text:
\section*{Ion Trap Qubits and Wires}
Atomic ions can be confined in free space with electromagnetic fields supplied by nearby electrodes.  The linear radiofrequency (rf) trap is the typical choice for quantum information applications \cite{WinelandBlatt08, MonroeKimScience}.  When the ions are laser-cooled to bottom of the trapping potential, they form a linear crystal of qubits, with the Coulomb repulsion balancing the external confinement force, as shown in Fig. \ref{ions}a. Ions are typically loaded into traps by generating neutral atoms of the desired element and ionizing the atoms once in the trapping volume.  Ion trap depths are usually much larger than room  temperature, so rare collisions  with background gas do not necessarily eject the ion from the trap, but they can temporarily break up the crystal and scramble the qubits.  Under typical ultra-high-vacuum conditions, these qubit interruptions occur roughly once per hour per ion, but cryogenic vacuum chambers can reduce the collision rate by orders of magnitude, where qubits may last months or longer.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig1_ions.pdf}
\caption{(a) Schematic of silicon chip trap mounted on a ceramic pin grid array (CPGA) carrier with raised interposer,
confining atomic ions that hover $\sim75$ $\mu$m above the surface. The inset is an image of 7 atomic ytterbium (\ensuremath{^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^+})  ions arranged in a linear crystal and laser-cooled to be nearly at rest. The few-micrometer separation between ions is determined by a balance between the external confinement force and Coulomb repulsion.
(b-c) Reduced energy level diagram of a single \ensuremath{^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^+} atomic ion, showing the atomic hyperfine levels \ensuremath{\left|\uparrow\right\rangle} \, and \ensuremath{\left|\downarrow\right\rangle} \, that represent a qubit.  The electronic excited states $\ket{e}$ and $\ket{e'}$ are separated from the ground states by an energy corresponding to an optical wavelength of $369.53$ nm, and applied laser radiation (blue arrows) drives these transitions for (b) initialization to state \ensuremath{\left|\downarrow\right\rangle}, and (c) fluorescence detection of  the qubit state (\ensuremath{\left|\uparrow\right\rangle} = fluorescence, \ensuremath{\left|\downarrow\right\rangle} = no fluorescence).}
\label{ions}
\end{figure}

Qubits stored in trapped atomic ions are represented by two stable electronic levels within each ion, often represented as an effective spin with the two states \ensuremath{\left|\downarrow\right\rangle} \,  and \ensuremath{\left|\uparrow\right\rangle} \, corresponding to bit values $0$ and $1$.  The qubits can be initialized and detected with nearly perfect accuracy using conventional optical pumping and state-dependent fluorescence techniques \cite{DidiRMP}. This restricts the atomic species of trapped ion qubits to those with simple electronic structure (e.g., those with a single valence electron: Be$^+$, Mg$^+$, Ca$^+$, Sr$^+$, Ba$^+$, Zn$^+$, Hg$^+$, Cd$^+$, and Yb$^+$).

Figs. \ref{ions}b and c show the reduced energy level diagram of \ensuremath{^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^+}, where the qubit levels \ensuremath{\left|\downarrow\right\rangle} \, and \ensuremath{\left|\uparrow\right\rangle} \, are represented by the stable hyperfine levels of electron/nuclear spin in the ground electronic state, separated by frequency $\nu_{HF} =12.642 812$ GHz.  Such states form an excellent freqency standard, and coherence times $>1000$ s have been observed \cite{Bollinger1991,Fisk1997}.  The optically-excited electronic states \ket{e} and \ket{e'} are themselves split by a hyperfine coupling and separated from the ground states by an optical interval.  Laser radiation tuned just below resonance in these optical transitions allows Doppler laser cooling to confine ions near the bottom of the trap.  Other more sophisticated forms of laser cooling can bring the ions to nearly at rest in the trap
\cite{DidiRMP}. When laser beams resonant with both $\ensuremath{\left|\uparrow\right\rangle} \leftrightarrow \ket{e}$ and $\ensuremath{\left|\uparrow\right\rangle} \leftrightarrow \ket{e'}$ transitions are applied, the ion rapidly falls into the state \ensuremath{\left|\downarrow\right\rangle} \, and no longer interacts with the light field (Fig. \ref{ions}b).  This optical pumping technique allows the initialization of a qubit with essentially $100\%$ fidelity. When a single laser resonant with the transition $\ensuremath{\left|\uparrow\right\rangle} \leftrightarrow \ket{e}$ is applied, the closed cycling optical transition causes an ion in the \ensuremath{\left|\uparrow\right\rangle} \,  state to fluoresce strongly at a rate scaled by the excited state radiative linewidth $\gamma \sim 2\pi \times 10$ MHz, while an ion in the \ensuremath{\left|\downarrow\right\rangle} \,  state stays dark, because the laser is far from its resonance (Fig. \ref{ions}c).  The collection of even a small fraction of this fluorecence thus allows for the detection of the atomic qubit state with near-perfect efficiency, with integration times as low as $\sim 20$ $\mu$s \cite{Noek2013}.  Other atomic species have similar initialization/detection schemes.

\subsection*{Wiring atomic qubits with the Coulomb interaction}
The motion of many trapped ions is coupled through their mutual Coulomb repulsion, so the qubits can therefore be linked by relating the internal qubit states to the external motion of the ions, as depicted in Fig. \ref{Links}a.  This is typically accomplished by applying qubit state-dependent optical or microwave dipole forces to the ion(s) \cite{DidiRMP,WinelandBlatt08}.  To see how this type of motional data bus works, we assume that a given ion responds to an external field $\mathcal{E}$ by experiencing an equal and opposite energy shift $\Delta E=\pm\mu\mathcal{E}$ that depends upon the qubit state through selection rules. When the field $\mathcal{E}(x)$ varies with position $x$, there is a qubit-state-dependent force of the form $F_x = \mu \mathcal{E}'(x) \hat{\sigma}_z$,  where $\mathcal{E}'(x)$ is the field gradient and $\hat{\sigma}_z$ is the Pauli matrix corresponding to the angular momentum of the qubit effective spin.  Here we neglect higher order field gradients, which is justified when the ion is laser-cooled to much less than the characteristic length scale (or wavelength) of the applied field.  For plane wave radiation coupled with wavevector $k$ and amplitude $\mathcal{E}_0$, $F_x = \hbar k\Omega\hat{\sigma}_z$, where $\hbar$ is Planck's constant and the Rabi frequency $\Omega=\mu\mathcal{E}_0/\hbar$ parametrizes the field-qubit coupling.  (For two-photon optical Raman couplings, the effective wavevector $k$ is given by the wavevector difference between the two beams \cite{DidiRMP}.)

 Because this force acts differently on the two qubit states, it couples the qubit state to the collective motion of $N$ ions, with  characteristic speed $R_{\text{gate}} = \Omega   \sqrt{\omega_{R}/\omega}$ where $\omega_R = \hbar k^2/(2Nm)$ is the recoil frequency of the ion crystal associated with field momentum $\hbar k$, $Nm$ is the total mass of the ions, and $\omega$ the frequency of harmonic oscillation of collective motion along the $x$ direction.  When this mapping affects multiple ions, entangling gates can be operated between separated ions, mediated through the motion.  There are many protocols for the creation of controlled-NOT and other gates using this coupling to the collective motion of the ions \cite{WinelandBlatt08}.  Current experiments with a few ions have realized entangled state fidelities of greater than $99.9\%$ \cite{HartyPRL2014} and operate in the range $R_{\text{gate}}/2\pi \sim 10-100$ kHz, although with ultrafast high-intensity optical fields it may be possible to operate gates in the GHz range \cite{FastGate}.

As the number of ions $N$ in the crystal grows, the gate speed slows down as $R_{\text{gate}} \sim 1/\sqrt{N}$.  For large crystals, there will also be crosstalk between the many modes of collective motion.  Background errors such as the decoherence (heating) of the motional modes \cite{Turchette} or fluctuating fields that add random phases to the qubits will become important at longer times, thus there will be practical limits on the size of a single crystal for the performance of faithful quantum gates.   Through the use of individual optical addressing of ions \cite{Haffner08, Choi2014} and pulse-shaping techniques \cite{PulseShaping}, these errors should not be debilitating for the full control of single crytals ranging from $N=10-100$ qubits.

In order to scale beyond $\sim 50$ trapped ion qubits, we can shuttle trapped ions through space in order to couple spatially separated chains of ions in a multiplexed architecture called the quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) \cite{QCCD} and depicted in Fig. \ref{Links}b. The QCCD architecture requires exquisite control of the atomic ion positions during shuttling and may require additional atomic ion species to act as ``refrigerator" ions to quench the excess motion from shuttling operations \cite{barrett03}.  Rudimentary versions of the QCCD idea have been employed in many quantum information applications such as teleportation and small quantum algorithms \cite{WinelandBlatt08}, and recent experiments have shown the reliable, repeatable, and coherent shuttling of ion qubits over millimeter distances in microsecond timescales \cite{Walther2012, Bowler2012} and through complex two-dimensional junctions \cite{Blakestad,Sandia,Wright13,Shu14}. The QCCD approach will help usher the development of small trapped ion quantum computers with perhaps $50-1000$ qubits.  However, scaling to many thousands or more qubits in the QCCD may be challenging due to the complexity of interconnects, diffraction of optical beams, and the extensive hardware required for qubit control.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig2_Links.pdf}
\caption{(a) Qubit state-dependent forces on individual ions in a chain provide a coupling mechanism between qubits for the operation of entangling quantum logic gates.  Optical dipole forces (indicated in red) displace two ions depending upon their qubit states, and the resulting modulation of the Coulomb interaction allows the implementation of entangling quantum gates between these two ions.  This type of link can be generalized to operations involving any number of qubits or even the entire chain for applications in quantum simulations.
(b) Concept of a QCCD ion trap \cite{QCCD}, where ions can be shuttled between various zones for multiplexing (courtesy, NIST).
(c) Energy levels of trapped ion excited with a fast laser pulse (blue upward arrow) that produces single photon whose color,
represented by the state $\ket{\nu_\uparrow}$ or $\ket{\nu_\downarrow}$, is entangled with the resultant qubit state \ensuremath{\left|\uparrow\right\rangle} \, or \ensuremath{\left|\downarrow\right\rangle}, respectively.  Alternative configurations allow the encoding of polarization or time-bin photonic qubits.
(d) Two ``communication" ions, immersed in a separate crystals of other ions, each produce single photons when driven by laser pulses (blue) as in (a). With some probability, the photons arrive at the $50/50$ beamsplitter and then interfere.  This ``Bell-state detection" of the photons heralds the entanglement of the trapped ion qubits.
(e) Modular distributed quantum computer. Several ELU modules, each with full control of 50-100 trapped ions through Coulomb gates, are connected through a photonic network utilizing an optical crossconnect switch, inline fiber beamsplitters and a photon-counting imager \cite{MUSIQC}. }
\label{Links}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{Wiring atomic qubits with photons}
To scale beyond the QCCD in a modular architecture, it will likely become necessary to link separate registers of trapped ion chains with photonic interfaces \cite{DeVoe1998,Steane2000}.  This allows quantum gates to be performed between any qubits in the processor, regardless of their relative location \cite{DuanRMP,MUSIQC}, while supporting fault-tolerant error correction even in the face of photonic interconnects that succeed with small probability per attempt \cite{DuanRMP,Benjamin2013,MUSIQC}.

A pair of trapped ion qubit modules (elementary logic units or ELUs) can be entangled with each other using propagating photons emitted by a subset of ions from each register, designated to be ``communication qubits.''  As shown in Fig. \ref{Links}c, the communication qubit is driven to an excited state with fast laser pulses so that at most one photon emerges from each qubit following appropriate radiative selection rules. When photons from two separate communication qubits are collected, mode-matched and interfered on a $50/50$ beamsplitter (Fig. \ref{Links}d), detectors on the output modes of the beamsplitter herald a Bell-state of the photons and thus the creation of entanglement between the memory qubits through entanglement-swapping \cite{Simon2003, Moehring07}.  The mean connection rate of this photonic interface is $R(F\eta_D)^2/2$, where $F$ is the fraction of light collection from each ion emitter and $\eta_D$ is the single photon detector efficiency \cite{singlephoton}.  The repetition rate $R$ of the initialization/excitation process is limited by the emission rate $\gamma$.  For typical atomic transitions into free space with $\gamma/2\pi \sim 10$ MHz, light collection fraction $F \sim 1-10\%$, and detector efficiency $\eta_D \sim 20\%$, we find typical connection rates of $\sim 100$ Hz \cite{Hucul}, but this could be dramatically improved with integrated photonics, as discussed below.  While this photonic entanglement source is probabilistic, the detected photons announce when it does succeed, and thus the heralded entanglement of the trapped ions can be subsequently used for deterministic quantum information applications \cite{KLM}.  Moreover, by performing such operations in parallel on many pairs, a FIFO (first in, first out) buffer can provide a synchronous stream of entangled pairs between the trapped ion modules that can be used as needed, thus eliminating the probabilistic nature of the connection.

In practice, the communication qubit must be well-isolated from the memory qubits so that scattered light from the excitation laser as well as the emitted photons themselves do not disturb the spectator qubit memories.  It may be necessary to physically separate (shuttle) the communication qubit away from the others, invoking techniques from the QCCD approach, but ultimately using two different atomic species can eliminate this crosstalk \cite{Schmidt05,TanArXiv2015}, such as \ensuremath{^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^+} for memory qubits and $\ensuremath{^{138}\mathrm{Ba}^+}$ for communication qubits.  Here, the communication qubits are connected through the photonic channel, and then mapped to neighboring memory qubits though Coulomb gates as described above.

In Fig. \ref{Links}e, we show a concept of a large-scale modular trapped ion quantum computing architecture, involving individual ELU modules that host Coulomb-based quantum links within the module and can be wired to other ELU modules through photonic connections as described above.  By using a non-blocking optical crossconnect switch, the connectivity between the entire sample of qubits can be extended in order to scale up to very large numbers of ELU modules, potentially to thousands or millions of qubits.

\section*{Integration Technologies for Trapped Ion Quantum Computers}
Unlike classical solid state circuits where large-scale integration of complex information processors is readily available, practical implementation of a trapped-ion quantum processor will require development of new integration technologies and system engineering approaches. In this section, we will describe the current efforts towards such technology development.

\subsection*{Chip Traps and Optical Control of Qubits}
Reliable and reproducible fabrication of many identical ELU modules starts with the ion trap itself.  Ion trap electrode structures can be fabricated by lithographically etching semiconductor platforms such as Si/SiO$_2$ wafers and metallizing the electrodes, with positions defined to sub-micrometer precision.  The electrodes must hold high static and rf electrical potentials, with excellent insulating barriers between the electrodes, all in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment.  The trap structure must also be optically open, and allow high-power laser beams to cross near the electrode surfaces to affect Coulomb gates or photonic couplings, without causing excessive light scattering.  Finally, the ions must be spatially separated from other qubit memories during initialization and measurement processes, requiring precise control over the electrical potentials over space and time in order to  shuttle ions throughout the trapping regions.

An approach to create the necessary electromagnetic potential to trap an ion above the surface of a chip was first suggested in 2004 \cite{NISTsurface05,KimQIC2005}, and the first monolithic semiconductor ion trap was demonstrated in 2006 \cite{Stick06}.  The design and fabrication of complex surface traps using silicon microfabrication processes has now matured, with examples of the Sandia high-optical access (HOA) trap and the GTRI/Honeywell ball-grid array (BGA) trap shown in Fig. \ref{chiptrap}.  Recent experiments have demonstrated high performance qubit measurement \cite{Noek2013} and quantum gates \cite{WangSurfGate10,MountArXiv2015,HartyPRL2014,TanArXiv2015,BallanceArXiv2015} in such microfabricated surface traps that outperform conventional manually-assembled macroscopic traps. The ability to design and simulate the electromagnetic trapping parameters prior to fabrication provides an attractive path to developing  complex trap structures that are both repeatable and produced with high yield.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig3_chiptraps.pdf}
\caption{Advanced microfabricated ion traps.  LEFT: High-optical access (HOA) trap from Sandia National Laboratories (Image courtesy of Duke University). RIGHT: Ball-grid array (BGA) trap from GTRI/Honeywell (Image courtesy of Honeywell, Inc.).}
\label{chiptrap}
\end{figure}

Once atomic ion qubits are produced and confined to standard semiconductor trap structures, interactions between arbitrary subsets of the qubits in a single ELU or reduced sets of ions between ELUs must be gated and controlled in order to perform the desired calculations, simulations, or quantum circuit.  For local Coulomb gates as described above, we require a fixed-frequency off-resonant laser to provide dipole forces and a laser beam distribution technology that drives the desired interactions to operate a programmable and reconfigurable  quantum computer.  In the \ensuremath{^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^+} system, lasers at 355 nm are ideal for gate operations, with reliability owing to their widespread use in conventional UV lithography. For optical beam delivery, recent progress in micromirror technology \cite{Crain2014} and multi-channel acousto-optic modulator (AOM) technology developed for the optical communication and semiconductor fabrication industries \cite{32AOM} are attractive solutions, and in the coming years these devices will be tightly integrated with trapped ion systems.

\subsection*{Compact Lasers and Vacuum System Technology}
A large scale ion trap quantum computer requires several tunable laser systems to match electronic resonances in the atomic ion, with optical frequencies stable and accurate to better than $10$ kHz, a fractional precision of $\sim 10^{-10}$. Traditionally, a significant effort is dedicated to laser stabilization, with individual optical components on an optical table utilizing long optical path lengths.  Such a large footprint invariably drifts due to environmental changes (temperature, humidity, air pressure, etc.), and requires constant adjustments to keep the system operational.  Compact and stable tunable semiconductor lasers have recently been developed that provide the narrow linewidths necessary for initializing and reading out trapped ion qubits \cite{Ball2013,MountArXiv2015b,Schafer2015}. The complete optical system including the frequency stabilization can be assembled on a compact optical breadboard or a microfabricated optical bench \cite{Gates1996}. Following the footsteps of laser integration in modern dense wavelength-division multiplexed (DWDM) optical communication systems \cite{OptNetBook}, it is feasible to design and assemble a stabilized laser system where all lasers necessary for running an ion trapping experiment are packaged in a compact box that fits on an instrument rack, with fiber optic delivery to the ion trap chip.

Trapped atomic ions are suspended in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment, where collisions with background molecules should be minimized for sustained operation. While careful assembly of clean UHV chamber can help create such an environment, ultimate vacuum environment might require low temperature operation ($<10$ K) \cite{Lab08a}. Closed-cycle cryogenic technology will dramatically reduce the volume and operational burden of a UHV environment, while improving the vacuum conditions for operating the trapped ion quantum computer. Figure \ref{vacuum} shows an example of a compact vacuum environment created on a ceramic package that holds the surface trap. After the trap is die-attached and wirebonded to the ceramic package, a sealed cover is assembled in a UHV environment (Fig. \ref{vacuum}a,b). The cover provides all optical access necessary to operate an ion trap, an ion source that utilizes laser ablation technique to load the trap, and getter material that will efficiently pump any residual gas molecules at low temperatures. This compact ceramic package can be installed in a closed-cycle cryostat and cooled down to cryogenic temperatures ($\sim$5K) to provide the operating environment for the ion trap quantum processor as shown in  Fig. \ref{vacuum}c. This approach is compatible with recent development in surface treatment techniques for ion traps that is shown to substantially reduce anomalous heating, which may be necessary for high-fidelity operation of multi-qubit gates \cite{HitePRL2012,Haffner2014}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig4_vacuum.pdf}
\caption{Compact cryogenic UHV enclosure for trapped ions. (a) On-package vacuum enclosure, sealed in a UHV environment, that contains the ion trap, getter pumps, and the atomic source. (b) Upon installation and cooling in a compact cryostat, the UHV environment is established. (c) The optical components can be arranged in a compact volume around the cryostat to support the ion trap operation.}
\label{vacuum}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{Photonic Technology}
Integrated optical technology will be critical for a large-scale trapped ion quantum computer.  While efficient light collection and detector arrays will be necessary for the measurement of many trapped ion qubits through state-dependent fluorescence, it will be crucial for the single-photon linking of ELU modules as discussed above.  With high numerical-aperture collection optics, $\sim10\%$ of  the emitted photons can be collected \cite{Hucul}, and $\sim50\%$ could be extracted through an optical cavity integrated with the ion trap~\cite{KimMaunzKimPRA2011}.  Highly efficient photonic Bell-state detectors with near-ideal mode-matching can be realized in fiber or waveguide beamsplitters~\cite{JenkinsOL1992} and near-unit efficiency photon detectors \cite{detectors,MarsiliNaturePhoton2013}.  Taken together, these advances may allow the linking two ELUs to approach the speed of local Coulomb-based gates ($\sim 10$  kHz).

For large numbers of optically-networked trapped ions with many optical communication qubits, multiplexed photonic circuit elements will be necessary.  Non-blocking and transparent optical cross connect (OXC) switches with many input/output ports, developed for conventional optical communication networks and data centers \cite{Kim03,Calient03}, are well-suited for this task. Transparent optical switches establish an optical path between select input and output ports by using passive optical elements such as tilting mirrors \cite{Aksyuk03} and can guide single photons that are entangled with the trapped ion qubits to form quantum links.  These devices can also be reconfigured in real time to make parallel connections between multiple ELUs.

The extension of the above integrated photonics technology, including detectors and waveduides to OXC switches, to the visible and blue portions of the spectrum where atomic ions respond, will be highly valuable to the trapped ion quantum optical network.  Alternatively, noiseless photonic conversion technology from visible/blue to infrared and telecom bands will play an important role, especially for long-distance quantum communication network applications.

\subsection*{Hardware and Software for Scalable Controllers}
While these integration technologies play a crucial role in developing compact, stand-alone ion trap quantum hardware, a scalable controller system is needed to run such a system. The controller system consists of hardware needed to (1) maintain the operation of frequency stabilized laser systems, (2) manage the ion position by control of rf and static voltages, (3) measure and process emitted photons with photon detectors and associated readout circuits, and (4) apply laser pulses that are generated by a digital system to prepare, measure, and manipulate qubits.  These controller systems must be designed to precisely track the amplitude and phase of the qubits used in the information processing task. It must be accompanied by control software that the user can program to instruct the quantum hardware to carry out the desired task. Both the hardware and the software for the controller should be designed for modularity and expandability, consistent with a fully coherent control of all qubits in the system. The practical scalability of the ion trap processor may ultimately be limited by the scalability of the interface between such a classical controller and the ion qubits, or how many ion qubits the controller can manage. A careful design of such controller system amounts to the ``operating system'' for the ion trap quantum processor.

\section{Applications and Opportunities for the Trapped Ion Quantum Processor}
Quantum algorithms, applications, and error correcting codes are usually designed independently of the underlying hardware, and therefore do not respect the underlying geometry of the physical system. The modular ion trap architecure has a flexible and reconfigurable connectivity that allows for the realization of arbitrary geometries with a minimal number of swaps and/or teleporation steps. In this section we examine the opportunities that such a hardware affords, beyond conventional gate-model quantum applications such as Shor's factoring algorithm.

\subsection*{Topology of Interactions}
While the spatial geometry of a crystal of laser-cooled trapped ions is typically one-dimensional, the interaction graph between qubits within a single ELU module can be fully connected and have high or undefined dimensionality. Owing to the strong long-range Coulomb interaction between the ions, quantum gates can be realized directly between distant pairs of qubits in the chain. Furthermore, multiple two-qubit gates can be performed in parallel on the chain, and multiqubit or even global entangling gates can even be performed by carefully controlling the intensity and spectrum of the lasers on all ions \cite{KorenblitNJP2012}.  Such multiqubit operations are useful for the generation of certain entangled states \cite{MS, WinelandBlatt08} and the simulation of long-range global Ising interactions between the spins \cite{Porras04, FermiSchool2014}.  In the context of such multiqubit operations, additional single qubit gates can be used to remove links in the graph \cite{Hayes14} and generate arbitrary circuits.

In the larger ion trap quantum computer, such highly-connected ELU modules are linked to other modules through photonic channels, as discussed above \cite{MUSIQC}.  This higher-level graph is determined by the density of photon-coupled ions (see Fig. \ref{connections}) and is itself dynamic and reconfigurable, leading to great advantages in the use of this type of hierarchical architecture for a host of quantum applications, and may even suggest algorithm structures that have not yet been discovered.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig5_Switch.png}
\caption{Each ELU holds a chain of ions. The ions for remote entanglement (purple circles) are located at the ends of the chains. The interaction of the ions via the normal modes of the crystal forms a complete graph as shown by the blue lines when the ions are arranged in a circle. Fast two qubit gates based on ion proximity are labeled with red lines. The physical geometry can be observed in the break of the red connections between the remote entangling ions at the end of the chain.  Entangled pair generation between ELUs requires photonic connections (purple lines) between the ELUs and the optical networking switchyard (gray box).  The remote entanglement is reconfigurable and renewable throughout the computation. The picture shows chains of 20 ions, with 4 entangling ions, and a local fast gate distance of 4 ion spaces. Chains of 50 ions with a local gate distance of 9 ions should be possible.}
\label{connections}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{Quantum Simulation}
Quantum simulators exploit a standard well-controlled quantum system to emulate model Hamiltonians that cannot easily be understood or solved numerically \cite{Feynman82}.   The global entangling operations between trapped atomic ions are naturally suited to simulate hard quantum problems, some that may not necessarily correspond to a physical system (such as graphs that have nonlocal structures), and others with local interactions such as quantum magnetic Ising models and many body spin physics.  For instance, when executing state-dependent forces as discussed above, the applied field can be adjusted to simulate variable-range Ising models with interaction strength falling off with a power law $1/r^\alpha$ as the physical distance $r$ increases, where the exponent can be tuned between $\alpha=0$ (infinite-range) and $\alpha=3$ (dipole-dipole) \cite{Porras04, Kim09, Britton2012}.  Such simulations could assist our understanding of models of exotic materials (such as high-temperature superconductors), or even stimulate the search for new material properties that have not yet been observed.

Determining the equilibrium behavior (ground state) of spins subject to an arbitrary Ising coupling graph and local field terms is an NP-hard problem \cite{NPHard}. The quantum adiabatic algorithm attempts to find the ground state by starting in a strong transverse field and then adiabatically switching it off \cite{Farhi01}. Since the minimum energy gap to the excited states is not known for the most difficult problems, ``adiabatic" in this case means slow enough to consistently produce the same final state. The quantum annealing algorithm is similar in style but interaction with a thermal bath complicates the dynamics \cite{Boixo14, AlbashEPJ2015}. Although a sufficiently cold bath could improve the possibility of finding the ground state, this is not always the case. Large-scale superconducting systems fabricated by D-Wave have generated significant controversy \cite{Shin2014}, and the results to date are consistent with simulations of an open-system quantum annealer having limited use \cite{Boixo14, Pudenz2015, AlbashEPJ2015, Albash2015, Katzgraber2015, Ronnow2014}. The main limitations are limited precision and stability in the coupling parameters, two-qubit couplings of fixed type, a simple 2D static network structure, and a temperature that is much larger than the characteristic energy scales in the system. As the gaps are expected to shrink polynomially with the system size for good problems, the D-Wave system thus relies on thermal effects.  While trapped ion qubit couplings are roughly 1000 times smaller than superconducting systems in absolute terms, ion trap architectures promise significant advantages: higher coupling precision, two-qubit couplings of different forms, arbitrary and reconfigurable network structure, and an effective zero temperature environment \cite{WinelandBlatt08}.  While key challenges remain in such an ion trap quantum adiabatic processor, such as stable laser delivery and the engineering challenges of fabricating large-scale ion trap chips as discussed above, trapped atomic ions are well-suited to the generic problem of quantum adiabatic algorithms.

\subsection*{Machine Learning and the Boltzmann Machine}
Many models of artificial intelligence or machine learning are inspired by natural neural networks.  In a model where the communication between neurons is bi-directional, the problem of determining the state of output neurons can be mapped to calculating the thermal distribution of an  Ising model. The process of learning is  the strengthening and weaking of connections between neurons, so that the output neurons optimally classify the signal received by the input neurons.  In the model, learning is achieved by tuning the Ising model parameters to optimize the classification.  This model of learning, known as a ``Boltzmann machine" \cite{Bengio2013}, can be simulated using an adiabatic/annealing quantum protocol well-suited to the ion trap architecture.

The Boltzmann machine is borrowed from the field of  machine learning, uses the thermal distribution of an Ising model to make classifications \cite{Bengio2013}. These methods have had a recent renaissance due to increased computational power and large data sets making deep learning both practical and useful. The optimization procedure involves inputting training data and observing the classifier labels. The Ising couplings between the spins are adjusted until the machine generates an optimal classification. Quantum annealing or the quantum adiabatic method can be used to determine the classification of data. This may result in a different set of optimal coupling values which can also be tested on classical machines. Classical algorithms tend to use layers of spins where each layer can have arbitrary connections with the next layer: two layers is a reduced Boltzmann machine, many layers is a deep reduced Boltzmann machine. A full Boltzmann machine  allows for connections between any spin.  Quantum algorithms are predicted to speed up the tuning of the machine and have already provided insight into new classical algorithms \cite{Wiebe2014,Wiebe2015}. Both full and reduced Boltzmann machines can be implemented with our modular system.  The naturally connectivity suggest a different class of Boltzmann machines where the outputs of one full Boltzmann machine can be teleported to the inputs of a second full Boltzmann machine.

\subsection*{Quantum Error Correction}

Quantum error correction (QEC) extends known classical error correction techniques to quantum information by redundantly encoding effective logical qubits in a large number of raw physical qubits, and through measurements or other dissipative techniques, the logical qubit errors can be made smaller \cite{MikeAndIke, QC}.  When the error per physical qubit drops below a particular threshold, there are schemes for making the system fault tolerant, even for arbitrarily long computations \cite{GottesmanFTEC}.

Calderbank-Steane-Shor (CSS) codes \cite{Shor1995EC, Steane1996, Calderbank96}, a common class of QEC, are constructed from two classical codes. The check operators of the first code measure the parities of sets of qubits in the computational basis to correct bit flips.  The second code checks the parities in the Hadamard basis to correct phase flips.  For each error type, we can create a graph based on the interaction between the data qubits and ancillary qubits that measure the check operator.  We refer to this graph as the QEC graph.   For simplicity, we assume the check is performed using a single ancilla qubit that interacts with a set of data qubits. The nodes of the graph are the data qubits and ancilla qubits.  The edges are between the data qubits and the ancilla qubits that query them.

Mapping a quantum error correcting code to a specific physical architecture is tantamount to mapping the QEC graph on to the graph of physical interactions. The surface code and two-dimenstional color codes are attractive  because  their QEC graph is planar, meaning that the nodes can be arranged on a surface such that no edges intersect.  It is simple to map these architectures to a two-dimensional array of qubit interactions commonly found in solid state implementations of quantum computers as shown in Fig. \ref{QEC_Graph}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig6_EC_Graph.png}
\caption{QEC graphs for (a) a patch of the surface code, (b) a concatenated Steane [7,1,3] code, and (c) a patch of the hypergraph code. For the hypergraph code only three stabilizers are shown for clarity. The full graph can be formed by translating these operators. The blue circles indicate data qubit and the white circles indicate syndrome bits. The syndromes are described by links between the data and syndrome bits. The surface code has a natural two-dimensional layout with low-weight check operators (low degree nodes). Concatenated codes have check operators whose weight grows with the system size. Hypergaph codes have fixed weight operators but cannot be represented as local connections in two dimensions. (d) All graphs with $n$ nodes are subgraphs of the complete graph of n nodes.  The complete graph is the natural qubit connectivity of ions in an ELU as depicted here (see Fig. \ref{connections} for more details.)}
\label{QEC_Graph}
\end{figure}

In addition to having a local QEC graph,  the surface code also has a promising error threshold of around 1\%  \cite{DKLP, Raussendorf2007, Fowler2012}. However, surface codes have two shortcomings: (i) the code is "zero rate" meaning that the number of physical qubits required per logical qubit increases without bound as the logical error is reduced, and (ii) universal computation is not possible without gate teleportation, which is accomplished by the production and consumption of magic states \cite{BravyiMagic}.  These two properties result in an increase in resource costs for large scale quantum computation relative to an ideal code.  At present, no ideal quantum code is known which has a high threshold, finite rate, and allows for magic-state free universal computation.

Codes with finite rate have must have check operators that are spatially non-local.  Codes with spatially local check operators are topological codes and  reducing the error is equivalent to increasing the physical size of the code fabric by adding qubits; this volume expansion does not change the topology, and therefore cannot increase the number of qubits.  In contrast, consider the hyper-bicycle codes as an example of a finite rate code. The check operators still act on a sparse set of data qubits, but if the qubits are physically arrayed on a two-dimensional grid with $n$ qubits, then the distance between the data qubits and check qubit can scale as approximately $\sqrt{n}$. To implement this on a local architecture with static qubits, one needs either 2$\sqrt{n}$ swaps or additional qubits to generate teleportation channels that also require $\sqrt{n}$ operations \cite{Rosenbaum2012}.  Consequently the chance of a single check operator being  error free is exponentially smaller in the physical distance than that of the non-local architecture.

High-fidelity magic states, when combined with a teleportation circuit, can be consumed to generate a unitary operation on the logical data that is difficult to directly implement in the codespace  \cite{BravyiMagic}.   Distilllation techniques, which rely on one or more additional quantum error correction codes, provide a means for producing high-fidelity magic states from low-fidelity magic states \cite{Trout2015}.  This distillation process can be resource intensive for high-precision algorithms. Recently, sets of codes have been discovered that do not require magic states for universal quantum computation. Whether these codes present resource reductions relative to the surface code, depends on the code thresholds and the algorithm of interest.  The 3D color code is a promising code that does not require magic states  and but the QEC graph can be mapped to three dimensional space and not a surface .  We note that recently a dual 2D lattice code which in some sense is a stacked 2D color code, also has a simple set of universal gates \cite{Bravyi2015,Jochym2015}.

The modularity and reconfigurability of the ion trap and photonic architecture presented here is ideal for testing these and future codes.  Both surface codes \cite{Benjamin2013} and concatenated CSS codes \cite{MUSIQC} have already been mapped to the modular ion trap architecture considered here, with complementary features. Unlike architectures with static connections built for specific codes, any code can be implemented without constructing new hardware. It is worth noting that the surface code was invented only a few years after the first concatenated codes, but an additional decade  of research was required before it could be shown that the overhead was favorable compared to concatenated CSS codes for large algorithms. As hardware improves we expect that there will be continual improvements in quantum coding theory.

\section{Outlook}
Quantum computers will look very different than the semiconductor-based computers of today, just as current solid-state semiconductor devices look nothing like the vacuum tubes, relays, and mechanical gears of an earlier era.  While trapped atomic ion qubits may be seen as exotic today, their exquisite quantum coherence, high-performance quantum logic gates, and unmatched connectivity and reconfigurability makes the trapped ion platform a leading candidate for large-scale quantum computing.  The continued progress in ion trap integration strategies and supporting technologies have the potential to enable practical quantum computing machines in a matter of years.  We expect this device development to be driven by applications that harness the connectivity and reconfigurability of trapped ion qubits, where quantum computer scientists work closely with physicists and engineers in the co-design of tomorrow's quantum computer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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A group of six or seven club members rolled out of bed early on the morning of Saturday, March 12 to take a drive to the hills above Berkeley. The Tilden Botanic Garden in the Tilden Regional Park is basically a 10-acre portion of canyon devoted to the propagation of California native species. The park contains some excellent specimens of the state's many rare and endangered species. During the spring, the park's many blooming plants burst forth in brilliant displays of color. March, April and May tend to be the best months for visiting this very scenic little park. The numerous specimens of Madrone (that naked-looking, red-barked shrub you see in the scrub oak zones of California hillsides) are a real treat, as are the succulents and various varieties of lichen-coated oak trees.
The park is divided into ten sections representing ten ecological zones in the state and you are able to hike through aspens, oaks, redwoods and other conifer and deciduous groves in a matter of a few minutes. On our particular weekend visit the redbud trees were in bloom, as were the lupin and numerous other species. Although the sun never burned through the cloud cover, we were treated to some lovely soft, foggy backgrounds and a thin, bright cloud covering that was ideal for macro photography. I think most of us were a bit surprised at the beauty and diversity of the flora within a relatively small tract of land. Because of the great diversity of plant species, numerous species of birds also visit the park, making for some lucky encounters with some seldom-seen species.
The park opens exactly at 8:30 a.m. and the limited staff is both friendly and helpful. There are numerous nearby attractions in Tilden Park (including model railroad trains, a merry-go-round and children's park and picnic areas) as well as two nearby gardens in Berkeley, the Berkeley Rose Garden and the University of California Botanic Gardens on the UC campus.
If you get hungry after your hike you are close to relief, because restaurants abound in Berkeley. Parking, however, is an ongoing problem on the weekend and during business hours on weekdays. Remember to never take the parking regulations in Berkeley for granted otherwise you may find yourself with a ticket or worse yet, a towed car. One Berkeley resident gave us some advice regarding the many broken parking meters we encountered on Telegraph Avenue. If you park at a broken meter, bag it/wrap it in a bag that says "broken" etc.(but don't count on it being broken when you get back. In fact, you may even have a ticket if the maintenance crew fixes the meter and then the meter maids beat you back to your car. In short, parking anarchy rules in the streets of "The People's Republic of Berkeley.") Because of this "gray area" we chose a restaurant near Lake Merritt in Oakland and took no chances with the Berkeley parking patrol troopers.
Originally the field trip plan called for an afternoon shoot at the Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, but all the intense concentration of macro photography had most of us tired and we opted to go back home after our Korean barbecue lunch. We took a brief swing through the cemetery and it looked good. It will just have to go back on the future menu of field trips as an alternate destination or in next year's list. Thanks to all those club members who participated in the Tilden Gardens field trip. Those who want to go and have time should get up there sometime this month for a real treat.


The Valley Trot - 5 miles, with optional tea and cake at the end!
The Kentmere Canter - 10 miles including 466m of ascent.
The table below outlines the start times and check point locations for all four routes. Detailed route descriptions are listed above under the Event Details tab.


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"Smelly" Kelly and His Super Senses: How James Kelly's Nose Saved the New York City Subway
Beth Anderson, illus. by Jenn Harney. Calkins Creek, $18.99 (40p) ISBN 978-1-68437-399-4
This picture book biography highlights a little-known figure: James "Smelly" Kelly, an Irish immigrant whose excellent sense of smell helped ensure the safety of the New York City subway system in the mid-20th century. In compelling prose, Anderson relays Kelly's heroic exploits, including locating leak sources, inventing detection implements, and saving a man from beneath a train ("Inches from the underside of the car. Inches from the electrified third rail"). Harney's digital illustrations evoke stylized pen and ink; coils of pea green bring noxious scents to life. Kelly's brightly spotlighted escapades—as well as his distinctive red hair, rendered in a vibrant shade—serve as welcome contrast. Though some details are hazy, this is an interesting profile of an underappreciated figure. Back matter includes an author's note, a bibliography, and additional resources. Ages 7–10. [em](Oct.) [/em]
Lizzie Demands a Seat! Elizabeth Jennings Fights for Streetcar Rights
Beth Anderson
On July 16, 1854, "Lizzie Jennings was in a hurry. A big hurry. The kind of hurry she couldn't hold back." When a New York streetcar conductor tries to stop her from entering a car reserved for Continue reading »
Franz's Phantasmagorical Machine
Franz Gsellmann (1910–1981) grew up on a farm in Austria, and even as his mother called him to chores, "a tiny whisper called him to imagine, discover, create." Inspired by a world's fair exhibition, Continue reading »

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Half-Day Small-Group Tour of Annapolis Valley
Posted on: November 19, 2019 Last updated on: December 8, 2020 Written by:
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Supplements are available to the moms that participate in this program as a means to increase their ability to access nutritionally sound food during their pregnancy. Staff work with pregnant women, especially those who are young, unemployed, on municipal assistance or working for low wages. The program provides food supplements and encourages women to participate in the Basic Shelf Food Experience, a program also offered in the high school, which increases skill and awareness about healthy eating and lifestyle choices. To encourage full participation, the centre covers child care and transportation costs. Staff provide the following culturally and linguistically appropriate services: nutrition counselling, home visits, a workshop series, food supplements, a warm-line and food baskets. The program increases support, reduces substance abuse, reduces rates of low birth weight and birth defects, increases rates of breastfeeding, and maintains cultural diversity.
Our focus on classic vinifera includes Chardonnay , Pinot Noir , Riesling , and other German-styled whites specifically selected for our microclimates. Great wine is grown. For over five years now, I have worked with the Lightfoot team — first as new viticulturists, and then as an emergent winery — and I can confidently say that they are winegrowers. And, moreover, they are advancing viticulture in the province: not only are they growing the classic champagne varieties to produce top-flight traditional sparklings, they are poised to forever change the face of classic Burgundian- and Germanic-influenced wines, as well.
As all of this unfolds, this website will allow wine lovers in Canada to keep a close ear to the ground.
Christy Ann Conlin found an eerie muse in Nova Scotia's rural Annapolis Valley isolated location makes for close-knit relationships dating back generations.
The community of Coldbrook, Nova Scotia has a deep forestry and agricultural history. Today, Coldbrook still has deep ties to agriculture. Scotian Gold , a grower-owned tree fruit cooperative, is owned by more than 30 apple grower members. Scotian Gold represents 50 percent of the apple production in Nova Scotia, and is the largest apple packing and storage operation in all of Eastern Canada.
While agricultural is still a very important industry in Coldbrook, the town has quickly grown into a commercial hub in the center of the Annapolis Valley. The Michelin tire plant employees over Nova Scotians and is located in a small town just outside of Coldbrook. The Coldbrook industrial park is home to many Valley trades businesses, as well as car dealerships.
The neighbouring Canadian forces base in Greenwood is also a large employer of Coldbrook residents.
From a breakout storytelling star at The Moth, a real-life romantic comedy about a guy and a girl–and twenty-nine other girls: a memoir about an unexpected break-up, one self-imposed year of being single, and how a "nice guy" survived dating in the twenty-first century. Matteson Perry is a Nice Guy. He remembers birthdays, politely averts his eyes on the subway, and enjoys backgammon. A serial monogamist, he's never asked a stranger out.
Annapolis Royal, NS Taoist Tai Chi® arts originate from the teachings and practices of Taoist monks dating back years. Master Moy Lin.
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Vineyard tours and tastings are Read More. Flanked by sailing ships and painted a brilliant red, this museum on the Lunenburg waterfront strikes a dazzling pose, and the exhibits and
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Understanding and Human Rights (RCH), for the Annapolis Valley Regional counseling and support to adolescents for coping with dating, peer pressure.
Enjoy scenic views of the Annapolis Basin as you rest at this small picnic spot. Interpretive display. Wharf and day-use park overlooking Cobequid Bay. Exposed red sand area at low tide offers an opportunity for walking and wading in the warm water. Interpretive display highlights the importance of the site to Aboriginal peoples, European settlers, ship building and during wartime.
Park is known for its fascinating geology and fossils; an interpretive kiosk examines highlights of the four million years of earth history found here. Pleasant 1. Geocaching opportunities as well as snowshoeing and cross country skiing. A quiet place adjacent to the Balmoral Grist Mill Museum where you can picnic or take a stroll. Formerly a farm, this park situated on a knoll under a canopy of trees, offers a lovely view of Bras d' Or Lake.
Due to the recent situation, some delays might occur. Below you will find general information about Department of National Defence housing in Greenwood. Please contact the Greenwood Housing Services Centre for availability and for more information. The rents listed below don't include utility charges. For those units that are individually metered for utilities heating, electricity, water, sewage , you will pay consumption charges directly to the supplier.
For those units that are not individually metered, the utility charges are added to the rents listed below.
Former N.S. teacher pleads guilty to sexual abuse dating back decades. The Canadian Man killed in crash in Annapolis Valley. Air Date.
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Paradise is an unincorporated community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia , located about 30 km 18 mi. French settlement of the Annapolis Valley began in the early 17th century. Following the expulsion of the Acadians by the British in the midth century, colonists from New England came to Paradise, followed by Loyalists after the end of the American Revolution.
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The Canadian Press Staff. McNutt was arrested in January as part of a police investigation that began in October after several complainants came forward with allegations they had been sexually abused by teachers and coaches in the s and s. The Halifax man had been facing a total of 95 charges involving 35 complainants, and the new single indictment is the result of extensive negotiations between the Crown and defence.
McNutt pleaded guilty to 10 charges of sexual assault, 20 charges of indecent assault and five counts of gross indecency. A hearing has been set for July 15 to settle a dispute over facts pertaining to one of the complainants, and Justice Jamie Campbell scheduled a two-day sentencing hearing for Aug. Crown attorney Mark Heerema told the court Wednesday that the original indictments would not be formally withdrawn until the sentencing hearing and that a charge related to one of the previous complainants had been withdrawn.
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Paradise is an unincorporated community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located about 30 km (18 mi.) northeast of Annapolis Royal in Annapolis County. The original French name, dating to , was Paradis Terrestre, or Earthly French settlement of the Annapolis Valley began in the early 17th century.
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Supplements are available to the moms that participate in this program as a means to increase their ability to access nutritionally sound food during their pregnancy. Staff work with pregnant women, especially those who are young, unemployed, on municipal assistance…
Continue reading "Half-Day Small-Group Tour of Annapolis Valley"…
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Ride in the cool style of our novelty helmets featuring many different styles, and looks to cater to your uniqueness. Pick from 3/4 to half we have them both.
Please note: Our Novelty Helmets are NOT certified by DOT, nor is it intended to be used as a safety equipment. It will not provide any protection to the head. If you need DOT certified motorcycle helmets please check our other helmets throughout the store where we sell small and light DOT helmets in various styles and colors.


Ogo Design Studio - Brand and Web design studio based in Cork, Ireland.
We are growing design studio serving unique people like yourself and businesses across the world. We bring a personal and effective approach to every project we work on, which is why our clients love us and why they keep coming back.
We love the web, and we mean LOVE the web! We also love designing for the web. All of our website designs are individual, one-off and based on your exact requirements. Design isn't just pushing pixels around a page… it's how you communicate your message to your customer. We are passionate about web standards and the latest technologies available.
We like to work with Open Source software, all of the software we use in providing you your website is either Open Source or based on Open Source technology. HTML & CSS is our forté but we also love MODX for dynamic sites. We also have experience with e-commerce using Magento and OpenCart. It's a very exciting time to be alive and working on the internet.
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Haruki Murakami: "Something's wrong with this town."
Finally! Something new about Haruki Murakami I can feast my brains on!
Ben Dooley of The Millions was there and reported back a lot of interesting stuff I still didn't know about the writer, such as Murakami's likening of writing to playing video games: "Writing a story for me is just like playing a video game. I start with a word or idea, then I stick out my hand to catch what's coming next. I'm a player, and at the same time, I'm a programmer. It's kind of like playing chess by yourself. When you're the white player, you don't think about the black player. It's possible, but it's hard. It's kind of schizophrenic."
He also says he doesn't dream the conventional way: "I don't dream. I use my dreams when I write. I dream when I'm awake. That's the job of a novelist. You can dream a dream intentionally. When you're sleeping and you have a nice dream, you're eating or with a woman, you might wake up at the best part. I get to keep dreaming. It's great."
He also drops a small hint of his next novel which might take a long while to reach English readers due to its overwhelming size: "I hope you're not a commuter... The new novel is in the third person, from beginning to end. I need that room, because the story is getting more complicated. I need many perspectives."
Lots more good Murakami trivia when you click the link, like finding out that South of the Border, West of the Sun was born out of a rejected part of the Wind-up Bird Chronicles. Neat.
Fadli Al-Akiti in The Sun.
My pal, Fadz, who had his second SF novel published earlier this year is featured in The Sun. Congratulations Fadz, and major props to Bissme for writing about a very much disregarded genre in local writing.
MPH-Alliance Bank National Short Story Prize 2009.
Pretty good news for Malaysian writers writing in English!
MPH Group of Companies has collaborated with Alliance Bank Malaysia Bhd as our main sponsor and the Malay Mail as our official media partner to create a national short story prize in support of the arts and to encourage Malaysian writers to showcase their literary talents. The Prize is also supported by the Reader's Digest, Seventeen Malaysia, Discovery Channel Magazine, The British Council, the National Library of Malaysia and the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Heritage.
We hope that the creation and administration of a short story competition with substantial prizes, courtesy of Alliance Bank, will help foster talented Malaysian writers to move on to publishing books of their own. It is also a platform to encourage Malaysians to write about their lives in Malaysia, overcoming ethnic, linguistic and cultural differences through the common language of English.
The competition is divided into two categories: adults and teens. There is no specific theme for the adults category; for teens, the theme is 'Staying and Leaving.' The Prize is open to Malaysian nationals and residents only. The word count for the adults category is from 2,500 to 7,000 words and 2,000 to 4,000 for the teens category. Stories must be previously unpublished and each writer is only allowed to submit a maximum of two entries.
MPH as administrators of the Prize will select a longlist from the entries received, from which the judges will select a shortlist of six stories. The winner of the adult category will receive RM5,000 cash, a laptop and magazine subscriptions; the other five shortlisted entries will each receive a laptop and magazine subscriptions. The winner of the teens category will receive RM2,000 cash, a subnotebook and magazine subscriptions; the other five shortlisted entries will each receive a subnotebook and magazine subscriptions.
Entry forms are available at all MPH outlets and in MPH Quill and can be downloaded from www.mphonline.com. The competition is free for MRC members and Alliance Bank cardholders; otherwise, a minimum purchase of RM10 from any MPH bookstores is required. Entries are to be sent by post to MPH Group (M) Sdn Bhd or dropped off at collection boxes in selected MPH outlets. Emailed entries are not accepted.
Am having net problems, so won't be blogging until my ISP gets its priorities right.


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For some, this was the last real Alfa Romeo, and certainly the last rear-wheel drive production car. For this reason alone, the Alfa 75 is much liked, sought after, even loved by Alfisti of yesterday and today. The designation 75 came about as a celebration of the manufacturer's 75th anniversary, but immediately afterwards it bore witness to the major crisis that led to Alfa joining the Fiat Group. The Alfa 75 is also a culmination of a school of thought - the transaxle persuasion - that was born with the Alfetta and eventually reached full maturity. A prestigious imposition, complex and sophisticated that, perhaps, challenged the laws of production cost containment, but it is certainly able to further enhance an enjoyable driving experience. It was followed by the launch of the legendary Twin Spark and there came a moment in which the turbo would be "worth" an Alfa Romeo. This book and its pictures tell the story of the birth, history, success, innovations and races of the Alfa Romeo 75 and offers help to those who want a 75 in their garage. Caracterização do modelo. História, caracteristicas, produção, etc. (autor: Lorenzo Ardizio, idioma: Italiano,120 págs, 24X27 cms, capa mole, 20 fotos p/b e 259 a cores)
Alfa Romeo Coupes & Spiders in Detail since 1945
Alfa Romeo 2000 & 2600 - Complete Story
Alfa Romeo 105 Series Spider - Complete Story
Alfa Romeo & Formula 1


This 3 bedroom W/Board period style home is set on a sub dividable corner site.
Features include a large formal lounge with new gas log fire, open style kitchen, modern ensuite to master bedroom and main bathroom with spa bath, plus 3 toilets. A carport & lock - up single garage plus spacious family yard add to this property.


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Generate instructions for any mii from it's .mii file. A .mii file is a binary file that represents a Mii character on the Wii. (?)
miis tagged with: two and a half men
Mii Plaza Name: Charlie
Created by: Maya
Actor famous for his roles as Charlie in "Two and a Half Men" and Charlie in "Spin City". In films, he was not Charlie in "Platoon", "Wall Street", "Major League", and "Hot Shots".
Tags: anger management, hot shots, major league, platoon, two and a half men, wall street, winning
Categories: Stars
Created on the: Wii
Jake Harper
Mii Plaza Name: JakeHarper
Created by: Greivous
The "half" in "Two and a Half Men". He's Alan's son and Charlie's nephew. Played by Angus T. Jones.
Tags: two and a half men
Categories: TV
Created by: Dylan Ptolemy
An American actor known for roles in films and television. His credits include Platoon, Wall Street, Major League, Hot Shots!, Two and a Half Men and Anger Management.
Created on the: 3ds
Ryan Stiles
Created by: Luv321
Actor and comedian known for "Whose Line Is It Anyway?" and "The Drew Carey Show".
Tags: comedian, the drew carey show, two and a half men, whose line is it anyway?
Mii Plaza Name: RyanStiles
Created by: BUDDHA
Quick witted improv comedian from "Whose Line Is It Anyway?". He's also known for playing Lewis Kiniski on "The Drew Carey Show" and Judith's 2nd husband Dr. Herb Melnick on "Two and a Half Men".
Tags: the drew carey show, two and a half men, whose line is it anyway?
Alan Harper
Mii Plaza Name: AlanHarper
Created by: MomMiiTm
The freeloading brother on TV's "Two and a Half Men", played by Jon Cryer.
Created by: BJ Sturgeon
Colossal American actor known for his roles in the movie "The Green Mile" and the TV series "The Finder"
Tags: armageddon, the finder, the green mile, two and a half men
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text:
#include "otf-profiler.h"
#include <iostream>
#include "tracereader.h"
#include "utils.h"

#ifdef HAVE_CUBE
#include "create_cube.h"
#endif /* HAVE_CUBE*/

#ifdef HAVE_JSON
#include "create_json.h"
#endif /* HAVE_JSON */

#ifdef OTFPROFILER_MPI
#include <mpi.h>
#include "reduce_data.h"
#endif /* OTFPROFILER_MPI */

#include "create_dot.h"

#ifdef HAVE_DATA_OUT
#include "data_out.h"
#endif /* HAVE_DATA_OUT */

#ifdef HAVE_DATA_IN
#include "jsonreader.h"
#endif /* HAVE_DATA_IN */

using namespace std;

int error() {
#ifdef OTFPROFILER_MPI
    MPI_Abort(MPI_COMM_WORLD, 1);
#endif /* OTFPROFILER_MPI */

    return 1;
}

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
#ifdef OTFPROFILER_MPI
    /* start MPI */

    int my_rank;
    int num_ranks;

    MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);

    MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &my_rank);
    MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &num_ranks);

    AllData alldata(my_rank, num_ranks);
#else  /* OTFPROFILER_MPI */
    AllData alldata(0, 1);
#endif /* OTFPROFILER_MPI */
    /* step 0: parse command line options */
    if (!alldata.params.parseCommandLine(argc, argv))
        return error();

    // check if library for set flags are available
    if (!alldata.params.output_type_set) {
        std::cerr << "ERROR: No supported output type set. See --help for output options.";
        return 1;
    } else if (alldata.params.create_cube) {
#ifndef HAVE_CUBE
        std::cerr << "ERROR: No cube library found" << std::endl;
        return 1;
#endif

    } else if (alldata.params.create_json) {
#ifndef HAVE_JSON
        std::cerr << "ERROR: No json library found" << std::endl;
        return 1;
#endif
    }

    /* registers all scopes for time measurement depending on the verbose level */
    if (alldata.params.verbose_level > 0)
        alldata.tm.registerScope(ScopeID::TOTAL, "Total time");

    if (alldata.params.verbose_level > 1) {
        alldata.tm.registerScope(ScopeID::COLLECT, "collection data process");
        alldata.tm.registerScope(ScopeID::REDUCE, "reduce data");
        alldata.tm.registerScope(ScopeID::CUBE, "Cube creation process");
        alldata.tm.registerScope(ScopeID::JSON, "JSON creation process");
        alldata.tm.registerScope(ScopeID::DOT, "DOT creation process");
        alldata.tm.registerScope(ScopeID::JSON, "JSON data output creation process");
    }

    /* starts runtime measurement for total time */
    alldata.tm.start(ScopeID::TOTAL);

    /* start runtime measurement for collecting data */
    alldata.tm.start(ScopeID::COLLECT);
/* step 1: collect data by reading input trace file */
#ifdef OTFPROFILER_MPI
    MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
#endif /* OTFPROFILER_MPI */
    unique_ptr<TraceReader> reader = getTraceReader(alldata);

    if (reader == nullptr)
        return error();

    if (!reader->initialize(alldata) ||
        !reader->readDefinitions(alldata) ||
        !reader->readEvents(alldata) ||
        !reader->readStatistics(alldata))
        return error();

    reader.reset(nullptr);
#ifdef OTFPROFILER_MPI
    MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
#endif /* OTFPROFILER_MPI */
    alldata.tm.stop(ScopeID::COLLECT);

#ifdef OTFPROFILER_MPI
    if (1 < alldata.metaData.numRanks) {
        /* step 4: reduce data to master; summarized data for producing
           LaTeX output; per-process/function statistics for additional
           clustering */

        MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
        alldata.tm.start(ScopeID::REDUCE);
        if (!ReduceData(alldata))
            return error();
        MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
        alldata.tm.stop(ScopeID::REDUCE);
    }
#endif /* OTFPROFILER_MPI */

#ifdef HAVE_CUBE
    if (alldata.params.create_cube) {
        /* step 6.3: create CUBE output */
        alldata.tm.start(ScopeID::CUBE);
        CreateCube(alldata);
        alldata.tm.stop(ScopeID::CUBE);
    }
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_JSON
    if (alldata.params.create_json) {
        /* step 6.3: create CUBE output */
        alldata.tm.start(ScopeID::JSON);
        CreateJSON(alldata);
        alldata.tm.stop(ScopeID::JSON);
    }
#endif

// DOT
if (alldata.params.create_dot) {
    alldata.tm.start(ScopeID::DOT);
    CreateDot(alldata);
    alldata.tm.stop(ScopeID::DOT);
}

#ifdef HAVE_DATA_OUT
    if (alldata.params.data_dump) {
        alldata.tm.start(ScopeID::JSON);
        DataOut(alldata);
        alldata.tm.stop(ScopeID::JSON);
    }
#endif
    alldata.tm.stop(ScopeID::TOTAL);
#ifdef SHOW_RESULTS
    /* step 6.3: show result data on stdout */

    if (0 == alldata.myRank)
        show_results(alldata);
#endif /* SHOW_RESULTS */

    if (0 == alldata.metaData.myRank) {
        /* print runtime measurement results to stdout */
        alldata.tm.printAll();
    }

    alldata.verbosePrint(1, true, "done");

#ifdef OTFPROFILER_MPI
    MPI_Finalize();
#endif /* OTFPROFILER_MPI */

    return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Fleet Feet Syracuse is seeking a marketing professional to join its marketing department for a full time position. This candidate will focus on event planning and execution, digital marketing including social media and website updates, community and public relations, and the strategic planning of various initiatives to aid in customer acquisition and retention. This position will report to the marketing manager.
Locally owned and operated, Fleet Feet Syracuse is a specialty retail store that focuses on providing all types of people with outstanding service in the fitting of running, walking and cross training shoes, as well as accessories and apparel for the active lifestyle. Named the No. 1 running store in America in 2012, Fleet Feet Syracuse is operated on a set of core values created by the employees. Those values are: empowerment, community, commitment, integrity, responsibility, respect and fun.
Fleet Feet Syracuse offers a flexible work schedule, full benefits including health care and 401k, as well as perks such as complimentary running gear, staff outings and future career growth.
All members of the marketing department are a part of a team with an overall goal of increasing sales through customer acquisition and customer retention. The marketing team handles the marketing for both Fleet Feet Syracuse locations – East Syracuse and Clay.
The marketing department works some non-traditional hours, such as evenings and weekends, depending on events that take place. Fleet Feet Syracuse seeks a candidate with a strong work ethic who is willing to go the extra mile to create a great experience for our customers. The marketing team is a fun group environment that allows for creativity and growth.
In addition to the marketing responsibilities, all Fleet Feet Syracuse employees work the sales floor, helping our customers. This position will have 15 hours per week dedicated to the sales floor to start, with all necessary training done prior to starting in the marketing department.


text:
Publisher - Just another WordPress site
Canadian Architect
Canadian Interiors
OP-ED: Preparing the Housing Industry for Climate Change
Energy & the EnvironmentReal EstateUrban Planning
By Gary Martin and Ruth McKay On Aug 31, 2017
An Ottawa condo developer recently claimed that he's not concerned about the impact of climate change on his business. This was in a private conversation and he said he didn't care about something that is "10 years in the future," and "When it's regulation, we will worry about it." Our four cents: if he's not paying attention to the record-breaking weather right in front of him, this city builder will soon be behind the 8-ball. We're want to suggest that developers, building and infrastructure contractors, material suppliers, trades people, real estate and legal professionals and real estate investors start investigating risks and opportunities in climate change.
Are you planning for a changing environment? Or are you waiting for the market and politicians to dictate what you do? We know that when you try to innovate, consumers and risk-averse government bureaucrats don't get it. We're not letting consumers and politicians off the hook here: if you're only worried about your next paycheck or the next election, you're not doing your grandchildren any favours. But we're more concerned about what innovators in the housing industry can do at this point in history.
Hurricane Harvey hits Roman Forest, Texas. Photo by Jill Carlson (jillcarlson.org)
We think it's time for leaders to join efforts with other leaders to work with government to enable innovation instead of impeding it especially when it comes to a global threat like climate change. We also know you have to keep your trades and suppliers and employees working. So is there a business case for taking a proactive approach to changing weather patterns and new opportunities in green building? Never mind your responsibility as city builders to build a safe city. Let's just look at numbers and risk.
Insurance is a significant expense for businesses, and the insurance industry has been warning of climate change for decades. The Insurance Bureau of Canada (IBC) found insurance payouts from extreme weather have more than doubled every five to 10 years since the 1980s. Since 2010, claims have hovered between $1 billion and $3 billion (all figures CDN) per year, compared with an average of $400 million per year from 1983 to 2008. The industry-sponsored Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR) claims that climate change combined with growing urban populations and aging infrastructure are increasing annual insurance costs of damage from weather events. ICLR estimates insurance industry payouts between 2009 and 2014 inclusively amounted to $8.52 billion. They're still tallying the costs of flooding in Ottawa/Gatineau in April. How might insurance costs impact on housing affordability? What does this mean for your development and production costs?
In addition, the federal government is working on a nationally negotiated price on carbon which will require businesses to disclose their greenhouse gas emissions. Do you have any idea what your company's carbon footprint might be? Don't forget to include transportation in your calculations. For the sake of argument what does a $40 per tonne carbon price mean to your costs and margin? But governments are not the only ones threatening disruption to businesses.
On top of rising insurance costs, emissions regulations and carbon pricing, businesses face additional risks from climate change, including:
missed opportunities to develop and market climate-friendly products and services;
lawsuits alleging environmental harm;
harm to reputation (when a company's environmental policies negatively affect its brand);
supply chain cost changes (from rising raw material and energy costs);
large-scale disruption in manufacturing and shipping from storms and climate-related political upheaval in different parts of the world;
physical risk from an increase in damaging weather events.
How do ice storms and heat waves affect your suppliers and crews now? Your production schedules now? And five years from now? And then, there are the investors who back your projects.
Real estate represents a primary vehicle for investment to which weather events pose a direct threat. Global investors are increasingly wary of its associated risks to economic activity in cities. Weather events have clearly become more damaging and expensive. Cities across North America are trying to stop low-density development because of the carbon footprint of cars and the costs of car infrastructure. What is the risk to investors and developers on the outskirts? Will those investments become stranded assets? Time to re-think singles in the suburbs? Ouch!
There's no longer any question that our weather systems are changing, and that we humans are contributing. We can load you up with the research but we're getting tired of repeating ourselves. In the Ottawa region, we're already seeing the changes, like the record-breaking rain and flooding in early April of this year that are impacting on buildings and neighbourhoods. What's in the cards for this region? From multiple sources like the World Meteorological Association, the International Panel on Climate Change, Environment Canada, Statistics Canada, Natural Resources Canada and Ontario's Ministry of the Environment, we in Eastern Canada can expect:
More rain storms and flooding;
More hot dry periods;
More severe freeze-thaw cycles;
More freezing rain as the temperature rises, especially in late winter.
Weather is changing the building industry. In our opinion, it's not productive to continue bickering with governments about regulations that are flowing down from international concerns about energy issues and climate change, through federal and provincial policy, to the municipal level. Cities, the housing industry and consumers must all work together to prepare for more severe weather.
Getting real
So how might climate change impact on a builder's or renovator's planning and operations? First, there's the day-to-day common sense stuff, and we'll just skim the surface. Our electrical grid is vulnerable to severe weather (remember the ice storms in Ottawa in 1998, Toronto in 2013 and New Brunswick in 2017?), a good reason to advocate green energy and battery storage. Maybe think about adding some hardware to beef up your roof-wall connections, and if you're shingling, add some extra nails in your sheathing and double nail your shingles on the windy side. Don't connect your gutter downspouts to the sewers, and ensure that your grading directs water away from your new builds. And do we really need basements? Especially in areas where there's growing risk of flooding? There are many other ways to adapt housing to changing weather patterns. Check out the ICLR's website for more.
With regard to planning, you might want to watch for changes to your local Conservation Authority flood plain mapping for the region before you build, because maps are being revised as a result of climate change. Consider cutting your carbon footprint, and read up on pending regulations around carbon reporting. And what are investors and insurers saying about climate change? What are new risks in terms of your reputation, supply chain disruptions, legal liability and backing for your projects?
Educate your customers. Market the heck out of energy efficiency and safety features. We believe recent weather events are waking consumers up to climate change. Are they awake enough to pay for your innovation?
And we know this will raise hackles in an industry hanging on to business as usual, but we are convinced prefabs are the way of the future. To quote an innovative builder, "Building a house on site is about as smart as building a car in your driveway." Just sayin'. And if you're not thinking carbon, you're missing a big opportunity. We could go on. This is simply factoring in existing and projected conditions. There are some risks but also serious opportunities and some serious coin waiting for you out there.
To return to the fellow who thinks climate change is 10 years in the future, he's missing out on some opportunities. Look to the leaders. You know who they are. They're preparing for a new environment in home building and looking for ways to turn the market towards more resilient neighbourhoods and more resilient city builders. Link up and follow the dollars instead of the ostriches.
Gary Martin holds a doctorate in sustainable urbanism from Carleton U. He splits his time between building stuff, sustainability advocacy and teaching, and trying to connect the three. [email protected]
Ruth McKay PhD is a tenured prof Carleton University's Sprott School of Business. One of her areas of interest is business risks from climate change. She supplied the numbers. [email protected]
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