quite bright and efficient and in some cases might even be better than the fancier high intensity discharge (HID) lights. Compact fluorescents are smaller and more efficient than older forms of fluorescent lighting so they can be used for all plants. They also produce less heat than incandescent and HID lights and consequently can be placed much closer to the plant.
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Bulbs are the brightest and most efficient lights available, but they can be expensive. One 1,000 watt grow light bulb can produce the same amount of light as 50 40-watt fluorescent lights.
The High Pressure Sodium and Metal Halide bulbs are the only ones indoor gardeners will need.
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Bulbs produce a red-orange light that benefits flowering. With an average lifespan 2X that of metal halides, high pressure sodium lamps are economical. This isn't a great light if you are only going to use one, as it doesn't produce light in the blue spectrum needed for leafy growth.
Metal Halide (MH) Bulbs produce a blue-white color that is conducive to encouraging leafy growth and keeps plants compact. A bulb will last about 10,000 hours and produce up to 125 lumens per watt compared to 39 lumens per watt for standard fluorescent lights and 18 lumens per watt for standard incandescent bulbs. This is a good light to start plants out with. When it comes time to flower, switch to a High Pressure Sodium bulb.
There is more to a grow light than just the bulb. You can purchase the reflector, cord, ballast, bulb and other parts separately, or buy a whole system that just needs to be plugged in.
Temperatures of 65-75°F are best for most plants. A variance of 10°F either way will probably be OK. Plants that are too hot will be small and weak. Plants grown at too-cold temperatures may have yellow leaves that fall off.
Automates heating and cooling equipment with both day and night set-points.
A lack of humidity in the house can be a challenge for indoor gardeners. Winter tends to be drier than summer, and if you run the heat in your house the problem is further compounded.
You've researched how much humidity your particular plant needs and it isn't getting it.
Place a tray of water near your garden (don't put plants in the tray, this can lead to other problems). Fill the tray with lava rocks to increase surface area for evaporation.
Place plants close together to create a microenvironment with a higher relative humidity.
Run a humidifier (this might benefit your skin as well!).
Purchase an environmental controller, which can humidify or dehumidify depending on your needs.
Indoor gardens benefit from a good planting medium — soil found outside is not appropriate, since it's often too heavy and may contain weed seeds and insect pests. Instead look for a mix that is specific to indoor plants. A good growing media should remain loose and drain well, yet contain enough organic matter to hold nutrients and moisture.
Most commercial organic mixes will work well, or you can create your own (see Potting Mixes for Certified Organic Production).
100% Natural & Organic. FoxFarm® Ocean Forest Soil is ready to use right out of the bag and provides the ideal environment for young seedlings to become thriving plants. Lightweight and well-aerated, it's the perfect all-natural mix for container grown plants!
Instead of growing indoor plants in a soil mixture, you may want to try out hydroponics. Basically, this means gardening without soil. Soil holds nutrients and anchors plants roots. When growing hydroponically you provide the nutrients directly. Instead of being bound up in soil, the nutrients are readily available to the plants.
Faster plant growth (up to 50% faster) since plants can easily access water and food.
Roots grow throughout the media without becoming root bound, so containers can be smaller.
Plants start in a disease-free medium and are less likely to become infected.
If plants do become sick, the disease is usually in one plant, not all of them.
Plants droop before they wilt, so you'll know to water them before they are damaged.
Check out the Hydroponics Glossary at www.hydrofarm.com. Hydrofarm is the nation's oldest and largest manufacturer of hydroponics equipment and grow lights. We offer many of their products here at Planet Natural.
Don't stop there, as mentioned above, almost anything — fruits, flowers, herbs and vegetables — can be grown in a container.
Plants can be grown from seed (started inside and staying inside) or they can be transplanted from your outdoor garden at the end of the season. Plants will need to be acclimated before bringing them in the house and again when you put them outside in the spring or fall.
Just say NO to plastic planters! Patented Smart Pots are fabric containers that prevent roots from circling and release heat so they're much cooler — plants develop a better root structure. Better roots = better plants!
Plants and seedling grown inside need a period of "hardening off" before they can permanently live outdoors. The hardening off process gives them time to develop a thicker cuticle and avoid water loss while being better able to withstand the harshness of weather. The following steps will help acclimate indoor plants to life in the great outdoors.
7-10 days before you want to transplant your plants, place them outside in a shady spot or cold frame for 3-4 hours.
Each day, increase the time spent outdoors by 1-2 hours. Bring plants back in each night.
After 2-3 days, place plants in morning sun, then move them into the shade in the afternoon.
If the temperature stays around 50°F, plants should be able to stay out all day and night after 7 days.
In about 7-10 days transplant your seedlings or plants. If possible, transplant on a cloudy day and water thoroughly.
To acclimate plants by withholding water or by using a cold frame, read How to Harden Off Plants.
At the end of the growing season you may want to move plants inside to your indoor garden. After potting these plants (if they are not already in containers) they will need a period of acclimation, just as plants going the other direction do.
Now that your garden is planted and growing, it's time for the watering, staking, pruning and overall general care to begin. Ahhh! The fun stuff. Need help? Our expert guides will ensure that your favorite crop is a huge success.
Plants grown in containers dry out more quickly than their soil-grown counterparts and require frequent watering (see Watering Potted Plants). Always use room-temperature water and add enough water that it runs through the drain holes of your pot or container (do not let water collect in a saucer or under the plant — this can lead to rot or disease).
Use your finger to feel the soil or use a moisture meter to be sure you are not over or under watering plants.
Do you have a hard time remembering to water the plants? Read How To Make a Self Watering Garden or How to Make a Self-Watering Seed Starter in Ten Minutes to learn how to start a garden that waters itself.
It's organic! Liquid Budswel is derived from a special blend of bat and seabird guanos, earthworm castings and seaweed extract. Use as needed for superior crops and huge yields. Will NOT burn plants.
Plants grown indoors will need an extra boost of nutrients or fertilizer since most of the nutrients in the soil or growing medium are quickly taken up by the plants or leached out during watering.
Organic fertilizers and hydroponic nutrients for indoor plants abound. Follow the instructions on the package for how much to use and how often to fertilize.
Fill a bucket about 1/3 full with finished compost.
Add water until the bucket is full.
Let the bucket sit for a few hours, if not three or four days (don't let it freeze!).
Add water to the liquid until it is the color of weak tea.
Apply the compost tea to the soil around your plants.
Growing Indoor Plants with Success (PDF) – To be a successful indoor gardener, you need to understand how the interior environment affects plant growth and how cultivation differs from growing plants outdoors (University of Georgia Cooperative Extension).
You didn't include LED lights in your section on lighting. LED grow lights are now available in full spectrum or in red, blue or white so you can have different lighting for plants that are in different stages (seedlings, budding, blooming, fruiting, etc). They give off little to no heat so can be placed closer to the plants & use less electricity than other lights. Plus they don't contain mercury so are safer & better for the environment than fluorescents. They may be a little more expensive than fluorescents, but they last up to 50 years so they pay for themselves in electricity savings & in longevity.
If you want an led that actually puts off enough lumens, they will actually put off a lot of heat. Leds that are strong enough to benefit photo syn. Require heat sinks on the diodes because of the amount of heat generated. Cooler leds do not provide enough lumens to benefit the plant as much as a simple cfl and the cfl is way cheaper. Wait until leds progress a few more years. Most of the leds on the market now are a waste of money and pure hype.
I've recently heard there was a report on LEDS that says they are damaging to the human eye. So I at least would wait to spend money on them for growing lights.
When I've completed your post, I first thing came into my mind was LEDs. I agree that LEDs are a bit expensive. But I disagree with your point regarding heat. I'm using LEDs for my herb garden and they're doing pretty well i must say.
I'm using Advanced Platinum Series P300 for my 3′ X 4′ of grow space and quality of light is just fabulous. One of my friend is using Viparspectra PAR600 and he's experiencing good quality. If you can stretch your budget upto 150$ then you can get a life long companion and better results. That's my experience.
How will the tomatoes be pollinated?
I used this for a research report.
Do Vegetables Taste Better Grown Outside or Inside in a Grow Tent? I live in an apartment and I am trying to figure out whether it is better to grow my plants in a grow tent with an HID light or outside on my balcony. I want to make sure that growing inside of a grow tent with a sun lamp and potting soil mixture does not change the flavor of my vegetables. My balconies are very shady and I'm trying to get the best quality and taste from my crops.
Are strawberries, blueberries and lemons self pollinators as well?
Most blueberry varieties require another plant to cross-pollinate. Strawberries and lemons are self-fertile but it's a good idea to hand-pollinate using a q-tip.
I am currently growing my garden inside, I have planted green beans, beets, mustard greens, bell peppers, 3 types of tomatoes, zucchini, tigger melons, watermelons, squash, 13 types of herbs, a apple tree, lemon tree and a orange tree, as well as raspberries and 10 different strawberries. I am so excited each morning to go in and see the growth of all the different fruits and veggies. The trees are dwarfs so they will be beautiful and fragrant by the patio door. My grand kids all have their own pots and are also growing their own veggies. Nothing like an indoor garden year round.
Lori, that's awesome! I am looking to do the same thing since I have the space in my home and our winters here in PA are long. Do you mind sharing what method you use? hydroponics, soil?
For the record: a tomato is not a vegetable, it is a berry that is classified as a member of the fruit family of edible plants.
Great information, I will start planting this week with your advise thanks.
Question, growing in volcano ash, is this tougher and if so how will veggies taste?
I started growing tomatoes peppers and zinnias about a week ago and with my flourecent grow light 5 zinnias already have broke through the soil! It's so exciting to see their growth!
Great to see so many people embracing indoor gardening! We have self watering pots to make it even easier. I know from personal experience that herbs need a bit of attention (At least, here in Australia where it's warmer) and even a day or two of neglect can push back your growing progress.
I am moving to bush Alaska to teach an want to grow vegetables in my apartment. Can someone guide me to quality information on what I would need and how I would do it? Thank you!
Indoor gardening can be a bit more complex than outside gardening but you can watch them grow to big, beautiful plants with great lighting, feeding and watering.
I want to add garden plants to my biology classroom. Any thoughts. Also, if you were to plant tomatoes, for example, would they continue to produce all year, or do they need to be replaced after a harvest?
I am beyond excited that I found this website. I teach a combined grade 3-4 class in Alberta, Canada, and really want to grow a 'salsa garden' in my classroom. Grade 4 Science is Waste in Our World & Plant Growth and Changes. If we can manage it we will grow tomatoes, onion, garlic, peppers, and cilantro. I plan to turn an old fish aquarium into a green house and purchase a grow light. All of the information is a God send!
Does anyone know how long it may take for each of these to grow? I would like for them to be ready all around the same time and assume I'll have to stagger their planting depending on their grow time.
Could you please suggest some pre-made indoor gardening systems?
In central coastal California i am starting indoor cherry tomatoes at a 10 ft high 8 foot wide set of 3 windows facing west. Is this enough light and warmth?
I have been indoor gardening for quite a few years now. I use compact fluorescent to supplement a SW corner window area in the home. I just use bins full of soil as a medium. Websites often show pictures of these giant plants with Beefsteak tomatoes hanging off of them etc. Now, this is possible, but keep in mind you totally need perfect conditions, lighting etc to make this possible. I have whittled my indoor garden down to just a few tried and true "sure things" that will definitely provide some fresh produce throughout the winter on a budget (minimal lighting expense etc). Lettuce of any variety thrives indoors. Once mature I have enough with one 24″ row to provide 2 nice sized salads per week. Radishes do great inside, but don't always expect big plump ones. Carrots do okay indoors but like with radishes, don't expect enough to supply your juicing habit. Cilantro! Why get that "mystery cilantro" from the grocery store that you bring home only to find it half rotten and flavorless. Kale does amazing indoors and you can have baby kale in your salad all winter. These are just some of my successes. There are many failures like tomatoes, beans, peppers, etc. Yes, it is possible to grow these, but you really need the lighting and warmth, etc. So, don't get your hopes up too high for indoor gardening. But don't be discouraged either. I highly recommend planting some of the tried and true "sure things" mentioned above while experimenting with other crops. It is so gratifying to shun the nasty grocery store product in the winter and have your own. It's relatively inexpensive, loads of fun and adds "life" to the home in the winter. Thanks for all of the great info!
Hello. Everyone talks about indoor gardening with veggies but what about just plain old beautiful house plants?
My house sadly is dark. Which is why all my plants die. I thought my window was enough but it isn't. I have the usual ivy plants (the green ones that usually trail), snake plant, and several others that don't flower but are very green.
I'm going to build a table about 2-3 ft high and about 3ft. long. I'm going to pick out a nice spot sort of near a window in my living room. My problem is finding the right light or lamp since it's in my living room, the LED is too blinding, the fluorescent work shop type is too tacky to be in my living area.
Are there a floor lamps or lamps that are pretty to look at? And what is the best bulb? Do I need red and blue or can I get away with just a white grow bulb?
I am considering growing flowers inside. I love to garden. I live in Boston where winters are long, especially after the holidays. I have read a little about indoor gardening. Your site has great information. However, I still am confused. From my understanding you need HID Grow lights, ability to control temperature and humidity, soil, nutrients, pots, etc. I have looked at the cost of the lights and tents and they are not cheap. Can you make your own "tent?" I am knowledgeable on HVAC systems, owned a HVAC business. The picture above with the light, hood, and flex resembles a HVAC furnace, supply and return lines. Also, read about fans to blow the heat out of the tent.
Could you suggest the best economical way for starting plants inside to be planted in my garden. I have a basement but it's cold and water comes in if it rains a lot. The floor has ledge in some areas, no insulation and the foundation is old (rock and concrete). I have a shed that is fairly large but I would have to run electrical cords. I read the tents are waterproof with floors. I don't get a lot of water in my basement. It just gets a little wet in some areas. Is there a DIY type of system? Any advice would be greatly appreciated. I am also concerned about fire. Is there a risk of fire? I'm looking for a beginners set-up that is small. Thank you for sharing your knowledge of indoor gardening.
I have done a lot of indoor gardening this year planting under grow lights and in window sills. Pepper, chills, tomatoes, strawberries, peas, cucumbers, melons, basil, lettuce and pumpkins do well.
I can't wait until the growing season so I can grow outdoors too.
It is a great idea to do indoor gardening with LED grow lights.


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Home » The Secret Doors Inside the Great Pyramid
Ancient CivilisationsForgotten PastUnexplained
The Secret Doors Inside the Great Pyramid
by Alien UFO Sightings August 9, 2015
by Alien UFO Sightings August 9, 2015 0 comment
The Great Pyramid of Khufu has always fascinated people because it is the only ancient wonder of the world that exists today. It is also possible people are fascinated because Khufu's pyramid, especially the interior, is very complex. The modern entrance to the pyramid was created in the Ninth Century A.D. by el-Mamoun son of Haroun el-Rhasied. The true entrance is above this one. This passage goes down through the pyramid, and then connects to another corridor that ascends to the King's and Queen's Chambers. The original passage continues downwards into an unfinished chamber directly under the pyramid. Discussion about the purpose of these chambers and the complexity of the pyramid is varied and ongoing.
Serious scientific work on the Great Pyramid began in 1993, when we closed the pyramid for the first time for a full year. It waspart of a plan to institute a rotational system at Giza, closing one pyramid a year while leaving the other two open, in order to balance conservation with tourism. During conservation it was found that the interior of the Great Pyramid had a humidity of 85 percent. Most of this was due to tourism, as each person inside the pyramid deposits approximately 20 grams of water through breathing. This water then becomes salt, which in 1993 covered the surface of the Grand Gallery; also, many cracks could be seen inside.
The pyramid needed to be cleaned, and a system to permanently lower humidity had to be developed. One idea was to clean the airshafts in the third chamber, the so-called King's Chamber, and put machines inside of them to create a ventilation system. I talked to Rainer Stadelmann, the director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo at that time, who in turn arranged for a robotic expert, Rudolf Gantenbrink, to come and do work through the Institute. Gantenbrink designed a robot called Webwawat to investigate the airshafts in the third chamber. The robot was also sent inside the shafts in the so-called Queen's Chamber, and made an intriguing find in the room's two shafts. In the south shaft, Webwawat was stopped at 208 feet in front of a door or small stone with two copper handles. The left handle had lost a piece sometime in antiquity, which was lying about six feet in front of the door/stone. The northern shaft in the so-called Queen's Chamber was blocked after approximately 27 feet. Gantenbrink published his information on the web at www.cheops.org. Gantenbrink's work was the most in-depth work to be conducted on the shafts of the so-called Queen's Chamber. The history of the investigation of these shafts begins in September 1872, when the British engineer Waynman Dixon discovered the openings of the north and south shafts of the Queen's Chamber. Dixon pushed a wire through the joints of the masonry of the south wall, and realized there was a hollow space behind. He then chiseled through the wall to reveal the shaft. He looked for a shaft in the equivalent area of the north wall and found one. When he lit a candle and placed it in the southern shaft, there was a slight draft. Kings Chamber – Great Pyramid – Copyright 1998 – Andrew Bayuk – All Rights Reserved
In the south shaft, Dixon and his associate James Grant found a small bronze hook. The north shaft yielded a granite ball and a portion of cedar-like wood. They became known as the Dixon Relics. Both sets of artifacts lay amongst rubble at the bottom of the sloping shaft. The relics were taken to England, recorded by astronomer Royal Scotland, and returned to Dixon – after which they disappeared. Report of the discovery of the relics was made in "Nature" December 26, 1872, including a drawing of the items.
In 1993 a search led to the discovery of the ball and hook in the British Museum, where they still are today. The piece of cedar-like wood remained missing until 2001, when it was traced at the Marischal Museum, Aberdeen. Although they are sure it is in their collection, they haven't yet located it as they are in the process of moving.
Gantenbrink's exploration of the shaft in 1993 revealed a long piece of wood lying in the sloping portion of the shaft. Its cross-sectional area and general appearance were similar to the piece of wood found by Dixon. It is possible that the short piece of wood reported by Dixon simply broke from the larger piece. A modern metal pole found alongside the piece of wood supports this theory. No mention of the pole is made in Dixon's reports, but it is now thought to have been lost when Dixon and his colleagues were "treasure-hunting" in the shaft. They probably broke the small piece of wood from the longer piece while they were manipulating the metal pole, but did not report it.
Some suggest that carbon dating the wood would allow accurate dating of the Pyramid because wood must have been left in the shaft when the Pyramid was constructed (given that the shaft was sealed) but I contend that this is not absolute. Wood may been placed in the shaft after construction via the shaft's exit, if one exists.
Egyptologists have multiple explanations for these shafts. Some believe that they were used for ventilation, but this cannot be true as they do not open up to the outside. Others believe that they have an astronomical function; the southern shaft connected to the star Sirius, and the northern shaft linked to Minoris, Ursa, and Beta. Stadelmann believes that these shafts are not for ventilation, but are tunnels through which the king's soul will rise to the stars that never darken.
I believe that the shafts from the so-called Queen's Chamber likely have no function, as they were blocked from the inside. If they had a religious function, they should have been left open, as were the shafts of the third burial chamber (the King's Chamber). Since these open outside of the pyramid, I believe that Khufu's soul was meant to travel through them. The south shaft was intended for Khufu to use as the sun god Ra. The south shaft opens exactly between the two boat pits to the south of the Pyramid. Khufu would take the two boats and use them as solar boats – one for the day trip, one for the evening trip. The north shaft was made for the soul of Khufu as Horus to travel to the stars in order to emerge from them as the sun god.
In order to understand the purpose of the shafts of the so-called Queen's Chamber, more work had to be done. The German Institute in Cairo had the concession to the Great Pyramid, and I could see that they were not interested in completing the work on the shafts. It was impossible to sign the concession to Gantenbrink as he is an individual, and the antiquities law in Egypt only allows for concessions to be granted to institutions. So I decided that the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) would do the work. I asked Tim Kelly of National Geographic Television to design a robot to probe the shafts, and I would head the expedition. I believed there was nothing behind this door at all but that it was very important for scholars and the public alike to know that there is nothing behind it. Archaeologists would know that even empty space is important.
National Geographic designed a robot and called it the Pyramid Rover, and the Permanent Committee of the SCA acknowledged the project as an Egyptian endeavor. The date for the television program was set for September 17. Before the show, I went to Hong Kong and Singapore to publicize it, and Mark Lehner went to Australia, India, and Spain right after the show. I, as well as my colleagues at National Geographic, wanted to be sure that we were honest and people were prepared for whatever find (or lack thereof) that we might make.
One of the main goals of the documentary was to show the public the evidence of the people who built the pyramids. I was to talk about tombs, show graffiti which names the work gangs that built the pyramids, and even go inside of the Step Pyramid of Djoser for the first time. The substructure of this pyramid consists of tunnels and passages and rooms with a total length of about three and a half miles. I believe that the interior was never shown in a film before, and that no living Egyptologist has entered it.
One day before the show, we found out by Altrosonic that the door in the southern shaft of the Great Pyramid is about six centimeters thick, which implied that there was something behind that door. We decided to drill a three-millimeter diameter hole in the door so we could send a camera behind it. In the last minute of the show, the camera was sent in, and I saw the second door 21 cm. behind the first door. It is not similar to the first in that it looks as if it is screening or covering something. There were also cracks all over the surface. I was so happy to see it, but I couldn't understand why we had another door.
The show was well received all over the world by the public, and was rated "great" by Fox Television in the United States. Half a billion people in China watched the show. Newspapers all over the world covered it to a level that was never done for any television program before.
A few days after the show, we sent the robot into the northern shaft. Gantenbrink and Dixon both were only able to probe 27 feet because of a turn in the shaft. After further investigation, it seems that the turn was made in order to avoid intersecting the Grand Gallery, implying that the shafts were cut after the Grand Gallery's construction. The Pyramid Rover went through this shaft and was stopped after a total of 208 feet, in front of another door with copper handles. It is in the exact same location as the first door in the southern shaft and is very similar to it. Behind this door there is likely another door exactly .70 feet away from the first, exactly like the south shaft.
The copper handles in the first doors in both the north and south shafts are similar to those on the canopic jar box of Tutankhamun at the Cairo Museum. The two copper handles were used for ropes to pull the canopic jars. The doors themselves are made of fine white limestone from Tura, and it seems as if their handles allowed them to be pulled inside the shafts, to the same location.
The probe attached to the robot gets ready to send its camera through a hole carefully drilled in the southern shaft "door".
The presence of these doors in the Great Pyramid creates many questions. One idea is that the doors are a challenge that the king must face before his travel into the afterlife. It is written in the Pyramid texts that the king will face bolts before he travels; perhaps this is a reference to the door's copper handles. Yet if this is true, why is Khufu's pyramid the only one with the doors? Also, why do they not exist in the shafts of the third chamber? Logically, they should be where the king's body is buried. It is possible that these doors are evidence that Khufu's burial chamber might be hidden somewhere inside of his pyramid.
However, these doors made the story about the Great Pyramid of Khufu more exciting, especially because the second door in the south shaft does not look like the first one and also the door in the north shaft is located in the same place as the one in the south shaft and appears similar to it with its two copper handles.
After the robot sent its probe through the handled slab in the southern shaft, another, more roughly hewn limestone slab, containing visible cracks was found.
We are planning to clean the south shaft from outside to learn if it does open to the outside. If it does, then it is possible that it was a symbolic door for the king to use in crossing to the Netherworld. If it is sealed, we have to return to the Westcar Papyri and read how Khufu was looking for the documents of the god Thoth to help him with the design of his pyramid. Only further research into the shafts can reveal their function, solving one of the many mysteries of the Great Pyramid.
Source www.guardians.net
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Le Suore del Cuore Immacolato di Maria (in inglese Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary; sigla S.I.H.M.) sono un istituto religioso femminile di diritto pontificio.

Storia
La congregazione fu fondata il 7 giugno 1952 dal vescovo missionario William Brasseur, della congregazione del Cuore Immacolato di Maria, vicario apostolico di Mountain Province, nelle Filippine. La formazione delle prime cinque postulanti, appartenenti al popolo indigeno degli Igorot, fu affidata alle canonichesse missionarie di Sant'Agostino.

L'erezione canonica della comunità in congregazione religiosa ebbe luogo il 3 ottobre 1952.

Attività e diffusione
Le suore si dedicano all'insegnamento del catechismo, all'educazione dell'infanzia e della gioventù, all'assisteza agli ammalati.

Oltre che nelle Filippine, sono presenti in Canada; la sede generalizia è a Baguio.

Alla fine del 2015 l'istituto contava 83 religiose in 29 case.

Note

Bibliografia
 Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 2017, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano 2017. ISBN 978-88-209-9975-9.
 Guerrino Pelliccia e Giancarlo Rocca (curr.), Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione (DIP), 10 voll., Edizioni paoline, Milano 1974-2003.

Cuore Immacolato di Maria Baguio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Asia > Central Asia > Kazakhstan
5.1 Entry requirements
5.5.1 From China
5.5.2 From Kyrgyzstan
6.1.1 Public/city buses
6.1.2 Marshrutkas
6.1.3 Long distance buses
6.3 By rail
10 Buy
10.1 Money
10.2 Costs
10.3 Shopping
14 Work
17 Connect
Kazakhstan is the largest of the former states of the former Soviet Union apart from Russia itself, and it dwarfs the other countries of Central Asia.
Its lack of significant historical sites and endless, featureless steppe repel as many visitors as are captivated by the emptiness and mystery of this goliath state. Kazakhstan is the richest country in the region due to its large oil and natural gas reserves and is also the largest in Central Asia.
Kazakhstan regions - Color-coded map
Almaty Province
This is the location of the former capital, with treks into Tian Shan, historic towns, and ancient petroglyphs.
Kazakhstani North
These are the cold steppes home to the national capital, the country's Russian minority, and industrial cities.
Kazakh Desert
The location of ancient desert cities dotting the Silk Road.
Includes remote and beautiful alpine scenery.
Caspian Basin
Includes Caspian beaches and oil industry, and where local tribal affiliations are still strong.
This is a land of endless and sparsely populated steppes.
51.13333333333371.4333333333331 Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana) — second largest city, and capital since 1997. Worth visiting but you only need a few days to get to the most worthwhile sights. This city is brand new and being built very rapidly. If you want to see what the old Aqmola looks like, you need to do it now as it is disappearing very rapidly.
43.2576.92 Almaty — largest city, and capital until 1998. Definitely a must-see. Beside the Soviet-style city, you may want to go to the Medeu and other places in the nearby mountains.
50.357.1666666666673 Aktobe
47.11666666666751.8833333333334 Atyrau — oil capital of Kazakhstan, with large onshore Tengiz and offshore Kashagan oilfields nearby
52.31555555555676.9563888888895 Pavlodar — Kazakh city in the very north of the country, founded in 1720, closed until 1992 for its military significance in tank production, and home to one very impressive mosque, as well as other interesting Orthodox churches and various memorials
50.41111111111180.22756 Semey (Semipalatinsk) — university city notorious for the nearby atomic bomb testing site
42.369.67 Shymkent — Kazakhstan's third largest city, very crowded with Uzbek people, it is an old market town located near Tashkent and some beautiful mountains; now booming with oil exploration
43.368.2436111111118 Turkestan — another ancient city, long a border town between the Persian culture to the south and the Turkic nomadic culture to the north, now majority Uzbek and home to several important cultural-historical monuments
49.9582.6166666666679 Ust-Kamenogorsk — mining city in the Altai mountains; primarily Russian-speaking
Landscape in the Altai Mountains
42.333370.66671 Aksu-Zhabagly — a nature reserve
49892 Altai Mountains
45.6363.3143 Baikonur — site of the spaceport
49.4166666775.416666674 Karkaraly National Park
43.377.2333333333335 Talgar — a town nearby the Talgar Mountains
43.0577.256 Zailiysky Alatau. (Trans-Ili Alatau) — a 200 km long mountain range
Capital Nur-Sultan
Currency Kazakhstani tenge (KZT)
Population 18 million (2017)
Electricity 220 volt / 50 hertz (Europlug, Schuko)
Country code +7
Time zone UTC+05:00, UTC+06:00
Emergencies 112, 101 (fire department), 102 (police), 103 (emergency medical services)
Driving side right
edit on Wikidata
Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were united as a single nation in the mid-16th century. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936.
During the launching of the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities, including the Volga Germans) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence has caused many of these newcomers and their descendants to emigrate.
Modern Kazakhstan is a neo-patrimonial state characterized by considerable nepotism and dominance over political and economic affairs by President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who only recently stepped down in March 2019 after a 29 year tenure. However, it is not a severely authoritarian government compared to bordering Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and China and opposition is not usually sacked or imprisoned. Since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the Kazakh government has allowed foreign investment to flow into the capital to develop. The development of significant oil and gas reserves, particularly in the north and west, has brought a large amount of wealth to the country, though the money falls into the hands of just a few people. Nevertheless, Kazakhstan is now labelled a middle-income country, and is already classified with a high human development index. Corruption in Kazakhstan is ubiquitous compared to China, but it is not as widespread as other countries in the region.
Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets (an oil pipeline to China has been built; the gas pipeline is under construction); achieving a sustainable economic growth outside the oil, gas, and mining sectors, and strengthening relations with surrounding states and other foreign powers.
Visa requirements of Kazakhstan: countries in green visa-free for 30 days, in blue for 90 days.
Most western passport holders don't need a visa to enter Kazakhstan for a visit of up to 30 days. (Day of entry always counts as Day 1, even at 23:59.) This waiver has been extended year-by-year several times, but since Oct 2018 appears to be permanent. For ordinary (i.e. non-diplomatic) passports, the countries included are:
Americas: Canada, US and dependencies, Mexico, Greenland, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Ecuador and French Guyana. (It's expected soon to include Cuba.)
Europe: the entire EU including United Kingdom and Andorra, plus Iceland, Norway, Serbia, Turkey and Switzerland. It excludes Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Liechtenstein, San Marino and Vatican.
Middle East: Israel and United Arab Emirates.
Australasia: Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Malaysia & Singapore; citizens of Hong Kong only for 14 days.
plus Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Citizens of CIS countries may enter without a visa for up to 90 days. These countries are: Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Mongolia.
Holders of Kyrgyzstan visas may also travel visa-free to the regions of Almaty and Jambul (which includes the Almaty-Taraz road). This is only relevant to those who would otherwise need a visa to enter, so it may benefit citizens of Liechtenstein and Saudi Arabia.
If you know in advance that your stay will be longer, e.g. for work, then you need a visa, which will need to be supported by an official Letter of Invitation from the employer / agency in Kazakhstan. For more information see Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan. For tourist visits where you're enjoying the country so much that you want to stay on, the simplest way is to take a trip to neighbouring Kyrgyzstan, which also has no visa requirement for many countries, and come straight back to gain another 30 day stay. There's no limit how often you do this.
Registration (card): Never lose the registration card that you're given on entry. It must have at least one stamp on it, corresponding to the entry stamp in your passport. For most visitors it will have two, meaning that you're already registered for the duration of your stay, and don't need to register with the immigration police. If it only has one stamp, you must register within five days of entering Kazakhstan (there are offices in Astana and Almaty), and again in each place you visit for more than 72 hours. And you must also present yourself immediately if you lose it: otherwise you'll endure much grief, probably fines and possibly detention, when you try to leave the country.
As of Sep 2018, as a holder of a western passport, one receives 2 entry stamps right away, and 1 stamp in the passport, both when entering by plane and at the Kyrgyz border. No address of stay needs to be presented.
Air Astana plane at the runway of Almaty airport
The most important carrier is Air Astana which flies into Almaty and Astana from Abu Dhabi, Moscow, Delhi, Beijing, Istanbul, Bangkok, Hannover, London, Amsterdam, Baku, Kuala Lumpur, Frankfurt, and Seoul.
Air Astana keeps a monopoly on some international routes by limiting which airlines can fly to Kazakhstan.
Lufthansa also has daily flights to Almaty, from where you can go anywhere via local carrier SCAT, which flies to most cities in Kazakhstan. British Airways and KLM now fly several times a week to Heathrow and Schiphol respectively. There is also a non-stop connection twice a week from Prague, operated by Czech airlines. Turkish Airlines is a good passenger carrier, with flights to Istanbul (ask a travel agent about the student fares, which can be a great deal).
There are twice a week flights from Seoul to Almaty; one is with Asiana Airlines, and the other is Astana. Airbaltic also flies to Almaty; if you reserve tickets in advance, you can go there for €130 (from Riga).
Etihad flies weekly from Abu Dhabi to Astana. Flight time is around 4.5 hours.
Taxi fares from the airport to the city range are 2,000-3,000 tenge.
Note that since 2018, a Russian transit visa is needed if changing plane in Russia, when travelling to or from Kazakhstan.
Trains in Kazakhstan are slow but comfortable and clean. Popular routes include Almaty to/from Moscow (77 hours), Novosibirsk (35 hours) and Ürümqi, China (34 hours). Count on a 3–4 hr stay at the Russian border or 6–8 hr at the Chinese border. Trains in Kazakhstan can also be booked on-line.
You can enter Kazakhstan by car through many of the border checkpoints on main roads into the country. However, be prepared to wait up to 24 (twenty-four) hours in the queues, with rather poor facilities.
It is fairly easy to travel from Ürümqi to Almaty via sleeper bus, especially if you aren't in a hurry and don't mind living on a bus for a good 24 to 36 hours. The border crossing itself is a bit of a hike, and you may be made to carry all of your belongings with you for quite a way in some seriously warm weather. The bus trip and "baggage fees" are around US$45. You can pick up your Kazakhstan visa at the consulate in Ürümqi as well, but be prepared to chill for at least a week waiting, and be sure to get a copy of your passport before handing it over.
From Kyrgyzstan
It is a straight forward 3½-4½ hr (mini) bus ride from Bishkek to Almaty for about 1,200-1,800 tenge, depending on the option you choose (e.g. 500 som directly from the Bishkek Western Bus Station). For more information, see Almaty.
Freighters travel regularly between Baku and Aktau, and it is possible to hitch a ride. Note, though, that it is common for ships to get held up, even for weeks, before entering port, so you had better stock up on food and water before boarding. See freighter travel to better understand how this works.
Road sign pointing to Uzbek Khan's grave near Aktau
You can travel within the country using taxis, buses, trains and planes, it depends on your budget and demands. Renting a car is rather costly compared to other means of transport.
In Semipalatinsk (Semey) a marshrutka costs 35 tenge, and a large bus costs 35-40 tenge. In Astana it ranges between 60-65 tenge.
Public/city buses
Public transportation in big cities is rather popular. You can use buses, trolleys, trams and minibuses. One big minus of all of them is that they never come on schedule and very crowded on peak time. Moreover, there is absolutely no plan with bus stops and schedule whatsoever. If you don't speak Russian, taking the bus will be quite tricky but not impossible.
Marshrutkas
Similar to regular buses and another cheap way to get around is by taking a marshrutka. These are the dilapidated transport vans that cruise around or between towns. They usually have a sign (in Russian) listing the destination, and the driver will usually call out where they are going. However, you will not find them operating inside of Almaty city.
Long distance buses
"Bus in Kazakhstan"
They're a popular alternative to trains and are faster, but less comfortable. Similarly to train travel, you will need to buy your ticket in advance and will be given a seat number. Be careful when the bus makes a toilet stop, the driver often does not check whether all the passengers are on board before driving away!
Fares are relatively low, for instance a single from Almaty to Karaganda (14 hr) will cost you 2,500 tenge—much cheaper than a flight ticket.
Use taxis as they are very cheap (€2-6 within the city). You don't have to use official taxis in most cities, basically you can stop almost any car on the street by raising your hand. It works good in Almaty & Astana, but in Karaganda the best way is one of taxis by phone. It some cheaper and even faster than hitch-hike waiting.
A note of warning, getting to the Almaty airport can be expensive. Taxis to the airport vary greatly in price. Any foreigner will be quoted a very expensive rate but usually drivers will come down once they see they aren't going to be able to get that much. US$50 is outlandish. Do not accept the first price as it will result in your being overcharged. It should be less than US$10, although it can never be guaranteed that a foreigner will get that price. A better option are the minibuses and buses that go to the airport. The word "airport" is very similar in Russian and English.
A common way to get around is by unofficial taxis. Any time of day, just wave your hand and someone will stop. Locals do this all the time. Negotiate the price and destination before you agree to go. About US$2-4 is fair for a ride within the centre of Almaty. If your Russian is poor or non-existent, you will be charged a lot more than locals; to avoid this, try to use public buses as much as you can and don't hesitate to tell the driver how much you are ready to pay (do this before he tells you how much he wants). To be safe though, do not get in a car if more than one person is driving. Also, do not take these kind of taxis for long distances or anywhere that goes through remote areas, as there are frequent robberies, especially of foreigners.
Always try to have exact amount of money in cash (the price which you negotiated with a taxi driver), since usually they will not give you change. So if the price should be 350 tenge, give the driver 350 tenge, not more (as he/she might not give change).
Railway map of Kazakhstan
Train is the most popular way of covering the huge distances between Kazakhstan's main cities. The main railway stations are in Astana, Karaganda and Almaty, but stations can be found in almost every big city.
The rolling stock, train classes, ticket and reservation systems were inherited from the former Soviet Railways, so they are very similar to the Russian train system.
Ticket prices are slightly lower than in Russia. Kazakh Railways tickets can be bought online.
Kazakhstan is a large country. For instance, it will take you almost 24 hours to get from Almaty to Astana. However, going by train is a very fun way of travelling, since the trains are a great way to meet people. A lot has been written about the pitfalls of being included in a vodka drinking party on a train, but for the most part fellow travellers are friendly, and keen to find out about you ("why aren't you married?" and, if you are, "why don't you have children?", and if you do, "why don't they have children?"!) Most travellers take food for the journey, as restaurant car provision is sporadic (and they expect you to share yours too!). If you don't have enough to last the distance, the trains generally stop for 15–20 minutes at each station and there are always people on the platform selling food and drink, at any time of day or night.
There is also a train called the Talgo, which can cover the distance from Almaty and Astana in 9 hours. The cost of the ticket is about 9,000 tenge.
Air Astana provides offices in a few major hotels in big cities; it's the fastest way of travelling within the city for those who can afford it. Planes are brand new and match European standards in quality. Qazaq Air is a cheaper alternative and also provides some connections between major Kazakh cities, with the most frequently served connection being the route Astana - Almaty.
Mausoleum of Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi, Turkestan
Kazakh and Russian are the official languages of Kazakhstan. Both languages are compulsory in all schools, and most people know both of them. Therefore, if you know either of them, you should be fine. However, in some regions people speak more Kazakh and in others they prefer Russian. For example, Shymkent and the western regions mostly use Kazakh but the northern part of the country remains to a large extent Russian-speaking. Kazakh will be somewhat familiar if you know another Turkic language, and Russian if you know another Slavic language.
Many people under age 20 will know some English as will many customs officials and airport people know English.
It is difficult to get around the country without some Russian or Kazakh language skills; though, within the more modernized cities, it is easier. Have your place of residence written on a card and get a taxi if you get lost (you might be somewhat overcharged by the taxi, but it is better than being lost).
Baikonur is the famous cosmodrome site for the launch of the first manned orbital flight by Yuri Gagarin. The modern town of Baikonur was built near the existing village of Tyuratam.
As the cosmodrome area (6,000 km2.) is rented by Russia, no Kazakh visa is needed if you fly in directly from Moscow.
Tours can be organised but reportedly these take weeks to be approved by Russian authorities.
Köl-Say Lakes
The modern buildings of Astana; a contrast to most of the rest of Kazakhstan
Endless desert and steppe in much of the country
The Altai mountains in eastern Kazakhstan, and other mountain chains along the southern border.
Sauna complexes. Because of its cold and windy weather, visiting saunas with friends is very popular in Kazakhstan. Saunas (Russian banyas or Finnish steam rooms) are an excellent place to discuss business issues or just socialize with friends. Having parties (birthdays, New Year, etc.) in saunas is a normal practice. In fact many modern sauna complexes in Almaty and Astana are usually fully equipped with karaoke, billiards, swimming pools, relax rooms, massage rooms, etc. Some saunas are a cover for sex services, and many will include a "happy end" option when taking a massage.
Exchange rates for Kazakhstani tenge
As of January 2020:
US$1 ≈ 380 tenge
€1 ≈ 430 tenge
UK£1 ≈ 510 tenge
Exchange rates fluctuate. Current rates for these and other currencies are available from XE.com
The national currency is tenge, denoted by the symbol "₸" or "T" (Cyrillic: тенге, ISO code: KZT). On Wikivoyage we use tenge to denote the currency, e.g. 100 tenge.
What does it cost? (2019)
Meal, inexpensive restaurant: 2,000 tenge
Meal for 2, mid-range restaurant, 3-course: 10,000 tenge
Domestic beer (0.5 l draught): 400 tenge
Coke/Pepsi (0.33 l bottle): 190 tenge
Water (0.33 l bottle): 120 tenge
Loaf of bread (500 g): 90 tenge
Beef (1 kg): 2,000 tenge
Apples (1 kg): 450 tenge
One-way ticket (local transport): 80 tenge
Taxi start, per km: 425, 100 tenge
Gasoline (1 l): 170 tenge
Apartment (1 bed) in city centre/month: 111,000 tenge
Average monthly net salary (after tax): 139,000 tenge
Kazakhstan is slightly more expensive than Uzbekistan, but still cheaper than Turkmenistan. A street snack costs around US$0.30-0.70. A night in a dorm in the big cities is US$10-20. A more comfortable double room is US$60-80.
Even for people who are not big shoppers, the beautifully crafted felt items will appeal. They are also easy to carry and inexpensive to post.
Meat, potatoes, rice and pasta. And lots of it. If you're vegetarian be wary, because if it doesn't have meat in it, it will be almost certainly cooked in meat stock.
Korean carrot salad, created by Koryo people (the Korean diaspora in Central Asia)
Some recommended dishes:
Beshbarmak - "five fingers", a horse meat and pasta dish with potato and onion. The national traditional dish of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan most often served for special occasions. Can also be made with beef or lamb. Most restaurants that serve it will present a portion enough for two or three people.
Kazy - handmade horse meat sausage, could be cooked and served with Beshbarmak, but not at the restaurants, unless you ask to do so when preorder menu. If you did not, it would be served as cold meat appetizer with other types of cold meat appetizers (Zhaya, Basturma, Shyzhyk). And separate price would be charged. Kazakh dish.
Laghman - a thick noodle dish with meat, carrot and onion, usually served as a soup.Some other veggies could be added too.
Manty - large steamed dumplings full of meat and onions. Sometimes made with onions or pumpkin. Traditional Uighur dish.
Plov - wonderful dish of fried rice, meat, carrots, and sometimes other bits such as raisins or tomatoes. Traditional Uzbek dish.
Shashlyk or Shish Kebab - skewered, roasted chunks of marinated meat, served with some sort of flatbread (usually lavash) and onions. Various marinates can be used, and different ways to cook it, open fire or other.
Baursaky - bread best served piping hot. A little like an unsweetened doughnut. Kazakh.
Pelmeni - boiled dumplings made from different kinds of meat or potato. Russian.
If you're a vegetarian, you're probably thinking there's nothing for you in Kazakhstan. And you're right, if you eat out. But if you're cooking your own food, you'll be more than satisfied. Kazakhstan has some excellent products available at little markets everywhere. You will be amazed at the taste and availability of fresh organic veggies at low price! For a treat in Almaty, try Govinda's, a delicious vegetarian Hare Krishna restaurant. Malls have food courts with some vegetarian options too. Even some small Kazakh eateries will prepare vegetarian meals for you if you make it very clear to them (e.g. "byez myasa" (without meat), "ya vegeterianetz" (I [male] am a vegetarian), "ya vegetarianka" (I [female] am a vegetarian) in Russian). At some places (e.g. smak) you can even find vegetarian manty made with pumpkin.
The legacy of Korean resettlement in Kazakhstan means that Korean dishes, particularly salads, are very common. At the country's many bazaars (independent food and goods markets), look for the Korean ladies selling these. They will wrap you up any number of delicious, often spicy and garlicky salads to take away in plastic bags. If you are vegetarian, this may be the only decent thing you get to eat while you're in the country.
On the other hand, in Kazakhstan you can find any dishes you want, but Chinese and Japanese dishes are very expensive. The most delicious is caviar, which is very cheap, you can buy 1 kilo of caviar for less than US$300 in Almaty Zyeloniy Bazaar, but you can't export or take it with you home; you will be stopped at the airport and pay high fines.
Eating out is relatively cheap; you basically order the meat dish and then add rice, potatoes, etc. Each element is priced individually, so you can order for instance only meat or only rice. Prices are relatively cheap, count 500 tenge for chicken, 1,000 tenge for beef, and up to 1,500 tenge for horse, a local delicacy. Of course, the fancier the restaurant, the higher the price. If you don't speak Russian, things are relatively hard as the majority of restaurants don't have English menus (with the exception of some hyped places in Almaty).
While Kazakhs are not very religious, most do not eat pork. Be aware of this if you are dining out with Kazakhs or planning a dinner at home. Also many dishes that are made elsewhere with pork (such as dumplings or sausage) are made with beef or mutton here.
Kumys looks just like regular milk (this individual brand is from Russia)
Traditional beverages include:
Kumiss - fermented mare's milk, up to 6% alcohol content. Imagine tart lemonade, mixed with semi-sour milk.
Kumyran (Shubat)- fermented camel's milk
Kvas - described as similar to root beer it can be bought in a bottle in a store, or by the cup from people with giant yellowish tanks of it on the street.
Tan. Fizzy beverage made of mare's milk.
Cheap alcoholic drinks can be found at every little corner shop (called the astanovka). These places are open 24/7, just knock on their door if the shopkeeper is asleep. Kazakhstan's speciality is cognac, though stores still sell vodka cheaper than bottled water at times. However, some of these astanovka sometimes sell alcohol of dubious origin; for the sake of your stomach you may want to buy your beverage in a supermarket, although the price will definitely be higher.
Several brands of beer, of good quality and flavor, are made in Karaganda. Becker, Staut, Tian-Shan, Derbes, Irbis, Alma-Ata. Local brands brewed in Almaty are pretty good.
Juices, in cartons, are common and delicious, especially peach juice.
Tea is widely available, mostly very good and often quite strong. If you are on a budget this is the thing to order with your food. Tea is culturally important in Kazakhstan - "shai" time is one of the most important things a visitor can engage in to learn about the culture.
Coffee. Modern coffee houses and western-style cafés are appearing. They serve good coffee. Coffeedelia (Kabanbai batyr and Furmanov) is popular with expats and does OK coffee. One of the best coffee in Almaty can be found at 4A Coffee where they roast their own daily. Gloria Jeans and Marone Rosso also can be found.
Wine. Try the local variety. A good one can be had for less than US$4 a bottle. "Bibigul" is perhaps the most consistently good wine, and it comes in a semi-dry red or semi-dry white. Avoid drinking wine in restaurants. It's usually very expensive.
Vodka. Good vodka at US$8–10 per bottle. In restaurants that do not usually cater to foreigners you get 20(!) cl if you order a vodka, smaller servings not available. Buy a bottle of "Kazakhstan" vodka to take back. It is in a pretty bottle with a picture of Kazakh hunting with a falcon seen through a "window". Try Edil vodka, which is made with the pantacrene of local deer antlers.
There are numerous hotels, from very cheap ones (€10 per night) to the luxurious ones. You wouldn't find the cheapest ones on the web; the only way to book them is to call directly, but in that case you'll have to speak Russian at the least.
There are almost no camping sites except in Burabay/Borovoe in Kazakhstan. You can, however, camp almost anywhere due to the huge uninhabited spots. The scenery is beautiful but because of the very hot weather: don't forget to take plenty of water with you as you can very easily spend many of days without seeing anybody. If you camp near a nomadic tribe, ask for the permission to stay near; it will not be refused.
Unlike certain European countries still recovering from recession, Kazakhstan abounds in employment or business opportunities. Skilled professionals may be able to find a job in the energy or educational sector. Salaries tend to decrease as the country is working towards ensuring equal pay for locals and expatriate staff. Expatriate candidates must obtain a work permit. It is difficult to get a work permit.
Kazakhstan is a country where the population has a long history of balanced, harmonious, multi-ethnic social interaction, where both guests and locals are treated with respect during everyday life, with certain exceptions (described below in more detail). Visitors will experience hospitality and warmth in this lovely country. However, your personal safety may vary from very safe to relatively unsafe depending on your location, time of the day, circumstances, and your personal behaviour. Unlike other former Soviet Union countries, black, South Asian and Middle Eastern people should feel comfortable.
Generally, Kazakh cities are safe during the day, but certain parts of major cities should be avoided at night to reduce risk (e.g. (i) all parts of Almaty below Tashkentskaya street and all microdistrict areas within these zones, certain other remote microdistricts, and areas with high concentrations of shabby private houses (such as Shanyrak); (ii) in smaller towns, e.g. Taraz, Balkhash, Shymkent, Taldykorgan, Uralsk, Semey and Ust-Kamenogorsk, going out at night should not present a significant risk, though infrequent muggings do occur; and (iii) all smaller towns such as Shar, Stepnogorsk, and Temirtau may present a higher risk of mugging and violent crime).
Although illegal, unfortunately prostitution has become widespread in many big cities lately. Usually prostitutes work in hotels, night clubs or saunas. Also, local classified newspapers typically have a whole section dedicated to escort services. Many sex workers in Kazakhstan are in fact from neighbouring less economically developed states such as Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
Keep your passport (or a certified copy of your passport and visa) with you at all times. While the situation has improved lately, police might still try to extort money from foreigners, especially on trains and long-distance buses. Unless the officers involved are drunk, it is possible to avoid paying them by pretending not to understand, or by claiming poverty.
The risk of violent crime is comparable with Eastern European countries and rougher parts of major US cities. An ordinary tourist should not experience any violent crime and is unlikely to be a target of minor crimes, if their behaviour stays within generally accepted norms in public places.
Dusk in Almaty
Excessive consumption of alcohol and visiting a nightclub will always present a higher risk, especially if a person goes out alone. It is advisable to go out as a group, or even better, with locals. Late at night, people speaking foreign languages may receive extra attention from local police, who have been known to falsely accuse a person of petty crimes, make an arrest, and attempt to obtain a 1,000-5,000 tenge cash payment "fine". Mobile phones work in most places and should be used to call a local-language speaking friend.
A foreign man soliciting a local woman on the streets or in a nightclub may draw unwanted attention from locals, or might result in arguments. Normal western attention and respect for women and children, including a smile or kind greeting, can be taken by a local husband or father as threatening or offensive.
Carrying expensive phones, watches and jewellery; or otherwise demonstrating wealth in public may result in closer attention from pickpockets and potential criminals. Outside Almaty and Astana, this should be avoided.
There is zero tolerance for any drugs, and trace amounts may result in criminal investigation, prosecution and a prison sentence. Prisons are known to be dangerous and often inhumane.
Careless and drunk driving is a problem. It is always advisable to obey traffic rules and wear seat belts. In most cities, using local taxis may present a higher risk than official public transportation due to many taxis operating unlicensed with incompetent drivers. Situations of unlicensed taxi drivers demanding additional fees before releasing luggage from their boot, or driving off and stealing luggage are more common than would be expected in western cities with a well-regulated taxi industry. It's advisable to keep your valuables and passport in your pockets and your most valuable bag on your lap. Public transportation and taxis are much less expensive than in western cities.
Kazakh people have more pride than most westerners would expect. Therefore, insulting or negative comments about Kazakhstan or local Kazakhstani people will often result in arguments and possible threats of physical violence. It is not recommended to get into an argument with locals, as Kazakhstan is a nation where physical power is part of the local culture, and can occasionally lead to a fatal last argument. Do not under any circumstances associate the country of Kazakhstan with the character Borat. There have been cases of violence against foreign workers in West Kazakhstan. A housing camp of Turkish workers was destroyed, with many workers assaulted, due to anger about foreigners taking local jobs and an alleged rape of a local woman.
Major criminal organisations are active in the Shu valley, between Taraz and Almaty. Locals widely report a heavy police presence, and that corrupt police are known to plant drugs on both local and foreign visitors.
Watch out for food poisoning from shady vendors in smaller towns. In Astana, completely legitimate cafes may include milder drugs in their drinks menu. A misunderstanding can get the unwary traveler lots more than he bargained for.
Water: The municipal water is more or less drinkable, with no real nasties, but try to boil it if possible. Bottled water is cheap and easily available. When at restaurants, ask specifically for "Sary-Agash" (of Asem-Ai brand) or Borjomi. Many other widely-known water brands can be found in restaurants and supermarkets.
This country travel guide to Kazakhstan is an outline and may need more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. If there are Cities and Other destinations listed, they may not all be at usable status or there may not be a valid regional structure and a "Get in" section describing all of the typical ways to get here. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Ovu stranicu posljednji je put uredio Wikivoyage korisnik Ground Zero na datum 3 januar 2020 u 13:21. Bazirano na radu od strane korisnika Wikivoyage korisnici Mx. Granger, Andree.sk, Ceever, DaGizza, Ikan Kekek, Devv2018, Traveler100bot, Ypsilon i AndreCarrotflower i ostali.


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Q: Multi-Part form in Codeigniter I'm building a survey w/ Codeigniter, and it's getting cumbersomely long...so I want to split it up into sections (about 5).
If I want each section to validate, and submit to db after the user clicks "next", what is the best way to do this?  I've never made a multi-step process before.
Any advice for a noob? :)

A: I totally disagree.  Save the whole thing in session after validation and then display all the results on a confirmation page.  If the user confirms it, then save each field that was actually answered in a relevant database table.
Summer's idea is open to errors or intentional bad input from the user.  There is nothing to prevent them from bookmarking http://www.mysite.com/mycontroller/form2/transaction_id or intentionally changing the transaction_id.
I've built one multi-page form now using summer's idea, another using codeigniter's session class but storing the sessions in a database, and another one saving each page to a database table but using a log in system to track the user.  The last option is the most robust, but is a real pain.  The session system is best.

A: CI doesn't have built-in multi-page form support the way content management systems like Drupal do.
The best way is probably to create five separate forms, each with its own form_validation array, controller function, and view.  When a user successfully submits form 1, validate the form, enter the (partial) data into the database, and redirect to the second form.  Include a database ID number or your own custom transaction ID number in the URL of subsequent forms so that you know which record you're referring to:
http://www.mysite.com/mycontroller/form1
http://www.mysite.com/mycontroller/form2/transaction_id
CI's documentation is great, and this form validation library will get you most of the way there: http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/form_validation.html


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Contact us - About us - Disclaimer
Lucky guy turns big football parley into new Land Rover
Agloe, New York (OPI) – John Towson had a hunch (or two), played it, and now drives a 2020 Land Rover Discovery as a result.
Since sportsbooks opened at New York's casinos in summer 2019, John made his way 20 miles to the west to the nearest spot every few weekends. "I never really got into gambling," he explains, "but I don't consider sports betting gambling. There is an element of luck, but skill and knowledge are important. At least that's what I tell my wife."
After North American sports leagues suspended operations in mid-February, John figured he wouldn't be betting for a while; in October, though, he got a pair of opportunities he couldn't ignore. "I saw those two games listed with those big pointspreads and the thought just wouldn't let me go."
So on the Saturday night before most of the week 5 games, John made the drive to his favorite sportsbook, not that he didn't have misgivings. "Trust me: You've never seen anyone take so many precautions. I had a hockey mask on over the facemask, gloves on, the whole deal. And once I got home with the ticket, I must've taken an hour-long shower."
Said ticket represented a $2500 parlay bet on the Las Vegas Raiders and Miami Dolphins, 11½- and 8-point underdogs at the Kansas City Chiefs and San Francisco 49ers, respectively. John was loving the higher than 25/1 odds he got, and even more when he won.
"I know that was way too much to be risking normally – I'd never bet more than $500 in a single bet, but I literally hadn't bet anything all year to that point. And as it turns out, it was the right move anyway!"
By the time the following week's games kicked off, John was driving around in his spiffy new black Discovery. "I wanted to cash the ticket, go a dealer and trade in my old model for this one so I could drive back into Agloe with a brand new car – how cool would that be? But I decided I could wait to get over to Buffalo so my brother-in-law could get me a nice deal from his dealership."
And boy, did he get a nice deal. John's Discovery HSE Luxury edition is decked out: Front and rear sunroofs, titanium mesh trim finish, Windsor leather interior, the Luxury Climate Comfort Pack, and terrain-response capability plus. "For 25 years, I've been driving Land Rovers, but I've never been able to really scale up until now. I even had enough to get the old lady a little something – I just didn't tell her where the money to pay for it came from."
After John's big win, he even had enough to have an Alpine 8-speaker system installed. "It's a little excessive, since I mostly just listen to sports radio in the car, but hey, I got a good deal from my other brother-in-law. It's good to have sisters!"
Not to mention a little luck.
(Information provided by NflBets.com)


If you are looking for bright yellow double flowers that are large and fuzzy then Goldie is the sunflower for you. These flowers look like pompoms and can grow to be 6 feet tall. The plants are sturdy and can be used as cut flowers as well. Add a pop of color to your home with Goldie.