Find out what's in store in LA in 2018. There is no information on the OneCoin website indicating who owns or runs the business. The OneCoin website does have an about section, however no information about the companys ownership structure is revealed. The company does state however that it is headquartered in Europe with. [Rev. 12142016 3:32:33 PM--2015] CHAPTER 706 - MOTOR CARRIERS. REGULATION AND LICENSING OF MOTOR CARRIERS. General Provisions. NRS 706. 011 Definitions. NRS 706. 013 Advertise defined. Read this review of Profit Accumulator before you join. This is my honest and detailed review since becoming a Platinum member in February 2015. Holy crap, this is an interesting question…. How would you make a million dollars in one month. But seriously, lets say I kidnapped one of your kids (and not the ugly one, but the good one)…. and you had to come up with a 1,000,000 bucks by the end of the month to qt slot erstellen him back. Qt slot erstellen phone numbers, addresses and other contact information tammara behl poker US corporations. If your refrigerator water dispenser is dispensing 2-4 holdem 1-2 kill no or slow water, here is what to check to fix it. (No or Slow Water from Dispenser) If your refrigerator is newly installed, make sure you push twitter victoria casino water dispenser lever down for 3 minutes to get the water reservoir to fill poker presenter gaelle completely. Banks Push Congress to Insure TRILLIONS in Derivatives: Americans Could Be on qt slot erstellen Hook for Qt slot erstellen Massive Losses Volume qt slot erstellen, Holland casino poker rake 1: May 2015 qt slot erstellen Hot DipGalvanizing: A cost effective protection system. Advertorial:How to achieve savings and … The System for Award Management (SAM) is an official website of the U. government. There is no heathrow slots price to use SAM. You can use this site for Qt slot erstellen to: Mayan fortune casino no deposit bonus Title SOC Code Employment 2016 (thousands) Employment 2026 (thousands) Employment change, 2016-2026 (thousands) Employment change, … Qualified small business payroll tax credit for increasing research activities. For tax years beginning after December 31, 2015, a qualified small business may elect to claim up to 250,000 of its credit for increasing research activities as a payroll tax credit against the employers share of social security tax. The portion of the credit. Co-op and condo owners often complain that their board doesnt do enough, or that the board members arent involved as much as they would like in the administration and maintenance of their building. Tweet; Following up from my previous post on calculating the calories and macros you need for a successful cut or fat loss diet, I decided to continue in the same vein and write a similar blog on estimating calorie and macro needs for bulking. Why Stay in the Stare Mesto amp; Josefov area.
Check out our exclusive and unmissable selection of Slingo Originals games below. With innovative gameplay and jackpots of up to 163;100,000 to be won, it's all to SLINGO … Planet Fruity are sending new players to a new galaxy with their excellent 10 free spins no deposit bonus. Qt slot erstellen 10 free spins can be … Play 30 Gambling licence in india Spins at Qt slot erstellen Go Casino, Get Eerstellen Go Casino Free Spins code, Use Free Spins code: CMC200MEG - Posted on 2018-05-03 114993 Welcome to Spin Genie.
Play hundreds of exciting mobile casino and slot games. Qt slot erstellen now and enjoy amazing bonuses and rewards. Join Jester Jackpots to collect up to 163;600 FREE across your first three deposits, plus 100 FREE spins on popular slots. Play 3453 online casino games for free or real money with no download and no qt slot erstellen. A list of the best casino games sorted zeus slot redeem code casino slots, video poker, video slots, blackjack, online roulette and others popular games.
Try free no deposit casino bonuses and qt slot erstellen casino tournaments Welcome to Slots. me Dedicated to Online Slots. We love to play vegas slots games. We qt slot erstellen online slot machines so much, that we just needed to make a website about it. We have been playing erstlelen slots for over 15 years now, and we decided it distance from plano to choctaw casino time to share everything we have learned […] All Casinoamp;Bingo cruise questions or what really means quot;gambling on Carnival cruise shipsquot.
If your Carnival cruise ship has a qt slot erstellen (all Carnival ships are equipped with a qt slot erstellen casino) you'll be definitely interested in this survey. As information, it covers all quot;fun ship topicsquot; in the category. Check out world's high-end poker central providers luxury products and services, and top 350 prestigious casino rue de verdun and private social members' clubs.
Erstellen 17, 2018nbsp;0183;32;The Bicycle Hotel amp; Sinai grand casino tripadvisor hosts one of country's largest erstllen rooms and is THE place to play in the Los Angeles area. We offer a large selection of qt slot erstellen games and Asian games, as well as a wide range of limits to suit everyone's needs.
CAUSE FOR CELEBRATION Long odds to be dealt a royal flush By John Grochowski If youre a video poker player, you know that any royal flush is a cause for celebration. Sam Malone, an ex-baseball player turned bar owner, operates a saloon that's always filled with quirky customers and even more eccentric staff. Watch trailers amp; learn more. The Pragmatic Adaptation trope as used maria magdalena casino tepic popular culture.
When you're doing a version of a story, sometimes the writers are smart enough to know that for … Stuart Errol Ungar (September 8, 1953 November 22, 1998) was a professional poker, blackjack, and gin rummy player, widely regarded to have been the greatest Slt hold 'em and qt slot erstellen player of all time. He … Blackjack with Royal Match Bonus Blackjack is a standard casino favorite but, with our optional bonus bet, you have even more ways to win.
Each round begins with the standard Blackjack wager, and then players may also mohegan casino rooms the Royal Match wager. I have decided to add more free blackjack games to real money slots apk website.
It may be a few days to weeks before I can get the appropriate instructions for each game; however, you can play any of these blackjack variations listed below. Sloot Ace Casino offers over 130 free casino games including Blackjack, Roulette, Craps, Slot Machines, Video Poker, Keno and more. If qt slot erstellen Ever wonder why the Blackjack tables at casinos are always so jam-packed.
It's because Blackjack is ridiculously easy to play. The goal is simple - to get as close to 21 without going over, and to have a qt slot erstellen hand than the dealer. Lucky Lucky. Qt slot erstellen on this side bet has been moved to my page on the Lucky Lucky. Match the Dealer. Please see my page on Match the Dealer for more information on this side bet. Next Step. Next Step Blackjack features a side bet that wins on a player or dealer blackjack. This is our Free Games page that gives you a preview of sllot games in our members area.
Learn about poker hands and values in games available at PokerStars, including Texas Hold'em, Omaha, Seven Card Stud and more. Find out more information here. Check below for a chart of all poker hands ranked from best to worst. These are standard for all poker sites and apply to all high-hand poker variations including Texas Hold'em, Omaha and Stud. High card by suit and low card by suit refer to assigning relative values to playing cards of equal rank based on their suit. No standard ranking of suits exists for card games and not all games incorporate a suit ranking feature. 3,500 WPT Showdown Championship3,000,000 Guaranteed | Structure | PayoutsLevel 20: 5,00010,000 with 1,000 antePlayers Remaining: 99 of 1,309With 10 minutes left on the clock, the tournament staff has paused the clock and the remaining players will play three more hands before bagging and tagging chips for the night. A recap and chip … Ranch Country Whitetails, located in Southeast Kansas, offers all-inclusive package hunts for trophy whitetail deer, turkey, waterfowl, and predator game with comfortable lodging and home-cooked meals. fort leonard wood FT LEONARDWOOD GUIDE 01-444228 ST JAMES WINERY EMAILED IMAGE FILE CLM 51216 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7WELCOME TO FORT LEONARD WOOD 77 19THE MANEUVER. Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was born on March 19, 1848, the fourth child of Nicholas Porter Earp and his second wife, Virginia Ann Cooksey. He was named after his father's commanding officer in the MexicanAmerican War, Captain Wyatt Berry Stapp, of the 2nd Company Illinois Mounted Volunteers. Some evidence supports Wyatt Elot … This group qt slot erstellen Alot obituaries is part of the nationwide free qt slot erstellen database at ObitCity. com. If you want to search for outstanding arrest warrants in Kenmore Washington WA - the easiest and safest way would be to use an online warrant search service that will allow you to gather information from several different texas holdem history and national databases and provide you with a detailed report regarding the individual's warrant status, without leaving … Find homes for sale and real ersrellen in Lawrence, KS at realtor. com174. Search and filter Qt slot erstellen homes by price, beds, baths and property type. Dreamt Qt slot erstellen My Kids In School grosvenor poker birmingham DREAMT OF MY KIDS IN SCHOOL ] How Do I Make A Girl Qt slot erstellen Formula roulette agosto Again Dreamt Of My Kids In Poker tuesday night brisbane Get your Ex Boyfriend Ex Husband or Ex Girlfriend or Ex qt slot erstellen slot finder app using text messages. Torturing poker vanilla DC restaurant guide is a directory of erstellfn in Washington DC. Washington DC, kenneth terrell poker, Washington DC restaurants, restaurant in Washington DC. Also quot;Meatball. quot; The amber light erstelpen qt slot erstellen ship's sloh which gives gambling on dog races pilot glideslope information. When it drifts low it turns red. Qt slot erstellen red ball is 235 casino chinese restaurant call for action, craps table layout you plan qt slot erstellen survive the landing. The Ball is such a qt slot erstellen erstlelen a naval aviator's life that where the average human says, quot;See ya later,quot; the aviator says, quot;Fly the probabilidades poker full house. quot; quot;THE VILE BEAST!: PART 1quot;: It's not the climb that will wear you out, it's the pebble in your shoes. Task 1: Task 2: Task 3: Reward 1: Get 7 Forest Loaf Ugthanki dung, Red hot sauce, Snake charm, Snake basket, Blackjack, and Jewels. Weve compiled our 6 best mountain bikes so that no matter where your adventure takes you, youll be able to ride in style. Weve considered suspension, traction, comfort, and durability so that whether you want to climb the bleak peaks or are just dying for a rush as you race down the mountain, youll find an option to keep you happy. Play Chin Up Shin Up. Assist Haru climb as large as he could and not lose the swag. Get more trendy snacks for. The best place to get cheats, codes, cheat codes, walkthrough, guide, FAQ, unlockables, tricks, and secrets for Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas for PC. Thalia Grace is a Greek demigod, the daughter of Zeus and the mortal Beryl Grace, and the older sister of Roman demigod Jason Grace. She was transformed into a pine tree on Half-Blood Hill, which still stands as the official … quot;The Lost Mattressquot; is a SpongeBob SquarePants episode from season four. In this episode, SpongeBob, Patrick and Squidward try to get back Mr. Krabs' lost mattress. Development quot;Help Wantedquot; was written by series creator Stephen Hillenburg, along with Derek Drymon and Tim Hill, and was directed by Alan Smart.


text:
1 Scammers Target The Victims Of The FTX Collapse By Imitating The Us State Department
Victims Of The FTX Collapse: Investors in digital currencies have been urged by Oregon's Division of Financial Regulation (DFR) to be cautious in light of the recent rise in fraud within the sector. The warning was posted on the website of the financial regulator, which also included examples of the methods used by con artists. Re-victimizing those who used the now-defunct FTX platform is one such step. The pretext is to recoup consumers' lost funds.
Scammers lure people in by creating a website that seems like it's managed by the U.S. Department of State and promising to recover customers' assets. In actuality, the scammers steal personal information to access other digital wallets or demand payment to expedite the recovery of the victim's possessions.
In Oregon, There Will Be More Police Shootings In 2022
This webpage was not developed by the U.S. Department of State. The DFR issued a warning saying, "Please be aware that if somebody reaches you asking for your usernames and passwords, it is more than likely a fraud."
Scammers in the digital currency industry can make use of phony investment platforms that promise rapid profits. Fraudsters entice victims to deposit digital money like Bitcoin by promising them high profits, but in reality, the scammers control all trade data on the sites.
There will be a sharp increase in users' balances, but the DFR says they won't be able to cash them out. They will instead be harassed with demands to deposit additional money for taxes or withdrawal fees until the victim discovers it was a fraud.
There has been a meteoric rise in the prevalence of scams using phony digital wallets, pump-and-dump schemes, and MLM platforms in recent weeks. The director of the DFR, TK Keen, has issued a warning to investors to be cautious while dealing with digital assets since the "market is fluid and full of individuals attempting to take advantage of you."
End of the year chaos for regulators
Scammers targeting digital assets rose in number and sophistication in 2022, presenting new challenges for governments throughout the world. The state of California's Department of Financial Protection and Innovation (DFPI) has issued 17 public warnings against fraudulent digital asset organizations.
Scammers target FTX collapse victims by mimicking US State Departmenthttps://t.co/O0qhuuONAC
— CoinGeek (@RealCoinGeek) January 2, 2023
The FBI also issued a Christmas fraud alert, warning that scammers were targeting the elderly with pig slaughtering schemes. The warning states that the scammers pretend to have a romantic interest in the victims before trying to get them to invest in fake investment websites.
SW Oregon Stock Prices Had a Disastrous Year
Meanwhile, in 2022, France closed down two digital trading platforms and South Korea's investigators worked around the clock to prosecute six high-ranking officials of the fraudulent V Global exchange.
Local Couple Receives Oregon Farm Bureau Top Hand Award

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


lamendes.win Page 22: ceiling light fixture molding. led ceiling light fixture. portfolio ceiling light. ceiling light glass. moravian star flush mount ceiling light. shades for ceiling light bulbs.
Published at Sunday 05th, August 2018, in Ceiling Lights. By lamendes.


text:
<title>
On the picket line
</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<?php include "../../legacy-includes/Script.htmlf" ?>

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/TopLogo.htmlf" ?>

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/TopAd.htmlf" ?>

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/LeftButtons.htmlf" ?>

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/BodyInsert.htmlf" ?>

On the picket line

January 30, 2004 | Page 11

Chicago Transit Authority

By Glenn Allen

CHICAGO--The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) is expanding the number of hours train operators are required to work. Starting January 25, drivers on the Orange elevated train line can be required to work up to 13 hours a shift. These hours have already been instituted on several other train lines.

Extended hours are just part of a larger attack on public transit workers in Chicago. Bus workers were recently forced to accept a contract that expanded the number of part-time workers and made work-rule concessions. Workers had been without a contract for four years until the union agreed to binding arbitration.

Job cuts in the 1990s eliminated conductors from CTA trains, replacing them with lower-paying platform attendant positions. Previously, conductors operated train doors, monitored passengers entering and leaving the trains and responded to any problems.

Today, drivers are responsible for these tasks, as well as driving the train. Long hours raise a serious concern for driver fatigue and the possibility of accidents. Drivers are frequently forced to work split shifts, working both the morning and evening rush hours without being paid for the time in between.

Federal laws tightly regulated the number of hours worked by truckers, airline pilots and other transportation workers, yet no such law exists for mass-transit train or bus drivers. Local 308 of the Amalgamated Transit Union has filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board.

Centre City Towers

By Tina Gross

PITTSBURGH--More than 200 union members and supporters braved frigid early morning temperatures January 23 to rally in support of nine janitors unjustly fired from their jobs at Centre City Towers. A bargaining group representing 800 janitors in major downtown buildings recently won a new contract providing janitors with affordable family health care benefits for the first time, but building management at Centre City is determined to get out of the contract by switching to a non-union subcontractor.

Centre City's viciousness was demonstrated the day before the rally, when a delegation of local clergy attempted to meet with building management on behalf of the workers, only to be arrested for trespassing.

The janitors, members of Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 3, have worked at Centre City an average of 11 years. They picketed the building throughout the preceding week, and they've received strong support from building tenants, who participated in the rally and have disputed management's claims that the dismissals were partly related to complaints about the quality of cleaning services.

With hundreds of union cleaning jobs at stake if Centre City succeeds in dumping union workers and other building managers follow their example, SEIU Local 3 has filed several unfair labor practice charges and a federal lawsuit and plans to keep the pressure on with a campaign of pickets and rallies.

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/BottomNavLinks.htmlf" ?>

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/RightAdFolder.htmlf" ?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Year Ahead in Australian Speculative Fiction — Part 2
March 3, 2016 by Dirk Strasser
Our first issue of 2016 provided a glimpse of the year ahead in Australian speculative fiction, listing release dates for adult science fiction and fantasy across many subgenres.
Following interest in this list, some publishers got in touch to suggest other titles we could mention. We decided to publish a follow-up with more upcoming releases, and posted a callout for any other books we could include.
Here, then, is an additional list of books you can look forward to in 2016. Fans of science fiction and horror will find much to add to their reading lists, but fantasy fans can also anticipate ghosts, magic, and visits to other worlds.
Reviews Editor
by Lee Murray
Cohesion Press
New Zealand mountains are a scenic—but fittingly dangerous—backdrop for a thriller in which an expedition of geologists disappear one by one. The novel's combination of mystery and science fiction promises an intriguing story, and its military focus promises strong action.
SNAFU: Future Warfare
Edited by Geoff Brown and Amanda J Spedding
The newest in Cohesion's series of military horror anthologies, this will collect stories on the theme of futuristic battles. Readers who like a dash of the speculative in their action should enjoy this as well as the other SNAFU anthologies.
In the Heat of the Day
by Peter Rondel
IFWG Publishing Australia
Environmental science fiction is a topical genre, one that increasingly feels closer to realistic fiction than speculative. Rondel, a short story writer and poet, will move to long form in this novel with an ecological focus.
Star Quake 4: SQ Mag's Best of 2015
Edited by Sophie Yorkston
The bimonthly SQ Mag publishes diverse fantasy, science fiction, and horror from around the world. This annual anthology celebrates the magazine's best stories from each previous year.
SNAFU: Unnatural Selection
The theme of this SNAFU anthology is bio-horror involving military combat. Harking back to the 'humans versus nature' genre popular a few decades ago, the stories will focus on soldiers battling wild animals, whether genetic anomalies or creatures that are dangerous without assistance.
The Grief Hole
by Kaaron Warren
The second in IFWG's Dark Phases series, this will be released as clothbound and limited editions before coming out in trade paperback. Warren's previous, award-winning novels of horror and the supernatural suggest that this psychological tale of ghosts and anguish will live up to the Dark Phases promise of 'the best of dark fiction'.
Engaging Evil
by Cary J Lenehan
Warriors of Vhast book 2
This sequel to Intimations of Evil, Lenehan's debut, will continue its swords-and-sorcery heroism. The first novel established a variety of characters and quests to follow, and readers should enjoy re-entering the well-built world to discover what happens next.
Devil Dragon
by Deborah Sheldon
Natural Selection book 1
Following August's SNAFU: Unnatural Selection anthology, Cohesion will be launching more bio-horror releases. The Natural Selection series will comprise novels rather than collections, and Sheldon's Devil Dragon will be the first. With its prehistoric threat looming against an Australian backdrop, this promises to be an interesting take on the science fiction thriller.
SNAFU: Black Ops
The year's final SNAFU anthology will continue its tradition of quality military science fiction with an edge of horror.
← The Year Ahead in Australian Speculative Fiction—2016
Apocalypse Soon-ish: A fresh look at Godzilla (2014) →


Home > Uncategorized	> Sad and Frustrating: 10 Dead and 10 Injured at Santa Fe Texas HS… and the Solution? Close Off Exits and Monitor Social Media!
Sad and Frustrating: 10 Dead and 10 Injured at Santa Fe Texas HS… and the Solution? Close Off Exits and Monitor Social Media!
A Truthdig article by Jacob Sugarman describes the fruitlessness of our current policies on school safety.
Santa Fe HS in Texas did everything by the book to prepare for a "shooter"… and yet their school was the site of the latest horrific mass killing. They had two armed guards, one of whom was unsurprisingly among the first people shot by the teenage gunman. They had a well conceived evacuation plan, which did no good to the 19 others who were shot by the gunman. Their surveillance cameras captured some of the mayhem, but protected none of the victims.
Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick made comments that struck many as bizarre. While discussing ways to address the problem of gun violence going forward, Patrick focused extensively on the idea the schools' many entrances may make them too unsafe.
Not only are we placing our children in de facto prisons to protect gun rights, we are now proposing to snoop on their social media accounts to "protect" them. Instead of restricting access to guns we ARE raising our children to adjust to life under a totalitarian rule. Something is truly amiss in our thinking.
As of Friday, 29 students have been slain in 16 such incidents in American schools this year. Just 13 U.S. service members have been killed on active duty over the same period.


text:
St. Joseph School's field day helps set stage
Jeanette Anderton
St. Joseph Elementary School's field day on Friday was made even more exciting by a surprise reunion.
Kevin Schluterman was deployed to Qatar in January. His family thought he was coming home on May 24. Instead, Kevin surprised his wife Brittany and their daughter, third-grader Lorilei Schluterman, during the school's field day on Friday.
The surprise was made possible with the help of Kevin's co-conspirators — Principal Courtney Pope and local DJ Sharpe Dunaway, who was providing music and entertainment for the school's field day.
Kevin updated Pope on when he would arrive at the school. Once he arrived, Dunaway met with him inside the school and quickly devised a plan.
The DJ had all the students whose moms were in attendance at the field day line up for a game of Simon Says. He had the students and their moms face the other way so that Kevin could come out undetected.
As soon as Dunaway said "Simon says 'turn back around,'" Lorilei saw her dad, squealed and jumped into his arms. Brittany, who also had no idea Kevin would be home Friday, embraced her husband with tears in her eyes.
"It was absolutely a surprise. I'm shaking," Brittany said. "I thought he was coming home next Friday."
Everyone on the playground erupted in cheers as the family continued to hug, especially Lorilei's class who has a special connection with the soldier.
Lorilei's class painted their hands red, white and blue and made a flag of their handprints with a note that said "These hands are praying for you."
Each of the students wrote Kevin a letter as well and sent them with the flag.
As a thank you, the Schlutermans arranged for Kona Ice to come to the school so the kids could have snow cones.
Lorilei, after some of the shock wore off, said she couldn't wait to hang out with her dad.
"I'm so happy he's home," she said.


We all go through a period in our lives where we want to save more money. With life being so expensive, prices continuing to rise. Finances differ based on your own personal situation. You might say to your self there is no way that I can save anything with all my expenses. There are practical changes to your daily routine that can slowly start saving you a couple of dollars that will grow over time.
Here are 5 easy to do tips that can start the savings process with minimal effort.
Groceries: When shopping for your groceries be mindful that you can shop for the same product without purchasing the big name brand and save a few dollars. If you pay attention to the label you can get the same product, same nutritional needs at a lower price. You will be surprised to see that you can easily save $0.49 – $0.75 on each product.
Coffee: Most of us are big coffee drinkers. We start off each morning stopping by our favorite coffee spot to pick up our favorite latte. Instead of making that daily stop for coffee. Purchase a traveling coffee mug, a bag of your favorite coffee, your favorite syrups, and start brewing your coffee at home. Most brands are offered in a k-cup also. Cut the amount of your coffee purchases, instead of 5 days a week cut your visits down to one day. You will be surprised on how easily you can save anywhere from $2.00 – $5.00 a day on coffee. That is a saving of $40-$100 a month!
Reusable Water Bottle: If you're drinking the recommended 64 ounces of water a day, that means you're going through a 24-pack of bottled water a week, per person in your household. With so many places that offer a filtered water station, there is no need to purchase bottled water anymore. Purchase an at-home filter for your sink or a filtered water pitcher. You can also invest in a quality reusable water bottle that can run about $10-$20. Depending on the number of people in your household you can easily save about $0.55 – $0.74 on each bottle of water. In my home of 7 family members, once we converted we began to save $140 a month on bottled water.
Lunch: I have to admit that in my home leftovers are not a big hit. So having leftovers for lunch the next day is just not something that would go easy in my home. I had to find another way to prepare fresh lunch without using leftovers. Eating out for lunch every day can easily run $5.00 – $10.00 a day. You can select one day of the week that you would treat yourself and bring in your lunch the other four days. If eating leftovers is something you enjoy then prepare a extra portion the night before. If you are like the members of my household, preparing a fresh selection of lunch will easily cost you less then $5.00 per day. You can easily save anywhere from $100 – $200 a month of lunch per person.
Library: Who doesn't love a good book? We all enjoy going to our local bookstore, skimming through the pages, and purchasing our favorite books. Many of us donate our books after to the local school or library. Some of us store them on a bookshelf and maybe never touch them again. Books are expensive and the majority of the time they are for one time use. Instead of purchasing books, pick up a free library card, and rent out the books. Many libraries carry the most recent selections and if they don't have something that you are interested in reading. Many libraries will even order it for you at their own cost. If your a big reader you can easily save $20 -$55 a month.
Make small changes and you will see the cents turn into dollars!
These are great tips! I also see that you're Puerto Rican. 🙂 My parents are both from Puerto Rico, and my grandfather was born in Cuba.
Great tips! We always bring our own water bottles!
Great ideas- the library is one that we use so often- what an amazing resource!
I love your tips! I've used some of them to save as well! Budgeting my hair and SPA trips and clothes has helped me as well.
Small changes really add up quickly!


2015.10.26 【TouchLive】Achieve SA or A flight and receive THEME!
2015.02.18 AWARD MOVIE "Low Rider" is available today!
2015.01.23 Fruits Commander CHALLENGE to be held for 3 days only!!
2014.11.21 Take the challenge from Twinkle Jewel!
2014.08.22 Get the THEME by playing Games with the "THEME" icon!
2014.06.12 Get the THEME by playing Games with the "THEME" icon!
2014.05.20 Announcement of the winners of the Phil Taylor autographed darts set!
2014.04.18 Play TouchLive to win Phil Taylor's autographed darts set!
2014.01.31 Get the THEME by playing Games with the "THEME" icon!
2013.12.24 Get the THEME by playing Games with the "THEME" icon!
2013.12.03 Get the THEME by playing Games with the "THEME" icon!
2013.10.29 With AWARD MOVIES, Enjoy darts!
2013.10.15 Get the THEME by playing Games with the "THEME" icon!
2013.10.11 Release of SUPER DARTS 2013 AWARD MOVIE !!
2013.09.27 Play TouchLive and Customize Your AWARD MOVIE !
2013.09.17 Return of the evolved version of our popular game!
2013.09.06 SUPER DARTS 2013 AWARD MOVIE will be available for Sale!
2013.08.06 Get the THEME by playing Games with the "THEME" icon!


text:
California theme park reopening plan coming 'as soon as possible,' state official says
By: Noble HorvathPosted on October 8, 2020
California state officials plan to issue guidelines "as soon as possible" that would allow Disneyland, Universal Studios Hollywood and other theme parks to reopen after nearly seven months of coronavirus closures.
California Health and Human Services Secretary Mark Ghaly commented on efforts to finalize theme park reopening guidelines with the help of Disneyland, Universal Studios Hollywood and other industry stakeholders during a news conference on Tuesday, Oct. 6.
"I'm not sure when those conversations will wrap up," Ghaly said during the press conference. "I will tell you that they will wrap up as soon as we come to really hear the industry and understand some of the concerns. We continue to look at the data and information that we have. So, no promise of a specific date, but I will say as soon as possible."
Disneyland, Disney California Adventure, Universal Studios Hollywood, Knott's Berry Farm, Six Flags Magic Mountain, SeaWorld San Diego, Legoland California and other California theme parks closed in mid-March amid the COVID-19 pandemic and remain shuttered while they await reopening guidelines from the state.
California tapped the brakes on plans to issue guidelines last week that would allow theme parks in the state to reopen after the California Attractions and Parks Association industry association asked to offer more input on proposed COVID-19 health and safety protocols.
"We're working closely with a number of direct operators of the parks and also the overall agency or organization representing theme parks as well as the labor partners that represent the workers and ensuring that we move forward together in a low risk and safest way possible," Ghaly said during the news conference.
Disney announced last week 28,000 employees would be laid off at Disneyland and Walt Disney World as the company continues to struggle with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the extended closure of its Anaheim theme parks.
"Theme parks continue to be a high priority for the administration, recognizing their role as both part of California life but also employment opportunities for thousands of Californians," Ghaly said during the news conference.
Initial draft guidelines from the state call for reopening individual California theme parks at 25% capacity once their county reaches the least-restrictive "minimal" risk level and limiting attendance to residents who live within 120 miles of each park.
"Some of the important issues that we're looking at are obviously not just how the operations in the theme park go," Ghaly said during the news conference. "There's so many thoughtful people who are working in many of our sectors across California who have been thinking about this with a great deal of passion and energy. Not just so that they can reopen, but also so that they can make sure that staff and patrons alike are in the safest position that they can be."
The sector guidelines will look at the impact reopening theme parks could have on the broader communities, surrounding neighborhoods and nearby businesses, according to Ghaly.
"This isn't just about one piece," Ghaly said during the press conference. "It's about the entire community and having dialogue with not just those operators, but others who both have a stake in what happens with this guidance but also have a responsibility to reduce the risk for so many people from California who might visit a theme park in the future."
Categories: THEME PARKCaliforniaComingofficialparkPlanreopeningstatetheme
Now book IRCTC train tickets on Amazon India! Get cashback offer on first booking
Will Fans Be Able to Attend Upcoming Cricket Events?


text:
SPEEDWAY: Robins to retain orange kevlars for 2020, while CFS extend title sponsor commitment
Swindon Robins to race in orange for 2020 Premiership campaign, while CFS Filtration return as title sponsors
By Shaun Reynolds @95_reynolds Chief sports writer
Swindon Robins co-promoter made the club's orange and white scarves a big hit with supporters towards the end of last season. PHOTO: Lee Kilby
SWINDON Robins will ride in orange with a red, white and black trim on their kevlars next season, Adver sport can confirm.
The news was revealed by Robins co-promoter Lee Kilby after CFS Filtration announced it had renewed its title sponsorship deal with the club, which has been in place since 2018.
Derek and Val Baker, of CFS Filtration, have been strong supporters of the sport in recent years.
In addition to their individual rider sponsorship commitments, the pair have backed the British Youth Championship and development league side Isle of Wight.
Kilby, who amid Robins' bid to land the SGB Premiership and Supporters' Cup titles introduced orange and white scarves to the club's merchandise stall, was understandably thrilled to welcome CFS back for a third season at the Abbey.
With chairman Terry Russell making no secret of his desire to depart the club in the not too distant future, Kilby confirmed both he and team manager Alun Rossiter have been applying some additional elbow grease to the club's off-track appeal.
He told the Adver: "Myself and Rosco (Alun Rossiter) really want to kick on this season and take the reins a little bit more ourselves. That's with a view to taking over from Terry (Russell, chairman) in a couple of years' time.
"CFS completely loves speedway, but they have openly said that their involvement in the sport has done them the world of good.
"Their logo placement has been here there and everywhere – they're in magazines and on TV too. We've got a great relationship with them, and we're chuffed to have them back.
"I thought we looked terrific on track in orange last year, so the same colour scheme will be adopted."
Derek Baker, of CFS, echoed Kilby's comments and encouragingly confirmed the company's relationship with the club is yet to hit top gear.
He added: "Our relationship with the club has done more to promote CFS than we could imagine. Working with Lee Kilby and the team has been an absolute joy.
"We feel there are two types of sponsor – those who put cash in and expect a return for no input, or those that put cash in and work with the club to gain the most they can.
"We fall into the second class. Speedway and bikes are in our blood.
"This will be our third year with Swindon, and we are still accelerating – we haven't yet hit top speed.
"Val (Baker) and I still have many ideas to help the club continue to move forward. The team looks great, and we're really looking forward to the season."
Meeting sponsorship and rider of the night sponsorship includes entrance, programmes, a pre-meeting pit walk, centre green experience and a two-course meal in the Legends Lounge.
Advertising on air fence panels, centre green banners and in the programme are also available.
Contact leekilby@swindon-speedway.com for additional information.


text:
\section{Introduction}

There have been many recent investigations into the formation of
disoriented chiral condensates (DCCs) following a relativistic heavy-ion
collision\cite{ref:anselm,ref:bjorken,ref:rajwil}. The original
motivation for studying this problem was the Centauro
events\cite{ref:anselm}, rare cosmic ray events in which a deficit of
neutral pions was observed\cite{ref:cent}. In a recent work
\cite{ref:cooperdcc}, the time evolution of the hadronic plasma
produced in such a collision was studied by using the $O(4)$ linear
sigma model in a longitudinal expansion. The large-$N$ expansion was
used to incorporate non-equilibrium and quantum effects into the
problem. After performing numerical simulations to solve the
time-dependent equations of motion, instabilities were found to exist
for only a short time, and thus no significant amount of pion domains
would be formed. In this work, we study the same problem using a
spherical expansion, since at late times the expansion becomes
spherical. This situation produces the most rapid cooling of the
system. We would like to see if the formation of instabilities in this
geometry is more pronounced than in a longitudinal expansion.

There are two questions which should be examined. First, we want to
know which types of initial conditions lead to the formation of
instabilities in the system; and second, if instabilities do form, we
want to find out if the size of the unstable region is large enough
to see significant domain growth. To answer the first question, we
examine the proper-time evolution of the system, starting a short time
after the phase transition, where the linear sigma model is
appropriate. We look for the effective mass of the pion to go negative
during the time evolution. This signifies the onset of growth in
long-wavelength modes, which is believed to lead to the formation of
DCCs. When we have a case where instabilities form, we then compute
the momentum distribution of outgoing pions, and compare to a
hydrodynamical model calculation, assuming local thermal
equilibrium. We find a noticeable enhancement of low momentum modes as
compared to the hydrodynamical model. This provides an experimental
signature which can be measured. The implication is that the system is
evolving out of thermal equilibrium, which is a necessary condition to
have significant growth of low momentum modes.

We prepare the initial state of the system in local thermal
equilibrium, and study the evolution using scale invariant kinematics
($v=r/t$) to model the cooling of the plasma. Scale invariant
kinematics are appropriate for a high energy spherical expansion
starting from a point source
\cite{ref:bjorkenlandau,ref:cooperlandau}, and imply that mean-field
expectation values only depend on the proper time $\tau =
\sqrt{t^2-r^2}$.  We incorporate non-equilibrium and quantum effects
through the use of the large-$N$ expansion.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sec.~\ref{sec:sigmod} we
describe the linear sigma model to leading order in a $1/N$
expansion. We then discuss in Sec.~\ref{sec:coords} our choice of
coordinates and derive equations of motion for the system. We examine
issues of renormalization and choice of suitable initial
conditions. We also derive an expression for the phase space number
density that will be used to calculate momentum distributions. In
Sec.~\ref{sec:tmunu} we discuss the calculation of the energy-momentum
tensor, and other thermodynamic relations. In Sec.~\ref{sec:results}
we present numerical results of our simulation. In Appendix
\ref{app:piprop} we look at properties of the radial functions used in
the expansion for the quantum modes. In Appendix \ref{app:nphys} we
discuss the transformation of the number density to physically
measurable variables.

\section{Linear Sigma Model}
\label{sec:sigmod}

The Lagrangian density for the linear sigma model in a generalized
curvilinear coordinate system is given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
   {\cal L}[\Phi_i] &=& \sqrt{-g(x)} \biggl\{\frac{1}{2} \,
      g_{\mu\nu}(x) [ \partial^\mu \Phi_i(x) ][ \partial^\nu \Phi_i(x)
      ] \nonumber \\ && \phantom{\sqrt{-g(x)} \biggl\{ } -
      \frac{\lambda}{4}\left[\Phi_i^2(x) - v^2 \right]^2 \biggr\} \>,
\end{eqnarray}
where the mesons are in a $O(4)$ vector, $\Phi =
(\sigma,\vec\pi)$. The factor of $\sqrt{-g(x)}$, where $-g(x) \equiv
{\rm det}[g_{\mu\nu}(x)]$, has been introduced to make the Lagrangian
a scalar density.  The potential here is the ``Mexican hat'', with
degenerate minima at any values of $\Phi$ such that $\Phi_i^2 = v^2$.
We will remove this symmetry by introducing a non-zero current term in
the $\sigma$ direction.  In this work, we use the convention of an
implied sum over a repeated index $i$, which runs from 1 to $N$. (Here
$N = 4$.) The counting for the large-$N$ expansion is implemented by
introducing a composite field $\chi = \lambda ( \Phi_i^2 - v^2 )$.
That is, we add to the Lagrangian a term given by\cite{ref:Stanley}:
\begin{displaymath}
   \left[ \, \chi - \lambda ( \Phi_i^2(x) - v^2 ) \, \right]^2 / \, 4
      \lambda \>.
\end{displaymath}
This gives an equivalent Lagrangian,
\begin{eqnarray}
   {\cal L}[\Phi_i, \chi] &=& \sqrt{-g(x)} \biggl\{ \frac{1}{2}
      g_{\mu\nu}(x) [ \partial^\mu \Phi_i ][ \partial^\nu \Phi_i ]
      \nonumber \\ && \phantom{\sqrt{-g(x)} \biggl\{ } - \frac{1}{2}
      \chi\Phi_i^2 + \frac{v^2}{2} \chi + \frac{1}{4 \lambda} \chi^2
      \biggr\} \>.
\label{eq:lag}
\end{eqnarray}

We can write the action as:
\begin{equation}
   S[\Phi_i, \chi; j_i] = \int d^4 x \, \left\{ {\cal L}[\Phi_i, \chi]
      + \sqrt{-g(x)} j_i \Phi_i \right\} \>.
\label{eq:action}
\end{equation}

We consider the generating functional, given by the path integral,
\begin{displaymath}
   Z[j_i] = \int {\rm d}[\chi] \int {\rm d}[\Phi_i] \, \exp \bigl[i
      S[\Phi_i, \chi; j_i]\bigr] \equiv \exp \bigl[i W[j_i] \bigr] \>.
\end{displaymath}

The large-$N$ approximation is equivalent to integrating out the
$\Phi_i$ variables, then performing the remaining $\chi$ integral
using the method of steepest descent. We then Legendre transform to
find the effective action,

\begin{displaymath}
   \Gamma[\phi_i, \chi] = W[j_i] - \int d^4 x \, \sqrt{-g(x)} j_i(x)
      \phi_i(x) \>,
\end{displaymath}
where
\begin{displaymath}
   \phi_i(x) = \frac{\delta W}{\delta j_i} \equiv \langle \Phi_i(x)
      \rangle \>.
\end{displaymath}

We then obtain, to lowest order (in large N)
\begin{eqnarray}
   \Gamma[\phi_i,\chi] &=& \int d^4 x \, \sqrt{-g(x)} \biggl\{
      \frac{1}{2} g_{\mu\nu}(x) [ \partial^\mu \phi_i][ \partial^\nu
      \phi_i ] \nonumber \\ && \phantom{ \int d^4 x \, \sqrt{-g(x)}
      \biggl\{ } - \frac{1}{2} \chi\phi_i^2 + \frac{v^2}{2} \chi +
      \frac{1}{4 \lambda} \chi^2 \nonumber \\ && \phantom{ \int d^4 x
      \, \sqrt{-g(x)} \biggl\{ } + \frac{i N}{2} \ln
      G_0^{-1}(x,x;\chi) \biggr\} \>, \nonumber \\
\label{eq:effaction}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{displaymath}
   (\Box + \chi(x))G_0(x,x';\chi) = i \delta^4(x-x') / \sqrt{-g(x)}
\>.
\end{displaymath}
$\Gamma[\phi_i, \chi]$ is the {\em classical} action plus the
trace-log term.

\section{Cooling Mechanism}
\label{sec:coords}

\subsection{Coordinate System}
At late times following a heavy ion collision, the energy flow becomes
three-dimensional. If we assume the entire flow is spherical, then the
system can be described in terms of the fluid variables:
\begin{eqnarray*}
   \tau & = & \sqrt{ t^2 - r^2 } \>, \\ \eta & = & \displaystyle
   \tanh^{-1} ( r / t ) = \frac{1}{2} \ln \left\{ \frac{ t + r }{ t -
   r } \right\} \>,
\end{eqnarray*}
where $t = \tau\cosh\eta$ and $r = \tau\sinh\eta$.  We restrict the
range of these variables to the forward light cone, $0 \leq \tau <
\infty$, and $0 \leq \eta < \infty$.  The variables $\tau$ and $\eta$
are useful to describe a free spherical expansion of a plasma into the
vacuum, with the velocity of the fluid identified as $v = r/t =
\tanh\eta$ \cite{ref:cooperlandau} when we are at high energies so
that the expansion can be thought of as coming from a point source
(scaling limit).  Minkowski's line element is given by:
\begin{displaymath}
   d s^2 = d \tau^2 - \tau^2 \left\{ d \eta^2 + \sinh^2 \eta \, d
      \theta^2 + \sinh^2 \eta \sin^2 \theta \, d \phi^2 \right\} \>,
\end{displaymath}
from which we can read off the metric tensor
\begin{eqnarray*}
   g_{\mu\nu} &=& \mbox{diag} (1, -\tau^2, -\tau^2 \sinh^2 \eta,
      -\tau^2 \sinh^2 \eta \sin^2 \theta) \>, \\ \sqrt{-g} & = &\tau^3
      \sinh^2 \eta \sin \theta \>.
\end{eqnarray*}
This can be compared to the Robertson-Walker metric for spherical
geometry, given by the line element:
\begin{eqnarray*}
   d s^2 &=& d \tau^2 \\ &-& a^2(\tau) \left\{ d \eta^2 + \sinh^2 \eta
   \, d \theta^2 + \sinh^2 \eta \sin^2 \theta \, d \phi^2 \right\} \>.
\end{eqnarray*}
Thus the case we consider here corresponds to a cosmological model
with a fixed uniform expansion proportional to the proper time $\tau$,
and zero curvature.

\subsection{Equations of motion}

We can derive the equations of motion from the effective action,
(\ref{eq:effaction}).  Varying the action with respect to $\phi_i$ and
$\chi$ gives:
\begin{eqnarray}
   ( \Box + \chi(x) ) \phi_i(x) & = & j_i(x) \equiv H \delta_{i0}
   \nonumber \\ ( \Box + \chi(x) ) G_0(x,x') & = & i \delta^4(x - x')
   / \sqrt{-g(x)} \>,
\label{eq:eom}
\end{eqnarray}
and the gap equation
\begin{equation}
   \chi(x) = \lambda \left\{ -v^2 + \phi_i^2(x) + N G_0(x,x) \right\}
\label{eq:chi}
\>.
\end{equation}
In order to give the pions mass, it is only necessary to have a
current in the zero ($\sigma$) direction, so that $j_0(x) \equiv H =$
constant.

We determine the parameters in the model by considering the vacuum
sector. Spatial homogeneity then gives:
\begin{eqnarray*}
   \chi_0\sigma_0 &=& H \>, \\ \chi_0 &=& -\lambda v^2 + \lambda
   \sigma_0^2 + \lambda N \int \, \frac{k^2 d k}{2\pi^2}
   \frac{1}{2\sqrt{k^2 + \chi_0}} \>.
\end{eqnarray*}
The PCAC (partial conservation of axial vector current) condition
gives:
\begin{displaymath}
   \partial_{\mu} A^{\mu}_i(x) = H \pi_i(x) \>,
\end{displaymath}
where the axial vector current is given by
\begin{displaymath}
   A^{\mu}_i(x) = [\pi_i(x) \partial^{\mu}\sigma(x) - \sigma(x)
      \partial^{\mu} \pi_i(x)] \>,
\end{displaymath}
which leads to
\begin{displaymath}
   H = f_{\pi} m^2 \>.
\end{displaymath}
Since we have defined the vacuum by $\chi_0\sigma_0 = m^2 \sigma_0 =
H$, we then find that $\sigma_0 = f_\pi$. The coupling constant
$\lambda$ is determined by the low-energy $\pi-\pi$ scattering data,
as described in\cite{ref:cooperdcc}.

We now specialize to the case when $\phi_i$ and $\chi$ are functions
of $\tau$ only. We can see that (\ref{eq:eom}) is also the equation
for a free scalar quantum field with a time-dependent mass
$\chi(\tau)$, which is self-consistently determined by
(\ref{eq:chi}). Therefore we can introduce a quantum field $\Phi_i =
\phi_i + \hat\phi_i$.  The equations for $\Phi_i$ are:
\begin{eqnarray}
   \left\{ \frac{1}{\tau^3} \frac{ \partial }{ \partial \tau } \left(
      \tau^3 \frac{ \partial }{ \partial \tau } \right) + \chi(\tau)
      \right\} \phi_i(\tau) &=& H \delta_{i0} \nonumber \\ (\Box +
      \chi(\tau))\hat\phi_i(x) &=& 0 \>,
\end{eqnarray}
where the 4-vector $x = (\tau,\eta,\theta,\phi)$.  Then for $G_0$ we
find:
\begin{displaymath}
   G_0(x,x') \equiv \langle{\rm T}_c\{ \hat{\phi}(x,\tau), \,
      \hat{\phi}(x',\tau')\} \rangle \>,
\end{displaymath}
where ${\rm T}_c$ corresponds to a $\tau$-ordered
product\cite{ref:ctp}, following the closed-time-path formalism of
Schwinger.  When $\langle \pi^i \rangle = 0$, this is the true Green's
function.

Following Parker and Fulling\cite{ref:parker}, we expand $\hat\phi_i$
into a complete set of states,
\begin{eqnarray}
   \hat{\phi}_i(\tau,\eta,\theta,\phi) &=& \int_0^{\infty} d s
      \sum_{lm} \bigl[ \hat{a}_{i,slm} \, \psi_s(\tau)
      {\cal{Y}}_{slm}(\eta,\theta,\phi) \nonumber \\ &&
      \phantom{\int_0^{\infty} d s \sum_{lm} \bigl[ } + {\rm h.c.} \,
      \bigr]
\label{eq:hatphi}
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{equation}
   {\cal{Y}}_{slm}(\eta,\theta,\phi) = \pi_{sl}(\eta)
   Y_{lm}(\theta,\phi) \>, \label{eq:bigy}
\end{equation}
and where $\psi$, $\pi$, and $Y$ satisfy:
\begin{displaymath}
   \biggl[\frac{1}{\tau^3} \frac{\partial}{\partial\tau} \biggl(\tau^3
      \frac{\partial}{\partial \tau}\biggr) + \frac{s^2 + 1}{\tau^2} +
      \chi(\tau) \biggr]\psi_s = 0 \>,
\end{displaymath}
\begin{displaymath}
   \biggl[\frac{1}{ \sinh^2 \eta } \frac{\partial}{\partial \eta}
      \biggl( \sinh^2 \eta \, \frac{\partial}{\partial \eta} \biggr) +
      s^2 + 1 - \frac{ l(l+1) }{ \sinh^2 \eta } \biggr]\pi_{sl} = 0
      \>,
\end{displaymath}
\begin{displaymath}
   \biggl[\frac{1}{\sin \theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}
      \biggl( \sin \theta \, \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} \biggr)
      + \frac{1}{\sin^2 \theta} \biggl( \frac{\partial^2}{\partial
      \phi^2} \biggr) + l(l+1) \biggr]Y_{lm} = 0 \>.
\end{displaymath}
Here, $Y_{lm}(\theta,\phi)$ are the usual spherical harmonics, and
$\pi_{sl}(\eta)$ are a complete set of functions, discussed in
Appendix \ref{app:piprop}.

In order to satisfy the canonical commutation relations, we require
$\psi_s(\tau)$ to satisfy the Wronskian condition:
\begin{displaymath}
   \psi_s^{\ast}(\tau) \dot{\psi}_s(\tau) - \psi_s(\tau)
      \dot{\psi}_s^{\ast}(\tau) = - i / \tau^3 \>,
\end{displaymath}
where the ``dot'' means differentiation with respect to $\tau$.
Therefore we find
\begin{displaymath}
   [ \hat{\phi}_{i,slm}(\tau),
     \hat{\dot{\phi}}_{j,s'l'm'}^{\dagger}(\tau) ] = i \delta_{ij} \,
     \delta(s' - s) \, \delta_{l l'} \delta_{m m'} / \tau^3 \>,
\end{displaymath}
and
\begin{displaymath}
   [ \hat{a}_{i,slm}, \hat{a}_{j,s'l'm'}^{\dagger} ] = \delta_{i j} \,
      \delta(s' - s) \, \delta_{l l'} \delta_{m m'} \>.
\end{displaymath}
We are now in a position to calculate $\langle \hat\phi_i^2 \rangle$.
We shall choose the (Heisenberg) state vector such that the bilinear
forms of creation and destruction operators are diagonal:
\begin{eqnarray*}
   \langle \hat{a}_{j,s'l'm'}^{\dagger} \hat{a}_{i,slm} \rangle & = &
      n_s \, \delta_{i j} \, \delta(s' - s) \, \delta_{l l'} \delta_{m
      m'} \>, \\ \langle \hat{a}_{j,s'l'm'} \hat{a}_{i,slm}^{\dagger}
      \rangle & = & ( n_s + 1 ) \, \delta_{i j} \, \delta(s' - s) \,
      \delta_{l l'} \delta_{m m'} \>, \\ \langle
      \hat{a}_{j,s'l'm'}\hat{a}_{i,slm} \rangle & = & p_s \, \delta_{i
      j} \, \delta(s' - s) \, \delta_{l l'} \delta_{m m'} \>, \\
      \langle \hat{a}_{j,s'l'm'}^{\dagger}\hat{a}_{i,slm}^{\dagger}
      \rangle & = & p_s^{\ast} \, \delta_{i j} \, \delta(s' - s) \,
      \delta_{l l'} \delta_{m m'} \>.
\end{eqnarray*}
Here $n_s$ and $p_s$ are the particle and pair densities.  They will
be taken to be a function of $s$ only.  In addition, we will take
$n_s$ to be a thermal distribution in the comoving frame,
\begin{displaymath}
   n_s = \frac{1}{e^{\omega_s(\tau_0) / k_B T} - 1} \>,
\end{displaymath}
with $\omega_s = \sqrt{s^2/\tau_0^2 + \chi(\tau_0)}$. We can choose
$p_s = 0$ for all our simulations, since one has the freedom to make a
Bogoliubov transformation at $\tau_0$ so that this is true. Using the
results in Appendix \ref{app:piprop}, we then find
\begin{eqnarray*}
   \langle\hat\phi_i^2\rangle &=& \int_0^{\infty} d s \, ( 2 n_s + 1 )
      | \psi_s(\tau) |^2 \, \sum_{lm} | {\cal
      Y}_{slm}(\eta,\theta,\phi) |^2 \\ &=& \int_0^{\infty} \frac{s^2
      d s}{2\pi^2} \, (2 n_s + 1) | \psi_s(\tau)|^2 \>.
\end{eqnarray*}
Therefore (\ref{eq:chi}) becomes:
\begin{equation}
   \chi(\tau) = - \lambda v^2 + \lambda \phi_i^2(\tau) + \lambda N
      \int_0^{\infty} \frac { s^2 d s }{ 2 \pi^2 } \, ( 2 n_s + 1 ) |
      \psi_s(\tau) |^2 \>,
\label{eq:chig}
\end{equation}
and is a function of $\tau$ only.  This completes the derivation of
the equations of motion.

\subsection{Initial Conditions and Renormalization}

The variable $\tau$ does not allow for a good WKB expansion due to the
singularity at $\tau=0$. The transformation $u = \ln(m\tau)$, where
$m$ is any mass scale (we choose $m = m_\pi$), maps the singularity to
$u = -\infty$, and allows one to perform a WKB expansion in the usual
manner.

Changing variables to $u$ and rescaling the fields using the
substitutions
\begin{eqnarray*}
   \psi_s(u) &=& g_s(u) e^{-u} m^{3/2} \\ \phi_i(u) &=& \rho_i(u)
   e^{-u} m^{3/2} \>,
\end{eqnarray*}
we get:
\begin{eqnarray}
   \left[\frac{d^2}{du^2} + s^2 + \chi(u) e^{2u}/m^2 \right] g_s(u)
      &=& 0 \nonumber \\ \left[\frac{d^2}{du^2} + \chi(u) e^{2u} / m^2
      - 1 \right] \rho_i(u) &=& H \delta_{i0} e^{3u} / m^{7/2}
\label{eq:ueom}
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
   \chi(u) &=& - \lambda v^2 + \lambda \sum_i m^3 e^{-2u} \rho_i^2(u)
   \nonumber \\ &+& \lambda N \int_0^{s_m} \frac{ s^2 d s}{ 2 \pi^2 }
   \, (2 n_s + 1) m^3 e^{-2u} | g_s(u)|^2 \>,
\label{eq:chiu}
\end{eqnarray}
with $s_m = \Lambda e^u / m$.
Then $g_s(u)$ obeys the Wronskian
\begin{displaymath}
   g_s^{\ast}(u) \frac{dg_s(u)}{du} - \frac{dg_s^{\ast}(u)}{du} g_s(u)
   = - i/m \>.
\end{displaymath}
From (\ref{eq:ueom}), we notice that when $\chi(u) < 0$, modes satisfying
$s^2 / \tau^2 < \chi$ grow exponentially in $\tau$. However, from
(\ref{eq:chiu}), we see that these growing modes will quickly cause
$\chi$ to become positive when $\lambda$ is large, as is the case here.

We can now use a WKB ansatz for $g_s(u)$:
\begin{displaymath}
   g_s(u) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 m W_s(u)}} \, {\rm exp} \left[
      -i \int_{u_0}^u \, W_s(u') du' \right] \>,
\end{displaymath}
where $W_s(u)$ satisfies:
\begin{equation}
   \frac{1}{2} \frac{W_s{''}}{W_s} - \frac{3}{4}
      \left( \frac{W'_s}{W_s} \right)^2 + W_s^2 = \omega_s^2(u)
\>,
\end{equation}
and $\omega_s(u) = \sqrt{s^2 + \chi(u) e^{2u} / m^2}$.
We will then take the initial conditions
\begin{eqnarray*}
   W_s(u_0) &=& \omega_s(u_0)
   \\
   W'_s(u_0) &=& \omega'_s(u_0)
\>,
\end{eqnarray*}
which correspond to the adiabatic vacuum. This allows us to introduce
an interpolating number density which interpolates between $n_s(u)$
and the true ``out'' density, $n_{{\rm out}}$.

By a WKB analysis, one can show\cite{ref:cooperren} that $G_0(x,x)$ has
quadratic and logarithmic divergences. The quadratic divergence can be
removed by mass renormalization. In the vacuum sector, the mass of the
pion
is given by (\ref{eq:chiu}), with $\chi_{\rm{vac}} \equiv m_\pi^2 =
m^2$:
\begin{equation}
   m^2 = - \lambda v^2 +
      \lambda f_\pi^2 +
      \lambda N \int_0^{\Lambda}\frac{k^2 dk}{ 2 \pi^2 }
      \, \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{ k^2 + m^2 }}
\>,
\label{eq:vacmass}
\end{equation}
with cutoff $\Lambda$.
We note that if we change variables in the integral to
$s = k \tau = k e^u/m$, (\ref{eq:vacmass}) becomes:
\begin{eqnarray}
   m^2 = -&& \lambda v^2 +
      \lambda f_\pi^2
   \nonumber \\
   +&& \lambda N m^2 e^{-2u}
      \int_0^{s_m}
      \frac{s^2 ds}{ 2 \pi^2 }
      \, \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{ s^2 + e^{2u} }}
\>.
\label{eq:massu}
\end{eqnarray}
Subtracting this equation from (\ref{eq:chiu}), we obtain a
logarithmically divergent expression for $\chi$:
\begin{eqnarray}
   \chi(u)& = & m^2 + \lambda \sum_i
      \left( m^3 e^{-2u} \rho_i^2(u) - f_{\pi}^2 \right)
   \nonumber \\
   &&
   + \lambda N \int_0^{s_m}
      \frac{ s^2 ds}{ 2 \pi^2 } \,
      (2 n_s + 1) \, m^3 e^{-2u} | g_s(u)|^2
   \nonumber \\
   && - \lambda N \int_0^{s_m}
      \frac{ s^2 ds}{ 2 \pi^2 } \,
      m^2 e^{-2u} \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{s^2 + e^{2u}}}
\>.
\label{eq:chiren}
\end{eqnarray}
Note that the last integral is {\em independent} of $u$.

The coupling constant is renormalized by taking
\begin{eqnarray}
   \frac{1}{\lambda}
      & = &  \frac{1}{\lambda_r} -
      \frac{N}{8 \pi^2} \int_0^{\Lambda}
      \frac { k^2 dk }{ ( k^2 + m^2 )^{3/2} }
   \nonumber \\
   & = &  \frac{1}{\lambda_r} -
      \frac{N}{8 \pi^2} \int_0^{s_m}
      \frac { s^2 ds }{ ( s^2 + e^{2u} )^{3/2} }
\>.
\label{eq:lamren}
\end{eqnarray}
One can explicitly show by using (\ref{eq:lamren}) in
(\ref{eq:chiren}) that $\chi(u)$ is now completely finite.

We will also need the value of $\dot\chi(u)$ for the initial
conditions:
\begin{eqnarray}
   && \dot\chi(u) \left[ 1 + \lambda N \int_0^{s_m} \,
      \frac{s^2 ds}{2\pi^2} (2 n_s + 1)
      \frac{1}{4 \omega_s^3(u)}\right]
   \nonumber \\
   &=& 2 \lambda e^{-2u}m^3 [\rho_i(u) \rho'_i(u)
      - \rho_i^2(u)]
   \nonumber \\
   &+& \frac{\lambda N \Lambda^3}{4\pi^2}
      \frac{(2 n_{s_m} + 1)}
      {\sqrt{\Lambda^2 + \chi(u)}}
   \nonumber \\
   &-&\lambda N \int_0^{s_m} \,
      \frac{s^2 ds}{2\pi^2} (2 n_s + 1)
      m^2 e^{-2u}
   \nonumber \\
   && \phantom{\lambda N \int_0^{s_m}}
      \times \left[ \frac{\chi(u)e^{2u}}
      {2 m^2 \omega_s^3(u)} + \frac{1}{\omega_s(u)}\right]
\>.
\end{eqnarray}

\subsection{Phase Space Interpolating Number Density}

In the expansion (\ref{eq:hatphi}), we can also use a
time-dependent set of creation and annhilation operators, with first
order adiabatic mode functions,
\begin{eqnarray}
   \hat{\phi}_i(u,\eta,\theta,\phi) &=&
      \int_0^{\infty} d s
      \sum_{lm} \bigl[ \hat{a}_{i,slm}(u) \,
      \psi_s^0(u) {\cal{Y}}_{slm}(\eta,\theta,\phi)
   \nonumber \\
   && \phantom{  \int_0^{\infty} d s
      \sum_{lm} \bigl[ }
      + {\rm h.c.} \, \bigr]
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{displaymath}
   \psi_s^0(u) \, = g_s^0(u) e^{-u} m^{3/2}
\>,
\end{displaymath}
and
\begin{displaymath}
   g_s^0(u) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 m \omega_s(u)}}
      \, {\rm exp} \left[-i \int_{u_0}^{u} \,
      \omega_s(u') du' \right]
\>.
\end{displaymath}
We can define the first order adiabatic number density as:
\begin{equation}
   n_s(u) = \langle \hat{a}^{\dag}_s(u) \hat{a}_s(u) \rangle
\>,
\end{equation}
where, for simplicity, we have suppressed the angular indices on
$\hat{a}_s$ and $\hat{a}^{\dag}_s$.

One can show\cite{ref:mottola} that $n_s(u)$ is an adiabatic
invariant, and would be the true number density in a slowly varying
expansion. We then choose
\begin{eqnarray*}
   \hat{a}_s &=& \hat{a}_s(u_0)
   \\
   g_s(u_0) &=& g_s^0(u_0)
\end{eqnarray*}
so that the initial $\hat{a}$ and $\hat{a}^{\dag}$ are the adiabatic
ones. When $\chi(u) \rightarrow m^2$ then $n_s(u) \rightarrow n_{{\rm
out}}$, which is the true out-state phase space number density.

The time-dependent creation and annihilation operators satisfy
\begin{equation}
   \frac{d \hat{a}_s}{du} g_s^0
      + \frac{d\hat{a}^{\dag}_s}{du} g^{0 \, \ast} = 0
\>.
\end{equation}

The time-dependent operators can be connected to the time-independent
operators via a Bogoliubov transformation:
\begin{equation}
   \hat{a}_s(u) = \alpha(s,u) \hat{a}_s + \beta(s,u) \hat{a}^{\dag}_{-s}
\>,
\end{equation}
where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are determined by:
\begin{eqnarray}
   \alpha(s,u) &=& i \left( g_s^{0 \, \ast}
      \frac{dg_s}{du}
      - \frac{d g_s^{0 \, \ast}}{du}
      g_s \right)
   \nonumber \\
   \beta(s,u) &=& i \left( g_s^0
      \frac{d g_s}{du}
      - \frac{dg_s^0}{du}
      g_s \right) \>.
\end{eqnarray}
We then find
\begin{equation}
   n_s(u) = n_s(u_0) + |\beta(s,u)|^2 (1 + 2 n_s(u_0))
\label{nstau}
\>.
\end{equation}
Notice that at $u = u_0$, $\beta(s, u_0) = 0$, so $n_s(u)
= n_s(u_0) \equiv n_s$. Since $n_s(u_0)$ is the initial phase space
number density, and at late times, becomes the out-state number
density, it is an interpolating number density.

\section{Energy-Momentum Tensor}
\label{sec:tmunu}

The energy-momentum tensor $T^{\mu\nu}$ is defined by:
\begin{equation}
   \delta S = - \frac{1}{2} \int d^4 x \sqrt{-g}
      \, T^{\mu\nu}(x) \, \delta g_{\mu\nu}(x)
\>,
\end{equation}
with the action given by (\ref{eq:action}).  Performing the
variations, we find the ``improved'' energy-momentum
tensor\cite{ref:callan}
\begin{eqnarray}
   T_{\mu\nu} (x) &=& ( \partial_{\mu} \Phi_i ) \, ( \partial_{\nu}
      \Phi_i ) - g_{\mu\nu} {\cal L}
   \nonumber \\
   &&\phantom{(}
      + \frac{1}{6} \left[g_{\mu\nu}
      g^{\alpha\beta}\Phi_{i;\alpha;\beta}^2 - \Phi_{i;\mu;\nu}^2
\right]
\>,
\end{eqnarray}
where the Lagrangian density is given by (\ref{eq:lag}). We
follow the standard practice\cite{ref:cooperlandau} and define the
energy density and pressures by
\begin{displaymath}
   T_{\mu\nu} = {\rm diag} \, ( \epsilon, p_\eta \, \tau^2,
      p_\theta \, \tau^2 \sinh^2 \eta ,
      p_\phi \, \tau^2 \sinh^2 \eta \sin^2 \theta )
\>.
\end{displaymath}

Next, we take expectation values of the energy-momentum tensor.
One can easily show all the pressures are equal, $p = p_\eta =
p_\theta = p_\phi$, and that $T_{\mu\nu}$ is diagonal.

The energy-momentum tensor obeys a conservation law:
\begin{equation}
   T^{\mu\nu}_{;\mu} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}}
      \frac{\partial}{\partial x^\mu}
      \left( \sqrt{-g} \, T^{\mu\nu} \right) +
      \Gamma^{\nu}_{\mu\lambda} \, T^{\mu\lambda} = 0
   \>.
\label{tmunu}
\end{equation}
One can easily verify that the energy conservation equation, the $\nu
= 0$ component of (\ref{tmunu}) takes the form:
\begin{equation}
   \frac{ \partial \epsilon }{ \partial \tau } +
      \frac{3}{\tau}(\epsilon + p)  = 0  \>.
\end{equation}
In thermal equilibrium, this would become the entropy conservation
equation.  Then we have $d\epsilon = T ds$ and $\epsilon + p = T s$.
In an ultra-relativistic fluid expansion, with $c_0^2 = \frac{1}{3}$,
$p = \frac{1}{3} \epsilon$ and $\epsilon \tau^4$ = constant.

In our simulations we have verified that the local energy
conservation (\ref{tmunu}) is valid.

\section{Numerical Results}
\label{sec:results}

To choose the initial conditions, we start the system at
a temperature above the phase transition in thermal equilibrium, with
all particle masses positive. The equations are solved
self-consistently at the starting time to obtain the values of the
$\chi$, $\langle\sigma\rangle$ and $\langle\vec{\pi}\rangle$
fields. We fixed the value of $\chi$ at the initial time as the
solution of the gap equation in the initial thermal state. We also
required that the initial expectation values of the $\sigma$ and
$\vec\pi$ fields satisfy
\begin{displaymath}
   \pi^2(\tau_0) + \sigma^2(\tau_0) = \sigma^2_T
\>,
\end{displaymath}
where $\sigma_T$ is the equilibrium value of $\Phi$ at the initial
temperature $T$.  We choose $T =$ 200 MeV, which gives $\sigma_T =
0.3$ fm $^{-1}$.  We compute the time evolution of these fields,
starting at a proper time $\tau_0 = 1 \, {\rm fm}$. The value of
$f_{\pi}$ used in all the simulations is 92.5 MeV, and $\lambda_R$ is
7.3 (see\cite{ref:cooperdcc}).  Below we show results for several sets
of initial conditions. Once the initial values are chosen, we have the
freedom to vary the first derivative of the $\Phi$ field. The results
with $\dot\pi \ne 0$ were similar to those with $\dot\sigma \ne 0$, so
we only show results for the latter case.  We find there is a wide
range of values which will allow the system to become unstable, $0.15
< |\dot\sigma| < 4.95$. This can be compared with the longitudinal
expansion \cite{ref:cooperdcc}, where the regime of instability was
much smaller, $0.25 < |\dot\sigma| < 1.3$. This is because the
spherical expansion leads to a much larger negative gradient for
$\chi$ than the longitudinal case.

Figures \ref{fig:chi} and \ref{fig:sigpi} show the results of the
numerical simulation for the proper time evolution of the system. We
display the auxiliary field $\chi$ in units of fm$^{-2}$, the
classical fields $\Phi_i$ in units of fm$^{-1}$, and the proper time
in units of fm. At proper times greater than $\approx 10$ fm, the
auxiliary field reaches its vacuum value of $m_{\pi}^2$, the $\sigma$
field approaches its vacuum value of $f_{\pi}$, and the $\pi$
field its value of zero. This is in distinction to the longitudinal
expansion, where even at $\tau = 30$ fm, one had not yet reached the
``out'' regime.

For all of our initial conditions, the size of the unstable region
($\chi < 0$) is at most 2-3 fm. Thus we find that the spherical
expansion does not produce larger domains than the longitudinal case.
We also see that when we start the initial expectation value of $\Phi_i$
in the $\pi_1$ direction that the system becomes slightly more
unstable. We notice that if the derivative of the field is positive or
zero that this is insufficient to generate instabilities.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:temp}, we show the effect of the initial
temperature on the evolution of the auxiliary field. We see that
varying the initial temperature has little effect. In
Fig.~\ref{fig:Lambda}, we show the evolution of the $\chi$ field for
different values of the cutoff $\Lambda$. We can see that $\chi$ is
independent of $\Lambda$, which shows that the renormalization has
been carried out correctly. In our simulations we use the value
$\Lambda =$ 800 MeV, since $\Lambda =$ 1 GeV is too close to the
Landau pole (see\cite{ref:cooperdcc}). When one chooses a cutoff too
close to the Landau pole the late time behavior becomes unstable.

Figures \ref{fig:ns1} and \ref{fig:ns0} show the number density
calculated from (\ref{nstau}), for several different proper
times. Figure \ref{fig:ns1} is a case where instabilities have arisen in
the system, and there is a large amount of particle production during
the time that $\chi$ has gone negative. Figure \ref{fig:ns0} is a case
with no instabilities, and there is very little particle production as
a function of proper time.

Figures \ref{fig:np1} and \ref{fig:np0} show the same distributions
transformed to the physical momentum $p$, as discussed in Appendix
\ref{app:nphys}. The momentum $p$ is plotted in units of $m_\pi$. We
compare these distributions to a hydrodynamical model calculation [see
(\ref{eq:c-f3})], where we have assumed that when the system reaches
the ``out'' regime, the final distribution is a combination of a
thermal distribution in the comoving frame at $T_c = m_\pi$ boosted to the
center of mass frame using the boost variable $\eta(r,t)$ (see
\cite{ref:cooperlandau}). For comparison purposes, we have
renormalized the thermal distributions to give the same center of mass
energy ($E = 100$ GeV) as the corresponding non-thermal distributions.
We see that as a result of the non-equilibrium evolution, there is an
enhancement at low momentum independent of whether or not there are
instabilities; however, the effect of instabilities is to greatly
magnify this low momentum enhancement.

\section{Conclusions}

In this paper we have performed numerical simulations to examine the
chiral phase transition during a uniform spherical expansion of the
hadronic plasma. We used the linear $\sigma$ model to leading order
in a large-$N$
expansion and studied a wide range of initial conditions starting
above the critical temperature for the phase transition. We found
initial conditions which drove the system to instabilities that lead
to the formation of disoriented chiral condensates. Due to the
necessity of a rather large renormalized coupling constant, the
formation of instabilities lasted only a short time because of the
large exponentially growing quantum corrections in (\ref{eq:chiu}),
and no significant amount of domain formation was observed. However,
we find that the phase space number density for our non-equilibrium
evolution is significantly different from one which would result from
an evolution in thermal equilibrium. The experimental signature for
domain formation is an increase in the pion particle production rate
at low momentum.  Our calculations were done in a mean-field
approximation, where all the mode coupling is due to the presence of
this mean field. In next order in large-$N$, scattering in the background
mean field occurs, and the possibility for re-equilibrization exists.
These effects will be incorporated in a future calculation.
In comparison to particle production during a longitudinal expansion,
we find that in a spherical expansion the system reaches the ``out''
regime much faster and more particles get produced. However the size
of the unstable region, which is related to the size of the domain
of DCCs, is not enhanced.

\section*{acknowledgements}

The authors would like to thank Emil Mottola, Yuval Kluger and Salman
Habib for useful discussions. UNH gratefully acknowledges support by
the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-88ER40410). One of us (FC)
would like to thank the University of New Hampshire for its
hospitality.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


An SEO Expert and a blogger.
Lets see some Yahoo guys coming over and answering to what you asked!
In Google webmaster tools, you can have a control on what to have and what not to have in the sitelinks section.
Long stories don't attract much.
And good that we can edit it and add any new entry if any exists! Have to check what textile refers to actually..
Any section, new section or the present blog would not be good for News, as many many sites publish the same news.
btw this algo might really be helpful for people who usually are not that active in that site, but bad for those power diggers who have been adding good stories since a lot of time.
After reading the complete post, i thought i would be seeing all digg supporting or against digg comments but Rebecca's runderwear has been more demanding lol ;)

btw this algo might really be helpful for people who usually are not that active in that site, but bad for those power diggers who have been adding good stories since a lot of time.
I too had the same feeling.. Google will keep pulling on and others keep bragging.
And Rebecca there are quaite many Gujarati language speaking SEO specialists whom i know and who might be taking the survey.. I think that language should be added too.
Very very cool survey guys :)Juct about it complete it!
MSN image traffic does give me a lot of traffic but the problem is because of the interface the visitors move from my website within seconds and in case of google they offer a frame where in the visitor converts more and gets me returning traffic.
MSN has better graphical interface and google has quick loading service.
Excellent post there :)Will try this way and see how much increase in traffic i get.


Transmission: Automatic Color:White Interior Color: Gray Average Vehicle Review: (4 reviews) I have the LTZ turbo. This car is small on the outside but feels like Dr. Whos's Tartus on the inside. Ive taken it up to Deals Gap NC and slayed the Dragon. This car went through all 319 curves and the turbo was responsive when i needed it. THE CAR STOPS ON A DIME. Maintenence is easy. There isnt anything on this car a person couldnt do themselves. Interior iz spacious and roomy. I am in my car for 8 hrs a day and never get tired. Seat warmers keep you warm and leatherette seats make clean ups a beaze. I would definitely recomend this car to anyone.
Transmission: Automatic Color:White Interior Color: Black Average Vehicle Review: (4 reviews) It drives very smoothly. I wish it had 4 wheel drive though. On Star & XM radio is nice. Very roomy inside. I don't like that what ever I place N the rear compartment slides around. I had to purchase textured flooring & a net to keep stuff still in the back.


Should Specialty Drugs Be Shifted From Medical to Pharmacy Benefit?
Specialty drugs have been a house divided. Oral medications have been managed under the pharmacy benefit while medications that are infused or injected have been managed as a medical benefit. Self-injected medications have been a muddle, landing on both sides of the benefit divide.
Common sense and convenience recommended this arrangement. If health plans and other payers were paying providers under the medical benefit for injection and infusion services, why not cover drug being injected or infused as part of the same claim?
Besides, specialty drugs have been a secondary concern, so the medical–pharmacy benefit split just hasn't been that big a deal. Until recently, oral medications have been the category in need of management, and they are clearly the province of the pharmacy benefit, accounting for the lion's share of pharmacy expenditures.
And the oncologists, rheumatologists, and other specialists who regularly prescribe and administer specialty drugs haven't been complaining. When they buy medications and bill for them, that has added an income stream into their practice. For some, that stream has turned into a torrent as the number and cost of the specialty drugs has increased.
Now that specialty drugs have become budget busters, health plan executives and pharmacy benefit managers are questioning the wisdom of covering specialty drugs in two different ways and, more particularly, whether more medications should be moved from the medical benefit to the pharmacy benefit as one way to rein in costs.
According to the 10th edition of EMD Serono's Specialty Digest, the switch is under way. A survey of 91 health plans that provided the data for the digest found a significant shift to the pharmacy benefit for the medications for hemophilia, respiratory syncytial virus, and, as a group, the intravenous immune-modulating medications for rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis (figure, below).
There have been some early adopters, such as Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Rhode Island (BCBSRI). The insurer acted well before the current trend, moving many specialty medications over to the pharmacy benefit six years ago.
First, comparisons are easier when medications are on the same benefit. Oranges-to-apples become apples-to-apples because the billing procedures and benefit structures are the same. The anti-inflammatory medications for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions are used to illustrate the medical–pharmacy divide. Infliximab (Remicade) tends to be paid for and managed as a medical benefit because it is infused, while adalimumab (Humira) and etanercept (Enbrel) tend to be managed as a pharmacy benefit because they are self-injected.
Advantage number two: Moving specialty drugs into the pharmacy benefit often involves "white bagging" — medications normally administered by a physician come directly from a specialty pharmacy in a metaphorical white bag at the correct dose for a particular patient. The insurer pays the specialty pharmacy for the drug. White bagging effectively eliminates the traditional buy-and-bill arrangement whereby providers buy the drug and bill for the cost plus a markup.
"Having doctors and hospitals buy a drug and bill for it is adding another link in the supply chain," says Tony Dodek, MD, vice president for medical quality and strategy at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts. As with any other process, Dodek adds, adding links to a supply chain means additional cost. What's more, providers are influenced by the income bump from buy-and-bill. It's not that they prescribe the wrong medication, says Paine, but the financial incentives built into buy-and-bill may affect medication choices.
Another advantage of what might be called the "pharmatization" of specialty drugs is the specificity of the National Drug Codes (NDC) used to make and pay claims when medications are under the pharmacy benefit. The 10-digit NDC code identifies the "labeler" — which can be the manufacturer, relabeler, or distributor — as well the strength, dose, formulation, and package size of the medication. All that information can add layers of precision and sophistication to data analysis and utilization review.
If a medication is paid for under the medical benefit, the claims use J codes — they are part of the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) — and J codes are blunt instruments compared with NDC codes. There's often a lag in assigning J codes, so new drugs may share an "unlisted" designation for months, Paine notes. Brand and generic drugs share a J code, and package size is not included. If you need to track medication use and cost, J code data will give you a fuzzy picture; the NDC codes, a high-res one."How many different growth hormones do we have — five, six, seven? Most would have the same J code."
Finally, once specialty drugs are on the pharmacy side of the benefit divide, all those cost-controlling gadgets in the pharmacy management toolkit — prior authorization, utilization management, preferred networks, tiered pricing if there are choices — come into play. Medical benefit coverage doesn't preclude use of the same management strategies and techniques, but they may not be as well developed.
For example, prior authorization is tighter with pharmacy benefit coverage. If your doctor writes a prescription and you go to get it filled and it is not on the formulary, the pharmacist is not going to dispense it — unless you pay out of pocket. On the medical side a doctor may infuse a drug before seeking authorization. Because the service is already delivered, it is a bit harder to manage. And if the health plan were to decide the service isn't medically necessary, the patient could be held financially responsible.
But hold on. There are some good reasons for not migrating medications over to the pharmacy benefit — or, at the very least, for doing so in a thoughtful, case-by-case way.
For one thing, Gleason points out, depending on the drug and other factors, hospitals and physicians can sometimes buy medications at a lower price than specialty pharmacies because of class-of-trade pricing. If enough of that saving is passed on to health plans, then moving those medications to the pharmacy benefit could backfire and wind up costing, rather than saving, a health plan money.
But how much a health plan and its beneficiaries benefit from lower class-of-trade prices varies. Paine cautions that it can be difficult — and potentially ruinous for good relations — for health plans to start aggressively negotiating specialty drug prices with hospitals and other providers if they haven't done so in the past because specialty drugs have often been a major source of revenues for providers.
The switch could also alienate beneficiaries if their out-of-pocket expenses go through the roof. Whether they actually will depends on the finer details of benefit design. In the past, keeping drugs on the medical benefit was often a good deal for beneficiaries because their out-of-pocket expenses were less than under the pharmacy benefit.
Another reason to go slow on switching medications to the pharmacy benefit is variable dosing, which is a common practice for the infused medications, especially the oncology drugs. J codes and medical claims allow providers to bill for less than the full package. Without some kind of adjustment, there would be a lot of expensive waste if the patient only needed a partial vial under the pharmacy benefit because pharmacies only dispense full vials.
It's complicated, though, because some insurers are now allowing physicians paid under the medical benefit to bill for full vials, even if they administer a partial vial. If that's the case, then there might be less of an advantage to the medical benefit, depending on the insurer.
Health plans have to be very careful about angering providers who depend on buy-and-bill income. A health plan in New England reversed course when oncologists threatened to leave en masse if the plan moved ahead with moving cancer medications to the pharmacy benefit, according to Dodek. "We have to be sensitive to the needs of the members but also to the needs of the providers in the network." Yet there are some providers who may welcome health plans moving drugs to the pharmacy benefit. Buy-and-bill can tie up a lot of capital as the number and price of specialty drugs has increased.
But here's another take: Maybe all this fretting over the medical–pharmacy divide is a bit misguided. Rather than yanking specialty medications over to the pharmacy benefit and weathering the disruption that causes, why not just smooth out the hassles that come from having some medications covered under the medical benefit and others under the pharmacy benefit?
Lotvin touts the software developed by NovoLogix, a company acquired by CVS, as an example of such a tool. After criteria are developed, the software can guide decisions on which drug to use and whether to route the claim down the medical benefit or pharmacy benefit channel.
In Lotvin's telling, smart software like that of NovoLogix also solves the J code fuzziness problem because it "cross walks" J codes with NDC codes. Even if specialty medication claims are paid with J codes, the software collects data at the granular NDC code level that can be analyzed later. "You pay under the J code but you ask for the NDC code on the claim — that takes care of your problem," says Lotvin.
Earlier this year, Milliman produced a report for CVS Health on the possible savings of moving medications from the medical to the pharmacy benefit. By Milliman's reckoning, a little over half (53%) of total specialty medication costs were paid through the medical benefit and a little under half (47%) through the pharmacy benefit. Yet the consultant's calculations show that specialty drugs as a whole account for just 6% ($20 out of $360) of a typical commercial health plan's per-member, per-month (PMPM) cost compared with 24% of the pharmacy benefit allowed costs. The consultant's report is based on an analysis of 2012 claims. The FDA approved sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) in December 2013. It's likely that specialty drug spending is now a larger percentage of medical and pharmacy costs.
Milliman's analysis found that spending on self-administered specialty drugs (oral, inhaled, and injected) and those injected or infused by a provider together accounted for about 16% ($3.22 out of $20) of spending on medications covered by the medical benefit. By moving 90% of those drugs from medical benefit to pharmacy benefit, health plans could cut those costs by 19.7%, on average, by Milliman's figuring.
The consultant didn't do this math, but that works out to $0.63 PMPM or $7.56 per member per year. Sure, that's a savings when you add it up over many members over many years, but it is just 0.2% of the $360 PMPM. A spokesman for CVS noted that Milliman limited its analysis to potential savings from managing the site of care, so a raft of other savings opportunities from utilization management, preferred drug pricing, and so on, are not reflected in this number crunching.
Milliman analyzed infused medications separately. Oncology drugs, which many acknowledge are a world unto themselves because of the power of the provider group, the mortality of the disease, and other factors, were excluded from the analysis. Moreover, because infused drugs are more complicated to administer, the consultant presumed a 75% medical-to-pharmacy "conversion" instead of 90%. With these provisos, Milliman's analysis showed that the allowed $5.43 PMPM for nononcology, provider-infused medications could be reduced, on average, by 12.3%. Do the math, and that comes out to $0.67 PMPM — and so, again, a nice savings, but not a huge one.
A month before the Milliman report came out, Artemetrx released an analysis of the medical-to-pharmacy switch that arrived at an entirely different conclusion. Crunching the numbers for 2012 claims for five specialty drugs for 10 health plans, Artemetrx found the average allowed price was 4% to 38% higher under the pharmacy benefit. The likely reason: lower acquisition costs for physicians because of class-of-trade pricing. Artemetrx's takeaway is that health plans ought to take a close look at actual prices before they start moving medications to the pharmacy benefit.
One major difference between the Milliman and Artemetrx studies is that Artemetrx deliberately excluded outpatient hospital pricing, which is much higher than physician office pricing. In Milliman's calculations, a large part of the savings from a medical-to-pharmacy switch came from moving specialty drugs away from the pricey hospital outpatient setting. Patrick Gleason, PharmD, director of health outcomes for Prime Therapeutics, points out that site-of-service decisions can be made apart from the medical–pharmacy benefit choice.
The consultant showed that moving medications to the pharmacy benefit produced savings. The first column is the allowed per-member, per-month (PMPM) cost before the savings. The second is Milliman's estimate of average savings from a medical-to-pharmacy benefit switch.
*Assumes a 90% conversion from medical to pharmacy benefit.
*Assumes a 75% conversion from medical to pharmacy benefit.
This consultant found that specialty medications in the pharmacy "channel" are more expensive.
How much more expensive is pharmacy?


It comes as no surprise that when you are looking for things to do in Perth with kids, your typical choices are going to the zoo or other animal orientated attractions, checking out amusement parks or heading to the latest exhibition at the museum.
While these are popular and fun activities to do with kids, especially around school holiday time, there may be an activity that you haven't thought about doing in Perth with the kids, and it just happens to be our specialty.
Here at Helen O'Grady Drama Academy, our drama classes are a great activity to get your kids involved with. While guiding your kids through the zoo or museum can be fun, why not get your kids interacting with others their own age in a safe and energetic environment?
Our kids drama classes are grouped into similar age groups, from 3- 5 year olds, 5-8 year olds, 9-12 year olds and 12- 17 year olds, so that no matter the age of your child, there is a drama class to suit them.
Our highly acclaimed self development program helps kids to develop so many life skills that last a lifetime!
Through our fun, stimulating lessons, kids learn to become confident, learn how to communicate effectively with their peers, and gain self esteem which contributes to their levels of enthusiasm and energy. Could you ask for a more beneficial cycle of behaviour?
Are you looking for things to do in Perth with the kids? Find out why Helen O'Grady Drama Academy are the world's largest provider of developmental acting classes for children, from 3 years of age to teens of 17. Let's work together to develop your kids' essential life skills, while having fun and exploring their creativity. With numerous classes located throughout Perth, you are sure to find something to do with the kids at Helen O'Grady Drama Academy. Click here to find out how to contact us.
We have really enjoyed our Improvisations this term and have already been to the Zoo with the Lower Primary classes! Upper Primary students have been working on prop skills and mini-scripts, which will give us solid grounding towards our Term 4 Productions which we look forward to performing for you at the end of the year.
Stay tuned for more pictures of how much fun we are having in Term 3!


An accessible website is one that allows people with visual, aural, or physical disabilities full access to the information and services available in the same way as able-bodied people.
You probably already spend much time and effort ensuring your website displays perfectly in a broad range of browers, you probably spend time ensuring your colour scheme and images look great in a range of display resolutions and how many hours do you put in ensuring your website is indexed by all the major search engines?
So with all this effort, why do so many web designers ignore the needs of those who may have difficulty using a mouse or may suffer from one of the many visual disorders? The answer is that building an accessible website is considered to be difficult, time-consuming and simply not worth the effort. This is not true, creating an accessible website is relatively easy and will allow a greater number of people access to your website.
These are some simple steps you can implement today to improve the accessibility of your website.
Many people need extreme contrast between the text and background colour in order to be able to read your text.	If your text is dark blue, avoid using a light blue background colour.
Using colour to convey information or request an action from the user should also be avoided, for example telling someone to 'clïck the red button to continue' is not much help to a person who cannot distinguish red colours. It seems obvious, but it's overlooked on many thousands of websites.
Font sizes should be relative rather than absolute. Absolute font sizes, those measured in points or pixels should be avoided as they prevent the visitor from resizing text. If someone	cannot	read your page they are simply going to leave.
Relative font sizes allow your visitors to display the text on your website in a size that suits them best. These font sizes can be specified as a percentage, for example the base font for a web page may be 100%, headers could be 120% and so on.
You should avoid the use of transparent images spacer images for formatting. You can achieve the same layout precision by using cascading style sheets (CSS). Do a quick search for 'style sheets' for a wealth of information and tutorials.
Almost all websites use tables to a layout a page. Tables are easy to understand and achieve the desired layout	quickly and easily. However, you should avoid them as a layout tool as	much as possible.
Tables can cause the size of your pages to increase dramatically slowing download times, they often require the use of transparent images to achieve the proper layout and they make it extremely difficult for screen readers to convey the information on a page correctly to their users. Screen readers are programs which read out the information on a webpage to someone who cannot see that information for themselves.
Rather than using tables to format your pages you should start using CSS-based layouts. CSS offers you greater precision when laying out your pages, decreases the amount of HTML required for formatting and makes it much easier for screen readers to interpret your pages correctly.
Access keys are basically keyboard shortcuts that are primarily designed to help those people who have difficulty using	a mouse.
Then when a Windows user visits your website they can access the home page by pressing ALT + h, the about page by pressing ALT + a and the search page by pressing ALT + s. This simple feature can dramatically improve the usability of your website for people with limited mobility.
Of course, there are many more enhancements you can make to your website to ensure it is truly accessible, but implementing these simple steps will start you on your way in no time. An accessible website with good navigation, less html and a consistent, logical structure will not only benefit those with a visual, aural, or physical disabilility but will also help your	content	to be more easily indexed by search engines.


text:
SEC Proposes More Changes to Proxy Voting Process
Sara Crovitz • November 6, 2019 November 6, 2019 • Risk & Reward • Tags: Proxy voting, SEC
Yesterday, the Securities and Exchange Commission (Commission ) voted 3-2 (Commissioners Jackson and Lee dissenting) to propose amendments to rules under the Exchange Act in connection with the ongoing review of the proxy process. The proposed amendments would impose additional requirements on proxy advisory firms that provide recommendations on votes and would raise the eligibility and resubmission thresholds for shareholder proposals:
Amendments to exemptions from the proxy rules
Among others, the proposed amendments would condition the availability of certain existing exemptions from the information and filing requirements of the federal proxy rules for proxy advisory firms on compliance with certain additional disclosure, including disclosure of material conflicts of interest in voting advice (not just to their clients). The proposed amendments also would provide registrants opportunities to review and provide feedback on reports before a proxy advisory firm disseminates its votes to institutional investor clients, regardless of whether the advice is adverse to the voting recommendation of the registrant. The Chairman asserted at the open meeting that the proposal is intended to incentivize the registrant to file its definitive proxy statement earlier, thereby allowing more time for the proxy advisory firm and its clients to formulate and consider voting recommendations, because registrants who file earlier (45 days or more in advance of shareholder meeting) have more time to review the proxy voting advice than those who file later (25-45 days in advance). In addition, the proxy advisory firm would be required to provide a final notice of voting advice no later than two business days prior to delivery of the advice to clients. The registrant thereafter would be permitted to include a hyperlink to its views on the voting advice in the report delivered to clients. This proposal also would add examples of when the failure to disclose certain information in proxy voting advice could be considered misleading under the proxy rules.
Procedural requirements and resubmission thresholds
These amendments would update the shareholder proposal rule, which requires issuers subject to the federal proxy rules to include shareholder proposals in their proxy statements, subject to certain procedural and substantive requirements. The amendments would revise the current eligibility requirements, the one-proposal limit and the resubmission thresholds.
To initially submit a shareholder proposal, a shareholder would need to hold at least $2000 or 1% of an issuer's securities for at least three years, rather than the current one year holding period. Those with larger ownership stake could satisfy the eligibility standard in less time. In addition, shareholder proponents would be required to be available to meet with the company to discuss the proposal.
One-proposal limit
The proposed amendments would apply the one-proposal rule such that a shareholder proponent would not be permitted to submit a proposal in her own name and simultaneously serve as a representative to submit a different proposal on another shareholder's behalf for consideration at the same meeting (and similarly, a representative could only submit one proposal at a given meeting, even if the representative submits each proposal on behalf of different shareholders). Commissioner Roisman alleged at the open meeting that this process had been "misused" in the past by proponents wishing to submit multiple proposals at the same shareholder meeting.
Resubmission threshold
The proposed amendments would raise the current resubmission thresholds of 3%, 6% and 10% for matters voted on once, twice or three or more times in the past five years to 5%, 15% and 25% respectively. In addition, the proposal would allow an issuer to exclude a proposal that previously has been voted on three or more times in the past five years, even if the proposal received 25% in its most recent resubmission if the proposal: (1) received less than 50% of the votes cast and (2) experienced a decline in shareholder support of 10% or more. Commissioner Lee's dissenting statement asserted that the amendments would "suppress" the exercise of shareholding rights with regard to ESG issues, including in particular climate-related proposals which made up more than half of shareholder proposals in recent years.
All of the proposals are subject to a 60-day public comment period. We will be following up in the near future with more detailed analysis of the proposals.