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Lord Fitzclarence asked the cook
Lord Fitzclarence interviewed his cook, James Thornton, about his previous employer, the Duke of Wellington. The interview has recently been discovered (see opposite page) and published in a book called ``Your Most Obedient Servant'' by Salem House in the US. How did you cook in the camp, what fire places had you, had you smaller dinners in camp than in quarters?
I had a Room made with poles and a tarpolain, a table on trestles to prepare my dinners in. There was a mound of earth thrown up in the shape of Balloon, and niches cut round this in which we made fires and boiled the sauce pans.
We had a larger niche cut out for roasting, we stuck a pole in the top of that, and dangled the meat, when it rained hard, they had nothing but cold meat and bread. We never had any company to dinner while in camp, except the staff.
There was a sentry always placed at the entrance of the Duke's tent. . . .
How did you travel etc.?
In our march from Waterloo, we had five carriages, the first was the Duke's carriage with four horses, driven by the Head coachman, the second was a carriage for the plate, with the Butler and his Assistants, driven by the second coachman. The third was a sort of carriage for the kitchen furniture, with myself and my assistants, the fourth was the old Nelson with the coachman's baggage, the fifth was the Duke's curricle, drawn by two horses, and there were two led horses ridden by the coachman's lads. These were all independant of the Saddle horses, the Duke rode on horseback all the way.
Jillian Michaels joins NYC anti-carriage horse bandwagon
Liam Neeson's NYC home picketed by carriage horse foes


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Our goal is to produce enjoyable, well–balanced wines, expressive of their distinctive terroir. Our minimalistic, "bare bones" approach to winery processes is intended to minimize any winery- or processing-related characteristics in the wine.
Our primary interest in Pinot Noir is related to its unsurpassed ability to capture and express the essence of its place of origin. There is an old saying, that a good Pinot expresses its varietal, whereas a great one expresses its terroir… You will certainly find our Pinots as distinctive as it gets. Being grown on volcanic soils results in their unusual character, especially noticeable in their youth. With extended aging, they integrate this pronounced expression of terroir and become truly classic expressions of mature Pinot.
Our "Home Vineyard" Pinot Noir is generally considered our flagship wine. Starting in 2011, we have occasionally produced very limited quantities of "Old Block" and "Lower Block" separately. These are two half-acre microclimates/sections of the Home Vineyard that, by comparison, show their own individual terroir expression.
From 2017, we started producing yet another Pinot bottling: coming from immediately across the road from our Home Vineyard, "Suzy's Block" is a 0.6 acre vineyard we planted in 2007 on an east-facing steeper slope on rocky red clay (aka "decomposed granite") soil. This wine is produced in even smaller quantity and, for the time being, is only available through our wine clubs.
Syrah is another grape of tremendous quality potential in our region. For the first decade of our history we leased/farmed a few acres of this and other varieties on the nearby Renaissance Vineyard. The following three field-blends represent three distinctive expressions of that topographically complex Mountain-vineyard: Heart of Stone (Syrah, often co-fermented with Viognier or Roussanne), La Cuvée Mystérieuse (Syrah, co-fermented with mainly Merlot and Viognier), and Black Pearl (Syrah, co-fermented with mainly Cabernet Sauvignon and Petit Verdot). 2009 was the last vintage of these three wines. 2010, the last year we farmed these vines, was hit by repeated waves of spring frosts, which dramatically decreased the amount of fruit we got: there was enough fruit for only one cuvée we named "Spring Frost", instead of the three.
2009 announced the first vintage of our Stone Soup Syrah. At about 2000ft. altitude, this vineyard is located about one mile up the hill from our home, on our friends John and Ellen Trezevant's property. This Syrah's expression is strongly individual: lighter than most in body and alcohol, it has very deep color, vibrant acidity, and fresh aromas. This 2-acre site is a textbook Syrah vineyard: south-facing, steep, extremely rocky, granitic, well drained. The challenge here is getting the vines established in this extreme low-vigor, arid hot-spot, but the early results are highly promising. About 10% of the vineyard is planted Viognier, which has been co-fermented with the Syrah starting with the 2013 vintage.
The White Field: In 2011, we started developing a new 2-1/2 acres vineyard on Rulik & Marieke's property, our long time friends and neighbors. This vineyard directly extends the Home Vineyard northwards and was designed as a field blend of multiple whites and reds, carefully selected by their affinity with the soil and microclimate. By the end of 2012 about two thirds of the surface was planted with Sauvignon Blanc, Roussanne, Viognier, Riesling, Petit Manseng, and Syrah. The severe drought of 2012-16, accompanied by poor management of our Water District's irrigation water, resulted in great losses of much of what we planted, but we kept planting (and re-planting) the White Field with Trousseau, Mondeuse, and Pinot Noir. In 2018 we added some Counoise and Cinsault, and in 2019 we completed the planting with Gewürztraminer and more Cinsault. First experimental results from these young vines are exclusively available through our Short List wine club.
In the meanwhile, until our new vineyards come to bear fruit, we work with a few excellent grapes growers elsewhere. Our Tickled Pink is a rosé made from early harvested Syrah and various other red and white varieties. Starting with 2013, the rosé ferments on some white skins/stems and is barrel aged for 12-18 months before bottling. Following bottling, it is further bottle-aged for 3 years before release. Counter-intuitively, this rosé evolved with many years of cellaring – just like a red wine. Our long-term goal with this wine is to release it when it's at least seven years old. From 2018, we stated producing another, smaller batch of rosé, using Pinot Noir grapes from the Home Vineyard. We call it Tickled Noir.
Carte Blanche is our white blend, a co-fermentation of various white grapes. Until 2010, we farmed the grapes for these two wines on the Renaissance Vineyard. From 2011 and on, it is made of purchased fruit.
One of the most exciting outcome of the disastrous 2010 frost season is what we refer to as the "Blues", a few red cuvées, made of sourced fruit: Out of the Blue was made from ancient-vine Cinsault. A Deeper Shade of Blue was a slightly more "serious" variation on the theme, co-fermented with Syrah, resulting in a more complex, age-worthy wine. The most recent of the Blues is Kind of Blue, a catch-all label we use now for reds that are kind of 'blue' in character or style. The grapes used for this one have vary through the vintages, and so did the provenance.
Select a category Taken From Granite Uncategorized Current Releases "Once Upon a Time" Special Library Release Library Wines Photographic Prints

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Growing up I loved to make my parents and siblings (4 brothers, 1 sister) breakfast. On holidays, it was also a special treat for my mother to have someone help her in the kitchen! Here's a yummy recipe for a delicious, moist muffin that goes great with an omelette or scrambled eggs! Enjoy it alone or topped with honey butter.
Grease muffin cup tray with coconut oil.
In a large bowl, add flour, sugar, pecans, baking soda, baking powder, salt, cinnamon and pumpkin spice.
In another large bowl, stir together the coconut oil, egg, applesauce (with apple chunks) and pineapple.
Pour wet ingredients into the dry flour mixture.
Mix until the batter with an electric mixer until it is blended. Use a spatula to scrap the sides of the bowl. Batter will be thick.
Spoon batter into the muffin cups filling to the rims.
Bake 30 minutes until the muffins are golden.
After muffins have baked 30 minutes, insert a toothpick into the center of one or two muffins; make sure the toothpick comes out clean to indicate the muffins are properly cooked.
Take 2-4 T. butter in a small bowl at room temperature. The butter should be soft. Drizzle honey into the butter (to taste) and stir. Serve muffins with honey butter.
Maryann I am a new cook and have tried your Pineapple applesauce muffins without success. Each time the muffins start to cook in the oven they appear to be doing fine. At about 10 minutes into the "run" they raise up looking good. A few minutes later disintegrate into a wet mess falling back into the muffin pan.
The only thing I have done differently is to use the paper inserts in the muffin pan, but I don't think that would make a difference. Being a beginner it almost seems like the mixture is to wet.
•To make sure you are using the right amounts, when you measure wet and dry ingredients in the measuring cup(s) , use a knife to skim off extra ingredients.
•You really don't need the paper inserts if you use coconut oil to oil the muffin tin. However, that should'nt impact the texture.
•The 4 T. butter and 3 T. honey are for the honey butter (optional if you want to make honey butter to spread on the muffins) – these ingredients should not go into the mixture.
•When you mix up the batter – it should be rather a heavy consistency with substance (not runny).
•Make sure you preheat your oven to 350 degrees — before you put the muffins in the oven. Then, keep the door shut while the muffins cook (peek in the oven turning on the light and looking through the glass window). The muffins take approximately 25-30 minutes to bake tops.
Let me know if you have any further questions. I hope you give them a try again. They are delicious! I'm having one right now with tea.
Thanks Maryann. My muffin mixture wasn't firm at all. The chunky applesauce I used was a commercial brand that I think must have had too much water content. I tried making your Homemade Chunky Applesauce, and the mixture was much drier. So I am going to try it making the Pineapple Applesauce muffins again, and incorporate your Homemade Chunky Applesauce receipe.
Hi Jim, Sometimes when I'm really busy, and I want to make the muffins on the weekend let's say, I use unsweetened applesauce and just add in about 1/3 c. diced apples and that will also serve as the chunky applesauce ingredient. Happy cooking!


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Q: In what directory(s) are the default ubuntu icons located? I accidentally deleted the Downloads bookmark, and I wanted to recreate it with the same icon, but I can't find it.

A: "Icons are located in /usr/share/icons"
This answer is only partially correct.  If one does a locate *.png on the command line,
many locations for icons will be found. For example, /usr/share/unity/icons,
/usr/share/themes/Radiance/gtk-3.0/assets/switch-button-off.png

So a more generalized answer would be... in various directories under /usr/share
I don't know what a "downloads bookmark" is, so I can't address your specific issue any further.

A: Icons are located in /usr/share/icons

A: The default icons are placed in
/usr/share/icons/hicolor

256x256 icons for example
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps

Anyway you can also replace this icons by pasting the wanted icon at the current theme folder

A: More specifically, the default icons that the file browser is using (currently up to version 15.04) are placed in folder:
/usr/share/icons/Humanity/places/48

The icon for the download folder is folder-download.svg.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Diapers.com, the online delivery service, made one critical error. It rocketed to success in a field dominated by Amazon.com Inc. Sales by the parent company, created in 2005 by Marc Lore and Vinit Bharara, grew to $300 million by 2010, prompting an unwinnable war of price attrition with Amazon and the inevitable buyout offer the founders couldn't refuse.


1. How would you describe your style of art?
My paintings occupy the space between vision and sound. This systematic and interdisciplinary approach has a correlation with music and mathematics. The intention is to create imagery where there is no starting or finishing point, capturing a fragment of infinity. In this regard my work has a strong correlation with emergence theory, were complex patterns emerge out of simple interactions. Conceptually, I am not trying to illustrate sound but, rather, give visual expression to its physicality. I am concerned with the physical reaction the viewer has when viewing my paintings. This idea is closely related to the phenomenon of synaesthesia.
2. What are your inspirations for your artwork?
The main inspiration for my artwork is music especially electronic music jazz, classical music and science.
3 Is there one artist who inspires you the most?
I stopped looking at other artists work for inspiration after 1991 and at that point I implemented a systematic approach which took on my own individual path with my influences coming primarily from music, I will say however that the Australian artist  Don Laycock was a major influence on my work as a teenager when I studied art at high school.
I had the honour of meeting him in 1993 and I am the proud owner of one of his paintings.
4. Have you found the art market has changed? If so, in what way?
The art market has changed dramatically in recent years. A favourable review from an influential art critic used to be the catalyst for sales, however a lot of interest nowadays is generated by social media, art fairs and a lot of work are viewed / purchased online.
5. What are buyers and the general public liking most about your artwork?
I feel buyers and the general public respond to the complexity of my work, they also like the kinetic energy and the fact the images always change upon different viewings. There also is a seductive element to the work which they also really respond to.
6. If you weren't an artist what would you be?
I would be a Horticulturalist/ landscape designer! I used to be a Horticulturalist before I became an artist however nowadays I think I would also like to be an entrepreneur.
I like riding my road bike and I train in Martial arts mainly Thai boxing and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu mainly for fitness. I follow the English Premier League and Championship as well as international Soccer, I also have a keen interest in economics and politics.
8. So you're in Hong Kong right now with Ovolo. What else are you up to while you're in town?
After working on the wall painting which takes up most of the day, I go for a bowl of noodles at a Japanese style noodle bar. I really enjoy the walk to the train station as I head past most of the bars in central Hong Kong, I haven't been here long enough to explore but for the time being I really enjoy this simple routine.
9. What's next for John Aslanidis?
My next project is in Melbourne where I am having sections of my artwork reproduced on a wall and ceiling for a forecourt area across the road, from Spencer St station. I am also working on a large sonic network painting which comprises of eight panels joined together and is 3 high x 5 metres in length. I'm finding it an exciting project it is the third painting I have created on that scale.
John has recently curated a large-scale artwork at the newly created outdoor terrace space at VEDA.


Is it permissible for a Muslim to open the restaurant or takeaway during daytime in the blessed month of Ramaḍān?
It is not permitted for a Muslim to open his takeaway or restaurant during the day in the blessed month of Ramaḍān and feed people. This is against the sanctity of the blessed month. However, if a person opens his takeaway or restaurant during the day for people to collect food, this should be permitted as it does not necessitate that the person will eat the food during the day. It has become customary for people to collect food during the daytime for Ifṭār. Thus, this will be permitted on the condition that food is not eaten in the premises.


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North Korean propaganda video: Christians are 'spies' on 'mission from the enemy'
United Methodist churches observe 'Human Relations Day' to honor legacy of MLK Jr.
CP Current Page: World | Monday, September 16, 2019
By Leah MarieAnn Klett, Christian Post Reporter | Monday, September 16, 2019
North Korea, led by Kim Jong-un, ranks as the worst country for Christian persecution on the annual Open Doors World Watch List. | Reuters/Korean Central News Agency (KCNA)
A newly-discovered propaganda video reveals how the North Korean government seeks to silence Christianity by painting believers as "religious fanatics" and "spies" bent on undermining the stability of the hermit kingdom.
The video, obtained by The Voice of the Martyrs, a Christian nonprofit that supports persecuted believers all over the world, was allegedly used to teach state security agents how to identify and silence those who promote religion inside North Korea.
The video features the story of Christian evangelist Cha Deoksun, who, after suffering during the Great Famine in the 1990s that killed an estimated 2.5 million people, illegally fled to China in search of her uncle. After learning her uncle had died, Deoksun went to the Seotap Church, where she heard the Gospel for the first time.
"Seotap Church is operated by disguised pastors from the puppet South Korea government's secret service," claims the video. "It harbors homeless illegal trespassers, providing anti-republic (anti-North Korean) religious study, effectively training them as spies."
The video says she "naively believed the sermons about a merciful God and became a "fanatical believer" who returned to North Korea to form an underground network of Christians inside the country.
"She was completely fooled by the enemy," it adds.
Upon returning to North Korea, Cha turned herself in for breaking the law by crossing into China, but authorities were "lenient" and let her go, the video says.
"Instead of being grateful for the forgiving policy party (the Workers' Party of Korea), she gave thanks to the 'God of mercy,'" the video states.
Because she was impoverished, Cha traveled from city to city to earn money. According to the video, the evangelist gave money to the poor and needy and gathered with fellow underground Christians every Sunday to worship, pray, sing hymns, and study the scripture. Thanks to Cha's evangelistic efforts, her family, along with a number of others, converted to Christianity.
The video describes her as a "spy" who sought to recruit other spies, and as a "religious fanatic" on a "mission from the enemy," "absurdly trying to establish the kingdom of God."
Eventually, Cha was reported to officials by "a good and awakened North Korean citizen." VOM believes that she was either killed by firing squad or died in a gulag.
"It is unclear how Deoksun died, but it is possible that she was executed," VOM notes, adding that the Cha "served the Lord without recognition, just as many North Korean Christians do today, despite their government's attempts to eradicate Christianity."
Christian materials shown in an North Korea government anti-religion training video | YouTube/Screengrab
North Korea ranks as the worst country for Christian persecution on the annual Open Doors World Watch List. The organization estimates that many of the country's own citizens — including around 50,000 believers — are being held in detention centers, prisons, or political camps.
Recently, Kenneth Bae, a Korean-American pastor who was held hostage in North Korea from 2012 to 2014, shared how the North Korean government is more afraid of Christians than nuclear weapons.
"They said, 'we are not afraid of nuclear weapons ... we are afraid of someone like you bringing religion into our country and use it against us and then everybody will turn to God and this will become God's country and we will fall," Bae said.
Because of his evangelistic efforts, Bae was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor, and was then sent to a North Korean labor camp. He was ultimately released in 2014. He revealed that when he would talk about Jesus with North Koreans, they would ask him if Jesus lives in Korea or China.
"North Korea is not a country where Christians are being persecuted; it is a country [where] Christianity has been eliminated, the total elimination taking place," he stressed. "And if you're Christians, they'll kill you, they'll kill your parents."
Watch the Voice of the Martyrs video below.
North Korean defector says cousin's entire family executed for sharing Gospel
North Korea forced abortions: Babies killed with 'burning irons,' poisons, say experts
Chinese pastor shared Gospel with 1,000 North Koreans before being assassinated for his faith
Church leaders divided on Brexit bell ringing to celebrate leaving EU
Pushing doctor assisted suicide to increase organ transplants is wrong, doctor says
China creating 'system of persecution for the future,' Open Doors warns
Historic home of famous Christian writer GK Chesterton threatened with demolition


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Peter Matthiessen ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Peter Matthiessen (Jurist) (1720–1812), deutscher Jurist, Verwaltungsbeamter und Bürgermeister von Kopenhagen
 Peter Matthiessen (Politiker) (1907–1995), deutscher Politiker (CDU)
 Peter Matthiessen (Autor) (1927–2014), US-amerikanischer Autor und Umweltschützer
 Peter Matthiessen (Mediziner) (1944–2019), deutscher Mediziner und Anthroposoph
 Peter Friedrich Matthiessen (1800–1865), deutscher Autor und Jurist

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The weekend after Thanksgiving, like many New Orleanians, I typically prepare gumbo. From the turkey leftovers, I trim off the remaining meat, make a homemade broth and splurge on Andouille sausage.
From essentially nothing, this incredibly savory pot of leftovers becomes a multi-dimensional and satisfying bowl of warmth.
Home cooking is such an important part of our family's daily ritual, and I can only name a couple of other cooking techniques I enjoy more than preparing a chocolate-colored roux. Those 30 minutes or so required to create a dark roux are a perfect time for reflections. My thoughts on that particular day drifted toward the origin of the combination of three common vegetables, fondly called the "holy trinity" in our local cuisine – and, how making a pot of gumbo is very much like marriage.
From initial reaction, one would think that oil and flour would not mix. But, with time and effort, it becomes the base to this amazing, comforting dish.
The union of these two very different ingredients can be compared to the beginning of any marriage, where man and woman are unique, with different backgrounds, thoughts and experiences destined to become one upon the sacrament of matrimony.
In their differences they actually complement one another, similar to hot oil and flour that, with time, nurturing and patience, become intertwined, darken and ultimately form the foundation and building block for gumbo – like marriage is the building block of God's kingdom, the Catholic Church and society.
The addition of the holy trinity – chopped onions, celery and green peppers – to the roux as the foundation of the dish quickly bonds together, similar to the lifelong bond of unity between a man and woman and of the Holy Trinity. The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit are united as one with no beginning or end.
This new texture is a symbolism of the unbreakable bond of love between Christ and his people, even with each ladle of broth added.
Each gumbo recipe is as unique as each marriage, reflecting cultural traditions, region, economics, experience and available "ingredients," just like sacred Scriptures and the tradition of the Catholic Church and the sacrament of matrimony. Some households enjoy and prefer tomatoes, shellfish, okra, filé powder or duck, just to name a few.
In each marriage, these ingredients might equate to children, extended family, jobs, commitment to their parish and community – which are all ingredients that give flavor, fragrance and varying consistencies to any marriage, just like any savory addition in gumbo.
Some recipes flourish with their ingredients, while others need additional elements or the elimination of spices or protein to intensify the palate.
After creating gumbo countless times, one thing I have observed. It is not an easy dish to achieve. It takes practice, dedication, commitment and is almost a mystery – any two pots never come out exactly the same in their flavoring, consistency and fragrance, as it evolves with time.
But in the end, the gumbo is always hearty and fulfilling, right down to the last spoonful. Marriage, too, is a great mystery that parallels the love of Christ for his church and is a sign of God's love for us, in its endless blessings and grace.
What "ingredients" are in your gumbo (marriage)?


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2012 Focus Titanium! Well equipped and great financing options available!


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The space shuttle legacy - Disbanded but not forgotten
Discovery and Enterprise cross paths in Washington.
In October I am heading to New York and Washington D.C with my sister to tour my favourite places for the first time. But here is the clincher. I am going to see not one, but two Space Shuttles, and when I realised this I actually started to cry. After I got over the flow of emotion that came with this realisation, I started to think about their legacy and what they represent in history.
Over the last month the East coast has seen two of the fleet fly over their national monuments on the back of a 747 as they make their way to their new homes. The space shuttle Discovery made its final journey in the sky, as it was flown from Florida to Washington D.C, where it will become part of the Smithsonian Museum's space exhibit. Discovery replaces Enterprise, which has take up its new residence in New York City at the Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum. Endevour still awaits its final flight to Los Angeles where it will be on display at the California Science Center. Atlantis, the last shuttle to fly in space, will remain in Florida at the Kennedy Space Center with each representing a fantastic era in the history of space exploration and human ingenuity.
The Space Shuttle programme has a legacy going back nearly 45 years, to even before the Apollo Moon landing in 1969. However, it was not until 1972 when President Nixon announced that NASA could proceed with the development of a reusable Space Shuttle that the Shuttle program was formally launched.
Discovery fly-by of the Washington monument
In the post Apollo era NASA had to, like a number of organizations, take huge budget cuts in the wake of victory. The idea for the Space Shuttle first appeared as a footnote in a much larger program designed to go to Mars, which due to budgetary constraints was slashed, much like we are seeing today. The Space Shuttle was a cost effective way for the Air Force to launch reconnaissance satellites and as a joint project to build a space station to further scientific exploration. It was not an easy road for NASA, and the Space Shuttle we know and love today is the final result of a 3 year battle against the United States Office of Management and Budget, in an effort to bring costs to a minimum.
The first Space Shuttle launch occurred on April 12th 1981, on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's space flight. It was NASA's first fully functional Shuttle Orbiter and it was called Columbia, after the American sloop Columbia Rediviva, which was the first American vessel to circumnavigate the globe. The STS-1 orbital mission was piloted by Robert L. Crippen, a rookie astronaut, and commanded by John W. Young, who was the ninth man to walk on the moon and the veteran of 5 space flights. By 1985 the Space Shuttle Orbiter fleet consisted of four reusable Shuttles (Columbia, Challenger, Discovery and Atlantis), and the original prototype (Enterprise).
On January 28th 1986 disaster struck as the Challenger Space Shuttle exploded on its ascent killing its crew of seven just 73 seconds after lift-off. Using the spare parts originally intended for the other orbiters the Space Shuttle Endeavour was born; it had its first launch in 1991.
The next milestone in the history of the Space Shuttle, once again unfortunately comes with disaster, when on the 1st of Febuary 2003 the Space Shuttle Columbia was lost during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere killing another seven brave crew members. Columbia was never replaced, leaving three main orbiters in the fleet.
Enterprise being flown over New York City
Atlantis took the final Space Shuttle flight in July 2011. The STS-135 mission made the last Space Shuttle supply run to the International Space Station with a crew of just four astronauts. On July 21st 2011 the Space Shuttle made its last landing at the Kennedy Space Center. A total of 1,320 days, 1 hour, 32 minutes and 44 seconds were logged by the Space Shuttles over 134 flights (notably STS-13 was skipped as after the Apollo missions it was considered unlucky).
If you are a fan of the Space Shuttle program or just followed its missions briefly, thinking back you will probably remember both the programs triumphs and unfortunate disasters. Having been born 3 years after the Challenger disaster, my memory of the Columbia mission is the pinpoint where I trace events from. Being a big lover of the space program that date is as clear in my mind as 9/11, and although it marks a terrible point in history, it is also an important part of the legacy of a program which has allowed us an unprecedented level of discovery and knowledge.
I will leave you with the words of Chris Ferguson, the commander of Atlantis's STS-135 crew, as Atlantis came to a stop on the runway.
"Mission complete, Houston, after serving the world for over 30 years, the shuttle has earned its place in history, and it has come to a final stop."
A few links for furthur history on the Space Shuttle program
http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/sp4221.htm
http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/space/Space%20Shuttle%20history.htm
http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/566250main_2011.07.05%20SHUTTLE%20ERA%20FACTS.pdf
Labels: Atlantis, Challenger, Columbia, Discovery, Enterprise, Kennedy Space Center, NASA, Simthsonian, space shuttle, STS-135
The space shuttle legacy - Disbanded but not forgo...
When insanity and genius collide
Leaps of science


Lucasfilm has now officially confirmed that Woody Harrelson will be joining the Han Solo movie set for release in 2018. While the official announcement said nothing about what character Harrelson would be playing, the initial rumors that came out before Disney spoke publicly said that the role would be that of the mentor to Han Solo. Since the rumors were correct about the casting, we can assume they were probably right about the role as well. As it turns out, there's already a character in the expanded universe who was Solo's teacher, so there's a good chance that at least some of this old character will rub off on the new one.
Digging into the history of Star Wars is tricky these days because technically most of it doesn't actually exist. However, we have seen some of the Star Wars Legends characters make the jump into official canon, and so it's possible that we could see something like that happen here. If Woody Harrelson is playing a character from the expanded universe there's really only one person it could be, an ex-bounty hunter named Garris Shrike.
In the late 1990s, a trilogy of books were published that dealt with Han Solo's entire life leading up to the events of Star Wars: A New Hope. The first of these, The Paradise Snare sees a young Han Solo as a member of the crew of a ship called the Trader's Luck, being captained by Garris Shrike. Shrike had built a small army of criminals, including many that he adopted as children and trained as pickpockets and thieves on the planet Corellia. Solo was an orphan that Shrike saw promise in, and so added him to the crew. Solo then learned how to be a thief and con man in this environment while he grew into a young man.
In the novel, Han Solo attempts to escape from Garris Shrike several times, eventually succeeding at about the age of 19. The young man goes on to live his own life, eventually becoming the man that movie fans know him to be. Solo and Shrike do cross paths one final time. Solo ends up with a bounty on his head, because of course he does, and Shrike attempts to collect it. It's the last time the two see each other. Or ever will.
Essentially, Garris Shrike is Fagin from Oliver Twist and Han Solo became the Artful Dodger. While the two characters had an antagonistic relationship for pretty much all of Solo's life, there's no question that Shrike would have to be called a mentor to him. If Woody Harrelson's character is coming out of the expanded universe, then this is who he's playing.
We're not necessarily postulating that Woody Harrelson will be playing this exact character in this exact story. In fact, it's highly unlikely this will be the case. There are a number of reasons that this doesn't quite work. Most importantly, the bulk of this story takes place when Han Solo is under 20 years old. Alden Ehrenreich is young, but he's not that young. While it's possible that some aspects of the Han Solo movie will deal with earlier points in time, we expect the vast majority to take place in a period more or less immediately preceding the first Star Wars movie. Still, they could very easily shift some of the events of a story like this until later in both of the characters' lives.
We've seen characters that were invented in the tie-in novels make the leap to the official canon. Grand Admiral Thrawn being the biggest example, so the idea of Garris Shrike making the same jump is far from a crazy idea. While Thrawn has only appeared in the animated series Rebels, the precedent still stands.
Even if Woody Harrelson isn't playing a character named Garris Shrike, he could still be playing essentially the same part. After all, Kylo Ren/Ben Solo as played by Adam Driver is a very similar character to that of Jacen Solo, the son that Han and Leia had in the novels who turns to the Dark Side. It's hard to believe that the character from the books didn't influence the one in the movies. Shrike and whatever character Harrelson plays could end up being so similar that they might as well be the same character, even if their names end up different.
However, this leads to one final question. If Woody Harrelson is playing Han Solo's mentor, is he also playing the film's villain? The idea of a mentor would imply that the two will be friends, but Han's mentor previously was somebody he ultimately wanted nothing to do with. If the movie and book characters end up with much of anything in common, it could very well be this.


A fruity scene will be present in this Slot machine, with colorful and ripe fruits, inviting you to indulge in them. Not by eating, but in free play, you will discover their attractive features, besides their excellent looks. Grapes, plums, oranges, lemons, cherries, bananas are enough for feasting on fruits, not just in real life, but, too, online. This is a classic fruit machine, so enjoy it if you have the mood for laid back gaming experiences. Just sit back, wherever you are, and open the game on a desktop or a mobile device. Watch the fruits spin, and get the wins that luck has prepared for you. The surprise of seeing those wins is thrilling enough. Enjoying classic fruit machines is a welcome period of recreation, something that every punter needs.
The game name shows the star will be extra special. It is not just the Wild here. It will also have the power to make the whole reel go wild, and shower you with wins. When the star expands and covers the whole reel, it is time for enjoying the hefty wins. Wins are the source of soaring emotions in free Vegas style Slots.
With the symbols, you will grab amounts as payouts when there come combinations of 3, 4, or 5 symbols which are identical. Look forward to the 7, that is the most lavishly paying symbol: it can award maximum 1,000, for 5 7s. Next will come the bananas, with the maximum win of 500 they will award. The piece of ripe melon comes as the next highest paying one, with maximum 200 for 5 juicy melon slices. The payouts awarded by the grapes will be identical to the ones provided by the melon. So whether you love melons or grapes, you can look forward to your favorite fruit, but you will certainly not be displeased to see the other fruit when it awards its amounts for 3, 4, or 5 symbol combos. Next will come the oranges and the plums, which will extend identical payouts for 3, 4, or 5 symbols. The maximum for 5 oranges or 5 plums will be 150. The least paying symbols will be the lemons and the cherries. For 5 lemons or for 5 cherries, the amount paid out will be 100.
The reels will work on to churn out symbols and yield combinations. Just wait until there are combos containing identical symbols, and the game will pour the wins into your hands. Extra fruits will do no harm. On the contrary, they will up the excitement and the wins, just like extra stars, especially when they go wild and expand. That is the thrill that you get in free Slot online play.
the system of Jackpot Cards, the 4 levels of progressive jackpots.


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Priscilla Wohlstetter
Charters and Choice
wohlstetter@tc.columbia.edu
@TeachersCollege
http://www.tc.columbia.edu/faculty/pw2317/
Priscilla Wohlstetter is Distinguished Research Professor at Teachers College, Columbia University, and also a senior researcher with the Consortium for Policy Research in Education (CPRE). Wohlstetter was the Tisch Distinguished Visiting Professor at Teachers College prior to her faculty appointment in the Department of Education Policy and Social Analysis. Before coming to TC, she held the Diane and MacDonald Becket Professorship in Education Policy at the University of Southern California, where she also founded and directed the Center on Educational Governance.
Her research and writing has focused broadly on the policies and politics of K-12 education reform and specifically on charter schools, public-private partnerships, school decentralization, school networks, and, most recently, the implementation of the Common Core State Standards. She has served as principal investigator for numerous national and international studies focusing on federal, state and local reforms. She directed a national study of charter schools and public-private partnerships and served as co-director of the National Resource Center for Charter School Finance and Governance, both funded by the U.S. Department of Education. With support from several foundations she developed a state accountability system (USC School Performance Dashboard), which rates California charter schools on both academic and financial performance. Her book Choices and Challenges: Charter School Performance in Perspective was published by Harvard Education Press in 2013.


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Crave!
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Live music, Photo album
THE STRANGLERS, with The Rutz, Auckland February 2: Kick Ass, but with a question
by Simon Mercep • 3 February, 2018 • 1 Comment
Check the songs listed in the encore at bottom of page. Peaches is there, but was not played.
Third song in, and singer guitarist Baz Warne decides it's time to say hello. He tells the crowd in the Auckland Town Hall that back in 1979 The Stranglers were supposed to play at this venue. Management decided it wasn't appropriate. But now, 39 years later, they've finally arrived. The band launches into Get A Grip On Yourself, the crowd starts jumping like a bunch of twenty somethings, and there's no looking back.
Of course neither The Stranglers nor those of us in attendance are in our twenties anymore (yes there were one or two young faces, but really, only one or two). Still, Warne, bassist Jean-Jacques Burnel, and keyboardist Dave Greenfield play with such energy and passion, and attitude, that we forget our years and soak up the music.
Together with touring drummer Jim MacAulay, The Stranglers play like they still give a damn. Burnel is a master bass player, as we hear in songs like Nice 'n Sleazy. He almost prowls the stage, slightly hunched over his guitar, swaying, soaking up the fans' adulation and you can almost read his face: I still get a kick out of playing this stuff.
Lead vocalist and guitarist Warne has a cocky demeanour, a little tilt of the head and a raise of the eyebrows belies a cheekiness that seems to fit the night. Like any touring artist he tells us what a beautiful country we live in, but good on him for embellishing. I was in Wellington yesterday, he says, and needed to fly to Auckland but there was a cyclone. I'm from England, we don't have cyclones. But a guy offered me a lift in his car, so I said yes and drove the length of the North Island and so yes, you are lucky to live here. Nice touch, Mr Warne.
Keyboard player Dave Greenfield lets his fingers do the talking, and, this being the first time I have seen The Stranglers, I am struck by how much their sound is centred around his music. Notable examples are the famous Golden Brown, or the wonderful cover of Walk On By.
And the songs? A mix of the hits and other material. As well as the songs I've already mentioned, the big crowd pleasers were Always The Sun, Five Minutes, and then a stonking version of No More Heroes to finish. It was an hour and a half charge through their catalogue with barely a breath taken between songs.
Our photo gallery — and thanks to Mike Thornton for the pictures — captures the night superbly.
But there is a reservation. The tour is called The Classic Collection, and a couple of classics were missing. Sure, any band has the right to mix up its set list and keep its audience guessing. But we heard no Skin Deep, and, to the collective sadness of all, no Peaches. In fact after the encore and its final song, the lights come up and almost no one leaves. Where's Peaches, is the question on everyone's face. For several moments people stay where they are, until eventually with a resigned look on our faces we realise that is it, and we leave.
And here's the thing: at the front of stage several set lists are handed out, with Peaches in the encore. Check out the photo on this page. A last moment change of heart, but why?
It would be wrong to let this one disappointment cloud a view of the whole performance. It was very, very good and if you've got a chance to see The Stranglers in Wellington tonight it'll be a cracker of a show. Maybe you'll get to hear that song with one of the most famous bass lines in all rock. Lucky you.
And a word about opening act The Rutz. Forty minutes of full on punk rock, with a touch of ska, and they won everyone over. A spot-on choice to warm us up for the main act.
Photography: Mike Thornton
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Crave! episode 98: Black Hands, Des, Borat: Subsequent Moviefilm, Bruce Springsteen, Dave Dobbyn, The Beths.
It's been a while, but Crave! is back, and better than ever. In a heavily Kiwi-centric comeback episode, Steve and Simon talk about Black Hands, the new dramatisation of the Bain family killings, and about local acts Dave Dobbyn at…
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Stadium rock is coming back! Guns N' Roses announce Wellington and Dunedin tour dates for 2021.
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Guns N' Roses made our collective rock'n'roll dreams come true with 2017's Not In This Lifetime tour and now Paul Dainty AM, President & CEO of TEG DAINTY is thrilled to announce one of the greatest bands of all time will return to tour our…
An Evening With Marlon Williams is now an epic 26-date show! Seven more dates added.
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The biggest hip-hop mixtape collection in Aotearoa is coming soon, with NZ hip-hop pioneer DJ Sir-Vere
The biggest hip-hop mixtape collection in Aotearoa is coming to you live! Live Nation and Mai FM are proud to present DJ Sir-Vere's Major Flavours, heading to Spark Arena on March 12, 2021. Celebrating 20 years of the Major Flavours…
New Wellington music festival brings together classic acts alongside NZ's hottest up-and-comers, featuring BENEE, Gin Wigmore, Stellar*, Ladi6, Chelsea Jade, Ladyhawke and more!
Wellington will host one of Aotearoa's newest and most exciting festival line-ups this summer – Peachy Keen presents Peachy Keen Festival! Held on Easter Weekend on Saturday, April 3 at the Basin Reserve, the one-day festival will see household names like Ladyhawke, Stellar* and Gin Wigmore share the stage with a…
Outerfields2021 unveils Auckland's biggest music lineup of the summer, including BENEE, Fat Freddy's drop, and more
by Crave! • 5 November, 2020
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Th'Dudes at Auckland Town Hall: Kiwi rock just when we needed it most
Th'Dudes announce their last show ever, joining Hammond Gamble, Hello Sailor, Citizen Band and Jordan Luck at Spark Arena for The Biggest Pub Gig In the World.
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Q: Pull request review from user without access to repo I've been getting frequent emails saying something like...

Hello, please review and approve this PR (link)

...only to be served a 404 from octobiwan. Inevitably I'll reply...

I don't seem to have access to this repo, can you make sure you've sent me the correct link and that you've granted me appropriate permissions?

...and hear back...

How do I grant you permissions?

I would like to say in general...

Please don't email me anymore. You can request a review from me by selecting my name from the drop-down. If you don't see my name, then I can't review it and you need to get an admin to grant me access to do so first.

Intuitively I expect that you can only request a review from someone who has access to complete the review; and a few spot checks appear to confirm this behavior. However, since I can't find anything explicitly confirming this, I wanted to ask the internet:
Can you request a GitHub code review from a user without access to complete it?
...and is there official wording somewhere that this is or is not the case? Is the following row from the org permissions matrix as explicit as it gets?
+------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Repository action      |     Read    |    Write    |    Admin    |    Owner    |
|                        | permissions | permissions | permissions | permissions |
+------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| …
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Submit reviews on pull |      X      |      X      |      X      |      X      |
| requests               |             |             |             |             |
+------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

A: The following documentation states that you can only request a PR if someone has read-only access. This would imply they should stop sending you emails directly and use the feature that automatically sends an email request once they are assigned.
https://help.github.com/en/articles/requesting-a-pull-request-review

Repository owners and collaborators can request a pull request review from anyone with read access to the repository. Organization members can also request a pull request review from teams with read access to the repository. The requested reviewer or team will receive a notification that you asked them to review the pull request.


Purpose: This course is designed for personnel working on offshore installations in tropical regions, flying in helicopters equipped with EBS.
Pre-requisite: All participants must be in possession of a valid medical certificate.
Certification: All persons who successfully complete the course based on the performance standards will receive.


David Saindon on 242223 Short CodeReceived that message: "Yisenia, enter 315277 to add valerie to your recipient list." Didn't do anything and won't do anything.
Nana on 39146 Short CodeRM0 You're just a step away! Please enter TAC to continue your purchase. Valid for 3 mins. BEWARE OF SCAMMERS.
Nur Hanan on 39246 Short CodeHave you settle down ur issue? If yes, can i know how.


With only one month left in the year, the 2016 year-to-date global temperature (January--November) was the highest on record for this period, at 0.94 degree Celsius (1.69 degrees Fahrenheit) above the 20th-century average of 14.0 deg C (57.2 deg F). This value exceeded the previous record set in 2015 by 0.07 deg C (0.13 deg F). Unless the December global temperature is 0.25 deg C (0.41 deg F) or less above the 20th-century monthly average, 2016 will at least tie 2015 as the warmest year in the 137-year record. The last month for which the departure from average was that low was November 2000.
Much-warmer-than-average conditions engulfed the vast majority of the world's land surfaces, resulting in a record warm January--November period, at 1.43 deg C (2.57 deg F) above the 20th century average, besting the previous record set in 2015 by 0.16 deg C (0.29 deg F). Record warmth for the year-to-date was present across Alaska, much of western Canada, parts of the northern and eastern United States, much of Central America and northern South America, various regions across Africa, parts of northern and southern Asia, much of southeast Asia island nations, and parts of Australia, especially along the northern and eastern coasts. According to National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Global Regional analysis, all six continents had at least a top four warm January--November period, with North America experiencing its highest January-November average temperature since continental records began in 1910.
The average global sea surface temperature for the year-to-date was the highest in the 137-year record, at 0.76 deg C (1.37 deg F) above average, surpassing the previous record set in 2015 by 0.03 deg C (0.05 deg F). Record high average sea surface temperatures for the January--November period were present across the northern Pacific waters near Alaska, the Bering Sea, parts of the southern and western Pacific, a long swath of the western Atlantic stretching to the Gulf of Mexico, parts of the southern and eastern Indian Ocean extending across the waters of the southeastern Asia island nations and Oceania. The only ocean area with record cold temperatures was east of the Drake Passage near the Antarctic Peninsula.
The three-month period was characterized by warmer- to much-warmer-than-average temperatures across much of the global land and ocean surfaces. Record warmth was notable across large portions of North America, northern Far East Russia, parts of central western and central eastern Africa, and parts of the western equatorial and southern Pacific Ocean. No land areas observed record cold temperatures for the September--November period, although parts of central Siberia, eastern Asia, and the Indian Ocean waters off the tip of southwestern Australia were much cooler than average. According to NCEI's Global Regional analysis, the September-November period was warmest on record for North America and second warmest on record for Africa, behind only 2015, in the 107-year continental record.


Power your devices from a V-Mount Battery using these power supply plates. These plates feature a connection type at the end of an integrated 20" cable. Other accessories that require 12-16 volts of power can be connected to the built-in D-Tap on the plate.


The members-only sale for October takes place on Friday, October 5 from 2:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. The regular sale open to the general public continues on Saturday morning, 9:00 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. With CFOL's low prices, shoppers won't be able to resist the many bargains of books, magazines, media, and other items.
Books are also available for sale in the library's lobby at fifty cents per item whenever the library is open. There are no better bargains for book lovers.
Book sale hours on Fridays and Saturdays are not affected by the recent changes in library hours.
Apricot Irving will read from and sign her memoir, The G ospel of Trees, on October 11 at 6:30 p.m. in the Chico Library. In an "eye-opening memoir" (People) "as beautiful as it is discomfiting" (The New Yorker), the award-winning writer untangles her youth on a missionary compound in Haiti. Read the book's numerous 5-star reviews on amazon.com. Reserve the library's copy here.
The Butte County Trivia Bee for Literacy returns to the Sierra Nevada Big Room on Friday, October 26. Teams will compete for bragging rights as Trivia Champions of Butte County as they raise money for literacy programs. Doors open at 6:00 pm, and competition begins at 7:00 pm. Tickets, $30 each, are now on sale at Eventbrite.com. For more information call (530) 538-7198.
With funding from Butte County, grants, and your CFOL, the Chico branch library's Maker Lab is equipped and operative. Users can learn new skills or exercise existing talents with support from volunteers and students. Creativity and imagination are welcome! For more information, visit the Maker Lab and talk to library staff.
Butte County has severely reduced the budget for books, magazines, and supplies for the entire county library system. CFOL has increased their support for books and magazine subscriptions to lessen the impact of budget limitations. This is possible thanks to your CFOL membership fees, book and cash donations, as well as your purchases at the book sales.
On your next visit to the library, stop by the children's Room to admire the four new chairs provided by your CFOL. Our childen's librarians report that they are colorful, attractive, and comfortable.
New book carts have also been funded by your CFOL. They are also colorful, functional, and smooth-rolling. Carts are a library necessity, as a substantial proportion of staff and volunteer time is spent moving books from place to place within the library.
Your CFOL also pays for the annual license fee that makes the Sunday afternoon movies possible. Join the fun at 2:00 p.m. each Sunday except holiday weekends in the library's meeting room.
Consider becoming a library or book sale volunteer. Additional volunteers are always welcome to help with the book sales. Library volunteers perform many tasks within the library. See Oliver Allen at the Reference Desk for more information and for an application. Of course your book donations are always welcome.
Graphic designer and CFOL Board member Max Infeld has designed new bookmarks available free to all library patrons and book sale attendees. With gentle reminders to support your CFOL, these attractive and useful bookmarks are available at the Circulation/Reference desk in the library as well as at the book sales. Share them with your friends and neighbors and help increase awareness of CFOL's contributions to the Chico branch of the Butte County library. To join your CFOL, pick up a membership form at the library or online at tiny.cc/joinfriends. Cash donations can be made online at tiny.cc/donatefriends.
New reduced Chico branch library hours are now in effect. On Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays the library will be open from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Friday and Saturday hours are now 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Sunday hours remain 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. The library is closed on Mondays. Despite these shortened hours, story times and other patron-favorite programs continue. Visit the library for a complete schedule of adult, teen, and children's programs. There is never a dull moment at your Chico branch library!
Are you and your friends receiving the Butte County Library newsletter? Keep up with special events, new books and DVDs, activities and learning experiences offered, and other news delivered to your email inbox. Ask any library staff member to update your library account so you can receive the monthly newsletter.


i read in previous entries that you can be blacklisted from trying for SIA interviews. Does it really exists? On what circumstances will SIA ban you from trying? Will SIA ban you if you try too frequently?
Hehe most welcome. Don't gan cheong ok, I know its not easy. Good luck and see you tonight!
i am so excited bout tonight's dinner!
Honestly, no idea also about being blacklisted.
So far, SIA don't ban people from going for the interview unless they told the person so. But this usually applies for those who got to the mgmt round.
So if one was booted out before that round, there's no ban involve. Of course not supposed to try again during the same recruitment intake unless of course SIA ask you back to. But that rarely happens.
Valentin wrote: Hi, i'm new to this forum. However, i have been reading this forum for about a month now. I went for my mgt round on the 3rd dec and cleared my medical also. However, till now i've not received a call. Is there anyone i can call to check up on my status? Thanks.
When we said cleared medical it means that the person from HR (which is usually Mary) has called to informed that your medical report is ok. And upon then, she'll inform you of your training date and batch.
So if you have not received the call, it means you have not cleared medical due to probably your availability date and notice period. They need to process those who can start training in Feb, Mar onwards, so if you are not available during this time, I suppose you have to wait for those to clear first.
any malaysians here got called by SIA to go down for training already? i am worried SICK.
i received the call 10minutes ago!! mary called me but i didn;t pick up and i got a mail instead, got the call back number and i called mary!!
my training will start on 18FEB!!
Sad to say, i didn't even pass through 1st Round. I really wonder why.......Sad!
rainschocolate wrote: i received the call 10minutes ago!! mary called me but i didn;t pick up and i got a mail instead, got the call back number and i called mary!!
Congrats Raine! Did they say when are you needed to go and sign the bond etc?
hi all, i'm new here and shared the same passion as you people here.


What the heroes hope to be a peaceful holiday season turns decidedly strange when Mr. Infamy threatens the beliefs and hopes of children across the world, by holding Santa Claus hostage! If something isn't done, the world may be denied the hope and joy of the Christmas season.
Crisis on Christmas is a light-hearted holiday adventure for the Mutants & Masterminds Superhero RPG. It is intended for a group of four to six power level 10 heroes, although the Gamemaster can scale the adventure to make it suitable for higher or lower level heroes by increasing or decreasing the power levels of the challenges as appropriate.


Gichin Funakoshi (1868-1957) the father of modern Karate, was born in Okinawa. He was one of the first Okinawan masters to teach Karate on the Japanese mainland, where he established the shotokan school in Tokyo. Funakoshi summoned up his views on the way of Karate in the twenty principles.
4. First know yourself, then others.
7. Inattentionand neglect cause misfortune.
8. Never think that Karate is practised only in the training hall.
10. Everything you encounter is an aspect of Karate, find the marvellous truth there.
11. Karate is like boiling water, if you do not keep the flame high ( with continual training ) it turns tepid.
12. Do not think about winning, think about not losing.
15. Regards your hands and feet as weapons.
16. Step out of the door and you face 10,000 foes.
17. Learn various stances as a beginner, but the relly on a natural posture.
18. The traditional forms must be practised correctly, real combat is another matter.
19. Never forget your own strengths and weaknesses, the limitations of your body and the relative quality of your techniques.


The Sri Lanka Sunday Times reports that the country's first large scale tourism zone, in the Katana area, just adjacent to Colombo's Bandaranaike International Airport, has been proposed with an agreement signed between the Board of Investment of Sri Lanka (BOI) and Katana City Developments (Pvt) Ltd.
The investment is over $3 billion.
The project includes hotels, attractions, retail, parks and extensive entertainment – with all components integrated into a world class master plan and enabled for success with suitable operating permits, tax benefits and transport connectivity.
BOI's Chairman/Director General, M M C Ferdinando noted that "Katana City will deliver an exciting tourism offering for high volume arrivals, and the result will be a major step up in job creation (estimated to be over 10,000 when fully developed), tax revenue and tourist arrivals for this vitally important sector".
Consortium led by Asian Resorts & Casinos Singapore (ARC), a specialist large scale tourism project developer.
Katana City's Director, Prashanth Koorapati said the project puts Sri Lanka's tourism offer on par with Singapore and others in this region.
200 acres site close to the airport, over 2,500 hotel rooms, shopping centres, leisure and commercial elements.


SUNNYVALE, CALIFORNIA (April 15, 2002) – MoSys (Nasdaq:MOSY – news) today announced that Bill Lev, the company's North American Manager of Intellectual Property, will participate in a session titled: "Designing with Silicon – the Latest Technology and Techniques" at the 2002 Gigabit Ethernet West Conference. Lev and other industry executives will discuss new memory types and embedded memory that will be needed to meet increasing performance requirements of gigabit Ethernet SoC designs. Lev's presentation will focus on the effects of embedded memory on gigabit networking system reliability.
For more information on the conference, please visit: www.ethernetexchange.com.
Founded in 1991, MoSys develops, licenses and markets innovative memory technology for semiconductors. MoSys' patented 1T-SRAM technology offers a combination of high density, low power consumption, high speed and low cost unmatched by other available memory technologies. The single transistor bit cell used in 1T-SRAM technology results in the technology achieving much higher density than traditional four or six transistor SRAMs while using the same standard logic manufacturing processes. 1T-SRAM technology also offers the familiar, refresh-free interface and high performance for random address access cycles associated with traditional SRAMs. In addition, this technology can reduce operating power consumption by a factor of four compared with traditional SRAM technology, contributing to making it an ideal technology for embedding large memories in System-on-Chip (SoC) designs. 1T-SRAM technology is in volume production both in SoC products at MoSys' licensees as well as in MoSys' standalone memories. MoSys is headquartered at 1020 Stewart Drive, Sunnyvale, California 94085. More information is available on MoSys'website at www.mosys.com.


My bespoke service is perfect for the style conscious couple. If you can't find what you are looking for in my house collections then bespoke is the way for you both. I love to work closely with you, to find out all about your day including colour palettes and the details that you wish to be portrayed. I design all the details from scratch to ensure your stationery is truly unique to reflect you both as a couple and help you tell your story to your guests.
Pricing works on a design fee basis in addition to the cost of your items.
We were asked to design 'on the day' wedding stationery for a Central London wedding. The couple asked for a blush pink watercolour London Skyline to show off the amazing view to their overseas guests. I handprinted the London skyline to represent the city wedding.
Blush Pink and Navy were the tones for the day and the couple wanted this to carry through into their wedding stationery. We created the on the day stationery which involved menus, order of service, place names and even an alternative guestbook with a fun questionnaire for the couples guests to fill out.
Hannah & Barney decided to get married at a stunning French vineyard. A destination wedding always involves more information to be passed on to your guests so they wanted to create a package to send out to their guests.
We created a package which had lots of details for their guests including an information card on where they could stay, what they could do whilst they were there as well as flight information. An RSVP card which had a variety of questions to ask their guests, and of course their invitation.
They wanted a pocketfold that held all their pieces together.
This couple wanted a unique order of service and signs for their wedding day alongside a stylish table plan. I worked with the couples wedding planner and the florist to ensure that the flowers within the wreath reflected the Brides bouquet and decor of the venue.
The couple requested a hand painted wreath with pink and orange flowers embellishment. From Orders of the days to Guest Book cards, this wedding ensured to capture all the details.


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Two Major Bank Regulatory Final Rules with Asset Management...
Recommended Alerts
Ropes & Gray's Investment Management Update October – November 2022
Since our prior Investment Management Update, we have covered two SEC adopting releases and two SEC proposing releases affecting the mutual fund/investment management industry, each of which we discussed in a separate Alert. These four Alerts are summarized below with a hyperlink to the full text of each Alert.
Two Major Bank Regulatory Final Rules with Asset Management Impact Now in Effect: (i) FRB's Control Framework and (ii) Volcker Rule Covered Funds Provisions
Time to Read: 16 minutes Practices: Asset Management, Private Funds, Investment Management, Hedge Funds
Two final rules affecting the scope of bank involvement in the asset management industry went into effect September 30, 2020. The first revises the Federal Reserve Board's rules regarding the definition of control in the Bank Holding Company Act ("BHC Act") (the "Control Rule")1 to provide greater clarity as to what constitutes "controlling influence" of a given investment. The second revises the Volcker Rule's covered funds provisions to remove various activities from the purview of the Volcker Rule's restrictions on banks' involvement in the private fund space.2
Together, these rules could facilitate partnerships within the asset management industry, including between banks and fintech companies and banks and other asset managers, by redefining non-controlling relationships and encouraging bank participation in the private fund industry. Each is discussed briefly below.
1. Revisions to the Federal Reserve Board's Control Framework
Control is a fundamental concept in the BHC Act and the banking regulations. Structuring investments to avoid situations where a bank or its affiliate would be deemed to have control of an entity for bank regulatory purposes is often a threshold goal of a transaction. Control introduces a host of unpalatable consequences, including Federal Reserve Board supervision and regulation and certain activities limitations. The control framework generally applies to investments by banks in other companies (including, for example, fintechs), as well as investments in banks.
The Federal Reserve Board issued the Control Rule in January 2020, which adopted the general form of the April 2019 proposed rule.3 The effective date was initially April 1, 2020 but was delayed until September 30, 2020 due to the impact of COVID-19.
The statutory definition of control for bank regulatory purposes has three prongs. The BHC Act's control definition includes two bright line tests for control—(A) directly or indirectly owning, controlling or having power to vote 25% or more of any class of voting securities; and (B) controlling in any manner the election of a majority of the directors or trustees—and a third test dependent on facts and circumstances: the ability to directly or indirectly exercise a "controlling influence" over management or policies.
The Control Rule mainly addresses what "controlling influence" means in the context of the third prong.
Tiered Presumptions of Control. The Control Rule sets forth certain objective thresholds to apply to the "controlling influence" analysis. These thresholds are arranged in tiers based on the level of ownership of any class of voting securities—less than 5%; 5‒9.99%; 10‒14.99%; and 15‒24.99%.
A voting interest exceeding the particular threshold combined with the presence of one or more other specified relationships would trigger a presumption of control. The tiered framework is designed to incorporate the major factors and thresholds that the Federal Reserve Board has historically viewed as presenting controlling influence concerns.
The presumptions are structured on a sliding scale: as an investor's ownership percentage of voting shares in a company increases, the other relationships and factors through which the investor could exercise a controlling influence must decrease in order to avoid triggering a presumption of control. Depending on an investor's ownership percentage of any class of voting shares, the permissible level of other relationships and factors vary. These relationships include:
the size of the total equity investment (in each case, must be less than one third, measured at the time of investment);
the rights to director and committee representation on the board of directors;
the use of proxy solicitations;
management, employee or director interlocks;
covenants or other agreements that allow for influence or restrict management or operational decisions, such as investment management agreements; and
the scope of the business relationships (based on revenue and measured on an ongoing basis.
The final rule clarifies that the statutory presumption of non-control for investments of less than 5% of voting equity under Section 4(c)(6) of the BHC Act will not be jeopardized due to the presence of other relationships but will remain subject to the one-third total equity limitation.
Summary of Tiered Presumptions Chart.
Less than 5% voting
5-9.99% voting
10-14.99% voting
Less than half
Less than a quarter
Director Service as Board Chair
No director representative is chair of the board
Director Service on Board Committees
A quarter or less of a committee with power to bind the company
Less than 10% of revenues or expenses
Less than 5% of revenues or expenses
Market Terms
Officer/Employee Interlocks
No more than 1 interlock, never CEO
No interlocks
No management agreements
No rights that significantly restrict discretion
Proxy Contests (directors)
No soliciting proxies to replace more than permitted number of directors
Total Equity (BHCs)
Less than one third
Control of Advised Investment Funds and One-year Seeding Period Exemption. The final rule adopts as proposed the approach to control of advised investment funds, including 1940 Act-registered investment companies, investment companies exempt from registration under the 1940 Act (including, generally, REITs and commodity funds) and their foreign equivalents. Under the final rule, subject to a one-year exception for the initial seeding period, an investment adviser owning 5% or more of the voting equity, or 25% or more of the total equity, of an investment fund will be presumed to control the fund.
Permissible Defensive Rights Attached to Investment Fund Interests. The final rule spells out certain defensive rights common to limited partnerships and limited liability companies that will not cause the ownership interests bearing such defensive rights to be considered voting securities for purposes of the control analysis. These include the right to vote on the removal of a general partner or managing member for cause; the right to vote for a replacement general partner or managing member following removal for cause or incapacitation; and voting on continuing or dissolving the fund following removal of the general partner or managing member.
Treatment of Various Instruments as Equity. The final rule confirms that convertible securities such as warrants, options and other exercisable or exchangeable instruments must be looked through—or considered as presently converted or exercised—for purposes of the control analysis, subject to certain exceptions.
The final rule also sets out factors to determine when a debt instrument must be treated as equity for purposes of the control analysis. Under the final rule, an instrument will be considered "functionally equivalent" to equity if it has equity-like characteristics, such as entitling its owner to a share of the profits. In the context of debt instruments, the final rule includes a list of examples of equity-like characteristics, including:
extremely long-dated maturity;
subordination to other previously issued debt instruments;
qualification as regulatory capital under applicable regulatory capital rules;
qualification as equity under applicable tax law;
qualification as equity under U.S. GAAP or other applicable accounting standards;
inadequacy of the equity capital underlying the debt at the time of the issuance; or
issuance not on market terms.
Divestiture of Control. The final rule substantially revises the Federal Reserve Board's standards regarding divestiture of control. The final rule generally provides that a company that previously controlled a second company during the preceding two years would be presumed to continue to control such company if it owned 15% or more of any class of voting securities. The divestiture presumption would not apply if a majority of each class of voting securities would be controlled by a single unaffiliated individual or company after the divestiture.
2. Volcker Rule Covered Funds Final Rule—Prohibitions and Restrictions on Certain Interests in, and Relationships with, Hedge Funds and Private Equity Funds
On June 25, 2020, the Federal Reserve Board issued a final rule to simplify, streamline and tailor the "covered fund" provisions under the regulation implementing section 13 of the BHC Act (commonly known as the "Volcker Rule").
The final rule is the first targeted update to the implementing regulations related to the Volcker Rule's general prohibition on banking entities investing in or sponsoring hedge funds or private equity funds—known as "covered funds."4 The general purpose of the Volcker Rule's covered fund provisions was to ensure that a banking entity was not able to do indirectly via a fund structure that which it was prohibited from doing directly under the proprietary trading restrictions of the Volcker Rule—conceptually, putting taxpayer funds (i.e., insured deposits) at risk through excessive exposure to speculative and risky investment activity.
The final rule is largely similar to the proposed rule, with certain notable changes addressing public comments.5 The final rule adds four new exclusions from the definition of covered fund (credit funds, venture capital funds, family wealth management vehicles and customer facilitation vehicles) and simplifies three existing exclusions. In addition, the final rule expands the scope of permissible relationships that a banking entity may have with covered funds under Super 23A, codifies existing guidance related to certain foreign funds and clarifies issues surrounding ownership interests and permissible parallel investments.
Credit Funds, Venture Capital Funds, Family Wealth Management Vehicles and Customer Facilitation Vehicles. The final rule adds new exemptions that permit banking entities to invest in and/or sponsor four specific types of funds subject to limitations and guardrails. The four new exemptions target types of investment funds that may rely on Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) from exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940 but the Agencies do not view as posing the types of risks that the Volcker Rule is intended to address. Certain aspects are discussed below.
Although the Volcker Rule excludes loan securitizations from the definition of covered fund, the regulations implementing the Volcker Rule had limited the ability of banking entities to invest in or sponsor substantially similar investment funds that make loans, invest in debt securities or otherwise extend credit.6 The new credit fund exclusion addresses that incongruence.
The final rule does not prescribe limits on a banking entity's investment in the credit fund, but other applicable limitations and restrictions still apply.7
Asset Criteria
Assets must consist solely of:
loans;
debt instruments (including debt securities);
certain interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives, provided the written terms of the derivative directly relate to the loans, debt instruments or other rights or assets, and the derivative reduces the interest rate and/or foreign exchange risks related to the loans, debt instruments or other rights or assets; and
other assets that are related or incidental to acquiring, holding, servicing or selling such loans or debt instruments—a cash equivalent; a security received in lieu of debts previously contracted with respect to the loan or debt instrument; or an equity security (or right to acquire an equity security such as options and warrants) received on customary terms in connection with the loan or debt instrument—but in no case a commodity forward contract or any derivative other than as expressly permitted under prong (iii) above.
The agencies declined to adopt a quantitative limit on permissible other assets held in connection with an investment in loans or debt instruments but noted that such other assets generally would not exceed 5% of the value of the fund's total investment in a given borrower at the time of investment.
Activities Restrictions
May not engage in short-term proprietary trading;
May not issue asset-backed securities; and
May not be operated for evasionary purposes.
Banking Entity ("BE") Sponsor or Adviser
May not directly or indirectly guarantee, assume or otherwise insure the fund's obligations or performance (and must disclose this prohibition to investors);
Must comply with the Super 23A limits (as described below) and restrictions prohibiting certain high-risk activities;
Must ensure that the activities are consistent with safety and soundness standards as if the banking entity engaged in the activities directly).
Venture Capital Funds
The final rule excludes qualifying venture capital funds that invest in small and startup businesses from certain restrictions associated with the Volcker Rule.8
The definition of "venture capital fund" for purposes of this exception includes significant limitations on leverage and secondary transactions, which mean that this exemption likely will have limited use for most traditional private equity sponsors.
Limited to qualifying "venture capital funds" as defined in existing regulations under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.9 Requirements include, very generally:
fund represents it pursues a venture capital strategy;
fund is not a registered investment company or a business development company;
limitations on borrowing/leverage amounts (15% of aggregate capital contributions and uncalled committed capital) and borrowing terms (must be non-renewable and no longer than 120 calendar days);
80% of assets must be "qualifying investments" (e.g., non-leveraged equity securities issued by U.S. non-reporting companies); and
fund issues illiquid securities with limited withdrawal/redemption rights.
Activity Restrictions
May not engage in short-term proprietary trading.10
BE Involvement
The banking entity must be permitted to engage in such activities under laws applicable to it.
BE Sponsor or Adviser
Same as for credit funds.
Family Wealth Management Vehicles (FWMVs)
The final rules allow banking entities more flexibility to provide traditional banking and integrated asset management services to investment funds set up on behalf of a family and its closely related persons. The agencies declined to adopt a requirement in the proposal that a banking entity sponsor would need to comply with Super 23A limits with respect to such a fund.
May not raise money from investors primarily for the purpose of investing in securities for resale or other disposition or otherwise trading in securities;
Limitations on who may hold ownership interests (e.g., up to five closely-related persons of family customers); and
Requirements depending on form of vehicle (e.g., trusts).
Must provide bona fide trust, fiduciary or advisory services to the fund;
Prohibited from guaranteeing performance (and must disclose this prohibition to fund investors);
Prohibited from acquiring or retaining as principal more than a de minimis ownership interest;11
Prohibited from acquiring low-quality assets from the fund (not including riskless principal transactions); and
Additional limitations and restrictions to address evasionary concerns.
Customer Facilitation Vehicles
The final rule excludes any issuer that is formed by or at the request of a customer of the banking entity for the purpose of providing such customer (which may include one or more affiliates of such customer) with exposure to a transaction, investment strategy, or other service provided by the banking entity. The exclusion permits a banking entity to offer financial products to its customers through a fund structure in situations where it could otherwise enter into a contract directly with a customer to provide the same economic exposure to the underlying financial product (e.g., a derivative).
Must be formed by or at the request of the customer;12
Must be designed to facilitate transactions between a banking entity and a single customer (and its affiliates);
All ownership interest must be owned by that customer; and
Must be used to facilitate a customer's exposures to a transaction, investment strategy or other service.
Documentation requirements;
Prohibited from guaranteeing the fund's performance;
Prohibited from owning more than a de minimis ownership interest; and
Generally prohibited from acquiring low-quality assets from the fund (except for riskless principal transactions).
Existing Covered Fund Exclusions Simplified: Loan Securitizations, Foreign Public Funds and Public Welfare Funds.
Loan Securitizations. The Volcker Rule expressly permits banking entities to sell and securitize loans in a manner otherwise permitted by law. In order to provide banking entities with flexibility to sell and securitize loans, the final rule permits an issuer to hold up to 5% of the loan securitization's total assets in "debt securities" (which may not include asset-backed securities or convertible securities).13 The final rule also codifies existing guidance clarifying that "servicing assets" held by a loan securitization vehicle may include assets other than securities (e.g., mortgage insurance policies supporting the mortgages in a loan securitization).
Foreign Public Funds. Under the final rule, the foreign public fund exclusion is available for a fund that (i) is organized or established outside of the U.S.; and (ii) is authorized to offer and sell ownership interests, and such interests are offered and sold through one or more public offerings.14 If a banking entity sponsors or advises the fund, it must comply with all applicable requirements in the jurisdiction in which such distribution is made. The final rule permits a banking entity sponsoring a fund to own, together with affiliates, up to 24.99% of the fund—up from 14.99%—similar to the treatment of registered investment companies.
Public Welfare Exclusion. The final rule clarifies that a small business investment company will remain eligible for the exclusion from the covered fund provisions during a wind-down period (during which time it may surrender its license), provided it makes no new investments after surrendering its license other than investments in cash equivalents. The final rule adds an exclusion for rural business investment companies and certain investments under the Community Reinvestment Act.
Super 23A: Permissible Low-risk Transactions with Related Funds. The Volcker Rule generally prohibits all covered transactions between a banking entity and a covered fund that it advises or sponsors (a "related fund"). Specifically, with respect to a related fund, a banking entity is generally prohibited from entering into a transaction of a type that would be covered by section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act.15 While section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act includes certain exceptions from its prohibitions, the Volcker Rule did not initially incorporate those exceptions, leading to its nickname "Super 23A."
The final rule permits a banking entity to provide traditional banking services to related funds by incorporating certain section 23A and Regulation W exemptions, including permitting intraday extensions of credit, entering into riskless transactions, and entering into short-term extensions of credit and purchase assets in the ordinary course of business relating to payment transactions, settlement services or futures, derivatives and securities clearing.
Qualifying Foreign Excluded Funds. The final rule codifies an existing policy statement by the agencies addressing unintended extraterritorial consequences when a foreign banking entity controls certain foreign funds.16 Under the final rule, a qualifying foreign excluded fund is still a banking entity but is expressly exempt from the proprietary trading and covered fund restrictions and the compliance program requirement.
Ownership Interests Safe Harbor. The implementing regulations define an "ownership interest" in a covered fund to mean any equity, partnership or "other similar interest," and the final rule addresses the meaning of "other similar interest." The final rule provides a safe harbor for bona fide senior loans or senior debt instruments that do not permit the investor to participate in income, gains or profits of the covered fund. It also clarifies the types of creditor rights that would be within the scope of ownership interest, and it modifies the calculation methods for purposes of complying with the ownership limits and conditions applicable to investments in related covered funds of a banking entity.
Parallel Banking Entity Investments. The final rule adds a new rule of construction to clarify that banking entities are not required to treat certain types of direct investments alongside a covered fund as an investment in the covered fund, so long as certain conditions are met.
Please contact Joel Wattenbarger, Gideon Blatt or your usual legal advisor at Ropes & Gray with any questions about this Alert.
See Final Rule, Control and Divestiture Proceedings, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Jan. 30, 2020), available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/boardmeetings/files/control-rule-fr-notice-20200130.pdf; 85 FR 12398 (March 2, 2020). The final rule also addresses similar concepts in the Home Owners' Loan Act.
See Final Rule, Prohibitions and Restrictions on Proprietary Trading and Certain Interests in, and Relationships with, Hedge Funds and Private Equity Funds; Final Rule; Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (Jan. 30, 2020), available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/boardmeetings/files/volcker-rule-fr-notice-20200130.pdf.
For an overview of the proposed control rule, see Mark Nuccio and Gideon Blatt, Proposed Changes for the Federal Reserve's Control Analysis, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance (May 1, 2019), available at https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2019/05/01/proposed-changes-for-the-federal-reserves-control-analysis/. See also 84 FR 21634 (May 14, 2019); Notice of proposed rulemaking with request for comment, Federal Reserve Board (April 23, 2019), available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/control-proposal-fr-notice-20190423.pdf.
Generally, a covered fund is an issuer that must rely on Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) for exemption from registering under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as well as commodity pools that are not publicly offered. "Banking entity" includes (i) any insured depository institution; (ii) any company that controls an insured depository institution; (iii) any company that is treated as a bank holding company for purposes of section 8 of the International Banking Act of 1978; and (iv) any affiliate or subsidiary of any entity described in clauses (i), (ii), or (iii).
For an overview of the proposed rule, see Joel Wattenbarger and Gideon Blatt, Proposed Revisions to the Volcker Rule: Prohibitions and Restrictions with respect to Covered Funds, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance (March 19, 2020), available at https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2020/03/19/proposed-revisions-to-the-volcker-rule-prohibitions-and-restrictions-with-respect-to-covered-funds/.
See Section 13(g)(2) of the BHC Act (12 U.S.C. § 1851(g)(2)) (providing that nothing in the Volcker Rule shall be construed to limit the ability of a banking entity to sell or securitize loans in a manner otherwise permitted by law).
E.g., a third-party fund manager may not welcome the consequences arising from a bank-affiliated investor being deemed to control its fund.
Tested at the fund level and not at the advisor entity level.
As defined in 17 CFR 275.203(l)-1 (SEC Rule 203(1)-1).
The agencies declined to impose additional limitations on qualifying venture capital funds. The proposed rule included discussion of possible minimum securities holding periods, portfolio company revenue caps and additional quantitative limits on the use of leverage.
A banking entity may own up to 0.5% of the vehicle's outstanding ownership interests to the extent necessary for establishing corporate separateness.
The requirement does not preclude a banking entity from marketing its customer facilitation vehicle services or discussing with its customers prior to the formation of such vehicles the potential benefits of structuring such services through a vehicle.
The 5% limit must be calculated at the most recent time any debt security is acquired, and is based on the aggregate value of loans, debt securities and cash equivalents (at par value), but generally excluding derivatives.
"Public offering" generally means that the offering is not restricted to a net worth requirement, is subject to substantive disclosure and retail investor protection laws or regulations, and the issuer has filed publicly available offering disclosure documents with the appropriate regulator.
12 U.S.C. § 1851(f)(1). The term "covered transaction" is defined in section 23A and includes, among other things, extensions of credit, asset purchases and guarantees. See 12 U.S.C. § 371c.
A qualifying foreign excluded fund, with respect to a foreign banking entity, means a banking entity that: (i) is organized or established outside the U.S. and the ownership interests of which are offered and sold solely outside the U.S.; (ii) would be a covered fund if the entity were organized or established in the U.S., or is, or holds itself out as being, an entity or arrangement that raises money from investors primarily for the purpose of investing in financial instruments for resale or other disposition or otherwise trading in financial instruments; (iii) would not otherwise be a banking entity except by virtue of the foreign banking entity's acquisition or retention of an ownership interest in, sponsorship of, or relationship with, the entity; (iv) is established and operated as part of a bona fide asset management business; and (v) is not operated in a manner that enables the banking entity that sponsors or controls the fund, or any of its affiliates, to evade the requirements of the Volcker Rule. See also Statement regarding Treatment of Certain Foreign Funds under the Rules Implementing Section 13 of the Bank Holding Company Act (July 17, 2019), available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/bcreg20190717a1.pdf.
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Downtown Coral Gables invites kids of all ages to celebrate the Annual Halloween on the Mile, produced by the Business Improvement District ("BID") of Coral Gables on October 31st.
Offering a lineup of exciting Halloween activities, Halloween on the Mile is a treat the whole family will enjoy.
There will be spooky storytelling, arts & crafts, a kiddie costume contest and a doggie costume contest.
This fun festival is produced by the Coral Gables Business Improvement District (BID).


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Is Your Politician Promoting Idleness?
All translations call this an order, rule or command. The English Standard Version calls it a "command: If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat.
The New American Standard calls it an "order: if anyone is not willing to work, then he is not to eat, either.
The King James says …this we commanded you, that if any would not work, neither should he eat.
Are the politicians we support wicked and evil – advocating and implementing policies that go against God's word, so He curses our nation, or are they showing that though they may not be Christians that their policies line up with Biblical principles, so God blesses our nation?
How can we fulfill 2 Chron 7:14 and turn from our wicked ways, so God will heal our land, if we vote for politicians who implement policies that cause us collectively as a society to sin in God's sight?
2 Thess. 3: 6 – 13 Warns Against Idleness: 6Now we command you… in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, … keep away from any brother who is walking in idleness … because we were not idle when we were with you, 8nor did we eat anyone's bread without paying for it, but with toil and labor we worked night and day, that we might not be a burden to any of you… 9 … to give you in ourselves an example to imitate. 10For even when we were with you, we would give you this command: If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat… 12 … we command and encourage in the Lord Jesus Christ to do their work quietly and to earn their own living.d 13As for you, brothers, do not grow weary in doing good.
Welfare policies sound spiritual, but are implemented in ways that actually violate Biblical principles. In Leviticus 19:9 God promotes "workfare" by saying "And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap your field right up to its edge, nor shall you gather the gleanings after your harvest. You shall leave them for the poor and for the sojourner: I am the LORD your God." God's expectation is that the poor go out and harvest the food left behind for them.
The Bible does not promote government welfare that promises all sorts of free stuff. No leader in the Bible tells people he'll provide all things for them. God wants people busy doing what they can and are capable of doing.
Ecclesiastes 4:5 says "Fools fold their hands and ruin themselves." Another translation says "Fools fold their idle hands, leading them to ruin." Proverbs 10:4 says ….Idle hands make one poor, but diligent hands bring riches.
Promising us free stuff may be a way for politicians to get our vote, but the other side of that coin is idleness which is a form of enslavement. God's plan is for us to work honorably and diligently to be lifted up in Liberty.