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Nock Volley Gun
Commonly referred to as Nock Guns, the seven barrel volley guns were actually designed by James Wilson. Wilson presented his design to the Board of Ordnance for testing in July 1779. Following testing at Woolwich Arsenal the Board of Ordnance decided that the guns, while of no use to the Army, might be useful aboard the Royal Navy's ships. The volley gun's impressive firepower could be devastating at the relatively short ranges aboard ships. The Navy had historically used blunderbusses/musketoons and the Board of Ordnance probably viewed Wilson's gun as an advancement of this concept. London gunmaker Henry Nock was given an order for two 'seven barrelled rifle guns' for Admiralty testing but these proved slow to load in action and subsequent guns had smoothbore barrels.
Right-side profile of the volley gun (Matthew Moss)
The Admiralty envisioned equipping first rate ships of the line (vessels with 75 guns or more) with 20 volley guns, while second and third rates would have 16 and 12 volley guns respectively, and frigates would carry 10 Nock guns. This represented a sizeable order. The Admiralty eventually purchased 500 guns, paying £13 per gun, to equip Royal Marines and sailors manning the fighting tops (at the top of ship's masts). The Navy felt that the volley guns' firepower would be useful when boarding enemy vessels or in repelling boarders by pouring down fire on enemy boarding parties.
A close up of the gun's muzzel-end, not also the ramrod which appears to have been lengthened at some point in its life (Matthew Moss)
Henry Nock, better known for producing high quality duelling pistols and sporting guns, became the sole supplier of Wilson's volley guns to the Royal Navy. The weapon's 0.46 inch calibre outer barrels were arranged around the seventh centre barrel. The 51cm or 20in barrels were brazed together and screwed to an iron plate set into a walnut stock. The outer barrels had vents drilled through them to the central barrel while the central barrel had a vent leading from the lock. Once the flintlock ignited the powder charge in the central barrel, the surrounding barrels were ignited through the vents. As the vents had to be drilled with the barrels already brazed into position, the outer barrels all have plugged drill holes on their outer surfaces.
A close up of the lock and the 'H. NOCK' makers mark (Matthew Moss)
All seven barrels fired almost at once producing significant recoil, reputedly able to dislocate shoulders. The service load was originally 2.5 drams of finer rifle powder (which I believe equals 68gr) for each barrel – totalling 476gr. Despite the gun weighing 12lbs, this did little to mitigate the weapon's recoil and a reduced charge or 1.5 drams of standard musket powder was ordered.
The Board of Ordnance and the Admiralty granted Wilson an awarded of £400 (equal to £48,000 or $63,000 today) in May 1780. He played no further role in the testing and development of the volley gun. In 1787 the Navy ordered a further 100 guns from Nock.
Left-side profile of the Nock Gun (Matthew Moss)
Entering service just too late for service during the American War of Independence the first reported use of the guns came with Admiral Howe's fleet at the siege of Gibraltar in 1782. They continued to be carried aboard other vessels during the 1790s, but few accounts refer to them and little is known about their service.
Howard Blackmore suggests that naval officers, including Admiral Nelson who disliked placing marksmen in his tops, disliked the guns. There were some fears that the volley guns' wads could set the ships sails and rigging on fire. Reputedly it was also not uncommon for some of the volley gun's barrels to fail to ignite. As a result the guns were seldom used on board ships and removed from Royal Navy service in 1804. In 1805, Wilson, then a captain of the Marines suggested the Navy reissue the guns to the Sea Fencibles, a naval militia which helped defend the British coast, however, his recommendation was not followed up.
The early (top) and later (bottom) patterns of Nock volley gun (Royal Armouries)
This particular example has the second pattern of lock used on the Nock guns with a smaller lock positioned a little lower on the gun. The earlier pattern was a back action lock, fitted high on the gun with the front of the lock plate in line with the side of the barrel.
The gun has a maker's mark of 'H. NOCK' on the second barrel on the left and various barrel proof marks. Unlike other examples the lock itself isn't Tower and 'GR'/Crown cypher marked but does have the Ordnance Broad Arrow just behind the pan. Interestingly, the steel ramrod appears to have an extension brazed onto the end of it, this might indicate that the shorter rod used with the initial charge had to be extended when less powder was used for the lighter 1.5 dram load.
Why did the Nock Volley Guns fall out of favour?
As I mentioned earlier the recoil of the initial service load was significant, Howard Blackmore hypothesised that there may have also been some weakness to the lock springs leading to misfires. One key factor is that close quarters fighting aboard ships often relied on edged weapons like cutlasses, boarding axes and pikes. These paintings give us some feel for what fighting aboard a Napoleonic Man-of-War might have been like – a close, chaotic, terrifying affair.
Boarding Party by D. Drummond, (National Maritime Museum)
While pistols were commonly used they were disposable and may not have been reloaded during a fight – more likely they were dropped or used as a club. The Nock Gun would have offered a devastating first volley, and while its 20 inch barrels would have given it better accuracy and range than a musketoon, how much of an impact a single volley of seven .32 bore projectiles would have had especially once the fighting became hand to hand is a matter for debate. At close quarters the Nock Gun quickly becomes a short, ill-balanced, 12lb club.
The Nock Volley Gun is perhaps best known for appearing in the Sharpe series of books and films as Sergeant Harper's weapon of choice but it first appears on screen in the 1960 classic The Alamo with Richard Widmark's Jim Bowie carrying one and more recently a fleeting, anachronistic, appearance in Master & Commander: Far Side of the World.
Richard Widmark as Jim Bowie in The Alamo (1960) with his pretty rough mocked-up Nock Gun
Despite a relatively short and undistinguished service life the Nock Volley Guns also saw some civilian sales with a number of ornate hunting guns with wooden forends, engraving, rifling and rear leaf sights.
A civilian Nock Volley Gun, note the rear sights, wooden forend and fine craftsmanship (Cowan's Auctions)
Later in 1818, Nock's workshop manufactured a design by Artemus Wheeler, an American gun designer with a fondness for revolving guns.
A Nock-made rotating barrel carbine designed by Artemus Wheeler (Rock Island Auction Company)
Wheeler's carbine resembles the earlier volley gun externally but is in fact a manually rotated, self-priming flintlock 'pepperbox gun' with six barrels arranged around a central axis. Unlike the earlier volley gun the pepperbox carbine was never trailed or purchased by the Admiralty. Henry Nock's workshops produced approximately 655 volley guns between 1780 and 1788. The Nock Gun is a weapon that would greatly benefit from some in-depth contemporary research as the current best source is over 50 years old and relatively little is known about the gun's service history.
Calibre: .32 bore
Action: Muzzle-loading 7-barrel flintlock
Barrel Length: 51.3cm/20in
Overall Length: 92.7cm/36.5in
British Military Firearms 1650-1850, H. Blackmore (1961)
Posted on January 12, 2020 by TABPosted in Blog, Photos, VideoTagged American War of Independence, Boarding party, Documentary, Engineering, Firearms Design, Firearms Development, Henry Nock, Henry Nock gunmaker, Historic Weapons, History, James Wilson, John Wayne, Master & Commander, Master and Commander: Far Side of the World, Matt, Military History, Napoleonic War, Napoleonic Wars, Naval Boarding Weapons, Naval History, Naval Warfare, Navy, Nock Gun, Nock Volley Gun, Patrick Harper, Richard Widmark, Royal Navy, Sergeant Harper, Sharpe, The Alamo, Volley Gun, Volley guns, Weapon History. Leave a comment
Centrifugal Machine Guns
Today, we're going to take a look at a little known type of weapon which rose to prominence in around the time of the First World War with a number of examples being developed and some even tested. As you can see from this footage it's something pretty unconventional, seen here mounted on the back of a truck – is a centrifugal machine gun.
I found this short footage while doing some digging through the online catalogue of the US National Archives. The centrifugal machine gun was not a new concept by the time this footage was filmed in the early 1920s, sadly the footage notes done give an exact date.
A still from footage of the demonstration (US National Archives)
While the technology had risen to a new prominence what was the allure of centrifugal machine guns? The principle of centrifugal force – an inertial force which appears to act on objects moving in a circular path, directs them away from the axis of rotation. As a result a centrifugal machine gun required no propellant powder to propel the projectile, or a case to contain it, nor a conventional rifled barrel to stabilise the projectile. Once released from the axis of rotation the projectile travels on a linear trajectory until it expends its energy. It works along the same principle as a primitive sling. The primary issue is providing power to exert the centrifugal force and a means of accurately firing the projectiles.
Some of the earliest work on centrifugal guns was done in the late 1850s in the US. The hand-crank or steam powered guns patented by William Joslin (US #24,031), C.B. Thayer patent for a 'machine gun' in August 1858 (US #21,109) and Charles S. Dickinson (US# 24,997) in 1859. Dickinson went on to secure financial backing from a wealthy Maryland industrialist Ross Winans and developed a steam powered version of his gun. Despite gaining much press attention Dickinson's centrifugal gun saw no action during the US Civil War. In 1862 G.C. Eaton and S.W. Turner also patented a 'machine gun' (US #37,159).
An illustration of the Winans Steam Gun, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, May 1861
It wasn't until World War One that the concept began to be considered again. In June 1918, Major Edward T. Moore and Saul Singer filed a patent for a centrifugal machine gun powered by an electrical motor (US #1,332,992). The motor spooled up the centrifugal barrel assembly to rotate extremely quickly and impart centrifugal force on projectiles. According to Julian Hatcher the gun could fire steel ball bearing projectiles at approximately 1,200 feet per second. Fire was controlled by a stop pin in the ammunition feed tube. Moore claimed the weapon could fire a projectile 1.5 miles with enough force to kill a man. He also suggested the weapon's rate of fire approached 2,000 rounds per minute. It appears that Moore's gun may have been tested in 1918 but Hatcher described its accuracy as 'extremely poor'.
Photograph of Moore's gun during testing (Hatcher)
Another centrifugal design developed during World War One was E.L. Rice's half-inch centrifugal gun, sadly I've been unable to find any photographs or drawings of Rice's design but the weapon was submitted to the US National Research Council in 1917. The NRC's 1919 report states that the gun had been further developed by the NRC's Physics Division in Pittsburgh but work had been slowed by "a common defect which has been difficult to eliminate". Despite what the report described as 'considerable headway' the weapon was subsequently abandoned amid some controversy about credit for the design.
There seems to have been something of a centrifugal machine gun craze with several more patents filed between 1917 and 1926. A Scientific American article from March 1918, even noted that "every so often the daily press becomes enthused over a new centrifugal gun."
Porter's Centrifugal Gun patent drawing (US Patent Office)
One of the earliest patents granted appear to have been for a design by E.E. Porter, granted in January 1917. This was followed in July 1919 by inventor, Herbert A. Bullard being granted a patent (US #1,311,492) on a design which fired a disc rather than a ball. At the same time T.A. Gannoe was granted a patent (US #1,309,129) for a large, complex looking gun shown mounted on a pedestal.
In 1920, F.R. Barnes (US #1,327,518) and W.W. Case (US #1,357,028) were also granted patents which had been filed in 1917. In late 1921, Levi Lombard was granted a patent he had filed in March 1918, his gun even appeared in Scientific American. It appears to be notably smaller than Moore's gun and has a spade grip for aiming. This was followed in 1923, by an interesting patent from Joseph T. McNaier for a centrifugal gun that could be powered by an electric or petrol engine, some of the patent diagrams show how the gun might be placed in an armoured car or aeroplane (US #1,472,080). Intriguingly, McNaier and Moore appear to have known each other quite well and were partners in a law firm together.
Here's a gallery of some of the various patents mentioned above, not all are as detailed or as advanced as others:
The question is which of these guns is featured in the footage. The most likely bets are the Moore or the Czegka. Sadly, with only a side view and just 18 seconds of footage we don't have much to go on. The accompanying reel notes, describing what is seen in each section of the film, describes the gun as being in the "experimental stages only" and that the prototype seen here "is intended for use as aircraft armament, for tanks and for landing parties of the Front line trenches."
Sadly, we don't get to see how the gun works but we can see the operator feeding the ball bearing projectiles into the hopper which has a powered feed system – he empties two cylindrical containers of balls into it one after another. It is unclear how many rounds might be in the containers, perhaps 50 each. The gun and its motor are mounted on a truck bed with a soldier in uniform, possibly aiming the weapon via a tiller.
Another of the later designs dating from the period came from Victor Czegka, a US Marine Corps Technical Sergeant, who is perhaps best known as the supply officer of Admiral Richard Byrd's first two expeditions to the Antarctic. Czegka was granted a patent for a centrifugal machine gun in January 1922 (US #1,404,378).
Czegka's 1922 patent (US Patent Office)
With some further digging I managed to find several articles referring to the gun in the US Army Ordnance Journal. Interestingly, a photo from the same demonstration is printed in one article, from late October 1920, with the caption confirming the man loading the weapon is the inventor, however, he isn't named. The footage was filmed during the Second Annual Meeting of the US Army Ordnance Association. Another article dating from May 1921, also notes that the tests took place at Aberdeen Proving Ground, with the gun firing at 16,000 revolutions per minute which required 98 horsepower from the engine powering it. The gun apparently needed a "very rapid increase in power required for operation" when the speed of its revolutions was increased incrementally from 12,000 to 16,000 rpm. The article concluded that "a horsepower above 100 would have no material effect in increasing the speed" suggesting that a much more powerful, and therefore larger, engine would be needed to increase the revolution rate.
While researching I came across this set of images from a March 1922 edition of Popular Mechanics showing an unnamed centrifugal gun set up on a truck, powered by an engine on the truck bed. From the images it appears to be a gun similar to Moore's with a single rotating 'barrel'. The captions also note that the photographs were taken in New Jersey and Moore was a Major with the New Jersey National Guard, which may also indicate the gun is Moore's.
Despite various designs seeing some US military testing none were ever adopted and relatively little information on them is available. It seems that they were relatively cumbersome weapons with extremely varying accuracy but this footage at least proves the concept. A short report in a may 1921 edition of Scientific American may shed some light, stating an unnamed gun was rejected "because of its great weight and its inability to obtain high initial velocity" concluding that "no centrifugal gun can have military value". It appears that the range of the centrifugal guns was limited to the speed of their revolution, which in turn was limited by the power of the engine and motor that powered them. The larger the motor, the more cumbersome the weapon system was.
There are very few photos of centrifugal machine guns so stumbling across actual footage of one guns actually operating is very exciting. They are a fascinating tangent to the history of the machine gun – one that occasionally still garners interest.
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Demonstration of Ordnance Materiel at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland, 1920-26, US National Archives, (source)
Scientific American v.124, Jan-Jun 1921, (source)
Hatcher's Notebook, J. Hatcher (1962)
Army Ordnance: The Journal of the Army Ordnance, v.1-2 (1920-1922) (source)
United States Congressional House Documents Vol.119, 1921 (source)
Posted on December 8, 2019 December 9, 2019 by TABPosted in Blog, Photos, VideoTagged Centrifugal force, Centrifugal Gun, Centrifugal Machine Guns, Czegka Centrifugal gun, Diesel Punk, Documentary, Engineering, Firearms Design, Firearms Development, Firearms History, First World War, History, Matt, Military History, Military Technology, Moore Centrifugal Gun, Prototype Guns, Prototypes, Rice Centrifugal Gun, US Army, US Army Ordnance, Victor Czegka, Weapons, Weapons History, Winans Steam Gun, World War One, WW1. 15 Comments
Chinese Type 64 Suppressed Submachine Gun
The Type 64 is an integrally suppressed submachine gun designed in China in the early 1960s, taking several design elements from other Combloc small arms. The guns were manufactured at one of China's State Factories (with the factory's '66' in a triangle marking in the left side of the receiver – this indicates the factory number, although available sources differ on which it refers to, either 66, 626 or 366).
Right side of the Type 64, with stock folded (Matthew Moss)
Designed concurrently with the Type 64 suppressed pistol during the 1960s, the Type 64 SMG was developed for Communist China's special forces for use in clandestine operations. Chambered in the standard 7.62×25 ComBloc pistol round, the Type 64 functioned best with Type 64 subsonic ammunition, a special subsonic spitzer projectile variation of the standard 7.62mm pistol round. It did not chamber the low power 7.65x17mm round used by the Type 64/67 pistols.
A close up of the weapon's markings, including the State Factory 66 stamping (Matthew Moss)
The Type 64 fed from 20 or 30 round double stack magazines which were reportedly developed from or at least influenced by the Soviet PPS-43's double stack, double feed magazines. The weapon used a conventional blowback action and fired from an open bolt. Its maximum effective range was approximately 200 metres with two position flip up sights ranging out at 100 and 200 metres.
The Type 64 had a milled receiver with lightening cuts and weighed in at 7.6lb or 3.5kg unloaded. It took its bolt from the Russian PPS-43 submachine gun and a trigger group inspired by the ZB vz.26 light machine gun's, which was well liked by the Chinese military.
The suppressor housing is unscrewed at the trunnion with an interrupted thread (Matthew Moss)
The Type 64 shared a number of external similarities with the standard Type 56 AK-clone including its pistol grip, safety lever and under-folding stock (which is similar but slightly different to the Type 56-I's under-folding stock).
The Type 64's fire selector (Matthew Moss)
The weapon has a number different controls including a conventional AK-style safety-come-dust cover, on the right side of the receiver – which blocks the travel of the bolt. On the opposite side of the receiver it has a two-position fire selector for semi and full-auto – you can just about reach these when the stock is folded. The forward position is for semi and the rearward position is full-auto. Finally, the 64 also has an additional trigger block safety, taken from the SKS, which pivots forward to prevent the trigger from being pulled.
A close up of the magazine release, trigger block safety and lever safety (Matthew Moss)
According to a report written in October 1971, by the Small Arms Systems Lab of the US Army Weapons Command Research and Engineering Directorate, the weapon has an extremely high rate of fire of over 1,300 rpm.
A cyclic rate that high was the result of a combination of back pressure from the suppressor, the ammunition used and its blowback action. The Type 64's chamber was fluted with three longitudinal cuts to aid extraction at its high rates of fire. It should be noted, however, that the 1971 US army tests were carried out with standard velocity ammunition – rather than the specialised subsonic Type 64.
The Type 64 with stock deployed, left & right profiles (Matthew Moss)
The top cover is removed by pushing in what at first appears to be a spring-loaded detent, but is actually the recoil spring guide rod. The front of the top cover is held in the receiver by a lip which fits into a slot just above the breech. The top cover itself is a thin piece of stamped sheet metal with the serial number stamped at the rear.
With the receiver cover removed and the action cocked. The Type 64 fires from an open bolt. Note the buffer at the rear of the receiver (Matthew Moss)
With the top cover removed we can see inside the action. The 64 has a single recoil spring held in place by a guide rod. At the rear of the receiver is a small plastic buffer, designed to both soak up some of the recoil energy and to help reduce action cycling noise. There is an ejector on the left side of the receiver and guide rails along which the bolt moves. To remove the bolt it is pulled fully to the rear and then tilt it upwards.
A close up of the bolt face (Matthew Moss)
The Type 64 is a pretty compact weapon despite the length of its suppressor. It has an under-folding stock, with two spring-loaded buttons at the rear of the receiver which have to be pushed in to fold and unfold the stock. When folded the weapon is 25in (or 63.5cm) long, with the stock adding 8 inches when it is deployed. The weapon can be used with the stock folded, although some of its controls are partially obscured.
The suppressor is contained by a housing which attaches to the receiver by an interrupted thread. The Type 64's barrel was ported with 36, 3mm vents at the muzzle-end while the suppressor has 12 metal dished baffles held captive on a pair of guide rods. The weapon's sights are mounted on the suppressor housing which attaches to the receiver by an interrupted thread. Sadly, I didn't have time to strip the suppressor itself but the photos below, from my friend Chuck over at Gunlab, show the Type 64's ported barrel and baffles well.
With the suppressor housing and baffle system removed. Note the series of holes in the barrel (GunLab)
The 1971 Small Arms Systems Lab report found that the audible report of the gun, was 150db at the rear of the receiver and 157db 12 feet down range, however, this is probably not the best indication of the Type 64's capabilities as the report states that the gun was tested with Chinese Type 51 standard velocity 7.62x25mm ammunition. Ideally, the weapon would have been used with subsonic Type 64 ammo specially developed for China's suppressed pistol-calibre weapons. Chinese sources reportedly put the weapons noise level at 84db when using subsonic ammunition. The US report did note that while its noise suppression wasn't outstanding, it very effectively hid its muzzle flash.
The baffle system held together a pair of guide rods (GunLab)
It appears to have been primarily used by Chinese scouts and special forces and saw action during the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War. In the late 80s the Chinese replaced the Type 64 with the suppressed version of the Type 85 submachine gun, also chambered in 7.62x25mm, which used the same magazines, the Type 85 had a tube metal and stamped receiver which was simpler to manufacture than the 64's machined receiver. The Type 85 has subsequently been superseded by guns like the bullpup Type 05.
Special thanks to the collection that holds this weapon for allowing me to take a look at it. As always guys thank you for watching. If you enjoyed the video please share it with friends and help us
Overall Length: 33.2in w/stock deployed
Barrel Length: 9.6in
Action: Blowback, open bolt
Capacity: 20 or 30-round box magazines
'Technical Notes: Chinese Communist 7.62mm Type 64, Silenced Submachine Gun', US Army Weapons Command Research & Engineering Directorate Small Arms Systems Laboratory, J.J. Boccarossa, 27/09/1971
Secondary Sources:
Chinese Type 64 SMG, Small Arms Review, F. Iannamico (source)
Type 64 submachine gun (PR China), Modern Firearms, (source)
Chinese Type 64 suppressed SMG, ForgottenWeapons.com (source)
Posted on December 1, 2019 December 10, 2019 by TABPosted in Blog, Photos, VideoTagged 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War, China, Chinese Type 64 Suppressed Submachine Gun, Chinese Weapons, Clandestine Weapons, Cold War, Documentary, Firearms Design, Firearms Development, Firearms History, Gun History, History, History Documentary, Matt, Military, Military History, Silenced SMG, Silencer, SMG, Submachine Gun, Suppressed Type 64 SMG, Suppressor, Type 64 silenced SMG, Type 64 SMG, Type 64 Submachine Gun. 4 Comments
Winchester Select-Fire Garand Prototype
The Cody Firearms Museum, at the Buffalo Bill Centre of the West, holds a number of interesting select-fire M1 Garand rifles, adapted by Winchester during the 1940s. In this article we're going to examine one of the prototypes, the rifle is believed to date to the late 1940s, and appears to be chambered in one of the earlier iterations of the T65 .30 Light Rifle round, which would eventually be adopted as 7.62x51mm.
Very little information is available about the rifle and little has been written about it previously. It is believed to have been developed by Winchester engineer Harry H. Sefried II with former Cody Firearms Museum curator Herbert Houze crediting Sefried with the rifle, which he described as adaptation of the M1 into a 'squad automatic rifle'. After some archival research and combing Winchester's patents from the period we can now attempt to shed light on a little more of the rifle's history.
Winchester M1 Select-Fire prototype (Danny Michael/Cody Firearms Museum)
Externally, the rifle has a number of instantly recognisable distinctions from the standard M1 Garand. It has a reshaped stock with an added pistol grip, a proprietary box magazine and a combined bipod and conical flash hider. If we look closer we'll notice that the stock has a swell just ahead of the breech, flaring out in an almost triangular bulge. These changes to the stock also distinguish this rifle from Winchester's other select-fire M1 adaptations, which retain the standard Garand stock profile.
From the patents available combined with an examination of the rifle we can learn a lot. We cannot rely on patents to tell the whole story of the rifle, however, as many of the elements that make up the weapon appear to have gone unpatented. The substantial external and internal changes made to the rifle suggest that this was not an attempt to adapt the M1 with a minimal number of component parts changes but rather an effort to generally improve the rifle, making it conducive to fully automatic fire.
Detail photo showing the rifle's pistol grip, altered stock and magazine (Matthew Moss)
In summer 1944, Winchester's CEO Edwin Pugsley directed Sefried to begin work on a select-fire conversion for the M1, to rival those being developed at Springfield Armory and Remington. Winchester's select-fire Garand went though a number of iterations which resulted in two patents from Sefried. The first, filed in August 1944 (US #2479419), incorporated an elongated sear actuating lever and a selector on the lower, right side of the receiver. Winchester's first attempts at a select-fire M1 conversion resulted in rifles with extremely high, uncontrollable rates of fire of over 900 rounds per minute. Sefried filed a second patent later in January 1948 (US #2464418) which used a catch to hook the sear. The rifle we are examining appears to have yet another select-fire system, one for which I have so far been unable to find a corresponding patent for. Winchester's work on the select-fire adaptation came to a halt with the end of the war. It appears, however, that Winchester again began to work on adapting the M1 in the late 1940s, with Sefried again working on the project, filing his second select-fire mechanism patent in 1948 (US #2464418).
Sefried's 1949 patent for another select-fire M1 conversion (US Patent Office)
The rifle's receiver was originally a standard Winchester-made .30-06 M1 with a serial number of 1,627,456. This means its wartime production gun, dating from May 1945. It would appear that rather than the rifle being lifted from the rack finished, it seems that it was earmarked for prototype development because the receiver forging lacks the cuts/forgings needed for the en bloc clip release lever. This makes sense if it was known that the receiver was destined for use in a prototype which fed from a box magazine. However, the timeline of the rifle gets more complex when we consider that it was a late-war production rifle. There are a number of possibilities. The rifle may have been simply set aside for internal prototype work in May 1945 and not used until a T65 chambered rifle was developed later. Alternatively, it is possible that the rifle was converted during the initial attempts to create a select-fire M1 but was later rechambered from .30-06 to the new developmental T65 round.
This prototype's trigger guard assembly, which also comprises the magazine well floorplate, is a self-contained assembly and does not interact with the weapon's trigger mechanism or action. While Sefried had a patent for his own magazine system (US #2386722) this rifle uses a slightly different magazine release and floorplate, which is similar to one seen in Stefan Janson's 1956 patent for a stripper clip-loading box magazine for the M1 (US #2894350). The magazine used in this prototype, however, is not the same as Janson's. It has fixed feed-lips and a projection at its rear which appears to house an anti-tilt tab for the follower.
The rifle's magazine (Matthew Moss)
The rifle does not to appear to use the full-automatic system seen in either of Sefried's patents. Similarly, the safety selector is located on the left side of the receiver, forward, in line with the breech. It has two positions with an arc of about 90 degrees. This position does not match Sefried's patents for select-fire conversion, however, it does match the position patented by David Marshall Williams but not Williams' selector's orientation of travel. I have been unable to find a patent which matches this rifle's selector or method fully-automatic conversion.
Left-side view of the rifle's receiver showing the fire-selector (Matthew Moss)
The pistol grip is an interesting addition as neither of the other Winchester select-fire prototypes nor the original select-fire Springfield prototypes incorporated one. Visually it is very similar to that seen on the later Italian Beretta BM 59 Mark II. In an effort to lighten the rifle the prototype also has an aluminium buttplate. One of ingenious internal changes is the milling of the bottom of the barrel flat, this not only has the effect of lightening the rifle but also allows a new, straight operating rod to travel rearwards under the barrel. How this impacted on the barrel's harmonics is unclear. The rifle certainly feels lighter and handier (when unloaded) than you would expect, weight is estimated to be around 7 or 8 lbs.
The bipod, patented by Sefried in April 1945, (US #2420267) comprises a pair of tube steel legs, which have a set height, and a conical aluminium flash hider. The legs are spring-loaded and the entire assembly attaches via a latch which seats over the rifle's bayonet lug. The bipod is the only element of this rifle that can be attributed to Sefried directly. And by the bipod's very nature of attachment may simply have been attached later.
Sefried's 1947 patent for the bipod-flash hider (US Patent Office)
The best documentary source available for the prototype is the entry in the Winchester Factory Museum's collection inventory offers some tantalising clues but no definitive answers:
#1504 U.S. Model M-1 rifle (Garand)
Cal. 30-06; experimental semi or full auto.
3rd type 20 shot box mag.
Special butt plate for shoulder rest
Bipod and aluminum flash hider attached
From H. Sefried 10-26-45
The suggestion that the rifle is chambered in .30-06 is seemingly an error given the internal changes made to the rifle. '3rd type' suggests an iterative development of the rifle's magazine while "special butt plate for shoulder rest" may allude to the aluminium butt plate but the prototype's plate has nothing resembling a 'shoulder rest', instead it is a simple chequered aluminium plate about 5mm thick. While 'From H. Sefried 10-26-45' may refer to the whole rifle, I believe it more likely refers simply to his bipod.
A close up of Sefried's bipod-flash hider (Matthew Moss)
The prototype appears to be chambered in an iteration of the .30 Light Rifle round, which later became known as the T65. The rechambering was achieved by installing a metal block which shortened the magazine well. Unlike earlier Winchester select-fire conversions this rifle feeds from a proprietary magazine designed to feed the T65 round. This magazine does not appear to closely follow the pattern used by Winchester on several other designs during the period. The projection from the rear of the magazine slides along a channel cut in the metal magazine well block. It has font and rear locking shelves, with the front shelf acted on by the magazine release lever.
A look at the rifle's receiver and serial number markings from above (Matthew Moss)
With the action open. Note the magazine insert at the rear of the magazine well (Matthew Moss)
Development of the .30 Light Rifle round, which would eventually become 7.62x51mm, began in 1944, with the round first being referred to as the T65 in 1946. It appears that the rifle is chambered in a version of the T65 cartridge, but which iteration exactly is unknown. However, its chambering does support the theory that the prototype may date from 1947-48. The T65 didn't take on the now standard 7.62x51mm dimensions until 1949 in the form of the T65E3 round but without a chamber casting it is impossible to know the rifle's exact chambering.
A photo representing the evolution of the .30 light rifle round (Courtesy of DrakeGmbH)
While Winchester continued to work on adapting the M1 Garand into a select-fire rifle none of their rifles were seriously considered by US Ordnance. At the same time John Garand was working on his own series of select-fire, magazine-fed prototypes (the T20 series) at Springfield while Remington had also been awarded a contract to develop a similar rifle, tested under the designation T22. These projects subsequently gave way to a number of other designs, all chambered in the T65 round, including the T25/47, T44 and T48. These were all tested before the Garand-influenced T44 was eventually selected in 1957, becoming the M14.
Harry Sefried II served in the US Army Air Corps during World War Two before joining Winchester as a firearms designer in 1944. In the 1950s he left Winchester to become Ruger's chief engineer until he retired in 1979. He died in 2005, aged 84.
'Semiautomatic Firearm Convertible to Full Automatic', H.H, Sefried, US Patent #2479419, 25/08/1944, (source)
'Box Magazine Latch Mechanism for Repeating Firearms', H.H, Sefried, US Patent #2386722, 29/09/1944, (source)
'Support for Rifles and Other Shoulder Firearms', H.H. Sefried, US Patent #2420267, 19/04/1945, (source)
'Fire Control Mechanism for Automatic and Semiautomatic Firearms', H.H, Sefried, US Patent #2464418, 02/01/1948, (source)
'Strip Clip for Loading Box Magazines', S.K. Janson, US Patent #2894350, 11/04/1956, (source)
'The Select-Fire M1 Garand', F. Iannamico, Small Arms Review, (source)
Harry H. Sefried II Obituary, Hartford Courant, June 2005, (source)
'Light Rifle, Part IV: The M1 Garand Learns To Rock And Roll', TFB, Nathaniel F., (source)
Cartridge History for the Day – .30 Light Rifle, (source)
'Winchester Proto-M14 Rifle', Forgotten Weapons, (source)
Posted on November 24, 2019 by TABPosted in Blog, Patents, Photos, VideoTagged Assault Rifle, bipod, Cody Firearms Museum, Cold War, Documentary, Engineering, Firearms History, flash hider, Garand, Harry Sefried, History, M1 Garand, M14, Matt, Military, Military History, Patents, Proto-M14, Prototype, Rifle, Winchester. Leave a comment
John Browning's 1892 En Bloc Lever-Action Prototype
The 1890s were one of John Browning's most prolific periods, during which he developed a host of firearms which would never actually see production. Here, we're lucky enough to be able to examine one of those prototypes that were never produced. Dating from 1892, this rifle departs from Browning's earlier lever-action rifle designs in a number of interesting ways. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the design is its use of en bloc clips, instead of the tube magazine traditionally used by Winchester's repeating rifles. John Browning, and his brother Matthew, filed the patent covering the design in June 1892.
Right side of the rifle, note its 'musket' configuration (Matthew Moss)
The rifle is in what is typically referred to at the time as a 'Musket' configuration, signifying that it is a military long-arm. It has a long 32.5 inch barrel, which is held in place by two barrel bands. Overall the rifle is around 50 inches in length and weighs just over 9lbs. The rifle is chambered in a .30 calibre cartridge, likely the then new .30-40 Krag round given its proposed market. It has a ladder-style rear sight with range graduations from 100 to 1,000 yards.
Browning's patent drawing showing the rifle's action (US Patent Office)
Okay, let's take a closer look at the prototype. During the 1890s Browning experimented with a series of magazine systems including an en-bloc clip system. This rifle uses a 5-round magazine which is fed from an en-bloc clip. The idea of an en-bloc clip was relatively new with Ferdinand Mannlicher patenting the idea in the 1880s and using it in his Model 1886 and 1888 rifles. It is unclear if Browning was familiar with Mannlicher's system but the two are very similar. If you're unfamiliar with en bloc clips it means that the cartridges are loaded into the weapon in the clip rather than stripped from the clip.
A look at the ejection port for the en-bloc clip (Matthew Moss)
Browning's prototype holds five rounds in its clip, which from patent drawings we can see was not reversible. Sadly, we don't have an example of Browning's clip to examine but his 1892 patent (see above) gives us a good idea of what it would have looked like. It clearly has a cut at the top of the clip which appears to have been used to help guide the round up into the chamber.
Rounds were pushed up into the action by a follower arm which was actuated by a v-spring located at the front of the magazine housing. The bottom of the fixed magazine housing has a cut-out corresponding to the clip to allow it to fall or be pushed clear by a new clip once it was empty.
The rifle's lever fully-forward with its action open and striker cocked (Matthew Moss)
The rifle also departs from the traditional hammer system and uses a striker-fired action. From the patent drawings we can see how the rifle's striker worked, with a coil spring extending into the stock and a sear holding the striker to the rear. The striker is made up of two pieces with the striker hitting a long firing pin inside the bolt.
The striker has, what the patent refers to as, a 'thumb piece' to enable re-cocking and to indicate if its cocked or not. The striker was cocked by the cycling of the lever and held in place by the trigger sear.
A view inside the action with the bolt partially retracted before it moves down and back into the rifle's wrist (Matthew Moss)
The lever was held in the close position, preventing out of battery discharges, by what Browning's patent calls a downward-projecting dog, which projected through a small hole in the trigger assembly link and locked into a catch in the front of the lever loop.
The use of a striker, rather than an exposed hammer, allows the rifle bolt's travel to be enclosed rather than have the bolt project out of the rear of the receiver, as in previous Winchester lever-actions, we can see that this rifle's bolt slides back at an angle partially down into the wrist of the stock. This is arguably more ergonomic and potentially helps to prevent ingress of dirt.
The first half of the lever's travel pulls the bolt to the rear, while the second part cocks the striker. An arm extending from the lever pushed the bolt rearward until the trigger sear was engaged. In order to give the lever enough throw to open the action far enough to allow a round to be loaded the trigger mechanism has to be pivoted out of the action, much like the earlier Winchester 1886.
The bolt has a pair of trunnions which project from the sides of the bolt, these run inside longitudinal grooves either side of the receiver, while the rear of the bolt is free to angle up and down as it cycles. The action is locked by the rear of the bolt secured against the rear of the receiver, rather than with a rising locking bolt.
Left side of the rifle (Matthew Moss)
During the period Browning was also working on other lever action and, even more unusual, so-called pull-apart actions as well as various magazine types including a revolving magazine, stripper-clip box magazines and of course as we've already seen a detachable box magazine-fed rifle. The 1890s were a truly prolific period for Browning.
The design was purchased by Winchester and the Brownings' patent was granted in November 1892. The gun, like many of Browning's other designs of the period, never saw production. Making this rifle a rare one-of-a-kind prototype. It's an elegant design and the action is smooth. When Winchester did finally seek to produce a military lever-action they chose another of Browning's designs which retained his traditional rear-locking bolt, which became the Model 1895.
This rifle is a unique prototype and it was an honour to examine it. It's now on display at the newly refurbished Cody Firearms Museum at the Buffalo Bill Centre of the West. Our thanks to the museum for allowing us to film items, like this one, from the museum's collection.
'Breech-loading Firearm', J. & M. Browning, US Patent #486272, 15/11/1892 (source)
John M Browning: American Gunmaker, J. Browning & C. Gentry (1964)
Posted on November 3, 2019 by TABPosted in Blog, Photos, VideoTagged Browning Prototype, CFM, Cody Firearms Museum, Documentary, en bloc clip, Engineering, Ferdinand Mannlicher, Firearms, Firearms History, Gun Design, Gun History, Guns, History, John Browning, Lever Action, Magazine Rifle, Matt, Military History, Photos, Prototype, Rifle, Video, Winchester, Winchester Repeating Arms Company. 1 Comment


Big Thank You to Doris Banham!
We would like to say a massive thank you to Doris Banham for taking on Bruno on he came to us on 10/07/2016 through Leigh & Wigan Dog Wardens he was ID chipped but unfortunately he was registered to his previous owner who had rehomed him.
We shall look forward to keeping in touch with Trudie, Sharon and Co at Doris Banham to keep an eye on his progress.
We would like to take this opportunity to say a massive thank you Doris Banham for their help over the past few months and will look forward to working with them in the future.
This entry was posted in Uncategorised on 29th July 2016 by admin.


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text:
What is meant by "atheism is a religion"? [closed]
Want to improve this question? Update the question so it's on-topic for Christianity Stack Exchange.
I have heard this statement used by Christians. Atheists counter that the lack of belief isn't a religion or belief system. Is there a logical justification for the charge that atheism is a religion?
I'm looking for more than just appropriately defining the terms to make the sentence technically correct.
logic religion
mojomojo
Often it just means atheism is a world view.
– Neil Meyer
@NeilMeyer So why do atheists reject the statement?
– mojo
This is not a question about Christianity. It is about atheism, or arguably, it could be a question about philosophy. I don't think it's right for this site. The general absence of the topic of Christianity in the answers is also evidence to that effect.
– James T
@JamesT I thought this question was borderline. I erred that it was asking why many Christians justify filing Atheism a belief while most Atheists insists that it is not. It's a "why do Christians say this" sort of question, which have been received with mixed results in the past. Usually, they are listed as too broad.
– fгedsbend
Atheism is a belief system which makes claims about spiritual things. Atheism says there are no gods, but so do other belief systems which no one denies are religions, such as some forms of Buddhism. Atheism contrasts with religions, rather than social or political movements like egalitarianism, anarchism, communism, so it makes sense to classify it as a religion. In a way, atheism is the religious parallel of anarchism - just as anarchists deny political structures as being valid, atheists deny spiritual beings as valid. But that doesn't mean they shouldn't be classified as political and religious systems respectively.
There are some belief systems which are harder to classify as a religion or a philosophy, such as Confucianism. Compared to that there is no doubt which box atheism belongs in: the truths it claims are solely about spiritual things, and there is no shared philosophical or ethical framework among atheists.
curiousdannii♦curiousdannii
I am not sure about the word religion, but one can argue that (a form of) atheism is a belief system.
A belief system is a system of beliefs. Some beliefs depend on others, forming an interrelated set of beliefs and their implications.
Strong atheism is defined as belief that there are no gods. Many call this just "atheism". Well, this belief has implications. For example -- how did life arise on Earth? It had to have happened in a "natural" way without intelligent design, etc.
A person may claim to have "no belief" but when they perform an action, there is usually a belief behind it. If I want to accomplish X, and I do Y, it is because I believe Y will bring about X. If someone tells me X will happen if I do Y, and I do Y anyway, it's probably because I don't fear X. For example, when atheists on youtube write blasphemous stuff, they are essentially believing that they won't be punished. That is part of their belief system.
Some call that a "religion" but it's more accurate to call that a belief system. Every person has a belief system, and just like individual belief systems can vary from Christian to Christian, with some commonality, same goes with atheists.
Gregory MagarshakGregory Magarshak
What's the functional difference between a "belief system" and a "religion"?
A belief system doesn't have to be a religion
– Gregory Magarshak
Consider the second submeaning from dictionary.com. What distinguishes a religion from a belief system? What does a religion have that a belief system doesn't have to have?
Re-appropriating the term atheism is what is causing the issue. If we break the word down it is clear that the first definition should be "a belief that there is or are no god(s)." The prefix a has long been used as a reversal, or negation, for the term that follows it. The suffix ism has long been used for any kind of belief or organized thought system. The actual term is derived from the Greek word for god.
Here's what we are left with:
Theism is a belief in god.
Atheism is a belief in not god.
The confusion leading to this re-appropriation is from misplacing the negation. If we were to say that atheism means not a belief in god (notice the misplacement of the reversal/negation) then we are not being true to the word's structure and implied definition. The ism suffix already implies what it is, a belief or school of thought, and placing the negation on that is contradictory. The a does not negate the ism; it negates the root, theo. It is akin to saying that it is not a belief or school of thought, but (and the following might be better on philosophy.se) that is the same as saying that atheism and theism are in fact not opposites and are therefore in a different class of terms, which can lead one to think that they are not mutually exclusive, however their regular use suggests otherwise.
Atheists who want to re-appropriate the term's meaning are insistent that what they hold to is not a belief (however they might likely accept school of thought), so to overcome the above contradiction they replace the negation with the word lack, leading us to the second definition, "a lack of belief in God."
There is already a word for that, however: agnosticism. Agnosticism (also a school of thought, but not necessarily a belief) is characterized by confessing uncertainty on the topic entirely. Essentially, saying one is agnostic is the same as saying that one is unsure on whether there is a god or not. The term literally means "a school of thought that is without knowledge." They are unsure if belief in a god is warranted, therefore, there is a lack of belief.
If one would characterize his opinion on the topic as certainty that there is no god (notice the negation placement) then one should rightly call oneself atheist. If one would characterize his opinion on the topic as not having a belief or opinion (notice the negation again) or a lack of belief or opinion then one should rightly call oneself agnostic.
And the inverse of atheist is theist, where one's opinion on the topic is certainty that there is/are god(s). We cannot call theism a belief and not also call atheism a belief.
This will naturally not convince any Atheists. They will still use the term freely, defining it as "the lack of belief," and adamantly insist that they are not believers in anything.
A compromise: Skepticism is an appropriate word for an agnostic who might believe if there was convincing evidence. Add on scientific skepticism and that would be appropriate for the apathetic position that some have toward all religion, because, in their mind, it cannot be scientifically supported.
This gets more complicated when looking at the historic use of the word Atheism. Centuries ago it was difficult for people to fathom a literal belief in the non-existence of any gods. And such a belief, which is somewhat common today, was rare at best then. The words that are often translated Atheism are often more used in the same sense as heathen. The ancients often used the word to describe that kind of person who "walked without religion." They were likely believers in something, but they did not participate in the rituals, the sacrifices, festivals, etc. They are "without religion".
In today's modern society, there is actually a sound argument for the non-existence of any god, based on scientific skepticism. But scientific skepticism is a relatively new concept. The method by which scientists reach conclusions only really met its potential starting about 200 years ago. Hence, terms are being forged and redefined to describe this "new" school of thought.
Now this is a sensitive topic for some people. Trying to place what you believe into a single word is difficult at best and laying down the three terms, theism, atheism, and agnosticism, and demanding that all persons fit neatly into only one of them is not fair to them and does a great disservice to the greatest of all human quests: finding meaning in our lives.
But with that said, the re-appropriation of atheism is confusing at best and completely redefining it at worst. It would be best to stick to the original meaning, the first definition I supplied, and if one finds oneself not quite fitting into the mold of one of the three then err on agnosticism when forced to use a single word and speak up to be heard when there is no such restriction. Even coin your own phrase if necessary; it might catch on.
The content of this post has been edited from one of my earlier posts on English.SE to match this question.
fгedsbendfгedsbend
What you've said is a sound lexical analysis and is interesting. Regardless of what the word ought to mean based in its construction, however, the people who use the word as a label (though not uniformly in agreement) might not care if one tells them they are using the wrong word or change their position to conform to proper English construction.
@mojo Yep: "This will naturally not convince any Atheists. They will still use the term freely, defining it as "the lack of belief," and adamantly insist that they are not believers in anything." Unfortunately, almost everyone is stubborn and slow to admit they are wrong.
No matter what word is used to describe someone who is not an actual agnostic, it seems like it ought to be possible to construct a sound, logical argument demonstrating that asserting even "lack of belief" is, in fact, a positive assertion about something one believes on the matter.
@mojo Yes, you could start such assertions, saying that everything one thinks is belief, but then some will say things like: "I do not have belief or unbelief; I have knowledge and am without knowledge." Now, I think this gets off-topic for this site, as this is very philosophical. There is a philosophy.se, though I have never visited it.
@mojo I realize now that I did not address the assertion that Atheism is a religion. I think that false. A religion is characterized by order and/or hierarchy and prescriptive and proscriptive actions for certain scenarios. Religion necessarily includes ritual, where I don't think Atheism does.
We define religion differently than they do. They define their set as an anti-set and we define it as an opposing set. The two definitions are incompatible and cannot be resolved.
Athist view themselves as a set which does not contian relgion
Christians view atheism as the worship of secular humanism an opposing force
How can you be sure that resolution is impossible? Is there no logical argument to demonstrate that a claimed lack of belief is, in fact, a positive belief assertion?
do you understand what the difference is between the opposite set and the anti set?
Since you're asking, I guess not. I couldn't find pertinent definitions, so I'm attempting to infer the meaning. My comment is asking whether or not the idea of an anti-set in this context is logical. Atheists may say, "we lack belief (in gods)." What those same people don't affirm is that they believe something in its place, as if the lack of belief about gods doesn't have logical implications about some positive belief concerning gods.
@mojo an atheist rejects most if not all irrational behaviour when they reject religion
Would you assert that it is rational (for an atheist) to assume that unempirical belief is irrational, or is there empirical evidence to support the assumption? (Or is it a conclusion and not an assumption?) I guess what I'm getting at is: does atheism stand on any more solid logical footing than what they call "religion?" It seems like restricting "rationality" to empirical evidence is an unprovable assumption, and thus not empirically different than the assumptions that "religions" make.
They believe that a Religion needs to have a God to be considered a Religion. So they would more correctly be considered an organization. I have talked to many atheists, and most of them believe in reality. I believe that reality is the Face of God. So technically they really do believe in God, they just do not define reality as God.
So in one position you could consider that since they believe in reality, and reality is God, then they really are a religion. Yet since the do not consider God to be reality. They won't accept that God means thing, and that all things are God.
Yet opposite equal reactions are their law the same as opposite equal reactions is the ancient laws that are still in play. They will believe Newton, who proved that the law is always consistent.
They also are under work related laws that uniformly correspond between Christianity and also Atheism. For example:
Christian: Thou shall not bow down to an Idol.
Atheist: Correct Lifting Procedures.
Christian: The Spirit opposes the Flesh.
Atheist: Sexual Harassment Policies.
Christian: Repent of Sin.
Atheist: Follow Harassment Policies.
Christian: Witchcraft do not enter into heaven.
Atheist: Drug Users do not get to go to work.
Christian: Drunkards do not enter into heaven.
Atheist: No Alcohol usage on the Job(few exceptions), Do not come to work Drunk(few exceptions).
So like it or not they are under the Law of Error and Death. Yet it is better not to argue with them, For they will come to Christ by the Happiness that the Christians display upon there face.
DecryptedDecrypted
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.redisson;

import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;

public abstract class BaseTest {

    protected Redisson redisson;

    @Before
    public void before() {
        this.redisson = createInstance();
    }

    public static Redisson createInstance() {
        String redisAddress = System.getProperty("redisAddress");
        if (redisAddress == null) {
            redisAddress = "127.0.0.1:6379";
        }
        Config config = new Config();
        config.useSingleServer().setAddress(redisAddress);
//        config.setCodec(new SerializationCodec());
        return Redisson.create(config);
    }

    @After
    public void after() {
        try {
            redisson.flushdb();
        } finally {
            redisson.shutdown();
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


For foodies, the best news to come out of the Obama administration so far has to be the decision to create an organic garden on the south lawn of the White House.
A grassroots movement to start a national garden had been growing faster than corn on a hot day after food activist Michael Pollan proposed the idea in an October 2008 New York Times Magazine article.
The burgeoning local foods/organic/sustainable agriculture communities led the charge for replacing some of the neatly manicured lawn at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. with an American pie of a garden.
It will be a living, practical use of space that will not only provide fresh food for the first family and White House guests, but — critically important during these hard economic times — serve as a national symbol of self-reliance.
When Eleanor Roosevelt started growing her own produce in 1943, it spawned backyard Victory Gardens that helped feed the nation during wartime. By the end of World War II, 40 percent of the produce consumed in America came from home gardens.
With food prices on the rise and the nation's economy in the compost heap, a White House garden is the right idea at the right time.
Ground was broken for the 1,100-square-foot plot by first lady Michelle Obama on the first day of spring. Plans are for the garden to be in operation year-round, with early planting in a few days and the first harvest expected at the end of the month.
Crops will change throughout the year.
The techniques used for extending the growing season into the winter will be especially useful teaching tools, hopefully duplicated by gardeners in cold-winter states who now close up shop at the end of the year.
According to plans released by the White House, spring crops will include spinach, carrots, chard, kale, collard greens, shell peas, sugar snap peas, onions, shallots, fennel, radishes, broccoli, rhubarb and a variety of lettuces.
Spicing up the patch will be herbs: sorrel, thyme, oregano, sage, rosemary, marjoram, chives, garlic chives, chamomile, hyssop, mint, dill, cilantro and parsley.
Flowers will line perpendicular walkways through the L-shaped plot. Mrs. Obama said she plans to add a beehive so honey can be made.
Some of the harvest will be donated to a Washington, D.C., food pantry.
Terra Brockman of Congerville was part of a group that created a Web site, www.whitehousefarmer.com, to allow the public to nominate a White House farmer to oversee a south lawn patch.
"We were thrilled when we heard about the garden. The idea behind the Web site wasn't so much about selecting one farmer but to bring attention to a White House garden," said Brockman. News reports indicated that Sam Kass — a Chicago chef brought to the White House by the Obamas — will oversee the project.
I'm not much of a gardener myself, but I do grow tomatoes and peppers in my backyard each year. Occasionally, I try other crops, such as cucumbers, corn or cantaloupe.
Herbs are a must. Some years I put the starts in the ground, and other years I grow them in pots. But I'm partial to containers because I'm lazy. I'm much more apt to use the herbs when I only have to step out onto my deck to cut them and not traipse through the backyard, a playground for two dogs.
Last year, I grew chives, parsley, dill, rosemary, thyme, basil and mint.
Since hearing the good news about the White House garden, I've been thinking about ways to grow more of my own food.


Crete is known for its native products and food. But two things that someone should try for sure are; its olive oil and the traditional rusks. Also, an olive wood mortar was ideal to complete this box and to create a nice Christmas gift idea. So there it is, the "Cretan Box", for all lovers of Crete and Aegean sea.


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When you shop around for OVHC you will find that most private health funds offer an affordable policy that only satisfies the bare minimum of the health insurance requirements for the 485 visa. If you're on a tight budget or only want cover for the absolute essentials, these types of policies will do just fine.
So while high-level cover costs more, the benefits it offers could be well worth the expense. It's important to shop around and find a policy that meets all your requirements.
What exclusions apply to OVHC policies?
If you're holding a valid student visa when you apply for a 485 visa, you will already be covered by Overseas Student Health Cover (OSHC) as a requirement of your student visa. The OSHC you have in place is an acceptable level of health insurance to apply for a 485 visa, and you'll need to supply evidence of this cover along with your visa application.
However, while your application is being processed, you will need to take out 485 visa-compliant health insurance. The Department of Immigration and Border Protection will contact you during processing to request evidence that you have taken out an adequate level of OVHC.
Finally, it's important to remember that under the Reciprocal Health Care Agreements in place between their countries and Australia, Belgian, Norwegian and some Swedish students are not required to take out OSHC. However, if transitioning to a 485 visa, these students will need to take out OVHC.
If you're in Australia on a bridging visa, it's important that you choose a suitable level of private health insurance cover.
If you're applying for the new TSS visa to work in Australia, we explain what's changed from the old 457 visa and help you find Overseas Visitors Health Cover (OVHC).
Everything you need to know about the health insurance requirements of the 457 visa and how to find the right cover.
HIF Overseas Visitors Health Cover provide varying levels of hospital and extras cover that complies with visa requirements for those coming to Australia for work or leisure.


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The Vision Bleak "Into The Unknown" video release
The Vision Bleak Gothic Metal Video Clip
The German duo The Vision Bleak shared the music video for the track "Into The Unknown" taken from the new album "The Unknown". The band's sixth full-length record was released on June 3 via Prophecy Productions.
Earlier, The Vision Bleak presented the song "From Wolf to Peacock", the lyric video "The Kindred Of The Sunset", whiсh were also taken from "The Unknown". One of the album's songs — "The Whine Of The Cemetery Hound" — you can check out below.
Main photo — The Vision Bleak


Are you thinking about moving to Ibiza permanently? Then do not look any further and find with us your dream property. We are keen to offer the best possible service because we know how important it is to find the perfect place to live. Whether you are dreaming of a minimalist mansion with sea view or a traditional finca in the countryside, we will help you turn your dreams into reality. We also provide complementary services to guide and assist you through the entire buying process.
Whether you are looking for a permanent or a short-term accommodation, you can count on us. We have more than 15 yrs experience in the housing market of Ibiza and we specialise in both property sales as well as holiday lettings. We are delighted to help you find your forever home or your holiday home here on the White Isle.


Architecture, Refaire Une Piece De Maison was posted December 4, 2018 at 10:15 am by basketballhoopreviews.us . More over Refaire Une Piece De Maison has viewed by 2493 visitor.
Architecture, Refaire Une Terrasse Exterieure was posted December 6, 2018 at 12:01 am by basketballhoopreviews.us . More over Refaire Une Terrasse Exterieure has viewed by 1994 visitor.


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Europe's Particle Collider Smashes Another Record
May 30, 2011 👁 4,118 views
The world's biggest particle collider set a new record this week, a feat that should accelerate the quest to pinpoint the elusive particle known as the Higgs Boson, a senior physicist said.
"Last night, a symbolic frontier was crossed," said Michel Spiro, president of the board of the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN), explaining that the rate of sub-atomic smashups in its vast machine had multiplied tenfold in the space of a month.
CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is housed in a 27-kilometre ring-shaped tunnel 100 metres below ground, straddling the French-Swiss border.
It is designed to accelerate beams of protons to nearly the speed of light in contra-rotating directions.
Then, using magnets, the beams are then directed into labs where some of the protons collide while others escape.
Detectors record the seething sub-atomic debris, hoping to find traces of particles that can strengthen fundamental understanding of physics.
A month ago, the LHC set a record of 10 million collisions per second.
"This is now 100 million collisions per second," Spiro said at a conference in Paris on the "infinitely small and the infinitely big."
Among the puzzles that physicists are seeking to answer is the existence of the Higgs, which has been dubbed "the God particle" for being mysterious yet ubiquitous.
If found, it would explain the nature of mass, filling a major piece of the theoretical construct of physics known as the Standard Model.
In London last week, CERN physicists said they believed that by the end of 2012 they could determine once and for all whether the Higgs existed or not.
Spiro said that this search would certainly be helped by the stepped-up pace of collision, which is the equivalent to sifting more earth in search of nuggets of gold.
"If we're lucky, and it (the Higgs) is in the right zone for expected mass, we may be able to find it this summer," he said. "On the other hand, ruling it out will take us to the end of next year."
To provide a confirmation would require notching up "at least 15" detections, he said.
The first proton collisions at the LHC occurred on September 10, 2008. The smasher then had to endure a 14-month shutdown to fix technical problems.
It had been due to shut down in early 2012 for work enabling it to crank up to full power. But a decision was made several weeks ago to delay closure for a year to help the Higgs hunt.
Apple Unveils New iPad and Apple TV Box
From Majorca to the Alps: Life in Seasonal Work
Philip Roth Opens Up on Art, Sex and Death


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Intelligent Self-Service
Virtual Customer Assistant
Visual Assistant (Visual IVR)
Intelligent Agent Engagement
Unified Agent Desktop
Smart Agent Assistant
Interact Design guided experiences for customers and agents powered by industry leading AI and RPA
csRPA The use of real-time RPA (Attended and Unattended) to enable end to end customer service automation solutions for both self-service and assisted service customer interactions.
What is Contact Center Agent Engagement and How is it Changing?
Dylon Mills
Agent engagement refers to any customer interaction that requires a human-touch. While much of the technology focus of recent years has been with self-service, the assisted service channel is seeing a resurgence of interest and importance. There is also a growing realization that customers no longer need to make a binary decision on using one form of service over the other - instead, self-service and assisted service are deeply intertwined, so much so that a single customer interaction can span both channels, multiple times.
The same advances that powered self-service - Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Personalization, Chatbots - all of these are now being applied to the assisted service channel, giving organizations the ability to deliver perfect agent engagement interactions. It isn't about a single technology on a single channel anymore. Assisted service is still about the human-touch, but with the added assistance of a robot! Think of it as "Intelligent Agent Engagement."
About Jacada
Jacada's automation expertise and IP within customer service operations continues to deliver end-to-end customer service automation solutions to global enterprises helping them move further down an autonomous CX path. From guiding the contact center agents and automating their manual tasks to fully automated customer self-service solutions, Jacada automates interactions while improving customer experience.
Supporting all channels and systems deployed in high volume contact centers to low volume call centers, Jacada customer service automation solutions are designed to improve customer self-service and agent-assisted service. Each solution can be deployed as a standalone or incorporated as part of a suite through the Robotic Automation & AI Hub we refer to as "Interact."
As a leader in customer service and contact center solutions, Jacada's award winning solutions enable organizations, all around the world, to provide the absolute highest quality of service for their customers.
Decision Guide for Intelligent Agent Engagement
This guide aims to simplify the confusing agent engagement landscape, navigate pitfalls and show how to roll out assisted-service projects, while also minimizing risk.
[About the author] Dylon Mills is the Director of Marketing Content Strategy & Development at Jacada. As such, Dylon's main responsibilities are to strategize, create and deliver content for Jacada's product portfolio that align with the global Go-To-Market strategy, corporate positioning, and marketing campaigns. Dylon's prior work experience includes Product Management at one of the top Fortune 500 Technology companies, Symantec Corporation. Outside of work, Dylon enjoys problem-solving and any project that includes building/tinkering with tools. Dylon holds a BS Consumer Economics from the University of Georgia.
Agent Guidance
CS RPA
Agent Assistant (Intelligent Chatbot)
Customer Assistant (Intelligent Chatbot)
Visual IVR
Have Questions? Our Customer Experience Advocates are ready to answer your questions and reduce your customers' effort.
Copyright ©2018 Jacada Inc.
Privacy Policy/Legal
www.Jacada.com
www.Visual-IVR.com


Money Man is released via Amazon's Video Direct service.
You can watch our film anywhere, without waiting for a DVD shipment.
Money Man - A film about Alexander Hamilton made in association with Duende Drama and Literature.
Thomas F. Maguire stars as Alexander Hamilton.
In 36 hours he would be dead, from a bullet fired by Vice President of the United States, Aaron Burr.
But on this early morning in July 1804, Alexander Hamilton is very much alive as he reflects on his role in the birth of the new United States, his role as a father, his political opponent Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr and life itself.
Alexander Hamilton (Thomas F. Maguire) talking about a visit to Thomas Jefferson.
This one act play, written by Rick Foster, stars Thomas F. Maguire as Alexander Hamilton. The play is set in the hours just before Hamilton's duel with Burr.
Beautifully filmed in front of a real audience during a live performance, the play leaps from the screen as multiple camera angles allow you to experience the story as though you are actually in the theater.
Watch the film online by clicking here. Bookmark this page and check back with us as a lesson plan that will accompany the film is currently being developed.
Money Man is an independent production of Duende Drama and Literature and is not affiliated in any way with the current hit Broadway musical Hamilton. If you came to this page looking for information about Hamilton, please click on the Hamilton link here.


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Home / AFA Podcast / anime / Hayao Miyazaki / Podcast / Studio Ghibli / The AFA Podcast 85: Castle In The Sky
The AFA Podcast 85: Castle In The Sky
Chris Perkins September 18, 2017 AFA Podcast, anime, Hayao Miyazaki, Podcast, Studio Ghibli
This week Rachael and Dan are here to talk about Hayao Miyazaki's classic Castle In The Sky, which recently received a US cinema release via GKIDS and Fathom Events.
First up is the news section (0:03) which includes upcoming Animation festivals in New York, London, LA and Cardiff, and the new trailer for Aardman's Early Man. Then comes the discussion of Castle In The Sky (0:12, spoilers from 1:00) before finishing up with a visit to the Watercooler, (1:42) this time featuring the Netflix adaptation of Death Note.
Running time: 2:08 aprox
Listen to the episode here, or find us on iTunes, Podcasts.com and Stitcher. If you like the show, don't forget to subscribe via the method of your choice, and why not leave us a review? They can really help others discover the show! Directly download the podcast here. Get the RSS feed here
Find all our previous episodes here.
Want to send us a message, question or suggestion for a future show? Email us at podcast[@]animationforadults.com, leave a comment or get in touch via social media.
Want to help us make more episodes? Please consider supporting us on Patreon and get episodes before anyone else, plus bonus episodes and more!
Or send us a virtual tip using Ko-Fi:
Other ways to support the site here
Rachael Ward @fail2ninja
Dan Hamman @hammoo
Early Man Trailer:
http://www.animationforadults.com/2017/09/nick-parks-early-man-full-trailer-has.html
ANNY Best of Fest:
http://www.animationforadults.com/2017/09/tickets-on-sale-for-animation-nights.html
London Film Fest:
http://www.animationforadults.com/2017/09/london-film-festival-features.html
Animation is Film:
http://www.animationforadults.com/2017/09/las-animation-is-film-festival-features.html
Cardiff:
http://www.animationforadults.com/2017/09/cardiff-animation-festival-now-open-for.html
Samurai Jack/Fathom Events: http://www.animationforadults.com/2017/08/samurai-jack-comes-to-theaters.html
Shorts played as part of GKIDS MiniFest
- Johnny Express https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSGZyRBpMBE
- Fresh Guacamole https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNJdJIwCF_Y
- Carpark https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTWuZav-elY
Hayao Miyazaki books
http://amzn.to/2wyQcBm
http://amzn.to/2ygWzez


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Home / News / Hatchbacks
Entry-Level SAAB 9-1 Back On The Table
Viknesh Vijayenthiran March 8, 2010 Comment Now!
With Lexus unveiling the new CT 200h and Infiniti bosses confirming plans for an all-electric compact car of their own, Saab is wary of becoming one of the only premium automakers without a model to compete in what's quickly becoming a new frontier for the luxury marques: the premium compact segment.
It's not like the idea hasn't been seriously considered at Saab headquarters in Trollhattan, Sweden. After all, in 2008 alone Saab unveiled two new concept cars previewing a possible '9-1' entry-level model--but then the global economy took a turn for the worse and all energy was focused on simply keeping the firm alive.
Now, with the financial backing of new owner Spyker, as well as a loan from the European government, Saab is once again looking at adding a smaller car to its lineup to compete with the likes of the Audi A3 and BMW 1-Series.
Speaking with Automotive News, both Saab managing director Jan Ake Jonsson and Spyker CEO Victor Muller said they wanted to launch a new entry-level model and that the car had a "better than average chance" of entering production.
Saab had originally hoped to use the front-wheel drive platform underpinning the Opel Astra whilst it was still under the ownership of General Motors. Now there's a chance that Saab could use its own in-house developed platform for the new 9-1, with front-wheel drive as standard and all-wheel drive and hybrid powertrains available as an option. A convertible model could also be launched.
All will depend if Saab can reach its goal of becoming profitable by 2012 and manufacturing at a rate of 120,000 cars per year. If given the green light, the Saab 9-1 would be available for several years at the least.
[Automotive News, sub req'd]
High-Res Gallery: saab 9x air concept motorauthority 006
Hatchbacks News Small Victor Muller


First step is to determine your skin type.
Remember, there is no magic potions that can make your wrinkles, spots and pimples disappear overnight. But there is a way to make your skin look younger and healthier.
No matter whom you'd go for, dermatologists, cosmetologists and beauty therapists will all tell you the fact that the only way of avoiding problems and delaying the ageing process is taking care of skin regularly. The 4 basic steps are: cleanse, tone, moisturize and nourish your skin everyday. It takes only 7 days before you are amazed to see the results. The skin is tremendously recharged by the self-regeneration when properly cared for. It is never too late to start.
Whatever texture or type of your skin, it requires thorough cleansing twice a day. If we could have a look at unclean skin through a magnifying glass, we would realize the absolute necessity of a proper cleansing routine. Before it is cleansed, the skin surface is covered by a film of dirt, stale sweat, oil deposits, stale make-up and other pollutants. All these are potent skin irritants. They not only upset the normal balance of the skin, but also hamper its natural functions.
Choose a facial cleanser according to your skin type. Splash your face with water, and apply with a gentle facial cleanser and work it up to lather for about 30 seconds. Take the opportunity to lightly massage your skin, as this will boost the supply of blood to the surface of your skin - which means a rosier complexion. Rinse away with clear water until every soapy trace has been completely removed from your skin. Then towel off the residual water from the surface of your skin.
Toning is a must for all skin types. Toning immediately after cleansing helps to refresh the skin. Here is a tip for toning the skin, keep cotton wool pads soaking in a bowl of toner in the refrigerator, wipe after cleansing the skin, and then pad the skin briskly. It will stimulate the blood circulation to the surface. Gentle stroking movements can also be followed.
Moisturizing is the most important step of the skin care routine. Smooth your skin with moisturizers, either lotions or creams. Dot a small potion onto your face, massage in with your fingertips with gentle upwards-outwards strokes. The protective film on the skin allows applying make-up easily and ensures there is balanced moisture content.
Nourishing can hold moisture better and performs its other functions. Creams with Vitamin A is of utmost importance to the skin helping to relieve dryness and maintain skin elasticity and creams with Vitamin E (anti-oxidant) helps in minimizing cross-linking damage.


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Senior Lecturing Fellow
david.hoffman@duke.edu
Assistant: Patricia Mitchell
David Hoffman is the Steed Family Professor of the Practice of Cybersecurity Policy at the Sanford School of Public Policy. He also is Associate General Counsel and Global Privacy Officer for Intel Corporation.
Hoffman currently chairs the Civil Liberties and Privacy Panel for the Director's Advisory Board for the US National Security Agency. He also chairs the board of the Center for Cybersecurity Policy and Law, and serves on the Advisory Boards for the Future of Privacy Forum and the Israel Tech Policy Institute. Hoffman also founded and chairs the board for the Triangle Privacy Research Hub, which highights and fosters cybersecurity and privacy academic research done in the North Carolina Research Triangle.
Hoffman previously served on the Department of Homeland Security's Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee and the Board of Directors of the National Cyber Security Alliance. He has also served on the U.S. Federal Trade Commission's Online Access and Security Committee, the Center for Strategic and International Studies Cyber Security Commission, the Steering Committee for BBBOnline, the TRUSTe Board of Directors and the Board of the International Association of Privacy Professionals. He is the author of many papers and articles on cybersecurity and privacy and has testified to Congress on these topics.
Hoffman has a JD from Duke Law School, where he was a member of the Duke Law Journal. He received an AB from Hamilton College.
click here to Download High resolution Image
316: Intro to Cyber Law and Policy
716: Cybersecurity and National Security Law and Policy


The Napoleon Medical Office Building, managed and leased by Corporate Realty, recently created a new area for bike parking. The building located at 2633 Napoleon Avenue made this investment at the suggestions of tenants who are eager to utilize the new bike lanes on the recently refinished Napoleon Avenue.
The Napoleon Medical Office Building is one of the premier medical office buildings in Uptown New Orleans. In addition to the new bike parking area, the landlord has made a number of other improvements to the building since purchasing it in December of 2014 which were recently featured in CityBusiness. These renovations include the renovation of its lobby and a new first-floor restaurant operated by Green To Go, a family-owned mobile food company with a healthy twist.
Please contact Austin Lavin, the building leasing agent at 504.581.5005 to learn more about these recent improvements and leasing opportunities within the building.
Corporate Realty is a licensed real estate brokerage firm in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas.


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AllBalkansEuropeWorld
Tamara's omission while singing the national hymn has caused the Bulgarian…
Over 56% of citizens of Western Balkans countries want to join…
The roaming charges in the Western Balkans have dropped – soon…
Journalists from North Macedonia and Greece agree to fight disinformation together
AllGadgetsScience
With elections just days away, Ukraine faces disinformation, cyber attacks and…
Facebook deletes thousands of profiles from Macedonia, Kosovo, Russia and Iran
Open Data Portal is a good step forward, but for full…
Metamorphosis Foundation and Ministry of Information Society and Administration mark the…
World Europe "Facebook" removes 212 fake profiles from North Macedonia and Kosovo
"Facebook" removes 212 fake profiles from North Macedonia and Kosovo
In a recent report sent to the European Commission (EC), as a signatory to the Code of Practice Against Disinformation, Facebook says it has taken down eight coordinated networks of fake profiles from North Macedonia, Kosovo and Russia in the last few weeks. Facebook say the report explains that in total they removed over 2,000 profiles, pages and groups, 212 of which originated from Kosovo and North Macedonia, and 1,907 from Russia.
"We removed 212 Facebook Pages, Groups and accounts for engaging in coordinated inauthentic behavior that originated in Macedonia and Kosovo", says the report.
They add that the fraudulent profiles were administered by Facebook pages that spread the general content of topics from "astrology, celebrity and beauty tips". However, they also ran small number of Pages purporting to represent "political communities in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States — and posted about religious and political topics like nationalism, Islam, and political figures".
Around 40 Facebook pages and 172 fake profiles on Facebook and Instagram were followed by about 685,000 individual profiles.
At the same time, Facebook also removed 1,907 Facebook pages, groups and profiles originating from Russia mainly due to "spam" (massive dissemination of content that the recipient did not request) and to a small extent due to coordinated non-authentic behavior related to Russia.
"The individuals behind these activities used fake profiles mainly to manage groups and pages that were publishing spamming content. Additionally, a small number of them published content related to news and political developments in Ukraine, including the ongoing conflict in the eastern parts of Ukraine; then for local and regional policies; Ukrainian patriotism; refugees; Ukrainian Army; the situation in the Crimea; as well as corruption".
Much of the deleted content were Facebook groups – 1.757, then 86 pages and 64 profiles. "About 50,000 accounts followed one or more of these Pages and around 1.7 million accounts joined one or more of these Groups", the report said on Facebook.
In addition to Facebook, as signatories of the Code of Practice Against Disinformation, monthly reports to the EC have been submitted by "Twitter" and "Google".
The Commission, in a separate press release, said it appreciated their efforts to increase transparency ahead of the European elections, adding that all three companies now indicate who is behind the political advertisements published on their pages, and Facebook and Twitter already have libraries of all published political advertisements, while this functionality at Google is still in its testing phase.
However, the Commission estimates that further steps are needed, in particular with a view to publishing the methodology and sets of data on fake profiles and pages in order to enable independent experts, fact-checkers and researchers to carry out specific evaluations. The report also says that Google and Twitter have not made any progress in providing transparency in regard to advertisements relating to public interest and public policy issues that affect important debates over the election period.
Anti disinfo
Ванеса Кинг
The distance between the riots in Skopje and the mosque in Ohrid is 175 km and 100 light years
Through the tolls we pay for the loans, interests and commissions for the motorways (video + infographic)
From Domestic "Bombs" to a Russian Salad: Four Year's Audio Golgotha
The Law on Public Prosecution predicts integration of SPO into the...
Bulgarian portal falsely reports that Janeva has taken bribes
The leaders' meeting will not take place today as there are...
Serbian medium has published disinformation about Katica Janeva
Kako je makedonska Monika Makovej od simbola pravde postala "slučaj" u...
Tamara's omission while singing the national hymn has caused the Bulgarian...
Over 56% of citizens of Western Balkans countries want to join...
The roaming charges in the Western Balkans have dropped – soon...
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META STORY
Through the tolls we pay for the loans, interests and commissions...
The rise and fall of the railroad – train travel in...
Metamorphosis approach to fighting domestic and cross-border disinformation presented at POINT...
Prince Edward visits Macedonia again after 13 years


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Q: Anyone ever used boost::singleton together with boost::logger? i think it makes sense to use boost::singleton together with a boost::logger, so that all the objects in the executable can access the same logger and dump strings to it.
class logger_singleton
  : public boost::mutexed_singleton<logger_singleton>
{
  private
   boost::logger blogger;

  public:

    logger_singleton(boost::restricted);

    // public interface, e.g:
    int log_this_string(const std::string &a){blogger->strm()<<a;}
};

has anyone ever tried this and what do you think about it?

A: I don't think there is a boost logger library yet. If there were i suspect it would be designed such that using it with a singleton class as you describe would not be necessary.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


John Ong, an attorney based in the Charlotte office of Cranfill Sumner & Hartzog LLP, spoke today about Engineering Malpractice Law during a North Carolina Engineering Law Seminar in Chapel Hill.
John's speech addressed the current state of professional liability law, common sources of professional liability claims, defenses to liability claims and other legal issues involved in engineering malpractice.
The seminar, which was produced by HalfMoon Education, Inc., was held at the Courtyard by Marriott in Chapel Hill and provided continuing education hours for the engineers who attended.


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Eye, Brain, and Vision
Title Eye, Brain, and Vision (Scientific American Library, No 22)
Author(s) David H. Hubel
Publisher: W. H. Freeman; 2nd edition (May 15, 1995)
This book brings you to the edge of current knowledge about vision, and explores the tasks scientists face in deciphering the many remaining mysteries of vision and the workings of the human brain.
Hubel begins by explaining the structure and function of the retina and visual areas of the brain, then proceeds to more complex phenomena, such as how the brain and eyes together produce stereoscopic and color vision. A Nobel Prize winner who has studied vision for over 30 years, he combines expertise with lucid style and an ability to cut through details to the essential (and fascinating!) point. Unusually attractive, clear illustrations complement his discussion. This book, #22 in the "Scientific American Library" series, continues the tradition of making complex scientific topics understandable to the nonspecialist. Margery C. Coombs, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst Copyright 1988 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
For over thirty years, Nobel Prize winner David H. Hubel has been at the forefront of research on questions of vision. In Eye, Brain, and Vision, he brings you to the edge of current knowledge about vision, and explores the tasks scientists face in deciphering the many remaining mysteries of vision and the workings of the human brain.
David H. Hubel is John Enders University Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. With Torsten Wiesel, he won the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology in 1981 for pioneering research in vision.
Miscellaneous and Uncategorized Books
Eye, Brain, and Vision (David H. Hubel)
The Book Homepage
Mind, Body, World: Foundations of Cognitive Science
From Bricks to Brains: The Embodied Cognitive Science of LEGO Robots
Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms
Introduction to Machine Learning (Alex Smola, et al)
A Course in Machine Learning (Hal Daum III)