Akhmetova, L.A., Frolov, A.V. 2008. A Review of Scarabs of the Subgenus Nobius Mulsant et Rey, Genus Aphodius Illiger (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), of the Fauna of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Entomological Review, 88(4): 421-434.
Original Russian text: Ахметова, Л. А., Фролов, А. В. 2008. Обзор пластинчатоусых жуков подрода Nobius Mulsant et Rey рода Aphodius Illiger (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) фауны России и сопредельных стран. Энтомологическое обозрение, 87, 397-410.
Scarab beetles of the subgenus Nobius Mulsant et Rey, genus Aphodius Illiger, distributed in Russia and neighboring countries are reviewed. A key to the species and notes on their biology are given. The tree new synonymies are established: A. serotinus (Panz.),1799 = A. x-signum Reitter, 1892, syn. n.; A. gresseri Sem. 1898 = A. korgaldzhensis Nikolajev, 1987, syn. n.; A. chaldaeus Petr., 1971 = A. moreleti Baraud, 1980, syn. n. Lectotypes of A. inclusus Reitt., 1892 and A. gresseri are designated.
Subgenus Nobius Mulsant et Rey, 1869, of genus Aphodius Illiger, 1798, was described on the basis of the presence of a single character, the dark brown elytra with small pale macula near the apex of each elytron. However, the coloration of elytra in Aphodius species is subject to much intraspecific and interspecific variability. A number of species unrelated to A. serotinus Panzer, 1799, (the type species of the subgenus Nobius)were previously placed in this subgenus because of using the elytral coloration without consideration of other characters. Among the species occurring in Russia and neighbouring countries, it concerns A. (Chilothorax) flammulatus Harold, 1876, and A. (Carinaulus) costatellus A. Schmidt, 1916 (authors data). At the same time some species with similar shape of the aedeagus and other structures were placed in the different subgenera: A. pustulifer Reitter, 1892, and A. chaldaeus Petrovitz, 1971, in Volinus Mulsant, 1870; A. moreleti Baraud, 1980, in Esymus Mulsant et Rey, 1869.
Incomplete descriptions of most species, absence of illustrations of characters, and rarity of the majority of these species in collections did not allow to identify them reliably. The goal of the present study is to clarify the diagnosis of the subgenus Nobius, diagnostic characters of the species included in this subgenus, nomenclature of the names, and distribution of the species in Russia and neighbouring countries. During examination of the collection of Zoological Institute RAS (ZIN) a new species was found. Its description is given below.
This study is based on the large material deposited in ZIN including the specimens collected by the authors over the past years. Also, the material from the Hungarian Museum of Natural History in Budapest (HNHM) and Department of Zoology of Moscow Pedagogical State University (MGPU) was examined. Coordinates of the collecting localities for the distribution map were taken from the specimen labels, available atlases, and the GNS database (http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/index.html). Scheme of measurements of the aedeagus is shown on the fig. 25. Examined material is deposited in ZIN, if not indicated otherwise.
The authors would like to thank K.V. Makarov and A.V. Matalin (MGPU) for the loan of material and Otto Merkl (HNHM) for the opportunity to study the type specimens of E.Reitter's species. We are also indebted to V.P. Bulychev (Dosang Antiplague Station) for logistics assistance. This research was supported by the RFBR grant 07-04-00482-a.
Type species A. serotinus Panzer, 1799.
Body length 3.0-5.5 mm. Elytra shiny, glabrous, colored from yellowish-straw to dark brown. Most species have an obscure macula occupying the most part of each elytron, or only a few small maculae and dark sutural intervals. The shape of the maculae and intensity of the elytral coloration is subject to some interspecific variability. Scutellum small, triangular. Lateral sides and base of pronotum with fine border. Head slightly convex or flat. Dorsal surface of head without setae. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct. Clypeus sinuate at middle, rounded at sides. Genae slightly protruding past eyes. Adjacent apical setae of middle and hind tibiae of different length. Parameres without feebly sclerotized processes, more or less acute apically.
The most reliable diagnostic characters for the members of the subgenus are the shape and relative size of the parameres and the coloration of elytra. Reliable identification of females, especially of single specimens, can be difficult in same cases. We have studied spermathecae of about 30 specimens of all Nobius species included in this review. Most species have curved and evenly thickened spermatheca with the largest part of its surface folded (fig. 33). Spermatheca of A. serotinus differs in being pear-shaped basally, less curved, and having less folded surface (fig. 34). Spermatheca of A. chaldaeus Petrovitz, 1971, is similar to that of A. serotinus, but more curved (fig. 35). However, diagnostic reliability of the shape of spermateca cannot be appreciated without morphometric analysis which is beyond the scope of this work.
2. Clypeus granulate. Each elytron with 2 brown maculae (one longitudinal macula located approximately in the middle of elytron closer to the lateral margin, and another near the apex) (fig. 1, 2). Diameter of eye in ventral view approximately equal to the minimum interval between eye and gula. Middle and hind femora in male with relatively sparse, thin setae ventrally (fig. 17). Basal sclerite of aedeagus approximately 1.8 times the length of parameres (fig. 25) ... A. pustulifer Reitt.
- Clypeus punctate. Elytra with small brown macula located on intervals 2 - 4 near apex of each elytron (fig. 3, 4). Diameter of eye in ventral view approximately 2 times larger than minimum interval between eye and gula. Middle and hind femora in male with only single thin setae ventrally (fig. 18, see inset). Basal sclerite of aedeagus approximately 2.8 times longer than parameres (fig. 26). Spermatheca smooth on most part of surface, folded apically, and slightly widened basally (fig. 35) ... A. chaldaeus Petr.
5. Elytra orange-yellow, with brown or dark brown sutural intervals, apices, and large longitudinal macula on each elytron. Sometimes apices of elytra pale with dark macula or elytra entirely dark brown with paler humeral umbones and part of interval 2 near the base (fig. 7, 8). Parameres more curved, acute apically. Basal sclerite of aedeagus approximately 1.5 times longer than parameres (fig. 28) ... A. inclusus Reitt.
- Elytra yellowish-brown, with dark brown suture and brown sutural intervals (fig. 9, 10). Parameres less curved, smoothly tapering and acute apically. Basal sclerite of aedeagus approximately 2 times longer than parameres (fig. 29) ... A. bonnairei Reitt.
6. Elytra brown or dark brown, almost uniformly colored (fig. 11, 12). Basal sclerite of aedeagus approximately 1.8 times longer than parameres (fig. 30) ... A. gresseri Sem.
7. Elytra with very contrast pattern, yellowish-straw with dark brown sutural intervals, apices, and large longitudinal macula not occupying interval 2 and sometimes interval 3 (fig. 13, 14). Apices of parameres less curved, straight angled to basal sclerite (fig. 31) ... A. circumductus Solsky.
- Elytra with less contrast pattern, with dark brown suture, brown apices and large brown obscure macula occupying almost entire surface of elytron except for small part of intervals 2 and 3 near the base, humeral umbones, and area near apices of each elytron (fig. 15, 16). Apices of parameres more curved, not straight angled to basal sclerite (fig. 32) ... А. dosangi sp. n.
Figs. 1–8. Aphodius Ill., general view: (1, 2) A. pustulifer Reitt., (3, 4) A. chaldaeus Petr., (5, 6) A. serotinus (Panz.), (7, 8) A. inclusus Reitt. [(1, 3, 5, 7) male, (2, 4, 6, 8) female].
Aphodius (Nobius) inclusus Reitter, 1892 (fig. 7, 8, 20, 28, 36).
- inclusum Reitter, 1892 : 97, 1906 : 441. - inclusus Reitter (incorrect subsequent spelling): Schmidt, 1910 : 33; Yablokov-Khnzoryan, 1967 : 110; Nikolajev, 1987 : 118. - glasunowi D. Koshantschikow, 1894 : 108-109 (synonymy by: Reitter, 1906); Nikolajev, 1987 : 117.
Differential diagnosis. The species is most similar to A. bonnairei Reitter, 1892, but can be separated from it by the elytral pattern and the shape and size of parameres. Males of this species differ from A. serotinus Panzer, 1799 in having setae on the perimeter of metasternal disc and on the ventral surface of middle and hind femora, and also by the shape and length of the parameres.
Male (fig. 7). Head with black disc and lighter anterior margin. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct. Frons not tuberculate. Clypeus sinuate at middle, rounded at sides. Genae rounded, almost not separated from lateral margins of clypeus, slightly protruding past eyes. Diameter of eye in ventral view approximately as wide as minimum interval between eye and gula.
Pronotum shiny, dark brown becoming nearly black on disc, with paler lateral margins. Its surface with irregular and sparse punctation (punctures separated by 1 - 3 puncture diameters on disc). Lateral sides and base of pronotum with fine border; hind angles rounded. Scutellum triangular, dark brown, becoming nearly black laterally.
Elytra without humeral teeth, glabrous, shiny on disc and shagreened apically, colored orange-yellow with brown or dark brown sutural intervals, apices, and large longitudinal macula on each elytron. Sometimes apices of elytra pale with dark macula or elytra entirely dark brown with paler humeral umbones and part of interval 2 near the base. Striae relatively deep, punctures of striae wider in diameter than width of stria. Elytral intervals flat, very finely and sparsely punctate.
Venter of body dark brown. Perimeter of metasternal disc with dense, long setae. Legs brown. Hind femora with relatively dense setae ventrally. Middle femora with sparser setae. Outer teeth of fore tibia relatively long. Spur of fore tibia slightly curved downward and acute apically. Lower spur of middle tibia shorter than the first segment of tarsi and as long as 1/2 length of upper spur. First segment of hind tarsi slightly longer than upper spur and as long as 3 following segments together. Adjacent apical setae of middle and hind tibiae of different length.
Parameres relatively strongly curved, acute apically, 1.5 times shorter than length of basal sclerite.
Female (fig. 8) differs from male in glabrous disc of metasternum and in having only a few setae on middle and hind femora. Spermatheca folded, elongate, not pear-shaped basally.
Body length 3.7 - 4 mm.
Distribution range: Russia (Dagestan), Georgia, Armenia, Tadzhikistan, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan.
Type material. A. inclusus: lectotype (designated here): female with labels "Caucasus. Arexesthal. Leder. Reitter.", "inclusum m.", "coll. Reitter", "Paratypus, 1891, Aphodius (Melinopterus) inclusus Reitter" (HNHM); paralectotype female with labels "Caucasus. Arexesthal. Leder. Reitter.", "coll. Reitter" and "Holotypus, 1891, Aphodius (Melinopterus) inclusus Reitter" (HNHM). A. glasunowi, syntypes: female with labels "Turkestan Lac. Kulikulan Glasunov 1892." and "Glasunowi Kosh. type!"; 4 males and 4 females with labels "Turkestan, Lac. Kulikulan, Glasunov, 1892." and "Aphodius glasunowi"; 3 males and 4 females with labels "Seravschan Kshtut. Artutsh, Glasunov, 1892" and "Aphodius glasunowi".
Additional material. Russia. Dagestan, Derbent, 5 spm. Georgia. Tbilisi, 29.XII.1927, 2 spm. (Ya. Kirshenblatt). Armenia. Erevan, 10-25.XI.12, 3 spm. Iran. Lorestan, 1 spm.; Teheran, 8.V.1915, 1 spm.; Teheran, 4.VI.1915, 1 spm.; Khurasan, 5-9.XI.1900, 1 spm. (N.А. Zarudny). Afghanistan. Herat, NE of Adraskan , 1300 m, 20.XI.1971, 1 spm. (О.N. Kabakov); Gnor Tulak, 2400 m, 4.X.1969, 1 spm. (О.N. Kabakov).
Remark. It can be inferred from the original description of A. inclusus that the author examined several specimens of this species, but their exact number is not mentioned. The label "Holotypus [...]" was added to one of the specimens by the HNHM staff later and does not indicate the holotype. To insure stability of the nomenclature we designate the specimen with the Reitter's handwritten label the lectotype.
Schmidt (1910) was probably the first author who used incorrect subsequent spelling "inclusus" instead of original "inclusum". This spelling has been commonly used since then and attributed to Reitter (1892).
Aphodius (Nobius) serotinus Panzer, 1799 (fig. 5, 6, 19, 27, 34, 36).
Panzer, 1799; Nikolajev, 1987 : 117; Dzhambazishvili, 1979 : 97 – 98; Medvedev, 1965 : 177. - x-signum Reitter, 1892 : 97, syn. n.
Differential diagnosis. The species is most similar to A. inclusus, but can be separated from it by glabrous metasternal disc in both sexes, presence of only a few setae on the ventral surface of middle and hind femora, and by the shape and length of parameres.
Male (fig. 5). Head black on disc, sometimes with paler margins. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct. Frons not tuberculate. Clypeus slightly sinuate at middle, rounded at sides. The shape and size of genae vary from rounded, almost not separated from lateral margins of clypeus and slightly protruding past eyes to obtuse-angled, distinctly protruding past eyes. Diameter of eye in ventral view approximately as wide as minimum interval between eye and gula.
Pronotum shiny, dark on disc, sometimes with reddish-brown lateral margins or fore angles. Its surface with irregular and dense punctation. Sides and base of pronotum with fine border; hind angles rounded. Scutellum triangular, dark brown, sometimes nearly black.
Elytra without humeral teeth, glabrous, shiny. Elytra colored orange-red, with darken apices and large dark obscure macula occupying almost entire surface of each elytron. Size and shape of the macula vary, but normally it doesn't reach humeral umbones and the base of elytron except for interval 5. Striae relatively deep, wide, punctures of striae wider in diameter than width of striae. Elytral intervals flat, very finely and sparsely punctate.
Venter of body dark brown. Metasternal disc paler, reddish-brown or orange-red, shiny, glabrous or, rarely, with a few thin setae.
Legs reddish-brown to orange-red, orange in paler specimens. Middle and hind femora glabrous or with a few thin setae ventrally. Outer teeth of fore tibia relatively long and thin. Spur of fore tibia slightly curved downward and acute apically. Lower spur of middle tibia as long as or slightly shorter then first segment of tarsi, acute apically, and as long as 1/2 length of upper spur. First segment of hind tarsi longer than upper spur and as long as or a bit shorter than 3 following segments together. Adjacent apical setae of middle and hind tibiae of different length.
Parameres feebly curved, taperring and slightly acute apically, approximately as long as basal sclerite of the aedeagus.
Female (fig. 6) differs from male in slightly narrower pronotum with denser punctation. Spermatheca smooth on the convex side, folded on the concave side and apically, pear-shaped basally.
Body length 3.5 — 5.5 mm.
Distribution range: the species is widespread in Europa and Asia to Siberia. Records from North-Eastern China need for confirmation.
Type material. A. x-signum: holotype (?), male with labels "Quellgebiet des Irkut Leder.", "coll. Reitter", "x-signum" (HNHM).
Additional material. Hungary. 1 spm. without exact data. Moldova. Orhei distr., Furceni, 29.IV.1978, 1 spm. (Kabakov). Ukraine. Zakarpatskaya Prov., 15.X.1971, 1 spm. (Stepanov); Krivoj Rog, 15.IX.1987, 1 spm. (Kiselev); Crimea, Ishun', 9.X.1990, 1 spm. (Gusarov); Mount pass Baidarskie vorota 15.IX.1903, 16 spm.; Lastochkino, 10.IV.1907, 1 spm.; Kerch, 5.VI.1902, 4 spm., X.1906, 1 spm.; Sevastopol, 1.X.1911, 1 spm. (V. Pliginskiy); Simferopol Distr., Balka Dzhalman, 19-29.IX.1906, 4 spm., 21.IX.1910, 2 spm. (Kakhovskiy); Poltava Prov., 1908, 1 spm.; Vilkovo, Odessa Prov., 2.X.1990, 1 spm. (V. Gusarov); Kharkov Prov., Zmiev, 11.IX.1926, 1 spm. (Arnoldi); Merefa, 11.IX.1956, 1 spm. (Stepanov). Russia. Leningrad Prov.: Sankt-Petersburg, 1 spm. (E. Koenig); Luga, 1 spm. (Yakobson). Novgorod Prov.: Valday, 5 spm. Nizhni Novgorod Prov.: Sarov, 15.IX.1872, 1 spm. Voronezh Prov.: Bobrov, 21.VIII.1912, 1 spm. (B. Karavaev). Ryazan Prov.: Dubrovka, 14 spm., 7.VIII.1903, 1 spm. (Olsufiev); Gremyachka, 14.VIII.1903, 2 spm., 20.VIII.1899, 1 spm. (A. Semenov); Saraevskiy Distr., Kozlovka, 20.VIII.1897, 2 spm. (Olsufiev); Grotovskiy, 12.VIII.1898, 1 spm. (A. Semenov); Kemerovo Prov.: 27.VII.1911, 1 spm. (Gortchakovskiy). Yaroslavl Prov.: 10.VIII.1895, 4 spm., 31.VIII.1899, 5 spm., 5-11.IX.1899, 7 spm., 29.VIII.1896, 2 spm.; Yaroslavskiy Distr., Berditsyno village, 17.VIII.1895, 2 spm., 8.IX.1898, 5 spm., 1 spm. (A.I. Yakovlev); Danilovkiy Distr., 5 spm. (Shestakov). Penza Prov.: environs of Penza, 25.VIII.1918, 1 spm. (V. Strogashevitch). Rostov Prov.: Nokolaj -Polje, 26.XI.1906, 3 spm. (Fisher). Samara Prov.: Samara, 1 spm.; Volzhskiy Distr., village Kurumotch, 12.IX.2004, 6 spm. (L. Akhmetova). Ulyanovsk Prov.: Maynskiy Distr., 2.IX.1990, 2 spm. (Isajev). Volgograd Prov.: Sarepta (Volgograd), 1 spm.; village Kotluban, 13.IX.1991, 2 spm. (K. Grebennikov). Astrakhan Prov.: village Dosang, flood-plain of Akhtuba River, 6.X.2006, 3 spm., 7.X.2006, 19 spm., 17.IV.2007, 8 spm., 17.V.2007, 9 spm., 18.V.2007, 8 spm. (A. Frolov, L. Akhmetova). Republic of Tatarstan: Kazan, 12.IV.1915, 2 spm., 22.VIII.1917, 2 spm. (I. Ivanov). Karachaevo-Cherkessia: plato Bechasyn, 14.VIII.1911, 1 spm.; Teberda, 19.VIII.1897, 1 spm. (N. Schukin). Sverdlovskaya Province: environs of Ekaterinburg, 15.VI.1893, 1 spm. Republic of Altai: Katanda, 26.VIII.1902, 1 spm.; Kyrsay, 11.IX.1901, 2 spm. Irkutsk Prov.: Irkutsk, 9 spm. (V.E. Yakovlev), 21.VIII.1976, 5 spm. (Berlov). Tyumen Prov.: Tobolsk, 30.IX.1926, 1 spm. (Samko). Khakassia: environs of Minusinsk, Beya, VIII.1916, 19 spm. (Kozhantchikov). Krasnoyarsk Terr.: Krasnoyarsk, 1 spm. (V.E. Yakovlev); Achinskiy Distr., Novaya Elovka, 1912, 5 spm. (Uspenskaya). Georgia. Tbilisi, 3-5 X 1910, 2 spm. (K. Satunin), 30 IX 1916, 1 spm. (Olsufiev), 2 spm. (E. Kenig); Mtskheta, 24.X.1965, 2 spm. (Kryzhanovskiy). Abkhazia, Chkhalty river, 25.VIII.1897, 1 spm. (N. Schukin). Armenia. Erevan, 10-25.XI.1912, 3 spm. Azerbaidzhan. Baku, 1.IV.1930, 1 spm. Kazakhstan. environs of Uralsk, 22.VIII.1906, 17 spm. Turkmenia. Repetek, 1 spm. (A. Krikheldorff). Tadzhikistan. Petr Velikij Range, 16.VI.1969, 1 spm. (G. S. Medvedev).
Remark. A. x-signum was described from environs of Irkutsk. According to the original description, specimens of this species differ from A. serotinus in longer spurs of hind tibiae, denser punctation of elytra and in the body slightly widened posteriorly. Examination of the type specimen showed that the first two characters are within the limits of variability of A. serotinus. Body relatively widened posteriorly is typical for females of most Aphodius species. We suppose that the diagnoses of A. x-signum and A. serotinus (Reitter, 1892) were based on females and males, respectively, of same species treated here as A. serotinus.
Figs. 9–16. Aphodius Ill.: (9, 10) A. bonnairei Reitt., (11, 12) A. gresseri Sem., (13, 14) A. circumductus Solsky, (15, 16) A. dosangisp. n. [(15) holotype]. (9, 11, 13, 15) male, (10, 12, 14, 16) female.
Aphodius (Nobius) circumductus Solsky, 1876 (fig. 13, 14, 23, 31, 36).
Solsky, 1876 : 338; Nikolajev, 1987 : 117.
Differential diagnosis. The species is most similar to A. dosangi sp. n., but differs from it in contrast elytral pattern, less curved apices of parameres, and in angle between parameres and basal sclerite.
Male (fig. 13). Head with dark brown disc and paler margins. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct. Frons not tuberculate. Clypeus slightly sinuate at middle, with rounded fore angles. Genae rounded, almost not separated from lateral margins of clypeus, slightly protruding past eyes. Diameter of eye in ventral view approximately 1.5 times as wide as minimum interval between eye and gula.
Pronotum shiny, dark brown to almost black on disc, with paler, brown lateral margins. Its surface with relatively dense punctation (punctures approximately equal in diameter, separated by 1-2 puncture diameters). Lateral sides and base of pronotum with fine border; hind angles rounded. Scutellum wide, triangular, dark brown, sometimes nearly black.
Elytra glabrous, shiny on disc and laterally, shagreened apically. Elytra colored yellowish-straw, with dark brown sutural intervals, apices, and large dark brown longitudinal macula, which does not occupy interval 2 and at least the part of interval 3 of each elytron. Striae shallow, punctures of striae larger than width of striae. Elytral interstices flat, very finely and sparsely punctate on disc of elytron, coarser and denser punctate apically.
Legs and venter of body brown. Perimeter of metasternal disc with dense, long setae.
Hind and middle femora with single thin setae ventrally. Outer teeth of fore tibia relatively long. Spur of fore tibiae slightly curved downward and acute apically. Lower spur of middle tibia as long as or slightly shorter than first segment of tarsi and as long as 1/2 length of upper spur. First segment of hind tarsi longer than upper spur and slightly shorter than 3 following segments together. Adjacent apical setae of middle and hind tibiae of different length.
Parameres very short, tapering and acute apically. In lateral view, parameres 3.3 times shorter than length of basal sclerite.
Female (fig. 14) differs from male in denser punctation of head and pronotum, narrower pronotum and glabrous disc of metasternum. Spermatheca folded, elongate, not pear-shaped basally.
Distribution range: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia.
Examined material. Kazakhstan. Moinkum Desert, III.1907, 2 spm. (E. Fischer); 15.V.1910, 2 spm. (Golbek); Taraz, 1 spm.; Aidar-Kuduk, 12.V.1912, 10 spm. (Zarudny); Baygakum, III.1912, 29 spm., 6.IV.1913, 1 spm. (V. Kozhantchikov), 15-18.V.1908, 24 spm. (Glazunov). Turkmenia. Krasnovodsk, 30.IV-12.V.1899, 2 spm. (K.O. Anger); Kara-Bogaz, 17.V.1953, 1 spm. (Odintsova), 30.IV.1953, 1 spm. (Shteinberg); Pereval Station, 26.IV.1889, 7 spm. (A. Semenov). Uzbekistan. Samarkand, 1 spm.; Ul'yanovo, IV.1908, 18 spm. (Golbek); Kyzylkum desert, Baimakhan, 16.V.1995, 4 spm. (Ovchinnikov); Gulistan station, 15-20.V.1903, 2 spm. (G. Yakobson); Kyzylkum desert, 1 spm. (F. Moravits); border between Kyzylkum Desert and Golodnaya Step near Syr-Darya, 10.V.1903, 1 spm. (G. Yakobson).
Figs. 17–24. Aphodius Ill., underside of male body: (17) A. pustulifer Reitt., (18) A. chaldaeus Petr., (19) A. serotinus (Panz.), (20) A. inclusus Reitt., (21) A. bonnairei Reitt., (22) A. gresseri Sem., (23) A. circumductus Solsky, (24) A. dosangi sp. n.
Aphodius (Nobius) gresseri Semenow, 1898 (fig. 11, 12, 22, 30, 36).
Semenow, 1898 : 611 - 613; Yablokov-Khnzoryan, 1967 : 110; Medvedev, 1965 : 177. - korgaldzhensis Nikolajev, 1987 : 118, syn. n.
Differential diagnosis. The species is most similar to A. circumductus and A. serotinus but differs from them in almost uniformly brown or dark brown coloration of elytra. Males can be easily separated by the shape and length of parameres; from A. serotinus they also differ in pubescent perimeter of metasternal disc.
Male (fig. 11). Head dark brown. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct. Clypeus slightly sinuate at middle, with rounded fore angles, finely punctate (punctures separated by approximately 2 puncture diameters, punctation becoming denser laterally). The shape and size of genae vary from rounded, almost not separated from lateral margins of clypeus and slightly protruding past eyes to obtusely angled, separated from lateral margins of clypeus and distinctly protruding past eyes. Diameter of eye in ventral view approximately as wide as or slightly larger than minimum interval between eye and gula.
Pronotum shiny, dark brown to nearly black on disc, with paler sides or fore angles. Its surface with irregular, relatively dense punctation (adjascent punctures clearly deffer in size). Lateral sides and base of pronotum with fine border; hind angles rounded. Scutellum wide, triangular, brown.
Elytra without humeral teeth, glabrous, shiny, brown or dark brown, almost uniformly colored (some specimens have slightly paler intervals 1 and 2 near the base and humeral umbones, or the the entire sutural interval slightly paler). Striae relatively deep, punctures of striae wider in diameter than width of striae. Elytral intervals flat, very finely and sparsely punctate.
Legs and venter of body brown or dark brown. Perimeter of metasternal disc with dense, long setae. Hind and middle femora with a few thin setae ventrally. Outer teeth of fore tibia relatively long. Spur of fore tibia slightly curved downward and acute apically. Lower spur of middle tibia as long as the first segment of tarsi and longer than 1/2 upper spur. First segment of hind tarsi slightly longer than upper spur and slightly shorter than 3 following segments together. Adjacent apical setae of middle and hind tibiae of different length.
Parameres relatively curved, acute apically, 1.8 times shorter than basal sclerite.
Female (fig. 12) differs from male in more convex, rugose clypeus, narrower pronotum with denser punctation, and glabrous metasternal disc. Spermatheca folded, elongate, not pear-shaped basally.
Body length 4 - 5 mm.
Distribution range: Russia (from the Center of European Region to the Lower Volga territory), Western Kazakhstan.
Type material. A. gresseri: lectotype (designated here), male with labels "Olgino, Vladim. gub. 1.X.1898, T.S. Chicherin" and "Aphod. Gresseri male. Typ. m. XII.98. A. Semenow det.". A. korgaldzhensis: holotype, male with labels "Kurgaldzhino, Sultan-Keldy 18.04.1982 Tarantul" and "Holotypus Aphodius korgaldzhensis Nikolajev 1985"; paratypes: 2 males and 3 females with the same data, that holotype; male and 5 females with the same data but the date (15.IV.1982).
Additional material. Russia. Voronezh Prov.: Korotoyak, 23.IX.1911, 5 spm. (B. Karavaev). Volgograd Prov.: environs of Elton village, Sorochya Balka, 8.IV.2007, 1 spm. (K. Makarov, A. Matalin) (MGPU); Northern environs of Elton village, 10.IV.2007, 2 spm. (K. Makarov, A. Matalin) (MGPU); environs of Elton Lake, right bank of Khara River, 2.IV.2007, 12 spm. (K. Makarov, A. Matalin) (MGPU); environs of Elton village, Utinaya Balka, 9.IV.2007, 3 spm. (K. Makarov, A. Matalin) (MGPU). Astrakhan Prov.: environs of Dosang village, 10.IV.2007, 2 spm., 17.IV.2007, 12 spm., 16.IV.2007, 2 spm., 21.IV.2007, 2 spm. (A. Frolov, L. Akhmetova); 1.5-5 km NE Dosang village, 14.IV.2007, 1 spm. (K. Makarov, A. Matalin) (MGPU). Kazakhstan: environs of Uralsk, 4.IV.1906, 1 spm. (B. Uvarov).
Remark. A. korgaldzhensis was described from Kurgaldzhino Nature Reserve (Central Kazakhstan). Comparison of the type specimens of this species with the types of A. gresseri has shown that they are similar in all characters except for darker, almost homogeneously colored elytra in A. korgaldzhensis. We found, however, specimens with somewhat intermediate coloration (paler elytra with obscure dark macula) in the series from environs of Elton Lake and Dosang. Therefore we think that all these color aberrations are within the range of variability of one species.
Figs. 25–35. Aphodius Ill.: (25–32) aedeagus, dorsal and lateral view; (33–35) spermatheca [(25) A. pustulifer Reitt., (26, 35) A. chaldaeus Petr., (27, 34) A. serotinus (Panz.), (28) A. inclusus Reitt., (29) A. bonnairei Reitt., (30) A. gresseri Sem., (31) A. circumductusSolsky, (32, 33) A. dosangi sp. n.]. A, scale to Figs. 25–32; B, to Figs. 33–35.
Aphodius (Nobius) pustulifer Reitter, 1892 (fig. 1, 2, 17, 25, 36).
Reitter, 1892 : 90; Nikolajev, 1987 : 114.
Differential diagnosis. The species is most similar to A. chaldaeus, but differ from it in the granulated clypeus, number of elytral maculae and smaller diameter of eyes.
Male (fig. 1). Head dark brown, with paler margins, granulated on the clypeus and coarsely punctate on the disc. Frons not tuberculate. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct. Clypeus sinuate at middle, rounded at sides. Genae rounded, almost not separated from lateral margins of clypeus, slightly protruding past eyes. Diameter of eye in ventral view approximately as wide as minimum interval between eye and gula.
Pronotum shiny, dark brown on disc, with paler, brown lateral margins. Its surface with relatively dense punctation (approximately equal punctures separated by 1-2 puncture diameters). Sides and base of pronotum with fine border; hind angles rounded. Scutellum brown, wide, triangular, punctate.
Elytra without humeral teeth, glabrous, shiny on disc and laterally, slightly shagreened apically, colored yellowish-straw with brown sutural intervals and 2 brown maculae on each elytron (one longitudinal macula located approximately in the middle of elytron closer to the lateral margin, and another – near the apex). Size of maculae vary, one of them may be absent. Striae shallow, punctures of striae larger than width of striae. Elytral intervals flat, finely and sparsely punctate except for apices where punctation is coarser and denser.
Venter of body brown. Perimeter of metasternal disc with dense, long setae.
Legs yellowish-brown. Hind and middle femora with relatively sparse, thin setae ventrally. Outer teeth of fore tibia relatively long. Spur of fore tibia slightly curved downward and acute apically. Lower spur of middle tibia as long as the first segment of tarsi and longer than 1/2 length of upper spur. First segment of hind tarsi longer than upper spur and slightly shorter than 3 following segments together. Adjacent apical setae of middle and hind tibiae of different length.
Parameres curved, taperring and acute apically, 1.8 times shorter than length of basal sclerite.
Female (fig. 2) differs from male in narrower pronotum, glabrous disc of metasternum and having only a few setae on the middle and hind femora. Spermatheca of specimens studied by the authors folded, elongate, not pear-shaped basally.
Body length 3 - 4.5 mm.
Distribution range: The species is distributed in the arid regions of Middle Asia. Record from south-eastern part of European Russia (Sarepta Station, Rеitter, 1992 : 90), is probably based on mislabeled material and was not confirmed by subsequent findings.
Examined material. Kazakhstan. Balamurun, 6.IV.1913, 2 spm. (V. Kozhantchikov). Turkmenia. Krasnovodsk, 1899, 1 spm. (K.O. Anger); Krasnovodsk, 30.IV-12.V.1899, 4 spm. (K.O. Anger); Annau, 26.IV.1902, 5 spm. (K.O. Anger); 20 km south than Kerki village, 23.IV.1984, 6 spm. (T.N. Vereschagina); Ashkhabad, 3.V.1889, 15 spm. (A. Semenow); Repetek, 18.XI.1938, 17 spm. (Vinogradov); Yolatan, 5-14.V.1926, 3 spm. (V. Kizeritskiy); Imambaba, 6-14.IV.1912, 1 spm. (Kozhantchikov); Kopet-Dag, 1892, 1 spm. Uzbekistan. Samarkand, 1892, 8 spm. (Glazunov), 9-11.V.1904, 7 spm. (G. Suvorov), 1 spm.; Nurata, 1892, 1 spm. (Glazunov); Ul'yanovo, IV.1908, 86 spm. (Golbek); Saray, 1892, 5 spm. (Glazunov); Baba-Tau mauntains [Babatag], 18.V.1897, 1 spm. (Kaznakov); Kyzylkum desert, Baimakhan, 16.V.1995, 1 spm. (Ovchinnikov); "Kisil-Kum mer. Jgam-Berdy", 1892, 13 spm. (Glazunov); Tadzhikistan. Shartuzskiy district, Chilichor-Chamma, desert, 21.IV.1959, 3 spm. (I. Lopatin); Artuch, 1892, 1 spm. (Glazunov); Pendzhikent, 1892, 3 spm. (Glazunov).
Remark. A. pustulifer was described in the subgenus Volinus Mulsant, but the shape of the aedeagus and other characters suggest close relationship with other species treated here.
Fig. 36. Aphodius Ill., distribution of species of the subgenus Nobius in the territory of Russia and adjacent countries.
Aphodius (Nobius) chaldaeus Petrovitz, 1971 (fig. 3, 4, 18, 26, 35, 36).
Petrovitz, 1971 : 217. - moreleti Baraud, 1980 : 140, syn. n.
Differential diagnosis. The species is most similar to A. pustulifer, but differs from it in the not granulated clypeus, presence of only one macula on each elytron, and larger diameter of eyes.
Male (fig. 3). Head brown, lateral sides paler than disc. Frons not tuberculate. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct. Clypeus slightly sinuate at middle, with rounded fore angles, finely punctate (punctures on disc separated approximately by 2 - 4 puncture diameters, on sides punctation denser). Genae rounded, almost not separated from lateral margins of clypeus, slightly protruding past eyes. Diameter of eye in ventral view approximately 2 times larger than minimum interval between eye and gula.
Pronotum shiny, brown. Its surface with irregular punctation. Lateral sides and base of pronotum with fine border; hind angles rounded. Scutellum brown, triangular.
Elytra without humeral teeth, glabrous, shiny on disc and shagreened apically, colored yellowish-straw with brown sutural intervals and small brown macula located on 2 - 4 intervals near the apex of each elytron. Striae shallow, thin, punctures of striae larger than width of striae. Elytral interstices flat, punctate.
Legs and venter of body brown. Perimeter of metasternal disc with dense setae.
Hind and middle femora with single, thin setae ventrally. Outer teeth of fore tibia relatively long. Spur of fore tibia slightly curved downward and acute apically. Lower spur of middle tibia acute, as long as the first segment of tarsi and longer than 1/2 length of upper spur. First segment of hind tarsi longer than upper spur and as long as 3 following segments together. Adjacent apical setae of middle and hind tibiae of different length.
Parameres short, evenly taperring and acute apically. Basal sclerite 2.8 times longer than length of parameres.
Female (fig. 4) differs from male in denser punctation of head and pronotum, narrower pronotum and glabrous metasternal disc. Spermatheca smooth on most part of surface and folded on the apex, slightly widened basally (fig. 35).
Distribution range: Turkmenia, Iran, Iraq.
Additional material. Turkmenia. Kara-Bogaz, XII 1894, 3 spm. (Maksimovich); Kizyl-Arvat, 30.IV.1896, 1 spm. (Anger); Kopetdag, 10-11.X.1902, 1 spm. (K.O. Anger); environs of Uyar well (30 km W of Yaskhan), 7.V.1952, 1 spm. (Kryzhanovskiy); Serakhs, 14.V.1903, 8 spm. (K.O. Anger); Pereval station, 17.IV.1903, 1 spm. (K.O. Anger), 26.IV.1889, 8 spm. (A. Semenow); Tersakan, 21.X.1902, 2 spm. (K.O. Anger); Chat, 1-3.XI.1903, 1 spm. (K.O. Anger). Iran. Kerman, 23-25.II.1928, 1 spm. (V. Kuznetsov); Atrek, 13.IV.1916, 1 spm. (Il'in); "Persia", 2 spm.
Remark. Comparison of the type specimens of A. moreleti and A. chaldaeus has shown that they belong to the same species.
Aphodius (Nobius) bonnairei Reitter, 1892 (fig. 9, 10, 21, 29, 36).
Differential diagnosis. The species is most similar to A. inclusus, but differs from it in the elytral pattern and the shape and size of parameres.
Male (fig. 9). Head dark brown, sometimes almost black. Frons not tuberculate. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct. Clypeus sinuate at middle, with rounded fore angles, irregularly punctate. Genae rounded, almost not separated from lateral margins of clypeus, slightly protruding past eyes. Diameter of eye in ventral view approximately as wide as minimum interval between eye and gula.
Pronotum shiny, dark brown becoming nearly black on the disc, with paler lateral margins. Lateral sides and base of pronotum with fine border; hind angles rounded. Scutellum triangular, dark brown.
Elytra without humeral teeth, glabrous, shiny, colored yellowish-brown, with dark brown suture and brown sutural intervals. Striae relatively deep, punctures of striae wider in diameter than width of striae. Elytral intervals flat, finely and sparsely punctate.
Legs and venter of body brown. Perimeter of metasternal disc and middle and hind femora with dense, long setae ventrally.
Outer teeth of fore tibia relatively long. Spur of fore tibia slightly curved downward and acute apically. Lower spur of middle tibia as long as the first segment of tarsi and as long as or slightly longer than 1/2 length of upper spur. First segment of hind tarsi longer than upper spur and as long as 3 following segments together. Adjacent apical setae of middle and hind tibiae of different length.
Parameres less curved, evenly tapering and acute apically. Basal sclerite of aedeagus approximately 2 times longer than the length of parameres.
Female (fig. 10) differs from male in coarser punctation of head, more convex, rugose clypeus, narrower pronotum with denser punctation, glabrous metasternal disc, and in having only sparse setae on the middle and hind femora. Spermatheca folded, elongate, not pear-shaped basally.
Body length 3.1 - 4 mm.
Distribution range. Range of this species is poorly known. It was found in Southern Europe (Italy, Spain) and Northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco).
Additional material. Afghanistan: Gereshk, 6.XII.1969, 1 spm. (O.N. Kabakov). "Gallia", 2 spm.
Aphodius (Nobius) dosangi Akhmetova et Frolov sp. n. (fig. 15, 16, 24, 32, 33, 36).
Male, holotype (fig. 15). Body length 3.9 mm. Head shiny, dark brown, almost black on disc and paler on sides. Its surface densely punctate (punctures separated approximately by a puncture diameter). Clypeus slightly sinuate at middle, with rounded fore angles. Genae rounded, almost not separated from lateral margins of clypeus, slightly protruding past eyes. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct. Frons not tuberculate. Diameter of eye in ventral view slightly larger than minimum interval between eye and gula.
Pronotum shiny, dark brown, almost black on disc, with paler, brown lateral margins. Fore margin not bordered, lateral margins and base of pronotum with fine border. Disc of pronotum relatively densely, irregularly punctate (punctures separated by 1-3 times a puncture diameter); hind angles rounded. Scutellum wide, triangular, shiny, dark brown, sparsely punctate.
Elytra shiny, yellowish-straw, with dark brown suture, brown apices and large brown obscure macula, which occupy almost entire surface of elytron, except for small part of the intervals 2 and 3 near the base, humeral umbones and area near the apices of each elytron. Humeral teeth absent. Striae relatively deep, punctures of striae larger than width of striae. Elytral intervals flat, very finely and sparsely punctate.
Venter of body dark brown. Perimeter of metasternal disc with dense setae.
Legs brown. Hind and middle femora with a few thin setae ventrally.
Outer teeth of fore tibia relatively long. Spur of fore tibia slightly curved downward and acute apically. Lower spur of middle tibia as long as the first segment of tarsi and slightly longer than 1/2 length of upper spur. First segment of hind tarsi longer than upper spur and slightly shorter than 3 following segments together. Adjacent apical setae of middle and hind tibiae of different length.
Parameres very short, tapering and acute apically. In lateral view, basal sclerite approximately 3 times longer than length of parameres.
Female (fig. 16) differs from male in coarser punctation of head, rugose clypeus, narrower pronotum and glabrous metasternal disc. Spermatheca folded, elongate, not pear-shaped basally.
Variability. Body coloration, punctation of pronotum and head, size of genae slightly vary in the examined specimens. Body length of paratypes 3.1 - 4.2 mm.
Differential diagnosis. The new species is most similar to A. circumductus, but differ from it in the less contrast elytral pattern, more curved apices of parameres and the angle between the parameres and basal sclerite.
Etymology. The species name is derived from Dosang Village (Russia, Astrakhan Province), where holotype and larger part of the paratypes were collected.
Type material. Holotype, male: Russia, Astrakhan Prov.: Dosang village, at night near railway station, attracted to light, 24.V.2007 (A. Frolov, L. Akhmetova). Paratypes (27 males and 32 females): the same data as the holotype, 5 females, flood-plain of Akhtuba River, cattle dung, 6.X.2006, 2 females, sands, horse dung, 11.X.2006, male and female (A. Frolov, L. Akhmetova); environs of Dosang, fixed sands, horse dung, 17.IV.2007, 12 males and 6 females reared from larvae, old horse dung, 13-15.IV.2007, female, horse dung, 17.IV.2007, 3 females (A. Frolov, L. Akhmetova). Kazakhstan. Chelkar, 28.IV.1984, male and female (G. Nikolajev); Malye Barsuki, 2.VII.1907, male (Andreev); Uralsk Prov., Temirskiy Distr., 1.VI.1908, male and 2 females (Uvarov), IV-V.1908 2 males, Astau-Saldy River , 5.VI.08, 4 males and 7 females, Daumchar cemetery, 1.IV.1908, 2 males and female, Kuzha-Tugai, IV.V.1908, 3 males and 3 females (Borodin and Uvarov).
Specimen from Georgia (Marneuli environs, 15.V.1960, Kabakov) probably belong to A. dosangi sp. n., but it is damaged and therefore not included in the type series.
Dzhambazishvili, Ya.S., Scarab Beetles of Georgia, Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1979 [in Russian].
Medvedev, S.I., "Scarabaeidae" in Keys to Insects of European Part of the USSR (Nauka, Moscow, 1965), Vol. 2, pp. 166–208 [in Russian].
Nikolajev, G.V., Scarab Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) of Kazakhstan and Middle Asia, Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1987 [in Russian].
Yablokov-Khnzoryan, S.M., Coleoptera. Scarab Beetles. (Izd-vo AN ArmSSR, Erevan, 1967). Vol. 6, 225 pp. (Fauna Armyanskoy SSR) [in Russian].
Baraud, J., "Deux nouveaux Coleopteres Scarabaeoidea d'Irak", Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn., 49 : 139 — 142 (1980).
Koshantschikow, D., "Verzeichniss der von Herrn D. Glasunow in Turkestan gesammelten coprophagen Lamellicornen", Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., 28 : 103 — 119 (1894).
Petrovitz, R., "Scarabaeidae from the Near East", Israel J. Ent., 6 : 215-238 (1971).
Reitter, E., "Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Lucaniden un coprophanen Lamellicornen des palaearctischen Faungebietes", Verh. Naturf. Ver., 30 : 140 — 262 (1892).
Reitter, E., "Uebersicht der Coleopteren-Arten der Gattung Aphodius Illig. aus dem nachsten Verwandtschaftskreise des A. prodromus Brahm, des Sbg. Melinopterus s. str.", Deut. Ent. Zeitschr., 435-442 (1906).
Schmidt, A., Aphodiinae in Coleopterum Catalogus auspiciis et auxilio W. Junk (editus a S. Schenkling), Berlin, 1910, vol. 20, pp. 1-111.
Semenow, A., "Coleoptera nova Rossiae Europaeae Caucasique", Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., 32, 604 — 615 (1898).
Solsky, M., Kauffman herausgegeben von der Kaiserlichen Gesandtschaft. Die Reise in Turkestan auf Veranlassung des Genneral-Gouverneurs K.P., St. Petersburg, 2: 290 – 398 (1876).


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Home/Data and activities/European women's delegation visiting Ain Issa: women's experience is ideal
European women's delegation visiting Ain Issa: women's experience is ideal
The delegation, which visited the headquarters of the Women's Committee in Ain Issa, included five members of the women's movements in Italy: "Julia, Leticia, Simona, Adly, Jia".
The delegation was received by the head of the Women's Committee Jihan Khadro and her deputies Maha Al Ali and Rukan Mulla Ibrahim.
The visiting delegation, accompanied by the Women's Committee, held a meeting in which the Chairwoman of the Women's Committee, Jihan Khadro, reviewed the organizational structure of the women's organization in the northern and eastern areas of Syria, its objectives and the nature of its work.
Khadro stressed that women in the north and east of Syria have played their role in representation in all fields and their participation in all political, social and military fields.
In a statement to the Italian women's delegation, Jihan pointed out that the democratic nation's project, which she believes in self-rule, has done and dedicated the project of democratic pluralism, and that the Women's Authority is part of this structure "unparalleled in the world" in this direction.
The delegation expressed admiration for the women's experience in northern and eastern Syria. "We went to more than one area in the north and east of Syria, and in areas where there were many components, every component had the freedom to wear whatever they wanted and everyone could wear what they like, despite the diversity, this is blessed and distinctive, whereas in the previous period there was an authoritarian regime that imposes a single flag and identity. "
The head of the Women's Committee, Jihan Khadro, answered the questions of the Italian women's delegation, which were related to the location and geography of Ain issa population as an example of brotherhood and pluralism among all components of the region.
At the end of the visit, the delegation thanked the Autonomous Administration and the Women's Authority. The visitors wished to have other visits to these areas to learn about the experience of women and to disseminate them widely.
The women's delegation will continue to visit the northern and eastern regions of Syria, and scheduled to visit the newly liberated areas from Daesh to learn about the experience of women there.
Italian Women's delegation completes its tour visiting the Women's Department in al-Raqqa
Delegation of Italian Feminist Movement visits the Women's Council in ManbIj

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'One Tree Hill' Stars Expose 'Uncomfortable' 'Maxim' Cover Shoot, Reveal Actress Was Cut for Supposedly Being 'Too Fat'
Taylor Alexis Heady
Taylor Alexis Heady Published: November 29, 2022
Astrid Stawiarz, Getty Images / Maxim
During a new episode of their One Tree Hill rewatch podcast, Drama Queens, the stars of the show recalled a particularly sour experience in 2006.
Three of the show's ladies––Sophia Bush, Hilarie Burton, and Danneel Ackles––covered Maxim in 2006, but learning the story of what really went down makes it much less iconic.
Most obvious is the fact that the show's actual third leading lady, Bethany Joy Lenz, wasn't featured in the spread, which the women addressed in the podcast.
"They told me that [Maxim] didn't come to me because I was too fat, and I just wasn't the 'hot girl,'" Lenz said on the Nov. 28 podcast episode.
Bush, who played queen bee turned fan-favorite Brooke Davis, said that the girls were forced to do the cover, despite their reluctance. Plus, the shoot tied into Ackles' character's storyline in the show, when she wins a Maxim contest.
"We got told we had to do it. Because Brooke had been so sexualized on the show and the whole idea of this 'Hometown Hottie' was Rachel's storyline, I was like, 'If the girls want to do it, that's great. I don't. I have gone to battle trying to make Brooke less of this thing that you guys have tried to force me into. I don't want to do it,'" she explained.
She continued, "I literally got told: 'If you don't go and shoot this cover with your costars, we will guarantee that you will never be let out for a press day, a movie, an event, any of your charities — we will keep you here forever.'"
Burton, who played angsty icon Peyton Sawyer, said, "I remember getting pulled into the production office and [sitting] on the floor while our boss was on the couch. We were given this very friendly soft pitch: 'Look, all the other shows have been on the cover of every single magazine, and no one wants you guys. You finally have someone who wants you, and you're really going to turn your nose up at that?'"
Most shockingly of all, the three women discovered a miscommunication that had been sown between them by the unnamed boss.
"When I said I didn't want to do it, they said, 'She said no, so you have to say yes,'" Bush said to Lenz, detailing how their boss lied to her to coerce her into doing the shoot.
"They threw you under the f---ing bus. Like, why does she get to say no and I don't? I didn't understand. … We weren't mad at you, but we were pissed about it," she added.
Of the actual shoot, Bush and Burton recalled trying to make it a "50's pinup shoot" so they would feel more comfortable, and called the resulting Photoshopped images "the worst."
Burton also revealed that their boss stopped by the shoot to gift her an iPod to "put [Sophia] in her place, and he wanted Danneel to see it to try and make her jealous."
Bush noted that their boss was "a married adult man 20 years [their] senior" and called the gift "scary and uncomfortable."
While the boss in the story remained unnamed, in 2018, One Tree Hill's creator, Mark Schwahn, was accused by many actors and crew members (including Burton, Bush, Lenz, and Ackles) of sexual harassment and inappropriate behavior on multiple film sets.
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Source: 'One Tree Hill' Stars Expose 'Uncomfortable' 'Maxim' Cover Shoot, Reveal Actress Was Cut for Supposedly Being 'Too Fat'
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It is tempting amid the reports of teachers fleeing the profession to think: if so many other teachers have found opportunities elsewhere, then why couldn't I? As a serial classroom deserter myself – I have left the teaching profession three times in all – I can tell you that it is far from straightforward.
Let's start with finding a job in the first place. While we know that as teachers we have many transferable skills – creativity, time management, project management, training skills and so on – in reality, employers often struggle to see past your previous job title to the granular details underneath. While my teaching qualification and classroom experience helped me tremendously in carrying out my roles outside teaching, it was my other experiences and qualifications that got me those jobs initially.
Employers can also be very suspicious of teachers "leaving the profession". I was once asked outright how I could convince a future employer that I wouldn't return to the classroom within the year (they had been stung before…twice). Also, be prepared to explain exactly why you are leaving the profession – suggesting that the workload is too great or that you are disillusioned doesn't give a great first impression.
Once those obstacles have been negotiated and overcome, there will, of course, be the issue of remuneration. Teaching may not be considered a particularly lucrative career, but if you are an established classroom teacher starting on a new career path, you are likely to be hit financially, at least in the short term. In my case, leaving teaching the first time cost me £10K a year in salary, the second time, a mere £6K. On both occasions, the jobs that I moved into were relatively well paid within their own sectors. I was extremely fortunate to be in a position to make the sacrifice.
I say this not to deter you but to show you the reality and to suggest that, actually, leaving is not all it is cracked up to be. Moreover, dare I suggest that staying may be your best option. You got into teaching because you loved teaching – and you can love it again. Let's look at some of the most common causes for teacher dissatisfaction, and (beyond a complete rethink by Westminster), some potential remedies.
Go on a good-quality time-management course. I was enlightened when I understood properly how to manage my time. Being able to identify what is unnecessary – or sheer frippery – in your practice and how to understand and negotiate workloads can have an instant impact on your workload (or at least the way that you process it).
Go part-time. Not ideal, and yes, you will take a financial hit, but probably not as great a hit as you may take on leaving the profession.
Talk to your manager about relinquishing some responsibilities. I guarantee that they would rather still have you on the team than lose you over a workload issue.
Try to enforce a "longer hours worked in school" approach. At busy times, I used to be in school from 6.30am to 7pm. It made for a really long day, but it allowed me to separate work from home, which was something that I found incredibly cathartic.
Create a personal weekly timetable. You'll be amazed by the time that you waste doing absolutely nothing – or just procrastinating. I worked out once that I was wasting five hours a week in school doing very little. When "timetabled", those hours focused my mind (and yes, I used to factor in coffee breaks and colleague catch-ups).
Delay such a step by talking to your line manager about consolidating your current practice before taking on more responsibility.
Rationalise the impact that taking on more responsibility might have on you. If it is not for you, be honest about that. You can still develop as a practitioner without having to move up through the ranks. But make sure to think before you leap: often, once you take on more responsibility, it can be difficult to give it back.
Challenge yourself. A revamp of your planning, taking on a different year group or diversifying your subject specialisms can help to keep you fresh.
Change school or role. Many teachers have a day a week working with other schools in a consultation capacity, or working with the local authority developing services or supporting other schools.
Go back to university. Take a day out every week to study for a master's in something that you are passionate about (you might fancy something education focused, you might not) – this can challenge you in a very different way from teaching.


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text:
Yemeni president demands Houthis quit Sanaa amid new fighting
By Mohammed Mukhashaf
By Mohammed Mukhashaf ADEN (Reuters) - Yemeni President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi on Saturday accused the Iranian-allied Houthi militia that controls the capital Sanaa of staging a coup against him, and said he would "raise Yemen's flag" in the Houthis' northern stronghold. In a call to arms from the southern city of Aden, where he fled last month after escaping house arrest by the Houthis, Hadi called on them to pull their forces out of state ministries, return weapons seized from the army, and quit Sanaa. "We shall deliver the country to safety and raise Yemen's flag on Mount Marran in Saadeh instead of the Iranian flag," he said in a televised speech, his first since reaching Aden. Iran is an ally of the Houthis, who belong to a Shi'ite Muslim sect. The Houthis, in a statement from their Supreme Revolutionary Committee, did not directly respond to the speech but called for a "general mobilization" of the armed forces against a "dirty war" they said was being waged by militias loyal to Hadi. Yemen has been hurtling towards civil war since last year when the Houthis seized Sanaa and advanced into Sunni areas, leading to clashes with local tribes and energizing a southern separatist movement. Hadi's flight to Aden has raised the prospect of armed confrontation between rival governments based in the north and south, creating chaos that could be exploited by the Yemen-based regional wing of al Qaeda. Fighting is spreading across the country, and 137 people were killed on Friday in the bombings of two Shi'ite mosques in Sanaa. They were claimed by Islamic State, an al Qaeda offshoot that controls large swathes of territory in Iraq and Syria and said it was also behind an attack that killed 23 people in Tunisia on Wednesday. CALL FOR PEACE TALKS Hadi held open the door to a negotiated settlement with a call for the Houthis and other groups to attend peace talks in Saudi Arabia. He said Yemen must return to the political situation in place before the Houthis took control of Sanaa, restoring its constitution and implementing the results of a national dialogue process and Gulf-sponsored political transition. In his speech, he denounced the Houthis as "coup plotters" and said he wanted to confront sectarianism. Addressing Houthi accusations that he planned to back a southern secessionist movement, he said his flight to Aden had been intended to preserve the country's unity. Unidentified warplanes have bombed Hadi's Aden headquarters in recent days, and on Saturday forces loyal to the former president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, who is now allied to the Houthis, moved units to Taiz, 150 km (100 miles) northwest of Aden. In a reflection of the deteriorating security situation, Washington was withdrawing the last 100 of the special forces troops it had deployed to Yemen to conduct operations against al Qaeda and allied groups, CNN reported, citing sources in the region. Washington has been waging a drone war against the militants, who have alarmed Western and Gulf countries with their efforts to bomb international airliners and launch cross-border raids into top oil exporter Saudi Arabia. On Friday, al Qaeda militants killed 20 soldiers during a brief occupation of al-Houta, the capital of Lahj province, which is only 30 km (20 miles) from Aden, before being driven back by the army. There were also clashes between the Houthis and local tribes in the oil-producing area on the border of the Marib and al-Bayda provinces, which left 12 dead, according to tribal sources. Gunmen fired on anti-Houthi protesters in Taiz on Saturday, but no casualties were reported. Later on Saturday, Hadi appointed health minister Riyadh Yassin as acting foreign minister, Al Jazeera news reported. (Additional reporting by Mohammed Ghobari and Omar Fahmy in Cairo.; Writing by Angus McDowall in Riyadh; Editing by Kevin Liffey and Mark Trevelyan)
Biden to end Keystone XL pipeline early on
U.S. President-elect Joe Biden may end the Keystone XL pipeline project as one of his first acts in office, a source familiar with his thinking told Reuters it could happen as early as day one. Biden, who will be inaugurated on Wednesday, was vice president when Barack Obama rejected the $9 billion project in 2015. Then two years later, Donald Trump issued a presidential permit that allowed the line to move forward. Since then the project has seen opposition by environmentalists seeking to check Canada's oil industry and Native Americans whose land faced encroachment. Construction of the pipeline is well underway and if completed, would move oil from Canada's Alberta province to the U.S. state of Nebraska. In his 2020 run for president, Biden vowed to scrap its permit once elected. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported on Saturday, the words 'rescind Keystone XL pipeline permit' appeared on his list of Biden's executive actions likely scheduled for his first day. Biden's team did not respond to a request for comment, but Canada's ambassador to the U.S. said she looks forward to a decision that fits both countries' environmental protection plans. In a statement, Ambassador Kirsten Hillman said: "There is no better partner for the U.S. on climate action than Canada as we work together for green transition." Meanwhile Alberta's Premier tweeted he was "deeply concerned" by the report, adding the decision would kill jobs, increase U.S. dependence on foreign oil, and weaken U.S.-Canada relations.
'Most Successful War of the 20th Century:' What the US Did Right in Desert Storm
In a briefing held ahead of Desert Storm's 30th anniversary, analysts revisited the elements that made it successful.
Trump allies 'paid to lobby for presidential pardons'
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Impeaching Trump after he leaves office would be 'plainly unconstitutional': Alan Dershowitz
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The Dutch-owned supertrawler Margiris has applied for Australian registration, bringing its controversial fishing venture a step closer.
The vessel now steams under the flag of Lithuania. Its application was confirmed by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority today.
"This application will be assessed in accordance with the Shipping Registration Act and the vessel's managers will be advised in due course," an AMSA spokeswoman said.
The 9600-tonne Margiris, owned by global fishers Parlevliet & Van der Plas, is the largest ship ever to fish in Australian waters. It is to trawl offshore from New South Wales, around Tasmania and Victoria to Western Australia.
It will be flagged to Australia to be eligible to fish for a quota of about 18,000 tonnes of mackerel and redbait, to be block frozen whole on board and exported, Parlevliet's joint venture partner Seafish Tasmania said.
The 142-metre trawling giant has a 200-metre long net with an opening measuring 75 by 35 metres. It has a freezing capacity of 200 tonnes a day.
Australian fishers have long sought to exploit the country's so-called "small pelagics", which are prey for bigger fish such as tuna and marlin.
The Margiris's departure from the Netherlands was delayed by Greenpeace for five days at the Dutch port of Ijmuiden last week.
It was at anchor off Las Palmas in the Canary Islands today, according to ship tracking website marinetraffic.com.
The venture has been backed by the Prime Minister, Julia Gillard, who said the Australian Fisheries Management Authority would decide on a permit based on the sustainability of the catch.
"So what drives them isn't the size of the boat - the boat isn't the relevant consideration - what drives them is what's in the best interests of sustainability for our fisheries," Ms Gillard said recently.
The industry's Commonwealth Fisheries Association defended the Margiris against critics.
"Misleading information, hysteria and vandalism of the Margiris are nothing more than publicity stunts by environmental NGOs," the Fisheries Association's chief executive Trixi Madon said.
Opposition to the Margiris venture is spreading among other fishers, both professional and recreational, as well as marine tourism operators.
They told a public meeting in Devonport, where the ship is to be based, that the loss of the small pelagic fish will affect other fish stocks and marine mammals. An online "Stop the Supertrawler" petition is now running at more than 18,000 signatures.
The Tasmanian Environment Centre's marine campaigner, Rebecca Hubbard, said a meeting with the Parliamentary Secretary for Fisheries, Sid Sidebottom, this week failed to answer concerns about the localised depletion of fish.


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Australia leads by example on energy storage
Published at Nov 4, 2015, in Features
Australia has the potential to become the world's leader in domestic energy storage, according to a recent report published by the Climate Council, an independent organization providing information about climate change.
As part of a detailed 36-page analysis published earlier this month, the Climate Council predicts battery storage costs will fall dramatically with capacity expected to rise 50-fold before 2025, thereby unlocking the intermittent abundance of solar power.
Australian households are leading the world in the take-up of solar panels for domestic energy supply – but this has been relatively problematic due to long periods of insufficient sunlight i.e. cloudy days and nights.
Demand for solar energy is increasing
Technology is moving rapidly to change this as we have seen with breakthroughs from companies such as Dyesol (ASX:DYE), which is looking at installing 'work anywhere, in any condition' solar panels into commercial buildings.
And of course in battery storage.
The average home uses more electricity in the morning and evening than during the day when the sun is at its peak.
Without a home battery, excess solar energy is sold to the power company and purchased back in the evening. This mismatch adds to peak demand and raises carbon emissions.
With a home battery, the average household can retain all the solar power it has generated by storing it for use at any time, day or night.
The Climate Council is backing new battery technology to effectively unlock the existing potential of solar power within a country that has a high propensity for solar adoption.
There has been rapid improvement made in the efficiency of batteries over the past decade, delivering better performance at a lower cost. The most sophisticated variety expected to dominate sales in the coming years are lithium-ion batteries, which use high amounts of lithium, graphite and cobalt in their design.
The Tesla Factor
One of the biggest factors that will precipitate the expected fall in storage is the advent of lithium-ion batteries which can be charged faster, discharged slower and hold more power than any other variety currently developed.
The world's leader in manufacturing lithium-ion batteries for use in households and electric cars is Tesla Motors (NASDAQ:TSLA).
Tesla began construction of a huge Gigafactory in Nevada in 2014, with a view of reaching annual production capacity of 35 gigawatt-hours (GWh) by 2020. Tesla will also produce enough lithium-ion batteries to equip 500,000 electric cars on an annual basis.
Tesla Gigafactory in Nevada
At present, Australia has around 1.5 million homes with solar panels installed. Tesla has earmarked Australia as a prime proof-of-concept market, launching its 7 kWh Powerwall system earlier this year. Tesla has partnered with Reposit Power who will lead the rollout of Powerwall systems next year.
The Climate Council predicts that around 50 per cent of all Australian households will eventually adopt battery storage for their solar systems; creating a market of $24 billion.
It is hoped that by 2018, it will become more cost-effective for households to go 'off-grid' for their energy supply, as opposed to relying on existing energy supplies sourced from power stations.
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What Are 3D Models Made of?
Some technologies are found in the field for the 3D artists. The model data used in it are of six types for the generation of 3D models on the computers. Each of them has different benefits as well as disadvantages for the artist who is learning or who is already a professional. This article will give a brief examination of the types. Firstly, let's know about the Polygons.
The surfaces of the polygon are made by making a connection between the points in series. They are connected with the help of series for defining the faces with which you have to create the 3D models. The mesh modeling can be found in the CAD as well as in the non-CAD software. Many of the modelers of the polygon try to keep their focus on the quad modeling. In this type of modeling, the unit base is the polygon with four corners. This in return follows the enhancement of the workflow and for the better conversion towards the subdivision of the surfaces. This kind of typical workflow is only for the creation of mesh base.
One of the biggest drawbacks related to this type of modeling by the artist is that they start getting more complex after it is started. For instance, an addition of the edges for giving a smooth surface the structure starts getting even more difficult for manipulation. Once, you add the detail in it. You will get stuck in it. There is no ability in it for the increasing and dressing of the details. Sometimes, the models with a little detail will become a model with course look. This happens because of the lack of geometric details in it.
For getting some modeling techniques try a different kind of programs available in the market as well as on the internet. You can try Rhino, Maya Blender. Rhino is mostly used for the NURBS-basedprogramming, but it does carry some of the tools for polygons. If you want to have a true experience of polygon modeling you can try the "milkshake 3D". The app names, as the "Sketch up" is also a used for the polygonal work.
There are many pros and cons of the polygon when used in practical life. It is easy to manipulate when you have low-resolution models, it is best for those who have just started to learn, and any model can be turned into the mesh model. On the other hand when it is about cons of polygon then they get difficult to manipulate with complex models. The models in it cannot be considered as the arbitrary smooth one. It does not require the models to be tight.


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Supriya Nair
An unfinished dialogue
By Supriya NairSupriya Nair, Mumbai Mirror | Updated: Sep 7, 2019, 07:19 IST
Kiran Nagarkar | 1942-2019
The novelist represented a generation of Mumbai intellectuals shaped by the city's heyday of prosperity as well as decades of economic and anti-minority violence.
Fidelity to the call of conscience was a defining theme in the work of Kiran Nagarkar, who died of a brain haemorrhage on the night of September 5 in Mumbai, aged 77. The protagonists of his acclaimed, often controversial, novels were almost always larger-than-life characters, inspired by India's epics, religious poetry and popular Hindi films. They struggled with seeking and declaring truth to power.
Art does not always pre-figure life. In October last year, three women journalists accused Nagarkar of sexual harassment in separate accounts during an intense breakthrough in India's #MeToo conversation. Nagarkar denied the allegations, and deflected further questioning in the few statements he made in the run-up to the publication of his last novel. The Arsonist was released in July this year.
It was a reversal of Nagarkar's early experience on India's literary scene, when he had to be forcibly silenced by political thuggery. In 1978, his Marathi play Bedtime Story, a retelling of four stories from the Mahabharata, was never staged, thanks to threats of violence from Hindu parochialists in the Shiv Sena. The state's censors mauled the play with a staggering 78 cuts. It did not see the light of day until an English version was published in 2015.
Nagarkar arrived on the scene as an enfant terrible in 1974. His first novel, Saat Sakkam Trechalis (Seven-Sixes are Forty-three), broke the mould of Marathi novel-writing with its unusual form and electric charge of youthful male anger. It was a time of iconoclasm in Mumbai. Dalit poets such as Namdeo Dhasal and Raja Dhale were reinventing the Marathi poetic imagination, and little magazines and journals run by poets such as Dhale, Dilip Chitre and others were outlets of intellectual ferment.
Nagarkar, like his friend the poet Arun Kolatkar—his colleague at the advertising agency MCM—was inspired by these experiments. Their English-language education also gave them access to a global conversation that included Latin American magical realism, American rock 'n' roll and the European classics. They wrote laugh-outloud comedy, bawdy and political, filled with anger and compassion. It was paternalistic, sometimes sophomorish, but original and invigorating, inspiring a generation of English-language readers and writers.
After the Bedtime Story debâcle, Nagarkar withdrew from the public eye. He only emerged again in 1994, with the publication of Ravan and Eddie. It was an instant classic, a comedy about two boys in a Mazgaon chawl who see each other as enemies from birth, only to realise they are elementally connected. Twinned souls, separated by circumstances but destined to find harmony in each other, were a constant feature in his work. It was a reflection of his engagement with popular Hindi cinema, which nourished and exasperated him. Mumbai, the city of his birth and longtime home, similarly inspired and exhausted him—quite literally in his later years, as city pollution aggravated a serious asthma condition.
He wrote frequently and eloquently for the press, on matters ranging from proposed cuts to BEST bus services, to violence against minorities. In every case, Nagarkar pleaded for Mumbai to act on behalf of its working poor and its fragmented but incomparably diverse society. In his advocacy, Nagarkar represented a generation of Mumbai intellectuals shaped by the city's heyday of prosperity as well as decades of economic and anti-minority violence.
As a novelist, he was more singular. His last novel, The Arsonist, an attempt at reimagining the voice and personal preoccupations of the saint-poet Kabir, received mixed reviews. This was a regular feature of Nagarkar's public career. Two classic novels, Ravan and Eddie and 1997's Cuckold, acquired a wide following in subsequent years, and Nagarkar won the Sahitya Akademi prize for Cuckold. But in a decade marked by the international celebrity of writers such as Vikram Seth and Arundhati Roy, recognition arrived less explosively for him.
His 21st century novels, starting with God's Little Soldier in 2005, were received more critically than his earlier work. The story of two brothers embroiled in violence as one chooses pluralism while the other becomes a religious fundamentalist, God's Little Soldier attempted to reckon with a post-9/11 world in which it was becoming easier and more dangerous than ever, to see the world in binaries of good and evil.
Two more novels set in the Ravan and Eddie universe followed, as did Jasoda, a cri de coeur for India's unsung epic heroes: its hard-working, impoverished women migrants. Full of Nagarkar's deadpan one-liners and humane vision, they were partial successes, perhaps best seen as part of Nagarkar's own inner dialogue, divided but inseparable like all his sets of fictional twins.
This week, he left many important conversations unfinished.
Disclaimer: The views expressed here are the author's own. The opinions and facts expressed here do not reflect the views of Mirror and Mirror does not assume any responsibility or liability for the same.
The halfway line: on the intersection of sports and life
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Q: Defining the inverse of a tensor via the adjugate tensor My professor definied the adjugate of a tensor $\mathbf{t}\in T^{1}_{1}(E)$ (E is just a vector space of dimension n) by defining its components as
$adj(\mathbf{t})^{a}_{b}=\frac{1}{(n-1)!}\varepsilon_{bi_{2}...i_{n}}t^{i_{2}}_{j_{2}}...t^{i_{n}}_{j_{n}}\varepsilon^{aj_{2}...j_{n}}$
Then he claims that $\mathbf{t} \circ adj(\mathbf{t})=det(\mathbf{t})\mathbf{id}_{E}$ and from this he defines the inverse tensor.
The point that I can't seem to prove is how we can obtain the expression of the determinant from the composition of the tensor with its adjugate. The expression for $ det(\mathbf{t})$ is basically just $\frac{1}{n!}\varepsilon_{i_{1}...i_{n}}t^{i_{1}}_{j_{1}}...t^{i_{n}}_{j_{n}}\varepsilon^{j_{1}...j_{n}} $ but I cannot seem to make this expression "appear" by multiplying the two matrices of the two endomorphisms associated with the tensors, it seems like I'm off by a factor of n somewhere, which should give me the $\frac{1}{n!}$ in front.
Any help is appreciated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Showing all posts tagged North Korea
A new way to view North Korea
A remarkable short film on Pyongyang by branding specialist… JT Singh and time-lapse photographer Rob Whitworth:
How to be a clueless fashion magazine in one easy step
How to be a vacuous and morally void magazine is far too simple. Here's Human Rights Watch's Iain Levine with the story: What were they thinking?… Someone, somewhere in the depths of luxury magazine Elle thought it was a good idea to feature "North Korea chic" in September's edition of the magazine (the page… was subsequently…
Julian Assange on the threat posed by US-govt backed web evangelists
What a stunning piece. Julian Assange writes the following review in the New York Times on the kind of mundane yet dangerous "debates" sucked up by many in the mainstream media when it comes to the supposedly liberating nature of the internet. When the corporation becomes far more powerful than the state (and they work…
North Korean horrors make us realise true meaning of depravity
Sometimes I read something that puts the notion of human rights into perspective. This story about a man who escaped from a North Korean gulag is shocking beyond belief. It sounds like hell on earth: His first memory is an execution. He walked with his mother to a wheat field, where guards had rounded up…
The final moments of Kim Jong-Il captured for eternity
North Koreans weeping hysterically over death of Kim Jong-il
The reality inside the hermit kingdom.
North Korea like you've never seen it
It's the most tightly controlled nation on the planet. Yet in this fascinating dispatch by Jean H. Lee, The Associated Press bureau chief in Seoul (who traveled with David Guttenfelder, AP's chief Asia photographer), signs of a country in transition: At Kim Il Sung Plaza, a determined young man in a blue suit scoots by…
And we thought Gaza was isolated
On the surreal world of North Korea: Even at seven-thirty on a Wednesday night, the restaurant is packed to overflowing. A few minutes after being seated, a waitress glides up to the table bearing glasses and frosted bottles of Tiger beer; in a few swift motions, glasses are filled and small dishes of Korean appetisers…
Life inside a Pyongyang university
This is a truly remarkable film. Two film-makers received exclusive access to the Pyongyang University of Cinematic and Dramatic Arts and were able to follow the lives of some highly privileged North Koreans in service to the Dear Leader:
At least the Guardian didn't ask US how to proceed over Wikileaks
Unlike the New York Times: A few days before the cables' release, two senior figures from the US embassy in Grosvenor Square called in to the Guardian's London offices for a chat. This discussion led to a surreal transatlantic telephone call on Friday 26 November – two days before launch. Alan Rusbridger agreed to ring…


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Life unlimited
By Bob Holmes
IMAGINE how strange the world would be if you were only aware of people whose names began with "M". Christopher Marlowe would be the most famous Elizabethan playwright, while the Second World War would look like an inexplicable squabble between Montgomery and Mussolini. We would know Mendel's laws, but nothing about Darwinian selection or the structure of DNA.
For most of this century, biologists' view of the microbial world has been just as blinkered, because they could only study bacteria that would grow in the laboratory. Now microbiologists have the tools to probe the entire microbial world for the first time. Everywhere they look they are finding a vastly richer cast of microbial characters than they ever imagined. "You could go out in your back yard and if you really put your mind to it, you could find a thousand new species in not much time," says John Holt, a microbiologist at Michigan State University in East Lansing.
The diversity of these microorganisms dwarfs that of the macroscopic world. Indeed, microorganisms dominate the tree of life with more than a dozen groups as different from one another as humans are from pine trees. This vast, newly revealed world may transform the way scientists think about how life evolved on Earth. And it could be a veritable goldmine for biotechnology with countless new genes and biochemical pathways to sift for enzymes, antibiotics, and other useful molecules.
"We're talking about a real frontier here. We're trembling on the brink of a completely new interest in bacteria," says Abigail Salyers, a microbiologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who is one of the leaders of the new microbiology. Last September in Yellowstone National Park, …


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Q: Reading BSTR in JAVA through JACOB I am trying to access a device through a COM object in a JAVA interface.
The particular call (as described by the manufacturer) is:
Name: ScanUSB
Parameters: [out] VARIANT* serialNumbers
Use: serialNumbers is a pointer to a VARIANT containing an array of BSTR.
The exact call doesn't matter, but I need to feed it a BSTR array through the Java interface. A VB demo for the COM interface simply does this with the commandlm_Co1.ScanUSB(snNum), with Dim snNum As Object = Nothing. The Items in snNum are then displayed in a dropdown menu.
I am trying to do this with JACOB, as I have had the most luck with communication. This is more or less what I am using:
import com.jacob.com.Variant;
import com.jacob.com.Dispatch;

public class JunoReader {
  public JunoReader() {
    Dispatch oOphirLink = new Dispatch("clsid:{--the id of the device here--}");
    Variant snNum = new Variant();
    Variant testing = Dispatch.call(oOphirLink,"ScanUSB", snNum);
    println(testing);
    }
}

When I run this, everything compiles properly and I can confirm that I am communicating with the device, but all I get back is the null Variant that I put in.
My question is: How can I feed a BSTR array to a COM object through a JAVA interface?
Thanks!

A: So, one month and zero free time later, I have an answer to my own question and that answer is "Use Python".
Python allows users to access COM objects with the comtypes module, effectively with a single command:
from comtypes.client import CreateObject
target_guid = CreateObject("{TARGET-COM-CLSID-HERE}")

This allows python to talk with whatever the COM object is, so there was none of the trouble that Java was giving me. The single line: target_guid.ScanUSB() produced (u'717610',), the serial number of the target device. Notice that Python has no trouble reading the Unicode produced by the COM object.
The second trick involves Python's COM server, generated with the win32com module. Because the COM servers can be registered to Windows, I don't have to worry about where the dll is located. All I need is the clsid. To build the python COM server, I followed the instructions for a "quick start to server side COM and Python". So what does it all look like?
Python code:
class OphirPyCOM:

    _reg_clsid_ = "{PYTHON-COM-CLSID-HERE}"
    _reg_desc_ = "Python COM server"
    _reg_progid_ = "Python COM server"
    _public_methods_ = [    'Hello',
                            'ConnectOphir',
                            'ScanUSB', """More methods here"""
                            ]
    _public_attrs_ = ["""Some public attributes"""]
    _readonly_attrs_ = ["""some read-only attributes"""]

    def __init__(self):
        """some variables declared here"""

    def Hello(self, who):
        """Verifies a connection"""
        return "{PYTHON-COM-CLSID-HERE}" + str(who)

    def ConnectOphir(self,clsid):
        """Connects to the target COM Object"""
        from comtypes.client import CreateObject
        self.target_guid = CreateObject(clsid)
        return "OphirLMMeasurement object created."

    def ScanUSB(self):
        """Communicates with the target device"""
        self.connected_inst = self.target_guid.ScanUSB()
        for i in range(0,len(self.connected_inst)):
            self.inst_list.append(str(self.connected_inst[i]))
        return self.inst_list

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # use 'python com.py' to register the COM server
    # use 'python com.py --unregister' to unregister it
    print "Registering COM server..."
    import win32com.server.register
    win32com.server.register.UseCommandLine(OphirPyCOM)

We can run that with the command line and get it registered. Then we take the values over to Java with JACOB:
import com.jacob.com.Variant;
import com.jacob.com.Dispatch;

public class JunoReader {

  String pyClsid = "{PYTHON-COM-CLSID-HERE}"; // This is where your python COM clsid goes
  String opClsid = "{TARGET-COM-CLSID-HERE}"; // This is where your ultimate target clsid goes

  public JunoReader() {
    _pyClsid = "clsid:" + pyClsid
    // This finds the COM object location:
    Dispatch oOphirLink = new Dispatch(_pyClsid);
  }

  public String HandShake() {
    String _talkBack = "is connected.";
    Variant _handShake = Dispatch.call(oOphirLink,"Hello",_talkBack); // I am trying to look for the Juno...
    return (_handShake.toString());
  }

  public String ConnectOphir() {
    Variant _connectOphir = Dispatch.call(oOphirLink,"ConnectOphir", opClsid); // Connect to the target COM object
    return (_connectOphir.toString());
  }

  public String ScanUSB() {
    Variant _serialNumberList = Dispatch.call(oOphirLink,"ScanUSB"); // This scans the USB ports for devices
    return (_serialNumberList.toString());
  }
}

calling JunoReader.ScanUSB() produces: 717610, exactly like it is supposed to. Implementing the subsequent methods of the manufacturer dll allowed me to read data from this device into a Java applet. Problem solved.
A caveat: you may need to unregister the Python COM every time you change the change the source file and then re-register with a different clsid. Java was having a tough time establishing a connection to the updated code unless I used a new clsid every time I changed the file.
Why did I spend all this time typing this up? Because most of the advice related to reading native data types into Java involved some version of JNI and JNA. I spent weeks trying to get the tutorials to compile and didn't make any progress. On the other hand, I thought of this approach yesterday and can now communicate with my device through Java. The Python COM server provided a simple, straightforward way to interface Java with native applications. No UnsatisfiedLinkErrors, no Can't find librarys, no Classpath and JAVA_HOME issues. I didn't need to learn C or C++ and all the Python tutorials worked as described with no necessary modification.
To summarize, if you are having trouble reading native data types into Java, just set up a Python COM server and let Python's dynamic typing do the work for you.


text:
Q: How to fix the problem in pandas.get_dummies I'm preprocessing my dataset with pd.get_dummies, but the result is not what I need.
Is it correct to use pd.get_dummies()?
Or any approaches I can try?
import pandas as pd
rawdataset=[['apple','banana','carrot','daikon','egg'],
           ['apple','banana'],
           ['apple','banana','carrot'],
           ['daikon','egg','fennel'],
           ['apple','banana','daikon']]
dataset=pd.DataFrame(data=rawdataset)
print(pd.get_dummies(dataset))

I expect it looks like this:
   apple banana carrot daikon egg fennel

0   1      1      1     1     1    0
1   1      1      0     0     0    0
........

not like this:
   0_apple  0_daikon  1_banana  1_egg  2_carrot  2_daikon  2_fennel

0    1         0          1       0       1         0           0
1    1         0          1       0       0         0           0
....

A: Different ways to skin a cat.

pd.get_dummies and max
pd.get_dummies(dataset, prefix="", prefix_sep="").max(level=0, axis=1)

   apple  daikon  banana  egg  carrot  fennel
0      1       1       1    1       1       0
1      1       0       1    0       0       0
2      1       0       1    0       1       0
3      0       1       0    1       0       1
4      1       1       1    0       0       0

stack, str.get_dummies, and sum/max:
df.stack().str.get_dummies().sum(level=0)

   apple  banana  carrot  daikon  egg  fennel
0      1       1       1       1    1       0
1      1       1       0       0    0       0
2      1       1       1       0    0       0
3      0       0       0       1    1       1
4      1       1       0       1    0       0

stack and crosstab
u =  df.stack()
pd.crosstab(u.index.get_level_values(0), u)

col_0  apple  banana  carrot  daikon  egg  fennel
row_0
0          1       1       1       1    1       0
1          1       1       0       0    0       0
2          1       1       1       0    0       0
3          0       0       0       1    1       1
4          1       1       0       1    0       0

A: Here you go:
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

rawdataset=[['apple','banana','carrot','daikon','egg'],
            ['apple','banana'],
            ['apple','banana','carrot'],
            ['daikon','egg','fennel'],
            ['apple','banana','daikon']]

def dummy(doc):
    return doc

count_vec = CountVectorizer(tokenizer=dummy, preprocessor=dummy)

count_vec.fit(rawdataset)

X = count_vec.transform(rawdataset).todense()

pd.DataFrame(X, columns=count_vec.get_feature_names())

Results in:
   apple  banana  carrot  daikon  egg  fennel
0      1       1       1       1    1       0
1      1       1       0       0    0       0
2      1       1       1       0    0       0
3      0       0       0       1    1       1
4      1       1       0       1    0       0

The added benefit here is that you can also apply it to unseen data as pd.get_dummies cannot convert other unseen test data in the same way.
Try:
unseen_raw_data = [["test"]]
feature_names = count_vec.get_feature_names()
unseen_data = count_vec.transform(unseen_raw_data).todense()
pd.DataFrame(unseen_data, columns=feature_names)

yields:
   apple  banana  carrot  daikon  egg  fennel
0      0       0       0       0    0       0

which is the correct output


Does the station name begin with letters A-B ?
Does the station name begin with letters B-C ?
A Challenge wrote: It wasn't a question, just checking you'd understood me! Count it of you want to though!
Are there 11 letters or more in the station's name?
Does the station name begin with C?
Are you in Zone 1?
Does the station name begin Ca or Ch ?
Does the station name begin Ch or Cl ?
Do you straddle a zone boundary?
Are you in Zone 2?
Are you on the tube ONLY?
No (14/20) You do realise TOO asked if I was on it and I said no, right?
When did he ask that?
Are you at Custom House for Excel?