text:
Home Research Topics International Affairs International Issues Global Health Issues
ReportMay 21, 2020
Americans Give Higher Ratings to South Korea and Germany Than U.S. for Dealing With Coronavirus
Poor marks for China, partisan divides over WHO
Nurses in protective gear arrive to care for patients infected with the coronavirus at Keimyung University Daegu Dongsan Hospital in Daegu, South Korea, on April 29. (Jung Yeon-je/AFP via Getty Images)
Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand what Americans think about how nations around the world are responding to the coronavirus outbreak and what Americans think about international engagement. For this analysis, we surveyed 10,957 U.S. adults from April 29 to May 5, 2020. Everyone who took part is a member of Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP's methodology.
Here are the questions used for this report, along with responses, and the survey methodology.
With stunning speed, the COVID-19 pandemic has swept across borders, claiming victims and shutting down economies in nations across the globe. The crisis has generated a variety of policy responses from governments, with varying degrees of success. When asked how well different countries have responded to the outbreak, Americans give high marks to South Korea and Germany. In contrast, most believe China – where the pandemic is believed to have originated – has done an only fair or poor job.
Most are also critical of Italy's response, while the public is divided over how well the United Kingdom has dealt with COVID-19. Regarding their own country's reaction, Americans are divided along partisan lines. Overall, 47% of adults say the United States has done a good or excellent job of handling the outbreak, but just 27% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents hold that view, compared with 71% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents.
Americans largely agree the U.S. should look beyond its borders for ideas to combat the coronavirus. Nearly half (46%) say the U.S. can learn a great deal from other countries about ways to slow the spread of the virus, while another 38% say it can learn a fair amount. Few say there is not too much (13%) or nothing at all (3%) the U.S. can learn from other countries.
The leading international organization for dealing with global health issues, the World Health Organization (WHO), draws strongly partisan reactions. While 62% of Democrats believe the agency has done an excellent or good job of dealing with the pandemic, just 28% of Republicans agree. Eight-in-ten Democrats trust coronavirus information from the WHO; only 36% of Republicans do so.
There's more agreement, however, when it comes to information from the Chinese government: 84% of Americans say they place not too much or no trust in information from Beijing regarding the coronavirus outbreak.
Many also believe the current crisis will have a long-term impact on China's global stature: 50% say China will have less influence in world affairs after the pandemic. As a March Pew Research Center survey found, overall negative attitudes toward China have been on the rise – 66% of Americans expressed an unfavorable opinion of China, the most negative rating for the country since the Center began asking the question in 2005.
While unfavorable views of China have increased among both Democrats and Republicans over the past two years, there are nonetheless significant partisan differences in attitudes toward China, with Republicans expressing significantly more negative attitudes.
The new national survey by Pew Research Center, conducted April 29 to May 5, 2020, among 10,957 U.S. adults using the Center's American Trends Panel, also highlights growing partisan divisions on broad questions about America's role on the world stage.
About six-in-ten Republicans (62%) now think the U.S. does too much in helping address global challenges, while just 26% of Democrats share this view. In Pew Research Center telephone surveys dating back to 2013, the partisan gap in these views was far more modest.
A related question about America's role in international affairs also shows strong differences along both partisan and ideological lines. Six-in-ten Americans say the U.S. should focus on its own problems and let other countries deal with their problems as best they can; only 39% think the U.S. should help other countries deal with their problems. However, fully 64% of liberal Democrats believe the U.S. should help other countries. This is significantly higher than the 44% registered among moderate and conservative Democrats, and nearly triple the shares of moderate and liberal Republicans and conservative Republicans who hold this view.
There are sharp partisan and ideological differences on other questions about foreign policy and international affairs included in the survey. While 81% of liberal Democrats think the U.S. has done an only fair or poor job of dealing with the coronavirus outbreak, just 22% of conservative Republicans say the same. Liberal Democrats stand apart for their bleak assessment of how the pandemic will affect America's standing on the global stage: 56% believe the U.S. will have less influence in world affairs, 20 percentage points higher than the share of moderate and conservative Democrats who say this (just 15% of moderate and liberal Republicans and 8% of conservative Republicans say the U.S. will have less influence).
Meanwhile, conservative Republicans stand out for their especially negative evaluations of the WHO: Only 21% believe the Geneva-based organization has done an excellent or good job of dealing with the COVID-19 crisis, compared with 40% of moderate and liberal Republicans. Solid majorities of liberal Democrats (67%) and moderate and conservative Democrats (58%) give the WHO positive reviews.
Even though the belief that the U.S. can learn at least a fair amount from the rest of the world is widely shared across the political spectrum, those on the left are much more likely to think the country can learn a great deal from other nations: 67% of liberal Democrats hold this view, compared with only 25% of conservative Republicans.
In addition to partisanship, education is an important dividing line on many of the issues examined in the survey. People with higher levels of education are more likely to believe the U.S. should help other countries deal with their problems and to think the U.S. can learn from other countries about effective ways to combat coronavirus. Those with more education are also more likely to trust information from the WHO and the European Union, and to believe the U.S. will emerge from the crisis with less influence in global affairs.
How much can the U.S. learn from other countries about COVID-19?
As nations around the world grapple with how to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak, most Americans think the U.S. can learn from other countries about how to limit the spread of the coronavirus.
More than eight-in-ten Americans say the U.S. can learn either a great deal or a fair amount from other countries about ways to slow the spread of the coronavirus. By comparison, fewer than two-in-ten say the U.S. can learn not too much or nothing at all from other countries.
However, there are significant partisan differences over how much the U.S. can learn from the international response. While 60% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents say the U.S. can learn a great deal, just 28% of Republicans and Republican leaners share that view.
There also are differences in views on this question by race and ethnicity, as well as by level of educational attainment. Black and Hispanic people are more likely than white people to say the U.S. can learn a great deal from other nations about ways to slow the spread of the coronavirus. And the belief that the U.S. can learn from other countries about COVID-19 is more widespread among Americans with higher levels of education than among those with lower education levels.
Views on U.S. global engagement
In the current survey, conducted online among members of Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel, 42% of Americans say the U.S. does too much to help solve world problems, compared with smaller shares who say it does too little (28%) or the right amount (28%).
In a telephone survey conducted in May 2018, the public was roughly split in their views: 30% said the U.S. did too much, 33% said it did too little and 29% said it did about the right amount. (Note: The current survey is comparable to past telephone surveys, though asking questions online can elicit somewhat different response patterns, including lower shares expressing no response on web surveys.)
A majority of Republicans (62%) now think the U.S. does too much to help solve world problems, compared with just 8% who say it does too little and 29% who say it does the right amount. On the other hand, a plurality of Democrats (48%) say the U.S. does too little to help solve world problems, while 26% each say it does the right amount or too much.
In telephone surveys in previous years, the partisan divide in these views was far less pronounced than it is today.
On a related measure about America's role in the world, 60% say the U.S. should deal with its own problems and let other countries deal with their own problems as best they can. A smaller share (39%) says the U.S. should help other countries deal with their problems. Overall views are similar to those measured in a telephone survey in October 2016.
About three-quarters of Republicans want the U.S. to deal with its own problems and let other countries manage as best they can. Among Republicans, similar shares of conservatives and those who identify as more moderate or liberal take this view.
By contrast, more than half of Democrats say the U.S. should help other countries deal with their problems; 46% say the U.S. should deal with its own problems and not help with the problems of other countries. There is a divide in views among Democrats by ideology: 64% of liberal Democrats say the U.S. should help other countries deal with their problems, compared with 44% of conservative and moderate Democrats.
Those with higher levels of education are more supportive of helping other nations deal with their problems. Six-in-ten postgraduates say the U.S. should help other countries deal with their problems. College graduates are evenly split on this question, while clear majorities of those with some college experience and those with no more than a high school diploma say the U.S. should deal with its own problems.
Americans divided along party lines over how well the U.S. has done dealing with the outbreak
By a slim margin, more Americans say the U.S. has done only a fair or a poor job (52%) in dealing with the coronavirus outbreak than say it has done an excellent or good job (47%).
Younger adults are considerably more likely to say the U.S. has handled the outbreak poorly than older ones. Around two-thirds of those under 30 (65%) say the U.S. has done a poor job, compared with 59% of those ages 30 to 49 and only around four-in-ten of those 50 and older.
More educated Americans are also more critical of how the U.S. has dealt with the disease. Around two-thirds of those with a postgraduate degree say the U.S. has done a poor job, as do around six-in-ten college graduates. In comparison, about four-in-ten of those with a high school degree or less (43%) say the same.
Black (63%) and Hispanic (57%) Americans also rate the U.S. response more negatively than white, non-Hispanic Americans (48%).
But opinions of how well the U.S. is doing in dealing with the coronavirus outbreak are most divided along party lines. Whereas around three-quarters of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents are critical of the U.S.'s response (73%), similar shares of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents praise the country's handling of the outbreak (71%). Evaluations divide further along ideological lines, with liberal Democrats holding more negative views of the U.S.'s performance than moderate or conservative Democrats (81% vs. 66%, respectively) and conservative Republicans praising the country's response more than moderate or liberal Republicans (77% vs. 61%).
Majority of Americans are critical of China's handling of the virus
Nearly two-thirds of Americans say China has not done a good job dealing with the coronavirus outbreak, including 37% who say the country has done a poor job.
Around six-in-ten or more in every age group are critical of China's performance. But older Americans – who tend to have less favorable attitudes toward China – give it the lowest marks; 69% of those ages 65 and older say the country has done a fair or poor job, compared with 59% of those under 30.
Education plays little role in how people feel about China's handling of the virus. Rather, majorities of people in all educational groups say China has not handled the pandemic well.
There are significant partisan differences on this question. While half or more of people on both sides of the aisle say China has not done a good job dealing with the outbreak, Republicans are much more likely to hold this view than Democrats. Conservative Republicans are particularly likely to say China has not handled the crisis well: Eight-in-ten hold this view.
Partisanship and international orientation are factors in how Americans think other countries have handled the outbreak
Whereas evaluations of both the United States' and China's handling of the coronavirus outbreak are quite partisan, this is less the case when it comes to the other four countries asked about in the survey. Democrats are somewhat more likely than Republicans to say Italy, South Korea and Germany have handled the outbreak well. But, in each of these instances, the difference is less than 10 percentage points. In the case of the UK, 54% of Republicans say the country has done an excellent or good job, compared with 45% of Democrats.
Americans who believe the U.S. can learn a great deal or a fair amount from other countries about ways to slow the spread of coronavirus are especially likely to say other countries are handling the outbreak well. The differences are most pronounced when it comes to Germany and South Korea. For example, 70% of those who say the U.S. can learn from other countries say Germany is handling the coronavirus outbreak well, compared with 48% of those who think that the U.S. can learn little or nothing from other countries.
Republicans who believe the U.S. can learn from other nations are more likely than other Republicans to say other countries are dealing with the pandemic effectively. And the same pattern is found among Democrats.
When it comes to assessments of how well the U.S. is dealing with the outbreak, those who think the U.S. can learn from foreign countries tend to evaluate its current handling of the pandemic less positively. Fewer than half (44%) of those who think the U.S. can glean information from abroad say the country is doing an excellent or good job handling the outbreak, compared with 63% of those who say the U.S. can't learn much from overseas.
Partisans divided in their assessments of the WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been a key player in addressing the global spread of the coronavirus, which the organization characterized as a pandemic in early March. But the organization has been heavily criticized by President Donald Trump in recent weeks. In mid-April, he halted U.S. funding of the organization – a move sharply criticized by top Democrats.
Americans' views of how well the WHO has dealt with the coronavirus outbreak also fall along partisan lines. Whereas 62% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents say the organization has done at least a good job in handling the global pandemic, only 28% of Republicans and GOP leaners say the same. Conservative Republicans are less likely to applaud the organization's handling of the virus than moderate or liberal Republicans.
Americans with a postgraduate education are somewhat more likely than those with less education to applaud the international organization's handling of the outbreak, though the differences are muted. Younger Americans also approve of the WHO's performance more than older Americans: 52% of adults under age 30 say it has done excellent or good job, compared with just 39% of those 65 and older.
Information about coronavirus from EU, WHO generally viewed as trustworthy, but most do not trust information from Chinese government
As Americans receive information about the coronavirus outbreak from various international sources, majorities say they trust data from the European Union and WHO, but most are wary of information coming from the Chinese government. Only 15% of U.S. adults say they trust information from Beijing at least a fair amount.
Trust in information from the EU and WHO, while relatively high overall, is even stronger among people with a college degree or higher. About three-quarters of Americans with a postgraduate degree (78%) or college degree (72%) say they can believe information coming from the EU about the coronavirus outbreak.
Similarly, 70% of people with a postgraduate degree trust information from the WHO at least a fair amount, including roughly one-third who say they trust the WHO a great deal when it comes to information about the coronavirus. About half of people with a high school degree say they trust information from this source.
Younger adults are also more likely to view information from the WHO as trustworthy; 68% of Americans ages 18 to 29 say they can trust information from the WHO at least a fair amount. Only about half of adults ages 65 and older (51%) share this view.
Differences by education and age, however, are relatively small compared with the substantial partisan division in these views. Conservative Republicans are much less likely than liberal Democrats to trust information coming from each international source.
This partisan divide is especially pronounced on views about the WHO; 86% of liberal Democrats say they trust information from the WHO at least a fair amount, compared with 27% of conservative Republicans. Similar, though somewhat smaller, divisions also exist in trust in information from the EU and the Chinese government.
How will the pandemic affect the international standing of the U.S., China and the EU?
While half of Americans believe China will emerge from the current crisis with less influence in world affairs, far fewer say this about the U.S. or the European Union.
The American public is largely split on how they think U.S. influence will be affected by the pandemic. Roughly three-in-ten believe the U.S.'s international clout will be bolstered after the outbreak, while the same share thinks it will be weakened. About four-in-ten see the U.S. coming out of the outbreak with the same influence as before.
Clear partisan gaps emerge on this question. Republicans are about twice as likely as Democrats to believe the U.S.'s international influence will be strengthened as a result of the crisis. On the other hand, Democrats are about four times more likely than Republicans to expect American influence to weaken after the outbreak. There is also internal division among Democrats on this question, with liberal party supporters 20 percentage points more likely than conservatives and moderates within the party to foresee the decline of U.S. international influence.
Education is also tied to views about how the pandemic will shape America's role in international affairs. In general, Americans who have completed higher levels of education are more likely to think the country's global influence will recede. For example, 45% of those with postgraduate degrees think the U.S.'s global position will decline after the pandemic, compared with just 21% of those with a high school diploma or less.
When asked about China's influence on the world stage, half of Americans believe it will decline after the coronavirus outbreak. Nearly one-in-five think Chinese influence will grow, and about a third think its global standing will be about the same.
There is a large partisan divide on this question: Roughly six-in-ten Republicans believe China's international clout will diminish as a result of the coronavirus outbreak, while just 40% of Democrats say the same. Age divides emerge on this question as well. American adults ages 65 and older are 16 percentage points more likely than those under 30 to say China will have less global influence after the crisis.
These partisan and age divides are similar to other attitudes about China. Older Americans and Republicans are also especially likely to say they have a negative opinion of China.
On views of the future international role of the European Union, a sizable majority of Americans believe the EU's global standing will be unaffected by the crisis, while about a fifth believe it will increase or decrease, respectively.
There is a partisan divide on this question as well, with Republicans less likely than Democrats to think the EU will have more influence.
You are reading page1Page2Page3
Sign up for our Global newsletter
Delivered twice a month
Complete Report PDF Topline Questionnaire
Americans are critical of Chinau2019s handling of COVID-19, distrust information about it from Beijing
U.S. Views of China Increasingly Negative Amid Coronavirus Outbreak
Amid coronavirus crisis, Americans and Germans see changing world in different ways
Americans See Spread of Disease as Top International Threat, Along With Terrorism, Nuclear Weapons, Cyberattacks
What People Around the World Like – and Dislike – About American Society and Politics
International AffairsGlobal HealthCOVID-19 & PoliticsGlobal Image of Countries


text:
School Sport: Coopers athletes enjoy 'huge week'
PUBLISHED: 08:00 12 July 2017
Coopers Coborn's junior girls were crowned national champions in Oxford, while the intermediate girls were runners-up
Pupils win national, county and district titles
Coopers Coborn won three of the four year groups at the district athletics competition
Coopers Coborn pupils enjoyed "a huge week" in athletics with outstanding performances in National, District, Essex and English Schools Championships.
Leading the way were the junior girls, intermediate girls and intermediate boys, who competed in Oxford at the National Track & Field Cup Finals.
Over 600 schools in each age group had battled to qualify for the top 12, with Coopers' junior girls being crowned national champions with 521 points, the highest total ever recorded at the event.
The intermediate girls finished as runners-up, while the boys were eighth overall.
Coopers Coborn won the year seven boys' title at the district athletics competition
Coopers then provided 21 of Havering's 40 athletes at the Essex Championships, gaining six medals.
Chloe Brand and Natalie Sewell won 1,500m golds and Paige Robinson picked up a gold medal in her 70m hurdles race.
In the 200m, Mia Filipiak grabbed silver, while Sean Emeka Ugwuadu claimed bronze in the long jump and Sean Tarima took bronze in the 800m.
At district level, Coopers claimed five of the eight age group titles on offer, winning the year seven girls' and boys' events, the year eight and nine girls' competitions and the overall girls' title. Upminster's Sacred Heart took the year 10 girls' honours.
Coopers pupil Alice Brown won discus bronze at the English Schools' Championships
Six Coopers pupils then went to represent Essex at the prestigious English Schools' in Birmingham, with their best performer being Alice Brown who won bronze in the junior girls' discus.
Lola Kuponiyi narrowly missed out on a podium place, coming fourth in the junior girls' shot, while Mayowa Osunsami was sixth in the senior boys' hurdles and Ben Davis was sixth in the steeplechase.
Steph Howe finished 11th in the senior girls' hammer and Brad James was 15th in the junior boys' javelin.
Further afield, Coopers pupil Jess Smith represented the Catholic Schools Sports Federation of Great Britain at the FISEC World Championships in Italy, picking up three medals.
Coopers pupil Jess Smith won medals for Great Britain in Italy
Smith won bronze in the 100m and 300m hurdles, while also taking silver in the discus, helping the British team to finish second overall.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


 J30 crimp contact connectors Connector - Anovay, Inc.
Contacts with the domestic pressure for connecting wire connections. Normal hours (applicable to multiple cross-section area of 0.1mm2 wire cable, 0.12mm2.0.15mm2 or 0.14 mm2) and the small cross-section area (applicable to multiple cross-section area of 0.07mm2 cable wire) cable series.
The major products are panels before installation and the installation free installation, Contacts and connections to pressure connecting wire. Normal hours (applicable to multiple cross-section area of 0.1mm2 wire cable, 0.12mm2.0.15mm2 or 0.14 mm2) and the small cross-section area (applicable to multiple cross-section area of 0.07mm2 cable wire) cable series.
See " J30 series Installation size hole"?


It is cool out, although nowhere near close to cold; just defiantly cool. It's not even particularly fresh, but rather clammy – the faintly drab feel that comes with dour spring evenings.
Only this is not a spring evening, but ten minutes after two on a grey, drab and sterile Friday afternoon in south-west Germany.
That is not to say Hockenheim is not nice, it actually is – I've just seen it nicer on occasion, but on DTM practice day where the crowds have yet to congregate in their might, the Hockenheimring can feel a touch empty.
Then again, this is merely practice day. The twenty-nine Formula 3 drivers at the Baden-Württemberg circuit are far more concerned with dialling themselves into their cars and the conditions, than they are about putting on a show.
Some – Tom Blomqvist and Felix Rosenqvist for example – are ragged; throwing their Dallara F312's hard into the stadium section – hard, fast and forceful.
Daniil Kvyat impressed during the 85 minutes. After only a brief test at Pembrey earlier in the week, the Russian stepped into the unfamiliar F3 machine and instantly began to show pace – and confidence. "It was really good. I was disadvantaged with the tyres, but I really enjoyed it so much – it's an amazing car," noted the reigning Formula Renault Alps champion.
Stepping up to the plate in practice was Carlin rookie Jordan King, who at last appears to be delivering far more consistent laps, with melded sector times.
At Fortec, Felix Serralles is hoping for a better weekend. After a tough start to the season, the Puerto Rican believes that British squad are finally getting a handle on the somewhat unfamiliar Hankook rubber.
It will be a touch different this evening, when the cars take to the track for qualifying at 6pm.


text:
Last edited by Zulukinos
2 edition of Constitution of the Scottish Social and Liberal Democrats = found in the catalog.
Constitution of the Scottish Social and Liberal Democrats =
Scottish Social and Liberal Democrats.
Bonn-steidh a Bhuidheann U r Albannach.
by Scottish Social and Liberal Democrats.
Published 1988 by [Scottish Liberal Party] in [Edinburgh] .
Contributions Scottish Liberal Party.
Because of the difficulties of merging formatting, the document is again split into two parts – the first containing Federal, English and Scottish and the second containing Welsh Happy Christmas reading!! Download. Federal, English and Scottish Constitutions of the Liberal Democrats. Welsh Constitution of the Liberal Democrats. Institute of Economic Affairs director general Mark Littlewood: "The Liberal Democrats would increase current (day-to-day) spending by £30bn, nearly £20bn less than the Labour Party. What's more.
Lib Dem Leader Tim Farron says "come to Edinburgh Western" and help Alex win! - Duration: 64 seconds. The 'radical' proponents of Scottish independence dramatically overstated its potential to transform Britain's broken political economy Throughout the debate surrounding Scottish independence, social democratic defenders of the Union suffered from what Ben Jackson has described as 'cognitive dissonance'. Across many parts of the Yes campaign, powerful .
This book offers a unique full term analysis of the Cameron-Clegg Government. From austerity to gay marriage, the Scottish referendum to combating IS, it brings together expert academic voices to provide rigorous yet readable insights on the key areas of government politics and the debates which will shape the general election. - Explore threecatsmmm's board "Political Spectrum" on Pinterest. See more ideas about Political spectrum, Politics and Liberal and conservative.9 pins.
Theory and practice ofthe novel
Kibber, one of the highest village in the world
Declaration of the scriptural principles of Unitarian Christians.
labor force of Albania
Blue-winged teal egg composition in relation to laying sequence, date of laying, and egg size
Christian values and economic life
How fulfillment services drive print volume
How to be a friend
Super Nutrition for P
No fiction
Constitution of the Scottish Social and Liberal Democrats = by Scottish Social and Liberal Democrats. Download PDF EPUB FB2
Preamble to our Constitution. The Liberal Democrats exist to build and safeguard a fair, free and open society, in which we seek to balance the fundamental values of liberty, equality and community, and in which no one shall be enslaved by poverty, ignorance or conformity.
The Scottish Liberal Democrat party was formed by the merger of the Scottish Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party in Scotland, as part of the merger of the Liberal Party and Social Democratic Party parties on 3 March The party campaigned for the creation of a devolved Scottish Parliament as part of its wider policy of a federal United Leader: Alistair Carmichael MP.
The Liberal Democrats exist to build and safeguard a fair, free and open society, in which we seek to balance the fundamental values of liberty, equality and community, and in which no-one shall be enslaved by poverty, ignorance or conformity.
Scottish Liberal Democrats, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 4, likes 90 talking about this. The latest news, campaigns and videos from the Party working for a Followers: K.
WENDY Chamberlain, the Liberal Democrats' new Scottish MP, has become the party's spokeswoman on the constitution and Scotland in a shake-up. The Scottish Liberal Party, the section of the Liberal Party in Scotland, was the dominant political party of Victorian Scotland, and although its importance declined with the rise of the Labour and Unionist parties during the 20th century, it was still a significant, albeit much reduced force when it finally merged with the Social Democratic Party in Scotland, to form the Scottish Liberal Headquarters: 2 Atholl Place, Edinburgh.
Labour and the Liberal Democrats are edging towards a post-referendum pact on further powers for Scotland, which could see a deal to agree much greater devolution of tax and welfare powers from Author: Severin Carrell. The Scottish Liberal Democrats is a political party in Scotland that is part of the British Liberal party's policies usually promote liberalism and progressivism as well as the continuing of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.
In the Scottish Parliament, the party's leader is Willie Rennie and the party is an opposition party with 5 out of seats. Young Liberals is the youth and student group of the Liberal Democrats, a political party in the United s of the Liberal Democrats under the age of 26 are automatically members of the Young Liberals, whilst those aged 26–30 can opt to join in.
Manifesto: Scottish Liberal Democrats 3 Introduction: Willie Rennie This election is an opportunity to make Scotland the best again. That's why Liberal Democrats are offering bold, positive change. Our education was amongst the best in the world, now it's just about average. To be the best again we need to end the cuts to education, an.
The Scottish Liberal Democrats have set out plans to increase in housing supply by expanding the Housing Fund for Scotland model and tackle youth homelessness through mediation.
Unveiling its manifesto for next month's Holyrood election, the party has vowed to increasing the number of affordable homes by 50, over the next Parliament and making. Scottish Liberal Democrats.
Scottish Liberal Democrats Covering Letter to the Smith Commission (10 October ) Scottish Liberal Democrats Home Rule and Community Rule Commission. Campbell II: The second report of the Home Rule and Community Rule Commission (10 March ) Federalism: the best future for Scotland (17 October ).
General election: Liberal Democrats promise £50bn windfall from stopping Brexit at manifesto launch – as it happened No deal made with Labour on Scottish referendum, says Nicola Sturgeon. Flintshire Liberal Democrats. likes 3 talking about this.
"The Liberal Democrats are working to build a stronger economy in a fairer society, creating opportunity for everyone."5/5(1). Scottish Labour and Lib Dems reject Brexit powers offer.
30 April Key members of each of Holyrood's parties gave evidence. Liberal democracy refers to socalled "representative democracy" in the context of a capitalist economy.
So in reality the rich — the capital owners — will tend to dominate via the resources they have, their wealth, to set up think tanks and hire l. reached between Labour and the Liberal Democrats before the election, finally created the longed-for Scottish Parliament.
The first eight years of the Parliament, after elections in andsaw coalition governments formed between the Liberal Democrats and Labour. Caron Lindsay examines the record of the coalitions, and the Liberal DemocratFile Size: KB. The Scottish Lib Dems set out their vision for Scotland ahead of the general election on 8 June.
Here are the key points from the manifesto, which they hailed as "the chance to change the. The Liberal Democrats are first to publish a detailed vision for the future that doesn't involve independence. Now the challenge is to persuade others to adopt it and turn it into a reality.
The Scottish Liberal Club exists to promote Liberalism in a variety of ways. We hold regular events such as discussion evenings and social gatherings, many of them with speakers, as well as the well-established annual dinner and lecture.
The Club is a separate organisation from the Scottish Liberal Democrats. The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, is a centrist political party in the United Kingdom that promotes liberal policies.
It was started on 2 March by joining the Liberal Party, which had been a powerful political party in Britain in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and the Social Democratic Party, which had been formed from the Labour Party in The Scottish Liberal Democrats have called on the Scottish Government to introduce a new fund to support the development of affordable housing for Scotland's islands.This book presents a narrative of Scottish politics since devolution in It compares eight years of coalition government under Scottish Labour and the Scottish Liberal Democrats with four years of Scottish National Party minority government.
It outlines t.
awordathought.com - Constitution of the Scottish Social and Liberal Democrats = book © 2020


text:
Rafael Requena (Cabdet, 18 de juliol de 1932 - Madrid, 18 de febrer de 2003) va ser un aquarel·lista espanyol de renom internacional.

Biografia
La seua espontània vocació de pintor es va manifestar a edat molt primerenca, malgrat no tenir antecedents artístics en la seua família. Des de molt xiquet, va mostrar enorme facilitat per al dibuix, i al costat d'aquest, la seua delicada predilecció pels colors diluïts en aigua. En 1950, amb 18 anys, es va traslladar a Madrid amb la finalitat de dedicar-se completament a la pintura. Va ingressar en l'Acadèmia de Belles Arts en 1954 i va cursar estudis en l'Escola Superior de Belles Arts de Sant Ferran de Madrid.

Una vegada acabada la carrera, va combinar la seua labor creativa amb la docència. Va exercir de catedràtic de dibuix en l'institut "Emperadriu María d'Àustria" de Madrid durant més de vint anys, i més tard es va traslladar a exercir a l'institut Lope de Vega, també de Madrid.

En 1964 entra a ser catedràtic de batxillerat mitjançant oposicions, i aqueix mateix any comença a exercir com a professor de dibuix tècnic i científic en la Facultat de Ciències de la Universitat Complutense de Madrid, càrrec que ocupa fins a 1975.

Dins d'aquesta etapa de la seua vida, combina la labor docent de la Universitat Complutense ocupant el càrrec de professor de descriptiva en la Facultat de Belles Arts des de 1967 fins a 1970. Arribat a aquest punt, la figura de Rafael Requena ja és important a nivell nacional, pel que en 1980 l'Ajuntament de Cabdet li dedica un carrer en el municipi.

En 1982 se'l nomena Coordinador de les "II Jornades de Professors de Batxillerat" organitzades pel ministeri d'Educació i Ciència. En aqueix mateix any també és cridat per la Universitat d'Oviedo (Astúries) per a convertir-se en coordinador de la "Dissecció General de Formació del Professorat".

En 1983, Rafael Requena rep la insígnia d'or de la seua ciutat natal, Cabdet. També en aqueix any és nomenat "Albaceteny Distingit" per la Penya Albacetenya de Madrid. En 1984, és triat Vicepresident de l'Associació Espanyola d'Aquarel·listes i posteriorment és triat millor artista en l'especialitat d'aquarel·la en els Premis a les Arts Plàstiques per la revista "Correu de l'Art".

La seua fama va seguir augmentant de forma espectacular, pel que de nou l'Ajuntament de Cabdet li guardona amb el títol de "Fill Predilecte de la Vila". En 1988, és guardonat amb el premi "Tormo d'Or" i després d'això, en 1989, és elegit president de l'Associació Espanyola de Acuarelistas.

En 1990 Rafael Requena representa a l'aquarel·la espanyola en el X Congrés Internacional sobre Aquarel·la, celebrat en Rieti (Itàlia) i posteriorment se li reconeix com "Professor Associat a la Facultat de Belles Arts de la Complutense de Madrid".

En 1991 és triat com "Manxec de l'Any" per la Casa de Castella-la Manxa, i passa a formar part del jurat dels "Premis Exèrcit" de pintura, i també és nomenat President de la Comissió que avalua les proves d'accés al Cos d'Ensenyaments Mitjans.

En 1993 participa en els Col·loquis Internacionals Universitaris organitzats per la Universitat Complutense de Madrid sobre ensenyaments mitjans. Durant quinze anys dirigeix i coordina els Cicles d'Art per a Instituts de la Caixa de Madrid. Va participar en el Simposi sobre Aquarel·la organitzat en Llancé (Girona) organitzat per l'Associació d'Aquarel·listes Catalans. En aquest mateix any de 1993 va viatjar a Washington (USA), on va participar en una exposició sobre cinc pintors albacetenys amb motiu de la "Setmana d'Albacete" en la capital nord-americana, organitzada per la FEDA.

En 1994 se li concedeix el premi cultural "Albaceteños 94" de la Ràdio d'Albacete.

En 1995, Rafael Requena porta a terme la seua obra més reconeguda, quadre el tema del qual és la Vila de Cabdet i que des de llavors presideix la Sala de la Vila, característic monument de Cabdet. Després d'açò participa en el Simposi sobre Aquarel·la en Hondarribia (Guipúscoa) organitzat per l'Associació Basca d'Aquarel·listes. Desenvolupa un cicle sobre l'atmosfera en la pintura amb xarrades, projeccions i demostracions de la tècnica de l'aquarel·la, en l'Associació Espanyola de Pintors i Escultors.

El 1996, Requena va dirigir unes jornades sobre l'aquarel·la en el Centre Cultural Excálibur de Móstoles (Madrid). Realitza una demostració d'aquarel·la en l'homenatge que la Diputació d'Albacete realitza dins del programa "Els Albacetenses en la Diàspora". Rafael Requena és nomenat Soci d'Honor de l'Associació Espanyola d'Aquarel·lista.

En 1997 viatja a Mèxic, on en la capital realitza un curs d'aquarel·la instigat per l'Associació Mexicana d'Aquarel·listes. Participa novament en el Simposi sobre Aquarel·la en Llaná (Girona).
En 1998 és nomenat President de la Penya Albacetense de Madrid.

Finalment, el 2003, va realitzar una exposició en una de les galeries més importants de Madrid, la Galeria Kreisler.

Rafael Requena va morir el 18 de febrer de 2003 a Madrid, i pocs dies després va ser enterrat a Cabdet.

Pintors castellanomanxecs
Persones de la província d'Albacete
Cabdet
Morts a Madrid

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


032c and Slam Jam are pleased to present the 032c motocross shop in Milan. The pop-up event will take place at Slam Jam Milano, via Pasquale Paoli 3, from February 22nd to February 26th, and will premiere the 032c motocross collection in an installation inspired by heat and volatility.
We imagine Foucault saying these words on the back of a Suzuki RM 125 motocross bike, his glasses splattered with mud. Speed is revolutionary because it is the vehicle that lets us outrun our thoughts. For this reason, 032c's motocross collection is designed as gear for the free body.
Ignited by the iconography and performance-based design of extreme sports, the 032c motocross collection is centered around the idea that speed is the ultimate freedom-machine.
The collection features tech constructed longsleeve shirts, sweatpants, and a t-shirt and will be available for sale for the first time at the Milan pop-up hosted by Slam Jam.


By Xah Lee. Date: 2013-08-01 . Last updated: 2014-05-25 .
Here's the idea of the math.
Start with several dots around a circle.
Add many other such circle of dots in different places.
Draw the boundary between neighboring dots, such that the boundary is equal-distant to the dots. This is called the Voronoi diagram.
Round out the corners of the boundary.
Now, let these dots rotate around their center.


text:
BTS's Extraordinary Dreams
Oh!GG, new sub-unit of Girls' Generation / Photo = SM Entertainment
Girls' Generation has unveiled the members of their new sub-unit, Oh!GG.
Oh!GG, which is comprised of Taeyeon, Sunny, Hyoyeon, Yuri, and Yoona, will be releasing their first single titled "Lil' Touch" on September 5 at 6:00 p.m. (KST).
The sub-unit's two upcoming tracks, "Lil' Touch" and "Fermata," are said to have contrasting vibes and are expected to garner interest from music fans.
The group's name, which comes from combining "Oh!" with the initials of Girls' Generation, signifies that Oh!GG will captivate fans from all around the globe by showcasing various styles of music and charm. The name is also suggestive of the Korean phrase ojida, which means brilliant, amazing, or flawless.
Through Oh!GG, fans will be presented with different aspects of the girls of Girls' Generation, as well as the fantastic chemistry between the members who have been getting recognition for their talents as solo singers, actors, MCs, and DJs.


Gary Vaynerchuk has a powerful message about marketing, business, and entrepreneurship that every real estate agent needs to hear.
If you want more leads for your business you don't need to buy secret marketing systems, ninja marketing tactics, or $1000 marketing eBooks from the gurus.
First, create a great product and/or service that is above average from your competition.
Second, deliver a true experience to those people who inquire and purchase your product/service.
Finally, learn how to communicate and tell stories in all of your marketing (offline and online) so that you begin to "attract" people to your brand instead of trying to "Convince" people to it. This will create referrals and word of mouth marketing traffic.
Gary Vaynerchuk will then help you put this all together.
There are few others who produce as much valuable content and FREE content as Gary Vee does in covering everything in marketing, entrepreneurship, and business.
But what makes him different from so many of the other marketing people is that he actually practices what he preaches.
His family wine business, Wine Library, and his media company, Vayner Media.
Look them up. He's the real deal.
Below I've assembled some of the best Gary Vaynerchuk videos and content where he specifically talks about real estate marketing.
In this talk Gary speaks truth to a very large room full of real estate agents, salespeople, and entrepreneurs.
There is a really good question that is asked by an Intero Real Estate Agent at minute 33.
This 50+ minute keynote has all of the answers and a very direct plan for what an agent should be focusing on for how to market their business online. It s one of the best single pieces of content from Gary Vaynerchuk for real estate agents.
A Canadian real estate broker asked a specific question about creating content videos. It s solid question and in GaryVee fashion he answers the question directly and gives direction with it.
Right at the 6 minute mark is where the question comes in. It s an awesome question, watch it and you ll see what I m talking about.
Mobile Agent TV (these dudes rock) comes back with another awesome question for the Gary Vee show.
In this Q & A Gary Vee answers a question and uses a real estate agent as an example on how to market and create your brand. The whole video with the speech and Q & A is awesome and I recommend you check it out in full. But go directly to minute 43:39 to hear the answer.
There's another real estate answer at minute: 59:05.
In this video you'll see Gary on a panel giving his answers to questions in front of a very large group of Real Estate Agents. It's classic Gary Vee in a real estate setting.
I had an event for the Women's Council of Realtors that I was speaking at in Orlando during the Agent 2021 conference and could not attend. It was a real bummer.
In this video you'll see a wrap up of the complete conference.
Make sure to listen to Gary Vee at minute 14:00. Here he gives one of the most valuable pieces of marketing that really will work for you.
The Future of the Real Estate Industry?
The real estate industry is being disrupted.
If you don't know what that means just look at what happened to the music and travel industry, or look at what happened to Borders Book Store, remember them?
In the future, the job of the real estate agent will not be eliminated, but how much an agent gets paid is what is going to change.
However, it's too early to tell if that is going to be a positive or a negative change for agents.
But I will tell you this: There are millions of dollars being invested into the real estate industry by tech companies who are all trying to change how this business currently operates, and one of these days they might just figure it out.
Well, it's clear that the National Association of Realtors, regional MLS's, and the brokerages are going to do anything about this issue. For them, it's pretty much business as usual and hope for the best.
I believe it's up to the rank and file agent to finally learn digital and let's replace the leadership with actual agents who really understand digital and can chart the path forward.
This is why Gary Vaynerchuk's message is so important for our industry if we want to have future generations of agent have the same opportunities that you have today.


This is a placeholder page for John Coradi, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find John Coradi.
You are visiting the placeholder page for John Coradi. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for John Coradi. We created this page automatically in hopes John Coradi would find it. If you are not John Coradi, but are an alumni of Hudson Falls High School, register on this site for free now.


Promotional Latina Ballpen is a contemporary styled ballpen in a classic combination of black lacquer and bright chromes. This high quality pen makes an excellent business gift when branded with your logo. Ink colour: black.


Found on the trailing edge of each wing panel, they work in opposite directions to bank the airplane about the longitudinal axis. To roll right; the right aileron is raised, decreasing lift, and the left aileron lowers, increasing lift.
The cross section (profile) of the wing.
A model that is almost completely built and covered, requiring little work to complete. The remaining work usually consists of assembling major components, and installing the radio equipment and engine or motor.
Bind-n-Fly; a model airplane with preinstalled engine/motor system, DSM2/DSMX receiver and servos installed but does not include the DSM2/DSMX transmitter, receiver, battery or charger.
This refers to linking two transmitters together by cable for the purpose of flight instruction. The instructor has a button or switch on their transmitter which is used to transfer control to the student. Releasing the switch returns control to the instructor.
The amount of electric charge a battery can store, measured in milliamp hours (mAh).
Rapid curing instant glue for hobby use. It is available in various viscosities and cure times.
A single energy or charge-storing unit within a pack of cells that form a battery. Each cell has a voltage rating that is combined with the other cells' voltages to form the overall battery voltage rating.
Center of gravity is the balancing point for the aircraft. This is an important step in model plane set up. If you have a nose heavy plane it can sometimes make the elevator seem sluggish, a tail heavy plane is more sensitive to elevator movement and can be rather twitchy, but some planes and pilots prefer a slightly tail heavy set up for their particular style of flying.
These are the moving portion of the aircrafts wing, fin and tail-plane. Ailerons, Elevators, Rudder as an example.
The movable sections of an airplane that are used for control. The primary control surfaces are the ailerons, elevators and rudder. Secondary controls include flaps and spoilers.
The plug receptacle of the switch harness into which the charger is plugged to charge the battery (if so equipped).
The receptacle of the switch harness or transmitter into which the charger is plugged to charge the battery.
The moveable part on the wing and tail that causes the aircraft to roll (aileron), pitch (elevator) or yaw (rudder).
An enclosure that generally covers the engine, a moulded fairing, or round cowling, that increases the appearance of the model and can also direct the airflow over the engine for cooling.
A type of landing forced by engine failure, often through depletion of fuel or battery. The aircraft must glide to a landing without propulsive power.
The upward angle between a wing or stabilizer and a horizontal reference line. Surfaces that are angled downwards are said to have anhedral. Surfaces with more than change of angle are said to have polyhedral.
The degree of angle (V-shaped bend) at which the wings intersect the plane (or fuselage) is called dihedral. More dihedral gives an airplane more aerodynamic stability. Trainer planes with large dihedral may dispense with ailerons and use only the rudder to control the roll and yaw.
Anything moving forward through the air will encounter resistance, this resistance is known as drag, in simple terms, the more cluttered an airplane is, bi-planes, fixed landing gear etc, the more drag, the sleeker, smoother airplane, a jet for example, has less drag.
The force on an airplane or object that resists its motion through the air.
Describes the uneven up or down movement of a control surface, most commonly used on ailerons where the up going aileron has greater movement than the down.
Digital Spread Modulation, the very latest method of transmitting RF signals to a receiver, using the 2.4GHz band.
Forms of 2.4GHz spread spectrum radio control protocols proprietary to Spektrum.
A two or three-position switch on the transmitter which can be set to select different control throws for flight controls. An example would be increased control surface travel for aerobatic maneuvering.
The hinged control surface on the horizontal stabilizer which controls the airplane in pitch.
Modeling glue that consists of a two-part mix, comprising a resin and a hardener, mixed together in equal proportions this makes extremely strong glue. Available in various cure times.
Located on the trailing edge of the wing, the flaps are lowered to generate additional lift and enable the aircraft to fly more slowly, which also decreases take off and landing distances.
The point during landing in which the pilot levels the plane out with a small amount of up elevator to slow the airplanes descent and allow a smooth touchdown.
Precisely shaped structures that are suspended below the fuselage on struts, these allow the plane to take off and land on water.
The main structure of an airplane to which the wings and stabilizing surfaces are attached.
The device that allows the user to input desired control movements into the transmitter.
This term describes an airplane that has its wing mounted on the top of the fuselage.
The wheel assembly an airplane uses to land, most often attached to the bottom of the fuselage.
An abbreviation for Lithium Polymer, a form of battery chemistry that offers high capacity for less weight than types such as NiMH or NiCd.
A measure of battery capacity. The greater the milliamp rating the longer the battery will last for a given load.
This abbreviation stands for Nickel Metal Hydride, the chemical compound used in this type of rechargeable batteries. These batteries often offer greater capacity, and are friendlier to the environment.
Motion of the airplane about the lateral (pitch) axis, usually controlled by the elevator.
The horizontal axis about which the airplane rotates. My moving the elevator the airplane can be made to rotate about the pitch axis in order to climb or descend.
Plug-n-Play; airframe with pre-installed engine/motor system and servos but does not include the transmitter, receiver, battery or charger.
Polyhedral refers to the multiple angle wing panels make with the horizontal. A wing with polyhedral has more than two wing panels and the angle of the wing changes at each joint.
The main engine or motor shaft, which transfers the power to the propeller.
All HobbyZone products use proportional steering and throttle. This allows you to incrementally adjust the throttle and flight control positions.
Ready-to-Fly; airframe that is sold with pre-installed electronics and power system, and includes a transmitter.
Part of the radio control system fitted into the plane that receives the signal from the transmitter.
The direction of the airflow relative to the wing of the aircraft.
The hinged control surface on the vertical stabilizer that controls the airplane in yaw. Moving the rudder to the left causes the airplane to yaw left and vice versa.
Flying your airplane unaided by an instructor.
The distance from wingtip to wingtip.
2.4GHz RC technology available for RC aircraft that ensures interference-free flight.
Cone that covers the propeller hub for appearance and/or streamlining purposes.
Loss of lift resulting caused by the wing exceeding its critical angle of attack.
A control in the carburetor that increases or decreases the fuel/air mixture to the engine, used to control engine speed.
The force created by the engine/propeller to move the model forwards.
Amount of pull or power that a servo or engine generates, lifting or pulling power.
This is the hand-held part of the radio system that transmits radio signals to the receiver in the model.
A tail surface configuration where the vertical and horizontal stabilizers, normally in a cruciform arrangement, are combined into two surfaces in a V-shape.
The vertical surface of the tail which directional stability in flight, usually comprising the fin and rudder.
The lifting surface that supports the aircraft in flight by the generation of lift.
The surface area of the wing of the aircraft, usually calculated by the multiplying the wingspan and wing chord, although more complex calculations are used on unconventional wing planforms.
The chord of an aircraft wing is the distance from the leading edge of a wing to the trailing edge at a given point along the span.
The distance from wing tip to tip.
The end of a wing.
Rotation about the vertical axis, controlled by the rudder. Moving the rudder left yaws the nose of the aircraft left, and vice versa.


text:
CLAY SCHOOL BUILDING
The building served the Clay District for 62 years. Before the move, the bell in the tower was transferred to the new Clay School building. The bell in the belfry today is the Harrison School bell.
Clay School building & restrooms were built
Building & restrooms were purchased for $1.00 from the Clay Joint Elementary School District and moved during the summer
The Harrison School was located on the NE corner of Zediker (Road 24) and Kamm Avenues, 3 miles NE of Kingsburg. The Clay School building was the first building to be located in this Historical Park.
The Clay School building was closed to the public on 3/5/08 and subsequently emptied of all contents in preparation for a major renovation which began on 4/18/09; consisting of new trusses, roof, ceilings & the installation of a fire suppression sprinkler system. The plaster on the inside walls was removed & new dry-wall installed over the lath. The electrical re-wiring in the walls & ceiling with additional ceiling fans & outside lighting were installed. The light fixtures in the three large rooms arrived for duty circa 1950. The building was approximately 85% insulated & was repainted on the inside to original colors. The U.S. Flag was restored atop the bell tower after having been last seen there circa 1917. The tall flag pole nearest the Clay building served as the official flag pole for Clay Elementary School from 1916 – 1993. The restoration project was made possible by a financial grant from the Larry Hillblom Foundation and generous financial donations from two Clay School graduates, Helen Nord Wigh (1930) and Jack Martin (1940). The building was officially reopened to tourists on April 24, 2010.
Housed in the Clay School Museum Building are early day artifacts received from Kingsburg residents and businesses, such as early day pictures of Kingsburg scenes, schools, student class pictures, musical instruments, military uniforms, business machines, a loom, works of local authors, just to name a few categories describing the thousands of artifacts on display.
Pictures of schools and student pictorials from Kingsburg High School, Clay, Kings River, Roosevelt, Washington & Lincoln schools are displayed. In one room school furnishings of the 1920's – 1970's are displayed. In the 1940's the wood/coal burning stoves had been replaced by three oil burning heaters. The Museum visitor will enjoy seeing much more than what has been described above. For example, the year 1854 carved upon a wood stake denoting John Charles Fremont's visit to what would become the NW corner of Academy and Kamm Avenues of Kingsburg. The very first issue of the Kingsburg Recorder which made its appearance on November 30, 1904 and has been a weekly publication ever since! The Museum Library hosts a collection of Kingsburg High School Yearbooks, hard copies of The Kingsburg Recorder from 1904 to present day, books written in Swedish and other regional materials.


I have personally read these books and recommend them to anyone who would like to review the history of stock car racing. Most of the books cover NASCAR racing but have bits and pieces about the dirt tracks and the men that raced them.
HARD DRIVING (The Wendell Scott Story) - 2008 - Brian Donovan - A good account of NASCAR'S only African-American driver to run the entire schedule at the Grand National (now Sprint Cup) level. An excellent story of the problems that many independents had during the early days of factory involvement. Od course there are the accounts of problems Wendell faced in the Southeast as an African-American NASCAR driver during the social unrest of the '50's and '60's. The most important thing that I came away with after reading the book was that he truly loved stock car racing. The long hours, driving the tow vehicle, making rapirs on the side of the road, rebuilding broken pieces of the race car because there was no money to buy new parts and the list goes on and on. Seems like it was more then just dedication.
ED OTTO NASCAR'S SILENT PARTNER - 2008 - Edgar Otto and Joann Biondi - An important book for those that have an interest in the history of NASCAR. Ed Otto was Bill France's partner during the '50s and was instrumental in the national growth of NASCAR. In addition, it was Ed Otto who actually saved the sport from being banned in the mid-fifties and Ed was had a court case that set the precedent for not having driver's unions in American racing. These stories are covered in detail in the book. Very interesting. It is also important that Ed Otto promoted our own Westport Stadium during the '50's. Ed was also responsible for getting NASCAR to stage a race with those Jaguars at New Jersey in the mid-50's. The book brings to light many things about NASCAR's beginning that have been glossed over, or totally ignored, by many of the books written by other authors. This book is available from www.coastal151.com.
LONE WOLF - 2007 - Doug Wolfgang with Dave Argabright - This is an excellent read if you interested in the story of what it is like to travel with the World of Outlaws sprint car series. Of course Doug's finest years were spent in Central Pa. driving the famed Weichert Livestock Special for Bob Weichert and wrenched by Davy Brown Sr. and Jr. Doug raced many times at Hagerstown Speedway.
TALES FROM THE TRACK (Stories from the early days of racing) - 2002 - J. Steve Strosnider - A good read about Eastside and Winchester Speedways in Virginia. Many of the drivers raced at Hagerstown and it is mentioned quite a bit in the book.
STEADY EDDIE (Memories of ED Flemke, Modified Racing's Fastest Professor - Edited by Bones Bourcier - 2007- A very good read about one of the truly great Modified racers. Eddie was there almost from the beginning in the late forties. Along the way the Connecticut driver raced at Marlboro Raceway and Beltsville Speedway in Maryland during the 60's. This book is told by the people who knew him over the years. All racers can relate to the many stories about how it is to have stock car racing as the number one priority in your life. This man loved it all. He also took the time to enjoy times with his children and mentor such stars as Dennis Zimmerman (Rookie of the Year and 8th place finish at the Indy 500), Pete Hamilton and many more. Several photos of Beltsville Speedway in this book. A real worthwhile read.
THE HISTORY OF AMERICA"S SPEEDWAYS Past and Present - Allan E. Brown - 2003 - This is a very good book about the growth of the American speedway from the beginning. Contains a lot of really important information about the tracks and the types of racecars raced over the years. Lists over 8,000 tracks by state. Of course many no longer exist but it also has the survivors. This is a hardbound book with 852 pages. Mr. Brown publishes the very popular National Speedway Directory every year. Of special note to Marylanders is that there are many pictures of Maryland speedway action throughout the book. A truly great work in my opinion. Covers all types of racing.
NASCAR Record Books (1950 to present) - These books have been called press guides, annuals and record books over the years. Most are available on e-bay at times.
GOLD THUNDER (Autobiography of a NASCAR Champion) - Rex White as told to Anne B. Jones - 2005 Great book about a driver from North Carolina that moved to Maryland and started racing in Maryland and went on to be the 1960 NASCAR Grand National Champion.
DRIVING WITH THE DEVIL- Neal Thompson - 2006 - Former write for the Baltimore Sunpapers-Arguably the best work to date on the history of stock car racing.
FORD-The Dust and The Glory (A racing history) - Leo Levine - 1968 - Excellent book on all forms of racing with Ford's involvement naturally.
HIGH SPEED AT LOW TIDE-Greg Fielden - 1993 - Excellent book about racing on the beach at Daytona. Alot of coverage of the Sportsman-Modified races. Out of print. Hard to find and expensive.
FORTY YEARS OF STOCK CAR RACING - Greg Fielden - 1990 - Four Volume Set covering NASCAR Cup racing from the beginning to 1989. Has the results and a write up on every race from the beginning. Plus many other statistics. Great reference books.
MIRACLE Bobby Allison and the Saga of the Alabama Gang - Peter Golenbock - 2006 - Bobby raced extensively at Beltsville Speedway in Maryland in modifieds, late model sportsman and Grand National. Good read.
FULL THROTTLE - Robert Edelstein - 2005 - The life and times of Curtis Turner- Great story about a true legend.
FIREBALL - Godwin Kelly - 2005 - The life of Fireball Roberts - Need I say more. Another legend.
AMERICAN ZOOM - Peter Golenbock - 1993 - Excellent book about NASCAR . Not only the drivers but the promoters, mechanics and crew chiefs. A very important book for the race fan.
LET 'EM ALL GO - Dave Argabright - 2006 - A history of racing as told to Argabright by the incomparable Chris Economaki. He was there from the start.
AT SPEED - Monte Dutton - 2000 - You can read Monte's column in Area Auto Racing News every week. One of my favorite writers. Tells it like it is. Has won many awards for his writings. A great read.
BEST DAMN GARAGE IN TOWN - Smokey Yunick - 2003 - One of the greatest mechanics and innovators in stock car and Indy car racing ever. Very colorful book. A little on the naughty side. Smokey and Bill France had a love-hate relationship. Read why. Smokey pulls no punches. I had the pleasure of meeting him several years ago. Quite the character.
THE INTIMIDATOR - Frank Vehorn - 1991 - Unauthorized Biography of Dale Earnhardt - A good read. Not an expose or anything like that.
THE OLD MASTER (The Frankie Schneider Story) - Dennis Keenan - 2006 - Mr. Modified. If you loved the early days of modified racing this is a must read. Frankie raced everywhere and won everywhere. Raced extensively in Maryland in the early 50's at Westport, Dorsey, Ritchie and Lanham. Read about him changing a car from a sportsman to a modified on the ferry while crossing the Chesapeake Bay to the Eastern Shore.
PAVED TRACK DIRT TRACK - Lew Boyd - Excellent book about Old Bridge Stadium in New Jersey and Nazereth Raceway in Pennsylvania. All about the modifieds of not so long ago.
NASCAR STOCK CAR RACING - Lyle Kenyon Engle - 1969 - Good book with chapters on Sportsman, Modifieds and hobby cars.
TALES FROM PIT ROAD with Buddy Baker - Buddy Baker and David Poole-2002 - Many amusing stories from Buddy.
THE WORLD"S NUMBER ONE FLAT-OUT, ALL-TIME GREAT, STOCK CAR RACING BIIK - Jerry Bledsoe - 1975 - A great read about the early days, many stories that aren't told anymore.
GRAND NATIONAL STOCK CAR RACING (The Other Side of The Fence) - Randy Hallman - 1982 - A cold Linda Vaughan on the cover and many great photos inside.
NASCAR THE DEFINITIVE HISTORY OF AMERICA'S SPORT - Mike Hembree - 2000 - A lot of history and great photos.
BOBBY ALLISON (A Racer's Racer) - Bobby Allsion with Tim Packman - 2003 - Great book about Bobby with many fine photos of the cars he drove over the years.
DIRT TRACKS TO GLORY (The Early Days of Stock Car Racing) - Sylvia Wilkinson - 1983 - The title says it all.
THE AMERICAN STOCK CAR - William Burt - 2001 - A nice history of the cars that led up to the current car.
THE ULTIMATE STOCK CAR - Bill Center - 2000 - This is a neat book as it has many photos of rare racecars from the old modifieds to the winged Mopars of 1969 and 1970. Interesting articles about Junior Johnson and the "mystery 427 Chevy of 1963. For the person who likes to pick at things there are some glaring errors in this book like the 429 cubic inch Chrysler hemi stuffed into a Barracuda but is actually a Ford FE in Ford. The pictures in this book are outstanding. This book was probably printed in Britain before it was in the U.S. which is kind of strange. It has chapters on drag racing, Trans-Am, IROC and more.


text:
Partner Therapeutics, Inc. (PTx) Closes $60 Million Financing
Funds to support pipeline development and commercial operations
BOSTON, MA – February 1, 2018/ PR Newswire/
Partner Therapeutics, Inc. (PTx) announced today the closing of a Series A financing to support the launch and growth of the company. PTx is an oncology company focused on the development and commercialization of approved and late-stage therapies that improve treatment outcomes and reduce the total cost of care.
The financing totaled $60 million and was led by a group of pre-eminent biopharma investors, including Perceptive Advisors, Adams St. Partners and MidCap Financial. The funds will support the company's efforts to build a pipeline of oncology programs as well as the development and commercial operations of the business.
Perceptive Advisors, founded in 1999 focuses on supporting progress in the life sciences industry by identifying opportunities and directing financial resources toward the most promising technologies in modern healthcare. The firm manages over $3 billion. Perceptive invests in the technologies, leaders, and advancements its team identifies as transformative within their fields.
Adams Street Partners is one of the largest and most established private markets investment firms in the world. Adams Street launched its investment program in 1972, and manages $30 billion of assets across five strategies: primary and secondary private equity fund investments, co-investments, private credit investments, and direct venture/growth investments. The Adams Street Venture/Growth Team allocates capital to leading venture and growth stage companies in the technology and healthcare industries.
MidCap Financial is a middle market-focused, specialty finance firm that provides senior debt solutions to life science companies and other industries. As of December 31, 2017, MidCap Financial had $15 billion of commitments under management. MidCap Financial is managed by Apollo Capital Management, L.P., a subsidiary of Apollo Global Management, LLC, pursuant to an investment management agreement.
"We are delighted to partner with such an esteemed and experienced set of investors," said Mr. Mulroy. "The teams at Perceptive, Adams St, and MidCap Financial are proven stewards of innovation with tremendous track records in building great companies. We look forward working together to create value for patients through improvements in treatment and the cost of cancer care."
"We are excited to work with the team at PTx, a group with proven capabilities to build strong portfolios, execute development, and lead the commercialization of meaningful cancer therapies," said Adam Stone, Chief Investment Officer at Perceptive Advisors. "We share the team's enthusiasm for the opportunity to build a new cancer company and look forward to our partnership."
"Given the significant expansion of programs and the growing complexity of early stage cancer therapies, we share PTx's vision for a later stage oncology company that can serve as a translational bridge for new and existing programs to expand commercial access," said Terry Gould, Managing Partner for Adams Street. "Our investment continues our firm's commitment to improving healthcare and is in complete sync with the mission-driven passion of the PTx leadership."
PTx will seek to build its product portfolio through the acquisition of programs with the promise to deliver on improved health and economic outcomes. The company will be headquartered in the Boston area and plans to operate as an integrated commercial, development, and manufacturing organization.
About Partner Therapeutics, Inc.:
PTx is an integrated commercial stage biotech company focused on the development and commercialization of therapeutics that improve health and economic outcomes in the treatment of cancer. PTx's development focus spans the entire range of cancer therapy from primary treatments to supportive care. The company believes in delivering great products in support of medical teams with the purpose of creating the best possible outcomes for patients and their families.
For more info.
Media@PartnerTx.com
www.PartnerTx.com


text:
Thermal Analyzers
Differential Scanning Calorimeters (DSC)
Thermogravimetric Analyzers (TGA)
High Pressure Thermogravimetric Analyzers (HP-TGA)
Simultaneous Thermal Analyzers (SDT)
Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers (DMA)
Thermomechanical Analyzers (TMA)
Sorption Analyzers (SA)
Horizontal Dilatometers
Vertical Dilatometers
Quenching Dilatometers
Optical Dilatometers
Heating Microscope
Discovery Hybrid Rheometers (DHR)
ARES-G2 Rheometer
Discovery Hybrid Rheometer (DHR) Accessories
ARES-G2 Rheometer Accessories
High Temperature Viscometer
Thermal Conductivity & Diffusivity Analyzers
Light/Laser Flash Analyzers
Thermal Conductivity Meters
FOX Heat Flow Meters
Microcalorimeters
Nano Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
Isothermal Titration Calorimeters (ITC)
Isothermal Microcalorimeters
ElectroForce Mechanical
Load Frames
Multi-Specimen Fatigue
TestBench & Planar Biaxial
Cardiovascular Device Fatigue
Rubber Testing Instruments
Rubber Process Analyzers (RPA)
Moving Die Rheometers (MDR)
Mooney Viscometers (MV)
Density (ADT) & Hardness (AHT) Testers
Sample Cutter
Mechanical Fatigue & DMA
TRIOS Software
TRIOS AutoPilot
NANO Software
WinTest Software
TAM Assistant Software
Scarabeaus Software
Guided Methods
Thermal Analysis Accessories
DSC Accessories
TGA Accessories
DMA Accessories
TMA Accessories
SDT Accessories
ElectroForce Mechanical Testing Accessories
Grips/Platens
Fixtures & Chambers
SGT & BioDynamic
Rheology Accessories
ARES-G2 Accessories
DHR Accessories
Rubber Accessories
Microcalorimetry Accessories
Degassing Station
Reliable Autosampler
Dilatometry Accessories
Furnaces & Accessories
Parts & Accessories Guide
Instrument Brochures
Thermal Analysis Brochures
High Pressure TGA
IsoSORP Sorption Analyzer
Thermal Conductivity & Diffusivity Brochures
Discovery Laser & Xenon Flash Analyzers
LaserComp Thermal Conductivity Meters
Rheology Brochures
Discovery Hybrid Rheometer
Discovery Hybrid Rheometer Accessories
RSA-G2 Solids Analyzer
VIS 413 High Temperature Viscometer
ElectroForce Mechanical Testing Brochures
Load Frame & TestBench Instruments
Cardiovascular Test Instruments
High Force DMA & Fatigue Test Instruments
Microcalorimetry Brochures
ITC & DSC
TAM IV & IV-48
Rubber Testing Brochures
Rubber Testing
Dilatometry Brochures
Push-Rod & Optical Dilatometry
Quenching Dilatometry
Parts & Accessories Catalog
TA Product Guide
Service Support Helpline
Site Prep Guides
The IQ/OQ Product Offering
Calibrations with Certified Standards
Applications Support Helpline
App Notes Library
Software Downloads & Support
Instruments Sorted by Software
Software Sorted by Instruments
General Support Plans
Performance Maintenance Visit
Academic Support Plan
Recorded Theory & Apps Training
WinTest Software Training
Practical Series Courses
Instant Insight Series
Theory & Applications Training
Custom Onsite Training
Strategies for Better Data
Site Preparation Guides
Initial Installation Training
TA Locations Worldwide
North America Rep Locator
About TA
Testing Standards
U.S. Careers
Total Rewards and Benefits
ElectroForce Mechanical Test Instruments
View Brochures
Lithium-Ion Battery Material Testing
TA Worldwide Locations
Apparent Melting: A New Approach to Detecting Drug-Excipient Incompatibility
Keywords: Melting Temperature, Heat of Fusion, Apparent Melting, Thermodynamic Melting, Kinetic Process, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Decomposition, Drug Excipient Incompatibility, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Modulated DSC (MDSC®), Quasi-isothermal MDSC®
Drug-excipient incompatibility is a term used to describe chemical interaction between an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and another material (excipient) that is added to perform a specific function in the final dosage form. These functions can include lubrication during manufacturing, thermal or oxidative stability, binder, color, sweetness, bioavailability etc. The excipient is typically identified as an inert ingredient, and is expected to not affect the chemistry or physical properties of the API. Verifying that the excipient is not affecting the API typically requires months of testing and significant use of resources such as manpower, oven usage and analytical time.
The proposed method uses the approach of apparent melting (see TA401) and provides a rapid screening protocol that can quickly identify problem excipients and reduce detection of drug-excipient incompatibility to a few days.
This method does not eliminate the need to do long term oven aging and analytical testing of a final candidate dosage form but should improve the probability of a successful development.
Thermal analysis techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Modulated DSC (MDSC®) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) have been used for almost fifty years to characterize the structure and thermal properties of materials used by the pharmaceutical industry. However, until now, attempts to develop an approach to detect drug-excipient incompatibility have been largely unsuccessful. Reasons for this failure are beyond the scope of this paper but one of the primary causes was a lack of understanding of how kinetic processes such as chemical interaction affect crystallinity and the heat flow signal observed in DSC experiments.
Recent work by researchers at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign1,2,3 has shown that "apparent melting" occurs when chemical processes such as decomposition occur in crystalline structure. The apparent melting peak occurs below the thermodynamic melting of these materials and is time dependent, i.e. shifts to higher temperature at higher heating rates. These endothermic peaks look just like an expected melting peak and are often misinterpreted as thermodynamic melting. Their work also showed how the rate of crystallinity loss due to apparent melting could be measured as a function of time at specific temperatures using the approach of quasi-isothermal Modulated DSC.
The purpose of this paper is to explain and illustrate a systematic thermal analysis approach (DSC, MDSC®, and TGA) for detecting drug-excipient incompatibility and then optionally exploring the rate of reaction (kinetics) and reaction mechanism (chemistry). This approach can be summarized as follows:
TGA analysis at 10°C/min on API and excipient
DSC analysis at multiple heating rates on API and excipient
DSC analysis at 1°C/min on a 50/50 (wt.) mixture of API and excipient. If apparent melting is detected (temperature shift of endothermic peak) then optional testing can be performed
Optional analyses to measure reaction kinetics and/or identify reaction mechanism
Use of quasi-isothermal MDSC at three temperatures to create an Arrhenius plot that can be used to obtain reaction kinetics (activation energy and pre-exponential factor)
Use of quasi-isothermal MDSC at a single temperature to create a plot of heat capacity vs. time that can be used to calculate percent conversion vs. time at that temperature. That plot can be used to prepare samples of different percent conversion in an oven so that they can be used with any analytical technique (HPLC, IR, MS, XRD etc.) to investigate the reaction mechanism
Step 1: TGA Analysis at 10°C/min on API and Excipient
The purpose of doing TGA is to measure and verify composition, and to determine the temperature of bulk mass loss due to decomposition. Specific analyses include:
Free/unbound water. This is water that could plasticize amorphous material or cause hydrolysis in some component. Plasticization of amorphous structure lowers the glass transition temperature and increases molecular mobility.
Presence of hydrate forms. Hydrates typically undergo dehydration at temperatures below the melting point of anhydrous structure. This dehydration causes a creation of free/unbound water and results in formation of amorphous structure which is less stable than crystalline structure.
Temperature of bulk mass loss. This is an important determination because it is necessary to do the DSC experiments in hermetic pans. These pans will begin to leak once the internal pressure exceeds approximately 50psi. Leaking of decomposition products into the DSC is a problem since it may affect the baseline performance of future experiments and cause contamination. With 5mg samples, it is recommended to limit the DSC upper temperature to the temperature where no more than 10% weight loss occurs in the TGA experiment.
Before illustrating some of the above measurements, it is important to address a common misunderstanding of the ability of TGA to reliably measure decomposition temperature. This misunderstanding is based on the belief that decomposition always causes weight loss which is just not true. Weight loss only occurs if the decomposition mechanism results in formation of volatile decomposition products. This was shown by Lee et.al.1for sucrose. Figure 1 shows TGA data for sucrose obtained from three sources, sugar cane, sugar beet and analytical grade. That data was created with sample weights of approximately 130mg so that TGA moisture analysis could be compared with data from Karl Fisher titration. The maximum weight loss in the three TGA experiments was less than 0.04% at 200°C which agreed with the Karl Fisher results. Based on the TGA derivative signals, significant weight loss does not begin until about 200°C. For comparison, the DSC data overlaid on Figure 1 (also at 10°C/min) shows that the endothermic peak associated with loss of crystalline structure is completed by that temperature. This kind of data convinced many researchers in the past that the melting of sucrose must be thermodynamic because loss of crystalline structure occurred prior to decomposition. The work by Lee et.al.1 showed that sucrose undergoes apparent melting as seen in Figure 2 and that loss of crystalline structure due to decomposition occurs as low as 120°C during isothermal experiments (Figure 14).
Results that show decomposition begins as low as 120°C by DSC but weight loss due to TGA decomposition begins near 200°C seem to be in conflict. This apparent conflict is the result of believing that decomposition always causes weight loss. As will be discussed and illustrated later in this paper, both chemical and kinetic analyses confirm that decomposition does occur at temperatures as low as 120°C. Understanding the decomposition mechanism resolves the issue because it shows that decomposition creates fructose and glucose which are not volatile. The mechanism of decomposition is cleavage of the glycosidic bond as shown in Figure 3.
Although it is not recommended to identify decomposition using DSC, it is the most reliable technique for detecting decomposition and chemical interaction in crystalline materials since those processes result in a loss of crystalline structure and a change in chemistry.
With the knowledge that decomposition does not always cause weight loss, let's look at a typical TGA analysis on lactose, a common excipient. Figure 4 shows TGA data on lactose heated at 10°C/min from ambient to 600°C. When that file is selected for analysis, the software will plot auto-scale so that all data is shown. The result is that the data is shown at a low sensitivity and minor weight losses may not be detected. It is strongly recommended that TGA data be plotted so that the top 10% weight loss (90-100%) is expanded to look for minor and possibly important weight losses. The benefit of doing this can be seen in Figure 5 where a minor weight loss is detected and most likely due to the presence of hydrated crystals based on the DSC data. In addition, it can be clearly seen that there is little to no free water since there is no weight loss from ambient to 100°C. This is typical for highly crystalline materials which tend to not be hygroscopic. Weight loss above a few tenths of a percent often indicates the presence of amorphous structure which is hygroscopic.
Bulk weight loss of 10% occurs near 250°C in Figure 5 and for that reason should be the upper limit of the DSC experiment in order to not have the hermetic pan burst in the DSC and possibly cause contamination.
Figure 1: A comparison of TGA data for three (3) sources of crystalline sucrose shows that the minor weight losses of less than 0.04% at 200°C are likely due to water since results closely agree with Karl Fischer data. The onset of bulk mass loss is best seen in the derivative signals and appears to start at a temperature (203.5°C) above the end of the endothermic peaks seen in the DSC results. Weight loss of water only begins as crystalline structure is lost because the water is trapped in occlusions within the crystal as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 2: The shift in onset temperature for loss of crystallinity in analytical grade sucrose Sigma indicates a time dependent process (such as decomposition) and therefore apparent melting. However, it appears to contradict the TGA data which does not show decomposition below 200°C.
Figure 3: The chemical structure of sucrose is shown above. Hydrolysis involves breaking of the Glycosidic bond and formation of the decomposition products, glucose and fructose. Since neither of these materials are volatile, no weight loss is detected by TGA.
Figure 4: TGA data on lactose as plotted using auto-scale by the software. As the data is plotted at a low sensitivity to put all data on scale, minor important events are not easily detected.
Figure 5: TGA data on lactose as plotted to see the top 10% weight loss shows a weight loss just above 100 °C which could be due to some hydrated crystals. The overlaid DSC data shows an endothermic peak at that temperature which could only be due to dehydration since evaporation cannot occur in a sealed hermetic pan.
Step 2: DSC Analysis at Multiple Heating Rates on Drug and Excipient
The purpose of using multiple heating rates is to determine if the crystalline materials undergo true/thermodynamic melting or apparent melting. All DSC experiments should be done in hermetic pans for this application. If apparent melting is occurring then a chemical process is causing loss of crystalline structure (see TA401 on Apparent Melting). Since all chemical processes are kinetic, loss of crystalline structure will occur at lower temperatures given a longer time (lower heating rate). Loss of crystalline structure at lower temperatures is problematic since the resulting amorphous structure has higher mobility and higher probability of chemical interaction. The use of multiple heating rates also provides the opportunity to investigate reaction rate by using the data to create an Arrhenius plot and to identify the optimum temperature for doing a quasi-isothermal MDSC® experiment so that chemical analysis can be done to identify the reaction mechanism (see Figure 13).
The interaction between acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and magnesium stearate is well documented and described in the pharmaceutical website Pharma Treasures. A link to the website and information on this interaction is provided in Figure 6.
This known drug-excipient incompatibility will be used to illustrate the proposed method. Figure 7 is an overlay of the multiple heating rates for aspirin with the TGA results. The shift in temperature for loss of crystalline structure indicates apparent melting and TGA shows significant weight loss over the same temperature range, indicating decomposition as the cause for loss of crystalline structure.
Figure 8 is a similar overlay for the excipient, magnesium stearate. Two endothermic peaks are seen at each heating rate for DSC. The first peak shifts with heating rate and therefore indicates apparent melting. The label on the bottle of the magnesium stearate indicated that it contained both hydrate and anhydrous forms. TGA results show a weight loss in the same temperature range as the first endothermic peaks and this would be expected for dehydration. Since dehydration is a kinetic process, loss of crystallinity due to dehydration would be expected to change with heating rate. The high temperature peaks show no shift with heating rate and there is no weight loss, indicating that the high temperature peak is due to true/thermodynamic melting of the anhydrous form.
Figure 6: Text from Pharma Treasures, an informatory site that shares pharma related articles, identifies the incompatibility issue between magnesium stearate and aspirin. It refers to this interaction as "induced decomposition".
Figure 7: An overlay of DSC at multiple heating rates for aspirin indicates that the temperature for loss of crystalline structure changes with heating rate, indicating apparent melting. This is confirmed with TGA that shows the onset of significant weight loss in the same temperature range.
Figure 8: An overlay of DSC at multiple heating rates for magnesium stearate shows that the temperature for loss of crystalline structure changes with heating rate for the first peaks, indicating apparent melting (dehydration). The second peaks do not shift with heating rate, indicating thermodynamic melting. TGA data shows a stable weight following dehydration.
Step 3: DSC analysis at 1°C/min on a 50/50 (wt.) mixture of drug and excipient
Once data is obtained for the individual components, it is time to determine if interaction occurs between them in a mixture. The ratio of the two materials is completely arbitrary but a 50/50 mixture by weight is recommended because the sole purpose of the experiment is to detect any interaction. If interaction is detected then other ratios can be investigated. All experiments should be done in hermetic pans.
Although it is recommended to make the mixture just prior to the DSC experiment, any interaction, even during mixing or storage, will clearly be seen in the data. The mixture is heated at a slow heating rate (1°C/min) to provide more time for the reaction to occur. If an endothermic peak is seen at a temperature below the melting peaks of the individual components then interaction is indicated as seen in Figure 9 for a 50/50 (wt.) mixture of aspirin and magnesium stearate.
Figure 9: An overlay comparison of DSC data for aspirin, magnesium stearate and 50/50 mix (wt.) at 1°C/min shows that interaction occurs in the mixture because an apparent melting peak is created at a temperature below the melting points of the individual components.
Step 4: Optional Experiments to Investigate Reaction Kinetics or Mechanism
Detection of chemical interaction between an API and potential excipient may eliminate that excipient as a candidate for a final dosage form but there may be interest in understanding the rate of reaction to see how it would affect long-term storage at lower temperatures. To do that requires the determination of reaction kinetics which typically starts with creation of an Arrhenius plot to obtain activation energy and pre-exponential factor. Two ways to obtain kinetic information will be illustrated.
A. Use of Quasi-isothermal MDSC for Analyzing the Rate of Reaction (Kinetics)
Modulated DSC (MDSC®) is a technique that applies two simultaneous heating rates (linear and sinusoidal) so that heat capacity can be measured at the same time as total heat flow (DSC signal). The sinusoidal heating rate has a temperature modulation amplitude (±°C) and modulation frequency/period (seconds) which can be applied during an isothermal average temperature. The name "quasi-isothermal" simply means that it is not truly isothermal because of the small temperature modulation. An example of such an experiment is seen in Figure 10.
The purpose of measuring heat capacity is to detect conversion of crystalline structure to an amorphous form as a result of the chemical interaction. Amorphous structure typically has a 50% higher heat capacity. Once apparent melting is detected in the 50/50 mixture of drug and excipient, the data can be used to select temperatures for the quasi-isothermal MDSC® experiments. The guideline is to select temperatures in the range between 5 and 20°C below the onset temperature seen in the 50/50 mix experiment at 1°C/min. This is only a guideline since the activation energy varies from one process to another and affects the best isothermal temperatures to use. Based on an onset temperature of approximately 65°C for the 50/50 mix in Figure 10, isothermal temperatures of 40, 50 and 60°C were selected for the quasi-isothermal experiments shown in Figure 114. The data from Figure 11 can be used to create an Arrhenius plot as shown in Figure 12.
Another way to obtain an Arrhenius plot is to plot log heating rate vs. 1/T for the onset temperatures obtained from multiple heating rates. An example of such a plot is seen in Figure 13 which uses the data from Figure 2 for the apparent melting of sucrose. Except for creating an Arrhenius plot to obtain activation energy and pre-exponential, a detailed discussion of kinetics is outside the scope of this paper.
Figure 10: Illustration of how MDSC® can apply a temperature modulation at the same time as the average temperature is held constant (isothermal). The modulated temperature permits the measurement of heat capacity vs. time at an isothermal temperature. Typical MDSC conditions are ±1.0°C every 100 seconds. Standard DSC does not have the ability to measure heat capacity under isothermal conditions.
Figure 11: Quasi-isothermal MDSC® experiments at 40, 50, and 60°C show how heat capacity increases with time due to chemical interaction between Aspirin (API) and Magnesium Stearate (excipient). The slope of the heat capacity curves is a measure of the reaction rate and can be used to create an Arrhenius plot as seen in Figure 12.
Figure 12: An Arrhenius plot for the reaction between aspirin and magnesium stearate can be created from the reaction rates (slope of Cp vs. time) seen in Figure 11.
Figure 13: An Arrhenius plot using data from Figure 2 shows Log Heating Rate vs. 1/T for apparent melting due to decomposition in Sigma sucrose. The kinetic process causing loss of crystalline structure was identified as hydrolysis that begins in occlusions in the crystal that form during the crystallization process in a water-based solution3.
B. Use of Quasi-isothermal MDSC for Analyzing the Reaction Mechanism (Chemistry)
Once the quasi-isothermal experiments have been completed, the next step is to select a temperature that can be used for preparing a quantity of material at different degrees of conversion that will be used for chemical analysis. Typically, the temperature should result in full loss of crystalline structure in an eight (8) hour period. That way, all samples can be prepared in one day, stored in a refrigerator to stop the reaction, and then analyzed by a chemical analytical technique of choice (HPLC, GC, MS, IR etc.) the next day. An inspection of the quasi-isothermal data for the aspirin-magnesium stearate mix in Figure 11 shows that a temperature of about 52°C should provide the desired result because it took about 600 minutes (10 hours) for complete loss of crystallinity at 50°C. It does not matter if the reaction goes faster or slower at that temperature because the linear response in Figure 11 indicates that a single reaction mechanism is responsible over the temperature range from 40 to 60°C. The goal is to remove samples from the oven at different percent of conversion so that the decomposition mechanism can be followed.
Figure 14 shows chemical analysis by HPLC on the decomposition of sucrose at 120°C 3. The time basis for determining when to remove a new sample from the oven is based on the shape of the Reversing Heat Capacity signal. The shape of the heat capacity curve and rate of creation of the decomposition products (glucose and fructose) may indicate an autocatalytic reaction but that was not seen in the Arrhenius plot.
Figure 14: An overlay of HPLC analyses performed at specific times during an isothermal temperature of 120°C. The heat capacity signal from an MDSC experiment at 120°C was used to determine % conversion vs. time. Results confirm complete loss of crystalline structure and formation of expected decomposition products.3
The proposed thermal analysis method using TGA, DSC and MDSC® is a rapid screening tool for detection of drug-excipient incompatibility. The approach is based on apparent melting which identifies loss of crystalline structure caused by chemical processes such as chemical interaction and decomposition. The current pharmaceutical approach requires months of oven aging and chemical analyses and a relatively large quantity of API and excipient. The proposed method typically takes less than a week, requires less than a gram of material and can provide information on reaction kinetics (rate) and mechanism (chemistry).
1. Lee, J.W. et al.; Investigation of the heating rate dependency associated with the loss of crystalline structure in sucrose, glucose, and fructose using a thermal analysis approach (Part I). J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2010. DOI: 10.1021/jf1042344
2. Lee, J.W. et al; Investigation of Thermal Decomposition as the Kinetic Process That Causes the Loss of Crystalline Structure in Sucrose Using a Chemical Analysis Approach (Part II). J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2010. DOI: 10.1021/jf1042344
3. Lu, Y. et al. Impact of Sucrose Crystal Composition and Chemistry on its Thermal Behavior, Journal of Food Engineering 214: 193-208 (2017)
4. Sanchez, Yaritza, TA Instruments; Difference Between "Apparent" Melting and Thermodynamic Melting on Crystalline Materials Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, presented at 45th NATAS Conference, 2018 in Philadelphia, PA.
This note was written by Leonard C. Thomas, DSC Solutions
TA Instruments has been long recognized as an innovator and leader in modulated thermal analysis.
Click here to download the printable version of this application note.
Our Product Markets
TA Instruments Videos
Applications Notes Library
159 Lukens Drive,
New Castle, DE 19720


mobile screens crushers Mining Quarry Plant. Front page; Our Technologies; Materials mining and processing; Mobile crushers; Crushers are on the move.
HAZEMAG EPR is a medium-sized, Mining crushers, sizers, whether it is a single crusher or a complete processing plant.
Crushers and Equipment Technology in Mining . TYPES OF CRUSHERS. Beneficiation Plant. coal mining in usa. Mining and minerals processing.
calcite mining companies in the united states what's the workflow of calcite mining and processing plant? crushers, raymond mill, mobile crusher machine for.