text:
Host-parasite interactions: an interview with Emily Troemel
Emily Troemel1
BMC Biology volume 16, Article number: 133 (2018) Cite this article
Emily Troemel is a Professor at the University of California San Diego, where her lab uses Caenorhabditis elegans to study host–pathogen interactions and the shaping of the immune response. In this interview, Emily shared her thoughts on peer review and its role in training future scientists, and the possibility of a new form of immunity in epithelia.
What are your current research interests?
My lab is interested in how epithelial cells respond to intracellular infections caused by co-evolved pathogens. In particular we focus on how the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans responds to infection by the microsporidian species Nematocida parisii, which is the most common cause of disease for C. elegans in the wild [1, 2]. These studies have led to us to investigate commonalities in the response to a natural viral infection as well, and to explore how the response to intracellular infection can improve tolerance of proteotoxic stressors [3, 4].
What are your predictions for the field over the next 5 years?
It may not happen in the next 5 years, but I believe over the next 10–20 years we will find a new type of immunity acting in epithelial cells at the earliest stages of infection. This hypothetical immune response would detect and destroy virulence factors delivered inside host cells using host immune receptors that are species-specific, because pressure from pathogen factors causes these receptors to diversify. Thus, it would be difficult to find conservation on the sequence level for these receptors across phylogeny, but there could be conservation on the functional level. At least I like to dream that we'll find this novel form of immunity!
What motivates you to provide peer review for journals?
While our current system of peer review isn't perfect, I believe that it is an important method for improving the quality of scientific inquiry. The science in my lab has benefited from peer review on many occasions, and I want to pay forward the benefits I have received. I know that many of us take our jobs as peer reviewers very seriously and give it considerable time and effort. In addition to providing a critical assessment of research and ensuring that it meets certain criteria before being published, reviewing papers also provides an opportunity to train new scientists in the lab about how to critically read scientific papers. I often review papers together with a postdoc or grad student in the lab, which I believe improves the quality of the review and gives them an opportunity to learn about the process.
Have you had any memorably good or bad experiences of peer review, as an author or as a reviewer?
Peer review can be painful, but it is also a privilege and can be beneficial to have the full attention of an expert on your work! One positive experience I had as an author was from reviews we received on the first R01 (NIH Research Project Grant) submission from the lab. Reviewers gave us incredibly detailed critiques and encouragement to pursue the question of how natural microsporidian pathogens exit host cells, as well as how C. elegans fights off these natural infections. Looking back at those reviews 9 years later, I appreciate how their feedback was spot on—both for the areas where they had concern and the areas where they encouraged us. I am very grateful to them!
Website: http://labs.biology.ucsd.edu/troemel/Lab_website/Home_page.html
Troemel ER. Host-microsporidia interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans, a model nematode host. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(5). https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0003-2016.
Zhang G, Sachse M, Prevost MC, Luallen RJ, Troemel ER, Felix MA. A large collection of novel nematode-infecting microsporidia and their diverse interactions with Caenorhabditis elegans and other related nematodes. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12(12):e1006093.
Bakowski MA, Desjardins CA, Smelkinson MG, Dunbar TA, Lopez-Moyado IF, Rifkin SA, et al. Ubiquitin-mediated response to microsporidia and virus infection in C. elegans. PLoS Pathogens. 2014;10(6):e1004200.
Reddy KC, Dror T, Panek J, Chen K, Lim ES, Wang D, et al. Intracellular pathogen response pathway promotes proteostasis in C. elegans. bioRxiv. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1101/145235.
NIH R01's AG052622 and GM114139.
Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Emily Troemel
Search for Emily Troemel in:
ET wrote the manuscript. ET read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Emily Troemel.
The author declares she has no competing interests.
Troemel, E. Host-parasite interactions: an interview with Emily Troemel. BMC Biol 16, 133 (2018) doi:10.1186/s12915-018-0592-6
Host–parasite interactions


A day in the life of Ivan Stoiljkovic, 6 years old, often includes having relatives throw coins at his chest or stick frying pans to his stomach.
Ivan, you see, claims to be a "human magnet," and his family in Koprivnica, Croatia, is fond of using him as a utensil rack.
Spoons, forks, knives, nonstick frying pans – even an iron – stick to his bare chest like gauze to Velcro. The family also says that the boy has healing powers and his touch gives off heat.
Shockingly, not everyone believes in Ivan's Magneto powers, despite reports by CBS News, Fox News and Britain's Daily Telegraph that are devoid of even a hint of skepticism.
Naysayer James Randi, whose James Randi Educational Foundation works to expose paranormal and pseudoscientific frauds, suggests that instead of magnetized, Ivan might just be sweaty. He notes that some of the things that stick on the boy – aluminum pans, copper and silver coins, for example – aren't magnetic.
Also, he's never shown attracting objects through his shirt.
If Randi is right, it won't take anything as exotic as kryptonite to strip Ivan of his superpowers.
Just some soap and water, and a dusting of talcum powder.


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You'll enjoy a work-life balance, paid holidays and time off, access to child care and early learning centers, a fun wellness program and more.


Hype or Like Friday is a Goodreads group hosted by Jill at Rant and Rave About Books, Larkin at Wonderfilled Reads, and Britt at Geronimo Reads.
Hello all!! It's Hype or Like Friday time again, and this week's discussion idea is about our reading goals of 2017, and since I already did a post on that, I decided to tackle last week's topic which was Most Anticipated Releases of 2017. And this month our Hype or Like Friday book is The Serpent King. Stay tuned for my review on the last Friday of the month!
Here are some covers of the books that I'm looking forward to! Yeah I know, I'm being totally lazy and just putting the covers here for your enjoyment. Aren't they pretty??
Are you looking forward to any of these books? Any guesses as to what the plots are for these books? Do any of these covers catch your eye?
I'm really looking forward to Caraval, I've seen really good reviews for it so far!
Yes! Me too! I hope it lives up to the hype – it sounds like a great read!
I have only heard of Jacqueline Winspear, which reminds me I am a book behind if there is another coming out! The rest I will have to check out 😊 Thanks.
The latest Maisie Dobbs sounds pretty good – sounds like it starts out right at 1939 when war is declared. The last few Maisie Dobbs books have been pretty good – I like the new direction Jacqueline Winspear is taking Maisie.


PS – I Love You Sell Before Y2K? Dig Up Dinosaurs?
Looking for a cheap used laptop? Check out retrobox.com. They buy used machines by the hundreds from big companies that are upgrading, then wipe the hard drives clean (including the operating system) and sell them to you. You install Windows '98 or whatever and, with luck, have a machine that would have thrilled the pants off you three years ago when it was new, and can still handle most routine chores. My friend Stampp Corbin came up with this idea.
I put on one of those Saks Fifth Avenue T-Shirts I know all you guys are now wearing (see Ode to an Undershirt), and it felt great, as usual. Thick strong cotton. But it felt so great I suddenly realized the contrast — that the ones I had been wearing lately actually hadn't been feeling this great. A little skimpy, even. Did Saks' quality vary? Did they have one shirt for summer and another for winter?
I squinted at him, uncomprehending.
Oh. My. God. In 52 years I had never realized this. I had always assumed dryer lint was like condensation; it just formed out of thin air. But of course! It's your sheets and towels and clothes! From now on, I'm hanging it all out the window.


text:
August 2020 Tarot Scopes by Melodie
Aries: Page of Wands
You should be in your element this month, now that Mars (your ruling planet) is back in your sign. With Mars in Aries, you're going to be feeling more dynamic, energetic and alive.
This card is about racing toward your goals with the sort of fierce determination that propels you toward the finish line. There's no conserving energy or plodding along methodically when it comes to the Page of Wands. It's all go go go and get it done now!
The Page of Wands — this version from the Mythic Tarot — combines the fearlessness and impulsivity of the Page with the drive and passion associated with the Wands (or Fire) element.
You may be rushing toward a deadline, scrambling to outsmart your competitors or planning an adventure — but even in that case there's little planning involved. It's more about chasing after your goals and striking while the iron is hot.
This card represents the urge to get the ball rolling, make things happen, and fearlessly go after your goals without worrying about consequences or pitfalls. It could indicate someone in your life — generally an eager, enthusiastic, free-spirited young warrior who's full of life and has boundless energy — or it can represent a part of you that's ready to come to life.
Either way, the Page of Wands — much like Mars in Aries — encourages you to muster up the courage and confidence to go after what you truly want and to not let anyone stand in your way.
December 2019 Tarot Scopes by Melodie
Aries: Wheel of Fortune
This month, you may be looking at the ups and downs in your life and thinking about how they've led you to where you are today. The Wheel of Fortune card is associated with fate, destiny, "karma," life cycles and both good and bad luck.
We all experience these up and down cycles — and we all try to maximize the former while minimizing the latter. But the Wheel of Fortune — this version from the Alchemical Tarot — tells us that both are necessary and that the good times wouldn't be good without the frame of reference of the not-so-good times.
Like the mythical Ouroboros or world serpent, the Wheel of Fortune tells us that there is no beginning or end, much like the rhythms in our own lives.
Here we see the two dragons — one white with wings and a crown and the other one red and scaly — circling the wheel together. As one goes up the other comes down, repeating that cycle over and over again in an ongoing (and never ending) process.
This month you'll have 6 planets and the South Node moving through your 10th house — the area associated with reputation and public standing. As a result, this is the area you're likely to see the biggest impact. You can take advantage of these transits by aligning yourself with their respective energies. And rather that seeing yourself tied to that karmic wheel this month, consider participating in your destiny and working to overcome the conditioning that's held you there in the past
October 2019 Tarot Scopes by Melodie
Aries: Seven of Pentacles
Now would be a good time to re-evaluate a recent decision and decide your next move. Do you proceed as planned? Change directions? Or throw in the towel and start all over again?
The Seven of Pentacles — this version from the Shadowscapes Tarot — indicates a need for patience to see something through. But it can also trigger feelings of disappointment or frustration over that something taking too long to produce results.
That also brings in the potential that as those results develop they turn out to be not what you thought you wanted in the first place. You could be involved in a relationship that's just not working out the way you hoped or a career-path that turns out to be unrewarding.
You may be mid-way through a college degree and find yourself wondering if you should change majors, or moving halfway around the world and realizing you're homesick.
The Seven of Pentacles — like all Sevens — refers to delays, dilemmas and decisions that are not easy to resolve. This card can refer to a pause or a setback, a choice between disparate paths, or even a change in direction late in the game.
This card represents finding yourself a pivotal juncture that there's no easy answer for. If you find yourself at a crossroads — wondering whether it's best to hang in there or to hang it up and start all over again, your best move may just be to step back and give it some time.
July 2019 Tarot Scopes by Melodie
Aries: Eight of Wands
This month — with your ruler leaving Cancer and moving into Leo, you might be feeling that it's time to step out from under your safety net and start thinking about putting your plans into action.
The Eight of Wands is traditionally associated with movement and momentum, and there is some of that going on here. But the central themes in this version — from the Mary-El Tarot — are more about protection and trust, as seen in the tiny figure nestled in the Lion's arms.
The lion appears as a guardian angel, with a fiery mane and golden-orange wings. Notice the serpent — in the form of a lemniscate or infinity symbol — that encircles the sleeping child.
Also notice the one lion's paw and one angel's hand that cradle her sleeping form. A blanket of stars keeps her safe and warm. The symbols of protection and safety are repeated here, as are the themes of divergent forces residing harmoniously in the same space.
In many decks, the Eight of Wands signifies energy, motion and action. And we can surmise that the figure in this card will awaken from her sleep more rested and prepared to move ahead. But her rest is an integral part of her preparation and is just as meaningful.
You may be biding your time this month or preserving your energy in preparation for something ahead. Or you could be trying to find your center in the midst of whatever turbulence surrounds you.
April 2019 Tarot Scopes by Melodie
Aries: Temperance
This month you are likely to be called upon to integrate opposing areas of your life into one big calm, peaceful and harmonious medium.
This may take the form of aligning yourself with higher spiritual realms, or it may be more about learning to surrender.
The Temperance card — this version from the Crystal Tarot — speaks of searching within yourself for that wellspring of inner grace and finding a way to bring the good and bad, light and dark, happy and sad back into balance.
The Temperance card is called "Art" in some decks. It speaks of the unique creative forces that each of us possess. It speaks of seeking out symmetry and harmony.
In what areas of your life are you too inflexible, too rigid and too unwilling to hear another's point of view? Your challenge will be to overcome those impediments and to integrate the opposing forces in your life.
In this version of the card we see an angel standing in a field and pouring fluid from one vessel into another. The grass is green and abundant at her feet, the sky is clear and the Sun shines behind her. The rainbow that is usually seen in this card is actually a part of her in this version. In her gown, in her wings and in the landscape behind her.
Her demeanor is calm and peaceful — almost trance-like, as if she's mesmerized by the process. This is the essence of this card: there's a calm and graceful symmetry in taking one's time, going with the flow, and becoming one with all that surrounds you.
This is going to be especially important for you this month, with the New Moon in your sign, as well as Mercury, Venus and Chiron at different times. And while you may be tempted to strike out on your own, you want to be mindful during this time of how your words, actions and decisions can
ARIES: The Swan
Your card this month — the Swan (Temperance card) from the Animal Wisdom Tarot, describes a need to go with the flow and to bring the conflicting desires of your being back toward the center.
With your ruler (Mars) getting ready to cross its shadow point, you can put some of your recent setbacks to rest, and focus on bringing balance and harmony back into your life.
This card is called the Angel of Alchemy in this deck. And it certainly looks like an angel. Its beautiful wings are spread wide and welcoming and it's snow white feathers glisten above the surface of the lake. It glides just inches above the water (feelings, emotions, the unconscious, etc.) — not so far removed that is detaches completely, but not so close that it allows itself to become immersed.
We could all take a page from the Swan's book in our dealings with others as well as the ways we treat ourselves. Getting just enough altitude to see things from a clearer perspective without neglecting what lies beneath.
The Temperance card refers to bringing the opposing facets of your personality (or your relationships, or your desires) into alignment by finding the perfect middle ground. It represents peace and harmony, synthesis and equilibrium, moderation and restraint.
As you can see from the glorious Swan in this card, nothing needs be sacrificed in attaining that balance. Just remember to rise above whatever situations in your life that are pulling you down, without rising so high that you neglect them or fail to take advantage of opportunities to learn from or grow from them.
ARIES: Nine of Cups
Take some time this month to look around you, and see how many of your dreams and wishes have come true.
The Nine of Cups is a called 'Happiness" in this deck (the beautiful Röhrig Tarot). It's a card of contentment and fulfillment. It speaks of being more than just satisfied with your lot in life, but also feeling truly blessed and grateful for where you are.
The Nine of Cups is known as the Wish card; in this sense it's about manifesting your heart's desires. Nothing is taken for granted and nothing is left to chance. It's about aligning yourself with the universal laws of attraction and getting what you deserve.
Along with being the "Wish" card, it's also a card of Miracles. As there's so much more focus on what one has than what one lacks, it's easier to notice small miracles and in even the smallest things.
Be careful though that you don't become too complacent: one of the potential pitfalls with this card is getting exactly what you wished for, only to discover later on that it wasn't what you wanted in the first place. Because of this, you want to be very mindful of what you ask for — and what you "put out there" — this month.
Think about what makes you happy and chances are good it's the simple things in life. Home, family, friends, health, material comforts and peace of mind. This is what the Nine of Cups is all about and if you're not where you want to be just yet, think of ways to change that.
Take some time to think about what you really want — and don't forget to be grateful for what you already have. There's an intricate balance between gratitude and personal fulfillment, so make sure you're putting enough energy and effort into both.
February 2018 Tarot Scopes by Melodie
ARIES: Two of Wands
Be on the lookout this month for opportunities that are available to you, even those that may not be so readily apparent from your current vantage point.
The Two of Wands — this version from the gorgeous Shadowscapes Tarot — speaks of having put an initial plan into action (with the Ace of Wands) and seeing it starting to gather momentum. It means that something has started to happen — something that's big enough to assure you you're on the right track, but not yet well-thought out enough to ensure that it's a go.
This could be something that was once just a dream or half-formed vision about where you see yourself "down the road." You may be thinking of going back to school, or looking for another job or approaching someone you're interested in and asking them out to dinner. It doesn't have to be something big. But it can lead to something huge.
The Two of Wands asks, "What are you waiting for?" and "why are you holding back?" It tells you that there's no time like the present to put yourself out there and take at least the first steps toward pursuing your goals.
You may not have fully fleshed out your ideas. And that's perfectly ok. The Two of Wands speaks of putting something into action that will gather momentum over time. It encourages you to expand your horizons and reach for broader vistas. It speaks of taking a look at your long-term goals and acting on them with courage and conviction.
If you've been hesitating due to fear or uncertainty, now is the time to put those worries aside. You're already seeing how some moves are paying off, and are now in a position to take things to the next level. The Two of Wands says that all you aspire to is now within your grasp; you only need to gather up the courage and confidence to go after it.
November 2017 Tarot Scopes by Melodie
ARIES: Two of Swords
With your ruler (Mars) moving through its polarity sign (Libra) this month, you may need to look at things from a different perspective. You might feel like you're stuck between a rock and a hard place, or you could be struggling with a decision that's not going to be easy to make.
Perhaps this is why you've held off in the first place, as the the Two of Swords refers to not just feeling torn between two options but wanting to avoid making a choice between them as well.
The figure in this card — from Rome Choi's Dreaming Way Tarot — is blind-folded and holding up two sharp swords. She may be leaning towards one but she's not taking any steps to act on it.
In this respect the Two of Swords can refer to inaction and immobility. Sometimes this is due to fear: "What if I make the wrong decision?" But it's just often related to a desire to not have to choose at all.
Alternately you may have come to an impasse with someone and are actualizing this energy through passive resistance. This isn't a better solution and it won't solve anything: while you may need some time to pause and reflect, you're going to have to take a stand whether you like it or not.
The inertia that comes from choosing not to choose can prevent you from moving forward. It's going to be critical to weigh your options, make your decision and then stand by it in the end.
ARIES: Three of Cups
This month — with several planets moving in and out of your sign — you're hopefully going to be feeling more fully in your element. This should be a time of renewed opportunities to connect (or reconnect) with loved ones.
The Three of Cups — this version from the wonderful Morgan Greer Tarot — is a joyful and festive card that emphasizes partying and celebrating over work and responsibilities. It also emphasizes friends and casual relationships over serious romantic entanglements.
It refers to being surrounded by like-minded people and putting your differences aside. It's about coming together and joining forces with those who have your best interests at heart.
The focus is on merriment and gaiety rather than monotony and drudgery. It's on interacting and networking with others, allowing you to push aside some of your more serious concerns — at least for the time being.
It represents people gathering together to connect, interact and socialize. It's a happy, joyful energy that can manifest as a party or celebration, or it could be as simple as a girls' night out.
January 2017 Tarot Scopes by Melodie
ARIES: Eight of Cups
This month may see you taking steps toward leaving behind something that no longer sustains you.
The Eight of Cups — this version from Dana Driscoll's fabulous Tarot of Trees — refers to getting in touch with your values, which can be a painful process. It involves forcing yourself to face certain realities and walk away from something (or from someone) that doesn't live up to them.
On the upside it means taking the high road and making a transition. But that doesn't mean it's going to be easy. The Eight of Cups requires you to let go of something — a dream, a relationship, a set of goals, etc. — in order to move to that higher ground.
This is a card of transition, but unlike most, this one comes from conscious choice. It's not a matter of the Universe throwing a curve-ball at you: it's a decision arrived at though the realization that what once fulfilled you no longer does.
You may feel alone or abandoned during this time — rejected by a loved one or peers. Yet it's your own discontent that prompts you to "walk away," rather than trying to keep up the pretense that those who let you down were ever truly on your side.
This doesn't refer to loss so much as it does to seeing things more clearly and then using that new-found clarity to head toward higher ground. Like the brightly shining crescent moon in this card, it's about new beginnings rather than endings. You can see this card as an invitation to strike out on your own, follow your own path and pave your own way.
May 2016 Tarot Scopes by Melodie
ARIES: Five of Cups
You may be dealing with relationship issues this month that force you to face some difficult realities. You could be struck by a sense of discontent and disillusionment over what once seemed like a "magical" union but is now developing cracks. Misunderstandings or miscommunications can abound, sending you hurdling back to earth and back to the reality of your situation.
Look at the imagery in this card. We see a mythical Unicorn seated atop an old-fashioned wishing well. At first glance it looks like something you'd expect to come across in a fairy-tale. But if you look closer, you can see that the Unicorn is not seated at all. He's trapped in the well and has been hobbled, immobilized by his unfortunate circumstances.
The water flowing from the sides of the well has slowed down to a trickle. He looks away from the set of withering vines on the left and toward those that are lush and plentiful on the right. The skeleton key symbol over his heart is reminiscent of the astrological glyph used for Greek Mythology's wounded healer, Chiron.
How might this imagery apply to you? And what can you learn from the circumstances that make this card now relevant in your life?
The Five of Cups — this version from the Mary-el Tarot — can refer to heartache, disillusionment and lost love. You could be stuck in rut, reeling from a rejection or coming to terms with a relationship that was never meant to be. You may also—just like the Unicorn in this card—be refusing to see what no longer sustains you. There is as much danger in not learning from your mistakes as there is in focusing only on what might be.
But there are positive aspects of this card as well. There are messages to be unraveled and lessons to be learned. Perhaps the "wounded healer" aspect provides you with an insider's understanding of what it's like to hurt, to be alone, and to be denied the very thing you've so desperately wanted.
Your heartache becomes a powerful conduit for healing. It can also become a gift that you pass onto others: the gift of empathy. Your own experiences lead to a deeper understanding of what others may be dealing with, and can translate into compassion, understanding, forgiveness and unconditional love.
Wisdom To Choose
Weekly Astrology Forecast — Jan 11, 2021 – Jan 17, 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Get appointment from Office365 in C#.Net Basically, My Knowledge level in Office 365 at Beginning level.
I am trying to pull the appointment from Office 365 through .Net Office 365 API call and show it in Windows Application Grid.
I am using code(below) to pull the appointments; I have collected the code from web...
I have succeeded till authentication part. I can view the authenticate success message and Office 365 calendar properties like FromTime, Location etc. But I am not able to receive the data. It returns System.Nullable DateTime Exception.
namespace GetCal
{
    public class CalendarAPISample
    {
        const string ExchangeResourceId = "https://outlook.office365.com";
        const string ExchangeServiceRoot = "https://outlook.office365.com/ews/odata";

        public static async Task<IOrderedEnumerable<IEvent>> GetCalendarEvents()
        {
            var client = await EnsureClientCreated();
            string fromdate = "01/01/2014";
            DateTime datet = Convert.ToDateTime(fromdate);

            // Obtain calendar event data
            var eventsResults = await(from i in client.Me.Events
                                       where i.End >= datet //DateTimeOffset.UtcNow
                                  select i).Take(10).ExecuteAsync();

            var events = eventsResults.CurrentPage.OrderBy(e => e.Start);
            //return events.ToList().ConvertAll(new Converter(ent => ent));
            return events;
        }

        private static async Task<ExchangeClient> EnsureClientCreated()
        {
            Authenticator authenticator = new Authenticator();
            var  authInfo = await authenticator.AuthenticateAsync(ExchangeResourceId);

            return new ExchangeClient(new Uri(ExchangeServiceRoot), authInfo.GetAccessToken);
        }

        public static async Task SignOut()
        {
            await new Authenticator().LogoutAsync();
        }

        public CalendarAPISample()
        {
            // TODO: Complete member initialization
            try
            {
                // call the authenticator
                var x = GetCalendarEvents();

            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
            }
        }
    }
}

In the EVENTS objects contains IEnumerable datatype values. I want convert IEnumerable to DataTable.

A: Have you tried making your DateTime nullable?
Put a question mark after DateTime...
DateTime? datet = Convert.ToDateTime(fromdate);

http://www.dotnetperls.com/nullable-datetime
You can also use a program such as Fiddler to investigate the web traffic and see what (if anything) is coming back in the response.
http://www.telerik.com/download/fiddler

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Sam Parker
Sam Parker is the founder of Parker Gallery, which opened in a 1920s Tudor-style home in the Los Feliz neighbourhood of Los Angeles in 2017. He lives in Los Angeles, USA.
Features , Roundtables
A Brief History of the LA House Gallery
Artists and writers reflect on domestic exhibition spaces in Los Angeles, from 1940 to the present
BY Sam Parker, Jonathan Griffin, Taylor Renee Aldridge, Evan Moffitt, Dave Muller, Fritz Haeg, Eve Fowler, Asha Schechter AND Jay Ezra Nayssan | 23 FEB 21


text:
October Night Games
of Changers and Keepers
News on Steam
Statement on the Putin's Russia war against Ukraine
On February 24. The Russian army, rushed by a psychopathic dictator, began the full-scale war against the independent and democratic republic of Ukraine.
Many developers of this game are Ukrainians. Some of them are in immediate danger, some of them are safe, but have relatives in the war zone. We had to put our development on hold some time ago due to financial problems, but we planned to return to this game as soon as our problems were figured out. It is extremely difficult to make any plans now.
We wish strength to the people of Ukraine. We wish them to live, to protect themselves and their loved ones. And for those who fight, we wish to impose well-deserved death, fear and devastation among the invaders.
We call on all citizens of Russia and Belarus. It is not enough to say "No War". It is time for radical acts of disobedience. It is time for a rebellion. It is time for a revolution. It is time for tyrannicide. The only decent thing you can do is to bring the war back to the homes of those who started it. You got the "Kill The Police" badge in our game? Imagine how cool will it be to get one in real life.
If you are from another country, you can support Ukrainian Army or humanitarian NGOs. And one more important thing: you can put pressure on your governments to help Ukraine not just by imposing sanctions and sending weapons, but also by protecting our sky against Russian planes and rockets. Our soldiers will do the rest.
Our game has always been political, even if it has not been articulated explicitly. It's a game about how the same character can end up on different sides of a conflict, a game about how the difference between enemies can be very subtle, and the difference between allies can be huge.
But now everything is very simple. There is no difficult choice between two evils. Putin's Russia and its enablers are evils far worse than all unnamed Lovecraftian horrors put together. Because the abomination from Kremlin is real, and it has been poisoning our world by lies and death for years, it wants to destroy everything we love.
It is finally time to put a stake through its rotten chest.
October Night Games is a digital tabletop game for 1–6 players about witches, vampires, dark magic, unspeakable cults, dogs and cats. The game has a unique gameplay, vintage silent movie aesthetics and hand-drawn graphics.
In October Night Games, two groups of cultists confront each other: the Changers want the Outer Gods to amend our realm, while the Keepers are trying to preserve status quo. Every time the world stands at the crossroads, it is up to them to decide its fate.
The most known of those choices are done in the night when Halloween coincides with the full moon. But there are other important dates, like Walpurgis Night. Cultists accompanied by their animal familiars meet in a small town and prepare for the final ritual. However, the team affiliation of the players will be unknown until the final showdown.
The game is inspired by various literary sources, in particular by Roger Zelazny, H. P. Lovecraft, Bram Stoker, Abraham Merritt, Robert Bloch, and Gustav Meyrink. The game's rituals reference both real-life and fictional occult schools. All main characters are created with direct or indirect references to classic horror literature or movies of the early 20th century. The most important visual inspiration for the game were movies by Georges Méliès and German expressionism, especially Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Nosferatu.
Tweets by NightsInOctober
Literary inspirations: Roger Zelazny, H.P. Lovecraft, Abraham Merrit, Bram Stoker, Robert Bloch, and many others influenced our game's procedurally generated narrative.
Dastardly characters: Pick your own character, ranging from a mad monk to vampires, witches and more. Each packs unique abilities such as astral projection and the ability to drain life.
Eldritch pets: Select your familiar, such as a loyal dog, a gossiping bat or a sneaky cat.
Social deduction: Work out who is friend or foe. Each side will have its one wand Holder, Book Master and Lamp Bearer.
Multiple locations: Travel the town, graveyard and hollow, looking for cursed ingredients for your alchemy and rituals.
Summon horrors: Call on Cthulhu and beings even more inscrutable with your rituals.
Make magic: Experiment with transmutation and craft essences using a challenging but accessible alchemy mechanic.
Cursed combat: Fight off ghouls and angry townsfolk using a unique dice combat system, and perhaps even capture a minion or potential sacrifice.
Stay alive: Keep your health, sanity and reputation intact – or there will be terrible consequences.
Solo and multiplayer: Mix of competitive and cooperative play, hex your enemies and aid those you believe to be on your side.
Atmospheric: Enjoy vintage hand-tinted silent movie aesthetics and an old school horror style soundtrack.
Multiple replays: the combination of characters, familiars and allegiances is randomly generated with each game, along with the procedurally generated story.
Alexander Wolodarskij: Concept, Game Designer, Programmer
Angie Siveria: Artist
Sasha Protasenya: Managing Designer
Oskar Schuster: Composer
Daria Izvekova: Narrative Designer
Michael Gribkov: UI/UX Designer
Tanya Kucherenko: Project Manager
Anastasia Obydennova: Environmental Artist
Almut Schwacke: Sound Designer
Maryna Voitsekhovska: Proofreading, Testing
Maya Sinitsa: Proofreading
Margarita Rogova: SMM
Evgeniy Lukyanchuk: Occult Advice
… and many others!
Subscription and Feedbacks
If you want to report about bugs or gameplay issues, please, use our special bug report form
You can subscribe to our social networks or to the old-school mailing list.
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Moon phase on 12 September 2005 Monday is First Quarter, 8 days young Moon is in Capricorn.
First Quarter is the lunar phase on 12 September 2005, Monday . Seen from Earth, illuminated fraction of the Moon surface is 61% and growing larger. The 8 days young Moon is in ♑ Capricorn.
* The exact date and time of this First Quarter phase is on 11 September 2005 at 11:37 UTC.
Lunar disc appears visually 2.1% wider than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1947" and ∠1907".
Next Full Moon is the Harvest Moon of September 2005 after 5 days on 18 September 2005 at 02:01.
The Moon is 8 days young. Earth's natural satellite is moving through the first part of current synodic month. This is lunation 70 of Meeus index or 1023 from Brown series.
11 days after point of apogee on 1 September 2005 at 02:35 in ♌ Leo. The lunar orbit is getting closer, while the Moon is moving inward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next 4 days, until it get to the point of next perigee on 16 September 2005 at 13:58 in ♒ Aquarius.
Moon is 368 067 km (228 706 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves closer next 4 days until perigee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 360 406 km (223 946 mi).
6 days after its descending node on 6 September 2005 at 10:52 in ♎ Libra, the Moon is following the southern part of its orbit for the next 6 days, until it will cross the ecliptic from South to North in ascending node on 19 September 2005 at 08:09 in ♈ Aries.
20 days after beginning of current draconic month in ♈ Aries, the Moon is moving from the second to the final part of it.
At 10:54 on this date the Moon is meeting its South standstill point, when it will reach southern declination of ∠-28.556°. Next 12 days the lunar orbit will move in opposite northward direction to face North declination of ∠28.594° in its northern standstill point on 25 September 2005 at 06:42 in ♋ Cancer.
After 5 days on 18 September 2005 at 02:01 in ♓ Pisces, the Moon will be in Full Moon geocentric opposition with the Sun and this alignment forms next Sun-Earth-Moon syzygy.


NASHVILLE -- Center Ryan Johansen signed an eight-year, $64 million contract with the Nashville Predators on Friday. It runs through the 2024-25 season and has an average annual value of $8 million.
"This is probably one of the best days of my life right now," said Johansen, who turns 25 on Monday. "I'm just so thankful for my family and my brother and friends. They've done everything they can to guide me in the right direction and teach me and learn from."
The Predators acquired Johansen in a trade with the Columbus Blue Jackets for defenseman Seth Jones on Jan. 6, 2016. In Johansen's first full season with Nashville, he tied for the Predators lead with 61 points (14 goals, 47 assists) and had 13 points (three goals, 10 assists) in 14 games during the Stanley Cup Playoffs before he sustained an acute compartment syndrome in his left thigh during the Western Conference Final against the Anaheim Ducks.
He had emergency surgery and did not play in a six-game loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins in the Stanley Cup Final but is expected to be ready for training camp.
"That's why I was brought here, to be a No. 1 center," said Johansen, who became a restricted free agent July 1. "That was my motivation going into the playoffs and throughout the series and putting ourselves in a position to play in the playoffs. And that's exactly what you want. You want a three-time Stanley Cup champion in Jonathan Toews (of the Chicago Blackhawks in the Western Conference First Round) looking you in the eyes, and you've got to find a way to beat him. And then moving on to [the] St. Louis [Blues] and then Anaheim and then unfortunately with the injury, but it could have been me and [Pittsburgh's] Sidney Crosby going head-to-head, or [Evgeni Malkin].
"I guess we'll never know that answer. I just embrace the challenge and the opportunity for me, and I feel like moving forward now I gained a ton of confidence from the experience of these playoffs and believing in my abilities that I can help our team in a big way."
By signing Johansen, the Predators have secured their top line for at least the next five seasons. They signed wingFilip Forsberg to a six-year, $36 million contract June 27, 2016, and wing Viktor Arvidsson to a seven-year, $29.75 million contract July 22.
Johansen, who has 288 points (101 goals, 187 assists) in 433 NHL games, and 27 points (nine goals, 18 assists) in 34 playoff games, is the oldest player on the line; Forsberg turns 23 on Aug. 13, and Arvidsson is 24.
"I think it's fantastic," Nashville general manager David Poile said. "This was kind of the goal in planning for the offseason. We've got our whole core signed up, a lot of guys for a lot of years. Hopefully, we've chosen correctly. I believe we've chosen correctly. The thing that not only impressed me with the winning last year was also the closeness of the team. Our coaching staff has done a remarkable job. I think [Johansen] would echo that they feel confident in the coaches and the direction that they're giving, and I think our room is a very close room, so I thought it was in my best interest and our team's best interest if I could get the bulk of our team locked up for a long time so that they could play together for a long time.
"Here we go. We've got possibly one of the best, if not the best, lines in the League if coach [Peter] Laviolette decides to play [Johansen] with Arvidsson and Forsberg. But we've got another guy entering into this with Scott Hartnell this year, a former Predator now back, and he's told the coach that he had great chemistry with [Johansen]. So we might have to double-shift him."
Hartnell, who played with Johansen in Columbus, signed a one-year, $1 million contract with Nashville on July 1. He played his first six seasons for the Predators, who selected him No. 6 in the 2000 NHL Draft.
Johansen said he made it clear during negotiations that he wanted to commit to the Predators and sign a long-term contract. He said he believes they have a chance to compete for the Stanley Cup on a yearly basis.
"It was very clear to both sides working on this deal that this was the best place to be," Johansen said. "This is where I belong. This is where I want to play. There's no better staff, management, team, group of guys, friends, place to live, city, fans, there's a whole list. There's no better place to be right now."
The Predators felt comfortable committing to Johansen because they have been searching for a No. 1 center of his caliber since entering the NHL in 1998.
"This is the longest contract that we've ever given out since I've been here," Poile said. "Eight years, the money is significant, but we feel we've got the right man to be our No. 1 center for a lot of years."


text:
Q: Merging two CSV files using Python OK I have read several threads here on Stack Overflow.  I thought this would be fairly easy for me to do but I find that I still do not have a very good grasp of Python.  I tried the example located at How to combine 2 csv files with common column value, but both files have different number of lines and that was helpful but I still do not have the results that I was hoping to achieve.
Essentially I have 2 csv files with a common first column. I would like to merge the 2. i.e.
filea.csv

title,stage,jan,feb
darn,3.001,0.421,0.532
ok,2.829,1.036,0.751
three,1.115,1.146,2.921

fileb.csv

title,mar,apr,may,jun,
darn,0.631,1.321,0.951,1.751
ok,1.001,0.247,2.456,0.3216
three,0.285,1.283,0.924,956

output.csv (not the one I am getting but what I want)

title,stage,jan,feb,mar,apr,may,jun
darn,3.001,0.421,0.532,0.631,1.321,0.951,1.751
ok,2.829,1.036,0.751,1.001,0.247,2.456,0.3216
three,1.115,1.146,2.921,0.285,1.283,0.924,956

output.csv (the output that I actually got)

title,feb,may
ok,0.751,2.456
three,2.921,0.924
darn,0.532,0.951

The code I was trying:
'''
testing merging of 2 csv files
'''
import csv
import array
import os

with open('Z:\\Desktop\\test\\filea.csv') as f:
    r = csv.reader(f, delimiter=',')
    dict1 = {row[0]: row[3] for row in r}

with open('Z:\\Desktop\\test\\fileb.csv') as f:
    r = csv.reader(f, delimiter=',')
    #dict2 = {row[0]: row[3] for row in r}
    dict2 = {row[0:3] for row in r}

print str(dict1)
print str(dict2)

keys = set(dict1.keys() + dict2.keys())
with open('Z:\\Desktop\\test\\output.csv', 'wb') as f:
    w = csv.writer(f, delimiter=',')
    w.writerows([[key, dict1.get(key, "''"), dict2.get(key, "''")] for key in keys])

Any help is greatly appreciated.

A: When I'm working with csv files, I often use the pandas library.  It makes things like this very easy.  For example:
import pandas as pd

a = pd.read_csv("filea.csv")
b = pd.read_csv("fileb.csv")
b = b.dropna(axis=1)
merged = a.merge(b, on='title')
merged.to_csv("output.csv", index=False)

Some explanation follows.  First, we read in the csv files:
>>> a = pd.read_csv("filea.csv")
>>> b = pd.read_csv("fileb.csv")
>>> a
   title  stage    jan    feb
0   darn  3.001  0.421  0.532
1     ok  2.829  1.036  0.751
2  three  1.115  1.146  2.921
>>> b
   title    mar    apr    may       jun  Unnamed: 5
0   darn  0.631  1.321  0.951    1.7510         NaN
1     ok  1.001  0.247  2.456    0.3216         NaN
2  three  0.285  1.283  0.924  956.0000         NaN

and we see there's an extra column of data (note that the first line of fileb.csv -- title,mar,apr,may,jun, -- has an extra comma at the end).  We can get rid of that easily enough:
>>> b = b.dropna(axis=1)
>>> b
   title    mar    apr    may       jun
0   darn  0.631  1.321  0.951    1.7510
1     ok  1.001  0.247  2.456    0.3216
2  three  0.285  1.283  0.924  956.0000

Now we can merge a and b on the title column:
>>> merged = a.merge(b, on='title')
>>> merged
   title  stage    jan    feb    mar    apr    may       jun
0   darn  3.001  0.421  0.532  0.631  1.321  0.951    1.7510
1     ok  2.829  1.036  0.751  1.001  0.247  2.456    0.3216
2  three  1.115  1.146  2.921  0.285  1.283  0.924  956.0000

and finally write this out:
>>> merged.to_csv("output.csv", index=False)

producing:
title,stage,jan,feb,mar,apr,may,jun
darn,3.001,0.421,0.532,0.631,1.321,0.951,1.751
ok,2.829,1.036,0.751,1.001,0.247,2.456,0.3216
three,1.115,1.146,2.921,0.285,1.283,0.924,956.0

A: You need to store all of the extra rows in the files in your dictionary, not just one of them:
dict1 = {row[0]: row[1:] for row in r}
...
dict2 = {row[0]: row[1:] for row in r}

Then, since the values in the dictionaries are lists, you need to just concatenate the lists together:
w.writerows([[key] + dict1.get(key, []) + dict2.get(key, []) for key in keys])


An Indian rust fungus has been released at several sites across England as a form of 'biocontrol' - using a natural enemy to control an invasive species, in this case the Himalayan balsam.
Introduced by Victorians as an ornamental plant, the Environment Agency now estimates that the Himalayan balsam occupies over 13% of river banks in England and Wales. It can reach over 3 metres in height and causes trouble by smothering vegetation, out-competing native plants and by adding to the risk of flooding by clogging waterways.
This week, the not-for-profit organisation CABI released the rust fungus in Berkshire, Cornwall and Middlesex after successful laboratory trials showed that it causes significant damage to Himalayan balsam but does not impact on native species.
The wet Bank Holiday weekend was a wash-out for some, but as Museum botanist Dr Mark Spencer explained, it was the perfect conditions for release: "the fungus does best in warm, wet conditions!"
Dr Spencer has been advising on the project, which is headed by CABI with primary funding from Defra and the Environment Agency, and with contributions from Network Rail, the Scottish Government and Westcountry Rivers Trust.
The Himalayan balsam, dominating the banks of the River Alt.
The rust fungus, a natural enemy of the Himalayan balsam in its native lands in the foothills of the Himalayas, has been extensively tested as a natural control method. Conversely, using existing methods, the Environment Agency estimates it would cost up to £300 million to eradicate Himalayan balsam from the UK.
Selection of a suitable natural enemy and laboratory trials took eight years. If the rust is successful in the UK, Dr Spencer predicts it could resolve the problem of Himalayan balsam within a few years.
This is a really important step forward for the control of invasive species in Europe, I wholeheartedly support the decision to approve release. Project partners have already set up a monitoring programme to assess the spread of the fungus onto Himalayan balsam. If the fungus establishes itself at the trial sites there should be no need for additional releases, the fungus will spread naturally through the UK.
The licence to release the rust fungus is only the second of its kind ever issued in the UK, following the 2010 release of a specialist insect, Aphalara itadori, to control the plant Japanese knotweed.
Clever enemy could control invasive plant pest - find out more about control of the Himalayan balsam.
Invasion of the Asian hornet? Not yet! - read about another potentially dangerous species poised to invade Britain.
Museum botanist issues warnings on invasive species - discover how invasive species could cost us £1.7 billion a year in the UK alone.
Help stem the Asian shore crab invasion - keep an eye out for this new invasive pest.


text:
@implementation TabCreateWalletSelectViewController
{
    NSArray *menuItems;
}

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];

    menuItems = @[NSLocalizedString(@"CreateNewWallet",nil), NSLocalizedString(@"RecoverOldWallet",nil)];

    //find CW via BLE
}

- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated {
    [super viewWillAppear:animated];
}

- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
    [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
    // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}

#pragma mark - Table view data source

- (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView {
    // Return the number of sections.
    return 1;
}

- (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section {
    // Return the number of rows in the section.
    return menuItems.count;
}

- (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {

    // Configure the cell...
    NSString *CellIdentifier = [menuItems objectAtIndex:indexPath.row];
    UITableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:CellIdentifier forIndexPath:indexPath];
    if(indexPath.row == 0) {

        //[self.navigationController.navigationBar.subviews removeFromSuperview];
        //myImageView.hidden = YES;
    }

    return cell;
}

#pragma mark - TableView Delegates

- (void) tableView: (UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
    [tableView deselectRowAtIndexPath:indexPath animated:NO];
    NSLog(@"row select = %d",indexPath.row);
    //if(indexPath.row == 0) [self performSegueWithIdentifier:@"SettingBitcoinUnit" sender:self];
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Rhythm Reload Magazine
Music Entertainment Resources and Reviews
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Holly Pyle and House of Stairs at Cityscape in Phoenix
By Eric Gruneisen on July 1, 2019 • ( Leave a comment )
By Dale Baumgartner
If you're persistent about going to local shows, every so often you stumble upon a gem you end up holding close to your soul. Sometimes that gem takes the shape of a woman with a pixie cut and killer vocals.
The month of April brought Jazz Month at Cityscape, with performances Tuesday through Friday from roughly 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m., in the middle of downtown Phoenix. It was a nice touch to what is usually an extremely quiet, boring lunch hour overrun with well-dressed working professionals consuming Chipotle. Most of the acts were nothing too special — a few singer-songwriters, a high school jazz band, et cetera.
However, as I was biking by one day, I heard some intense vocals that made me drop everything to learn more. Inside the venue, I discovered Holly Pyle, an extremely versatile jazz vocalist with a dynamic list of musical involvement in Phoenix.
Holly is proof you need next to nothing to produce complex sounds without a band. She used only a microphone and loop station attached to a tablet.
The music was obscure. There was no real percussion, so it was hard to get a gauge of the rhythm. The sound was extremely ambient. She performed some great covers, including an incredible rendition of Radiohead's "Creep," but some of the songs were so beautifully contorted that they felt original.
She incorporated scatty, almost beat-boxed background layers with soaring, reverb-filled vocals comparable to a violin mixed with a bassoon. Her music was almost binaural, making it very easy to lose yourself. It set an intensely beautiful background, filling listeners to the brim with positive, ambient energy.
Google "Holly Pyle" and check out her Facebook; she has amazing songs in tons of genres such as swing, modern jazz, and hip-hop. She is a well-seasoned vocalist with many hats.
As it turned out, she was playing the lunch show two days later with her band, House of Stairs. I cleared my calendar and committed to see them.
House of Stairs is a minimalist trio with Pyle on vocals, Garrison Jones on keyboard/synth, and Stephen Avalos on drums. In a time when big bands with many instruments are becoming the norm once more, the group produces a massive array of sounds with as little equipment as possible. It is reminiscent of the LA-based trio Moonchild, but there's no real evidence of influence there. They hold much more restraint and focus on bringing a fresh take to modern jazz without going too far, sticking to a more classic formula — not something we see often these days.
The rhythm section is the backbone of the trio. With Stephen Avalos as the sole component, there are infinite opportunities for him to get carried away. He has obvious skill and could easily take the crowd's focus for himself. However, he does an impeccable job of maintaining composure and manages to find the perfect moments to bring intensity without overshadowing what else is going on.
He is comparable to the classic jazz drummers pre-1960. Rocking a tiny kit with just a bass drum, snare, and a few cymbals, you don't expect much at first. Once the set begins, however, it is obvious that he has become an expert using what he views as the bare necessities for his drum kit. It's a style that more modern drummers should consider.
Garrison Jones keeps it real with a keyboard mostly set on a vibraphone-esque setting and a tiny, old-school Korg synth. A master of texture, he brings the ambiance into the House of Stairs sound. He flawlessly rides the line of traditional jazz and lo-fi music.
Quite a few other instruments make appearances on their recorded material, most notably an impeccably dropped accordion and sax.
With an EP and an LP on Bandcamp and covers on YouTube, there's plenty of listening material from House of Stairs. It's music for an event, a long drive, or studying. If you're looking for texture and quality, local material, House of Stairs has it.
Categories: Arizona, Concert Reviews, News
Tagged as: ambiance, Cityscape, Holy Pyle, House of Cards, jazz, lunch hour, minimalism, modern jazz, Phoenix, trio
Richmond, VA's Canal Club
Venue Spotlight: Jannus in St. Petersburg, FL
TWO FRANK ZAPPA BOOKS SET FOR RELEASE THIS FALL
ENTER OZZY OSBOURNE HALLOWEEN COSTUME CONTEST
All That Remains and Lacuna Coil Team up for Disease of the Anima Tour — Slideshow Included
Wanderers Towards L.A.
A Beach Fest For Everyone: Sea.Hear.Now's Second Run
"Everyone Has Something Special," Memphis Musician Shares
Slideshow: Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit at Red Rocks
Think You Know 90s Hip-hop?
Top categories: News feminism


The college recognizes the need to prepare an internationally-aware generation of engineers for success in the global workforce. To that end, TCE offers the opportunity for insight abroad experiences for students for periods of a week to ten days, scheduled during school breaks. This enables the engineering major to have a short abroad experience without interrupting classes or delaying graduation.
The flagship program which began this initiative is the Engineering Alternative Spring Break, an annual trip to a foreign location to participate in an engineering project of local impact. On trips during other times of the year, engineering students may participate in a field-relevant service project in a foreign location, see engineers at work outside of the United States, or observe engineering applications and methods employed abroad. This may happen through a visit to an engineering university, lectures on specific engineering challenges, tour of a plant or manufacturing facility, or observations of pertinent engineering developments in locations overseas. In addition, students will visit sites of cultural and historic significance.
Although these programs are not credit-bearing, they satisfy the Honors' "Ready for the World" requirement and are a significant addition to a resume. A limited number of scholarships are offered to defray travel costs.


text:
\section{Introduction}

As techniques in condensed matter physics
to fabricating very thin samples with various
topologies and geometries develop,
the study of quantum mechanics on curved surfaces
becomes increasingly relevant.
Among these backgrounds a cone is perhaps the
one with the simplest nontrivial geometry --- it is flat
everywhere except at its tip
where there is a conical singularity \cite{mar59,sta63,dow67,sok77,des84}.
Due to local flatness
the conical singularity does not affect local dynamics; but it
does affect global features
such as the solutions of differential equations.
One is dealing, therefore, with a geometric analog
of the  Aharonov-Bohm setup \cite{bez89}.

There has appeared a considerable number of works on
quantum mechanics of a particle in conical spaces,
since the early investigations in Refs. \cite{dow77,tho88,lan90}.
Nevertheless, it seems that a study on
how a conical singularity affects the
statistical mechanics of a particle  has not yet been pursued.
It should be mentioned that
since physics around a topological
defect in the bulk of a solid can be seen as physics in an
effective conical geometry \cite{kro81},
the study of statistical mechanics in conical spaces may help to learn
about thermal properties  when topological defects are present.

This paper addresses quantum statistical mechanics
of a free nonrelativistic particle on the cone.
The focus is on the specific heat $C$.
In Sec. II the classical partition function is calculated, showing that
classical $C$  is not affected by the conical singularity.
In Sec. III, the particle energy spectrum is obtained and an
analysis on how it depends on the deficit angle is
presented. In particular, connections with properties of the zeros
of the Bessel functions are discussed.
In the following section, the energy spectrum is used to obtaining
the quantum specific heat. Quantum $C$ is then studied at low,
intermediate and high temperatures,
showing that the conical
singularity can affect it substantially.
In Sec. V the paper is closed with a summary and final remarks.

\section{Classical statistical mechanics}

One begins by defining the background
(a more detailed account on the conical geometry can be found
for example in Refs. \cite{des84,mor98}). A wedge of angle ${\cal D}$
is removed from a disk of radius $a$,
and the two opposite sides of the missing wedge are
identified, resulting a cone of deficit angle ${\cal D}$.
It is convenient to express ${\cal D}$ in terms of the cone parameter
$0<\alpha\leq 1$,
\begin{equation}
{\cal D}=2\pi(1-\alpha).
\label{cparameter}
\end{equation}
Then a flat disk (i.e., absence of conical singularity)
corresponds to $\alpha=1$,
and the cone becomes increasingly sharper
as $\alpha$ decreases from unity.
It is worth mentioning that a cone with ${\cal D}=\pi$
corresponds to the configuration space of a system of
two identical particles (here separate by a maximum distance $a$)
with respect to its centre of mass \cite{lei77}.

A free norelativistic particle of mass $M$
in thermodynamical equilibrium with a reservoir at
temperature $T$ is constrained to move on the cone described above.
The corresponding Hamiltonian is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{chamiltonian}
{\cal H}=\frac{p_{\rho}^{2}}{2M}
+ \frac{p_{\varphi}^{2}}{2M\rho^{2}},
\end{equation}
where $p_{\rho}$ and  $p_{\varphi}$
are the usual momenta associated with polar coordinates
$\rho$ and $\varphi$.
Although Eq. (\ref{chamiltonian})
carries no trace of the conical singularity
[Eq. (\ref{chamiltonian}) is simply the Hamiltonian of a free particle
on the Euclidean plane], the latter appears in the  identification
\begin{equation}
(\rho,\varphi+2\pi\alpha)\sim (\rho,\varphi).
\label{identification}
\end{equation}
It can be shown that the conical singularity at $\rho=0$
corresponds to an integral curvature
proportional to ${\cal D}$ \cite{sok77}.

Observing Eq. (\ref{chamiltonian}),
the standard procedure to compute the (semi) classical
partition function
by integrating over the phase space \cite{pat72},
\begin{equation}
Z_{(2)}=\frac{1}{h^{2}}\int_{0}^{a}d\rho\
\int_{0}^{2\pi\alpha}d\varphi
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dp_{\rho}
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dp_{\varphi}\
e^{-{\cal H}/\kappa T},
\label{cpfunction}
\end{equation}
yields
\begin{equation}
Z_{(2)}=\frac{A}{h^{2}}2\pi M\kappa T,
\label{cpfunction2}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
A:=\alpha \pi a^{2}
\label{area}
\end{equation}
is the area of the cone.
Once a partition function $Z$ is known, the internal energy is
given by
\begin{equation}
U=\kappa T^{2}\frac{1}{Z}\frac{dZ}{dT}.
\label{ienergy}
\end{equation}
As the dependence
of $Z_{(2)}$ on $\alpha$ happens only through a
temperature independent factor,
the internal energy
and, consequently, the specific heat
\begin{equation}
C=\frac{dU}{dT}
\label{sheat}
\end{equation}
are clearly not affected by the conical singularity.
Indeed, these formulae give
\begin{eqnarray}
U=\kappa T &\hspace{1.0cm}& C=\kappa
\label{ienergy2}
\end{eqnarray}
as one might have guessed by evoking the equipartition theorem
at an early stage [see Eq. (\ref{chamiltonian})].
[In fact, as a straightforward covariant calculation can show,
the results in Eqs. (\ref{cpfunction2}) and (\ref{ienergy2})
hold for any two-dimensional curved box regardless its topology and geometry.]

\section{Energy spectrum}
In order to use the tools of quantum statistical mechanics,
one needs to know the energy spectrum of the system ---
a free particle in a conical box.
Considering Eq. (\ref{identification})
the stationary states $\Psi$ must satisfy
$$\Psi(\rho,\varphi+2\pi\alpha)=\Psi(\rho,\varphi).$$
Eq. (\ref{chamiltonian}) leads to a Hamiltonian operator which is
simply $-\hbar^{2}/2M$ times the flat Laplacian written in polar
coordinates. One then faces the task of solving
the eigenvalue problem for the flat Laplacian operator
on the cone
\cite{tho88,lan90}, with the additional
boundary condition
$$\Psi(\rho=a,\varphi)=0,$$
since the particle is confined to a circular
box of radius $a$. (This is essentially the eigenvalue problem
which appears in the study of vibrations of a circular membrane
\cite{gra66}.)

Up to a normalization constant, the regular solutions
(i.e., finite at $\rho=0$) are
\begin{equation}
\Psi=J_{|n|/\alpha}(k_{n,s}\rho)\exp\{in\varphi/\alpha\}\hspace{2.0cm}
k_{n,s}:=\frac{1}{a}\chi_{|n|/\alpha,s}
\label{states}
\end{equation}
where
$n$ is an integer, $s$ is a positive integer, and
$\chi_{\nu,s}$ denotes the $s$th positive zero of the
Bessel function
of the first kind $J_{\nu}(x)$ \cite{gra66,wat44,abr65,gra80}.
Approximated values for the zeros can be obtained by truncating
the expansion \cite{gra66}
\begin{equation}
\chi_{\nu,s}=
\left(\frac{\nu}{2}+s-\frac{1}{4}\right)\pi
-\frac{4\nu^{2}-1}{8\pi}
\left(\frac{\nu}{2}+s-\frac{1}{4}\right)^{-1}-\ \ldots
\label{avalue}
\end{equation}
at some point which depends on the accuracy required.
Eq. (\ref{avalue}) is specially adequate in dealing with high zeros
(large $s$).

Then, for a pair of quantum numbers
$(n,s)$,  $\Psi$ is a state with angular momentum $n\hbar/\alpha$
($n>0$ and $n<0$ correspond to the particle winding
counterclockwise and clockwise, respectively)
and energy
\begin{equation}
E_{n,s}=\frac{\hbar^{2}k_{n,s}^{2}}{2M},
\label{energy}
\end{equation}
both quantities, therefore, discrete.
As $E_{n,s}=E_{-n,s}$, $E_{n\neq 0,s}$ is at least doubly degenerate
(degeneracy will be addressed in more detail below).

In order to have a picture of the energy spectrum,
and of the corresponding stationary states, one recalls
that $J_{\nu}(x)$ is an oscillatory function of $x$ and that its zeros
$\chi_{\nu,s}$ are labelled such that
$\chi_{\nu,1}<\chi_{\nu,2}<\chi_{\nu,3}< \ldots$.
It is also important  to know that $\chi_{\nu,s}$ is a continuous increasing function
of $\nu$ \cite{wat44}.
Then $E_{n,s}\geq E_{0,1}$, i.e.,
\begin{equation}
E_{0,1}=\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2M}\left(\frac{2.4048\ldots}{a}\right)^{2}
\label{zpenergy}
\end{equation}
is the zero point energy
($\chi_{0,1}$ has been replaced by its numerical
value \cite{abr65}), and $E_{n,s}$ increases with $|n|/\alpha$ and $s$.
Clearly, energy levels with $n=0$
are not affected by the conical singularity
(even classically the conical singularity only affects the motion if the
particle has nonvanishing angular momentum \cite{mor98}).

To figure out the way that  $\alpha$ [${\cal D}$, cf. Eq.(\ref{cparameter})]
shapes the energy spectrum,
it helps to know that for $\alpha=1$
(particle confined to a flat disk \cite{rob02})
the energy spectrum resembles
that of a particle in a square box of the same area,
although this analogy should not
be pushed too far (e.g., the degeneracies of the corresponding energy
levels do not match completely).
When $\nu > 0$,
$\chi_{\nu,s}>\nu$ \cite{gra80}, leading to
\begin{equation}
E_{1,1}>\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2Ma^{2}\alpha^{2}}.
\label{einequality}
\end{equation}
Since $E_{1,1}$ is the energy of the first excited state with $n\neq 0$,
as the cone gets sharper (i.e., as $\alpha$ decreases from unity)
all the energy levels with
nonvanishing angular momentum are swept up in the spectrum,
leaving those with vanishing angular momentum unchanged.
It should be mentioned that for large $\nu$,
$\chi_{\nu,1}\simeq \nu +1.8557\nu^{1/3}$ \cite{abr65}, resulting
that ``$>$'' in Eq. (\ref{einequality}) can be replaced by
``$\simeq$" when $\alpha$ is small,
with increasing accuracy as $\alpha\rightarrow 0$.

In order to discuss degeneracy of the energy levels, it is appropriate
to begin with $\alpha=1$.
As two Bessel functions of the first kind
with integer orders cannot have common zeros
(this follows from a theorem known as Bourget's hypothesis \cite{wat44}),
it results that
energy levels with $n=0$
are not degenerate, whereas those with $n\neq 0$
are doubly degenerate.
This situation changes when the conical singularity is present
($\alpha\neq 1$), leading to a new source of degeneracy, since the
Bessel functions in Eq. (\ref{states}) may have common zeros
(see Ref. \cite{pet03} and references therein).

Noting that
$\chi_{0,1}<\chi_{1,1}<\chi_{2,1}<\chi_{0,2}<\ldots$ \cite{abr65},
when $\alpha=1$ Eq. (\ref{energy}) yields
\begin{equation}
E_{0,1}<E_{1,1}<E_{2,1}<E_{0,2}<\ldots .
\label{a1}
\end{equation}
As $\alpha$ decreases,  $E_{1,1}$ and $E_{2,1}$ increase,
whereas $E_{0,1}$ and $E_{0,2}$ remain the same.
Eventually $E_{2,1}$ catches $E_{0,2}$ up, and the energy level
$E_{0,2}=E_{2,1}$ becomes triply degenerate.
By further lowering $\alpha$,
the configuration in Eq. (\ref{a1}) evolves to
\begin{equation}
E_{0,1}<E_{1,1}<E_{0,2}<E_{2,1}<\ldots .
\label{a2}
\end{equation}
Carrying on with the process, as $\alpha$ reaches the  value
(numerically determined)
$$\alpha_{o}=0.4338\ldots ,$$
Eq. (\ref{a2}) changes to
\begin{equation}
E_{0,1}<E_{1,1}=E_{0,2}<E_{2,1}<\ldots,
\label{a3}
\end{equation}
where the energy level $E_{0,2}=E_{1,1}$ is again triply degenerate.
When $\alpha<\alpha_{o}$, Eq. (\ref{a3}) is replaced by
\begin{equation}
E_{0,1}<E_{0,2}<\ldots<E_{1,1}<\ldots.
\label{a4}
\end{equation}
According to Eq. (\ref{einequality}) and the discussion that follows it,
as $\alpha\rightarrow 0$
more and more levels $E_{0,s}$ appear on the left of
$E_{1,1}$ in Eq. (\ref{a4}), resulting in that the lower part of the
energy spectrum corresponds to states with vanishing
angular momentum.

These considerations are relevant to finding the
behavior of the specific heat, as will be seen in the next section.

\section{Specific heat}

In quantum statistical mechanics \cite{pat72} the internal energy is given by
Eq. (\ref{ienergy}) with the partition function now obtained by
summing over the stationary states discussed in the previous
section,
\begin{equation}
Z=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\sum_{s=1}^{\infty}
\exp\{-E_{n,s}/\kappa T\}.
\label{qpfunction}
\end{equation}
As usually happens, a closed expression (in terms of  known analytic functions)
is not available for the
summations in Eq. (\ref{qpfunction}), and  a combination of analytical and
numerical procedures is required to deal with them.
It is convenient to define two characteristic temperatures, namely:
\begin{equation}
\Theta_{\alpha}:= \frac{E_{1,1}-E_{0,1}}{\kappa}
\hspace{2.0cm}
\Theta:= \frac{E_{0,2}-E_{0,1}}{\kappa}
\label{ctemperatures}
\end{equation}
It follows from the discussion in Sec. III that $\Theta_{\alpha}$
increases as $\alpha$ decreases from unity,
$\Theta_{\alpha=\alpha_{o}}=\Theta$,
and as $\alpha\rightarrow 0$,
\begin{equation}
\Theta_{\alpha}\simeq \frac{\hbar^{2}}{2Ma^{2}\kappa\ \alpha^{2}}.
\label{alctemperature}
\end{equation}

As seen in the previous section, the degree of degeneracy of the
first excited energy level is $2$, $3$ or $1$, for
$\alpha>\alpha_{o}$,  $\alpha=\alpha_{o}$ and $\alpha<\alpha_{o}$,
respectively. Taking this fact to Eq. (\ref{qpfunction}),
Eqs. (\ref{ienergy}) and (\ref{sheat}) yield for the low temperature
behavior ($T\rightarrow 0$) of the specific heat $C(\alpha)$,
\begin{eqnarray}
C(\alpha>\alpha_{o})\simeq
2\kappa\left(\frac{\Theta_{\alpha}}{T}\right)^{2}e^{-\Theta_{\alpha}/T}
\hspace{0.9cm}
C(\alpha=\alpha_{o})\simeq
3\kappa\left(\frac{\Theta}{T}\right)^{2}e^{-\Theta/T}
\hspace{0.9cm}
C(\alpha<\alpha_{o})\simeq
\kappa\left(\frac{\Theta}{T}\right)^{2}e^{-\Theta/T}&&
\label{ltc}
\end{eqnarray}
where the integers multiplying $\kappa$ are the degree of degeneracy
just mentioned.
Eq. (\ref{ltc}) shows that $C$ varies discontinuously
with $\alpha$ when $T$ is much smaller than the
characteristic temperatures in Eq. (\ref{ctemperatures}).
As $T$ increases, higher energy levels have to be
considered in Eq. (\ref{qpfunction}), and Eq. (\ref{ltc}) no longer holds.

The way that $C$ departs from Eq. (\ref{ltc}) is shown in Fig. \ref{econe}.
In particular, for small values of $\alpha$
the ways that $C$ departs from $C(\alpha<\alpha_{o})$ in
Eq. (\ref{ltc}) are approximately the same.
This can be understood by recalling that when $\alpha$ is small the lower
part of the spectrum is essentially formed by energy levels $E_{0,s}$
which do not depend on $\alpha$.
Eq. (\ref{alctemperature}) shows that for small $\alpha$
the azimuthal characteristic temperature
$\Theta_{\alpha}$ is high, and  consequently
the various plots of $C$ split from each other only
at higher temperatures, when the populations of
energy levels with nonvanishing angular momentum become appreciable.

At the regime $T\ll\Theta_{\alpha}$ with $\alpha<\alpha_{o}$
[$\alpha\geq \alpha_{o}$ necessarily leads to the
corresponding low temperature behavior in Eq. (\ref{ltc})],
only states with $n=0$  effectively counts
in  Eq. (\ref{qpfunction}), resulting
\begin{equation}
Z\simeq\sum_{s=1}^{\infty}
\exp\{-E_{0,s}/\kappa T\}.
\label{qpfunctionn0}
\end{equation}
By setting $\nu=0$ in Eq. (\ref{avalue}), Eq. (\ref{energy}) yields
\begin{equation}
E_{0,s}=\frac{h^{2}}{8Ma^{2}}\left(s-\frac{1}{4}\right)^{2} + \ldots,
\label{energyn0}
\end{equation}
which up to the term 1/4 and the corrections
is the energy of a free particle in
a one-dimensional box of length $a$
(and this identification improves as $s$ increases).
As $T\rightarrow 0$, Eq. (\ref{qpfunctionn0}) leads to
$C(\alpha<\alpha_{o})$ in Eq. (\ref{ltc}). When $\alpha$ is sufficiently small
such that
\begin{equation}
\Theta\ll T\ll\Theta_{\alpha}
\label{ltregime}
\end{equation}
applies, the summation in Eq. (\ref{qpfunctionn0}) can be replaced,
in first approximation,
by an integration over $s$ from 1 to $\infty$, with $E_{0,s}$
given by Eq. (\ref{energyn0}) [one can safely truncate Eq. (\ref{energyn0})
at the first term to obtain the main contribution].
Using for example Refs. \cite{abr65} or \cite{pru86},
evaluation of the integration yields $Z\simeq Z_{(1)}$,
where
\begin{equation}
Z_{(1)}=\frac{a}{h}\sqrt{2\pi M\kappa T}
\label{cpfunction1}
\end{equation}
is the classical partition function
of a particle in a one-dimensional box of length $a$.
Eqs. (\ref{ienergy}) and (\ref{sheat}) then give
$U\simeq\kappa T/2$ and
\begin{equation}
C\simeq\frac{\kappa}{2},
\label{firstc}
\end{equation}
showing that the conical singularity indeed
suppresses one degree of freedom [cf. Eq. (\ref{ienergy2})].

With $\alpha$ smaller than about $0.1$,
Fig. \ref{econe} shows that $C$ gets a maximum value
just above $\kappa/2$, at $T$ close to $\Theta$
(see Fig. \ref{econe} for more accurate values).
If $\Theta\ll\Theta_{\alpha}$ also
holds, the regime $T\ll\Theta_{\alpha}$ resembles
the thermal behavior of the specific heat of a particle in a one-dimensional
box of length $a$ \cite{ron62}.

When the temperature is much larger than both the characteristic temperatures,
one can proceed as above and replace the summations in
Eq. (\ref{qpfunction}) by integrations. Noting
Eqs. (\ref{states}) to (\ref{energy}), and
performing the integration
over $s$ \cite{abr65,pru86} leads to an integration over $n$
of a complementary error function, namely
$$\int_{0}^{\infty} {\rm erfc}(x)\ dx=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}},$$
which has been evaluated by regularizing
related  formulae in Refs. \cite{abr65,gra80}.
The leading contribution in
$Z$ is proportional to the classical partition function in
Eq. (\ref{cpfunction2}), with the proportionality constant depending on where
Eq. (\ref{avalue}) is truncated: keeping only the first term, and then
also the second term, results
\begin{equation}
Z\simeq 0.81\ Z_{(2)}\hspace{2.5cm}Z\simeq 0.94\ Z_{(2)}
\label{pfunctions}
\end{equation}
respectively
(in fact, to obtain the second expression
one has to evaluate an additional integration involving the complementary
error function \cite{pru86}).
Using either results in Eq. (\ref{pfunctions}),
Eqs. (\ref{ienergy}) and (\ref{sheat}) yield as leading contribution
\begin{equation}
C\simeq\kappa
\label{secondc}
\end{equation}
which is the classical value, as expected.
[The discrepancies in Eq. (\ref{pfunctions})
and its failure in reproducing $Z_{(2)}$ exactly
can be understood by noticing that for
large $n$ in Eq. (\ref{qpfunction}), terms beyond the first term in
Eq. (\ref{avalue}) become relevant.]

A maximum also appears, now above $\kappa$,
at a temperature comparable to $\Theta_{\alpha}$,
as shown in Fig. \ref{econe}.
In particular the plot for $\alpha=1$ (particle in a flat disk)
resembles that of a particle  in a square box of the same area \cite{ron62}.

\begin{figure}[thp]
\leavevmode
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{fig.eps}
\caption{Numerical plots of $C/\kappa$ versus $T/\Theta$.
The plots from the left correspond to
$\alpha$=1,0.3,0.2,0.15,0.1 and
$\alpha\rightarrow 0$, respectively.
The plots for $\alpha$=1 to $\alpha$=0.15 display
maxima corresponding to specific heat
of about 1.119 $\kappa$, 1.125 $\kappa$, 1.068 $\kappa$ and 1.042 $\kappa$ at
temperatures of about
0.52 $\Theta$, 0.72 $\Theta$, 1.59 $\Theta$ and 3.49 $\Theta$, respectively.
At $T\simeq 0.94\ \Theta$,
the plot for $\alpha\rightarrow 0$ displays a maximum
corresponding to $C\simeq 0.535\ \kappa$.
\label{econe}
}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
Motivated by the fact that statistical mechanics of systems in
atomic size  boxes is very sensitive to the topology and geometry
of the boxes,
this work treated the
specific heat $C$ of a free nonrelativistic particle in a conical box.
The energy spectrum
was determined and its features were obtained from properties
of the zeros of the Bessel functions. In particular, degeneracy
of the energy levels was related to long established theorems regarding common zeros
of the Bessel functions.

This toy model exposed with clarity the effects of a
conical singularity on $C$ at various regimes of temperature.
At low temperatures $C$ varies discontinuously with the deficit angle
[cf. Eq. (\ref{ltc})].
At low and intermediate temperatures,
if the cone is sufficiently sharp,
the azimuthal degree of freedom is suppressed [cf. Eq. (\ref{firstc})].
At high temperatures
the radial and the azimuthal degrees of freedom are fully excited,
leading to the value of $C$ prescribed by the equipartition theorem
[cf. Eq. (\ref{secondc})]. The numerical plots in Fig. \ref{econe}
illustrate these facts.

The effect of the sharpness of the cone on $C$ can be better appreciated
by contrasting the two limits $\alpha=1$ and $\alpha\rightarrow 0$.
When $\alpha=1$, the energy spectrum is that of a free particle in a flat
disk, where energy levels with vanishing and nonvanishing angular momentum
are mixed up along the spectrum.
As temperature $T$ rises,
the radial and the azimuthal degrees of freedom get equally excited, leading
to the high temperature value $C\simeq\kappa$,
which is consistent with the equipartition theorem.
This picture changes radically as one sets $\alpha\rightarrow 0$.
When the limit $\alpha\rightarrow 0$ is literally taken,
the energy of the first excited state with nonvanishing angular
momentum gets infinitely  high in the spectrum. Then, as
$T$ increases, only the radial degree of freedom gets progressively excited,
resulting in $C\simeq\kappa/2$ at higher temperatures ---
the  $\alpha\rightarrow 0$ limit suppresses the azimuthal degree of freedom.

This work also aimed to tune mathematical tools
in quantum statistical mechanics on the cone
such that other thermodynamical quantities, as well as more
elaborate models, can be addressed.
Some remarks are in order.

The regular solutions in Eq. (\ref{states}) are not the only ones consistent
with square integrability of the wave function and conservation of probability
\cite{kay91,hel01}. A mild divergence at the origin
(where the conical singularity sits)
does not spoil these physical requirements \cite{mor98}.
It seems that the choice
for regular solutions relies in that they arise naturally when the conical
singularity is ``smoothed" by regularization \cite{kay91}.

The discontinuity of  the specific heat in Eq. (\ref{ltc})
is a feature of any thermal system whose degree of degeneracy $g$
of the first excited energy level $\epsilon _{1}$ varies with
some parameter. If $\epsilon _{o}$ is the zero point energy,
as $T\rightarrow 0$, a quick calculation shows that
$$C\simeq
g\kappa\left(\frac{\theta}{T}\right)^{2}e^{-\theta/T}$$
where $\theta:=(\epsilon_{1}-\epsilon_{o})/\kappa$.
This kind of discontinuity at low temperatures also appears,
for example,  in the specific heat of the anisotropic rigid rotator \cite{car84}.

Recalling that even the main contributions in Eq. (\ref{pfunctions})
were affected by where one truncates Eq. (\ref{avalue}),
the determination of corrections in
Eqs. (\ref{firstc}) and (\ref{secondc}) turns out to
be a rather tricky task. Although the leading contributions in
Eqs. (\ref{firstc}) and (\ref{secondc}) do not depend
on where Eq. (\ref{avalue}) is truncated
(either on the lower limit of the related integrations),
this may not be the case when dealing with their corrections.
Such a problem is somewhat similar to that where two distinct
approximations for the energy spectrum give  the  same
leading  contribution in the expression for the high temperature
behavior of $C$; but different corrections
(e.g., the anharmonic oscillator in Ref. \cite{mar84}).
Therefore, in order to check correctness at every step
in using Eq. (\ref{avalue}) to finding subleading contributions,
a thorough numerical analysis
must be implemented
(it should be noted that this is the approach in Ref. \cite{mar84}).

Since the disk and the cone have the same topology \cite{mor98},
the suppression of one degree of freedom in Eq. (\ref{firstc})
is a geometrical rather than a topological effect --- it is due to
a curvature singularity.

Although the background addressed in this work is a cone,
for which $\alpha$ is not greater than unity [cf. Eq. (\ref{cparameter})],
it should be pointed out that
in the context of topological defects in solids \cite{kro81}
there is room for $\alpha>1$ in the effective geometry
corresponding to disclinations.
In this case, as $\alpha$ increases from unity,  $E_{1,1}$ approaches $E_{0,1}$
and $\Theta_{\alpha}$ in Eq. (\ref{ctemperatures}) decreases, suggesting that
the classical limit in Eq. (\ref{secondc}) would be
reached at lower temperatures (this point needs further investigation though).

\begin{acknowledgments}
The authors are grateful to Renato Klippert and Ricardo Medina for their
assistance on computational matters.
This work was partially supported by the
research agencies CNPq and FAPEMIG.

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
external help file: Microsoft.Azure.Commands.Network.dll-Help.xml
Module Name: AzureRM.Network
ms.assetid: 5E9C02BE-9DCC-4865-95D2-6B69D373BE77
online version:
schema: 2.0.0
---

# New-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuitPeeringConfig

## SYNOPSIS
Creates a new peering configuration to be added to an ExpressRoute circuit.

## SYNTAX

### SetByResource (Default)
```
New-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuitPeeringConfig -Name <String> -PeeringType <String> -PeerASN <Int32>
 -PrimaryPeerAddressPrefix <String> -SecondaryPeerAddressPrefix <String> -VlanId <Int32> [-SharedKey <String>]
 [-MicrosoftConfigAdvertisedPublicPrefixes <System.Collections.Generic.List`1[System.String]>]
 [-MicrosoftConfigCustomerAsn <Int32>] [-MicrosoftConfigRoutingRegistryName <String>]
 [-PeerAddressType <String>] [-LegacyMode <Boolean>] [<CommonParameters>]
```

### MicrosoftPeeringConfigRoutFilterId
```
New-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuitPeeringConfig -Name <String> -PeeringType <String> -PeerASN <Int32>
 -PrimaryPeerAddressPrefix <String> -SecondaryPeerAddressPrefix <String> -VlanId <Int32> [-SharedKey <String>]
 [-MicrosoftConfigAdvertisedPublicPrefixes <System.Collections.Generic.List`1[System.String]>]
 [-MicrosoftConfigCustomerAsn <Int32>] [-MicrosoftConfigRoutingRegistryName <String>] -RouteFilterId <String>
 [-PeerAddressType <String>] [-LegacyMode <Boolean>] [<CommonParameters>]
```

### MicrosoftPeeringConfigRoutFilter
```
New-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuitPeeringConfig -Name <String> -PeeringType <String> -PeerASN <Int32>
 -PrimaryPeerAddressPrefix <String> -SecondaryPeerAddressPrefix <String> -VlanId <Int32> [-SharedKey <String>]
 [-MicrosoftConfigAdvertisedPublicPrefixes <System.Collections.Generic.List`1[System.String]>]
 [-MicrosoftConfigCustomerAsn <Int32>] [-MicrosoftConfigRoutingRegistryName <String>]
 -RouteFilter <PSRouteFilter> [-PeerAddressType <String>] [-LegacyMode <Boolean>] [<CommonParameters>]
```

## DESCRIPTION
The **New-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuitPeeringConfig** cmdlet adds a peering configuration to an
ExpressRoute circuit. ExpressRoute circuits connect your on-premises network to the Microsoft cloud
by using a connectivity provider instead of the public Internet.

## EXAMPLES

### Example 1: Create a new ExpressRoute circuit with a peering configuration
```
$parameters = @{
    Name = 'AzurePrivatePeering'
    Circuit = $circuit
    PeeringType = 'AzurePrivatePeering'
    PeerASN = 100
    PrimaryPeerAddressPrefix = '10.6.1.0/30'
    SecondaryPeerAddressPrefix = '10.6.2.0/30'
    VlanId  = 200
}
$PeerConfig = New-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuitPeeringConfig @parameters

$parameters = @{
    Name='ExpressRouteCircuit'
    ResourceGroupName='ExpressRouteResourceGroup'
    Location='West US'
    SkuTier='Standard'
    SkuFamily='MeteredData'
    ServiceProviderName='Equinix'
    Peering=$PeerConfig
    PeeringLocation='Silicon Valley'
    BandwidthInMbps=200
}
New-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuit @parameters
```

## PARAMETERS

### -LegacyMode
The legacy mode of the Peering

```yaml
Type: Boolean
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -MicrosoftConfigAdvertisedPublicPrefixes
For a PeeringType of MicrosoftPeering, you must provide a list of all prefixes you plan to
advertise over the BGP session. Only public IP address prefixes are accepted. You can send a comma
separated list if you plan to send a set of prefixes. These prefixes must be registered to you in
a Routing Registry Name (RIR / IRR).

```yaml
Type: System.Collections.Generic.List`1[System.String]
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -MicrosoftConfigCustomerAsn
If you are advertising prefixes that are not registered to the peering AS number, you can specify
the AS number to which they are registered.

```yaml
Type: Int32
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -MicrosoftConfigRoutingRegistryName
The Routing Registry Name (RIR / IRR) to which the AS number and prefixes are registered.

```yaml
Type: String
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -Name
The name of the peering configuration to be created.

```yaml
Type: String
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -PeerAddressType
PeerAddressType

```yaml
Type: String
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:
Accepted values: IPv4, IPv6

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -PeerASN
The AS number of your ExpressRoute circuit. This must be a Public ASN when the PeeringType is
AzurePublicPeering.

```yaml
Type: Int32
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -PeeringType
The acceptable values for this parameter are: `AzurePrivatePeering`, `AzurePublicPeering`, and
`MicrosoftPeering`

```yaml
Type: String
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:
Accepted values: AzurePrivatePeering, AzurePublicPeering, MicrosoftPeering

Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -PrimaryPeerAddressPrefix
This is the IP Address range for the primary routing path of this peering relationship. This must
be a /30 CIDR subnet. The first odd-numbered address in this subnet should be assigned to your
router interface. Azure will configure the next even-numbered address to the Azure router interface.

```yaml
Type: String
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -RouteFilter
This is an existing RouteFilter object.

```yaml
Type: PSRouteFilter
Parameter Sets: MicrosoftPeeringConfigRoutFilter
Aliases:

Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -RouteFilterId
This is the resource Id of an existing RouteFilter object.

```yaml
Type: String
Parameter Sets: MicrosoftPeeringConfigRoutFilterId
Aliases:

Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -SecondaryPeerAddressPrefix
This is the IP Address range for the secondary routing path of this peering relationship. This must
be a /30 CIDR subnet. The first odd-numbered address in this subnet should be assigned to your
router interface. Azure will configure the next even-numbered address to the Azure router interface.

```yaml
Type: String
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -SharedKey
This is an optional MD5 hash used as a pre-shared key for the peering configuration.

```yaml
Type: String
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -VlanId
This is the Id number of the VLAN assigned for this peering.

```yaml
Type: Int32
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### CommonParameters
This cmdlet supports the common parameters: -Debug, -ErrorAction, -ErrorVariable, -InformationAction, -InformationVariable, -OutVariable, -OutBuffer, -PipelineVariable, -Verbose, -WarningAction, and -WarningVariable. For more information, see about_CommonParameters (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113216).

## INPUTS

## OUTPUTS

### Microsoft.Azure.Commands.Network.Models.PSPeering

## NOTES

## RELATED LINKS

[Add-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuitPeeringConfig](Add-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuitPeeringConfig.md)

[Get-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuit](Get-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuit.md)

[Remove-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuitPeeringConfig](Remove-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuitPeeringConfig.md)

[Set-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuit](Set-AzureRmExpressRouteCircuit.md)


text:
Q: R "RPostgrSQL" package fails to install on Centos 8 (as `lib` is unspecified) I want to install the R package RPostgresql to connect to my PostgreSQL database called "crex" on Centos 8. When I run
> install.packages("RPostgreSQL")

in the terminal I get the following error:
Installing package into '/usr/lib64/R/library'
(as 'lib' is unspecified)
Warning in install.packages("RPostgreSQL") :
  'lib = "/usr/lib64/R/library"' is not writable
Would you like to use a personal library instead? (yes/No/cancel)

From the message I am gathering that I need to setup a personal library but I am not sure about the implications. What I am trying to do is run a r script e.g. new.r that will be called from another bash script.
new.r:
require("RPostgreSQL")

pw <- {
  "XXXX"
}

drv <- dbDriver("PostgreSQL")

con <- dbConnect(drv, dbname = "crex",
                 host = "localhost", port = 5432,
                 user = "postgres", password = pw)
rm(pw)

dbExistsTable(con, "work")
#other commands

Bash script b.txt:
#!/bin/bash

Rscript new.r
#other commands

Can someone please help on this?

A: R wants to install packages in that default path. Either that path doesn't exist or you don't have write access to it.
It is not a problem (from the standpoint of you running an R script via bash) to have the libraries installed elsewhere (e.g. in a personal library). I wouldn't worry about where the libraries are installed, unless you have a particular problem loading them later. One possible implication is that if you run the script from a different user, then you may need to install again into a path that is accessible by that user.


text:
@protocol SCQEditorDelegate <NSObject>

- (void)scqEditorReturnColor:(NSString *)colorStr size:(NSString *)size quantity:(NSInteger)quantity atIndex:(NSInteger)index;

@end

@interface SCQEditorViewController : UIViewController

@property (weak, nonatomic) id <SCQEditorDelegate>delegate;

@property (strong, nonatomic) NSString *setupColorStr;
@property (strong, nonatomic) NSString *setupSize;
@property (nonatomic) NSInteger setupQuantity;
@property (nonatomic) NSInteger index;

- (void)initColor:(NSString *)colorStr size:(NSString *)size quantity:(NSInteger)quantity;

@end