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Dysfunctional governance: Eleven barriers to progress among Canada's First Nations
The First Nation governance system produces a degree of dysfunction in governance that is unmatched in any other jurisdiction in Canada.
By John Graham
The blizzard of media stories in late 2011 on the sorry housing conditions in Attawapiskat in northern Ontario, followed by the extensive coverage of the Crown–First Nations Gathering in Ottawa in January 2012, has focused attention on what is surely Canada's most pressing social policy challenge: how to deal with the plight of highly distressed First Nation communities.
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal commentators alike made reference to Sheila Fraser, the former Auditor General of Canada, who during her ten-year tenure directed some 31 audits on Aboriginal issues. Reflecting on this experience in her final report and subsequent public addresses, she noted that "what's truly shocking … is the lack of improvement. Last year, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada reported that between 2001 and 2006 there was little or no progress in the well-being of First Nations communities. In a wealthy country like Canada, this gap is simply unacceptable."1
Fraser was referring to the Community Well-Being (CWB) Index, developed by researchers at Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, which uses census data and is based on four factors: education (high school and university), housing (quantity and quality), labour force (participation and employment) and income (total per capita). Figures 1 and 2 compare the 2006 CWB scores for First Nation communities with those in the rest of Canada. The sizable gap in the CWB scores between the two sets of communities – on average about 20 points – is immediately apparent. This gap is particularly pronounced in the prairie provinces: in Saskatchewan, for example, the average gap is 28 points, roughly 40 per cent higher than the national average. In addition, the range and dispersion of well-being scores is much greater among First Nation communities, indicating more inequality among these communities than in the rest of Canada. A large percentage of First Nation communities (close to 40 per cent) have CWB scores lower than the worst-off non–First Nation communities.
The results from the 2006 census were less than encouraging about progress toward closing this well-being gap.2 The good news is that the CWB scores for a large majority of First Nations (64 per cent) were either stable or improved over the 2001 to 2006 period. Nonetheless, scores for 36 per cent of First Nations declined, compared to only 10 per cent of other Canadian communities. Perhaps most disheartening is this finding: the gap in community well-being between First Nation communities and those in the rest of Canada has widened, not narrowed, since 1996. In 1996 the average gap was 17 percentage points, in 2001 it was 16 points, and in 2006 it was 20 points.
The widening CWB gap is particularly perplexing in light of the number of new initiatives affecting First Nations over the ten-year span. These include significant increases in funding in several program areas (such as water and waste water, housing, education, economic development and residential school healing); the settlement of numerous specific and comprehensive claims; new self-government initiatives (Nisga'a Treaty, First Nations Land Management Act); the development of a multitude of new, First Nation–controlled institutions (such as the National Centre for First Nations Governance); and the adoption of new legislation to remove barriers to economic development and improve financial management (such as the First Nations Fiscal and Financial Management Act).It is also noteworthy that the federal government annually helped roughly 25,000 First Nation individuals and Inuit pursue postsecondary schooling over this time period – surely a significant contribution toward the goal of achieving enhanced community well-being.
Given all of these initiatives, why is the CWB gap widening instead of narrowing? In this essay I make the case that a highly dysfunctional First Nation governance system is a significant brake on achieving better results for First Nation communities. This dysfunctional system may not be the sole reason for a widening CWB gap: some argue that a 2 per cent cap on annual growth of most federal program expenditures is an important contributor; others point to geographic isolation and the lack of economic opportunities; still others argue that the cumulative and ongoing legacy of colonialism is the key explanatory factor. But poor governance is surely a major culprit. In my judgement there are 11 elements of the First Nation governance system that, when combined, produce a degree of dysfunction in governance that is unmatched in any other jurisdiction in Canada.
1. First Nation governments are huge, perhaps the largest local governments in the world
The governments of these communities are likely the largest local governments in the world as measured by per capita expenditures. Table 1 indicates that per capita expenditures are roughly ten times those of the average Canadian municipality.
Given that First Nation governments have a much greater set of responsibilities (approximating those of a province, a school board, a health board and a municipality combined), these comparisons are hardly surprising. Admittedly, the large size has some advantages. For one thing, First Nation governments are major employers,an especially important factor for those in remote locations.3 But large size brings political risks, particularly in situations where the government is the "only game in town."
2. First Nations governments lack the array of checks and balances that governments in other parts of Canada face
International evidence suggests that countries ranking high on governance indicators have relatively balanced systems – they have a robust and effective government sector balanced by an independent system of justice, a strong private sector, independent media and an active and large set of voluntary organizations (civil society). Such organizations cover all aspects of society, from sports clubs to service delivery agencies to church groups to public policy advocacy groups. These latter groups are important in watching governments carefully and raising alarm bells when they appear to stray.
First Nation governance systems lack this balance. The executive and legislative functions are fused in chief and council and there is no official opposition to hold the government to account. And not only are the voluntary and private sectors4 underdeveloped, but there are few independent review mechanisms like ombudspersons, First Nation–run courts, auditing agencies or ethics commissions. Finally, media in First Nation communities – typically community papers or radio stations – are run by the First Nation itself or some other First Nation regional body and are not independent of First Nation governments.
This lack of balance threatens accountability, heightens risk should the government not perform, has governments undertaking activities (like running businesses) that traditionally fare poorly, and creates "in" and "out" groups (often defined by family affiliation). The "outs" have few options other than to blame and complain.
3. The number of politicians per capita knows no parallel in Canada and many are full-time and salaried
The Indian Act (section 74.2) states that the council of the First Nation shall consist of one chief, and one councillor for every hundred people, with the number of councillors being no less than two nor more than 12. The Indian Act also allows a First Nation to choose a custom election process where this 1-to-100 ratio can be altered. Whatever the route, because First Nation populations are so small, the number of politicians per capita is always much larger than in any other jurisdiction in Canada. Moreover, it is my experience that the positions of chief and councillor are usually full-time jobs with full-time salaries. A variation with small First Nations, which may not be able to afford to pay salaries for every councillor, is allowing full-time employees of the First Nation to sit on council. This variation, not permitted in other Canadian jurisdictions, creates its own set of problems.
Given the incentives at play, it is no surprise that elections are hotly contested.5 Coupled with short election cycles (the Indian Act calls for elections every two years although the custom election option can vary this), the results are often predictable and not conducive to good governance: intense family competition, rapid political churn and politicization of the public service.6 The impact on social cohesion is troublesome, as a former chief points out:
It would be fair to state that all First Nation communities have experienced serious forms of divisions amongst themselves as a result of elections. Not only do we have divided loyalties between clans but these election systems have divided families, brother against brother, sister against sister, parents against their own children, and elders against elders. The youth are confused, frustrated and exasperated as they witness these incredible often nasty events in the selection of leaders.7
Exacerbating these problems is the lack, with few exceptions, of any comprehensive orientation program for new councillors. A final complication in some First Nations is the presence of many who question the legitimacy of councils created under the Indian Act.
4. There are a startling number of regulatory voids relating to land – environmental protection, natural resource management, construction standards and others
Because provincial law relating to land likely does not apply to First Nation communities and because there is little in the way of federal legislation, First Nation communities lack the legislative protection of neighbouring non-Aboriginal communities in areas as diverse as potable water, waste water treatment, solid waste management, environmental protection, natural resource management (forests, mines, quarries), building codes and so on.
In addition to increasing risks of jeopardizing the health and safety of community residents and of environmental degradation, these regulatory voids have other negative impacts. Federal government funding agreements with First Nations have become more complex and conditional, as Ottawa attempts to compensate by adding terms to the agreements. Furthermore, First Nation leaders are not constrained by the web of laws facing other Canadian governments. The direction and priorities of a First Nation government can change dramatically with the election of a new group of leaders, to a much greater extent than in other Canadian jurisdictions where existing legal frameworks add a certain stability even with radical changes in the ideologies of political leaders.
5. First Nations are highly dependent on transfers from federal government departments and with very few exceptions generate no revenue from taxing their citizens or charging user fees
Taxes are never popular, especially among First Nation people. The Indian tax exemption has become a key symbol of the First Nations' unique relationship with Canada, whether its source is seen as treaties, an inherent Aboriginal right or the relevant section of the Indian Act (section 87).
But what if taxation by First Nations governments would improve governance in First Nation communities?8 Canadians are broadly familiar with the notion of the "curse of oil," the thesis that oil wealth impedes democratic governance. Much international literature suggests that sudden wealth from oil or other natural resources inflicts even greater damage on democratic practices in poor states than it does in rich ones. Other research concludes that the "curse" goes beyond natural resources and can apply to any nontax revenue. For example, there is a growing literature on the "curse of aid." Further, on the basis of a study of subnational governments receiving large fiscal transfers in Argentina, one scholar observed similar effects to those of the natural resource curse. Among the symptoms were a disproportionately large public sector, a bloated public payroll and widespread patronage politics.9
Questions surrounding natural resource revenues and the effects of fiscal transfers have long bedevilled commentators in Canada. Some, for example, question whether heavy fiscal transfers to have-not provinces serve only to depress their economies further and skew accountability relationships. First Nations in Alberta have experienced the mixed blessings of natural resource wealth firsthand. The patronage and cronyism combined with appalling social conditions that plagued the Stoneys outside Calgary or the Samson Cree Nation in the late 1990s amply attest to the negative effects sudden resource wealth can have on a First Nation community.10
Notably, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples and the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development both recommend that First Nations and American Indian tribes rely on an array of revenue sources including taxes levied on their citizens.11
6. The collective landholding system as set out in the Indian Act is a major brake on economic development
That the Indian Act prevents reserve lands from being seized by non–First Nation individuals or organizations has been both a blessing and a curse – the act has preserved the land base, but it has also seriously constrained economic development in that the major source of small business capital – mortgaging privately owned homes – is not available to First Nation members.
Successive federal governments have introduced a variety of programs to partially fill this void. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada administered its own loan fund, while the former Aboriginal Business Canada established Aboriginal Capital Corporations, small lending institutions, across the country. There have been successive programs to provide equity financing to First Nation businesses; more recently, Ottawa established a loan loss reserve to backstop loans made by major financial institutions to First Nation businesses.
An internationally famous Peruvian economist, Hernando de Soto, has argued that developing countries are far richer than one might think, but the lack of land registry systems – systems we take for granted in Western countries – has prevented the use of housing to finance business ventures. In short, housing in both developing countries and First Nations is "dead capital." In First Nation country this dead capital amounts to $7.2 billion. Compare the potential leveraging capacity of this sum to the pitifully small budgets of federal agencies providing equity assistance.
There are modest attempts now underway to deal with this dead capital issue. The Nisga'a under their self-government regime have adopted a law to allow their citizens to hold land in fee simple so that it can be mortgaged for economic development purposes, and some First Nation leaders are working with Hernando de Soto among others to develop opt-in legislation to allow other First Nations to follow the Nisga'a example.12
7. Most First Nation communities are too small for efficient delivery of many of the services for which they have responsibility
In the rest of Canada and elsewhere in the Western world, local governments serving 600 or so people have responsibilities limited to recreation, sidewalks and streets, and perhaps water and sewers. No countries assign to such small communities responsibilities in the "big three" areas of education, health and social assistance, let alone in other complex areas such as policing, natural resource management, economic development, environmental management and so on.
That said, the empirical evidence suggests that there is no "ideal" size for local government. There is little uniformity in what drives costs across the range of local responsibilities and these cost drivers can change significantly over time. To make an argument based on economies of scale therefore requires a service-by-service analysis.
Take the provision of potable water. According to one expert, Harry Swain, who chaired the Research Advisory Panel of the Walkerton Inquiry, a minimum of about 10,000 households is required to sustain a high-quality provider of drinking water.13 No reserve in Canada meets this standard. Consequently, the only viable cost-effective options may be contracting out to existing organizations like neighbouring municipalities or the Ontario Clean Water Agency (OCWA), a crown corporation that contracts with municipalities to operate their water systems, or developing regionally based First Nation–run organizations. A similar argument could be mustered for elementary and secondary education.
In addition to these service-by-service arguments there are broader governance concerns. In the non-Aboriginal world, there are some "good governance" reasons for why provinces carry out some functions and municipalities others. For the provision of potable water and the collection and treatment of sewage, provinces are the regulators and municipalities are the operators. If standards are not being met, provinces have the power to order municipalities to take corrective action, including shutting down a facility. Thus it is not clear how the combining of these regulatory and operating responsibilities in a single-tier Aboriginal government would work. How can a government, especially a small one, regulate itself? And public works is not the only jurisdictional area where this problem might arise – other examples are child and family services, the management of natural resources, environmental protection and policing.
There are other good governance rationales for aggregation in a First Nation context. As the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) and numerous others have pointed out, one major reason concerns the provision of certain services by governments in small communities where family connections are a major fact of life and where discretionary powers of officials and political leaders can exacerbate tensions within the community based on family lines.
A final good governance rationale has to do with core capabilities of a government, such as political leadership and senior administrative competence – capabilities that cannot be obtained by contracting out or making servicing arrangements with other levels of government. RCAP used this rationale, among others, for proposing aggregated First Nation governments.
8. Within First Nations, individuals have varying rights, a situation that promotes disunity and frustration
In 1985, Bill C-31 modernized the Indian Act through three main provisions: it reinstated Indian status to well over 100,000 individuals who (or whose parents) had lost status under prior versions of the act, standardized rules defining Indian status, and gave First Nations the option of developing their own band citizenship or membership rules.
However, the long-term implications of Bill C-31 are nothing short of devastating. Given current trends in rates of fertility, mortality and most importantly out-marriage, there will be "reserves without Indians" within the next hundred years – that is, for many First Nations there will be no status Indians as defined by the Indian Act. For some First Nations, especially those in the southern part of Canada, this impact will occur much sooner.
In the near term, there is a potential for significant cleavages in First Nation communities because of different categories of residents. Indeed, with three categories relating to status (6, 6 and nonstatus) and two relating to membership (member and nonmember), there are six possible categories of residents in communities averaging fewer than 600 people. Adding to the mix is the Corbière decision, which creates different political rights for members on- and off-reserve.
Confusion and cleavages are quickly emerging. A recent film by Tracey Deer follows the stories of four women on the Kahnawake reserve, caught in various ways by this tangle of categories.14 One is a status Indian but not a member and wonders about her future in the community. Another has been accepted as a member but only on condition of "good" behaviour for a six-year period. The remaining two have status and are members but are married to or are cohabiting with nonmembers. Both of these couples feel a sense of alienation from the community as the women had broken unspoken rules: do not marry a white person and do not have a child with a white person. The consequences for these two women are painful: potential loss of their membership and that of their children as well as the perception by some in the community that they have betrayed the First Nation by "diluting the purity of the bloodline." In sum, the film reveals the exclusionary attitudes that divide communities and the pain and frustration of those struggling with the most basic right of defining who they are.
In addition to the implications for the political and social stability of First Nation communities, the problems emanating from Bill C-31 will very likely spill over to funding issues between federal and provincial governments over the provision of services to the various categories of people in First Nation communities. Ongoing litigation on this and related Bill C-31 issues appears inevitable, sadly thrusting the courts into the role of creating social policy.15
9. The history of colonization has led to dependence and a strong sense of victimization for many First Nations
The historical record is unequivocal: Aboriginal peoples in Canada were the victims of an oppressive and devastating colonial regime imposed unilaterally by European settlers. And the effects of this colonial period still linger. An African American writer, Shelby Steele, makes the point about the burden of historical oppression as follows:
I believe that one of the greatest problems black Americans currently face – one of the greatest barriers to our development in society – is that our memory of oppression has such power, magnitude, depth, and nuance that it constantly drains our best resources into more defense than is strictly necessary … the irresistible pull into the past can render opportunities in the present all but invisible … Worse, by focusing so exclusively on white racism and black victimization, it implied that our fate was in society's control rather than our own, and that opportunity itself was something that was given rather than taken. This identity robs us of the very self-determination we have sought for so long and deepens our dependency on the benevolence of others.16
Another writer puts Steele's argument succinctly as follows: "The language of victimhood seduces, then paralyzes."17
This theme of taking charge of one's development agenda resonates with the results of the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development at the John F. Kennedy School of Government.18 Harvard researchers began with a puzzle. Why do tribes with the most successful economies not always have well-educated citizens, abundant natural resources and access to financial capital? After almost a decade of research involving more than 30 tribes across the United States, the project had an answer: "Economic development on Indian reservations is first and foremost a political problem."
At the heart of the nation-building approach advocated by the Harvard researchers is de facto sovereignty, where sovereignty does not signify a sovereign country in the international sense but rather has a more practical meaning: Who is in charge of realizing economic development for the tribe? Who are the effective decision-makers? As the Harvard researchers note,
Making the federal government bear responsibility for improving economic conditions on Indian reservations may be good political rhetoric, but it is bad economic strategy. When tribes take responsibility for what happens on reservations and have the practical power and capacity to act on their own behalf, they start down the road to improving reservation conditions.19
Major accomplishments – political, economic, legal, social, cultural and spiritual – by many Aboriginal people and communities, despite the past and continuing discrimination in the present, are a tribute to their will and fortitude. But such accomplishments and de facto sovereignty, which underlies them, still elude many.
10. First Nations and the federal and provincial governments have major differences on fundamental matters such as treaty and Aboriginal rights, fiduciary duties and funding obligations
That differences exist between First Nations and the federal and provincial governments is not in question, and some of the consequences are not difficult to discern. Take self-government as an example. Since the mid-1980s, many – including a good portion of the Aboriginal leadership, the federal government and all political parties – have considered self-government the key to sound governance and improved well-being. Current Ottawa policy holds that the right to self-government is contained in section 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982. Beyond this, the concept of indigenous self-government has gained widespread international support. Adoption by the United Nations of the Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is a recent example.
Yet the difficulties of reaching self-government agreements over the past two decades have been sobering. For example, over a 20-year period the British Columbia treaty process has resulted in only two implemented treaties (three others are awaiting ratification by the parties), despite First Nations spending over $500 million in negotiation funding of which a staggering $422 million is in the form of loans. A 2006 report by the Auditor General on the BC treaty process noted that the process was "actually straining the relations between the governments and First Nations."20 Judging from recent annual reports of the BC Treaty Commission, this observation is still current. Similarly long and often fruitless negotiations to achieve self-government have occurred elsewhere in the country.21
Even when modern treaties including self-government aggrements are reached, the results in some cases have been less than stellar. As one study of self-government under the James Bay and Northern Quebec Act (JBNQA) concludes: "The experience of the Crees of Eeyou Istchee and the Inuit of Nunavik under the JBNQA suggests that modern treaties are no panacea for the problems of northern Aboriginal communities." A study of the Nisga'a experience after ten years of their treaty reached an identical conclusion.22
In addition to self-government agreements, major differences in fundamenatals act as roadblocks to moving forward in other areas. Take the Indian Act, for example, widely (and rightly) criticized for its paternalism, among other things. It is difficult to imagine repealing the act, given the lack of consensus on what might replace it. Thus any changes to the act will likely be piecemeal, either court-directed or optional.
11. The federal government, the First Nations' most important "partner," is highly siloed with little capacity for a differentiated, whole-of-community approach to First Nation development
An important part of the First Nation governance system is the federal government itself, and sadly its performance leaves much to criticize. Part of the problem is that the sheer number of federal departments and agencies dealing with First Nations – more than 30 – creates a difficult coordination challenge under the best of circumstances, especially since the majority have only a peripheral interest in First Nation matters. Even the much smaller number of departments and agencies with major spending programs aimed at them create an enormous reporting burden for First Nations. A 2002 report of the Auditor General of Canada noted that just four federal departments required 168 reports on average from First Nations.Follow-up reports in 2006 and 2011 noted little progress in reducing this burden.23
And there is the manner in which First Nations are funded. The Institute on Governance, an Ottawa-based think tank, conducted an evaluation in 2008 of the funding arrangements of Indian and Northern Affairs.24 The report pointed out the following problems:
Despite their central importance, there is a lack of clarity about the overall objectives of the funding arrangements and a lack of leadership.
There has been little or no progression to more flexible arrangements.
Risk management leaves much to be desired.
Reporting requirements do not vary much between arrangements.
For many First Nation recipients, there is a significant reporting burden and there is little understanding of the value of the reports.
The increased reporting burden associated with new funding programs (housing, education, water) on self-governing First Nations and those with multiyear block funding agreements is reducing the benefits of their funding arrangements with the federal government.
Very little of the reporting relates to outcomes or program results.
There is little in the way of coordination of arrangements across the federal government.
Overall, the accountability relationship is not sound.
Thanks in part to a recently adopted Policy on Transfer Payments, the federal government is making progress in dealing with some of these problems. Nonetheless the development of an effective single-window funding mechanism for federal departments with regard to First Nations remains elusive.
One more federal shortcoming is worthy of mention (this is by no means a complete list): there is no apparent federal strategy for shaping its relationship with the most distressed First Nations, those with conditions rivalling third world countries and situated at the lower end of the CWB continuum.
Leadership, community support and competent managers
No governance system is perfect. It would take little effort to concoct a long list of Canada's shortcomings as a federation. Still, the shortcomings on such a list would pale in comparison with those described in this essay. In my opinion the collective impact of these 11 elements goes far to explain why improvements in First Nation communities have been so slow.
Outside parties are incapable of "fixing" many if not most of these dysfunctional elements. Three ingredients are necessary for development to occur: inspired and sustained community-level leadership, community support and a competent set of managers. These ingredients will have to be in place for decades if lasting progress is to be made. Only when leadership and community support are present can assistance from outside parties make a critical difference. Even then, progress may be fragile.
A parallel to the challenges facing First Nation leaders intent on reform exists on a much larger scale among developing countries. Here too, rapid progress on complicated governance issues is possible but rare. Furthermore, sustainability is a real issue – when new political actors take charge, successful programs can grind to a halt. The World Bank tracks six governance indicators across 213 countries and concludes that there is no strong evidence of a significant trend toward improvement in governance worldwide between 1996, the first year these indicators were published, and 2008.25
I conclude with a short vignette. When I was in a First Nation community earlier this year, I asked a Nation employee about the poor state of housing. She noted that many solutions had been proposed – including collecting rents and offering a type of home ownership possible under the Indian Act – but these had gone nowhere, thanks largely to the prevailing attitude in the community that residents of a First Nation were entitled to free housing. Faced with this community sentiment, none of the commonly proposed solutions for "fixing" the lamentable state of First Nation communities, from more federal money with fewer conditions to doing away with the Indian Actand the principal department that administers it (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada), will be of much help. This sense of entitlement coupled with its corollary that remedying community problems lies in the hands of another party dooms this community to poor housing – and much else.
1 Sheila Fraser, Address to the Canadian Club of Ottawa, May 25, 2011, retrieved February 9, 2012, from here
2 See Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, "Measuring Well-Being: The Community Well-Being (CWB) Index," retrieved February 9, 2012, from here
3 The size of First Nation public service workforces may be surprising to many. I have worked with several First Nations with roughly 700 on-reserve members (near the average size of First Nations) where employees number 100.
4 One indicator of the underdeveloped private sector is less entrepreneurship. According to the 2006 census, 10.1 per cent of non-Aboriginal Canadians of working age were self-employed. The corresponding figure for Aboriginal Canadians on reserve was 2.2 per cent, more than a fourfold difference.
5 An indicator of hotly contested elections is the number of candidates in First Nation elections. In a sample of 24 First Nation elections over a recent two-year period, there was on average one candidate for every 20 electors. The low end of the sample's range was four candidates for 266 electors; the high was 46 candidates for 386 electors. One election in the sample featured 78 candidates!
6 The influence of family and kin groups on the quality of governance is a universal conundrum of very long standing. For a comprehensive treatment of this topic, see Francis Fukuyama, The Origins of Political Order (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011). For an elaboration of the theme of politicizing the public service see John Graham, Clarifying Roles of Aboriginal Leaders and Their Staff: The Perils of a Portfolio System, Policy Brief No. 28 (Ottawa: Institute on Governance, 2007), retrieved April 19, 2012, from here
7 Wally McKay, Instruments of Governance: Restoring First Nations Governments, prepared for Canadian Executive Service Organization – Aboriginal Services, June 1999.
8 For a more comprehensive treatment of this topic, see John Graham and Jodi Bruhn, In Praise of Taxes: The Link between Taxation and Good Governance for First Nation Communities, Policy Brief No. 32 (Ottawa: Institute on Governance, 2009), retrieved April 19, 2012, from here
9 Carlos Gervasoni, "A Rentier Theory of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves," paper delivered at the VIII Congreso Nacional de Ciencia Política de la Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Político, Buenos Aires, November 2007.
10 For a description, see Jean Allard, "Big Bear's Treaty: The Road to Freedom," Inroads, 2002, pp. 145–49.
11 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Final Report, Vol. 2, Part 1, pp. 292–93.
12 Nisga'a Landholding Transition Act, retrieved February 9, 2012, from here; see also Tom Flanagan, Christopher Alcantara and André Le Dressay, Beyond the Indian Act: Restoring Aboriginal Property Rights, foreword by C.T. (Manny) Jules (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010).
13 Harry Swain, Fred Lazar and Jim Pine, Watertight: The Case for Change in Ontario's Water and Wastewater Sector, Report of the Water Strategy Expert Panel (Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2005), pp. 19–20, retrieved April 19, 2012, from here
14 Tracy Deer, writer and director, Club Native: How Thick is Your Blood?, produced by Rezolution Pictures International Inc. in co-production with the National Film Board, 2008, retrieved March 19, 2010, from www.nfb.ca
15 One of the most recent cases was the April 2009 decision of the British Columbia Court of Appeal in an action brought by Sharon McIvor.
16 Shelby Steele, The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America (New York: St Martin's Press, 1990) pp. 151–70
17 Irshad Manji, Risking Utopia: On the Edge of a New Democracy (Vancouver and Toronto: Douglas and McIntyre, 1997).
18 Stephen Cornell and Joseph P. Kalt, "Sovereignty and Nation-Building: The Development Challenge in Indian Country Today," American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3 (1998), pp. 187–214, retrieved February 9, 2012, from here
19 Ibid, p. 210.
20 British Columbia Treaty Commission, Annual Report 2011, retrieved February 9, 2012, from here; Office of the Auditor General of Canada, 2006 November Report of the Auditor General of Canada, Chapter 7, paragraph 7.24, retrieved February 9, 2012, from here
21 Examples include the United Annishnaabeg Councils in Ontario, the Meadow Lake Tribal Council in Saskatchewan and the Montagnais and Attikamek in Quebec.
22 Martin Papillon, "Aboriginal Quality of Life Under a Modern Treaty: Lessons from the Experience of the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee and the Inuit of Nunavik," IRPP Choices, Vol. 14, No. 9 (August 2008); Joseph Quesnel and Conrad Winn, The Nisga'a Treaty: Self-Government and Good Governance: The Jury is Still Out, Policy Series No. 108 (Winnipeg, Regina and Calgary: Frontier Centre for Public Policy, 2011), retrieved February 9, 2012, from here; Joseph Quesnel, "A Decade of Nisga'a Self-Government: A Positive Impact, but No Silver Bullet," page 47 in this issue of Inroads.
23 Office of the Auditor General of Canada, 2011 June Status Report of the Auditor General of Canada, chapter 4, retrieved February 9, 2012, from here
24 Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Special Study on INAC's Funding Arrangements, December 2008, retrieved February 9, 2012, from here
25 Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kray and Massimo Mastruzzi, Governance Matters VIII: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators, 1996–2008, June 2009, retrieved February 9, 2012, from Social Science Research Network website here
John Graham is a governance consultant and former Senior Associate with the Institute on Governance. Read More


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William H Byrd Middle School — Duncanville ISD 2018-2019
Home » School Districts » Duncanville ISD
William H Byrd Middle School
Middle school or junior high school in Duncanville ISD
7th grade - 8th grade
Duncanville ISD: B
Duncanville ISD: 8.7 years
Duncanville ISD: 92.4%
William H Byrd Middle School is a middle school or junior high school in Duncanville, TX, in the Duncanville ISD school district. As of the 2018-2019 school year, it had 719 students. The school received an accountability rating of B. 72.7% of students were considered at risk of dropping out of school. 9.3% of students were enrolled in bilingual and English language learning programs.
An average teacher's salary was $55,458, which is $1,336 more than the state average.
1040 W Wheatland Rd
Duncanville, TX 75137-4406
Kendria Davis-martin
kdavismartin@duncanvilleisd.org
Students in William H Byrd Middle School are part of the Texas Education Agency's Region 10. Students who started eighth grade in 2008 in this region had a college graduation rate of 22.1 percent. View a more comprehensive breakdown of the higher education outcomes in Region 10.
Duncanville ISD: 0.4%
Duncanville ISD: 19%
Duncanville ISD: C
5.7 (11.4%)
Duncanville ISD: 1%
Duncanville ISD: 15.8
Duncanville ISD: $55,679

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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How can one relieve stress in their lives?
What are the advantages of working in a team?
Why music is so important in movies?
Does punishment work with teens?
Once your have narrowed down your topic, you can start doing research to get an idea of what you want to include as evidence. Make sure that you only state facts and not your opinion. The best way to do this is to start writing down the facts and then find general topics to prove your case. An outline can really help you organize your ideas and focus your thoughts to make sure that you can prove your case. Make sure to develop your thesis which answers your research question. This is the key to your paper and will make sure that you show your reader understands why your answer is the right answer.


< What does the CPU limit mean?
CPU Limit is a function which limits cPanel users from using server resources or CPU power to execute various task.
It indicates how much CPU power your website is using from the server.
So many visitor but purchased small plan.
Installed so many plugins that occupy cpu resources.
Running multiple addon domain in single cpanel.
How do I reduce my CPU limit?
Load images and static files from CDN.
Host large files on any file sharing website and post only links of those inyour website.
Optimize database in regular basis, repair it if require from cPanel. You can perform these actions via the cPanel > phpMyAdmin section.


My career in cycling has spanned cyclocross, road and gravel. My focus has been on cyclocross and in recent years I've worked in an increasing number of project off the bike, leading to the creation of my consultancy (wyman.cx) with my husband Stefan.
Cycling Centre is our gateway to training, riding or touring where I will open the doors of our French base to training camps and tours. If you're interested in riding with me, or just accommodation in the beautiful Aude region to base your solo rides from, please use the contact form below. If you require a structured training camp for up to 20 people, or a guided cycle tour for 2 or more people, Cycling Centre can set up your bespoke trip. With mechanical support, housing/hotels, as well as airport transfers and meals, we can offer you a stress-free trip in one of the world's best cycling regions.
Coaching - For the past 14 years, my entire professional career, I've been coached by my husband Stefan. During that time, I've risen to the top of the sport with a World Championship Medal, two European Championship titles and 10 National titles. I've also had the opportunity to work with other leading coaches, athletes and experts throughout my career in cyclocross and road racing. My performance levels wouldn't be possible without detailed coaching input from experienced eyes. Stefan and I have worked with additional experts in the fields of Sports Psychology, Physiology and Nutrition, as well as other professional coaches when further advice is desired. As a coach qualified with British Cycling, I'm now offering you the chance to benefit from my experience, along with that of my coach Stefan Wyman. Together we are offering a coaching package that gives you tailored coaching based on your individual goals. All coaching will be assigned via Training Peaks and we will be personally available whenever you need us. More details on the coaching can be seen on it specific page.
Rider Agent - As a registered UCI Rider Agent, Stefan is well placed to assist you in your team transfer or contract negotiations. Together we have experience of Professional Road and Cyclocross teams in both Europe and USA, but also have an understanding of the elements that will help you develop as a rider which might be more important than a teams registration status. If you'd like our help or advice, please use the contact form below.
Helen100 was launched in early 2018 with a plan to raise money to pay for the entries of 100 women riders under the age of 23. It managed to achieve that and subsequently we launched the Helen100 Trophy which was the first ever Junior Women's cyclocross to be held in association with a professional race in Belgium. I'm working hard to expand these projects and add new commercial partners and events. If you'd like to speak to me relating to the Helen100, please use the contact form below. More details on the Helen100 can be seen on it specific page.


Texas State University offers 591-degree programs and 3 via distance education. Student-to-faculty ratio is 23:1. 1 high safety campus. Acceptance Rate is 73%. The most popular test is SAT - 70% of students submitted it in comparison to 28% of students who submitted ACT. 43.4% are women, and 56.6% are men. 1% percents of international students. Texas State University is a member of 6 athletic associations. The average annual total cost of attendance at Texas State University is 13363$, that is at the level of national average. Total price of living is between $15930 and $20710 per year. 56% of full-time Texas State University students completed their education program in 150 percent of time: graduation rate is above national average. Average salary after attending is $43,400, so if you studied 2 years, you'll get your funds back in less than 2 years.
Download Texas State University Whitepaper!
Download the PDF with FULL information about the Texas State University from opened government trustful sources - right now!
The Texas State University is a public and non-academic-year institution, so it's net price represents an average of all programs and includes only undergraduates who first enrolled in the fall term and pay in-state tuition and receive Title IV aid.
Depending on the federal state, or institutional grant and available, Texas State University students in your income bracket may pay more of less than the overall average costs.
16337 of Texas State University undergraduates were awarded with some type of financial aid, it's 51 percents of all undergraduate students. This makes Texas State University number 8 in the amount of financial aid awarded to students among all educational institutions in Texas.
Students at Texas State University awarded 5 types of loans or aids, the biggest percent of students received a any financial aid.
Here are the learning opportunities available in Texas State University.
Texas State University graduation rate is above the national average.
56% of full-time students enrolled for the first time to Texas State University completed the education program and got a degree in 150 percent of the expected time of completion.
Texas State University acceptance rate is above national average.
Average acceptance rate for all institutions in state in the same net price range is 68%, so Texas State University acceptance rate value is above state net price average for 5% only.
The Texas State University full-time retention rate is 78% and part-time retention rate is 68%.
The student-to-faculty ratio at Texas State University is 23:1, that means that for every 23 students the institution has one professor, lecturer or specialist with a degree in education. Lower student-to-faculty ratio is better - it means that professors can dedicate more time and attention to each student.
In Texas State University the biggest percent of students are enrolled in on-campus courses.
Here are the students enrolled exclusively in distance education courses at Texas State University and grouped by their location. Distance education courses are the most popular for students located in Texas.
The campus located by 601 University Dr address in San Marcos, Texas.
Main Campus in comparison of all branches in the US. It is calculated as the average percent of crimes yearly by five years of data for every campus, based on an overall number of students studying there. The branch is a part of Texas State University with 0.16% of maximum crimes a year. The most often crimes detected on Main Campus are burglary, aggravated assault, and motor vehicle theft.
Texas State University offers 591 programs in total: 276 are for Bachelor's degree, 225 - for Master's degree, 60 - for Postbaccalaureate certificate, and 27 are Doctor's degree-research/scholarship programs.
This is the middle number of programs in comparison with other 471 universities in Texas state, with one of the highest number of Bachelor's degree , Master's degree and Postbaccalaureate certificate programs offered. Texas State University is one of the few institutions in Texas that offers a Doctor's degree-research/scholarship program.
There are 3 distance learning programs that are offered in the Texas State University: 3 are for Master's degree.
Texas State University provides coursework for undergraduate students, graduate students and students with doctors professional practice.
In 2014-2015 academic year estimated full-time equivalent undergraduate enrollment was 27958 students with 838729 сredit hours for 12-month instructional activity period. The enrollment for graduates was 3422 with 82137 credit hours. The doctors professional practice enrollment was 426 students.


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Category: The Black Crowes
The Black Crowes bring Morning to late night TV
by Jesse | Aug 4, 2010 | Artist Updates, Current Projects, The Black Crowes | 0
The new acoustic double album Croweology from The Black Crowes is finally in stores and the band kicked off release date with a stellar performance of "Morning Song" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno last night,...
Looking back at The Black Crowes before we look forward
by Jesse | Jul 7, 2010 | Artist Updates, Current Projects, The Black Crowes | 0
We can't believe it's been over 20 years since the first album from The Black Crowes. To commemorate the occasion, the band will be releasing Croweology on August 3, featuring brand new acoustic recordings of 20...
Black Crowes tear it up on Letterman
by Jesse | Nov 4, 2009 | Artist Updates, Current Projects, The Black Crowes | 0
The Black Crowes recently appeared on The Late Show with David Letterman to perform the latest single "Good Morning Captain" from their new album Before The Frost. Check it out below…


« Digital versions of Winter Helping Hand Available!!!
We have become aware of significant difficulties in the delivery of print copies of this quarter's Helping Hand. Because of a crowded print and mailing season surrounding the recent mid-term elections for our current vendors which delayed printing and mailing by more than 2 weeks compared to our normal production schedule, we were already expecting delivery of the publication to be close to when the publication was needed–this week in most cases.
In addition to those difficulties, however, we have become aware of another problem as subscribers (both individuals and churches) have begun to see their shipments arrive. Due to an error by our mailing service (likely a small computer error), names and quantities for the publication have been matched with incorrect addresses. This means that when a package arrives to your address with Helping Hands, it will likely have someone else's name on it, but your correct address, and the number in the package will be incorrect.
This error appears, at this juncture, to have been with every parcel that was sent.
We are working to try and find a solution for this issue, but in the mean time, we are requesting that everyone who has not opened their parcels at this time NOT open them. Some of the solutions we are exploring might be easier if your parcel is not opened.
We are aware that this will cause significant difficulties for this quarter. Please be assured that we are working as quickly as we can to rectify this issue and get subscribers their print copies. We will be exploring adjustments to invoices as necessary depending on how quickly we can get this resolved.
For those who need material to prepare, at the bottom of this post is a link to the digital version of the publication with the first three weeks of lessons for the coming quarter. We are hoping to have this fully handled by then.


I think one of the very compelling aspects of Rav Avigdor Miller was his way of making ancient dynamics come alive.
Describing scenes and events from Tanach or Gemara in picturesque snippets using everyday language pumped life into Jewish life and personalities from thousands of years ago.
In this week's dvar Torah Parshat Pekudei—Torah: The Heart of Our Nation, Rav Miller brings Dor Hamidbar to life.
What was Am Yisrael doing in the Sinai Desert for 4 decades? No plowing, no harvesting, no sowing, no laundry—not much to worry about there. Lots of free time.
Okay, we know they were ridding themselves of their slave mentality too.
"Yeshivas Hamidbar," says Rav Miller. They were learning Torah.
And they loved it. They were on fire for learning.
Try to imagine a place where daas Torah was clear as day and easily accessible—after all, Moshe Rabbeinu was right there.
Can you imagine hearing a shiur directly from Moshe Rabbeinu?
You know your favorite speakers? Well, imagine them, but something like 10 times even better.
Rav Miller quotes a Gemara which describes a talmid chacham as a sarid. A sarid means a remnant, a survivor—or a leftover.
What is a talmid chacham a leftover or remnant from?
Extending this even farther, Rav Miller insists that a man studying Gemara with or without Tosfos or Shulchan Aruch—he's part of Yeshivas Hamidbar, one of the most prominent and stunning yeshivahs to have ever existed in the history of Mankind.
Rav Miller also relates several heart-warming anecdotes from his personal experiences with Torah Jews back in pre-WWII Baltimore and Slobadka. And because Rav Miller heard or saw these events himself, he gives it over to you as if he's your friend sharing a nice chat with you.
One line of Torah is more important than all the mitzvos put together.
How can that be?! It's astonishing!
All the mitzvos together, the tefillin and mezuzos and tzitzis and matzah and korban pesach, all the obligations of the Torah cannot compare to one thing of the Torah.
You sit down, open a gemara and learn one line, it's such a tremendous happiness, such a great achievement, that it eclipses, it far outdoes all the good things together.
If you can open the gemara for one line, you should know what you're doing for yourself in this world. I'm not saying you're a talmid chochom already; that takes work after all.
But you're already joining the aristocracy of the Am Yisroel; you're emulating the upper class, the elite of our nation.
If you would learn one line a week, you know that in ten years you'd know something!
One line a week, and you'd review it constantly.
One line a week; who couldn't do that?!
Everybody must study the Gemara. And it's not hard.
It's difficult to learn a lot of Gemara, the whole Shas, but one line?!
Needless to say, women can do the same with mussar or Tanach. In fact, the Vilna Gaon strongly encouraged his own daughters to learn mussar and Mishlei/Proverbs.
I was once walking on Eastern Parkway and a man with a big beard approaches me - "Rabbi Miller," he calls out.
"Who are you?" I asked, and he tells me his name. Whoooo! He was in the yeshivah with me years before.
He was a nobody, mamesh ah lo klum [a literal nothing]. It seemed hopeless.
And now he has a big beard - a frum Jew. And his grandchildren are learning in Yerushalayim, he tells me.
That's a result of the Beis Medrash. I can tell you stories like that without end. Again and again.
Needless to say, Rav Miller mentions this man's big beard symbolically. Rav Miller is the first to acknowledge that merely having a big beard doesn't automatically mean you're great.
Certainly, a wife whose heart is happy when her husband learns Torah and even encourages him to go out to the beit medrash receives a weighty share in his Torah learning.
But not only that, says Rav Miller. Every child a woman raises is like finishing Shas several times. So maybe your husband never finished Shas even once, but if you have 2 children, then it's like you've completed the entire Shas many, many times.
And it's those who keep pumping the blood of Torah through the veins of our nation, who are keeping us alive.
And therefore it's the Torah learners who are the aristocrats of our nation, the ones whom we admire and emulate.
And the more a person is mechaber himself to the Torah, the greater of an aristocrat he is.
Once you understand this, you have gained a new perspective on the Am Yisroel, and you've learned to see our nation the way Hashem sees them.
My husband just finished all of shas and we had a big siyum. He studied an amud a day. It took him 14 years and 7 months!!! He only missed one day in all that time. I am so proud of him!
As you wrote about Mishlei for women to study I think I will start to study it. There is a line in Mishlei that I am attracted to. Ashir varosh nifgashu oseh culam Hashem. The rich and the poor shall meet (clash) and Hashem rermakes them all.
MAZAL TOV!!!! You have every reason to be proud. Your husband's Shas isn't just an accomplishment for you and him, it greatly increases the zechuyot for all Am Yisrael.
That kind of Torah learning is a real shield for our times. B'ezrat Hashem, the dinim should be sweetened.
I also started studying Mishlei (just with Rashi, plus Metzudat David & Tzion to help me with the words) and I've been going through it ve-e-rrrry slowwww-ly -- but it's been great and is having a positive impact on me. I really wish I'd done it before.
Rav Miller is so right that even just a line a day of Torah can really reap dividends.
A gitten Rosh Chodesh Adar II to you all too!
It would be great to hear your insights on what you end up learning in Mishlei, Leah.
Hatzlacha rabbah to you too!


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Arambula Gives His Side of Showdown, Magsig Says It Was a 'Setup'
California News Our Top Picks Politics
Arambula Gives His Side of Showdown, Magsig Says It Was a 'Setup'
Jim Jakobs, Digital Producer
A San Joaquin Valley insurance meeting is an unlikely place for a heated showdown between an Assemblymember and a county supervisor, but that's what happened Friday.
Assembly Member Joaquin Arambula says he is concerned about a "lack of urgency" by the Fresno County Board of Supervisors on handling the pandemic. He wanted to speak directly to the supervisors and get their responses on video.
The issue came to a head after Arambula hand-delivered a letter Wednesday to supervisors requesting an emergency meeting about the county's response to COVID-19. Arambula then showed up in the hallway of the Fresno County Plaza building to meet the supervisors who were there to discuss insurance for their employees.
Fresno County Supervisor Nathan Magsig stood toe to toe with Arambula and didn't mince words.
Related Story: In Confrontation, Fresno Supervisor Tells Assemblyman: 'Go Back to ...
Nathan Magsig and Assembly Member Joaquin Arambula come face to face over COVID-19 funding in Downtown Fresno Friday morning. (Facebook/Nathan Magsig)
"Go back to Sacramento," Magsig said. "Empower us at the local level. We know how to handle the issues of Fresno County better than the governor."
Supervisors tell GV Wire℠ they would have gladly met with Arambula had he just called their offices ahead of time.
Arambula Explains Why He Was There
"As a doctor, I have a moral obligation to stand up when I see harm," Arambula told GV Wire℠ by phone. "I was concerned, based on what I saw in public space from the Board of Supervisors meeting on July 7, and the commentary from the dais by the Board of Supervisors regarding this crisis — that there was a lack of urgency to address this head-on."
"As a doctor, I have always believed that you have to be direct and to the point when people's lives are on the line. I believed that I needed to look the Board of Supervisors in the face and tell them the seriousness of this crisis."–Assembly Member Joaquin Arambula
Arambula says he and other members of the community are demanding answers to questions about how money is being spent to fight the pandemic.
Asked why he felt it best to go directly to the supervisors in person rather than set up a meeting beforehand, Arambula says it goes back to his experience.
"As a doctor, I have always believed that you have to be direct and to the point when people's lives are on the line. I believed that I needed to look the Board of Supervisors in the face and tell them the seriousness of this crisis," said Arambula.
Arambula is calling for an emergency meeting of the Board of Supervisors to address his concerns about why the county has not spent the COVID-19 funds it received in March. The county, however, said that it didn't receive authorization for the funding until April 28.
The county has announced a public workshop on July 28 to discuss CARES Act spending but said it had nothing to do with Arambula's request. The workshop is set for 9 a.m. in the Fresno County Plaza Building ballroom.
Magsig: If Arambula Had Questions, He Should Have Called
"To me, it was a setup. I felt that he was politicizing this whole COVID situation that we're in and I didn't appreciate that," said Magsig. "So, I've never seen that happen before like that. And I've been involved in government and politics going on 22 years."
"To me, it was a setup. I felt that he was politicizing this whole COVID situation that we're in and I didn't appreciate that." — Fresno County Supervisor Nathan Magsig
When Magsig saw that Arambula had two people with him taking video, he had a staff member take some as well. However, one of the videographers that Magsig thought was an Arambula staff member was Craig Kohlruss of the Fresno Bee.
Magsig said that he was upset about Arambula's allegations that the county isn't transparent in the way it handles COVID-19 funds.
"We had just approved a spending plan about two weeks prior, but he didn't acknowledge that," said Magsig. "He never picked up the phone and gave me a call. I'm always happy to talk to anyone, whether they be an elected official or not."
County Leaders Met With Arambula on Friday
After the incident in the hallway, supervisors Buddy Mendes and Steve Brandau, and County Administrative Officer Jean Rousseau met with Arambula for about 30 minutes in Mendes' office.
"He could never come up with anything specifically that we're not being transparent about," said Mendes, the board chair. "We have to account for everything. Even in the CARES Act, there's an accounting process. The county administrative officer gets the proposals and gives them to the Health Department to go through. They then decide if this one works, or we need this one to be fixed."
Mendes also said he explained to Aramabula that the Health Department that can provide hard specifics on which programs are funded. Mendes said that the county has been careful not to spend the funds too quickly in case the state funding for local testing centers runs out. The county wants to have money to keep testing going for however long the pandemic lasts, he said.
Said Arambula: "I believe we're all in this together. I went into that meeting, wanting to make sure they heard my concern. I would ask that we continue to ask questions of our public servants, about how our taxpayer dollars are being spent."
County Administrative Officer Jean Rousseau Responds
Rousseau took issue with Arambula's characterization of the county's COVID-19 response.
"I didn't appreciate the tone of his letter that he wrote us," Rousseau said Friday during the county health department's online media update.
Rousseau said that he also was recorded by two Arambula staffers — one of which actually was Kohlruss of The Bee.
"My meeting with the Assemblyman I would describe as intense. I'm not an in-your-face kind of guy. This was an in-your-face kind of moment," says Rousseau. "He had one staffer film me with a phone … waiting for me to go off or make a mistake. I'd like to think I didn't, but we'll find out if he ever plays those videos."
Rousseau says he can't give an accounting for how all of the dollars will be spent for a simple reason: "The virus will drive how we spend these dollars."
Editor's Note: This story was updated at 1:22 p.m., Friday, July 24, to reflect that one of the videographers attributed to Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula's staff was actually The Fresno Bee's Craig Kohlruss and that Arambula gave the incorrect date for when Fresno County received the COVID-19 funding.
Related Topics:Assemblyman Joaquin ArambulaBuddy Mendesfresno countyFresno County Board of SupervisorsJean RousseauSupervisor Nathan Magsig
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Accura Healthcare of Spirit Lake is holding a Back to School Bash on Thursday evening.
Community Relations Representative Jonna Garrett says, families are encouraged to attend. "We have 6 bicycles that we're going to be giving away. We have 8 backpacks full of school supplies. We're going to have great food. We'll have live animals, a bouncy house. It's a great opportunity for our community, and get our kids back to school, and mingle with our residents."
She notes that numerous prizes will be awarded throughout the night. "When you come in the door you'll get a ticket, and you'll get to drop which bicycle you'd like to win and which backpack, and then we'll be giving away prizes all evening during the event, so every minute we'll be giving away prizes, and there will also be games that will be played that you can win prizes, so it should be a great evening."
She adds that a petting zoo is new this year. "We're bringing in some goats and some chickens, and I think it'll be exciting."
The event runs from 6 to 7:30 Thursday evening at Accura Healthcare of Spirit Lake, located at 1912 Zenith Avenue. It is free and open to the public.


The file you are about to download can be used to install WinDaq/Lite, WinDaq/Pro, or WinDaq/Pro+ recording software and WinDaq Waveform Browser playback and analysis software.
These files support all obsolete DI-200, DI-201, DI-204, and DI-210 plug-in cards on Windows 3.1, 95, and 98. No other operating systems are supported.


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Eurimages funds three Telefilm-supported films
At last month's Eurimages Board of Management meeting in Geneva, Switzerland on June 28, 2019, three Canadian coproductions (all supported by Telefilm) got some excellent financing news. Saules aveugles, femme endormie (Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman); La nuit des rois (Night of the Kings); and Canadian Igor Drljača'sTabija were all selected for financing support from Eurimages this year — amounting to €898,000 among the three projects.
Curious to know more about Canada and Eurimages? Here's a quick recap! Eurimages is the cultural support fund of the Council of Europe. In 2017, Canada became Eurimages's first non-European member country! And as a coproduction leader, Canada is thrilled to see how this ongoing affiliation continues to be of assistance to our talent and industry by helping open doors to financing opportunities, as well as business and creative partnerships.
Here's the scoop on the three Telefilm-supported projects awarded Eurimages financing this year:
Saules aveugles, femme endormie (Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman) This animated France-Luxembourg-Netherlands-Canada coproduction directed by Pierre Földes (France) adapts the work of writer Haruki Murakami. With Canadian producers micro_scope and Unité Centrale.
La nuit des rois (Night of the Kings) With Canada's Peripheria Productions among its coproducers, this France-Canada-Ivory Coast coproduction written and directed by France's Philippe Lacôte is a feature set in an African prison.
Tabija Written and directed by Bosnian-Canadian director Igor Drljača, this Canada-Bosnia and Herzegovina coproduction tells the tale of an unlikely romance in Sarajevo after the war. (Psst! In 2014, this project was one of 15 chosen for the Cinéfondation Atelier at the Cannes Film Festival, and was a recipient of the Eurimages Co-Production Development Award.)


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ClassDojo in the improvement of education
A school is a place where teaching and learning process takes place. The teacher teaches and thereafter assesses the students to know whether they have grasped what they have been taught. The results of the test are thereafter recorded for the purposes of communicating the students' progress to their parents or guardians. However, some of the students tend to be mischievous and cook up their results before they reach their parents. The parents end up obtaining false results which are misleading. In addition to that, the teachers may want to communicate with parents about matters arising pertaining to their children and may be unable due to problems in communication.
Fortunately, technology has helped in the innovation of an app known as ClassDojo. ClassDojo is an app that was formed by Sam Choundry and Liam Dion in 2011 for the purpose of facilitating communication in the classroom. The app has been useful in the teaching and learning process whereby it has helped in teachers and parents to share reports about the students' performance and about everything that is going on in the classroom. The app has been translated to about 35 languages and this has enabled it to help many people in many countries. It is popularly used in most of the schools in the United States.
Because of this unique quality, the app has gained a lot of popularity and appreciation from many people, especially by teachers and parents. ClassDojo has its headquarters located in San Francisco, California. The company has recorded a very fast growth since the app was founded. Months after its formation, the app had already garnered about 3.5 million users from different countries where most of the users where teachers and students. It was soon able to acquire funds that facilitated more growth of the company.
ClassDojo soon became a huge company and soon made a platform that even the people using native languages would be able to use. The app has facilitated the airing of important educational videos which have helped students build up their knowledge. The app also offers a platform for students to interact and learn from each other. It is without a doubt that ClassDojo has really brought a positive impact in education.
The Grand Aspire Building, A Boraie Development in New Jersey
Boraie Development LLC focuses on the urban real estate market. The company is dedicated to create magnificent urban buildings. Boraie prides itself with delivering spectacular buildings that inspire their clients, as well as a customer service that enriches their relationships. They treasure working with strong "financial institutions, architects with vision and contractors that understand" deadlines and the importance of a successful project.
The Aspire is one of the pride creations of Boraie Development LLC, located in New Brunswick, New Jersey. The building houses 238 units for housing, an attached parking facility with a direct elevator, a luxurious fitness and yoga space, indoor and outdoor club spaces for work, rest and play, a rooftop sundeck and garden with an outdoor space for a BBQ, Individual storage is available, Indoor bike storage is also available for a total of 10,000 square feet of pure fulfillment and an aspire completed. But that's only what's inside the building. The Aspire is conveniently close to the New Brunswick Train Station. The neighborhood is accompanied by many dinning options, shopping and nightlife locations. All of these amenities and benefits make The Aspire one of the most desirable apartment buildings to inhabit. This would be the reward with aspiring to work with the best architects and contractors.
To further impress their clients and provide the best, Boraie Developments has a unique and powerful partnership with Shaquille O'Neal. Apparently, the relationship between Mr. O'Neal and Boraie has been an ongoing one that has interested many people. Mr. O'Neal has teamed up with Boraie, which is a local developer and it shows his true intention and true heart to make New Jersey great. Mr. O'Neal says, "We don't want to be all over the place. We want to do one great project at a time."
Boraie and Mr. O'Neal have already completed a $60 million rental complex located in Newark and it broke the record being one of the newest housing towers in fifty years. Boraie and Mr. O'Neal are excited about working on these projects to come: "a market-rate housing tower, movie theater and retail complex for Atlantic City, and have three other developments in the works for Newark." as according to The Wall Street Journal. Mr. O'Neal fits every part of what Boraie treasures, and that is a reliable financial figure, an architect with a vision of quality and a contractor that wants to create the best.
Ara Chackerian is a Philanthropist
Ara Chackerian is a philanthropist, entrepreneur, and investor. With a B.S in marketing from Florida State University, he's been able to succeed in the world of business as a co-founder of several companies. He lives in San Francisco and is known for his contribution to the health and business industries. As much as most of his experience is in the healthcare industry, he strives hard to ensure that the youth get a better education.
Since Ara Chackerian pays more attention to the healthcare industry, he co-founded some healthcare companies like PipelineRx, which provides pharmacy-services that are telephone-based, TMS health solutions, healthcare provider, and BMC Diagnostics. Additionally, his experience has allowed him to become the Executive Vice President of World Medical/PSS, an international supplier of medical products.
With two decades of experience in the healthcare industry, Ara Chackerian is currently working as the Managing Director of ASC Capital Holdings, LLC, that looks for healthcare companies in their early stages in America and invests in them. The primary target is to revolutionize healthcare in America. In his current enterprise, his primary goal is to ensure that the gap between technology and healthcare reduces to zero. He believes that with real-time data sharing and other things, patients will receive better treatments.
Additionally, Ara Chackerian is well known for his philanthropic acts and business mind. He has created partnerships and invested in non-profit organizations that focus on improving education for the youth in need. At the moment, he's working with organizations in the United States of America, Armenia, and Nicaragua. Currently, he is focused on Limonapa Teak, located in Nicaragua. The farm pays attention to environmental conservation and social stewardship. In addition to producing a product that does not affect the environment, Limonapa Teak has employed many residents. The pay is equally good.
Ted Bauman Outlines Shocking Revelations on Apple's Future
In one of his recent publications of his newsletter at Banyan Hill Publishing, Ted Bauman explains the reasons leading to the plunging of Apple price stocks. He starts by saying that the New York Stock Exchange took a large amount of the company's money. Additionally, Bauman outlines the reasons why the iPhone maker's future is not as promising as it was some ten years back. According to the recently released fourth –quarter fiscal report from Apple, the total company's earnings per share stood at $2.91 and the total revenue at $62.1 billion. Commenting about this report, Ted Bauman noted that the investors look upon the company's future performance but not the past. He added that due to the company's renowned growth and innovation expertise, the investors are full of expectations in the company's stocks contrary to the report.
Ted Bauman is however quick to add that the company has experienced a slow or no growth since the death of Steve Jobs, the former Chief Executive Officer, in 2015. Additionally, the snail-paced growth contributed to the company's share diving. Ted Bauman pointed out that although Apple is the highest earning company in the world and its earnings result from the company's pricing power. He said that the company sells its products at extremely high prices not because they are better than the phones from its competitors but because of the brand. Many customers are ready to pay an extra coin to be part of Apple brand because the company invested in the brand. However, he warns that to bring a brand to that level is very expensive and Apple worked on it.
As promised last week, here are the 10 ways you can fight back against the "scum of the earth" … phone scammers. #SCAM #Telecom https://t.co/4hfIVLV7mA
— Ted Bauman Guru (@TedBaumanGuru) December 19, 2018
Most of the company's profit comes through the sale of the iPhone that holds the large market share in the United States, United Kingdom, and Japan. Globally, iPhone holds a small percentage of 20 percent of the smartphone market. The unique experience in Apple's brand makes the customers accept to pay more. On the future of Apple in the stock market, Ted Bauman notes that it is likely to hit low because the financial report results brought lower figures than anticipated by analysts who predicted it to hit $93 billion in revenue.
Businessman, Economist
noted that the investors
Eucatex's Environmental Education Program by Flavio Maluf
Flavio is a businessman and executive of Eucatex who has invested most of his career in the company instilling sustainability and other social actions. Eucatex which is turning 67 on 23rd November 2018, deals in a variety of building products. Some include partitions, floors, doors, MDP and MDP panels, paints, fiber sheets and varnishes from Brazil. Read more about Flavio at terra.com
Founded in 1951, Eucatex is based in São Paulo and uses eucalyptus trees as raw materials in its production. Flavio insisted on environmental and social benefits starting an investment in land and reforestation projects in 1962. The plan was to sustain their tree supply and expansion of the company while ensuring the sustainability of the land.
Flavio Maluf's love for the environment led him to spread the company's operations beyond its headquarters in São Paulo city throughout Brazil. Through Eucatex, he started an informative program, "Casa da Natureza " which is an Environmental Education Program (PEA). The project also got support from the public, especially the government and schools in São Paulo. Flavio Maluf received a partnership with city hall's representatives; Salto, Avaré, Bofete, and Anhembi including some Public Education Networks student attendants.
The program mainly focused on the importance of afforestation, preservation of forests, eucalyptus as an important forest-based product and raw material, park visits, urban tree planting and management of ecological trails. Flavio Maluf, through Eucatex's Environmental Education Program, has since implemented the project, including recovery planting of trees in degraded areas receiving more than 27,000 visitors.
Eucatex also lets the society participate in the program through socioeconomic diagnosis through their specialists by conducting regular checks. An example is the community surrounding, or nearby Eucatex's farms get interviewed on how to better improve their quality of life, forest operations, and social well-being.
The communities' lives get improved through Eucatex's Apiculture program which helped them start income generation projects. Those living around the forest are then allowed to grow pasture near the woods or start beekeeping projects to exploit the eucalyptus flowering and produce honey in the process.
Read: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A1vio_Maluf
Business, Business Expert, Businessman, CEO, Entrepreneur
Richard Shinto and Penelope Kokkinides: A Strategy for Success
Richard Shinto and Penelope Kokkinides have worked their entire careers to help their patients get the best value-based care available. Currently, both Shinto and Kokkinides work as executives at InnovaCare Health, a provider of Medicare plans and physician practice services. Throughout their careers, Shinto and Kokkinides have learned to lead, and it is through their collective experiences that they are able to ensure the future of InnovaCare Health.
Richard Shinto started out as an internist and pulmonologist in California shortly after he earned his medical degree from the University of New York at Stony Brook. Shinto knew from the start that he wanted to help people on a larger scale, so he soon took up a position as the Corporate Vice President of Medical Management for MedPartners, a staffing company that tries to get the best physicians to patients. After a few years there, he became the COO and Chief Medical officer at Medical Pathways Management Company. Shinto continued to climb the ladder, moving to the Chief Medical Officer position at the NAMM of California, and eventually, he settled into a role as the CEO of Aveta, Inc., a managed healthcare company. After a few years, Shinto was offered a position at InnovaCare Health, and he welcomed it with open arms.
Richard Shinto currently works alongside his long-time colleague and talented individual Penelope Kokkinides. Kokkinides had a similar backstory to Shinto. She worked for several years in the managed care industry and found herself working as the COO of Aveta, Inc. alongside Shinto. When Shinto was offered a position at InnovaCare Health, Kokkinides could not pass up the opportunity to move with him to the Company. Penelope Kokkinides has worked for over 15 years in the industry, and she has experience at such companies like the United Health Group and AmeriChoice.
Now, both Richard Shinto and Penelope Kokkinides are leading InnovaCare Health into the future of managed medicine. The Company is currently working hard to get their customers the best and highest quality value-based care that they are able to. They work with a vast network of physicians and companies to get patients everything they need at costs they can afford. InnovaCare Health uses a three-pronged approach of working with the culture of an area, the leadership of care providers, and a governance structure that enables them to get what they need. InnovaCare services over a half a million individuals, and through the leadership of Shinto and Kokkinides, they are able to give the best service possible.
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180515005965/en/InnovaCare-Expands-Corporate-Leadership-Team
Business, Business Leader, CEO, Company, Entrepreneur, Health, Health Care, Health Companies
Healthcare, Innovacare Health, innovative healthcare products, Medicare Advantage plan, MMM Healthcare, Penelope Kokkinides, Redefining Healthcare Management, Rick Shinto
Victoria Doramus Brilliant Contributions to the World of Marketing
adminDecember 7, 20180
Lifestyles, designs and overall consumer trends are some of the relatively complex niches in the world of advertising. However, these three critical niches have been Victoria Doramus area of specialty over the years. She is synonymous with well-thought policies and approaches for companies aiming at making these three areas more profitable and finally sustainable. Her expertise and excellence in these fields are a result of her strong work ethics, her educational background and her experience in the advertising world. The University of Colorado graduate has not only helped hundreds of companies to get back on their profitability path, but she has also helped them get more sustainable advertising models. This unmatched knowledge on what can work is pegged on her time in the media world.
Apart from having a successful career, approach to voluntary work defines a professional. Victoria Doramus, for example, has been the standard definition of giving back especially to courses she believes in their vision. Some of the notable organization she is passionate are the following. First, she is part of the Best Friends Animal Society family. Through this organization, she has been able to contribute to animal shelters and animals rescue missions.
Second, Doramus is also part of Room to Read family. Through this organization, she is able to contribute her time and resources to hundreds of families through educational programs. Through Room to Read family, she has also interacted with some of the best brains from low-income families and in return, get inspired for her various assignments. By this organization also, she has been part of the team that is making a difference to thousands of kids around the world especially in Africa and part of Asia.
Since Victoria Doramus is a firm believer of a drugs-free society, she has been part of The Amy Winehouse Foundation family over the years as a volunteer. Her time has been vital in transforming young people who are in drugs and other unproductive behaviors. It is impressive to note that through her contributions in terms of resources and time, these young people can use arts, especially music to bring changes in their communities.


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text:
Street Life
Tree Count
By Andy Young
As a "thoroughly, thoroughly urban person," growing up on West Sixty-sixth Street, Bram Gunther didn't care what type of trees were on his block. Gunther is the city's deputy director of forestry and horticulture, and he now knows that his old street is lined with honey locusts, and that there are more than thirty-three thousand of them in the city. "It's amazing, the human capacity to not notice things that you're not interested in," he said.
On a recent morning, Gunther crossed Fifth Avenue and headed east on Sixty-fourth Street, embarking on a dry run to test the forms and equipment that are to be used in a new citywide census of street trees, due to begin next month. Over the summer, more than a thousand volunteer "tree stewards" will comb the five boroughs, noting the presence, size, and condition of every silver linden, pin oak, redbud, and Japanese pagoda, among other species (there are about seventy in all). The Parks Department will use this information to identify "urban forest trends," to estimate the monetary value of the city's trees, and to inspire a new generation of tree geeks. The first census, conducted in 1995, counted nearly half a million street trees in the city, out of an estimated total of five million trees, when parks and yards are included.
"In Queens, it's going to be the Norway maple and the London plane, the same as in the other boroughs," Gunther said. "But Manhattan is unusual in that the Callery pear and the ginkgo feature much higher. The Callery pear is Manhattan's favorite tree, but its internal structure is very weak—it dies quickly, and its limbs fall a lot."
This, however, was a ginkgo block—there were five between Fifth and Madison, on the north side of the street. Almost all of them had wounds from car doors, locked bicycles, or bugs. The fourth one in had a birdhouse tied to a limb—an "infrastructure conflict," in tree-census talk. The fifth, in front of the Indian consulate, had been cut down—a stump. On closer inspection, the pit of soil surrounding the stump was found to be emitting steam. Gunther stared at it for a while, then approached a chauffeur whose Town Car was idling nearby. "Did someone spill hot water there?" Gunther asked.
"No, sir," the chauffeur said. "That's how it is, sir. All the time it's steaming, sir."
"No tree could survive that," Gunther said.
Down the block, Gunther came to a soaring London plane in front of a town house that belongs to the Versaces. "It's a little underweight," he said. "It looks like a skinny boy." The London planes, he went on, "are the direct legacy of Robert Moses. This and the Norway maple were his two favorite trees." Neither is planted anymore, because both host the Asian long-horned beetle, the biggest threat to trees on the East Coast. "If the beetles aren't stopped, it could be devastating," Gunther said. "A moonscape!"
Midblock, in front of the Wildenstein family's mansion, was another London plane and a littleleaf linden, in pits planted with holly and variegated euonymus. "Clearly, somebody's taking care of them." The trunks of the trees were surrounded by metal guards, which protect them from various encroachments. "Dog piss," Gunther said, shaking his head. "It just kills them."
He passed town houses belonging to the Bronfmans and Ivana Trump, and stopped at a honey locust that had sprouted three-inch-long, pencil-thick black thorns, at eye level. "Very dangerous," he said, snapping a few of them off. "I'm going to call this in and have the forestry crews come by to make a real assessment." On the trunk of the block's easternmost Callery pear, someone had carved "MP ♥ RN."
On to Sixty-third Street: flowering cherry (pink), Japanese zelkova (stately), more honey locusts (spiky). Gunther pulled up in front of a Kentucky coffee tree. "If you see these in a month, with their flowers, dropping their little coffee beans—they're just wonderful, wonderful trees," he said.
Sixtieth Street between Fifth and Madison was completely barren, a sooty gray waste. Gunther called out the reasons for this as he made his way east: "Subway! Grate! Bus stop! Garage! Canopy! Grates! Vaults! Driveway! Awning! Light pole! Again with the canopy!" Nearing Madison, he slowed and said, "You could plant a tree over there in front of Barneys, if nothing's underneath the sidewalk. You could do one there and four here." He made a note on a clipboard. "We'll do a Code 53, which will tell us what's underground, with all the utilities and the vaults." (In older parts of the city, the infrastructure may be just a foot beneath the sidewalk; a tree needs at least eighteen inches.) "And if there's no problem I'm just going to go in and put in those trees. Just put them in, don't even ask."
The next block appeared bare as well, until Gunther pointed out a row of small trees closer to Park Avenue. Pagoda trees? Golden rains? Black locusts? Weird ginkgoes? No, Gunther said. They were redwoods—dawn redwoods, an Asian relative of the California variety. Who knew? Apparently, a few years ago, the owners of the co-op on the corner asked the Parks Department for "something special," then paid for these trees and steel tree guards, which turned out to be a little too "fortresslike" for Gunther's taste. "Imagine, if you will, a feathery, light-leafed dawn redwood, fifty feet tall, shading the building, dropping its whispery leaves," he said quietly. "I just think it's a wonderful thing. I like it."
Published in the print edition of the May 23, 2005, issue.
More:East Side


Mad Science of Hampton Roads, VA takes all the hassle and frustration out of running an after-school program because we do all the work for you! Learn more about our after school programs and science activities for kids.
Students will be grouped by like grades where enrollment numbers permit; class sizes range from 12 to 20.
Your child must attend the school where the Mad Science Club is being held. We will email you before the start of the program to confirm your child's registration and inform you of the meeting location at the school. A valid email address is required for confirmation.
Transportation is not provided. Your child must be picked up after Mad Science at the specified location on time.
Aftercare students will be escorted to Aftercare when Mad Science is finished.
We will only release children to the adults specifically specified by you when completing your registration. If another person whom you did not list will be picking up your child, please call our office in advance. Picture IDs may be required of all those picking up children.
A $12 late fee will be added to registrations received after the deadline. If additional spots become available, customers added to a wait list prior to the deadline will NOT be assessed the late fee. Customers added after the deadline will be charged the late fee upon completing registration.
Cancellation received at least one week prior to the date of the first class will receive a full refund of the registration fee. Cancellations received after this date, but prior to the second class, will receive a refund, minus a $15 cancellation charge.
There are no refunds after the second class of the program. There are no refunds or make-ups for missed classes. If school is cancelled due to inclement weather or other events, the class will be rescheduled.
Should an authorized parent or guardian not be present at the end of class, Mad Science reserves the right to charge a late pick-up fee of $1.00 per minute per child beginning 10 minutes after the stated end time of class. This late fee must be paid by cash or check directly to the Mad Scientist who has supervised your child. Your child cannot return to class until this fee is paid. A second late pick-up will result in your child being removed from class without a refund.


This week, we had the opportunity to attend the private launch party for Barrio Coreano, a new taqueria set to open at 642 Bloor West near Euclid. The establishment is owned by chef and entrepreneur Dave Sidhu, the man behind the Playa Cabana restaurants. The menu features a mix of Mexican and Korean-inspired dishes like tacos stuffed with galbi beef, yuzu tuna, and grilled octopus with wasabi salsa. There's also an eclectic drink list with kimchi sour cocktails and soju sangrias.
Here's a sneak-peek at the new restaurant.
Guests gathering and enjoying drinks at the pre-launch party for Barrio Coreano.
Cool retro neon signs giving a Las Vegas feel to the restaurant.
Located in The Annex, Barrio Coreano offers a mix of Mexican and Korean cuisine.
A mix of Tromba tequila and Cointreau triple sec with a hint of lime.
The tempura fried ahi tuna taco.
The spicy and savoury kampungki chicken taco.


text:
American Top 40
Lindsay Lohan Teases Return To Music With New Song 'Back to Me'
By Emily Lee Apr 2, 2020
It's been a long time since Lindsay Lohan released music, but she's getting back in the game with new single 'Back To Me.' The 33-year-old multi-hyphenate artist began teasing her musical comeback on Tuesday (March 31) with a thirty second clip that referenced her tumultuous life in the spotlight. At the end of the clip, Lohan says "I'm back."
After sending fans into a tizzy of excitement with her surprise announcement, Lohan continued to tease her new single on social media. She also revealed fans will get to hear what she's been working on sooner rather than later when she shared 'Back To Me' would be released on Friday (April 3).
In the clip, Lohan sings "I know everything changes/How things turn to basics/Now I'm coming back, coming back to me" over a fun, electronic beat. "The song is about rediscovering and accepting oneself, shutting out the noise and moving forward and letting the past go. Living in the now," Lohan wrote alongside a teaser she shared to her Instagram account on Wednesday (April 1).
'Back To Me' is set to premiere on YouTube with a lyric vide on Friday at 12:30pm ET. On Instagram Lohan invited her followers to join her and streaming the song as soon as it's released. Will you be tuning in to Lohan's big comeback moment?