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The Impact of Meteorological Factors on Fine Particulate Pollution in Northeast China
Special Issue on 2019 Asian Aerosol Conference (AAC)
Volume 20, Issue 7, July 2020
Air Pollution Modeling China
Can Meng1,2, Tianhai Cheng This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.1, Fangwen Bao3, Xingfa Gu1, Jian Wang4, Xin Zuo1,2, Shuaiyi Shi This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.1
1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3 Department of Ocean Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
4 Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Received: October 24, 2019
Revised: February 19, 2020
Accepted: February 21, 2020
Meng, C., Cheng, T., Bao, F., Gu, X., Wang, J., Zuo, X. and Shi, S. (2020). The Impact of Meteorological Factors on Fine Particulate Pollution in Northeast China. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 20: 1618–1628. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2019.10.0534
Wind speed, HPBL and temperature inversion impact PM2.5 in NE China significantly.
Harbin: 91.6% pollution days occur when wind < 20 knots, HPBL < 1500 m, TI_T > 8°C.
Changchun: 61.7% pollution days occur when wind < 20 knots, HPBL < 600 m.
Shenyang: 70.3% pollution days occur when wind < 20 knots, TI_D > 775 m.
Due to biomass burning and coal combustion, heavy fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution frequently occurs in Northeast China, threatening the health of more than 117 million inhabitants. Although meteorological conditions have always been considered key factors in the accumulation and dilution of PM2.5 pollution, their exact contribution to particulate pollution in Northeast China is still highly uncertain. Applying multiple regression analysis to observational data, we identify the wind speed, temperature inversion, and height of the planetary boundary layer as the dominant meteorological factors affecting PM2.5 pollution (PM2.5 > 75 µg m–3) in the major cities of Northeast China, with the wind speed and the planetary boundary layer playing the primary roles in Harbin and Shenyang, and Changchun, respectively. Heavy pollution (PM2.5 > 150 µg m–3) in this region typically occurs when the wind speed is less than 20 knots, the planetary boundary layer is below 500 m, and the temperature inversion is greater than 6°C. These results suggest that reducing the PM2.5 pollution requires us to focus not only on anthropogenic emissions but also on special meteorological conditions that can affect the air pollution mechanisms in Northeast China.
Keywords: Fine particulate (PM2.5) pollution; Multiple regression method; Wind speed; Temperature inversion; Planetary boundary layer height.
Several extremely severe atmospheric haze events have occurred recently in Northeast China, a major crop straw burning region of China, with air pollution reaching up to nearly 2–3 times of the historical record (Chen et al., 2015; Wen et al., 2018). Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been proved harmful to human health and regarded as the main factor impairing visibility (He et al., 2001; Wang and Christopher, 2003; Jung et al., 2010; Heal et al., 2012; Kan et al., 2012). It exerts large influences on the development of planetary boundary layer (PBL) through the positive feedback loop between aerosol and PBL (Petäjä et al., 2016; Li et al., 2017b; Lou et al., 2019) which in turn deteriorates the air quality. Besides, aerosol tends to affect the formation and development of cloud and precipitation through directly altering the radiation reaching the ground surface (Lohmann and Feichter, 2001; Yang et al., 2016) or indirectly altering the structure of clouds by acting as cloud condensation nucleus (Twomey, 1977; Chen et al., 2016; Guo et al., 2016; Guo et al., 2019), albeit its inconclusive effect on weather and climate systems (Rosenfeld et al., 2014; Fan et al., 2016; Li et al., 2019). In view of its potential huge influence, fine particulate pollution has attracted great attention from the Chinese government. Many regulations and standards have been made to control the fine particulate pollution (Wen et al., 2018). By adopting these measures, a gradual decrease in the PM2.5 concentration over time has been witnessed recently (Wen et al., 2018). However, PM2.5 pollution in Northeast China is still non-negligible, especially around harvest time (Chen et al., 2017).
The pollution during the heating season in Northeast China is mainly caused by evening biomass burning and coal combustion (Fang et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2011; Fang et al., 2017). In addition, meteorological factors are important to the variation of PM2.5 concentrations. Researches show that wind speed has a negative effect on PM2.5 concentration (Chen et al., 2015; Liang et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2017; Wen et al., 2018). Wind speed can facilitate plume spread and dilution, leading to lower PM2.5 concentrations. In such way, atmospheric horizontal mixing has been considered as one of the most efficient dilution mechanisms (Marcazzan et al., 2001). Studies show that lower height of the planetary boundary layer (HPBL) weakens the dispersion ability of the atmosphere (Seinfeld et al., 1998; Dickerson et al., 2007; Marcazzan et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2015; Wen et al., 2018). HPBL, also known as the boundary layer top, refers to the thickness of the planetary boundary layer. The characteristic of the boundary layer height is that the turbulence coefficient at this height is zero and the free atmosphere is above it. The diffusion and transportation of pollutants in the lower atmosphere depends to a large extent on the boundary layer structure. Within the boundary layer, turbulence can fully mix particles and gases (Garratt, 1994). In addition, the inversion layer boosts the accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere (Wang et al., 2014b; Fang et al., 2017). Temperature inversion is a reversal of the normal behavior of temperature in the troposphere, in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air. When inversion occurs, upward movement of the lower atmosphere decreases and the pollutants are trapped in the lower atmosphere (Xu et al., 2019). In winter, the recurrent or continuous thermal inversions with fog at ground level are the major contributors to the massive amount of air pollutants accumulated in the lower layer of the atmosphere (Marcazzan et al., 2001). Moreover, haze weather can form in a faster way under high humidity conditions. Some researchers conclude that the relative humidity (RH) could well explain the daily variations of PM2.5 (Sun et al., 2013; Fang et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2017). Previous studies indicated that the synoptic scale meteorological conditions and multiple meteorological factors can have a complicated impact to the PM2.5 pollution (Chen et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Miao et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2014a).
Three typical large cities of Northeast China (i.e., Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang) were studied in this research, using statistical data and regression model analysis, to investigate the impact of different meteorological factors on major cities in Northeast China. The study result of this research is of great benefit to making suitable and effective strategies for PM2.5 control in Northeast China.
As shown in Fig. 1, Northeast China is covered mostly by plain. The Northeast Plain is surrounded by mountains, alluvial plains and terraces, with an elevation of about 200 m. The Northeast Plain is located in a temperate and warm temperate zone with continental monsoon climate characteristics. Significant seasonal differences exist in this area. The summer is short, warm and rainy. Meanwhile the winter is long, cold, and snowy. And the monsoon alternates between winter and summer.
Fig. 1. Map of the study area: (a) the topographic map of China and the location of Northeast China; (b) the topographic map of Northeast China and the location of Shenyang, Changchun, and Harbin; and the location of PM2.5 studying sites in (c) Shenyang, (d) Changchun, and (e) Harbin.
Considering their meteorological conditions and urban development status, three typical large cities in Northeast China were selected in this study to reflect the major characteristics of PM2.5 pollution in Northeast China. Among the three cities, Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang Province, is located in the highest latitude area, having the lowest temperature, with a flat terrain. Over 10.9 million people live in Harbin. The southeastern part of Harbin is located in the hills; meanwhile, mountainous area occupied the north part. The Songhua River flows through the middle part of Harbin. Changchun is located in the middle part of Northeast China with over 7.5 million people. The Changchun area, apart from a small area of low hills in the east, is mostly comprised of terraces. The terrain of Changchun is flat and convenient for transportation (Fang et al., 2001). In Changchun, from November to March, coal burning phenomenon for heating purpose is widespread. The heating area is scattered in one-fourth of the city area (Fang et al., 2001). Shenyang, the largest city in Northeast China, has over 8.3 million people (Xu et al., 2000; Han et al., 2010). It is located in the southeastern part of Northeast China, mainly in the plains, with mountains and hills concentrated in the southeast. Shenyang shows similar meteorological characteristics with the other two cities mentioned above: a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate, which has monsoon-caused hot, humid summers and dry, cold winters driven by the Siberian anticyclone (Han et al., 2010).
Data Source and Treatment
The time period of the studied PM2.5 data ranges from 2015 to 2017, provided by the China Meteorological Administration. The continuous hourly PM2.5 concentration data has been monitored by the 33 stations: 12 sites in Harbin, 10 sites in Changchun, and 11 sites in Shenyang. As can be seen in Fig. 1, the sites are evenly distributed throughout the cities. Thus the hourly average value of these sites can reasonably represent the PM2.5 concentration of the three cities. To keep consistency with the meteorological data, the PM2.5 concentration was calculated at 08:00 and 20:00 local time. The PM2.5 data is classified into three states: the non-pollution state (PM2.5 ≤ 75 µg m–3), pollution state (PM2.5 > 75 µg m–3), and heavy pollution state (PM2.5 > 150 µg m–3) (Ma et al., 2017; Tian et al., 2017).
Meteorological data comes from the radiosonde measurements provided by the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive developed by the American National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) (Durre et al., 2006). The humidity data and wind data are extracted specifically with wind velocity and wind direction at 850 hPa. In general, temperature drops as the altitude increases, beneficial to the convective phenomenon which accelerates the pollutants in the lower layer moving and diffusing upward. However, when temperature inversion occurs, the upward movement of the lower atmosphere is weakened, causing the accumulation of atmospheric pollutants in the lower layer. Temperature inversion phenomenon can be detected by the temperature profile of the atmosphere. Two factors, namely the temperature difference of the inversion layer (TI_T) and the depth of the inversion layer (TI_D), are used to describe the intensity of temperature inversion. In this research, the two factors of the inversion layer are derived from the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) soundings data. We first analyze the temperature data for different air layers and find if there exists a temperature sequence segmentation in the profile that has monotonic increasing trend with the increase of the layer heights. If exist, the temperature inversion is defined. Then the temperature difference is calculated by subtracting the temperatures at the top and bottom of the inversion layers. And the depth of the inversion layer is calculated by subtracting the heights at the top and bottom of the inversion layers.
HPBL data used in this research is provided by National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Final (FNL) Reanalysis data. It is collected at 06:00 and 18:00 UTC. The HPBL data is a grid dataset and the horizontal resolution of HPBL is 1 × 1° (Zang et al., 2017). In this research, the HPBL values of Harbin, Changchun and Shenyang are calculated using the inverse distance weighting method based on the values in four closest grid points.
In order to decouple the contribution of different meteorological factors, a multiple regression model was used to analyze the correlations between PM2.5 concentration and meteorological factors. Based on atmospheric dispersion equations, the particulate concentration is correlated with meteorological parameters in multiplicative form other than additive form (Hien et al., 2002; Chaloulakou et al., 2003; Gu et al., 2018). The multiple regression analysis model can be constructed as follows:
where B represents the monitored PM2.5 concentration, k represents autochthonic contribution to PM2.5. k is considered to remain unchanged during each season. f(τn) represents the meteorological impact on PM2.5. Furthermore, the regression model can be expressed as follows:
The exponent αi represents the response of particulate concentration B to the rate of change in meteorological parameter Pi. f(τn) was calculated using five meteorological factors (Pi) in this model: wind velocity (WV), HPBL, TI_T, TI_D and RH. As a result, the model can be expressed as follows:
Then, take the logarithm for both sides of this equation. Eq. (3) can be further transformed to a multiple linear regression model:
where ln k, αi and ε represent the intercept, regression coefficients, and the error term respectively. WV, RH, TI_T, TI_D, and HPBL were selected in this research as the studied meteorological parameters which influence the PM2.5 concentration characteristics in Northeast China. To find the determinant(s) of the PM2.5 concentrations among various indicators, the data were analyzed by a stepwise multiple regression method with a significance level of 95% (p = 0.05) set for the regression coefficients.
The regression coefficient αi can only represent the positive or negative relationship between the PM2.5 concentration and the meteorological factors. To find the most important factors that impact the PM2.5 concentration in different cities of Northeast China, we calculated the standardized coefficient of the regression model. The standardized coefficient can compare the relative importance of different kind of factors to the PM2.5 concentration. The bigger the absolute value is, the more important the meteorological factor will be (Newman and Browner, 1991).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Variation of the PM2.5 Concentrations Correlated with Different Meteorological Factors
Massive biomass burning and coal consumption together with meteorological conditions potentially cause the high level of PM2.5 pollution in Northeast China's winter (Han et al., 2010; Segura et al., 2013). Studies show that PM2.5 pollution in Northeast China originates from anthropogenic activities, such as straw burning and coal combustion for both industrial and domestic purpose (Zhang et al., 2010; Guan et al., 2018). Meanwhile, individual meteorological factors such as relative humidity, wind speed and temperature inversion have non-negligible impacts on local PM2.5 concentrations (Cheng and Lam, 1998; Ruellan and Cachier, 2001; Wen et al., 2018). The distribution and variation of the source of pollution are usually stable during each season. However, the dilution and accumulation abilities impacted by the meteorological conditions can change significantly. Investigating the impacts of meteorological factors is beneficial to a better understanding of the variations of PM2.5 mass concentrations.
As shown in Fig. 2, the correlation between PM2.5 concentration, and wind direction and speed were similar in the three cities. PM2.5 concentration is negatively associated with wind speed (Chen et al., 2017; Wen et al., 2018). High PM2.5 concentration tends to appear in a low wind speed situation. In Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang, 79.2%, 79.1%, and 80.4% of the heavy PM2.5 pollution occurs in the days when the wind speed is less than 20 knots (a knot is a unit typically used to indicate wind speed, and thus used in this research; 1 knot = 1.852 km h–1). Biomass burning in spring and autumn and coal combustion for domestic heating in winter produce a great deal of air pollutants (Zhang et al., 2010; Bao et al., 2015). Higher wind speed is likely to promote the spread of pollutant, which is beneficial for the dilution of PM2.5 pollutants (Wen et al., 2018). The westerly wind prevails during pollution days in Northeast China. In Harbin, over 70% of pollution days (PM2.5 > 75 µg m–3) are related with the wind which has a direction between 240–330°. As for Changchun and Shenyang, the dominant wind direction in pollution days is concentrated at 210–330°. In general, Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang are mainly dominated by the southwest wind during the whole year; meanwhile the northwest wind is the prevailing wind in winter.
Fig. 2. Relationships between atmospheric pollutant concentrations, wind direction, and wind speed in (a) Harbin, (b) Changchun, and (c) Shenyang. Direction frequency and average PM2.5 concentrations in different direction during pollution days in (d) Harbin, (e) Changchun, and (f) Shenyang.
As shown in Fig. 3, in terms of statistics, there is a general negative correlation between HPBL and PM2.5 concentrations for Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang. Heavy PM2.5 pollution usually occurs in the lower HPBL (< 500 m). HPBL plays a vital role in the variation of PM2.5 concentration. The barrier effect at the top of the planetary boundary layer hinders air pollutants from being transported to the free troposphere, so that aerosol particles are constrained in the PBL (You et al., 2015; Li et al., 2017a;). Lower HPBL is usually related with higher concentrations of PM2.5, and higher HPBL is usually associated with smaller ground level PM2.5 concentration as a result of large vertical mixing ability (Yao et al., 2012).
Fig. 3. Correlation between PM2.5 and the height of the planetary boundary layer in Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang for (a) pollution days (> 75 µg m–3) and (b) non-pollution days (≤ 75 µg m–3).
As can be seen in Fig. 4, PM2.5 concentration is significantly and positively correlated with the intensity of temperature inversion which is described by TI_T and TI_D. In Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang, 60.6%, 44.8%, and 56.9% of PM2.5 pollution days occur with temperature inversion phenomenon, respectively. Only 14.4%, 18.4%, and 15.4% of PM2.5 pollution days have no temperature inversion. PM2.5 concentration rises significantly when TI_T is greater than 6°C in Harbin and Changchun. However, the relationship between TI_T and PM2.5 in Shenyang is not so significant in pollution days. The TI_D in Shenyang is generally thicker than that of other two cities. Heavy pollution usually occurs when TI_D is bigger than 600 m in Harbin and Shenyang. Compared to summer, the inversion layer in winter is thicker and has a longer duration. The atmosphere remains static once temperature inversion occurs. In static atmosphere, air pollutants are not easily dispersed vertically and, thus, accumulated near the surface. Additionally, a large temperature difference within a thin inversion layer can also cause high concentrations of PM2.5 in the ground layer.
Fig. 4. Statistics of PM2.5 concentrations with temperature inversion. Variation of the PM2.5 concentrations correlated with the temperature difference of the inversion layer (TI_T) during (a) pollution days (> 75 µg m–3) and (b) non-pollution days (≤ 75 µg m–3). Variation of the PM2.5 concentrations correlated with the depth of temperature inversion (TI_D) during (c) pollution days (> 75 µg m–3) and (d) non-pollution days (≤ 75 µg m–3).
As can be seen in Fig. 5, the relationship between RH and PM2.5 in Northeast China is not as significant as other air pollution areas. There is even a negative correlation between PM2.5 and RH. Possible reasons are that rainy and snowy weather accompanied with moist air can deposit the particulate pollutants so that air becomes clear, and when the air pollution is caused by the dust particles, the moisture in the air remains constantly low (Sun et al., 2013).
Fig. 5. Variation of the PM2.5 concentrations correlated with different RH condition during (a) pollution days (> 75 µg m–3) and (b) non-pollution days (≤ 75 µg m–3) in Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang respectively. The RH is divided into 5 segments (i.e., 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100).
Quantitative Multiple Regression Analysis between PM2.5 Concentration and Meteorological Factors
PM2.5 concentration has dropped continuously during the past three years in Northeast China. However, daily PM2.5 levels varied remarkably, rising and falling rapidly with alternating sharp peaks and deep troughs (Wen et al., 2018). In Table 1, the confidence coefficient for meteorological factors above 95% confidence level (p-value < 0.05) indicates the factors significantly impact the daily variation of PM2.5 concentration to some extent. Wind speed, HPBL, and temperature inversion are important meteorological factors affecting the PM2.5 pollution in Northeast China. During pollution days, the regression coefficients of wind speed and HPBL are negative values, which show a clear negative influence of wind speed and HPBL on fine particle concentrations. Meanwhile, the values for the coefficients of TI_T and TI_D are positive, which indicates that temperature inversion has a positive impact on the accumulation of PM2.5. A meteorological factor plays the dominant role in affecting PM2.5 pollution when its standardized coefficient has the biggest absolute value. By comparing the standardized coefficients of different factors in the regression model, the most important factors are concluded. Wind speed is the key meteorological factor impacting PM2.5 concentrations in Harbin and Shenyang. Meanwhile, HPBL is the key factor in Changchun.
Straw burning and pollutant emission, near-surface temperature inversion, and static wind together with other extreme meteorological conditions contribute to the PM2.5 pollution, especially in autumn and winter. The breeze hinders the dispersion and transport of the atmospheric pollutants released by straw burning. On the contrary, high wind speed is beneficial to the horizontal dilution of the pollutants. On the other hand, the turbulence is strengthened with the increase of wind speed, which is also beneficial to the pollutant dilution and spreading. There are significant differences between the situations with and without the existence of temperature inversion. Temperature inversion decreases the upward movement of the lower atmosphere and causes the pollutants trapped in the lower atmosphere. Frequent atmospheric conditions with temperature inversion in winter can cause the accumulation of atmospheric particles (He et al., 2001; Han et al., 2010). The convection between upper and lower layers decreases, so that the atmospheric pollutants in the near-surface layer can hardly be transported upward. At the same time, the pollutants never stop accumulating, which exacerbates air pollution. The diffusion and transportation of pollutants in the lower atmosphere depends to a large extent on the boundary layer structure. Within the boundary layer, turbulence can fully mix particles and gases. All the three factors have significant influence on the PM2.5 concentrations in Northeast China. As can be seen in the multiple regression result (Table 1), during pollution days, all the three cities have the wind speed as one of the major impact factors. However, different from other two cities, the temperature inversion is not a major impact factor for Changchun. Such result may be caused by the fact that the altitude of Changchun (236.8 m) is higher than Harbin (171.7 m) and Shenyang (41.6 m). And the temperature inversion has the characteristic that it occurs more obviously in the lowland (or valley) area than the highland area.
As can be seen from Table 2, during non-pollution days, HPBL and temperature inversion are important factors affecting PM2.5 in Harbin and Changchun. In Shenyang, TI_D is the only important determinant impacting PM2.5 concentration. In summer, the thickened mixing layer improves the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. In winter, frequent and persistent thermal inversions at ground level drive considerable amount of air pollutants to accumulate in the lower layer of the atmosphere (Marcazzan et al., 2001). Although wind speed, HPBL, and TI_T are important factors of PM2.5 concentration, their correlations with PM2.5 concentration during non-pollution days are not significant.
Fig. 6 shows the occurrence of PM2.5 pollution and non-pollution days in different meteorological conditions from 2015 to 2017. The meteorological factors for different cities are selected based on the significance level of 95% in Table 1. For Harbin, HPBL, WV, and TI_T are major impact factors. PM2.5 pollution usually occurs, with a possibility of 91.6%, when the wind speed is under 20 knots, HPBL is lower than 1500 m and TI_T is higher than 8°C. On the contrary, the possibility of occurrence of PM2.5 pollution is only 27.2% for the whole year. For Changchun, PM2.5 pollution is majorly impacted by wind speed and HPBL, the possibility is 61.7% when the wind speed is under 20 knots and HPBL is lower than 600 m. Meanwhile, the possibility is only 22.7% for the whole year. As for Shenyang, the possibility of the occurrence of PM2.5 pollution rises from 24.9% to 70.3% when the wind speed is under 20 knots, and TI_D is greater than 775 m.
Fig. 6. The occurrence of PM2.5 pollution and non-pollution days in different meteorological conditions from 2015 to 2017 in (a) Harbin, (b) Changchun, and (c) Shenyang.
To evaluate the effect of meteorological conditions on PM2.5 pollution in Northeast China, we applied a regression method to long-term ground-based PM2.5 data and radiosonde measurements. We found that the wind speed, HPBL, and temperature inversion were the primary factors influencing the fine particulate pollution in this region. Whereas the wind speed exhibited the strongest correlations with the PM2.5 levels in Harbin and Shenyang, the HPBL played the key role in Changchun, with the meteorological data showing significant negative effects from both of these factors on the fine particle concentration. By contrast, the temperature inversion, described using TI_T and TI_D, was positively correlated with the concentration.
In Harbin, the probability of PM2.5 pollution was 91.6% when the wind speed was less than 20 knots, the HPBL was below 1500 m, and TI_T was greater than 8°C. In Changchun, the probability was 61.7% when the wind speed was less than 20 knots and the HPBL was below 600 m. Finally, in Shenyang, the probability was 70.3% when the wind speed was less than 20 knots and TI_D was more than 775 m. Unlike other typical polluted areas, the variation in the PM2.5 concentration during polluted days in Northeast China little depended on the RH.
In addition to anthropogenic emissions, which necessitate local control strategies, the ambient meteorological conditions play a large role in PM2.5 pollution in Northeast China and must be considered in order to efficiently decrease air pollution in this region. For example, when temperature inversion occurs, reducing coal and petroleum consumption should be contemplated as a potential preventative measure.
Our study provides preliminary results on the major meteorological factors that affect the accumulation and dispersion of PM2.5 pollution. Further studies may examine additional meteorological parameters and expand the observation period. Furthermore, we used the nocturnal HPBL data which is usually dominated by the residual layer, and the relevancy between PM2.5 and HPBL may not be true in nighttime. This issue can also be addressed in the future.
This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0212302). We would like to thank the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China for providing the PM2.5 observation data (http://106.37.208.233:20035/) used in this study. We highly appreciate the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as well as the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) for giving us access to the historical radiosonde data. We would also like to show great gratitude to the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), associated with the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), for the generous provision of HPBL data. Without these institutions the experiments could not be conducted.
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Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 20 :1618 -1628 . https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2019.10.0534
Long Term Analysis of Optical and Radiative Properties of Aerosols in the Amazon Basin
Addressing COVID-19 Spread: Development of Reliable Testing System for Mask Reuse
Impact of Using a Tobacco Heating System (THS) on Indoor Air Quality in a Nightclub
Impact on Eye Health Regarding Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants
Toxic Assessment of Heavily Traffic-related Fine Particulate Matter Using an in-vivo Wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans Model
Chemical Composition of Quasi-ultrafine Particles and their Sources in Elderly Residences of São Paulo Megacity
Construction and Characterization of an Indoor Smog Chamber for Measuring the Optical and Physicochemical Properties of Aging Biomass Burning Aerosols
Association between Particulate Matter Exposure and Short-term Prognosis in Patients with Pneumonia
Three-Year Long Source Apportionment Study of Airborne Particles in Ulaanbaatar Using X-Ray Fluorescence and Positive Matrix Factorization
Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions through Energy-saving Renovation of Existing Buildings (Volume 19, Issue 12, December 2019)
Study on Mercury in PM10 at an Urban Site in the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain: Seasonal Variability and Influencing Factors (Volume 20, Issue 12, December 2020)
Dual-height Distribution of Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides during Summer in Urban Tianjin: An Observational Study (Volume 20, Issue 10, October 2020)
Non-thermal Plasma Assisted Preparation of MnCeOx, MnOx and CeO2 Catalysts for Enhancement of Surface Active Oxygen and NO Oxidation Activity (Volume 19, Issue 5, May 2019)
A Mathematical Approach to Merging Data from Different Trace Gas/Particulate Sensors Having Dissimilar (T90) Response Times: Application to Fire Emission Factor Determination (Volume 20, Issue 2, February 2020)
Application of the XGBoost Machine Learning Method in PM2.5 Prediction: A Case Study of Shanghai
Air Quality Status in Wuhan City during and One Year after the COVID-19 Lockdown
Formation and Evolution Mechanisms of Severe Haze Pollution in the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China
Environmental Impacts of the Revised Emission Standard for Air Pollutants for Boilers during the Heating Season in Beijing, China
A Dynamic Dust Emission Allocation Method and Holiday Profiles Applied to Emission Processing for Improving Air Quality Model Performance
Simulation-based Design of Regional Emission Control Experiments with Simultaneous Pollution of O3 and PM2.5 in Jinan, China


text:
GALA Member Elected Vice-President of DignityUSA
Meli Barber (ND '08, 10) of Indianapolis, IN has been elected Vice-President of DignityUSA. Meli's two-year term will begin October 1, 2019.
Meli, who is a current member of DignityUSA's Board of Directors, is also a member of Dignity Indianapolis's Chapter leadership, represented DignityUSA during the July 2019 Global Network of Rainbow Catholics Assembly held in Chicago, IL, and was a member of the Equally Blessed Pilgrimage to World Youth Day 2019 in Panama City, Panama. She has been actively involved in witnesses surrounding the termination of and threats to married LGBT staff at Catholic schools in Indianapolis. Meli and her wife Carli manage the Catholic Worker House in the city.
DignityUSA is the world's oldest and largest organization of Catholics committed to justice, equality and full inclusion of LGBTQI people in the church and society. It recently celebrated its 50th anniversary with a series of events in Chicago.
GALA members can send a note of congratulations to Meli at melib@dignityusa.org. We look forward to the opportunities for collaboration that Meli's role may offer.
Meli Barber
Notre Dame GALA
LGBT Catholic
Dignity Indianapolis
Ummm.... GALA
Permalink Submitted by logan on August 22, 2019 - 9:37am
Please pardon my ignorance but what is GALA?
U.S. Bishops Misrepresent the Will of Catholics in Briefs for Supreme Court LGBT Employment Discrimination Cases
Vice President Lauren Carpenter's Farewell Reflection: Dignity - A Spirit-filled Web of Support Connecting Past, Present and Future

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Church of England needs a Gorbachev
John B. Chilton
Andrew Brown of the Guardian published an essay yesterday citing some of the reasons that the Church of England is in a decline from which it will be difficult to recover. Two particularly provocative paragraphs:
What is extraordinary is the tally of advantages the Church of England has failed to capitalise upon. Its considerable social reach, its schools, and its place in civic and political life, none of them have seemed to make it convincing. It is not even convincing from the inside: a friend of mine in his early 40s, who has worked at Lambeth Palace and now has a good chaplaincy, says people of his generation are all as cynical about the organisation as the party members were in the last days of the USSR. They know that all the official stories are lies, and are waiting and hoping for some Gorbachev-like figure who will admit this.
"What has happened is a complete disjunction between the values of the church and the values of the population," says (Professor Linda) Woodhead (of Lancaster University). "The church has clericalised until it's just clergy and lay ministers talking to each other. The public are not an audience for this debate. And you can't have a minority gospel for a majority religion."
Are there lessons of The Episcopal Church in the Church of England's troubles?
Susan Zimmerman
…the royals need to step up and remind the clergy that lay people lead this church…and hopefully Prince Charles, the sinner (go Charles!), will select a clerical leadership that 'gets it'…
Leonardo Ricardo
Meanwhile, Lord Carey of Clifton makes matters worse with his selfish whining and Anglican Commion grave dances. Rowan Williams, at least, has left the scene of the crime(s) and whafted away from us and his pal the resigned/relieved Pope Deflect, Defy and Deny…the former Bishop of Rome. The whole lot needed replacing…not a moment too soon (hopefully).


text:
Larf Magazine
"Rolling Stone for Comedy"
Tales from the Traveler – Larf Magazine Interview: Scott Schultz, Creator of BUSted
Scott Schultz is one Bostonian transplant who won't take sitting in traffic for an answer.
When you think about it, even Paul Revere was a one-horse commuter. There's something about Bostonians that's all about getting shit done no matter who's helping or not. 243 years ago the alarm was "The British are coming!"; today, it's "We will not be ruled by the automobile!" In the land of fantasy, the "Dream Factory," as it's veritbly known, the one issue all Los Angeles inmates suffer is gettin' round. If yer rich? Limo. Average? Car. Poor? The bus. What Scott Schultz does is nothing less than reminding us Angelinos to free ourselves from our own self-imposed shackles of status, the car, by enthusing us in the downright relish of celebrating the autonomy of public transportation. I've said it all along. The average American interacts with government only twice in their lifetime. The postman and the cop who gives you a speeding ticket. Scott Schultz's "BUSted" story-telling shows break that social barrier in two, shattering it before our very eyes, revealing to us the utter joys, as well as the frustrating dysfunction, of public transportation in Los Angeles. I sat down with Scott recently on top of the first "L" in the Hollywood Sign for a cursory interview…
LM: What makes a good public transportation story?
SS: A good public transportation story is a good story, but it must take place on public transit. Otherwise, it is just a good story. If it involves a bomb on a bus that requires the bs to travel 55 mph or the bus will explode, then it is great public transit story.
LM: Who are your story-tellers?
SS: My storytellers are made up of comedians, storytellers and other creatives round Los Angeles who don't drive or are muti-modal. We also book ordinary Los Angelenos who don't drive but have true stories to share.
LM: Who is your audience?
SS: Our audience ranges depending on which location we bring our show. I'd say at least half of the audience are non-motorists. The other half are people who enjoy live storytelling, or find me handsome enough to follow around.
LM: Is there a class thing between public transportation people and car drivers?
SS: Of course, there is. And BMW drivers are assholes. (a Tanya White 'joke', according to Scott.)
LM: How long you've been producing BUSted?
Scott Schultz mesmerizing them at Stories bookstore in Silverlake.
SS: I have been producing BUSted for nearly five years.
LM: What was your inspiration to start BUSted?
SS: I wanted to bring a storytelling show to Los Angeles, when I returned from Boston in 2013. I chose the name BUSted, because the name had multiple definitions. I chose the non-motorist hook for the first show's theme, and I realized quickly that there was an audience for this type of show, so I stuck with the theme. After a few shows, I realized that the show filled a void, and after 6 months. I realized that the theme had legs to last a decade.
LM: Have you produced BUSted in cities other than Los Angeles and if not, are there plans to?
SS: I have yet to bring the show beyond LA County borders, but I would like to tour the show eventually. Any city with public transit can appreciate these stories.
LM: What is the most often heard theme in the stories?
SS: I describe the stories in categories of shocking, dramatic and the mundane (slice of life.) I would say the mundane stories tend to be the most frequent of the three, especially when it comes to frequent storytellers. The shocking stories are always the first ones to come to mind, but it's the simple stories that keep people returning. The ordinary slice of life stories happen every day, so they tend to be the lifeblood of my opening monologues.
LM: What percentage of stories are happy vs harrowing?
SS: I'd say it's close to an even split. Some shows follow a theme that wasn't planned out ahead of time. One story leads to a similar story. Suddenly a conversation breaks out between myself as host and the audience, because I like to keep a hot topic going. By the time the audience members step up to the mic for audience anecdotes, we could have five or six stories on the same theme, within the theme of getting around LA without driving.
LM: Do story-tellers generally like depending on public transportation or are they somehow/sometimes bitter or angry?
SS: There is a love/have relationship between the storytellers and LA publc transit, but for the most part, we (the non-motorists) tend to wear it like a badge of honor. Very little bitterness.
LM: It seems BUSted brings people together in discussing a shared experience. Elaborate?
SS: LA has a well earned reputation for having a massive car culture built into it's fabric. For many years, the thought among people was that "Only a nobody walks in LA," as the Missing Persons sang. It turns out that we were not freaks or losers, but just ahead of the curve, or at least riding a different path. The community element comes from the way we all recognize each other's stories as part of our own personal stories. We recognize incidents and characters, and in tat our shared experience can become extremely meta. Being iLos angeles where there are so many colorful characters, only makes the excitement and randomness of a shared commute experience more extreme. Even the craziest stories often have people in the audience nodding their heads and simply responding, "Yup!"
LM: If the LA transportation system was better, let's say as good as San Francisco, London, or New York, would there still be good stories?
SS: Yes. LA's system is already better than NYC and San Francisco. I've never been to London, but I did get drunk on free party booze and interrupt a conversation with the London minister of Transportation. Nice guy.
LM: You have a former RTD driver as a regular. Have you gotten support or condemnation from the city?
SS: We actually have a lot of former and current drivers from both RTD and LA metro sharing stories at our shows. We even had a senior planner from LA Metro. I'm not so sure the city knows we exist, at least on the City hall level. The heads of he public transit agencies are familiar with me. Some are fans, others hope we'll go away. True stories tend to cut both ways. I'd say at this time that it is mostly positive.
LM: Have the stories changed with the advent of Uber?
SS: Ubers sometimes enter the community of BUSted stories, but I try to keep them separate. Sometimes if the Uber is incorporated into the commute, or if they are long time storytellers who I know are taking Uber specifically because they don't drive. I tend to think public transit is more interesting. Uber vehicles are too antiseptic.
LM: There seems to be a bit of spirituality to the shows. Care to elaborate
SS: Sometimes the spirituality depends on my mood on any given day. I think it comes from my Boston storytelling background. Boston's storytelling scene tends to be a bit more populist than the Big 3 storytelling cities (NYC/Chicago/Los Angeles) which tend to come from the improv comedy circuit. As a host I tend to harp on recurring topics like being a good "bus ambassador," which is spiritual talk for "Don't be a douchebag." We are also pro immigrant and tend to have a lot of humanity in our stories. Our subject matter tends skews lower income, and lower income people tend to be better people in general.
LM: You're one of the most supportive producer/hosts around. Tell Larf Magazine how you do it.
SS: Thanks, but I don't share company secrets. (joking) I think that it is a combination of my background coming out of the storytelling rooms in Boston and Cambridge that go back decades, and also my show is built on community. We literally run on people power. I genuinely enjoy meeting new people and hearing their stories. When people are new to storytelling, I like to encourage them to participate by keeping it casual. I am fortunate to have a really supportive venue that allows me to pass the supportive buck down to my guests on the mic and in the audience. Legal weed keeps me mellow.
LM: From what you've heard and personally experienced, what's the one thing you would do if you were all powerful mayor to improve public transportation?
SS: If I could only do one thing, I would make myself a lifetime pass for all publc transit, non-rescindable. That way, I'd always be able to get places. I'd do a few things. I'd ticket the hell out of motorists! Those crosswalks would be efficient enough for a baby to crawl across. I would also create more dedicated lanes for rapid line busses, running on an electrical grid, like they do in the San Fernando Valley. I'd remove extra charges for Silver Line and freeway accessing busses. I would make the subways run 24 hours, and I would have track maintenance done between 11pm – 5am. I would begin making preparation for Boring hyper-tunnels, like the one suggested by Elon Musk, and I would also begin preparing legislation for aerial vehicles now, since they will arrive sooner, rather than later.
LM: Do you find the vast expanse of Los Angeles helps in its diversity of transportation stories?
SS: Yes. I love how LA has so many different types of areas and ethnic pockets as well. LA is half the size of Massachusetts, it has mountains, deserts and beaches. I wish it had more bathrooms.
LM: Where do you see BUSted a year from now?
SS: At our home terminal in Echo Park, Stories Books & Café! Also, hopefully, we will be producing Spanish language shows. I would like to bring the show to a point where we can produce weekly shows and cove the entire county more completely.
LM: Have you ever thought of taking BUSted to The Edinburgh Fringe Festival?
SS: I don't know enough about the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. I don't know how they would react to stories about Los Angeles, and even more specifically about Los Angeles non-motorist culture.
LM: Could you ever envision a television show or movie based on the BUSted stories?
SS: Absolutely. Huell Howser is one of my heroes. I think that it could be a way to show different parts of the city, the state and the country. I think that would be really neat. You don' have to fly to the opposite side of the word to find adventure and interesting people. Hit a random US city, and ride the bus for a few days. Yesterday, I rode around on busses and trains with a news crew for an upcoming news feature on the show. During the rides, I spoke with a Rose Bowl security guard who wants the world to know that Kobe Bryant swipes VIP seats for concerts, a man who was a walking audio book for Hollywood Babylon Volume One and a man who got shot 14 times in his leg! I have had people propose a few movie ideas to me based on my stories. At some point, I will likely write a script, but that is a very different style of writing for me.
And, just at that propitious moment, a police helicopter shown its light on us Hollywood sign perchers. Guess it's time to move on; grab the bus…
Scott Schultz was born in Boston, MA. I grew up in Marblehead, MA. He moved to CA when he was 18 via Greyhound Bus. He moved to Los Angeles to pursue standup comedy in the 1990's. Scott has worked as a sports editor and in advertising. He began storytelling in Boston in 2012. In 2013, Scott Schultz won the Massmouth grandslam (The Big Mouthoff) and shortly thereafter moved to Los Angeles. He began BUSted five years ago. Scott is a huge fan of the Boston Celtics, and he has two feral yard cats named Gordon Hayward and Kyrie Irving.
NEXT BUSted Show
BUSted website
For Larf Magazine, this is Steven Alan Green.
Author adminPosted on September 25, 2018 September 27, 2018 Categories L.A. Comedy SceneTags BUSted, Comedy, Los Angeles Transportation, RTD, Scott Schultz, Story tellingLeave a comment on Tales from the Traveler – Larf Magazine Interview: Scott Schultz, Creator of BUSted
The Myth Council Handbook – A novel by Steven Alan Green / Chapter Three: A Zombie Christmas
Meanwhile, somewhere on the North Pole, an event is about to occur which will have eternal worldwide consequences of epic proportion; no exaggeration, even though I wrote this book: Trust me. It's big…
The barren snow bound terrain is spotted with a small cottage; a glow of a fire and smoke from the chimney tells us there's potentially happy life inside. Looking up towards the sparkling black sky, we see a small object, getting closer and closer to us. It's Santa Claus in his sleigh. We hear the faint chanting of "Ho-Ho-Ho!" as the sleigh pulls into the driveway in front of the house. Santa gets out and grabs a shopping bag full of pretzels and beer. He sings to himself, The Killer's hit, "Human," as he searches for the keys to the front door.
"…are we human…or are we dancers…"
He has trouble holding the shopping bag as he tries to find his key. He knocks. Nobody answers, he peers through the steamed up window and sees Mrs. Claus losing it (once again) with an elf. He presses his ear up against the window.
"I thought I said a thousand times, if I found one more elf condom in the trash, I was going to have a stroke! These damn tiny things go in the toilet! Besides, don't you little guys ever get enough?!"
The elf tries to defend himsELF; doesn't matter, she's not buying it.
"That wasn't mine! I told you, I'm the gay elf. I use a blue condom and that one's red!"
"Well, whatever, twinkle-toes…whoever left this in the trash, their dick is gonna be black and blue when I get through with them!"
Santa slowly turns and tiptoes back to the sleigh just when the front door opens. An elf comes running after him.
"Hey! Wait up!"
Santa keeps going. "She's in one of her…" (making sarcastic quote gesture) 'moods' again. I'm sorry. I'm feeling too jolly for this shit…I'm outta here!" Santa gets back in his sleigh, grabbing the reigns. "Rise, rise in flight of magic, Donner and Blitzen and bring us to the magical airs of the clouds…."
The sleigh begins to wobble, as if it's about to take off, when off in the near distance, a woman's stern cold voice calls from behind him.
"Well, if it ain't Mr. Presents and Fucking Joy! And, where the fuckity fuck do you think you're going!"
Santa freezes (even more) and turns. The sleigh stops moving. All the reindeer look around. Mrs. Claus is standing in the doorway, holding an elf by the scruff of the neck, a kitchen knife to his balls.
"Get your big jolly red ass back in here immediately or the midget freak gets a non-elective vasectomy!"
"Do what the bee-atch says!" pleads the elf, barely able to squeeze out each syllable.
The inside of the Claus home is something right out of the 1959 Sears and Roebuck catalog. Pine furniture, but with all the hallmarks of having a dozen friggin' elves living and partying there for over a century. Santa paces in front of the fireplace, as Mrs. Claus knits a pot-holder in the shape of a gun. He tries to find the right words; the right moment.
"Look…what the hell do you want from me? This is my job. My chosen profession. I work one day a year."
"But it's one a hellova shift," whispers one elf to another before they giggle.
Santa looks around, annoyed to find all the elves eavesdropping behind the cracked-open doorway. But, Mrs. Claus ain't done with him just yet.
"Ha! You are a relic. What with the Internet, people can buy their own Christmas gifts without ever getting up off their fat American asses! You're kidding yourself. You are obsolete and the sooner you face it, the sooner we can pack up this so-called 'business' and go down to live with my sister in Florida." She knits one; pearls two around the trigger.
"I'm not living with that Jew-hating sister of yours," says a now I'm pissed Santa.
"Why? You're not Jewish! You're not even Christian! You're in fact a mythical figure created by the English back in the 16th century during the reign of Mr. Chop off Their Heads Because Rome Wouldn't Sanction Divorce Henry the VIII, 4 centuries before the Coca Cola Company commercialized yo ass to sell more of their cocaine infused black drink of death in 1931."
"I don't like your sister. She smells of cat pee. Besides, I have my life's work up here."
Handing him a letter, "That's what you think, mistletoe breath!"
"What's this?" and Santa reads aloud, incredulous and crumbling…
"Dear Mr. Santa H. Claus, North Pole…Further to our very painful reassessment…"
The Myth Council Chief Accountant –now wearing an off-color ill-fitting toupee (apparently made of ostrich feathers) — dictates into his vocal tube as Miss Williams picks up Beavis's smoldering clothing remains and tosses them into the trash.
"…the Myth Council has had to make some very harsh cuts this year, and unfortunately, we regret to inform you that we cannot afford your annual worldwide effort to bring presents…"
The Ostrich grabs the Accountant's feather toupee. Back at the North Pole, Santa is in shock as he continues to read the letter.
"…and joy to all the innocent children of the world. We wish you luck and should you seek either other employment or benefits, please contact the relevant departments. That is all. Signed: PJ Walsingham, Head Accountant Myth Council Services PS: Happy Chanukah."
Santa looking up from the letter is in tears.
"What about all the little children?" he asks the heavens.
Mrs. Claus takes the lit cigarette out of her mouth .
"Listen to me, you naive pedophile lookin' waste of fat and flesh, I told you nearly a half century ago, those unappreciative little dust mites aren't worth the beard you dribble on…."
Crushing out the cigarette, crushing it out into the image of Santa's face on a doily as if she enjoys extinguishing any life, she continues her assault on her husband of over a century.
"If I were you, I'd count your blessings and look for some other kind of work. I have my needs ya, know. I can't keep living on that…" (makes sarcastic quote gestures) 'overstocked return last year's fashion' shit you keep bringing me. And, by the way, Mr. Friggen Sleigh Bells, corduroy is out!" (to herself as she knits) "I shoulda married the Headless Horseman when I had the chance. At least he never talked back!"
As she carries on complaining, Santa, in shock, makes his way out of the room, grabs a gift bottle of whiskey and passes all the elves, who have been eavesdropping.
"We're fucked," blurts one elf. "Not if I can help it," counters another as they watch Santa open the font door and stagger outside. Santa, drinking heavily out of a fifth of Jack Daniels, heads for his sleigh. Two elves sneak around and load up Santa's Christmas big red gift bag into the back of the sleigh, as Santa gets his fat ass in the driver's seat, straps himself in and cracks the reigns.
"Elves! Reindeer! Come join me on one final ride!" Santa belches. "Oh, excuse me, " as all the rest of the elves rush up to him.
"Santa! Don't do this! Come back and chill out! It's okay!" several elves say in conversational harmony.
Elf One arrives at the sleigh, as Santa picks up the reins.
"Santa! What the fuck are you doing!"
"What is it, Aloysius?," belches the old man, as a second elf joins the debate.
"Please don't do this. Stick around, let's come up with a solution…together!" squeaks the little voice. Santa grabs the little man by his collar, lifting him up to his nasty drunken breath; the elf's feet dangling in air.
"I never liked you Elves. You're all too…" (belching in the Elf's face) "…short!
Santa drops him in the snow and snaps the whip. The reindeer take off, pulling the sleigh into the heavens, Santa barely heard as he disappears into the snowy horizon, drunk singing in liberation.
"Kiss my ass, kiss my ass, kiss it all the way, suck my…"
We stare at the blank black night sky, until, until, something begins to appear on the black horizon. It's getting bigger and closer and we hear the faint hollering of a very drunk old man. And suddenly zooming right in front of us is Santa in full escape mode.
"Merrrry Christmas!!!"
Santa is beyond drunk. The nearly empty fifth of Jack D. in one hand and the reign in the other, Santa yells at his flight crew, as he flies over the countryside.
"Dommer! Blichin! Rudolf, you mother fucker! Move your ass!" (to himself)
"Obsolete. Useless! Internet! Inter- schmett!"
He takes another swig of whiskey.
"I'll show them, with their budgets and projections! Useless jobs- worth cocksuckers…"
Santa lets go of the reign and holds the bottle upside down over his mouth, hoping a last drop will drip. It doesn't. The town of Belleview begins to come into view below the horizon.
"Oh, fuck it," as he tosses the bottle, drops the reigns, turns around, reaches in the backseat of the sleigh, which begins to violently wobble out of control. "Now, there's always a bottle in one of these damn gifts."
Santa riffles through his gift bag, finds a present that feels heavy and looks like it might be liquor. He opens it. It's a bowling pin. A row of high and thick trees are now clearly in his flight-path.
"I hate Scrabble!"
He looks where he's headed. "Fffffuuuuucccccckkkkk!!!!"
He covers his face with his arms. The sleigh flies over the trees, taking some branches with it. "Ouch!" Then, it's gone. Then, a faint crash. Santa has landed.
The crash site. The sleigh is totaled way past its deductible. Santa and the reindeer all lie in eerie motionlessness. Our mind's camera holds on this eerie tableau. And just as we don't know what to think, the spirits of the dead reindeer all float out and up like purposeful mist. They reaches an apex, congealing into one while amorphous cloud in the shape of one reindeer ghost, which turns round, purposely making its way down the chimney. As our mind's eye moves down the building we read a sign and it all begins to make sense now. Belleview Mortuary.
Our floor level view, accompanied by the sound of footsteps, enters the dark Victorian foyer. A man hums Rudolf, the Rednose Reindeer until it suddenly doesn't. The night watchman turns his head to check an alarm, as the spirits of the dead reindeer sweep past his feet and disappear round the corner. The footsteps pick up again, making their routinely way through the back hallway, past the chapel and into the back where the "works" reside. The inventory. The corpses.
We stare at a double metal door, with one little glass and chicken-wire round window. We pull closer until we are now peering through the glass, but it's too dark to see inside, where the reindeer spirits routinely climb and envelop first one corpse, then all of one dozen of them. The round little wire mesh glass window on the door to the corpse room fogs up. The night watchman in his usual tedium and frustration.
"Goddamn rats!" The night watchman, a man a few paychecks past his retirement, closes the inner door behind him and locks it, all the while whistling "Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer." He passes a sign: "ASK ABOUT OUR PAY-AS-YOU-GO PLAN"
One by one, each corpse unzips itself from its body-bag like reveille call at a dead army barracks. The first zombie to free himself, yawns and stretches his arms as if waking up from a long sleep. He turns his head to the reader and growls.
Outside the building, the night watchman closes and locks the main gate. He walks to his car and opens the door. His cell phone rings.
"Now, where did I put that goddamn thing? When I was young, we left our phones at home….And our wives…" He finds his phone.
"Have you been naughty or nice?" asks the weird gravelly voice on the other end.
"Who the hell is this? Is that you, Morty? Always the joker…"
The phone clicks off.
"Hello?…Hello?" He hangs up. "Pranksters! Punks! Teenagers!"
"Are you unhappy? Hi! My name's Arlene."
The Night-watchman swings around and sees Arlene. She is fat. She's a zombie. She's Arlene, the fat zombie. She approaches him.
"Would you like to be friends? I just wanna be friends."
Squirming her to a comfortable distance, "Lady, I've had a long day. You are obviously very lost."
"Lost? Why no! I'm just very lonely. Would you like to be friends? I could really use a friend right now. And what I mean by friends…"
Arlene puts her cold gray dead fat hand on his arm.
"Listen, you just get your weird fat goth-like hooker ass outta here. Besides…I'm a family man!"
"Okay! If that is your request, I just want to make you happy!" Arlene "Zombie-Walks" (sleepwalking with open eyes) away. The Night-Watchman gets in his car and starts the engine. He puts on his seat belt and adjusts the rear-view mirror. He thinks he sees something. It's nothing. He's very agitated.
"I gotta start drinking again."
The night watchman drives, singing along to the bouncy music of "Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer" on the radio. He passes Arlene the Fat Zombie, Zombie-Walking down the road.
"Rudolf the Red nosed Reindeer…Had a very shiny… I could use a friend!… HA!…Spooky-lookin' fat broad!"
Flashing police lights behind him and in his rear view. He looks. Then a siren.
"Shit! Can't an American workingman just get home on Christmas Eve?!"
He pulls his car off to the side and turns off the engine. The patrol car pulls up behind him, bathing his car in red flashing lights. A man in uniform gets out and slowly walks up to the night watchman's car.
The night watchman waits as we hear slow deliberate footsteps on the gravel approach. The cop walks up to the car window, but we can't see his face. We can only see his uniform from the neck down. He shines a very bright flashlight in the night watchman's eyes. His voice sounds gravelly and unreal.
"May I see your license and registration please, sir?"
"Yeah, ah sure, officer. I assure you everything is up to date."
He hands both to the patrolman, who briefly holds them, then hands them back, never actually looking at them.
"Whatever the problem is officer, can't we just forget it? After all it is Christmas Eve!"
The Cop doesn't answer, just stands there, face out of view.
"I mean, you work hard, I work hard, we all work hard, and besides, Peace on Earth…and…"
Frighteningly and suddenly, the cop lowers his head and places his face in the car window. What we see is shocking. In a police uniform and hat is a living corpse. His face that of a skull with half the skin missing, the eyeballs black and blood pouring from his mouth. Which then says in a horrible voice…
"Bad will towards men!"
The horrible crunching sounds and screams go on and on for 30 seconds. Followed by the continuous car horn, indicating the night watchman's dead. The zombie policeman calmly walks to his car, humming Rudolf, the Red Nosed Reindeer, gets in and takes off down the road.
Slightly up the road the other way, the real dead policeman lies face down in nothing but a tee-shirt and underwear and missing his head. So face down is really just an expression at this point.
Up the road slightly further, Santa in his sleigh, and all the reindeer all laying motionless on the mortuary roof.
END CHAPTER THREE….
2018 Steven Alan Green for Larf Magazine
Chapter One of The Myth Council Handbook
Chapter Two of The Myth Council Handbook
Author adminPosted on September 1, 2018 September 17, 2018 Categories The Myth CouncilTags A Zombie Christmas, Larf Magazine, Steven Alan Green, The Myth Council HandbookLeave a comment on The Myth Council Handbook – A novel by Steven Alan Green / Chapter Three: A Zombie Christmas
Framing Steven Briggs' Web Comedies June 26, 2019
Miss America's Ugly Daughter – Bess Myerson & Me – A LARF MAGAZINE THEATRE REVIEW March 3, 2019
British Comedy Nite Premiers at legendary Hollywood & Cat & Fiddle Pub February 18, 2019
Protected: Award Winning Comedy Writer Ignites Newburgh's Fashion Scene October 30, 2018
The Jew's Leader Admits False Flag Conspiracy Funded by Neo-Nazi's in Synagogue Shooting October 27, 2018
President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America Plans Epic Escape from Earth October 23, 2018
Tales from the Traveler – Larf Magazine Interview: Scott Schultz, Creator of BUSted September 25, 2018
The Myth Council Handbook – A novel by Steven Alan Green / Chapter Three: A Zombie Christmas September 1, 2018
The Myth Council Handbook – A novel by Steven Alan Green / Chapter Two: "Mary and The Myth Council" August 24, 2018
Write a Lot, Cut a Lot: My Comedy Writing Process – by Dana A. Snow July 22, 2018
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This is a complete list of Feel Rite Fresh Market locations along with their geographical coordinates. Feel-Rite is a fresh market retail outlet, specializing in fresh produce and health promoting foods, vitamins, and herbs. They even have recipes for your convenience.


text:
namespace blink {

namespace {

constexpr char kWebSocketSubprotocolSeparator[] = ", ";
constexpr size_t kMaxReasonSizeInBytes = 123;

}  // namespace

WebSocketCommon::ConnectResult WebSocketCommon::Connect(
    ExecutionContext* execution_context,
    const String& url,
    const Vector<String>& protocols,
    WebSocketChannel* channel,
    ExceptionState& exception_state) {
  url_ = KURL(NullURL(), url);

  bool upgrade_insecure_requests_set =
      (execution_context->GetSecurityContext().GetInsecureRequestPolicy() &
       mojom::blink::InsecureRequestPolicy::kUpgradeInsecureRequests) !=
      mojom::blink::InsecureRequestPolicy::kLeaveInsecureRequestsAlone;

  if (upgrade_insecure_requests_set && url_.Protocol() == "ws" &&
      !network::IsUrlPotentiallyTrustworthy(GURL(url_))) {
    UseCounter::Count(
        execution_context,
        WebFeature::kUpgradeInsecureRequestsUpgradedRequestWebsocket);
    url_.SetProtocol("wss");
    if (url_.Port() == 80)
      url_.SetPort(443);
  }

  if (!url_.IsValid()) {
    state_ = kClosed;
    exception_state.ThrowDOMException(DOMExceptionCode::kSyntaxError,
                                      "The URL '" + url + "' is invalid.");
    return ConnectResult::kException;
  }
  if (!url_.ProtocolIs("ws") && !url_.ProtocolIs("wss")) {
    state_ = kClosed;
    exception_state.ThrowDOMException(
        DOMExceptionCode::kSyntaxError,
        "The URL's scheme must be either 'ws' or 'wss'. '" + url_.Protocol() +
            "' is not allowed.");
    return ConnectResult::kException;
  }

  if (url_.HasFragmentIdentifier()) {
    state_ = kClosed;
    exception_state.ThrowDOMException(
        DOMExceptionCode::kSyntaxError,
        "The URL contains a fragment identifier ('" +
            url_.FragmentIdentifier() +
            "'). Fragment identifiers are not allowed in WebSocket URLs.");
    return ConnectResult::kException;
  }

  if (!execution_context->GetContentSecurityPolicyForCurrentWorld()
           ->AllowConnectToSource(url_, url_, RedirectStatus::kNoRedirect)) {
    state_ = kClosed;

    return ConnectResult::kAsyncError;
  }

  // Fail if not all elements in |protocols| are valid.
  for (const String& protocol : protocols) {
    if (!IsValidSubprotocolString(protocol)) {
      state_ = kClosed;
      exception_state.ThrowDOMException(DOMExceptionCode::kSyntaxError,
                                        "The subprotocol '" +
                                            EncodeSubprotocolString(protocol) +
                                            "' is invalid.");
      return ConnectResult::kException;
    }
  }

  // Fail if there're duplicated elements in |protocols|.
  HashSet<String> visited;
  for (const String& protocol : protocols) {
    if (!visited.insert(protocol).is_new_entry) {
      state_ = kClosed;
      exception_state.ThrowDOMException(DOMExceptionCode::kSyntaxError,
                                        "The subprotocol '" +
                                            EncodeSubprotocolString(protocol) +
                                            "' is duplicated.");
      return ConnectResult::kException;
    }
  }

  String protocol_string;
  if (!protocols.IsEmpty())
    protocol_string = JoinStrings(protocols, kWebSocketSubprotocolSeparator);

  if (!channel->Connect(url_, protocol_string)) {
    state_ = kClosed;
    exception_state.ThrowSecurityError(
        "An insecure WebSocket connection may not be initiated from a page "
        "loaded over HTTPS.");
    channel->Disconnect();
    return ConnectResult::kException;
  }

  return ConnectResult::kSuccess;
}

void WebSocketCommon::CloseInternal(int code,
                                    const String& reason,
                                    WebSocketChannel* channel,
                                    ExceptionState& exception_state) {
  String cleansed_reason = reason;
  if (code == WebSocketChannel::kCloseEventCodeNotSpecified) {
    DVLOG(1) << "WebSocket " << this << " close() without code and reason";
  } else {
    DVLOG(1) << "WebSocket " << this << " close() code=" << code
             << " reason=" << reason;
    if (!(code == WebSocketChannel::kCloseEventCodeNormalClosure ||
          (WebSocketChannel::kCloseEventCodeMinimumUserDefined <= code &&
           code <= WebSocketChannel::kCloseEventCodeMaximumUserDefined))) {
      exception_state.ThrowDOMException(
          DOMExceptionCode::kInvalidAccessError,
          "The code must be either 1000, or between 3000 and 4999. " +
              String::Number(code) + " is neither.");
      return;
    }
    // Bindings specify USVString, so unpaired surrogates are already replaced
    // with U+FFFD.
    StringUTF8Adaptor utf8(reason);
    if (utf8.size() > kMaxReasonSizeInBytes) {
      exception_state.ThrowDOMException(
          DOMExceptionCode::kSyntaxError,
          "The message must not be greater than " +
              String::Number(kMaxReasonSizeInBytes) + " bytes.");
      return;
    }
    if (!reason.IsEmpty() && !reason.Is8Bit()) {
      DCHECK_GT(utf8.size(), 0u);
      // reason might contain unpaired surrogates. Reconstruct it from
      // utf8.
      cleansed_reason = String::FromUTF8(utf8.data(), utf8.size());
    }
  }

  if (state_ == kClosing || state_ == kClosed)
    return;
  if (state_ == kConnecting) {
    state_ = kClosing;
    channel->Fail(
        "WebSocket is closed before the connection is established.",
        mojom::ConsoleMessageLevel::kWarning,
        std::make_unique<SourceLocation>(String(), String(), 0, 0, nullptr));
    return;
  }
  state_ = kClosing;
  if (channel)
    channel->Close(code, cleansed_reason);
}

inline bool WebSocketCommon::IsValidSubprotocolCharacter(UChar character) {
  const UChar kMinimumProtocolCharacter = '!';  // U+0021.
  const UChar kMaximumProtocolCharacter = '~';  // U+007E.
  // Set to true if character does not matches "separators" ABNF defined in
  // RFC2616. SP and HT are excluded since the range check excludes them.
  bool is_not_separator =
      character != '"' && character != '(' && character != ')' &&
      character != ',' && character != '/' &&
      !(character >= ':' &&
        character <=
            '@')  // U+003A - U+0040 (':', ';', '<', '=', '>', '?', '@').
      && !(character >= '[' &&
           character <= ']')  // U+005B - U+005D ('[', '\\', ']').
      && character != '{' && character != '}';
  return character >= kMinimumProtocolCharacter &&
         character <= kMaximumProtocolCharacter && is_not_separator;
}

bool WebSocketCommon::IsValidSubprotocolString(const String& protocol) {
  if (protocol.IsEmpty())
    return false;
  for (wtf_size_t i = 0; i < protocol.length(); ++i) {
    if (!IsValidSubprotocolCharacter(protocol[i]))
      return false;
  }
  return true;
}

String WebSocketCommon::EncodeSubprotocolString(const String& protocol) {
  StringBuilder builder;
  for (wtf_size_t i = 0; i < protocol.length(); i++) {
    if (protocol[i] < 0x20 || protocol[i] > 0x7E)
      builder.AppendFormat("\\u%04X", protocol[i]);
    else if (protocol[i] == 0x5c)
      builder.Append("\\\\");
    else
      builder.Append(protocol[i]);
  }
  return builder.ToString();
}

String WebSocketCommon::JoinStrings(const Vector<String>& strings,
                                    const char* separator) {
  StringBuilder builder;
  for (wtf_size_t i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
    if (i)
      builder.Append(separator);
    builder.Append(strings[i]);
  }
  return builder.ToString();
}

}  // namespace blink

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Flowmetrix Technical Services is an industry leader in providing water distribution studies including various leak detection strategies following best management practices. Using state-of-the-art leak sounding equipment and Leak Noise Correlators (LNC), form the foundation of an acoustic leak survey.
• Flowmetrix is able to address system design based on typical pipe size, materials and pressures providing a strategy most suitable for best leak finding results.
• Flowmetrix offers a traditional leak detection survey consisting of typical hydrant leak noise survey to locate potential leaks with leak noise correlation equipment to pinpoint such leaks. Although, this approach is more suitable to tight budget, realize potential leaks in metallic systems very well up to 12-inch in diameter.
• Flowmetrix also offers a more intense comprehensive leak detection survey consisting of traditional sounding techniques in addition to sounding each service connection and/or main line valve. Although, this technique is the most comprehensive and most costly will yield the best results in finding unreported leaks. Flowmetrix would advise our clients' of better approaches to leak detection to best suit their financial dollar.
Flowmetrix Technical Services is an industry leader in providing water distribution studies including District Metering Areas (DMA). Using state-of-the-art flow meters, pressure instrumentation and data recording technologies (both stand-alone and wireless delivery services) are used to conduct these studies. Flowmetrix is able to utilize our data delivery service (web-hosted data server) infrastructure, to minimize field activities while maximizing available data. The host server is able to create upload "real-time" calculation or imaginary metering and/or flow/pressure system alarm notifications.
• Flowmetrix is capable of developing DMA zones, with intermediate zonal step-testing whether permanent in nature or suited for temporary studies.
• Using DMA studies to assist in real loss calculation, assisting with UARL statements, ROI statements related to varying leak detection strategies & efforts to locate and pinpoint leakage within the water distribution system.
• Use for pilot studies to evaluate other physical leak detection strategies such as acoustic main/service leak detection surveys, correlation techniques, and/or helium leak detection programs.


text:
Site INTRO
Fairy Terms
My problems
Original Problems
Search Original Problems
Julia's Fairies – 2012
Julia's Fairies – 2013(I)
Julia's Fairies – 2013(II)
Julia's Fairies – 2013(III)
Retro & PG problems 2013-2014
Julia's Fairies – 10/2017-3/2018
Ankona
History of Popeye
Popeye: installation and examples
Cmd-commands to run popeye
Batch scripts to run popeye
Py2Web Demo
WinChloe
« Site Updates-210712
Site Updates-250712 »
JF-2012
By Julia | July 22, 2012 - 17:50 | February 6, 2015 Tournamens, JF, Tournaments and Awards
I'm happy to announce an Informal Tourney
for Fairy Problems published in Julia's Fairies
web-site in 2012!
Problems of any fairy type are allowed! ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
The judge for 2012: N.Shankar Ram – International Master of FIDE, famous Indian composer with more than 40 problems in FIDE Albums, twice placed First in the WCCT Fairy section – the 3rd and 4th WCCT.
Some more information I've got from Shankar: 51 years old, born and lives in Bangalore (India), qualified as mechanical engineer, works in I.T. and automation area of a manufacturing company, married for 15 years, has a son of 12. Other interests: computers, music (old indian film songs, western classical, computer generated), interactive fiction, science fiction, rubik's cube, psychology, philosophy and general reading.
Please send your entries to Julia's Fairies editor, Julia Vysotska, e-mail: julia@juliasfairies.com same as you've sent before for publishing in the site. Already published problems will participate in the tourney as well as the new entries.
The Award will be published in Julia's Fairies in 2013.
You're very welcome to participate!
Sincerely, Julia
2 Responses to JF-2012
seetharaman says:
Happy that Julia could convince Shankar Ram to come out of semi-retirement !
A small but nice selection of his problems is here: http://chesscomposers.blogspot.in/2012/02/february-26th.html
You can add images to your comment by clicking here.
Originals January 2020
JF-2020/I, Eric Huber
Statistics JF-2019/II
Originals 28-311219
Sergey Smotrov 50JT
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Creating a Fairy Chess Problems Database
Re: Forsberg twins in WinChloe
by: Georgy Evseev
Re: Saving problems in Popeye
by: Joost de Heer
Geoff Foster
Jan 23, 2:17 on No.1384 (MC)
{ Clearly the bK has to be on h1, to force the order of the moves... }
{ Right Geoff. It need not be a check. Wonder if it is sound with bKa3. }
{ Does White's final move have to be a check? Even with the bK on a... }
Cornel Pacurar
Jan 21, 8:06 on No.1476 (CP)
{ I would have preferred the solutions to be written in the format below (a ser-hs#3... }
François Labelle
Jan 20, 17:47 on 17th TT by Phénix (C 1.04.2020)
{ Breton and its variants are now available in Jacobi v0.7.2, which should help those who... }
Jan 20, 10:19 on No.1474 (AS)
{ A berolina pawn on b3 would be better to get matching FML effect on B2/W3,... }
Jan 18, 4:56 on No.1474 (AS)
{ Good avoidance of Q promotions, and clever choice of which wR. }
Kjell Widlert
Jan 17, 17:47 on No.1473 (GE&BS)
{ Of course this is a Zilahi (of the fully cyclic active 2-captures type): it is... }
Georgy Evseev
{ Neutral pieces change logic of play. The following collective problem has quiet active sacrifices. WinChloe... }
{ Clearly at least three White moves are needed for an "active 2-captures Zilahi": two sacrifices... }
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text:
Q: TypeError:unsupported operand type[s] for -: 'list' and 'int' What have I done wrong?
I'm just starting to learn python, so I do not understand much, help please.
Task: Convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius and vice versa.
The integer degrees of Fahrenheit and Celsius are given in different lines. Print the calculated translation values on different lines.
Input:95_F
      73_C

a=input().split('_F')
b=input().split('_C')
a1=(5/9*(a-32))
a2=(9/5*b+32)
print (a1)
print (a2)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "jailed_code", line 3, in <module>
    a1=(5/9*(a-32))
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'list' and 'int'

A: input().split() gives you a list, and you are trying to subtract it with an int, hence the error TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'list' and 'int'
To fix it, you want to get the first element of the list after splitting the string via split, and convert that string to an integer via int(var)
#Get the first element of the list after splitting the string, and convert that string to an integer
a=int(input().split('_F')[0])
b=int(input().split('_C')[0])

#Do the conversion
a1=(5/9*(a-32))
a2=(9/5*b+32)

#Print the temperatures
print(a1)
print(a2)

The output will be
35.0
163.4

A: split return list (element type equal string)
a=input().split('_F')
b=input().split('_C')

a=int(a[0])
b=int(b[0])

a1=(5/9*(a-32))
a2=(9/5*b+32)
print (a1)
print (a2)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you happen to be interested in property investment, it is of utmost importance on your part to know about the fact that there are so many different types lucrative investments available for it that you can choose from. Basically speaking, when it comes to property investments, there are actually two basic types of properties and these are the residential properties and the commercial properties. On very important thing that you need to know about commercial properties or commercial rentals is the fact that it usually take a number of different forms including store rentals, warehouse spaces, storage and also, office spaces. Many commercial property landlords wants to make sure that everything is being done fair and square therefore, what they do about this is that they will send their lawyer or lawyers to be present during the drawing up of the tenancy agreement. One of the main reasons why there are lots of landlords who are sending their lawyers to attend the drawing up of tenancy agreement is because they know that majority of the commercial tenants renting their commercial properties are having their own legal departments look over the agreement itself prior to signing it up.
On the other hand, the truth of the matter when it comes to residential tenancy agreement is that it is not likely to be all that difficult to draw up. On the other hand, with regards to residential rentals or residential properties such as town houses, rest houses, condominiums, house rentals as well as flat rentals, the tenant will have to stay or live their throughout the whole duration of the term of the rental they signed up for. As for residential rentals, their agreements are pretty standard to the point that it varies little from home to home or from flat to flat. Unless you have some sort of a special mitigating circumstances, there really is no pressing need for you to hire the service of a lawyer for legal representation during the drawing up of the tenancy agreement. There are still lost of individuals who are new to the world of UK property investment that is why they need to make sure that they are doing some internet research in order for them to get more information in terms of rental agreements and other pertinent information about landlords.
Following after your decision of investing in a property, and you are currently at the beginning stages of becoming an official residential landlord, what you need to do now is to look for information that will serve as a great help for you on successfully becoming an effective residential landlord. The way you will proceed with the next stages will be determined by whether you are the sole owner of the property you are renting or if you are just one of the several fellow investors who have a fair share in the property.


BIM enables our team to operate in the most proficient way possible, providing you with an incredibly detailed overview of your project in the preconstruction phase.
Working with JNP Architects, EDC is providing M&E design with the use of BIM. This project will result in a state-of-the-art depot to house a number of Dublin City Council Departments.


Casa La Quercia 1 PT SX, located inside the Masseria La Scalella in San Pietro in Bevagna' countryside neighbourhood of Manduria - Casa La Quercia is characterized having kept its charm and its authenticity intact allowing guests to stay not only in a unique atmosphere but especially in an environment equipped with all comforts. In particular, it has 2 bedrooms, a living-dining room, 2 bathrooms. The rooms, with the featured tuff roofs, with the original stone floors, the thick walls up to one meter high (typical of Salento farms) are furnished in a simple style and are equipped both with a double bed. The living - dining room with table and chairs, is equipped with kitchenette, complete with kitchenware. Guests can use, exclusively, an outdoor area, which, being equipped with table and garden furniture, it is the ideal place for dining in total relaxation immersed completely in nature to enjoy the tranquility of the place and healthy air. Casa La Quercia allows you to meet everyone's needs and ensure a memorable stay and offers the following services: air conditioning, washing machine, 2 sun loungers, barbecue, TV. Shared services: outdoor hot showers and parking. No aqueduct. Casa La Quercia can accommodate from 2 to 6 people, from 5 to 6 with surcharge. Furthermore, to make it extra special vacation, Masseria La Scalella, thanks to an unusual but original initiative, allows guests to pick up and consume agricultural products from the vegetable biological garden freely. Casa La Quercia 1 PT SX is part of a housing unit consists of 7 apartments. Each apartment can be rented individually, because each one is independent. The property as a whole offers the ideal accommodation for families or groups of friends who want to spend their holidays together while retaining their separate privacy. Each apartment has outside not only of a reserved area, but also common areas, accessible to all guests. The farm, whose oldest part dates back to 1172 has been fully restored to allow an impeccable hospitality all year round and offers a splendid panoramic sea view even from the ground floor. The structure, only at 3 km from the coast of San Pietro in Bevagna, enjoys a strategic location that allows to easily reach even the resort areas of Specchiarica, Punta Prosciutto and Torre Colimena Salina dei Monaci, which are home to some of the the most beautiful beaches of Salento.