Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia announced the Arab Peace Initiative (API) at the Beirut Arab League Summit in March 2002 as a proposal for the Arab world to fully recognize the State of Israel. In exchange of the Arab states guaranteeing Israel normal diplomatic relations and security, the API called for Israel to withdraw its territorial control to the June 4, 1967 lines allowing the establishment of a Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital and to come to a just and agreed solution over the issue of Palestinian refugees. Considering the existential crises Israel had faced during its wars against the Arab states throughout the twentieth century, the API was a novel step towards peace and security.
The API was initially endorsed by the 22 member states of the Arab League where it was presented. More countries adopted the API when it was endorsed by the 57 member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
At a meeting in April 2013 hosted by Secretary of State John Kerry, a delegation representing the Arab League further displayed Arab states' interest in peace when they scaled back the API's demands upon Israel by accepting a two-state solution with mutually agreed upon land swaps. The delegation was comprised of Qatari Prime Minister Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim Al Thani, Secretary General of the Arab League Nabil Elaraby, and a mix of foreign ministers and ambassadors from the organizations' member states. Speaking on behalf of the Arab League, Prime Minister Hamad reaffirmed Arab commitment to the API acknowledging peace should be based on a two-state solution with "comparable and mutual agreed minor swap of the land." Endorsing land swaps was a meaningful step taken by the Arab League as it is a concept that allows a two-state outcome to remain realistic.
While the API has been unable to embody the sweeping change so many believed it had the potential to be, most proposals on how to revive the Israeli-Palestinian peace process look towards the API as a framework or key reference in negotiating a solution.
As regional actors have made previous attempts at encouraging peace before 2002, the API was a historic attempt at concluding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as it was the first collective Arab effort that was unanimously agreed to by all Arab states. Further adding to the API's monumental character was that it was a proposal launched by one of the key leading Arab states in the Muslim world, Saudi Arabia, who began the summit with an unprecedented address to the Israeli public calling for peace and security.
Acknowledging the magnitude of such a proposal, former President Shimon Peres summarized it best in late 2008 when he described the API as the reversal of the "3 No's" at the Arab League's Khartoum summit in 1967.
Withdraw from all disputed territories to return Israel's borders to the June 4, 1967 lines including the Golan Heights and addition of southern Lebanon.
Reach a just solution to the Palestinian refugee problem as prescribed by UN Resolution 194.
Accept the establishment of a Palestinian state composed of the West Bank and Gaza Strip with East Jerusalem as its capital.
Deem the Arab-Israeli conflict finalized and commit to peaceful relations with Israel guaranteeing security to all regional states.
Establish normal diplomatic relations with Israel.
Please click here for an official translation of the Arab Peace Initiative.
The API was launched during the height of the Second Intifada, arguably the worst timing imaginable, when Israel was experiencing the most gruesome suicide bombing attacks yet and was mainly preoccupied with quelling Palestinian violence on Israeli society. Withdrawing territory was a notion far removed from the Israeli government and security establishment at this point in time.
Initially regarding the API as a "take-it or leave-it" demand on Israel, former Prime Minister Ariel Sharon rejected the Arab League's proposal.
Direct calls for endorsing UNSC Resolution 194 that stipulates the Palestinian refugees' right to return to Israel was unacceptable to many Israelis as they view this concept unrealistic in today's world.
Accepting East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state has been hotly contested by many within the Israeli government and is one of the core issues meant to be discussed during bilateral negotiations with the Palestinians, not outside parties.
Withdrawal to the June 4, 1967 lines is a concession most Israelis feel is also unfeasible. Moreover, considering the Syrian civil war that has collapsed the state and allowed religious fundamentalists and terrorist groups to control large swaths of territory, abandoning the Golan Heights is not an option for Israel.
August 1981, Saudi King Fahd composes an 8-point Arab peace plan similar to the API—Arab states recognize Israel in return for its withdrawal to the 1967 lines—that comes to be known as the Fahd Plan and releases it through the Saudi Press Agency. While initially rejected by various Arab countries at the Arab summit that November, it was later modified and accepted at the Arab summit in Fez, Morocco on September 9, 1982. However, the lack of political enthusiasm and regional preoccupation with the Iran-Iraq war stifled this endeavor.
February 17, 2002, Saudi Arabia Crown Prince Abdullah reveals the outline of the API during an interview with New York Times journalist Thomas Friedman leading many to refer to the API as the Saudi Initiative.
March 27, 2002, Netanya, Israel, Hamas carries out one of the deadliest attacks of the Second Intifada killing 29 civilians and wounding about 150 more with a suicide bombing at a hotel in Netanya. A similar bombing was carried out on March 31 killing 15 at a restaurant in Haifa, Israel.
March 28, 2002, Beirut, Lebanon, Presented by Saudi Arabia Crown Prince Abdullah at the Arab League Summit, the 22 member-states unanimously endorse the API.
April 2003, The Middle East Quartet (composed of the United States, Russia, European Union, and United Nations) publishes the Road Map to encourage a two-state outcome and acknowledges the API as a basis for regional peace.
May 2006, Khartoum, Sudan, Arab League members unanimously reapprove their commitment to the API.
Summer 2006, Southern Lebanon, Israel withdrew from Southern Lebanon, not specifically for the purposes of fulfilling the API, but inadvertently adhered to one of the requirements of the API.
March 28-29, 2007, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Arab League members reaffirm their commitment to the API for a second time. The aftermath of the Second Lebanon War with Hezbollah and the take-over of Hamas in Gaza reignited Israeli and Sunni-Arab interest in the API, yet despite regional and international actors' recommendations to amend the API and push through the complacency, no breakthrough materialized. This was largely viewed as a missed opportunity.
March 2008, Madrid, Spain, Saudi Arabia King Abdullah convenes a global interfaith dialogue with an impressive ensemble of Arab monarchs and emirs; U.S. and Israeli presidents; Middle East prime ministers; and various other heads of state. A follow-up conference was held at the United Nations in November where King Abdullah called upon the UN to revive the API and asked for people around the world to endorse peace, harmony, and tolerance.
November 20, 2008, Israel, Following the Saudi-led UN Conference in New York, the Palestinian Authority publishes an ad promoting the API in three separate Israeli Hebrew newspapers.
November 20, 2008, Israel, Also inspired by the Saudi-led UN conference in New York, a group of over 500 former Israeli security elites and diplomats led by Major General (ret.) Danny Rothschild launch a campaign to promote the API and sign an ad placed in the Israeli media endorsing the API advocating the Israeli government to take advantage of the proposal and not miss another opportunity for peace and security.
April 2011, Israel, Leaders from Israel's business sector, civil society, academia, and security establishment–including former Shin Bet heads Yaakov Peri and Ami Ayalon; former Mossad chief Danny Yatom; retired IDF General Amram Mitzna; and former Minister of Public Security Moshe Shahal—launched a proposed response to the API known as the Israeli Peace Initiative (IPI). Though unaffiliated with the Israeli government, this was the first major effort by a group of Israelis to seriously engage the API. Unfortunately, it did not garner the support and traction it needed amongst Israeli politicians to be implemented.
April 29, 2013, Washington, DC, John Kerry hosts Arab League officials for a discussion on encouraging peace where they reaffirmed Arab commitment to the API as basis for reaching a two-state solution with mutually agreed upon land swaps.
June 2015, Lausanne, Switzerland, The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) signed between the P5+1 and Iran revamps the desire for Sunni-Arab states and Israel to normalize ties and look back upon the API as a starting point.
June 3, 2016, Paris, France, At the international peace conference organized by the French Foreign Ministry, Saudi Arabia calls on Israel to adopt the API depicting it as the best chance to reach a peaceful resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and normalize ties with the Arab states.
July 2016, Israel, An informal delegation of researchers led by retired Saudi General Anwar Eshki visit Jerusalem, Israel in a rare and unprecedented visit. Partaking in various stops along their visit throughout Israel where the delegation encouraged the API, including meetings with Knesset members and then-Foreign Ministry Director-General Dore Gold, the retired Saudi general claimed they were invited by a senior Fatah member of the Palestinian Authority, Jibril Rajoub.


Sheffield Wednesday starlet Rafael Floro is currently enjoying a productive spell representing Portugal in the Under-21 Toulon Festival Tournament.
The 20-year-old was selected in national coach Ilidio Vale's squad ahead of the group stage in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of South Eastern France.
A total of ten nations compete in the tournament and are split into two groups.
Upon completion of the group stage, the winner of Group A plays the winner of Group B in the tournament final which will be contested at the Stade Parc des Sports, Avignon on Sunday 1 June.
The runners-up of each group go head to head in the third place play-off on the same day.
Portugal are handily placed to compete in the final having won their opening three fixtures and sit top of Group A.
Floro stored a full 90 minutes under his belt in his country's 2-0 win over Mexico and 3-1 triumph over Chili.
The Owls left back took a watching brief in Portugal's 4-1 win over China yesterday but is expected to back in the starting XI for tomorrow's crunch clash with France, which will decide the group-winner.
Defending champions Brazil have already clinched top spot in Group B and will await either Portugal or France in the final.


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Home News Asia All Saints Church, Peshawar Suicide bombers attack- full Report
All Saints Church, Peshawar Suicide bombers attack- full Report
All Saints Church was built by Worthington Jukes in 1883. This Church is famous for its architectural uniqueness which resembles the structure of any mosque that makes it unique in the Church History. Muslims of Peshawar were against building of any Church by the British. Where ever they tried to construct a Church, the local Muslims always demolished the Church structures as and when they were put up. Many Christians lost their lives while building of this Church was going on; therefore this Church is also known as THE CHURCH OF MARTYRS.
Suicide bombs attack.
On 22nd of September 2013, around 500 persons gathered for Divine Sunday Service including another 64 children who were present in the Sunday School Center in the Church compound. Two suicide bombers entered in the compound and exploded themselves while the worshipers were coming out at the end of the Service at All Saints Church, Kohati Gate in Peshawar.
This city is the Provincial head and a main town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province which has borne the brunt of a bloody Islamist insurgency in recent years.
The beautiful All Saints Church built of white stones is very close to the frontier tribal areas where Islamist militants have their strongholds labeled as safe heavens. On the day, hundreds of parishioners, most of them being women and Children were streaming out of the building when both suicide attackers blew themselves in the midst of the crowd. Within no time, the joy and happiness turned into screams and pains. The blood and pieces of human flesh were scattered all over the place, those who survived were crying and searching for their loved ones. It was the major attacks on a Church in the history of Pakistan's extremism against Christians.
According to local Human Rights activists, " After the blast the ambulances of the local NGO's rushed to the church and started taking the injured to hospital. No doctor was present in the Government hospital except paramedical staff. Due to this situation many persons who could be saved by medical assistance, died unattended at the mercy of para medical staff, lack emergency equipment, live saving drugs and competent medical staff to help the injured. Some para medical staff was reluctant to touch the injured, showing their prejudice even to dead bodies adding to the death toll.. Only the Christian Staff nurses were the ones who ought to be free on a Sunday for Church Services were a blessing in disguise because of their presence in the hospital and helped the injured."
A list of 123 dead and about 169 injured in the deadly blast consists mostly on women and Children. This tragic incident took toll of many person who were assets to our community e.g doctors, teachers, principals, students, government servants etc etc .
The Role of Christian NGO's.
Most of the Christian and non-Christian NGO's again played shameful role as on the next day of the incident many Christian NGOs started visiting the Church and victims. Just doing photo sessions, making videos, writing reports for their websites and left with promises to help the victims. Perhaps they were collecting material in order to place worldwide requests to generate donations for their NGO's.
A part from us , there is only one Organization who is helping people in medical treatment along with a political person of the ruling party.
The Role of the Church.
This was a very hurting and disturbing moment for us when we found that the Peshawar Diocese which is one of the richest Diocese in the Church of Pakistan was not willing to help their own inflicted Church members. One of the Church members stated that, " When this blast took place the Presbyter Incharge Rev. Ijaz Gill, who was present in Church left the compound and went to his adjoining home while the people were dying, were hurt and in pain. Rev. Ijaz Gill did not come forward until his Bishop Humphrey Peter reached back to Peshawar from Bannu.
The Local Church members also stated that Bishop and their priest were busy only in the funerals of their loved ones whereas rest of the funerals were conducted by Roman Catholic and Salvation Army Pastors without considering that the dead belonged to the Church of Pakistan.
It would be sad to learn that 20 years ago this Diocese had spent millions of dollars on f Afghans in the Afghan Russian War and saved the lives of thousands of people.
But when it came to their own people, the Church is silent and sitting back. Even the Mission Hospital of the Diocese failed to provide proper medical facilitation to the people of its own Diocese. Due to this reason, we have moved a number of the victims from Mission Hospital to RMI Hospital out of whom Kashmala Munawar and Shumaila are serious victims.
According to the reliable resources there are about 3 to 4 million Pak rupees in the Church Account, as well as Millions of Rupees in the Diocesan account sitting idol. Perhaps this money is reserved for their own luxurious life style but it could have saved dozens of lives if invested. This attitude of cruelty and negligence has been a reason of increased number of the deaths. According to our team 20 people could have been saved if they were provided with timely medical treatment. Let us share one example of their cruelty.
"On the night of 3rd October 2013 we were coming back from Peshawar when we received one call through our Contact in Karachi and that was of Robin Morris, a young man working for the Diocese of Peshawar as an Accountant. It was mid night. He requested us to help him with money so he could move himself to a good hospital; he was in desperate need of an operation. He had ball bearings (which were used in Church blast) in his both legs. We promised him that we would be back soon. We told him to get admit in any hospital we will pay the bills, but on 4th October 2013 during operation he died."
Robin Morris was the employee of Diocese of Peshawar and he was the father of Two minor kids. This was the role of our church, they could save the life of their staff but they didn't.
What makes us different from others?
After the incident our team went there and within days we were providing necessary medical assistance to the serious patients. So far we are providing medical assistance to 11 persons in the top hospitals of Peshawar like RMI hospital, CMH and in North West Hospital. Where we are paying hundreds of thousands of Rupees each day for the better treatment of our brothers and sisters. We are also helping the other victims who are unable to buy medicines and daily hospital checkups.
We are also working on the orphan children and those families which have lost their bread earners.
Please keep our team in your prayers which is working on the ground of Peshawar.
Previous articleWe Save another Christian Girl Shama Nazir
Next article"Kashmala" a victim of Peshawar Blast.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Documents filtered by: Author="Adams, John" AND Recipient="Rush, Richard" AND Period="Madison Presidency"
From John Adams to Richard Rush, 31 July 1812
Quincy July 31. 1812
I have received your kind Letter of the 18th of this month with your Oration on the 4th.
Your Oration was first read to me, by the oldest Colonel in the continental Army now living; who has commanded Wilkinson and Brooks, whose blood flowed in the revolutionary War, and whose crippled Limb tho not lost may be compared to Uncle Toby's. The Veteran exclaimed "This young Gentleman, makes my old blood fly through my Veins as it did when I was young." The Oddity of the Circumstance induces me to note it.
I have Since read it by myself, with more Serious deliberation; and I think it worthy of the Orator and his Father; worthy of the Sacred Temple in which it was pronounced; worthy of the august Audience assembled to hear it; and worthy of the great Cause in which We are engaged.
The Anecdotes of Hancock and Gadsden excited more Sensibility than you can conceive. Names that I never hear or read but with Tenderness and Reverence. When will the Character of Hancock be understood? Never. I could melt into Tears when I hear his Name. The property he possessed when his Country called him, would purchase Washington and Franklin both. If Benevolence Charity, Generosity were ever personified in North America, they were in John Hancock. What Shall I Say of his Education? his litterary Acquisitions, his Travels, his military civil and political Services? his Sufferings and Sacrifices? I dare not Say even to you, at this time what I think and what I know.
"The Cooperation of the powerful and intelligent State of Massachusetts" might have been commanded by the national Government, and may Still. A Vote of Congress to build a few Frigates would have had the Effect. And it would, next November. I can Say no more. New England has been injured and ill treated: and they have Sense and Feeling. I am determined to Stand or fall with the national Government: but I can See and feel the wrong, the cruel and the unprincipled and unfeeling Wrong, that has been done to this Section of the Union.
With the best Wishes for your Success in Life, and an high Esteem of your Talents and worth. I am your Sincere Friend and obliged / Servant
PHi: Gratz Collection.
Rush, Richard
"From John Adams to Richard Rush, 31 July 1812," Founders Online, National Archives, accessed April 11, 2019, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-5838. [This is an Early Access document from The Adams Papers. It is not an authoritative final version.]
From Rush to Adams [18 July 1812]
From Adams to Rush [5 May 1813]
All correspondence between Rush and Adams


The DJI Phantom Series Multifunctional Backpack is ideal for the hobbyist or professional. Available for under $200, the pros seem to outweigh cons on this affordable, configurable drone backpack.
It's almost Christmas and Hanukkah is underway. As the snow falls in Colorado, I'd like to share some warm holiday wishes & a few thoughts on the time of year.
Imagination is the workshop of your mind, capable of turning mind energy into accomplisments and wealth.


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Behind Prison Doors
Today I went into the only women's prison in Costa Rica. Supposedly, I had permission to go in but when we arrived at the gates it appeared my name was not on the list. So I was left at the guard station for about an hour and a half waiting to see if I could get permission while the others went in without me. I was slightly agitated but just started praying under my breath for the Lord to work it out. In the meantime, I was able to chat and share about what I was doing in Costa Rica and El Salvador with one of the guards. I finally was given written permission from the Director to go in but I was not able to bring in my camera. I happened to come into the nursery as a Pastor was dedicating to the Lord some of the new babies born to the inmates. So we were able to pray over these babies and their moms. We also gave out about 15 questionnaires to the women to fill out about their life, as a mother, in prison. Many women started crying as they were filling out our papers. Marking they felt like they did not deserve to be mothers and how they will never forgive themselves. Many of the women are in for drug trafficking but a few were in for homicide. The living conditions were pretty bad but they do all have their own little room and the children sleep with them. The nursery we were in is completely ran by the women from Bandera Blanca. As we were leaving the women from the U.S., who is in prison for coming to Costa Rica with her children because her husband was abusing her, was walking past and Teresa, a Missionary Associate here in Costa Rica who has been working with Bandera Blanca, asked her how she was. This women's case is famous in Costa Rica and she has been in prison almost a year and has not been sentenced and the US is doing nothing to help her. I was told she is very hard and probably won't talk to us. But the Lord had it all worked out because she just started talking to me and telling me her whole story. We were able to pray with her and she started crying. Then she sat and talked to me for about 30 minutes more and I was able to share my testimony with her. She is going in front of a judge tomorrow for the first time and she wanted us to keep her in our prayers. She has one little boy living with her in prison and her eight year old daughter is living with a random family here in Costa Rica. I have worked in prisons before, at home, but never in a women's prison and never in Central America. It is a hard place to survive. These women are hurting and no one cares about them. They have nothing and they have no one. We are going in again next Monday, hopefully with permission to take in my camera. Please be praying that these women will feel the love of God in our lives and that the Lord uses us as we go in.
Labels: Costa Rica, El Buen Pastor, Fundacion Bandera Blanca, US, women's prison
Hola. I'm Kristal. I'm a proud native of Louisiana and a bilingual mom with a multi-cultural family living in Honduras as an ESL teacher and youth pastor with my husband. I have been a missionary for a total of 12 years and we have been serving in Honduras for four years. Juggling family, work and church can be quite an adventure but we do the best we can. Our goal is to serve others as Jesus did and teach our children about His love.
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These wall hangings are very useful for covering up brick walls, chairs, tents, tables, through the years we have seen drapes used in almost any situation to create an atmospheric scene with the minimum of fuss that is easy to remove afterwards.
100% pure cotton, this drape has a beautiful pattern of a elephant themed mandala in black on a cream and white background.
Click the button below to add the 2. Drape to your wish list.


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The Roman City of Zeugma (Turkey) Conservation Project
Brown University, Providence, United States / November 1st, 2010
About this lecture
In May of 2000, the New York Times published a cry of alarm for the Roman city of Zeugma, in southeast Anatolia, Turkey. It was soon to be submerged by the waters of the Euphrates, because a new dam was being built downstream. The New York Times appeal was taken to heart by David Packard of the Packard Humanities Institute (PHI) of California, who immediately organized an action plan based on a "targeted" archaeological investigation and on conservation in situ.
Under extreme climatic conditions, the conservators worked on site for six months before the Euphrates waters, reaching their maximum level, defined the new panorama of Zeugma, which is now a national archaeological park. 4000 finds and 160 m2 of surfaces were removed from the site, 8700 m2 of archeological structures were reburied using 10,500 m3 of sand, pebbles and stones. The program also included the restoration of almost 850 m2 of figurate polychrome mosaics which represent today one of the most extraordinary mosaics collections on display.
Speaker(s): Roberto Nardi
Date: November 1st, 2010
Location(s): Brown University, Providence, United States
Organizing Institution(s): Archaeological Institute of America / Samuel Kress Foundation / Narragansett Historical Society / Brown University
Monastery of Saint Catherine in Sinai. The Conservation of the Mosaic of the Transfiguration
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BIAN Updates Service Landscape to Fast-track Innovation
Not for profit organization announces 10th iteration of innovation model
Frankfurt – 9th December 2021 – BIAN, the independent not-for-profit association, is today announcing the availability of Service Landscape 10.0 (SL 10.0). The Landscape was created in 2010 and is a reference structure that categorizes and organizes BIAN's Service Domains. These represent the unique business functions that BIAN has defined as a standard for the banking industry. The Landscape aims to help the industry modernize core infrastructure as they attempt to align their services to the needs of the modern customer.
The updated Service Landscape has 57 additional APIs, bringing the total to 243. The new APIs cover the outstanding banking specific functions that have not been included in BIAN's library to date. These include the likes of account reconciliation, corporate payroll services, and hedge fund administration. In addition to this, the Service Landscape has been updated so that there is a clear and straightforward link between the BIAN models and the derived technical implementations of BIAN APIs. BIAN is also aligning the APIs with prevailing technical standards, such as OAS 3x, an open-source development standard that is widely used across the industry to ensure the APIs are easily adopted.
"BIAN is well known as the backbone of the industry when it comes to providing a common framework for banking services", said Shanker Ramamurthy, BIAN board member and Global Managing Partner- Banking at IBM. "The updates to its service landscape will prove extremely valuable, especially during these uncertain times, as we attempt to navigate the new normal. Joining BIAN has allowed us to have a say in the future of banking; this is something we're truly proud of."
"We're excited to announce the availability of Service Landscape 10.0, which has been driven by the needs of our members," said Hans Tesselaar, Executive Director, BIAN. "As we look to the new year, the financial services sector must focus on becoming more agile and aligned to the needs of the customer. The availability of Service Landscape 10.0, combined with the results of our Coreless banking platform, will allow the industry to do this through innovation and their ability to bring new services to market more quickly and efficiently."
Established in 2008, the Banking Industry Architecture Network (BIAN) is an independent, member owned, not-for-profit association, designed to build and promote a common architectural framework for banking interoperability issues. BIAN's goal is to define operability and semantic definitions for IT services in the banking industry. The community of over 80 members focuses on creating a standard semantic banking services landscape, while ensuring consistent service definitions, levels of detail and boundaries. This will help banks to achieve a reduction of integration costs and take advantage of a service-oriented architecture.


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Missing Memorial
If found, please return to the Sturbridge Town Hall.
Submitted by Anonymous May 31, 2011
Time To Change The Culture
There is a culture, here in Sturbridge, that encourages actions by officials to be performed for what they feel is the common good, and with little, or no input, from the citizens. This culture also insured that little would come of their actions since, they were for the common good, after all, and who would question well intended actions for the benefit of all?
Good question, and if this was 1993, it would never be asked. We assumed everything was being done for our benefit. If something was questioned because it looked like it was an action that could have more thought behind it, it would take a while to find out who to ask about it, a longer time to look through all the minutes of the meetings to find an answer, even longer to find out who was ultimately responsible, and in the end, a lot longer time taken in fixing the problem. If the issue was one that would generate the interest of the press, then things would move faster, and more answers obtained, but a missing Veterans Memorial, and who made the decision to not return it to its original site does not warrant investigative journalism, although it should.
In 2011, things are radically different. We may be presented with a concern, or question, at 8:00 in the morning, and that question could be passed on to many others by 8:15 in hopes of finding an answer. In the meantime, the old fashioned "word on the street" grows exponentially at coffee counters, and in lines at the supermarket. iPhones, Androids, and Blackberries beep with text messages, and emails, and by 10:45 many, many others have heard of the issue, and also want an answer. They each will email, or call their selectman, or some other official in hopes of finding out what is going on. The selectmen will feel the need to respond with answers a lot quicker than in 1993, and they to will email, call, or talk in person to colleagues, and others, by early afternoon.
Then something begins to happen. Something unlike anything that has ever happened before: wheels begin to turn long before the issue is but a distant memory. Often in the same day! Unheard of in 1993.
Welcome to the digital age, and one of the side effects brought on by it: Rapid Accountability. No longer can an issue be swept under the rug, or put aside until the next year. Once an issue is out in the public view it will stay there until resolved, or answered for in part thanks to the internet, emails, and places like this that harp on an issue until an answer is found, a resolution proposed, and every last dead horse is beaten beyond recognition, over and over again.
It started last week with a query about why the Veterans Memorial would not be put back to where it had stood for years in front of the town hall, and the realization that there was never an intention to return it to the site outside the town hall, but rather to hang the bronze plaques on a second floor wall where people can view them during visiting hours.
People don't just stop at a Memorial to read the names, they also stop and appreciate what a community has erected in honor of its men and women that served to protect our freedoms. What has been constructed, and how the memorial is presented says so much about those that did serve, and those that are honoring them.
The same can be said when the Memorials are dismantled, and put away. It says so much about those that at one time honored them.
Now, the issue is out in the daylight. The selectmen are all aware, and looking for answers. Some may be found, but most won't be. There will denials, allegations, and accusations leveled, but in the end what will happen is a committee will be formed to study how the Veterans Memorial can be rebuilt on the original site, or across the street with the Memorials honoring our war dead, or maybe on the town common. Then money will be appropriated to hire a firm to design the monument, and to rebuild it. Hopefully, veterans could once again give their time and expertise to do both of these chores. Veterans from the Revolutionary War built the stone wall around the Old Cemetery on Main Street where many of their comrades were laid to rest.
Veterans will always take care of their own, even when a town has shifted its focus, but I hope the two parties will work hand in hand on this project.
Muster Day celebrates citizen soldiers at Old Sturbridge Village – June 11
Discounts for active military and their families
Demonstrations by 1812 Marines and Oxford Light Infantry
STURBRIDGE, MA (May 24, 2011) – Old Sturbridge Village will celebrate the contributions of "citizen soldiers" during Muster Day on Saturday, June 11 by rec-creating the semi-annual training of 19th-century militias. The day will feature marching and drilling demonstrations, military music, and special appearances by the 1812 Marine Detachment from the U.S.S. Constitution, the Oxford Light Infantry, and the Sturbridge Militia. Active military personnel get 50 percent off their admission and members of their party receive a 25-perecent discount. For more information, call 1-800-SEE-1830 or visit www.osv.org.
In the early 19th century, groups like the 1812 Marine Detachment, based on at the U.S.S. Constitution, often traveled from Boston to locations throughout Massachusetts looking for recruits. The Oxford Light Infantry is typical of an early volunteer militia company that drilled together regularly and had matching uniforms. They stood in stark contrast to less organized citizen soldiers, or "enrolled companies," as portrayed by the Sturbridge Militia, which were made up of all men in a community between 18 and 45 years old. These citizen soldiers met only once or twice a year and were considered to be far better citizens than soldiers.
All three military groups will lead drilling and musket-firing demonstrations. They will hold "sham fights" or mock battles, and target practice. Fife and drum players will play martial music and discuss the importance of music to military operations.
In addition to military training, Muster Day, was also a day for the community to gather and relax. As the years progressed, the social aspects of the day became more prominent than the military ones. In the spirit of community celebration, visitors can "buy" gingerbread on the Common using a period-coin replica and visit the "Striped Pig Tent."
In the 1830s the "Fifteen Gallon Law" was enacted in Massachusetts, making it illegal to sell alcohol by the drink. To circumvent the law, an entrepreneur in Dedham, MA erected a tent, painted stripes on a common pig and charged 6 1/4 cents to see the "Wonderful Striped Pig." Customers were then given a free glass of rum, by-passing the law. OSV will re-create the event on the Common, substituting lemonade for the rum.
Old Sturbridge Village celebrates life in early New England from 1790 – 1840. Located just off the Massachusetts Turnpike and Routes I-84 and 20 in Sturbridge, Mass., OSV is open year-round, but hours vary seasonally. Currently, the Village is open seven days a week from 9:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Admission is: $20 for adults; $18 for seniors; $7 for children ages 3-17; children under 3 are admitted free. Each admission includes free parking and a free second-day visit within 10 days. Woo Card subscribers get 25% of adult daytime admission; college Woo cardholders receive 50% off adult daytime admission. For details, visit www.osv.org or call 800-SEE-1830.
Submitted by OSV
Scribbled by Wally Hersee on Monday, May 30, 2011 No comments:
OSV hosts first annual Antique Car Rally – June 4
New Event features grand procession of 50 pre-1946 autos
(STURBRIDGE, MA) – May 18, 2011: More than 50 antique cars from 1901-1946 will be on display and take part in a grand procession as part of Old Sturbridge Village's first annual Antique Car Rally set for 11:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. Saturday, June 4 in honor of the 65th anniversary of the museum's opening. When Old Sturbridge Village first opened in 1946, motorists were allowed to drive in and tour the Village by car. Among the vintage cars participating are rare early "steamers" from 1901-1922, many early Ford Model As, including a Roadster, Tudor, Sedan, Coupe, and Convertible, a 1927 Chrysler, and a 1939 Ford Deluxe "Woody" Station Wagon. For more information, call 1-800-SEE-1830 or visit www.osv.org
Visitors can view the antique autos and meet their owners throughout the day while the cars are on display on the Old Sturbridge Village Common. The day's highlight is a grand procession through the Center Village at 3:30 p.m.
The oldest car on display will be a 1901 Lane Model 0 Runabout, owned by Arthur Eldredge, Jr. of Peterborough, NH. The antique auto was acquired by his father in 1951 and restored over the course of 24 years. It is one of only two cars made by the Lane Motor Vehicle Company known to exist – and is the only one that still runs. The other known Lane auto is a 1910 touring model that was formerly owned by the Ford Museum. Lane-manufactured cars were produced in Poughkeepsie, NY from 1900 until 1911 and were tiller-steered until 1904. The high point in their production came in 1909 when nearly 150 cars were produced. The Lane vehicles were steam-powered or "steamers." A gasoline-powered burner converted water in the 17-gallon tank to steam and propelled the car for 20-25 miles.
Other antique automobiles that will be on display at OSV include a 1912 Ford Model T Torpedo Roadster, a 1922 Stanley "Steamer", several Ford Model A's, and a 1938 Dodge Brothers 4-Door Touring Sedan. For a full list of cars, check the event listing at osv.org
The Antique Car Rally falls just four days before OSV's 65th anniversary. Old Sturbridge Village opened to the public on June 8, 1946 and welcomed 81 visitors, who toured the Village in their cars and paid $1 admission each. A total of 5,170 visitors came in 1946. Just eleven years later, the one millionth visitor was welcomed to OSV. Last year, more than 270,000 people visited.
Old Sturbridge Village grew from the personal collection of pre-Industrial New England artifacts collected by Albert B. (A.B.) Wells, whose father founded the American Optical Company in Southbridge, Mass. A.B. Wells and his brothers, Channing and J. Cheney, later realized that their collections should be made available to the public and began plans for a living history museum.
Scribbled by Wally Hersee on Sunday, May 29, 2011 No comments:
Of All The Weekends For This to Come to Light
The Veterans Memorial that once stood in front of the
Sturbridge Town Hall.
A few days ago I received an email from a reader. She wrote about the Veterans Memorial that once stood outside of the Town Hall, and was removed during reconstruction of the Hall. She assumed the Memorial would be returned to its original place, outside of the building, but she had learned that the monument was no more.
No more monument to the veterans of Sturbridge outside of the Town Hall. The stone work was discarded, the plaques removed and attached to the walls on the second floor of the Town Hall. The front lawn of the Town Hall was cleared of everything except the flag pole.
There is nothing left, and the reader wanted to know why, and what could be done to return the memorial. This was was the first I had heard of the monument not returning to its original site, and I passed along the readers email to our Veterans Agent, Tom Chamberland in hopes of getting an answer. Tom was quick with a reply, but was in the dark as much as the reader and I were.
In the meantime, there seemed to be a local ground swell of anger, and disappointment that the monument was gone for good, and a petition was circulating in town wanting the Veterans Memorial restored. The petition will be circulated along the parade route on Memorial Day for people to sign to support the restoration of the Veterans Memorial.
Ironic is not a strong enough word to describe that last sentence.
We have all seen plaques that were once dedicated with pride relegated to some back wall when construction forced their being moved. Bronze honoring those that served in the Spanish American War hanging in a dark third floor hallway, or a plaque honoring those that served in Indochina being sentenced to the wall of the break room. It happens as a temporary fix, but is seldom if ever really fixed.
Whose idea was to not restore the monument? Who decided that hanging the plaques on the second floor was memorial enough for those whose names are on those plaques? Above all, when did it become the culture of the Town of Sturbridge to make decisions,and perform actions without the input of the citizenry?
Sidewalks, slate roofs, single pane windows, snow removal along our sidewalks all decided on, and on and on all decided upon at meetings, not by votes of the residents. Now, the destruction of the Town of Sturbridge's Veterans Memorial, the hanging of the once proud plates of bronze on the wall in a second floor assembly room, and no one seems to know how, or why it happened.
I want to refer you to Selectman Tom Creamers blog for additional information Tom has posted about this matter. Please take a moment to read it.
What is happening here? Something as sacred as the monuments to those that served our country in time of conflict being torn down without a plan to rebuild them?
It is not only a shame, but it is a disgrace if the Memorial is not restored.
Now, with all of the above in mind, I want to ask you to view the video below. It is about the War Memorials that were recently constructed in the Town of Auburn along Route 12 in 2010. The difference between one towns honoring of its veterans, and the way those in the brick building at the corner of Main and Maple have chosen to, is a galaxy apart. I sincerely hope there are those among us with the gumption, and resolve to once again do our veterans proud.
I also hope that in the coming days some answers will be obtained, and offered to the town, if not, then it is far past the time to reclaim our town from those that have such little respect for its citizenry, not to mention its veterans.
At the end of Tom Creamers post on his blog he wrote,
"I am unclear as to what resolution can be achieved at this point, though certainly the status quo appears unsatisfactory in that the decision seems to have been made by a few, as opposed to the many. To that end, I, as an individual member of the Board, am open to any and all viable solutions."
Tom, this was the "other issue" I alluded to in my previous post.
Please take a minute check out the video below, and when it has finished think about what you have just read.
Scribbled by Wally Hersee on Sunday, May 29, 2011 18 comments:
Worth A Bit Of Worry
One hundred and fourteen acres in Charlton are being ,marketed as a site for a casino. I've been to Foxwoods, and to Mohegan Sun, and they are both somewhat bigger than 114 acres. Their parking lots are bigger than 114 acres. Does this mean that a casino wouldn't be built on a parcel of land as small as 114 acres? No. It does mean that the owners will aggressively market it even more, and with the lands proximity to I-84, and the Mass Pike what it doesn't have in acreage it sure has in infrastructure.
I'd worry a bit about this one.
Charlton pitches for casino
By JOHN APPLETON
CHARLTON - The owner of 114 acres being marketed for a casino resort next to the Charlton eastbound service plaza on the Massachusetts Turnpike said he has an option to buy an additional 90 acres, which would make his parcel attractive for multiple hotels.
Vincent P. Iuliano also said that his property meets criteria advocated this month by the administration of Gov. Deval L. Patrick to locate casinos near other entertainment centers.
"I have had two inquiries for hotels, so this would be ancillary to the casino," said Iuliano, the owner of Jencent, LLC, which has been marketing its land adjacent to the turnpike to casino developers.
Iuliano said his property, bordered by the turnpike, the service plaza and a four-lane stretch of Route 20, has attracted interest from two casino resort developers: Penn National Gaming and the Seminole Indian Tribe of Florida, which owns the Hard Rock entertainment brand.
"We have water and sewer and the right zoning already. It is shovel ready," Iuliano said.
"Our location offers the operator the lowest cost access to the highways. We are the most central to all of the arteries. We do not need to move mountains or build a (highway) fly-over," Iuliano said.
Iuliano announced his potential for nearly doubling the size of his property in a letter distributed to state legislators and the press.
Legislation to legalize casino gambling was approved by both houses of the Legislature last summer but died when Patrick refused to sign it because of his objections to provisions pushed by House Speaker Robert DeLeo to allow slot machines at race tracks.
Patrick and DeLeo have had recent talks aimed at coming to agreement on terms for casino legislation this year, and the Joint Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies held a hearing on casino legislation May 4.
Iuliano said his property's proximity to the intersection of the turnpike and Interstate 84 and to entertainment sites like the Brimfield Antiques Shows and Old Sturbridge Village make it "the most advantageous casino site in the state."
Another advantage of the Charlton site is its having a population of 7.4 million people living within a 55-mile radius, Iuliano said.
There are also proposals pending for building a resort casino in Holyoke and in Palmer.
The Charlton site was being marketed as a casino site in 2010 by Springfield lawyer Paul P. Nicolai, but Iuliano said Nicolai no longer has an option to purchase the original 114 acres of Jencent property.
Iuliano said his property has 0.8 miles of frontage along the Massachusetts Turnpike, just east of the service plaza. The 114 acres is divided by Route 20, with 46 acres to the north of Route 20 and 68 acres south of it.
It is four miles east of Exit 9 in Sturbridge, the location where Interstate 84 traffic from New York and Connecticut reach the turnpike.
This property at 130 Sturbridge Road was the location of American Reclamation Co., a hazardous waste recycling business that Iuliano operated for 35 years.
Iuliano said his property was used as a facility for crushing concrete, asphalt and brick and for processing oily soils and is ready for construction of a casino and hotel.
"It is shovel ready, zoning compliant and has successfully passed a 21E (environmental test) and has drinking water quality tested monitoring wells," Iuliano said.
Iuliano said the additional 90 acres he now has an option to buy is contiguous to the 68 acres he owns south of Route 20.
In July 2010, when the Legislature was considering whether to establish geographic zones for licensing casinos in Massachusetts, the Charlton Board of Selectmen went on record urging legislators not to establish zones because that system could mean that Central Massachusetts communities would have to compete with Boston.
©2011 The Republican
© 2011 MassLive.com All Rights Reserved.
Scribbled by Wally Hersee on Sunday, May 29, 2011 1 comment:
Finally, An Open Door Policy At The Town Hall
Sometimes all the writing, whining, and annoying other people pays off.
Sometimes people will act in order to turn down the volume, it's akin to swatting a pesky fly. The action is usually done by someone that has had it, and just wants to handle the issue since no one else seems to give two hoots, or know how to.
Well, it took awhile, but Selectman Tom Creamer finally got some answers, and a solution. Why was Tom successful, and others seemed to founder about? The answer is simple: he actually picked up the phone and called someone that had a clue.
No one else did. No one else had a clue as to how to fix the problem.
Tom didn't either, but he found someone that did.
This is a good thing. I have another other issue I'd like looked into, and I'll share it in my next post.
I know Tom will jump all over this next one, too.
From the Worcester Telegram:
Public access granted for Town Hall doors
by Craig S. Semon TELEGRAM & GAZETTE STAFF
STURBRIDGE — The Town Hall's front doors, which haven't been open to the public since the newly renovated building was opened for business in the fall, are now open to all.
The state's Architectural Access Board voted Monday night in favor of granting Sturbridge's request to allow the public to use the doors, despite their lack of access for people with disabilities.
Thomas P. Hopkins, executive director of the access board, said the request was granted on the condition that the town submit a formal variance request in June for Town Hall and the Center Office Building across the street.
On May 16, Mr. Hopkins came to speak to selectmen on his own initiative, he said, because he was concerned about the misinformation the town had been spreading about the state board's requirements. He said no one from Sturbridge ever reached out to the board with inquiries or to seek guidance specific to a handicap-access variance request. Nevertheless, the town had kept the doors shut for months on the belief their being open would be in violation of state requirements for access.
Yesterday, Mr. Hopkins said if the matter had been brought to the access board at the time the project was proposed, it would have been resolved a long time ago.
"Historical buildings, as well as buildings that are undergoing this kind of significant renovations have applied for and received variance relief," Mr. Hopkins said yesterday from his Boston office. "The board grants variances for essentially two reasons — technological infeasibility or the cost to comply is excessive without substantial benefits for persons with disabilities."
On behalf of the selectmen, Thomas R. Creamer, the board's chairman, yesterday thanked the access board and, in particular, Mr. Hopkins, for working to resolve the matter.
"The progress achieved over the last two weeks rests solely with the AAB and Mr. Hopkins, whose willingness to proactively initiate outreach to the town speaks to their professionalism and commitment to problem-solving," Mr. Creamer said. "They accomplished more in two weeks than we have been able to as a community to accomplish in nearly three years."
Heritage Trail Construction To Start!
Heritage Trail Extension Construction to Start,
One of several National Trail Day® events in Area.
Southbridge: Saturday June 4th will see the start of construction of the last incomplete section of The Heritage Trail, a portion the regional Titanic Rail trail. This section will take the Heritage Trail from its current terminus which is point approx 2000 feet up from West Street School to Marjorie Lane, an additional distance of 1100 feet. When completed this trail will allow for trail users to traverse from West St School thru Westville Park and up to the Ed Calcutt Bridge a distance of 3.5 miles.
Funding for this $36,000.00 construction project is a partnership between the Recreation Trails Grant program of the Mass Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), The U S Army Corps of Engineers, Westville Lake, The Clair Birtz Trust and the Town of Southbridge. Donations are also being received from Pioppi Construction, Bertin Engineering and East Acres Farm.
Design, engineering and permitting work has started and on Saturday, June 4th the initial phase of tree and brush removal will begin. It is projected the construction to take approx 4 months, with final loam and seeding and clean up to take place in late September. The completed trail will be 10' wide with a firm hard pack fine gravel surface which is ADA compliant, and have grades of no greater than 8%. Drainage, 2' wide grass shoulders and an informational kiosk located at Marjorie Lane will complete this work.
Saturday June 4th is the American Hiking Society's National Trails Day® (NTD) and this Southbridge trail project is one of several National Trails Day® events in the area. The Communities of Sturbridge and Brimfield as well as the Corps of Engineers will be holding morning work projects with Sturbridge and the Corps also conducting family friendly trail hike events in the afternoon. All work projects will go until 12 noon. Projects will take place rain or shine. Afternoon trail hikes will be cancelled in case of rain.
Southbridge volunteers are asked to meet at the Ranger Office of Westville Lake on 200 Marjorie Lane at 8:30 am. Please wear sturdy shoes, long sleeve shirt, long pants and heavy duty work gloves and bring along a water bottle.
In Brimfield volunteers are asked to meet at the newly constructed Grand Trunk Trail Main Street Trail head parking lot located at 120 Main Street. Work will consist of grading loam, raking and seeding the trail edges of this newly installed parking lot and trail section. Rakes and wheelbarrows are requested along with water bottles and work gloves. Registration starts at 8:30 am.
In Sturbridge volunteers are asked to meet at 10 Shattuck Rd, the "back gate" of the OSV access Rd at 8 am for registration, work here will involve spreading fine gravel to complete the trail surface of the universally accessible Arbutus Park trail. At 2 pm Sturbridge Tree Warden Tom Chamberland will conduct a hike along the Old Growth Trail, a short trail off of the Arbutus Park trail in the Leadmine Mt area talking about "Reading the Forested Landscape" a book by Tom Wessels.
At Westville Lake Park join Park Rangers at 2 pm in the large picnic shelter for a family scavenger hunt and interpretive hike of the Westville Lake community trail. Kids will be instructed on searching for "clues" of our native plants and animals and all can learn of the Corps stewardship of the Westville lake area and some of its history.
National Trails Day® is sponsored by the American Hiking Society with support from several national retailers of outdoor products. The slogan for NTD 2011, Made With All Natural Ingredients, is an open invitation to all Americans to get outside and connect with local hiking clubs, outdoor retailers, local parks and recreation departments or federal land managing agencies to experience everything the great outdoors has to offer. National corporate sponsors include Backpacker Magazine, Columbia, Eastern Mountain Sports, Fetzer®, Merrell, The North Face, and partners, REI, and American Park Network. For more information on NTD visit the American Hiking society web site: http://www.americanhiking.org/national-trails-day/
For more information on local NTD events, to preregister or to make a donation contact Park Ranger Tom Chamberland at 508-347-3705 or email Thomas.a.chamberland@usace.army.mil
Time To Bring Back The Abandoned And Forgotten Pieces Of Our History
Do you know where this sign is in Stubridge?
When Mary and I are out and about with the top down on the Solara, we notice our history forming before our eyes. Well, I do, Mary just tells me when to brake, and to stop rotating my head like an owl as I drive.
Have you ever seen an old, abandoned house on the side of the road all overgrown in weeds and neglected trees and shrubs. Sometimes the house is leaning to the side, or collapsed upon itself. I always wonder about the history of the building. Why was it abandoned? Who owns it now? What happened to the family? Abandoned property is always an issue in a community for reasons as benign as the property becoming and eyesore, to the property becoming a safety concern.
Today we have a number of houses in town that can be considered abandoned due to the economic trouble we have experienced in recent years. Modern houses. Their lawns mowed once or twice a year, and no buyer in sight. They, too, will be relegated to the overgrowth in a few years, and in a few more years there will be other couples riding around wondering about the neglected house in the woods that at one time was a fine lawn. This is history forming before our eyes.
We have a few of those properties here in town, but more on those at a properties in a later post. We also have the bits and pieces of the properties that are still very active, and alive, but a portion of them have been forgotten. The abandoned sections served their purpose, and now are relegated to the Land of the Forgotten. The sign in the above photo is one of those forgotten pieces of history here in town. The ironic thing about the sign, is it is a sign about history.
At one time, the little bits that we sprinkled around to teach, explain, and tell about ourselves were valuable, and then, they are gone for a variety of reasons.
Go figure.
I think the sign in the photo still serves a purpose, and if you learned something new when you read it then you need to contact the owner, and have them move it so all can read it.
Do you know where it is?
Is This 2011, Or 1900?
One violation can be seen as an oversight. Twice is ignorance. More than that is a flagrant violation of the laws written to protect our children. Now, when one discovers that the violations occurred not just at one store, but at five stores, it becomes obvious that the owners could care less about our children.
Too harsh? Just paperwork snafu's? Scheduling foul ups? After you read the article below, scan the summary of the Massachusetts Child Labor Laws posted under the article, and ask yourself, "Is my child affected where they work?". If you think they might be, give Martha a call. (617) 727-2200
Dunkin' franchisees fined for child labor violations
Boston Business Journal - by Lisa van der Pool
Date: Tuesday, May 17, 2011, 12:09pm EDT
A pair of Dunkin' Donuts franchise owners have been cited and fined for violating state child labor laws at stores in four Massachusetts towns, according to Attorney General Martha Coakley's office.
The two Dunkin' franchisees are James Carafotes, 54, of Sutton, Mass. and his business partner Dinart Serpa, 52, of Beverly, Mass. The two business partners own five franchise locations in Fiskdale, Oxford, Sturbridge and Southbridge, the Attorney General's Office said.
Carafotes, Serpa and their five franchise locations have been fined a total of $7,700 for multiple violations of the state's child labor laws, according to Coakley's office.
During an investigation of the frachises in question, investigators discovered that they employed minors before the earliest permissible hour and after the latest permissible hour, according to Coakley's office. The owners were also cited for employing minors without the required work permits and for failing to post all minors' work schedules in the workplaces.
Summary of Massachusetts Laws Regulating Minors' Work Hours and Occupation Restrictions
Prohibited Jobs (Hazardous Orders)
Persons under 14 may not work. There are a few exceptions to this such as working as news carriers, on farms, and in entertainment (with a special permit).
Persons under 16 may NOT:
Operate, clean, or repair power-driven machinery (except office machines or machines for retail, cleanup, or kitchen work not otherwise prohibited
Cook (except on electric or gas grills that do not have open flames)
Operate fryolators, rotisseries, NEICO broilers, or pressure cookers
Operate clean or repair power-driven food slicers, grinders, choppers, processors, cutters, and mixers
Perform any baking activities
Operate microwave ovens (except to heat food in microwave ovens with a maximum capacity of 140 degrees Fahrenheit)
Clean kitchen surfaces that are hotter than 100 degrees Fahrenheit
Filter, transport, or dispose of cooking oil or grease hotter than 100 degrees Fahrenheit
Work in freezers or meat coolers
Work in a manufacturing facility or occupation (e.g., in a factory, as an assembler)
Work on or use ladders, scaffolds, or their substitutes
Work in garages, except dispensing gas and oil
Work in brick or lumber yards
Work in amusement places (e.g., pool or billiard room, or bowling alley)
Work in barber shops
Work in door-to-door street sales, including work as a sign waiver (except directly outside employer establishment)
Work in construction, transportation, communications, or public utilities (except doing clerical work away from heavy machinery off the job site)
Work in warehouses (except doing clerical work)
Load or unload trucks, railroad cars, or conveyors
Ride in or on a motor vehicle (except in passenger seat if wearing a seatbelt)
Work doing laundry in a commercial laundry or dry cleaning establishment
Work as a public messenger
Work at processing operations (e.g., in meat or fish, poultry catching, cooping, cracking nuts, bulk or mass mailing)
Work around boilers or in engine rooms
Do industrial homework
Work with dangerous electrical machinery or appliances
Work in any of the occupations or tasks prohibited for persons under age 18
Enage in work that is determined by the Massachusetts Attorney General to be dangerous to the health and well-being of minors
Drive a vehicle, forklift, or work assist vehicle (except golf carts in certain circumstances)
Ride as a passenger on a forklift
Operate, clean, or repair power-driven meat slicers, grinders, or choppers
Operate, clean, or repair power-driven bakery machines (except for certain countertop models and pizza dough rollers)
Work 30 feet or more above ground or water
Handle, serve, or sell alcoholic beverages
Use circular, chain, or band saws; guillotine shears; wood chippers; and abrasive cutting discs
Use power-driven woodworking machines
Use, service, drive, or work from hoisting machines
Operate or load power-driven balers, compactors, or paper processing machines
Use power-driven metal-forming, punching, or shearing machines
Use buffing or polishing equipment
Manufacture brick, tile, or kindred products
Manufacture or store explosives
Work in excavation, wrecking, demolition, or shipbreaking
Work in forest fire fighting, forest fire prevention, timber track operations, and forestry service
Work in logging, sawmilling, or mining
Work slaughtering, packing, or processing meat and poultry
Work in railway operations
Work in roofing or on or about a roof
Work in foundries or around blast furnaces
Work manufacturing phosphorus or phosphorus matches
Work where they are exposed to radioactive substances
Work as a firefighter or engineer on a boat
Oil or clean hazardous machinery in motion
Work in any job requiring the possession or use of a firearm
Tasks not specifically permitted by the US DOL Secretary of Labor are prohibited.
This is a compilation of state and federal child labor laws. The most protective laws are presented here and apply to all employers of teens including parents who may employ their children. There are additional regulations in this area not summarized here and some exceptions for employers in agricultural industries.
Questions about the state child labor laws should be directed to the Massachusetts Office of the Attorney General, Fair Labor Division (617-727-3465).
Questions about federal child labor laws should be directed to the U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division (617-624-6700).
Legal Work Hours for Teens in Massachusetts
Note: After 8:00 p.m., all minors must have the direct and immediate supervision of an adult supervisor who is located in the workplace and is reasonably accessible to the minor, unless the minor works at a kiosk, cart or stand in the common area of an enclosed shopping mall that has security from 8:00 p.m. until the mall is closed to the public.
14 and 15 Year Olds Work Hours
Only between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. during the school year
Not during school hours
Only between 7 a.m. and 9 p.m. during the summer
(from July 1 through Labor Day)
Maximum Hours When School Is in Session
3 hours a day on school days
8 hours a day Saturday, Sunday, holidays
Maximum Hours When School Is Not in Session
8 hours a day
Only between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. (on nights preceding a regularly scheduled school day) – if the establishment stops serving clients or customers at 10:00 p.m., the minor may be employed until 10:15 p.m.
Only between 6 a.m. and 11:30 p.m. (on nights not preceding a regularly scheduled school day).
Exception for restaurants and racetracks: only between 6 a.m. and 12:00 midnight (on nights not preceding a regularly scheduled school day).
Maximum Hours of Work – Whether or Not School is in Session
Scribbled by Wally Hersee on Wednesday, May 18, 2011 1 comment:
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Sharing Our Town And Ourselves


Writing is an essential skill for all students and daily writing opportunities are a must in any classroom. This digital download contains several thematic writing prompts to get you through the year and promote a love for writing. Each unit is broken down into 2 – 3 week cross-curricula topics.


At the Cinema cross stitch pattern... This counted cross stitch pattern of old Cinema in the City Scene was designed from the beautiful artwork of Geno Peoples. Only full cross stitches are used in this pattern. It is a black and white symbol pattern.


text:
Lorence Gene "Larry" Collins (* 19. November 1931 in Vernon, Cowley County, Kansas) ist ein US-amerikanischer Petrologe, der durch seine Arbeiten über metasomatische Prozesse bekannt geworden ist.

Lebenslauf

Collins studierte Geologie an der University of Illinois in Urbana, an der er 1953 mit Auszeichnungen den Bachelor (B.Sc.) absolvierte, gefolgt vom Master (M.Sc.) 1955. Im Jahr 1959 erhielt er dann einen Doktortitel (Ph.D.). Die Dissertation hatte die Magnetit-Lagerstätten im Bundesstaat New York zum Inhalt.

1959 nahm er eine Lehrtätigkeit am San Fernando Valley State College an, der heutigen California State University, Northridge (CSUN). Diese Tätigkeit übte er 33 Jahre lang bis zu seiner Pensionierung im Jahr 1993 aus. Er unterrichtete in den Fächern Geologie, Mineralogie und Fernerkundung. Er arbeitete zunächst als «Assistant Professor» (Assistent). 1962 wurde er zum «Associate Professor» (in etwa Privatdozent) an der CSUN und 1966 Fakultätsleiter.

1966 veröffentlichte Collins im National Geographic den Aufsatz: Finding rare beauty in common rocks (Entdeckung seltener Schönheit in gewöhnlichen Gesteinen).

Seit 1972 arbeitet Collins an Myrmekit, einer Verwachsung von Plagioklas und wurmförmigem Quarz. Seine Untersuchungen führten ihn zu mehreren bedeutenden Entdeckungen auf dem Gebiet der Petrologie, die ihn dazu bewogen, allgemein anerkannte magmatische Erklärungen der
Granitentstehung in Frage zu stellen. Seine Forschungsarbeiten belegen die Bedeutung metasomatischer Verdrängungsreaktionen, welche stellenweise regionale Ausmaße annehmen können.

Collins ist seit 1955 mit der Botanikerin Barbara J. Schenck verheiratet und hat fünf Kinder. Das Paar unterhält einen Website über Wildpflanzen Kaliforniens, der in die vier Biotope Steppe (Chaparral), Wüste, Berglandschaft und kalifornische Nordküste unterteilt ist. Die Illustrationen stammen zum Großteil von Lorence Collins. Seine Frau verstarb am 30. April 2013.

Wissenschaftliche Entdeckungen

1972 untersuchte Collins Gesteine bei Temecula in Kalifornien. Hierbei stieß er auf die Verwachsungsstruktur Myrmekit. Ihre Entstehung stimmte aber nicht mit den akzeptierten Theorien überein, die bisher entweder von einer Entmischung aus primärem Alkalifeldspat oder einer an den Rändern von Alkalifeldspat erfolgenden Natrium-Kalzium-Metasomatose ausgegangen waren. Eine ausgedehnte Versuchsreihe unter Zuhilfenahme von Dünnschliffen, Kathodolumineszenz, Elektronenstrahlmikroanalyse und Rasterelektronenmikroskop legte eine ganz andere Entstehungsweise nahe: Kalium-haltige Lösungen hatten mit dem primären Plagioklas unter Bildung von Myrmekit reagiert. Diese Versuchsreihe und Geländebeobachtungen überzeugten Collins, dass der Myrmekit in Temecula auf ganz andere Art entstanden sein musste, als bisher von den meisten Geologen vermutet. Seine Ansichten riefen bei anerkannten Petrologen heftigen Widerstand hervor. Collins schrieb daher 1997 ein Buch. Außerdem veröffentlichte er seine Forschungsergebnisse auf seiner eigenen Website.

Forschungsumfang
Seit seiner Doktorarbeit im Bundesstaat New York hat Collins eine Vielzahl petrologischer Studien in unterschiedlichen geologischen Terranen durchgeführt. Diese Arbeiten konzentrierten sich auf den Südwesten der Vereinigten Staaten. Collins hat aber auch Untersuchungen in den Neuenglandstaaten, in Kanada (Alberta, British Columbia und Ontario), in Europa (Finnland, Irland, Norwegen und Schottland), in Aserbaidschan, im Iran und in Australien vorgenommen.
Dabei ging es vor allem um Granitoide, Gneise, Augengneise, Mylonite und Metamorphite.

Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeiten hat Collins, manchmal in Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Autoren, auf seiner Website veröffentlicht, die bisher über 50 Beiträge enthält. In seinem letzten Beitrag fasst Collins seine langjährigen Forschungen über Myrmekit und die metasomatische Entstehung von Granitoiden zusammen. Er unterscheidet drei Entstehungsweisen, zu denen er im Jahr 2018 eine vierte hinzufügt. Die Entstehungsmoden lauten somit:
 Kalium-Metasomatose an primären, zoniert gebauten Plagioklasen
 Natrium- und Kalziummetasomatose an primären Alkalifeldspäten
 Kalzium-Metasomatose an primären, Albit-reichen Plagioklasen (in Anorthositen)
 Kalzium- und Natriumabfuhr aus kataklastisch beanspruchten, primären, zoniert gebauten Plagioklasen

Ergebnisse

Collins Thesen aufgrund seiner Forschungen an Myrmekit haben eine große Tragweite, da sie über die Entstehungsweise von Graniten Auskunft geben – ein zentraler Problemkreis der petrologischen Forschung. Seine Ergebnisse können wie folgt zusammengefasst werden:

 Collins bestreitet nicht, dass die meisten Granitoide einen magmatischen Ursprung haben. Bei der Abkühlung kristallisierte die Schmelze am Eutektikum aus. Für Collins ist dies aber nicht der Endpunkt der Entwicklung. Es ist allgemein bekannt, dass sich Feldspäte auch im Subsolidus-Temperaturbereich von 650 °C bis 450 °C unterhalb des Eutektikums bilden können. Collins zeigt in seinen Arbeiten, dass heiße metasomatische Flüssigkeiten (insbesondere kalium- und siliziumhaltige) die magmatisch gebildeten Minerale angreifen können und es mit den Primärmineralen zu Austauschreaktionen kommt (Siehe die Abbildung rechts, ein Beispiel für die Verdrängung von zoniertem Plagioklas durch Alkalifeldspat im Vrådal-Pluton, Südnorwegen). Die Bildung von Myrmekit und Quarz-Siebstrukturen sind die Anzeichen für diesen Vorgang. Die Austauschreaktionen müssen nicht örtlich beschränkt bleiben, sondern können regional bedeutend werden. Sie können ursprünglich mafische Gesteine wie Gabbros und Diorite allmählich zu mehr SiO2-reicheren Gesteinen verwandeln. Ein gutes Beispiel hierfür ist der Wanup-Pluton bei Sudbury in Ontario, bei dem eine Umwandlung von Diorit/Gabbro hin zu Quarzmonzonit/Granodiorit erfolgte.

Von weitreichender Bedeutung ist hier die von Collins entdeckte positive Korrelation der Quarzstängeldicke im neugebildeten Myrmekit mit dem Kalziumgehalt (An-Wert) im primären Plagioklas des umgebenden Granitoids. Modellvorstellungen, welche die Myrmekitbildung mit Entmischung von Kalzium und Natrium aus primärem Alkalifeldspat oder mit einer Ca- und Na-Verdrängungsreaktion des primären Alkalifeldspats zu interpretieren versuchen, können für eine derartige positive Korrelation keine Erklärung liefern.

 Umgekehrt sind metasomatische Reaktionen bei der Erwärmung von Ausgangsgesteinen bereits weit vor Erreichen der Anatexis zu verzeichnen. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist der Cooma-Granodiorit im Südosten Australiens. Collins zeigte, wie die örtlichen Metasedimente metasomatischen Austauschreaktionen ausgesetzt sind und dadurch in Granodiorit und Migmatit umgewandelt werden. Von Bedeutung ist dabei die Tatsache, dass der Cooma-Granodiorit nie die Aufschmelzphase erreicht hat, sondern rein auf Mineralaustausch beruht.

 Collins unterstreicht in seinen Arbeiten außerdem die entscheidende Rolle tektonischer Deformationen. Nur durch sie können heiße metasomatische Lösungen ihre volle Effektivität entfalten. Erst spröde (Kataklasis, Brüche und Störungen) und plastische Verformungsprozesse (Verfaltungen, Scherbänder, Scherzonen und Mylonite) ermöglichen den Lösungen ein Eindringen in die Kristallgitter.

Collins stieß unter etablierten Petrologen auf erstaunlich hartnäckigen Widerstand, obwohl über die Wirksamkeit metasomatischer Prozesse kaum Zweifel bestehen. Bestes Beispiel hierfür sind Fenite (Na-K-Metasomatose) und Skarne, deren metasomatischer Ursprung allgemein anerkannt ist. Collins wirft daher zwei Fragen auf:
 Zur Erklärung angereicherter basaltischer Magmen wird allgemein von einem metasomatisch veränderten (angereicherten) Erdmantel (Ausgangsgestein: netzadriger Peridotit) ausgegangen, in der Erdkruste jedoch sollen metasomatische Prozesse plötzlich nicht mehr zum Tragen kommen?
 Die Natriummetasomatose wird allgemein akzeptiert, warum dann nicht auch die komplementäre Kaliummetasomatose, obwohl beide Elemente sich chemisch sehr ähnlich verhalten?

Auseinandersetzung mit dem Kreationismus
Lorence Collins ist Methodist und als Geologe dem Kreationismus gegenüber sehr kritisch eingestellt. Auf seiner Website hat er ein Domain über den Kreationismus eingerichtet. Verschiedene Aspekte der kreationistischen Theorien werden hier dargestellt, insbesondere wörtliche Auslegungen von Bibelzitaten und übernatürliche Erklärungsversuche. Collins zeigt, dass all diese Aspekte entweder mit natürlichen Vorgängen oder mit modernen wissenschaftlichen Methoden erklärt werden können. Ferner enthält der Website drei Beiträge, in denen Collins seine eigene christliche Philosophie erläutert.

Sintflut
Collins hält im Gegensatz zu den Kreationisten eine weltweite Sintflut für ausgeschlossen, räumt aber die Möglichkeit einer regional begrenzten Überflutung im südöstlichen Mesopotamien (Irak) durchaus ein, welche den historischen Kern des Arche Noah-Mythos darstellten dürfte. Die Schwemmebene des Zweistromlandes beginnt ungefähr 130 Kilometer nördlich von Bagdad und reicht bis zum Persischen Golf. Sie wird bis zu 270 Kilometer breit und wird von Euphrat und Tigris durchflossen. Das Gefälle ist sehr niedrig, auf den 680 Kilometern zwischen Bagdad und dem Golf meist weniger als 20 cm/km, extrem niedrige Werte betragen sogar manchmal nicht mehr als 2 cm/km. Die Flachheit dieser Landschaft begünstigt bei außergewöhnlichen meteorologischen Bedingungen in den umgebenden Hochländern (Syrien, Türkei und Iran) Überschwemmungen, die im Zweistromland keine Seltenheit sind. Bei einem Jahrtausendereignis dürften die Dörfer in Uferwallnähe möglicherweise mit bis zu zehn Meter tiefen Wassermassen bedeckt gewesen sein. Auf Grund der Erdkrümmung sind die umliegenden Hochländer nicht auszumachen, die Besatzung eines in den Fluten treibenden Bootes musste daher den Eindruck gehabt haben, als würde ihre gesamte bekannte Welt unter Wasser stehen.

Auch Carol Hill und Stephen Moshier teilen in ihrer Studie diesen Standpunkt. Die beiden Autoren verweisen auf die Tatsache, dass der Garten Eden von bis zu 10 000 Meter mächtigen paläozoischen, mesozoischen und känozoischen Sedimenten unterlagert wird. Diese Sedimente sind ihrerseits teils fossilführend und aus ihnen stammte auch der Teer zum kalfatern der Arche. Die geologischen Gegebenheiten sprechen in diesem Fall eindeutig gegen ein einziges weltweites Flutereignis.

Am Ararat, dem angeblichen Landeplatz der Arche, liegt eine ähnliche Situation vor. Der Stratovulkan wird von über 1000 Meter mächtigen Sedimentgesteinen unterlagert. Innerhalb des in der Bibel erwähnten Zeitraumes eines Jahres ist es physikalisch unmöglich, dass
 das Sedimentpaket abgelagert und verfestigt wurde
 der Ararat die Sedimente durchschlug und sich dann auf über 5000 Meter Meerhöhe aufbaute und
 die Laven abkühlten und sich verfestigten, damit Noahs Arche sicher dort landen konnte.
All dies legt die Schlussfolgerung nahe, dass die Anhänger des Kreationismus am Ararat vergebens nach den Überresten der Arche suchen dürften.

In  wird berichtet, dass Noah und seine Familie erst nach einem Jahr die Arche verlassen konnten. Die zurückweichende Flut hinterließ zweifelsohne langsam austrocknende Seen, in denen Evaporite zur Ausfällung kamen. Laut Bibel dürften daher solche Sedimente nur nach den eigentlichen Sintflutsedimenten zu finden sein. Evaporite kommen aber auf allen Kontinenten und in allen geologischen Perioden vor (als Beispiel möge das steinsalzführende oberpermische Haselgebirge dienen, das bei Bad Reichenhall und Hallein abgebaut wird). Außerdem enthalten die Sintflutsedimente mehrere rote Tonlagen mit Trockenrissen – was ebenfalls einem einzigen gigantischen Flutereignis widerspricht.

Pleochroitische Höfe um Polonium

Ein Lieblingsargument der Kreationisten für ihre Überzeugung, dass Granit und somit die gesamte Erde am dritten Tag der Schöpfungswoche entstand, sind die pleochroitischen Höfe um radioaktive Poloniumatome. Diese Hypothese wurde von dem Physiker Robert V. Gentry, der pleochroitische Höfe um Poloniumatome in pegmatitischem Biotit (und Fluorit) untersucht hatte, aufgestellt. Polonium ist ein natürlich vorkommendes Element mit vielen radioaktiven Isotopen, darunter 218Po, 214Po und 210Po. Diese drei Isotopen sind die letzten Zerfallsprodukte innerhalb der achtschrittigen Zerfallsreihe von Uran (238U) vor der Bildung von stabilem Blei (206Pb). Bei jedem dieser Zerfallsschritte werden hochenergetische Alphateilchen freigesetzt. Im Falle des in der Biotitstruktur eingebetteten Poloniums wird durch den Alphabeschuss die umgebende Gitterstruktur des Biotits zerstört und es entsteht ein Glas, das im Dünnschliff als dunkler pleochroitischer Hof erscheint, vorausgesetzt es waren zwischen 109 und 1010 Poloniumatome zugegen.

Der Radius dieser Strahlungsschäden ist für jedes einzelne Poloniumisotop unterschiedlich. Sind alle drei Poloniumisotope zugegen, so lassen sich auch drei unterschiedliche Radien beobachten. 238U findet sich im Biotit gewöhnlich im Kristallgitter von Zirkon- oder Uraniniteinschlüssen. Seine Zerfallsreihe kann theoretisch acht unterschiedliche Radien bewirken, darunter eben auch die drei Radien des Poloniums. Die Poloniumradien können aber auch vollkommen unabhängig von der restlichen Zerfallsreihe auftreten. Diese isolierten Vorkommen bilden die Basis für Gentry's Argumentation einer Erschaffung der Erde am dritten Schöpfungstag:

Gentry geht davon aus, dass die Kristallisationsdauer großer granitischer Magmenkörper innerhalb der Erdkruste mindestens 5 Millionen Jahre in Anspruch nimmt. Die Halbwertszeiten von 218Po, 214Po und 210Po betragen aber nur 3,05 Minuten, 0,2 Sekunden bzw. 140 Tage. Mit derartig kurzen Halbwertszeiten spielt es keine Rolle, wie viel an Polonium ursprünglich im Magma vorhanden war, denn es war zum Zeitpunkt des endgültigen Einbaus in die Gitterstrukturen bereits längst wieder zu stabilem Pb-206 zerfallen. Da die meisten Granitpetrologen die Entstehung des Granits ausschließlich auf eine Erstarrung flüssigen Magmas zurückführen, erscheint Gentry's Gedankengang durchaus als logisch. Für ihn kann folglich die Anwesenheit von pleochroitischen Höfen um Polonium nur bedeuten, dass Granit nicht allmählich aus einer Schmelze auskristallisierte, sondern sich jäh am dritten Schöpfungstag bildete und somit eine wörtliche Bibelauslegung rechtfertigt.

Collins' Forschungsergebnisse jedoch zeigen, dass nicht alle Granitoide aus einem flüssigen Magma auskristallisieren (siehe Ergebnisse weiter oben). Mancherorts ist es durchaus möglich, dass sich Granitoide unterhalb der Solidustemperatur bilden; durch Deformation können in festen Ausgangsgesteinen feinste Risse entstehen und dann heiße metasomatische Flüssigkeiten ins Gestein eindringen. Ist im Ausgangsgestein genügend Uran vorhanden, so kann radioaktives Radon (222Rn) entstehen und sich als Edelgas frei in Gesteinsrissen bewegen. Da Rn-222 der Vorläufer von 218Po ist, führt seine diffundierende Bewegung letztendlich auch zur Ausbildung von pleochroitischen Höfen um neuentstandenes Polonium. Solange die Deformationen und somit die chemischen Austauschreaktionen anhalten, können sich pleochroitische Höfe ganz natürlich über längere Zeiträume hinweg bilden, auf eine «Instantlösung» am dritten Schöpfungstag muss dann nicht mehr zurückgegriffen werden. Sehr interessant ist die Tatsache, dass Collins an all den Stellen mit pleochroitischen Höfen um Polonium im Biotit immer auch assoziierten Myrmekit in den Granitoiden vorfand.

Somit lässt die Kombination von sowohl pleochroitischen Höfen um Polonium als auch von Myrmekit die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass nicht alle größeren Granitoide aus flüssigem Magma entstanden sein können, da beide Strukturen für sich genommen nicht magmatischen Ursprungs sind.

Die "Arche Noah" bei Dogubeyazit

1977 behauptete der Kreationist und Amateurarchäologe Ron Wyatt, dass eine südlich des Ararat bei Dogubeyazit (Osttürkei) gefundene Steinstruktur die Arche Noah der Bibel sei. Sie ist rund 160 Meter lang (vgl. die Abbildung rechts). 1985 stellte David Fasol, der mit Collins und anderen die Struktur untersuchte, diesem zwölf Dünnschliffe zur Verfügung. Collins fand keinerlei Hinweise auf versteinertes Holz. Die rostigen Eisenteile, die für Nieten, Bolzen und Unterlegscheiben aus Eisen-Titan-Legierung gehalten wurden, erwiesen sich als oxidierte, titanhaltige Magnetite, die aus Vulkaniten (Andesit und Basalt) stammten. Der Magnetit, der in der Osttürkei häufig vorkommt, war in Seifenlagen innerhalb der strukturbildenden Sedimentabfolgen angereichert worden. Einige dieser Sedimentlagen bestehen aus Laharen (vulkanischen Schlammströmen) mit eingelagerten vulkanischen Blöcken, wodurch der Eindruck von Wänden, Oberdeck, Dollbord und Reling eines Schiffes entstehen konnte.

Collins Untersuchungen an der fraglichen Arche wurden in einem Fernsehprogramm des National Geographic «The Truth Behind Noah's Ark» («Die Wahrheit über Noah's Arche») dokumentiert.

Spätere Untersuchungen anderer Geologen am Fundplatz ergaben ebenfalls, dass es sich eindeutig um anstehendes Gestein handelt. Die Bootsform war zusätzlich durch die erosive Tätigkeit von Schlammströmen herauspräpariert worden.

Drei andere, in Größe und Gestalt vergleichbare Strukturen finden sich in der Nähe des Kleinen Ararats.

Schriften

Buch

Weblinks
 Website von Lorence G. Collins
 Myrmekit Website von Lorence G. Collins
 Website von Barbara J.Collins der Wildpflanzen Kaliforniens

Einzelnachweise

Geologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Geologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Petrologe
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1931
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Lawrenceville is a city in and the county seat of Gwinnett County, Georgia, United States. It is a suburb of Atlanta, located approximately 30 miles (48 km) northeast of downtown. As of the 2010 census, the population of Lawrenceville was 28,546. In 2015, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city population to be 30,493. Lawrenceville has six ZIP codes (30042-30046, 30049), and it is part of the 678/770/404 telephone area code, which is used throughout metropolitan Atlanta.
Lawrenceville was incorporated by an act of the Georgia General Assembly on December 15, 1821. This makes Lawrenceville the second oldest city in the metropolitan Atlanta area. The city is named after Commodore James Lawrence, commander of the frigate Chesapeake during the War of 1812. Lawrence, a native of New Jersey, is probably best known today for his dying command, "Don't give up the ship!" William Maltbie, the town's first postmaster, suggested the name of "Lawrenceville."
In 1821, a permanent site for the county courthouse was selected and purchased, the four streets bordering the square were laid out along with other streets in the village, and a public well was dug. Major Grace built the first permanent courthouse, a brick structure, in 1823-24 for a cost of $4,000. The courthouse presently on the square was constructed in 1885.
The two most famous people born in Lawrenceville gained their fame elsewhere. Charles Henry Smith, born in 1826, left as a young man and lived most of his life in other Georgia towns. During the Civil War he wrote humorous pieces for Atlanta newspapers under the name Bill Arp. He has been described as the South's most popular writer of the late 19th century, though he is not much read today. Ezzard Charles, born in 1921, grew up in Cincinnati, where opportunities for African-Americans were far better at the time than in the Deep South. He eventually became the World Heavyweight boxing champion by defeating Joe Louis by unanimous decision on September 27, 1950.


Which of the following John Woo-production do you like best?
Most fans may know John Woo from his excellent works like The Killer and Hard Boiled but John has also earned a name as a producer for several Hong Kong and US films which are not directed by the action maestro himself. Although most of his production didn't received as much success as his own films,you have admit that the man has added a special touch to these films.
Produced by John Woo shortly before coming over to Hollywood, this heart-warming drama is definitely one of John Woo best production. Someone Up There Likes Me stars Hong Kong heart-throb Aaron Kwok as a young inspiring boxer who faces tough challenges in the world of boxing. He falls in love with his opponent's younger sister but ends up accidentally killing her brother during a boxing match. Aaron gives one of his best performance to date in this film and the supporting cast is pretty good too, notably Samo Hung, an ex-boxer who becomes a mentor to Aaron. John Woo's trademarks are hardly visible in this film but Woo probably help choreographed the excellent boxing sequences in this film.
In 1995,John Woo help produced Chow Yun-Fat last film in Hong Kong, entitled Peace Hotel. Chow plays "King of Killers", who sets up a hotel called Peace Hotel where anyone within the premise would be protected from whatever danger that they are running from and peace is restored. Chow soon faces a dilemma when one of the occupant starts causing trouble. Set in a western backdrop, Peace Hotel is one of the most stylish films to come out of Hong Kong, which is no surprise if one is familiar with John Woo's style of film-making. Peace Hotel received moderate success in Hong Kong, mainly because the audiences were expecting more from Chow's swansong to Hong Kong. It's actually quite different from what Yun-Fat made with John Woo, so those who were expecting the same stuff as in The Killer and others were most probably were disappointed.
Probably the weakest of the lot, The Replacement Killers just can't match the rest of the film whether it's in terms of action or storyline. The Replacement Killers is Chow Yun-Fat's Hollywood debut with the veteran actor playing a similar role to the one in John Woo's The Killer. It's not to say that The Replacement Killers is a very BAD film, but the film really doesn't have anything new to showcase to the audiences, mainly John Woo/Chow Yun-Fat Asian fans who are familiar with their previous works. Actor Chow Yun-Fat once said in an interview that "The Replacement Killers is actually old wine in a new bottle". While most Woo/Chow are anxiously waiting for the project King's Ransom to kick off, do check out Chow's latest film The Corruptor set for release really soon.
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Monthly John Woo Poll Which of the following John Woo-production do you like best?