text:
Results for "africa"
How to fight AIDS in Africa
by Tyler Cowen January 12, 2005 at 7:52 am in
A new paper, "Sexually Transmitted Infections, Sexual Behavior and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic"
by Harvard economics graduate student Emily Oster, asks why prevalence
rates for HIV/AIDS are ten to fifteen times higher in Africa than in
the United States. Using a simple model that decomposes infection
levels into differences in sexual behavior and differences in
transmission rates, she attributes the entire difference in HIV
prevalence between the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa to
differences in transmission rates. The intuition, as she writes, is
that "Higher transmission rates produce more infections this period,
and each new infected person can infect people next period, so the
result of a higher transmission rate is multiplied many times over."
of the implications of her findings is that lowering transmission rates
by targeting STDs is more cost effective than trying to reduce HIV
prevalence using expensive antiretrovirals or education programs aimed
at changing behavior.
Unemployment in South Africa
by Alex Tabarrok March 16, 2004 at 8:01 am in
More than 40 percent of the South African workforce is without a job and nearly 60 percent of those who are jobless have never worked. The NYTimes is correct that South Africa faces many problems including poorly educated workers, AIDS, and crime. But it is not true that South Africa is doing poorly "despite [it's] sound economic policies." In particular, if you read to the 22nd paragraph you find this buried lede:
In other developing countries, legions of unskilled workers have kept down labor costs. But South Africa's leaders, vowing not to let their nation become the West's sweatshop, heeded the demands of politically powerful labor unions for new protections and benefits. According to a study conducted in 2000 for the government's finance department, South Africa's wages are five times higher than Indonesia's, even though its workers are only twice as productive.
To the great detriment of its people, South Africa's leaders have been successful. South Africa is not the West's sweatshop.
African Americans and Government
by Alex Tabarrok November 26, 2003 at 8:15 am in
Tyler may be correct that "the government as employer has done more for black communities than the government as purveyor of affirmative action." But isn't there something disturbing about this? Consider the following: Who do you think wrote:
The widely proclaimed growth in the black middle class in the 1960s and early 1970s associated with claims of "dramatic black progress" were in large measure attributable to the expansion of Great Society programs and the professional employment repercussions at levels of government. These programs played less of a role in generating an increase in the black middle class by uplifting the black poor than by providing direct employment to many blacks as social service providers to other impoverished blacks. Thus, one of the main legacies of the Great Society was to cement the symbiosis between the black poor and the black middle class – the former as the clients of the social service system and the latter as the service providers.
No, it wasn't Charles Murray. It was the radical-leftist economist William Darity Jr., himself an African-American, writing in the May 1990 issue of the AER (JSTOR link). If true, what this suggests is that even middle-class black Americans were, and perhaps are, much less well integrated into the American economy than we might think from income statistics. I find this disturbing from just about any angle.
African food scandal
by Tyler Cowen August 28, 2003 at 8:25 am in
Zambia, Lesotho, Malawi, Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe — not exactly marvels of good nutrition — have been destroying food shipments from America. Why? This will sound like a sick joke, but they are afraid of genetically-modified foods. These countries have now expressed official opposition to American food entering their country, at a time when almost 3 million Zambians, to cite just one example, desperately need food aid.
There is another villain in the story, namely some of the European nations. The Africans fear that if they accept genetically-modified foods, the seeds will mix with their current crops. Europe will then be reluctant to import African foodstuffs. By the way, Greenpeace opposes the food shipments as well.
Peter Pringle offers a good survey of the debates on genetically-modified foodstuffs.
Wednesday assorted links
by Tyler Cowen January 19, 2022 at 3:31 pm
1. Why Summers is a growth pessimist (short video).
2. Some sane claims about social media.
3. The forthcoming David Hackett Fischer book looks very good.
4. Ted Gioia: is old music killing new music?
5. What Ross Douthat has been learning about health care (NYT).
6. What nine-year-olds do these days.
Thursday assorted links
1. In Austin, Caplan and Razib Khan will comment on Hanania. I am telling them to put it on YouTube.
2. Pushing Zambia to become a start-up hub?
3. Can software identify your chess-playing style?
4. Support for the child tax credit is waning (NYT).
5. Western Arkansas is offering 10k in Bitcoin and bike to relocate there.
6. Why are so many defectors from North Korea to South Korea women?
7. Bruno M. on Apichatpong Weerasethakul.
Is the Beijing Consensus collapsing?
by Tyler Cowen January 5, 2022 at 2:19 pm in
From my latest Bloomberg column:
The more dramatic developments have come from China itself. China did effectively wield state power to build infrastructure, manage its cities and boost economic growth. And most advocates of the Washington Consensus underestimated how well that process would go.
But along the way, China became addicted to state power. Whenever there was a problem in Chinese society, the government ran to the rescue. The most dramatic example was the extreme use of fiscal policy to forestall the 2008 financial crisis from spreading to China.
Yet this general application of state power, even if successful in a particular instance, brought a great danger: The Chinese were left with overdeveloped state-capacity muscles and underdeveloped civil-society capabilities. Over the last several years the Chinese government has done much to restrict civil society, free speech and religion within China. Now much of the world, including but not limited to China's neighbors, is afraid of Chinese state power.
Now, because state power has its limits, it is difficult for China to solve many of its most fundamental problems. Chinese leaders are worried about the country's low birth rate, for instance, but lifting restrictions on the number of children has not yet helped increase the birth rate. In many societies, it is religious families that have more children, but promoting religion is not a remedy that comes easily to China today.
And how will China deal with the pending spread of the omicron variant of Covid-19? The Communist Party staked its legitimacy on the claim that it could control Covid while the U.S. could not. Soon Chinese citizens may be in for a rude awakening, especially if the Chinese vaccines are not so effective.
Tuesday assorted links
by Tyler Cowen December 21, 2021 at 11:50 am
1. Ethiopian government using foreign drones to turn the tide in the conflict (NYT).
2. "Taken together, these results suggest social scientists can learn a great deal by adding pulse rates to the metrics they use when evaluating people's wellbeing."
3. Brian Eno on NFTs and also economics.
4. Andrew Lilley on Omicron severity. And more Zvi on severity, including his own, which seems to be OK.
5. The surge of talent into crypto (NYT).
6. log4j summary.
Sunday assorted links
by Tyler Cowen December 19, 2021 at 12:37 pm
1. 52 things Yuri Khodjamirian learned in 2021.
2. Only one in six Americans are boosted. By one estimate, noting that the CDC is probably undercounting boosters and overcounting actual vaccinated cases.
3. Indian war of dogs vs. monkeys. Solve for the equilibrium.
4. David Wallace-Wells with Trevor Bedford on Omicron severity.
5. Socotra.
1. William James on personal energy.
2. CSPI policy reform essay contest.
3. David Perell on Montreal.
4. Anne Rice obituary (NYT). I quite like Witching Hour and also the first two vampire novels.
5. Jennifer Doleac on how to reduce recidivism.
6. Mormon fertility rates are plummeting.
7. New Omicron data from South Africa, from an insurance company.
Emergent Ventures winners, seventeenth cohort
by Tyler Cowen December 14, 2021 at 12:57 am in
Caleb Watney and Alec Stapp, to found a think tank related to progress studies.
Joe Francis, a farmer in Wales, to write a book on the economic and historical import of slavery in the American republic.
Ananya Chadha, freshman at Stanford, general career development, her interests include neurology and electrical engineering.
Eric Xia, Brown University to develop word association software and for general career development. He is "making a metaphysical sport" and working on word.golf.
Isaak Freeman, from southeast Austria, in a gap year after high school, general career development.
Davis Kedrosky, undergraduate at UC Berkeley, for economic history and general career development. Home page here, Substack here.
Katherine Dee and Emmet Penney, for general career development including collaboration. Among other topics, Katherine has worked on reimagining tech and Emmett has worked on promoting nuclear fusion.
Grant Gordon, to remedy hunger and nutrition problems in East Africa and also more broadly.
Sofia Sigal-Passeck, Yale University, "Co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Uniphage, a biotechnology start-up which aims to eradicate bacterial diseases using the combined power of bacteriophages and artificial intelligence."
Brian Potter, to improve productivity in construction, through both writing and practice. Here is his Substack.
Daniel Liu, attending UCLA, to study computational biology and for general career development.
Molly Mielke, founder and CEO of Moth Minds, a new company to find talent and revolutionize philanthropy: "Moth Minds is building the foundation that enables anyone to start their own grants program based on finding work that gets them excited about the future."
Here are previous Emergent Ventures winners.
Monday assorted links
by Tyler Cowen December 13, 2021 at 1:12 pm
1. Eleven clinical trials for 2022.
2. Exercise plasma yum.
3. Arnold Kling's best books of the year list.
4. Should do we university admissions by lottery?
5. Dilemma of the ECB? (and Fed?)
6. Where is memory information stored?
7. New South African data. And more from Andrew Lilley.
Saturday assorted links
1. Why are Kenyan students setting their schools on fire?
2. Every Schubert song ranked.
3. Oberhaus and Watney on geothermal.
4. A soft landing for China's property bust?
5. Was my 2007 Kindle prediction correct?
6. Haitian film Freda a success.
What is the profile of leading development economists on the PhD job market?
From David McKenzie at the World Bank, here is one excerpt:
Data from big middle-income countries, and English-speaking Africa were most common, with no papers on the Middle East and North Africa, and very little study of the poorest places: In both samples, India, Brazil, and Colombia (and the U.S.!) were the most common countries studied, with a smattering of papers from East Asia, other South Asian countries, and Latin America, and one from Russia with nothing else on Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Of the World's 25 poorest countries, only one (Mozambique) was the subject of study; of the five countries that contain half the World's poor, there were papers on India and Bangladesh, but none on Nigeria, DRC or Ethiopia.
Here is another:
RCTs have far from overtaken development, difference-in-differences is the most popular identification method, yes, people still do IV, and no, no one does PSM on the job market: The pandemic may have reduced the ability of people to do some field experiments, but this year at least, only 20% of the top school sample, and only 6% of the World Bank sample were doing RCTs. More than one quarter in both cases were using difference-in-differences. RDD and IVs were used in about 10% of the papers each, and structural models were common in the World Bank sample (which has more trade and macro papers). None of the papers used propensity score matching.
The blog post is interesting throughout. Via the excellent Samir Varma.
by Tyler Cowen December 9, 2021 at 11:54 am
1. Twenty best Africa books of 2021?
2. Is China the real winner in Ethiopia?
3. David Brooks on conservatism.
4. The political culture that is Finland.
5. Yoko Ono's performance marathon in "Get Back." (NYT)
6. NZ to ban tobacco outright.
7. Andrew Lilley thread on why he thinks Omicron will be less dangerous.


text:
Q: How do I reduce multiple outputs How can I limit the output to only one response when I type in multiple characters.
#include <stdio.h>
main(){
    char answer;

    printf("Do you want to continue(Y/N)?");
    scanf("%c", &answer);

    while ((answer != 'Y') && (answer != 'N')){
        printf("\nYou must type a Y or an N\n");
        printf("Do you want to continue(Y/N) ?");
        scanf(" %c", &answer);
    }
    return 0;
}

A: Use getchar() for reading the first character, then read next characters until EOF.
Additionaly the reading outside (before) the loop is not necessary.
#include <stdio.h>

// additional function for reading remaining input
void flush();

main(){

    // answer needs to be int, because getchar() can return -1 in case of EOF
    int answer;

    while (1) {

        printf("Do you want to continue(Y/N)? ");
        answer = getchar();

        // read and ignore the remaining input
        flush();

        if ((answer == 'Y') || (answer == 'N'))
            break; // exit loop

        printf("\nYou must type a Y or an N\n");
    }

    // here answer contains 'Y' or 'N'
    // do what you need with this...

    return 0;
}

// function for consuming the remaining input
void flush()
{
    while (getchar() != EOF); // consume input until emptying
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
'use strict';

var _index = require('../index');

var args = process.argv.slice(2);
console.log('args:', args);

var codec = new _index.Client(args[0], args[1], args[2], true);
codec.registerFeedbackEndpoint(4, 'http://192.168.1.2:8002/post/', ['/Configuration']).then(function (result) {
    console.log('registerFeedbackEndpoint result:', result);
})['catch'](function (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Man fatally shot by officer in Great Neck involved in crime spree, police say
ByEyewitness News
Police say the suspect went on a one-man crime spree Monday spanning several hours from Brooklyn to Manhattan to Long Island. It ended with the suspect being shot dead by police.
GREAT NECK, Long Island (WABC) -- A Nassau County police officer fatally shot a baseball bat-wielding suspect who authorities say went on a road rage rampage Monday morning.
Police say the suspect, 46-year-old Michael Ward, of Maryland, was in the midst of a one-man crime spree spanning from New Jersey to Brooklyn to Manhattan to Long Island.
Ward was initially wanted by police in Bordentown, New Jersey, for allegedly assaulting a gas station worker with a pair of brass knuckles and carjacking a customer's vehicle on Saturday.
Then, police say Ward drove to the Bronx, where he assaulted a 77-year-old man on Melrose Avenue. He knocked him to the ground and stole $20 from him.
Authorities say Ward then ran over a pedestrian in East Williamsburg, killing him.
After the fatal hit-and-run just before 4 a.m. Monday, police say he carjacked a Honda Odyssey from a woman delivering newspapers at Madison and Montgomery streets on the Lower East Side. Ten minutes later, he allegedly carjacked a black Acura after punching the driver in the face at Harrison and West streets in Tribeca.
Police say he avoided being pulled over by officers in the East Village an hour later.
Then, in Great Neck, Police Commissioner Patrick Ryder said the suspect was stopped at a stop sign at Maple Street and East Shore Road when the drivers of two vans behind him began honking their horns for him to move. Instead, police say he got out of a Volkwagen with the bat and smashed the windows of the first van behind him.
The driver exited the vehicle and was hit in the head with the bat, police said. Seconds later, the suspect reportedly walked toward the second van and smashed those windows. The driver of the second van didn't get out and was not hurt.
Police say a Nassau County officer was on routine patrol and saw what was happening and approached the suspect, who allegedly went after him with the bat. Authorities say the officer attempted to Taser the suspect, but was unsuccessful.
The officer repeatedly told the suspect to drop the bat, authorities said, but the man refused to comply. A good Samaritan who tried to intervene was also hit with the bat, and that's when the officer fired two shots.
Ward was struck in the chest and pronounced dead at the hospital.
The officer was taken to hospital for trauma but was otherwise uninjured. The driver of the van and the good Samaritan were hospitalized for their injuries.
* More Long Island news
GREAT NECK NASSAU COUNTY EAST WILLIAMSBURG LOWER EAST SIDE MANHATTAN NEW YORK CITY POLICE INVOLVED SHOOTING ASSAULT POLICE SHOOTING ROAD RAGE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Someone's Gaze (Dareka no Manazashi), a woozy and emotive hand-drawn animation, is one of the many pieces of art which has helped Makoto Shinkai establish his name in Japanese cinema. Wistful, full of grace and mourning, sewn together with bittersweet melancholy, this contemplative short tale of a father/daughter relationship represents a master class in modern storytelling - a standard Shinkai has set for himself in a short career which has seen him labelled as "The New Miyazaki".
Someone's Gaze is a universal story of transience, a meditation on the passing of time and the deep-rooted sorrows which come with such inevitability. The animation features a young woman who leaves her parents' home to live independently. The transition to adulthood, however, comes at a cost - both she and her father face unspeakable loneliness away from each other and, not wanting to cause any trouble, both decide to deal with their day-to-day sadness with unspoken resignation. Growing up and growing old are inescapable patterns of life.
Yet, a father and daughter's love for one another can never be extinguished by mere time; such feelings are woven in permanence - not even misplaced teenaged feelings of embarrassment are enough to break such bonds. Shinkai's gorgeously illustrated short, accompanied by a masterfully yearning and mellow score, examines the beauty and devastation of wrinkles forming on our faces and leaves falling from the sky. There's a tranquility and peace that permeates throughout Shinkai's forlorn, yet hopeful, existential narrative that transcends the film from heartbreaking melodrama into a delirious, philosophical, slice-of-life fable.
Full of concise, passionate story-telling, Someone's Gaze is a short which is experienced as much as seen, felt as much as observed, and as euphoric as it is devastating.
The film is embedded below - it begins roughly thirty seconds in.
I agree entirely - thank you for your comment. I thoroughly enjoyed reading your review too and can't wait to see where his career heads next.


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text:
Gravisi–Buttorai Mansion (; ) is a mansion in Koper, a port town in southwestern Slovenia. It is a protected monument of local significance. The mansion is situated at Shoemaker's Street (, ) in the old town center. It was the seat of a branch of the Gravisi family, whose senior line had the title of Marquis of Pietrapelosa, first granted to Nicolò Gravisi in 1440.

Location
The mansion is one of a number of interesting buildings in the old town center, others being Almerigogna Mansion, Carli Mansion and Belgramoni–Tacco Mansion, which is home of the regional museum. It is a Renaissance mansion built in 1664, lies on a narrow street on a site about  by . The front of the mansion faces Osvobodilne (Liberation) street (), formerly known as via degli Orti grandi. This street, and the mansion, lay on the edge of the central part of Koper's Poličastega island. Judging from Gothic finds, the area was extremely important during earlier periods of history.

Building
The mansion is one of the finest examples of Baroque architecture in Koper. It has two stories above the ground floor. The ground floor windows are relatively small. The first floor windows are considerably larger and are decorated with lunettes or tympana, with balustraded balconies. The mansion has a fine main portal, above which is the main balcony. The noble family's coat of arms is above the door of the main portal, which is flanked by triple lancet windows. The smaller portal to the left, which leads to the garden, is inscribed with the date 1664. The right wing of the mansion was never completed. The renovated building has a floor area of  as well as an extensive garden.

The foundations lie on an artificial embankment of sand, gravel and loam capped with clay, about  deep, which rests on load-bearing sandstone. Groundwater migration has eroded this embankment and caused subsidence and cracks to open in the structure.
Recent deep excavations for municipal facilities caused pronounced settling in one corner, threatening the integrity of the building.
In 2010 the foundations were stabilized through injecting a polymer-based mixture of latex and cellulose.

Usage
The oldest records of the mansion come from 1878, with a reference to Caterina De Gravisi, widow of Giuseppe Gravisi, as its owner. The renovated building today is the headquarters of the autonomous Italian national community of Koper. Other tenants are the Santorio Santorio thermal spa, ASCI sports club and the Society for Historical Research. The Insula-Obala Visual Artists Association, which runs the Insula Gallery in neighboring Izola, sometimes prepares exhibitions in the mansion.

References

External links

Palaces and mansions in Koper
Houses completed in 1664
Baroque architecture in Slovenia
1664 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
17th-century architecture in Slovenia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"Light and sweet with the goodness of honey! Best when served with whipped cream or ice cream."
Beat eggs slightly in a large bowl. Blend in pumpkin, milk, cream, honey, spices, salt. Pour filling into pie shell. Cover edges of shell with strips of foil.
Bake at 400 degrees F (205 degrees C) for 35 minutes. Remove foil, and continue baking for 15 more minutes. An inserted knife should come out clean when done. Cool, and serve.
Great recipe, but I had to cook it almost twice as long as the recpie says.
I used agave instead of honey and is was simply perfect. No sugar rush!


text:
Subject Topics: estrous cycle Organisms: RATS
38th Annual meeting on physiology and pathology of reproduction, 30th Joint meeting of veterinary and human medicine, and Satellite symposium "Reproductive medicine for the veterinarian", Zurich, Switzerland, 10-11 February, 2005.
Verlag Hans Huber, Bern, Switzerland
SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 2005, 147, 2, pp 47-90
Sperm migration into and through the oviduct following artificial insemination at different stages of the estrous cycle in the rat.
To study whether sperm migration into and through the oviduct follows an invariable pattern or is subject to regulation, rats in pro-oestrus, oestrus, metoestrus or dioestrus were inseminated in the upper third of each uterine horn with 106-206 epididymidal spermatozoa. The ampullary and isthmic...
Orihuela, P. A.; Ortiz, M. E.; Croxatto, H. B.
Biology of Reproduction, 1999, 60, 4, pp 908-913
Effect of aflatoxin B1 on the chromosomal pattern and reproduction of rats and pigs.
Aflatoxin B1 was fed to experimental rats and pigs at the rate of 1.5, 4 and 20 p.p.m. for 4, 16, and 4 wk resp., or was given as single doses of the LD50 and half the LD50. Fed at the rate of 1.5 and 4 p.p.m., aflatoxin produced disorders of the oestrous cycle in rats followed by cessation of the...
Petrickova, V.; Lojda, L.; Rubes, J.; Stavikova, M.
VIIIth International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Krakow, July 12-16, 1976. Proceedings. Volume I. Communication Abstracts., 1976, pp 199
Progestin levels in rat ovarian follicle during proestrus.
Preovulatory follicles were isolated from groups of 4 or 5 rats at various times during pro-oestrus. Progestin level was lowest (1.12 plus or minus 0.62 ng/follicle) at 08.00 h and highest (16.16 plus or minus 5.09 ng/follicle) at 18.00 h. It was concluded that preovulatory progesterone peaks in...
Szoltys, M.
Reproduction and breeding techniques for laboratory animals.
This attractively produced monumental work of reference is far above the competence of one writer and amply reflects the conjoint skills of its 21 contributors, of whom 15 are American. The book is addressed to " students of reproduction in agriculture, veterinary medicine, zoology and the...
HAFEZ, E. S. E.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. London : Baillière, Tindall & Cassell Ltd,
Reproduction and breeding techniques for laboratory animals., 1970, pp ix+ 375 pp.
Production Division: physiology (reproduction) and dairy cattle improvement.
Al-Obaidi, S.; Larson, L.L. Changes in electrical resistance of bovine cervical-vaginal mucus during estrous cycle : 769.Everett, R.W.; Slanger, W.D.; Schaeffer, L.R.; Henderson, C.R. Results from use of the relationship matrix in sire evaluation : 774.Henderson, C.R.; Schaeffer, L.R. Computational ...
Journal of Dairy Science, 1975, 58, pp 739-802
Abstracts of papers for presentation at the 52nd Annual National Meeting of the American Society of Animal Production.
Adams, C. R., Becker, D. E., Terrill, S. W., Norton, H. W., and Jensen, A. H. Rate of ovulation and implantation in swine as affected by dietary protein: 1245. Alliston, C. W., and Ulberg, L. C. Early pregnancy loss in sheep at ambient temperatures of 70° and 90° F. : 1316. Anderson, D. E., and...
Journal of Animal Science, 1960, 19, pp 1216-1339
The attainment of sexual maturity in the female albino rat as determined by the copulatory response.
THE data were obtained from 215 ♀ albinos of Wistar extraction. Vaginal introitus occurred from 459 hrs. before to 72 after the onset of heat as determined by the response to manual manipulation; in the majority of animals it occurred between 48 hrs. before and 12 hrs. after. The av. age of onset...
BLANDAU, R. J.; MONEY, W. L.
Anatomical Record, 1943, 86, pp 197-215
55th Ann. Sess.
ASTWOOD, E. B. Induction of deciduomata in rats by means of progesterone: 4-5. BLOUNT, R. F. The question of developmental dependence for the hypophysis upon the brain: 7-8. BOLING, J. L., WILSON, J. G., and FISH, W. R. The maternal ovaries and sexual behaviour of the young and the mother at...
Anatomical Record, 1939, 73, Suppl. No. 2, pp 1-77
35th Ann. Meet. [of the AMERICAN DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION]
ARNOLD, F. Utilization of proved sires and sons of proved sires: 578-579. At present only about 1 sire out of 8 is alive when proved and worthy of further use. There is little chance of increasing the use of proved sires except through their sons, or through programmes designed to prove bulls at an ...
USA, American Dairy Science Association (2)
Al-Obaidi, S. (1)
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ANATOMISTS. (1)
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ZOOLOGISTS. (1)
Bell, B. R. (1)
BLANDAU, R. J. (1)
Boyd, L. J. (1)
Collier, R. J. (1)
Crowley, J. W. (1)
Croxatto, H. B. (1)
Dickinson, N. (1)
Everett, R. W. (1)
Finner, M. F. (1)
Freeman, A. E. (1)
Graves, C. N. (1)
HAFEZ, E. S. E. (1)
Hansel, W. (1)
Henderson, C. R. (1)
Ingalls, W. (1)
Johnson, L. P. (1)
Jorgensen, N. A. (1)
Kahler, L. W. (1)
Larson, L. L. (1)
Lee, A. J. (1)
Lira, M. (1)
Lodge, J. R. (1)
Lojda, L. (1)
Mao, I. L. (1)
Maurya, S. N. (1)
McDaniel, B. T. (1)
Merilan, C. P. (1)
MONEY, W. L. (1)
Norman, H. D. (1)
O'Brien, T. (1)
Olson, K. E. (1)
Orihuela, P. A. (1)
Ortiz, M. E. (1)
Pennington, J. A. (1)
Petrickova, V. (1)
Powell, R. L. (1)
Rodewald, R. G. (1)
Roettger, L. W. (1)
Rubes, J. (1)
Salisbury, G. W. (1)
Satter, L. D. (1)
Schaeffer, L. R. (1)
Shook, G. E. (1)
Shutt, N. S. (1)
Sikes, J. D. (1)
Slanger, W. D. (1)
guineapigs (3)
Didelphidae (2)
Passer domesticus (2)
Aberdeen-Angus (1)
Acrididae (1)
Ambystoma (1)
AMERICAN BROWN SWISS (1)
Amphibia (1)
Anolis (1)
Anolis carolinensis (1)
Ascaridia (1)
Ascaridia galli (1)
Ascaridia lineata (1)
Ascarididae (1)
Ascaridiidae (1)
Caudata (1)
chimpanzees (1)
Chiroptera (1)
Circotettix (1)
Cyprinodontiformes (1)
Daphnia (1)
Decapoda (1)
Diptera (1)
Drosophila melanogaster (1)
gerbils (1)
Goodeidae (1)
Guernsey (cattle breed) (1)
hamsters (1)
Holstein (cattle breed) (1)
Holstein-Friesian (1)
artificial insemination (8)
gestation (7)
behaviour (6)
insemination (6)
animal behavior (5)
animal breed (5)
female genitalia (5)
female genital system (5)
mammary glands (5)
oestrus (5)
ovulation (5)
pituitary gland (5)
progesterone (5)
reproductive organs (5)
Semen (5)
animal models (4)
animal physiology (4)
domesticated birds (4)
gonads (4)
implantation (4)
reproductive system (4)
sex hormones (4)


text:
Under Construction, Higurashi Anime Exclusive Arcs
Yakusamashi-hen
厄醒し編
July 13, 2007 to August 3, 2007
Arc Type
Tsumihoroboshi-hen
Minagoroshi-hen
Yakusamashi-hen (厄醒し編, lit. Disaster Awakening Chapter) is an arc exclusively featured in the Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kai anime and takes place between Tsumihoroboshi-hen and Minagoroshi-hen. It was made by request of Ryukishi07 in order to add some important details leading up to Minagoroshi-hen.[1]
Playing Tag (aired: July 13, 2007)
Powerless (aired: July 20, 2007)
Pre-established Harmony (aired: July 27, 2007)
The Great Hinamizawa Disaster (aired: August 3, 2007)
Comparisons to Similar Arcs
This arc includes the baseball game scene from Tatarigoroshi and introduces Yukikazu Kameda.
Some content from the Connecting Fragments section of Matsuribayashi is included, such as Satoko established as having to take medicine injections daily.
Some scenes parallel the Tsumihoroboshi TIPS with Rika talking to herself or to an unknown entity.
↑ https://www.famitsu.com/anime/news/2007/04/23/681,1177333769,70718,0,0.html. Ryukishi07: "In the second season of the anime, a new episode called Yakusamashi-hen will be added before Minagoroshi-hen. If you know the original, you probably already know, but Minagoroshi-hen, which is one of the big scenarios in the second phase of the anime, is very important. Therefore, we decided to set up a new episode Yakusamashi-hen and enjoy the world view more deeply."
Retrieved from "https://07th-expansion.fandom.com/wiki/Yakusamashi-hen?oldid=83157"
Higurashi Anime Exclusive Arcs


text:
Litter consists of waste products that have been discarded incorrectly, without consent, at an unsuitable location.  The word litter can also be used as a verb; to litter means to drop and leave objects, often man-made, such as aluminum cans, paper cups, food wrappers, cardboard boxes or plastic bottles on the ground, and leave them there indefinitely or for other people to dispose of as opposed to disposing of them correctly.

Large and hazardous items of rubbish such as tires, electrical appliances, electronics, batteries and large industrial containers are sometimes dumped in isolated locations, such as national forests and other public lands.

It is a type of human impact on the environment and remains a serious environmental problem in many countries. Litter can exist in the environment for long periods of time before decomposition and be transported over large distances into the world's oceans. Litter can affect the quality of life.

Cigarette butts are the most littered item in the world, with 4.5 trillion discarded each year. Estimates on the required time for cigarette butts to break down vary, ranging from five to four hundred years for complete degradation.

Causes

In addition to intentional littering, almost half of litter on U.S. roadways is now accidental or unintentional litter, usually debris that falls off improperly secured trash, recycling collection vehicles and pickup trucks. Population levels, traffic density and proximity to waste disposal sites are factors known to correlate with higher litter rates.

Illegally dumped hazardous waste may be a result of the costs of dropping materials at designated sites: some of these charge a fee for depositing hazardous material. Lack of access to nearby facilities that accept hazardous waste may deter use. Additionally, ignorance of the laws that regulate the proper disposal of hazardous waste may cause improper disposal.

According to a study by the Dutch organization VROM, 80% of people claim that "everybody leaves a piece of paper, tin or something, on the street behind". Young people from 12 to 24 years cause more litter than the average (Dutch or Belgian) person; only 18% of people who regularly cause litter were 50 years of age or older. However, a 2010 survey of littering in Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States, placed litterers aged 55 and over at less than 5%. The same observational study estimated that 78% of litterers are male. Litter organizations, such as Keep America Beautiful affiliates, Keep Northern Ireland Beautiful, and the Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association, have focused educational efforts on youth littering.
Negligent or lenient law enforcement contributes to littering behavior. Other causes are inconvenience, entitlement and economic conditions. A survey of dumping in Pennsylvania found that the largest number of illegal dumps were in townships without municipal trash hauling. The same report also cites unavailability of curbside trash and recycling service, shortage of enforcement, and habit as possible causes. The presence of litter invites more littering.

Two-stage process model
The two-stage process model of littering behavior describes the different ways in which people litter. The model was proposed by Chris Sibley and James Liu and differentiates between two types of littering: active and passive.

The theory has implications for understanding the different types of litter reduction interventions that will most effectively reduce littering in a given environment. The theory states that, all things being equal, passive littering will be more resistant to change because of two psychological processes: 1. diffusion of responsibility that increases as the latency between when an individual places litter in the environment and when they vacate the territory, and 2. forgetting, which is also more likely to occur at longer delays between when an individual places litter in the environment and when they vacate the territory.

Life cycle
Litter can remain visible for extended periods of time before it eventually biodegrades, with some items made of condensed glass, styrofoam or plastic possibly remaining in the environment for over a million years.

About 18 percent of litter, usually traveling through stormwater systems, ends up in local streams, rivers, and waterways. Uncollected litter can accrete and flow into streams, local bays and estuaries. Litter in the ocean either washes up on beaches or collects in ocean gyres such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. About 80 percent of marine debris comes from land-based sources.

Some litter that is collected can be recycled, however degraded litter cannot be recycled and eventually degrades to sludge, often toxic. The majority of litter that is collected goes to landfills.

Effects
Litter can have a detrimental impact on humans and the environment in different ways.

Effects on humans

Hazardous materials encapsulated within tires and other items of illegally dumped rubbish can leach into water sources, contaminate the soil and pollute the air.

Tires are the most often dumped hazardous waste. In 2007 the United States generated 262 million scrap tires. Thirty-eight states have laws that ban whole tires being deposited in landfills. Many of these discarded tires end up illegally dumped on public lands. Tires can become a breeding ground for insect vectors which can transmit disease to humans. Mosquitoes, which breed in stagnant water, can transmit West Nile virus and malaria. Rodents nest in accumulated tires and can transmit diseases such as Hantavirus.

When tires are burned, they can smolder for long periods of time, emitting hundreds of chemical compounds that pollute the air causing respiratory illnesses. Additionally the residue left behind can harm the soil and leach into groundwater.

Visual pollution is a major effect of litter.

Open containers such as paper cups, cardboard food packets, plastic drink bottles and aluminum drinks cans get filled up with rainwater, providing breeding locations for mosquitoes. In addition, a spark or a lightning flash can start a fire if it strikes litter such as a paper bag or cardboard box.

Litter can be hazardous to health. Debris falling from vehicles is an increasing cause of automobile accidents. Discarded dangerous goods, chemicals, tires, sharps waste and pathogens resulting from litter can cause accidental harm to humans.

Litter also carries substantial cost to the economy. Cleaning up litter in the US costs hundreds of dollars per ton, about ten times more than the cost of trash disposal, with a cost totaling about $11 billion per year.

Effects on wildlife

Animals may get trapped or poisoned with litter in their habitats. Cigarette butts and filters are a threat to wildlife and have been found in the stomachs of fish, birds and whales, who have mistaken them for food. Also, animals can get trapped in the rubbish and be in serious discomfort. For example, the plastic used to hold beverage cans together can get wrapped around animals' necks and cause them to suffocate as they grow. Other instances where animals could be harmed by litter include broken glass lacerating the paws of dogs, cats, and other small mammals.

Other effects
Organic litter in large amounts can cause water pollution and lead to algal blooms. Cigarettes could also start fires if they are not put out and then discarded in the environment.

Extent
Litter is an environmental concern in many countries around the world. While countries in the developing world lack the resources to deal with the issue, consumer based economies in the western world are capable of generating larger quantities of litter per capita due to a higher consumption of disposable products.

Branded litter
A number of credible studies have shown that fast food packaging is one of the most common forms of litter, while McDonald's is the most common brand of litter, despite having messages to dispose of properly, such as the Ronald McDonald "tidy man" marking. According to Keep Britain Tidy in 2013, Cadbury chocolate wrappers, Walkers crisp packets and Coca-Cola cans were the three top brands that were the most common pieces of rubbish found in UK streets.

Solutions

Litter bins

Public waste containers or street bins are provided by local authorities to be used as a convenient place for the disposal and collection of litter. Increasingly both general waste and recycling options are provided. Local councils collect the waste and take it for reuse or recycling. However, there are some problems with this approach; if the bins are not emptied regularly, then the bins will overflow and can increase litter indirectly. Some local authorities will only take responsibility for rubbish that is placed in the bins, which means that litter remains a problem. People may blame a lack of well-placed bins for their littering. Hazardous materials may often be incorrectly disposed of in the bins and they can encourage dumpster diving.

Cleanup

Volunteers, sometimes alone or coordinated through organizations, pick up litter and dispose of it. Clean up events may be organized in which participants will sometimes comb an area in a line to ensure that no litter is missed. Organizations may promote litter cleanup events and may also have separate media campaigns to prevent littering.

In North America, Adopt a Highway programs are popular, in which companies and organizations commit to cleaning stretches of road. Keep America Beautiful has held litter cleanups called the Great America Cleanup since 1998 in over 20,000 communities nationwide.

Earth Day cleanups have been held globally since 1970. In 2019, Earth Day Network partnered with Keep America Beautiful and National Cleanup Day for the inaugural nationwide Earth Day CleanUp. Cleanups were held in all 50 States, 5 US Territories, 5,300 sites and had more than 500,000 volunteers.

Commercial properties such as retail, office and industrial have litter picking maintenance programs. This service may be provided by property owners or contracted to various service providers by property management companies acting on owner's behalf. Litter picking is performed on foot using simple hand tools. A worker will walk the sidewalks, parking lot and landscape and sweep up litter material into a litter collection tool. Contents are emptied into a waste bin on job site.

In Kiwayu, a Kenyan island, some of the collected litter (flip-flops) is used to make art, which is then sold.

Litter traps

Litter traps can be used to capture litter as it exits stormwater drains into waterways. However, litter traps are only effective for large or floating items of litter and must be maintained. A recent watershed litter survey showed a difference in the composition of street litter and stormwater litter.

Monitoring dumping sites
Increasingly, there have been efforts to use technology to monitor areas prone to dumping. In Japan, a study used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map areas of dumping based on site characteristics.
Another study used satellite images to detect possible illegal dumping sites.

Container deposit legislation
Container deposit legislation can be aimed at both reducing littering and also encouraging picking up through local recycling programs that offer incentives, particularly for aluminium cans, glass bottles and plastic bottles. In New York, an expanded bottle bill that included plastic water bottles increased recycling rates and generated 120 million dollars in revenue to the state General Fund from unclaimed deposits in 2010.

In some countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, container-deposit legislation has been introduced on cans and plastic bottles. Parts of Belgium are also considering adopting such legislation. People can thus collect refund value money from this type of waste. The result of this is that in Germany, hardly any cans or plastic bottles can still be found along the road. In the Netherlands, the amount of litter has dropped considerably since the new law was implemented, and 95% of the plastic bottles are now recycled. According to Chris Snick, the revenue that can be obtained from waste picking can be financially profitable in countries where container deposit legislation has been introduced: in 1 hour he managed to pick up 108 cans and 31 plastic bottles, earning him 13.90 euro (€0.10 per can/plastic bottle). By comparison, in countries where only the value of the aluminum for example would be refunded, 139 cans would yield only 1.72 euro (0.0124 euro per can; assuming there is 15 grams of aluminum in a can, and with scrap aluminum valued at 0.8267 euro/kg).

Fines

Some countries and local authorities have introduced legislation to address the problem.

Actions resulting in fines can include on-the-spot fines for individuals administered by authorised officers in public or on public transport or littering from a vehicle, in which the vehicle owner is fined - reported by either responsible officer or third party, sometimes online.

Specific legislation exists in the following countries:
United States - punishable by a minimum fine of $200 and a maximum fine of $1,000 or even more in some states for a first offence, community service, or both, as set out by state statutes and city ordinances. All 50 states have anti-litter laws, with various fines, community service, and/or imprisonment as possible punishment.
United Kingdom - Leaving litter is an offence under the Environmental Protection Act 1990. This was extended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 under section 18. It carries a maximum penalty of £2500 upon conviction. However, many local authorities issue fixed penalty notices under section 88 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Often incorrectly known as "on the spot fines", they do not have to be issued on the spot. Nor are they a fine. If an alleged offender does not want to pay a fixed penalty notice, he can have the case heard in the Magistrates Court.
Australia - no national legislation, although state based environmental protection authorities have laws and fines to discourage littering.
The Netherlands - Dutch police and local supervisors (known as buitengewoon opsporingsambtenaar, or BOA) fine citizens for throwing away cans, bottles or wrappers on the street.
Switzerland - dumping refuse and household waste inappropriately or illegally incurs a heavy fine.

Anti-litter campaigns

Many groups exist with the aim of raising awareness and run campaigns including clean up events. World Cleanup Day is a worldwide campaign. TrashTag and Plogging are examples of individual scale litter movements.

In the United States there are a number of organizations running anti-litter campaigns. Keep America Beautiful was founded in 1953, and promulgated the word litterbug, coined by its partner the Ad Council in 1947. At least 38 states have high profile, government-recognized slogan campaigns, including Don't Mess with Texas; Let's Pick It Up New York; Don't Trash California; Take Pride in Florida; Keep Iowa Beautiful. National CleanUp Day is held annually on the Third Saturday in September.

In Australia, Clean Up Australia Day is supported by many major Australian companies, firms and volunteers alike. Anti-litter organizations include "Keep Australia Beautiful", founded in 1963. It created the popular "Do the Right Thing" campaign and its Tidy Towns competition became well known being a very competitive expression of civic pride.

Keep Britain Tidy is a British campaign run by the Keep Britain Tidy environmental charity, which is part funded by the UK government.

History
Throughout human history, people have disposed of unwanted materials onto streets, roadsides, in small local dumps or often in remote locations. Prior to reforms within cities in the mid-to-late 19th century, sanitation was not a government priority. The growing piles of waste led to the spread of disease.

Anti-littering legislation seems to have existed in ancient Greece, as is evidenced by a road marker discovered on the island of Paros, bearing the inscription "whoever drops their litter on the street owes 51 drachmae to whoever wishes to claim them".

To address the growing amount of waste generated in the United States, the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 was enacted. In 1976 the Federal government amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act, creating the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which requires a "cradle to grave" approach to the proper handling of potentially hazardous materials. RCRA gives authority to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate and enforce proper hazardous waste disposal.
Many countries now have laws that require that household hazardous waste be deposited in a special location rather than sent to landfills with regular refuse. Household hazardous waste includes paints and solvents, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent lights, spray cans, disposable batteries, and yard products such as fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and insecticides. Additionally, medical waste generated at home is considered a hazardous waste and must be disposed of properly.

See also

Citizen Science, citizen cleanup projects
Cleaning
Earth Day
Illegal dumping
List of environmental issues
Litter in Australia
Litter in the Netherlands
Litter in New Zealand
Litter in the United Kingdom
Litter in the United States
National Cleanup Day
Plogging
Road debris
Spitting
Throwaway society
TrashTag
World Cleanup Day

References

External links
News related to litter and cleanups

Sanitation


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During the wee hours of July 9, 2016, Cam Gordon quietly and peacefully slipped away from us. His last days, reminiscent of his life, were spent surrounded by family and friends. Adored by all who knew him, Cam leaves behind a legacy of relationships. He was a beloved husband, father, son, brother, friend, coach and comedian. His devoted wife Carla, whom he considered his best friend, together with his treasured sons Luke and Keaton, were the epicenter of his universe and everything he did. Cam lived in simple ways, always acutely in tune with politics and world news, he was ever the advocate for the underdog. Cam loved soccer, hockey and all other sports; beer, his dogs, fishing, buddies, making others laugh and above all, he loved people. With the support and love of many, he endured ten years of cancer with remarkable courage, grace and dignity. Cam was an unwaveringly loyal, humble and kind person, he's left his corner of the world and all who dwell within it, a little better for having spent time here. Though his memory brings with it laughter and joy, the void of his departure leaves us all bereft. Where once the remarkable, gentle, funny, sweet soul of Cam Gordon lived, there now exists an un-fillable space. We bid you farewell, adventure on dear friend.
The Gordon family extend their most heartfelt gratitude to all who comforted, supported, and stood by them over the course of Cam's illness. You have made the unendurable, durable. In lieu of flowers please make donations to the BC Cancer Agency or the Kamloops Hospice Association.
Celebration of Life for Cam will be held on Aug. 7, 2016 at 2:00 pm at the South Thompson Inn, 3438 Shuswap Rd. E. Kamloops, B.C.
I met Cam 17 years ago on a soccer field in a Terrace. His smile and laugh were contagious, his love of soccer and his family made him a fun guy to be around. His willingness to help others and be there for his friends was comforting. He was so proud of Carla, Luke and Keaton. I will miss you my friend.
Cam was a great teammate and friend only guy I knew that could have a beer garden filled with laughter. Cam you were a incredible man and was always the star in the midfield of the Beermen.
Like everyone else , I just loved Cam….such a character. ..made everyone feel somewhat special..
So enjoyed and am thankful to have spent time with Cam golfing and tossing back a few ….in Vernon a few months ago. He was such a trooper just to be there.
As a former classmate and a person who has been touched by Cam's life though year's ago my life and the world just became a little sadder, emptier and painful. But may his life will encourage those who love him and were touched by him to become stronger, more joyful and more sensitive to those around us. Life is fragile, time is short but we as humans can choose victory and use the memories, the lessons, the time with Cam to spur us on to greater and better things. My heart especially goes to his family that the void which is great will somehow be filled with peace and comfort. My sympathy seems not enough. Saying a prayer for comfort and strength.
To the gordon family. Having lost my mother just recently to cancer, words cannot express the understanding that I share with u when a loved one passes. Remember the silly and kind things that he did, as those will make u smile on hard days. Always keep telling him u love him and miss him. He will be listening. He was a wonderful man and I'm glad that I was able to have met him and your family. Hockey wouldn't have been the same on those long road trips if it wasn't for cams humour!!
The whole extended family feel such a loss. We send our condolences and all our love to you Carla, Luke and Keaton. You have been on our minds constantly since that sorrowful day.
Aunt Marg and Uncle Woody, Ian and Matt.
We remember Cam from the soccer field and his friendship with our son Ryan. He lived an honest and honourable life and we will remember him with fond memories. Our sympathies to his family and many friends.
Please accept our condolences at this very difficult time. I didn't know Cam well but many of my grandchildren and other family members knew him as a dear friend and mentor. In particular my Grandson Austin spoke often of Cam and the wonderful, caring person he was. I am thankful for the huge part Cam played in the lives of so many young people here in Terrace and I imagine in Kamloops as well. Cam's legacy will continue to live in their lives and the lives of all they impact. Thank you Carla and family for your awesome influence and giving nature. Many are grieving with you and celebrating the life Cam lived.
Our deepest sympathies to the family at this most difficult time. Hold the memories of special times, of smiles and laughter close to you, as they are the things that will carry you forward when you feel like you can't. Rest in peace Cam.
I feel so blessed to have known Cam. He was a great friend. Especially during the highschool years. I will miss his sense of humor and his kindness. Carla, Keaton and Luke may he live in your hearts forever. I am truly sorry for your loss.
I met Cam when we were kids playing soccer in Burnaby and remember his infectious smile and gut-ripping laughter as we plowed through many a tough winter match and late night practices with frozen gravel underfoot and sleet from the sky. They were great times and Cam was a great part of those memories, always lifting the spirit as a catalyst for the spirit of the team. He personified teamwork.
Thought I did not have the chance to see Cam for many years as I have lived overseas, I did chat with him a few times online.
My condolences to Cam's family and close friends. The world is a little less bright without the likes of Cam Gordon.
Please know I have been thinking of you and sending my deepest sympathy. I hope the support of family and friends provide some comfort.
Carla, Luke and Keaton….words can't express our sorrow to hear of Your loss. Cam was a wonderful man and the world was a better place with him in it. I look forward to a day when that awful disease stops taking away the good people in this world. Our prayers are with you and your family.
I am so sorry for your loss. I never had the pleasure of meeting Cam but you always spoke of him with such love and affection. I loved your story of how happy he was to become a postie.
You always be able to wrap yourselves tightly in the blanket of Cam's love that will surround you and comfort you forever.
Let your tears flow, talk about him forever and hug each other tightly.
I met Cam when he was in high school. He came to Young Life with a few of his buddies and my future brother in law Erik Holl. We spent a week together one summer at Malibu on Jervis Inlet. I have great memories of his contagious laughter and friendly personality. Cam was thoughtful, open minded and lived his life to the fullest. He loved stupid puns and I was always impressed with his encyclopedic knowledge of everything to do with hockey and sports. We played floor hockey together for a few years and that graduated to ice hockey at the 8 rinks in Burnaby. Cam was an amazing teammate and friend. He was a gifted athlete with amazing endurance and incredibly talented at whatever sport he played, but it never went to his head – he was so humble and unassuming. To Carla, Luke, Keaton, and the rest of the Gordon family I'm so sorry for your loss. I pray that you will eventually experience peace as you walk down this difficult path.
Cam and I met in grade 1 at Buckingham Elementary and became great friends. He was the funniest guy ive ever met, and also one of the most classy. I remember one summer at the PNE in Vancouver Cam and I were walking around the midway when on the ground in front of us Cam found a 100$ bill. I wanted to spend it, but Cam had so much integrity he insisted we turn it in. Lucky for us nobody claimed it, and Cam split it with me. I'll also never forget our 1986 trip across Canada in my dads little Mazda GLC. We may have only made it to Ontario, but so many great memories on that trip. That's the Cam I will never forget, an honest , good man, always fun to be around. I will miss you my friend. To Carla and family, my deepest condolences.


text:
Snake/Salt Basin Advisory Group
Meeting Record
Alta, WY
Facilitators Cathy Lujan and Sherri Gregory-Schreiner opened the meeting at 6:00 p.m. at the Grand Targhee Resort near Alta. Each person in attendance was given the chance to introduce himself or herself. Following the introductions, the agenda for the meeting was reviewed. There were approximately 30 people in attendance.
The following schedule was agreed upon for the next three Snake/Salt BAG meetings:
Wednesday, August 14, 2002, 6 p.m. – Moran (Jackson Lake Lodge)
Wednesday, October 9, 2002, 6 p.m. – Alpine
Wednesday, December 18, 2002, 6 p.m. – Jackson
Basin Planning Update – Barry Lawrence, WWDC
Barry Lawrence, WWDC River Basin Planner, distributed copies of past presentations to be added to the basin advisory group reference notebook. Barry then updated the group on the status of the planning processes for the Wind/Bighorn, Powder/Tongue, Northeast, Bear and Green River Basins. He detailed the activities in each, as well as the invited BAG speakers, and consultant work in progress (if applicable). He then invited interested individuals to attend any or all of the BAG meetings in the other basins. It was noted that the Wind-Bighorn BAG met the day before, and had a tour of Sinks Canyon.
Water Rights Update – Chace Tavelli, State Engineer's Office
Chace Tavelli, with the Wyoming State Engineer's Office, discussed changes in water right search procedures at his agency. Chace noted that requests for searches have increased dramatically in the past few years, as have requests for new permits. SEO has determined that their priority should be permitting, as others can conduct water right searches. As a result, the State Engineer's Office will dramatically reduce the manpower assigned to water right searches as of September 1, and anticipate that most searches will be conducted by individuals or by paid contractors. Computer terminals will be set up at the State Engineer's Office to facilitate searches by the public, and training will be offered on how to conduct searches. Surface water right information will likely be available online at some point, however the complexity of the data indicates it will be in the distant future.
Consultant Update / Future Water Use Investigation - Sunrise Engineering
Evan Simpson, with Sunrise Engineering, presented information regarding future water use opportunities in the basin. He discussed the role of the basin advisory group in providing input in the establishment of a list of future water use opportunities. These future uses could serve many purposes, such as rehabilitation of existing facilities, storage, expansion for future demands, or enhancements to quality of life or the environment. Examples of future water uses were given from other completed basin plans in Wyoming. Hypothetical ideas for the Snake/Salt Basin were also presented to help promote the thought process among the BAG members. Evan explained that the list of possible projects would be evaluated to determine the feasibility of each project. This evaluation would include constraints due to legal, environmental, social, political, and financial reasons. The BAG members were urged to think about future water use possibilities in the coming months.
Surface Water Modeling – Linda Williams, Boyle Engineering
Linda Williams discussed the progress of the surface water model for the Snake/Salt Basin. The model is part of the determination of available surface and ground water. She stated that a model was a tool for simulating events that have already occurred, and that there were various types of models that could be used. As part of the basin planning process, it was determined that a spreadsheet model analyzing mean, wet, and dry years would be used, similar to the other basin plans in the State.
Linda indicated that a model serves many purposes. The results can validate the basin water use profile that has been compiled for the plan. It also helps develop an understanding of the system, and serves as a tool to estimate available water and potential uses. It was noted that the model would also serve as a stepping stone to future, more sophisticated models that could be used to assess alternatives. Currently, data have been collected regarding current and past water uses and cover topics such as agricultural, municipal, industrial, and reservoir uses. A study period has been selected based upon available records, and indicator gages have been identified to determine the years to be considered wet, dry, and average for the basin plan. Estimation methods have been used to fill in missing data. Linda stated that they are currently working to estimate flows in tributaries and diversions that have not been gaged. Node diagrams were presented, showing a schematic of the Snake and Salt River Basins. The model uses these diagrams to account for the water by having inflows and diversions according to the layout on the ground. Input from the BAG members was requested on the node diagrams, as well as the model in general.
Ground Water Resources of the Basin – Bern Hinckley, Hinckley Consulting
Bern Hinckley discussed the hydrogeology of the basin, as well as the hydrologic cycle. He stated that annual precipitation in the basin ranges from 16 to 60 inches per year. Previous studies were discussed, and various maps were shown indicating geology in the basin and how that affects water availability. Visuals were used to present data regarding wells in the basin, covering topics such as well permits, density, depths, yields, and trends in the number of wells. The trends showed a significant increase in the number of wells in the last ten to twenty years. Bern indicated that wells were being drilled deeper, which he attributed to an increased margin of safety, not a drop in the water table. Recharge rates and depths to ground water were also discussed. Past WWDC projects in the basin were reviewed, as was information from the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality regarding water quality. Bern noted that the data indicated that there have been few spills in the basin. Possible sources of groundwater contamination include septic systems, agricultural pollutants, as well as industrial spills.
Roxanna Decree & Local Issues – Jim Wilson, Wyoming State Engineer's Office
Jim Wilson serves as the Hydrographer/Commissioner in Alta for the State Engineer's Office. He discussed issues regarding surface water on the west side of the Tetons, which flows into Idaho toward the Teton River. The Roxanna Decree was issued in 1941 regarding flows on Teton Creek and South Leigh Creek. According to the decree, Wyoming can have unlimited use of the water until the flow is down to 100 cfs. At that point, the water is shared with Idaho. Jim measures Teton Creek in the administration of the decree. Jim noted that this year, flow rates have ranged from a high of over 900 cfs to a low of 9.4 cfs. He indicated that last year the gage reported a short-term flow of 1600 cfs, however he believed that unusual circumstances created that high flow. There was also a brief discussion of a situation where a Wyoming water right exists for a diversion in Wyoming, yet the land irrigated by this water is actually in Idaho.
Teton County, Idaho Growth – Allen Wilder, City of Driggs, Idaho
Allen Wilder discussed growth issues that were currently affecting the Teton Valley. He indicated that the City of Driggs has seen a 52% increase in water service connections since 1996, and that the population of the city is approximately 2,000 people. In order to have adequate supply for future needs, Driggs is currently working on a spring redevelopment project to increase the capacity of one of their water sources. This spring is actually located in Wyoming. They anticipate the capacity of this spring to double from approximately 350 gpm to over 700 gpm. Current peak demands on the city water supply are approximately 1,600 gpm, however the city has potential sources that could supply approximately 3,900 gpm. Allen stated that expectations are for 14 new subdivisions this year in the Driggs and Victor, Idaho area, which represents about 700 new lots. He also stated that some wells in the area have been going dry, although the municipal wells have not been affected.
The meeting adjourned at 8:45 p.m.


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Whether I'm waiting for a face mask to dry or deep conditioning my hair, I try to use that time to straighten up the house. You'd be surprised how much you can do in just that short amount of time. Do you like to talk on the phone? If so, that's the best time to fold a load of laundry. The possibilities are endless.
Music makes almost every chore tolerable. The Pandora app makes it easy to listen to music while you sweep, mop, wash dishes...everything!
If I've had a really long week, I usually don't like to spend my weekend doing chores around the house. Instead, I commit to spending one hour cleaning on Saturday and one hour cleaning on Sunday. Again, you will be shocked at how much you can get done in an hour. Sometimes I get in the groove of cleaning and I finish it all on Saturday so I can have a relaxing Sunday.
Once I started reserving 15 minutes a day for chores, it made a huge difference. Being proactive saved a lot of time instead of waiting until everything piled up at the end of the week. Most importantly, I make an effort to wash every dish at the end of the day because it makes a big difference. What small tasks can you do every day to stay consistent and keep your house clean?
A simple to-do list goes a long way. You don't want to just "wing it" when it comes to cleaning your home. Take the time to get organized and list out your chores or download a free template here, here, or here.


Home > Blog > AreszCoin Review – Legit Or Scam?
AreszCoin Review – Legit Or Scam?
Has someone approached you lately about joining AreszCoin?
First, let me make one thing clear – I am NOT in any way affiliated with AreszCoin.
I simply wanted to gather all the details here for you in my AreszCoin Review so you can make an informed decision.
Is AreszCoin truly a scam?
Read on to find out in my Review of AreszCoin.
What The Heck Is AreszCoin?
In the case of AreszCoin, we're dealing with an MLM opportunity that appears to be faceless on purpose.
The website for AreszCoin looks good enough, but there's a noticeable lack of background information. There's no mention of who owns the company, who's managing things on the day-to-day, when AreszCoin was founded, etc.
Honestly, the only real nugget of information is the fact that AreszCoin's domain name was registered on November 13 of 2017. The registration details show an address in Hong Kong, but this appears to be baloney.
While I suppose it's technically possible that AreszCoin's admin(s) just happened to forget to add this information the site, I'm more inclined to believe that it was left off on purpose.
What Can You Tell Me About The AreszCoin Products?
As for the product line AreszCoin is offering, there's really nothing to speak of.
No goods or services are sold to retail customers, and with this, there's no chance of any retail sales activity.
The one and only thing available for affiliates to offer is the affiliate membership itself.
In my time doing these reviews, this is something that I've only ever seen when dealing with a company in the MLM underbelly.
What Can You Tell Me About The AreszCoin Compensation Plan?
If you still choose to join AreszCoin, you'll need to buy ARC points from the company for the cost of 21 cents in bitcoin each.
These points are pre-generated by AreszCoin's owners(s), and after you buy them, you'll then "lend" them back so you can start earning a daily ROI.
AreszCoin states that the average daily ROI for its members is 1.55%, but this is a variable rate and can change at any time.
Additionally, AreszCoin members have the opportunity to earn on referral commissions.
Are There Membership Fees For AreszCoin?
If you're interested in joining AreszCoin, you can technically do so for free and earn on just referral commissions. However, if you're interested in earning these and the ROI that's offered, you'll need to make an investment of at least $100.
If you've come across a review that says AreszCoin is a scam while researching, I wouldn't be surprised.
What is the truth about AreszCoin? Is it really a scam, or is it legit?
What's your Conclusion About AreszCoin?
If I need to give AreszCoin credit, I commend the company for being upfront about what exactly it is – a Ponzi scheme.
This is a pretty simple opportunity in which affiliate join, purchase worthless points, and then recruit other people to do the same thing.
Money that affiliates pay for the ARC points is used to cover ROI and commission liabilities, and this is where the Ponzi activity is seen.
Once people stop joining and investing, AreszCoin will be quick to collapse. Most affiliates that are involved will lose out with no real way to recover their lost funds, and only the admin(s) will earn anything of value.
Unless that sounds like a solid opportunity to you, I'd suggest taking your business elsewhere.
I hope that you are able to use my research in my AreszCoin Review to make a decision.
If you do decide to become an affiliate with AreszCoin, make sure you take the time to learn how to market yourself.


This year Eid al-Fitr may fall on a Friday in some Muslim countries especially in those which follow the naked eye sighting. Many Muslims are asking whether or not the Friday prayer is obligatory in this situation. The answer is "yes", according to the majority's opinion.
Eid prayer is decreed by Rasulullah (SAW) in a number of authentic Ahaadith. Therefore a Sunnah or Wajib Khutbah mandated by the Ahaadith cannot nullify an act of obligation (Fard) promulgated by the Holy Qur'an. Consequently, the majority of Jurists (Hanafi, Maaliki and Shafai' scholars) have ruled that these are two distinctively separate responsibilities and must be performed at their specified times.
Imam al-Shafai' has given concession (Rukhsah) to the villagers and not to the city dwellers as Imam al-Nawawi has reported.
The villagers are allowed to forego the Juma' prayer so as to avoid the unnecessary hardship.
Some leading authorities in the Shafai' school have disagreed with the Imam while agreeing with the Hanafi and Maaliki scholars in requiring Juma' from both the villagers and city residents.
Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal has given the permission that the Eid Khutbah will suffice and people do not have to come back for Juma' prayer. Ibn Qudamah reports that Imam Ahmad was of the opinion that Eid prayer suffices and both the villagers and city residents are permitted not to offer the Juma' prayer except the Imam. The local Imam must offer the Juma' prayer along with whosoever attends the Juma' voluntarily.
وَإِنْ اتَّفَقَ عِيدٌ فِي يَوْمِ جُمُعَةٍ، سَقَطَ حُضُورُ الْجُمُعَةِ عَمَّنْ صَلَّى الْعِيدَ، إلَّا الْإِمَامَ، فَإِنَّهَا لَا تَسْقُطُ عَنْهُ إلَّا أَنْ لَا يَجْتَمِعَ لَهُ مَنْ يُصَلِّي بِهِ الْجُمُعَةَ.
The majority (Jamhu'r) has rejected this opinion based upon the actions of Rasulullah (SAW) and the practice of his Companions. For instance, the Prophet (SAW) did perform the Juma' prayer after doing the Eid Khutbah on the same day. Imam Muslim has narrated that the Prophet (PBUH) used to recite Surah 87 in the first Rak'ah of the Juma' and Eid prayers and Surah 88 in the second Rak'ah. He (SAW) did recite the same Surahs in both the Juma' and Eid prayers whenever the Eid occurred on a Friday.
عَنِ النُّعْمَانِ بْنِ بَشِيرٍ، قَالَ: «كَانَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقْرَأُ فِي الْعِيدَيْنِ، وَفِي الْجُمُعَةِ بِسَبِّحِ اسْمَ رَبِّكَ الْأَعْلَى، وَهَلْ أَتَاكَ حَدِيثُ الْغَاشِيَةِ» ، قَالَ: «وَإِذَا اجْتَمَعَ الْعِيدُ وَالْجُمُعَةُ، فِي يَوْمٍ وَاحِدٍ، يَقْرَأُ بِهِمَا أَيْضًا فِي الصَّلَاتَيْنِ» .
In view of the above Othmanic ruling the majority of jurists have interpreted the above quoted Ahaadith that allude to Juma' concession as directed to the Bedouins (villagers) and not to the city residents.
Therefore, residents should perform the Juma' prayer along with the Eid prayer as long as doing both prayers will not cause them tremendous hardship. The permission (Rukhsah) is granted only in case of extreme hardship.


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Welcome to the Media Centre
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Royal Communications is responsible for making arrangements for members of the media to cover Royal visits, events and news stories so that they can provide accurate, timely and informative coverage to their audiences.
In this media centre you can find out more about Royal visits and events, and access resources such as press releases, operational notes, speeches, annual financial reports and media information packs.
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Wire Picture Agency (WPA)
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All Royal Rota material is made available to regional and national media, as well as overseas media when appropriate.
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Royal Communications assists in the provision of media facilities in countries hosting State Visits (or Realms hosting Royal visits by their Sovereign) and offers appropriate administrative arrangements for the British media covering the visit, in conjunction with the relevant British Embassy or High Commission; in the case of Realms, arrangements are made in consultation with the federal and provincial government media coordinators.
An operational note detailing media facilities and administrative arrangements including accreditation, accommodation and transport is issued by Royal Communications ahead of an overseas visit.
Members of the media wishing to attend State Visits and Royal tours overseas should contact Royal Communications in the first instance.
The guidelines on photography and filming during State Visits/overseas tours are the same as those for visits in the UK.
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Investiture footage can be released for broadcast purposes, provided the recipient has given their permission. Please contact BCA for further information.
A media position is available for members of the Royal Rota, and on occasion, other accredited press, to interview and/or photograph recipients (who have given their permission) with their awards after the Investiture ceremony. Should media like to use this facility they must contact Royal Communications in advance.
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These requests can range from a landmark documentary series to a feature on the Changing of the Guard.
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Please note that The Queen does not give interviews or write articles.
The Queen's Commonwealth Essay Competition reception 2018
The Duchess of Gloucester visits Gatton Park
The Princess Royal attends the 20th Anniversary Reception for Transaid
The Duke of Kent- Charities and Patronages
I have seen on many occasions the power of football to unite communities...
A speech by The Duke of Cambridge at a Football for Peace Graduation ceremony
The Queen visits The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
The Queen visits the Anglo Norse Society with The King of Norway
The Duke of Kent- Biography
The Queen gives a toast at The Prince of Wales' 70th Birthday party
You are creating a practical, powerful tool to help children use their smartphones and social media with confidence and with safety. I am so proud that this has sprung out of the Cyberbullying Taskforce work.
A speech by The Duke of Cambridge on Social Media and Cyberbullying, BBC Broadcasting House, London
A message from The Queen to The President of The United States of America
The Countess of Wessex: Biography
The Countess of Wessex opens the Thames Valley Air Ambulance HQ
Published 7 November 2018
A speech by The Duke of Cambridge at the 2018 Tusk Conservation Awards, London
Remarks by The Prince of Wales at the British High Commissioner's Residence, Lagos, Nigeria
Prince Harry: Supporting The Queen
The Queen opens the new Schroders Headquarters
It is clear to me that the Commonwealth remains as vital today, as it has ever been. It brings us together, building bridges between our governments and our people
A speech by The Prince of Wales at the Accra International Convention Centre, Accra, Ghana
A speech by The Prince of Wales at the State Dinner in The Gambia
Prince and Princess Michael of Kent
A speech by The Prince of Wales at the State Welcome Ceremony in The Gambia
The Duchess of Cambridge views family letters from the First World War
Royal attendance at engagements to mark Remembrance Day and the Armistice Centenary
Prince Harry: Charities and Patronages
The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall visit Nigeria
The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall visit The Gambia
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge visit Coach Core in Essex
The Duke of Gloucester- Biography
The Princess Royal visits the Bazalgette Sewer Network
A speech by The Duke of Sussex at a visit to Te Papaiouru Marae
It's wonderful to be at an event celebrating diversity in one of the world's most diverse cities.
A speech by The Duke of Sussex at a reception for young people at Auckland War Memorial Museum, Auckland
We couldn't be happier to support such fantastic work. Kia kaha.
A speech by The Duke of Sussex at a visit to Pillars, Ka Pou Whakahou
Suffrage is not simply about the right to vote but also about what that represents. The basic and fundamental human right of being able to participate in the choices for your future and that of your community.
A speech by The Duchess of Sussex in New Zealand marking the 125th anniversary of women's suffrage
And to the competitors goes the biggest thanks of all. You have once again left us humbled and inspired by your example, by your determination, by your service and by your sense of humour.
A speech by The Duke of Sussex at the Invictus Games Sydney 2018 Closing Ceremony
The Queen and the Church
I was able to see the unshakable bonds between service men and women on the ground together, but at the same time to feel the palpable longing for family and friends while deployed.
A speech by The Duchess of Sussex at the Invictus Games Sydney 2018 Closing Ceremony
The Queen has sent the following message to President Joko Widodo
Tonight I have been so inspired by the awardees who are making such a remarkable difference in their communities
A speech by The Duke of Sussex at the Australian Geographic Society Awards
Tonga is leading by example and understands deeply the impact of environmental changes
A Speech by The Duke of Sussex at The Queen's Commonwealth Canopy Dedication, Tupou College Forestry, Tonga
The Queen has sent a message to The King of Jordan
Coming to Tonga I feel very much as though I am coming to visit an extended family.
A speech by The Duke of Sussex at a Formal Banquet hosted by His Majesty King Tupou VI and Queen Nanasipau'u
The Earl of Wessex- Supporting The Queen
A statement from The Duke of Cambridge
It's incredibly encouraging to see how many countries have now signed up to this initiative, in my grandmother's name, to preserve forests throughout the Commonwealth
A speech by The Duke of Sussex at The Queen's Commonwealth Canopy dedication in Fiji
Over the many hundreds of years of our shared history, there are few nations who are able to claim a closer bond
The Queen's speech at The Netherlands State Banquet
The Earl of Wessex- biography
This visit is particularly nostalgic for us as a young married couple – my grandparents stayed in this very hotel, the Grand Pacific, a number of times over the years.
A speech by The Duke of Sussex at a State Dinner hosted by His Excellency The President of Fiji
A speech by The Duke of Sussex at The Queen's Commonwealth Canopy Dedication on K'gari (Fraser Island)


Geographic information systems, or GIS, are computer software programs that allow archaeologists to summarize and visually display geographic and locational information—for example, the distribution of sites on the landscape or the distribution of cultural features within an individual site.
Site distributions through time, Mesa Verde region study area, Village Ecodynamics Project.
GIS is an important tool in archaeological computer simulations that attempt to reconstruct and/or predict the behavior of human systems in the past—for example, ancestral Pueblo Indian society in the American Southwest.
In such simulations, researchers create "virtual" groups of people and place them on computer-generated, geographically accurate landscapes. They then introduce and manipulate a number of variables—population size, precipitation levels, soil depletion, availability of wild resources, and so on—to see how the groups respond.
How does changing one or more environmental variables cause people's behavior to change? How does human behavior modify the environment? What human behaviors lead to group success? To failure? Archaeologists can then compare the results of the computer simulations with actual archaeological evidence observed in the field.
Computer simulation (sometimes called computer modeling) is one of the newest and most innovative tools in archaeological research today.
The Village Ecodynamics Project (VEP) is an excellent example of how computer simulation allows researchers to manipulate extremely large and complex data sets in ways not conceived of only a generation ago.
A collaboration of archaeologists and other scientists from institutions around the country (including Crow Canyon), the VEP has shed new light on the Pueblo past, demonstrated the potential of this new technology, and opened up exciting new avenues for future research. Learn more about the VEP.


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Muslim "Good Samaritans" Prevent Terrorist Slaughter of Christians by Acting as Human Shields
William N. Grigg December 21, 2015
Two people were murdered, and three more were injured, in a terrorist attack on a passenger bus in Kenya on Monday, December 21, that could have been a wholesale slaughter if not for the courage and decency of Muslim passengers who acted as human shields for their non-Muslim neighbors.
When gunmen believed to be affiliated with Somalia's Al-Shabaab terrorist group ambushed the bus in Kenya's Mandera Province, they ordered the passengers to separate according to religion, demanding that each of them recite the shahada ("There is no God but Allah, and Muhammed is his prophet"). This gave the Christian passengers a choice between forced conversion at gunpoint, or instant martyrdom.
"They were trying to identify who were Christians and who were not. They told the non-Christians to return to vehicle," Deputy County Commissioner, Julius Otieno said.
To the Muslim passengers it presented a choice between complicity in an act their religion teaches is a horrible crime – that killing one innocent person is the same as "killing all of mankind" – or acting on the moral imperative taught in the same verse that saving the life of an innocent person is the same as saving all of mankind (Quran 5:32), even at the potential cost of their lives.
Given that stark and sobering choice, the Muslim passengers "refused to separate from non-Muslims and told the attackers to kill all passengers or leave," reports Mandera Governor Ali Roba. "That is why some locals were injured trying to protect non-Muslim passengers."
A year ago, terrorists murdered 28 Christians on a bus bound for Nairobi, most of them school teachers. Earlier this year, Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for an attack at Garissa University in which 128 people were murdered – most of them Christians who had been winnowed out from a larger group. In the most recent attack, the terrorists had the means to slaughter all of the hostages, and it's clear that they were willing to do so, even if that meant killing the Muslims in the group as well.
When the terrorists opened fire, some Muslim passengers shielded Christians with their bodies and suffered severe wounds.
Eventually, as another vehicle approached, the terrorists withdrew, defeated by the resolute love that gives people the courage to do the impossible.
What the Muslim passengers did in defending their Christian neighbors could be considered an example of "taqiyaa" – in the original sense of the expression, not the one routinely employed by critics of Islam. Anti-Muslim agitators often claim that "taqiyaa" is the practice of lying in the service of jihad and world conquest. The actual Islamic teaching on the subject, according to Dr. Imad Enchassi, the Imam presiding over the Islamic Society of Greater Oklahoma City (and a passionate advocate of peace and opponent of terrorism), came from an episode in Muhammad's life in which he told "slaves in Arabia to conceal their faith so they wouldn't be killed. It was a very brief ruling."
Christians can find examples of similar behavior in the Bible – such as the dissimulation practiced by Abram (later Abraham) regarding the identity of his wife (Genesis 12:11-13), the deliberate deception by the Egyptian midwives to protect Hebrew infants targeted for government-mandated slaughter (Exodus 1:15-20), and Rahab's use of the old "They went that-a-way" routine to conceal the Hebrew spies in Jericho (Joshua 2:1-7).
In this case, the Muslims who refused to surrender their neighbors – most likely people whom they had just met and didn't really know – told the terrorists, in effect, "If you're going to murder our Christian neighbors, you can consider all of us to be Christians, and kill us together."
According to the New Testament's Book of Luke, Jesus used the figure of a Samaritan, despised as a religious heretic and enemy of the Jews, to embody the principle of unselfish love for one's neighbor. If he were to update that parable to suit our contemporary circumstances, he might entitle it "The Good Muslim."
In the revised story, a Muslim in his travels would come upon a Christian who faced immediate death at the hands of a gang of criminals. The Muslim in the parable would intercede, eventually offering his own life, if necessary, to prevent the death of the innocent stranger.
Jesus wouldn't need to invent that story. This is what happened today in Kenya's Madera province.
How many American Christians would do the same for their Muslim neighbors, if the roles were reversed?
About William N. Grigg