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The Lees
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The Lee Family Digital Archive is the largest online source for primary source materials concerning the Lee family of Virginia. It contains published and unpublished items, some well known to historians, others that are rare or have never before been put online. We are always looking for new letters, diaries, and books to add to our website. Do you have a rare item that you would like to donate or share with us? If so, please contact our editor, Colin Woodward, at (804) 493-1940, about how you can contribute to this historic project.
Fragment on Government by Robert E. Lee, undated [ca. 1865-1870]
The fathers of the Fedal Constitution, intended by the Confederation of the states, to provide a common agent for the equal benefit of the Confederated parties, exercising no powers, except those derived from their consent, & relying upon the beneficence of its action towards them as its only guarantee. It was not supposed that the Union thus formed was to be maintained by force but being created for the common happiness of the family of states, in which each member continued only because he chose to do so, there would be no danger of a dissolution, as the just & mutual advantages secured to all, would insure the desire to continue in it. Such was the Federal Union during the life of its Founders, a government deeply seated in the affections of the people, & therefore strong, productive of wealth & happiness, weak in aggression against the rights of the citizens, yet powerful for their defence against external enemies. The peculiar point in its structure was intended to be that, being forbidden to enforce the strong hands its authority upon the parties to it, it would be compelled to foster the motive of Compliance by becoming a minister of good & not of evil. Thus did our patriotic fathers attempt to secure the freedom of the parts & yet give unity to the whole. Had the same public virtue which created the Union Continued in its members, & had all its obligations been faithfully kept, it might have well been perpetuated. It was contended that the colonies of Great Britain at the close of the Revolutionary War were distinct & sovereign commonwealths, or separate nations, allied together, & were recognized as such by European powers. After some years of existence, they voluntarily formed a covenant, called the constitution of the U. states, which created a Government, resting upon this compact for its existence, rights, & the creature of the sovereign states which formed it; that This Compact conformed certain powers & duties upon the Central Govt: for Common purposes & reserved & prohibited the exercise of all other powers, leaving the several states or commonwealths the entire controul of their own affairs. They did not sacrifice their nature as Sovereignties, by acceding to the Federal union, but they conceded some of the functions of an independent nation, which were expressly defined, & retained all the rest. These principles were always maintained by the Commonwealth of Va: at all times, being solemnly asserted when she joined the Fedal Union, & repeatedly reaffirmed to the present time. They were in fact embodied in the constitution itself, by a formal amendment after it went into operation & have been professed by the dominant political party since the election of Mr Jefferson to the Presidency of the U.S. & by every administration of whatever party.
It was also held, that the Govt: being the creation of the states, & originating in a Covenant of their formation, derived its whole authority from its Conformity to the terms of the Covenant; That if the covenant was destroyed, the Govt was destroyed & its rightful title to allegiance annihilated; & that the states themselves were the judges of the rupture of the covenant & of the necessity & nature of redress. This right they held to be inherent in the states as originally sovereign. The silence of the Fedal constitution concerning this inalienable right of the states, is as incapable of implying anything against as for its exercise, & upon the integrity of their powers, rested the civil civic life of the American people.
This Conception of the Govt: was believed to be true both by the closest deduction of reason & by wellknown facts. One was the framers of the constitution themselves purposely left the Fedl Govt unclothed with any powers of Coercion over the states. The proposal to give this power was made by one, & was rejected by the rest. It was agreed that to give such a power to the central Govt: was inconsistent with the nature of the Govt designed, it would make it odious to the states, & destructive to republican freedom. The constitution was therefore not only silent as to any such power, but it was expressly declared on the completion of the document, that "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people." Another fact was, that when the state of Virga gave her adhesion to the Fedal Union, she embodied in her act of acceptance of the Constitution the condition, that she should be free to retract her adhesion whenever she found the Union inconvenient, of which she was to be the sole judge: & to resume her separate independence unmolested. Nor was she the only state which made the same reservation. New York & Rhode Island, now the greatest & smallest states, accepted the union on the Same Conditions. Virginia has from time to time reaffirmed this Condition in the most formal manner up to the present time, & contended that the right of the states to retire from the Fedal Union, when the compact was broken, was an inherent right, which could not be taken away by the constitution. The claim which they have to their present position, is derived from the doctrine, that the people of a commonwealth are entitled to change their form of Govt: whenever they judge it necessary for their welfare. The colonies acquired their independence in this manner, by a separation from the British Empire & declared themselves the very judges of its necessity. The formation of the U. States under its preset Constitution, was an act of separation or secession from the Confederation previously existing. The articles of confederation had been but recently perfected, & accepted by all the states with express understanding that "the union shall be perpetual". The Confederation did not dissolve, it did not grant its members leave to separate abandon it, but claimed perpetual existence. Yet one & another state left it to enter the new union when it saw fit, & one Rhode Island, did not transfer itself from the old to the new Compact for three years. It is absurd (erroneous) therefore to speak of a State Committing treason against the Govt of the U. States: The secession of a state from the union, is different from the separation of a Country from a state. No Country ever possessed sovereignty or independence, nor in the exercise of such powers ever entered into union. The only coercive force that could under the Constitution be brought to bear on the states, was moral force. The force of honour, covenan faith, affection, & self interest. The foundations of all free Govts. This was the strength its founders assigned it. If this failed it, then the fact was the evidence that it had ceased to fulfil the purposes of its creation & ought to perish. This species of Govt: perfect or imperfect, good or bad, was the
2. Govt
one to which the states were actually bound. This & no other form, was what they had pledged themselves to obey. In this way had the obligations which they had voluntarily assumed been explained, & this explanation had been accepted by all parties Virga first declared it in the act by which she entered the Fedal Union, repeated it in the resolutions of 1798-99 & had never ceased to reiterate.
1. "Erroneous" is written over "absurd." Lee intended it as a replacement, but did not strike out "absurd."
Source: Checked against original document, Mary Custis Lee Papers, Mss1 L5144 a, Section 20, Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Richmond
Transcribed by Colin Woodward, 2019 March 1
Lee Family Digital Archive
483 Great House Road
Stratford Virginia, 22558
JSHynson@stratfordhall.org
Website by Fresh Look Web Design


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Q: my messages aren't displaying on my show page i am making a simple chatroom application, the problem that i am having is that my messages aren't hitting the database when i check rails console. When i hit enter to submit my form the page reloads but no message displays. I permitted the message params in the messagesController params.require(:message).permit(:body) so i don't understand why my messages aren't showing up.
messages_controller.rb
class MessagesController < ApplicationController
  before_action :authenticate_user!
  before_action :set_chatroom

  def create
    message = @chatroom.messages.new(message_params)
    message.user == current_user

    message.save
    redirect_to @chatroom
  end

  private

    def set_chatroom
      @chatroom = Chatroom.find(params[:chatroom_id])
    end

    def message_params
      params.require(:message).permit(:body)
    end
end

show.html.erb

  Name:
  <%= @chatroom.name %>

    <% @chatroom.messages.order(created_at: :desc).limit(100).reverse.each do |message| %>

<%= message.user.username %> <%= message.body %>

    <% end %>

<%= form_for [@chatroom, Message.new] do |f| %>
    <%= f.text_area :body, rows: 1, class: "form-control", autofocus: true %>
    <%= f.submit %>
<% end %>

message.rb
class Message < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :chatroom
  belongs_to :user
end

chatrooms_controller.rb
class ChatroomsController < ApplicationController
  before_action :set_chatroom, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]

  # GET /chatrooms
  # GET /chatrooms.json
  def index
    @chatrooms = Chatroom.all
  end

  # GET /chatrooms/1
  # GET /chatrooms/1.json
  def show
  end

  # GET /chatrooms/new
  def new
    @chatroom = Chatroom.new
  end

  # GET /chatrooms/1/edit
  def edit
  end

  # POST /chatrooms
  # POST /chatrooms.json
  def create
    @chatroom = Chatroom.new(chatroom_params)

    respond_to do |format|
      if @chatroom.save
        format.html { redirect_to @chatroom, notice: 'Chatroom was successfully created.' }
        format.json { render :show, status: :created, location: @chatroom }
      else
        format.html { render :new }
        format.json { render json: @chatroom.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
      end
    end
  end

  # PATCH/PUT /chatrooms/1
  # PATCH/PUT /chatrooms/1.json
  def update
    respond_to do |format|
      if @chatroom.update(chatroom_params)
        format.html { redirect_to @chatroom, notice: 'Chatroom was successfully updated.' }
        format.json { render :show, status: :ok, location: @chatroom }
      else
        format.html { render :edit }
        format.json { render json: @chatroom.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
      end
    end
  end

  # DELETE /chatrooms/1
  # DELETE /chatrooms/1.json
  def destroy
    @chatroom.destroy
    respond_to do |format|
      format.html { redirect_to chatrooms_url, notice: 'Chatroom was successfully destroyed.' }
      format.json { head :no_content }
    end
  end

  private
    # Use callbacks to share common setup or constraints between actions.
    def set_chatroom
      @chatroom = Chatroom.find(params[:id])
    end

    # Never trust parameters from the scary internet, only allow the white list through.
    def chatroom_params
      params.require(:chatroom).permit(:name)
    end
end

chatroom_users_controller.rb
class ChatroomUsersController < ApplicationController
    before_action :authenticate_user!

    before_action :set_chatroom

    def create
        @chatroom_user = @chatroom.chatroom_users.where(user_id: current_user.id).first_or_create
        redirect_to @chatroom
    end

    def destroy
        @chatroom_user = @chatroom.chatroom_users(user_id: current_user.id).destroy_all
    redirect_to chatrooms_path
    end

    private

    def set_chatroom
        @chatroom = Chatroom.find(params[:chatroom_id])

    end
end

A: Messages are not being saved in the DB because of a validation error caused by blank user_id.
Check this line in create action of MessagesController:
message.user == current_user

It should be:
message.user = current_user

The first one is checking if message.user is equal to current_user; the second one assigns current_user to message_user.
Once you properly set message.user the message will be saved in the DB.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
An Army of Change
Between budget cuts and suggestions that the Navy and Air Force have their pulse on the future, do the U.S. Army and Marines face bleak prospects?
Jeff Shear
As U.S. soldiers pull out of Iraq this December, and with 33,000 more scheduled to leave Afghanistan by the fall of 2012, American land forces may find themselves the victims of their own success. The budget deal signed by the president in August promises big cuts in defense dollars, and the burden of leaner budgets is expected to fall on the troops. A key Pentagon review published last year signaled that the future belongs largely to the Navy and the Air Force; Libya seems a proving ground for the use of U.S. air and naval power (combined with that of their NATO peers) fighting to overthrow dictator Muammar Gadhafi without putting U.S. boots on the ground.
"Couple [those conditions] with statements by the president and the secretary of defense that imply a very limited mandate for using land forces in the future, and the Army and Marine Corps are in what I call, the 'relevance fight,'" says Nathan Freier, a senior fellow at the national security-oriented Center for Strategic and International Studies, a think tank in Washington, D.C.
In a forecast paper, Freier and CSIS director Maren Leed wrote, "Outgoing Secretary of Defense Robert Gates argued in February that future high-end engagements would principally be the purview of naval and air forces, implying that the Army and Marine Corps would be bit players at best in tomorrow's wars." The likelihood of the U.S. becoming involved in another Iraq/Afghanistan conflict is considered remote and politically unacceptable. Not only will forces be cut, but their mission will be called into question.
But supporters of a large land-based military promise a fight. "Numbers matter," says Thomas Donnelly, who heads the Center for Defense Studies at the conservative American Enterprise Institute. He says the need for more troops became apparent as land forces were shifted from Iraq to Afghanistan. "We could not provide decisive land power in Iraq and Afghanistan at the same time." His concerns go beyond Freier's. "Since 9/11, we've been pushing ground forces to the brink. We've used everything that we have and used it a lot."
In his view, land forces actually need to grow. "A too small, worn-down fighting force strikes me as a dangerous threshold."
Freier call this "a historical break point, especially for the Army." In an email, he wrote, "The human, fiscal, material and political cost of extended wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are forcing influential constituencies to question future Army/Marine Corps participation in the type of nasty 'small wars' we have witnessed over the last 10 years."
Land forces may be losing out in other ways, too. The discussion now in the Pentagon is how to reduce our reliance on those land forces. After World War II, for instance, the Army stopped employing horses, and, beginning with the war in Vietnam, the Cavalry charged into battle using helicopters. The trend now is to swap soldiers for machines. When Iraq was invaded, the military did not use unmanned ground vehicles. Eight years later, there are more than 12,000 such ground systems in use.
"The only part of the defense budget that's growing right now is for unmanned systems and cyberwarfare," says Peter Singer, director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at the Brookings Institute, a progressive Washington think tank.
Speaking at Brookings in July, Ashton Carter, undersecretary of defense for acquisition, technology and logistics, made clear that the search was on for "capabilities" that would reduce the U.S. reliance on land forces. Many tasks in Afghanistan, he said, "don't require either uniforms or physical presence." He cited the example of drone warfare. Contingency contractors, he said, were taking over the delivery of services. "[C]ivilian contractor performance of nonmilitary tasks can compensate for lower force levels."
Most of all, it was the August budget deal that put military spending in its sights, taking direct aim at land forces. The budget agreement calls for a bipartisan congressional "super committee" to come up with $1.2 trillion in budget cuts by November. Should the committee fail to agree on a plan, it will trigger automatic cuts, half of which must come from the budget line for "security spending," which goes in large part to the Defense Department.
What those cuts will mean was debated even before the Aug. 2 debt ceiling deadline. A week before the final budget deal, as the Senate Armed Services Committee held confirmation hearings for the incoming chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Army General Martin Dempsey, confusion reigned. "What makes this budget discussion different," Dempsey told the committee, "is that we're doing all this while we're still actively engaged in conflict. That adds a degree of complexity and a degree of uncertainty that we can't discount."
Dempsey had land forces on his mind. "If we try to artificially preserve manpower," Dempsey said, "we will suffer the consequence in modernization, operations, maintenance and training. Conversely, if we just go after manpower, it won't make any sense to have those resources in operations, maintenance and training."
In the end, the final budget deal was so topsy-turvy that it may have been meaningless, says international relations professor Gordon Adams. What is more, the changes faced by the military were not due until 2013, after the next presidential election cycle. The entire brouhaha over defense was aimed at avoiding tough budget choices and pushing the decisions past the next presidential election cycle.
"The numbers in the budget are political numbers," Adams said. "The warranty on this bill says 'good for two years, after that come back.'"
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MilitaryGovernmentMilitary SpendingBudgetArmed Forces
Starry, Starry Skies
California desert town takes back the night, wins rare "Dark Sky" award
What Is the Future of Paid Parental Leave in America?
The U.S. has a rough track record with how it treats new parents, but there are reasons to believe that this could soon be a thing of the past.
These Maps Show What Graham-Cassidy Would Mean for Your State
A new report concludes that the Graham-Cassidy proposal would reduce federal funding to states by $215 billion by 2026.
The Fault in Our Star Names
The International Astronomical Union has established a committee to finalize a list of official star names. Some companies offer unofficial naming rights for purchase. But the voices of certain communities are often left behind.
How Much Can Dietary Changes and Food Production Practices Help Mitigate Climate Change?
Food policy experts weigh in on the possibilities of individual diet choices and sustainable production methods.
Unseen America
Las Manos Jóvenes Que Nos Alimentan
Se calcula que 524,000 niños trabajan inimaginables largas horas en los agotadores campos agrícolas de Estados Unidos, y todo es perfectamente legal.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Feel-Good Quotes About Happiness: Looking for Feel-Good Quotes, We are providing Collection of Feel-Good Quotes About Happiness. Choose your Good Quotes and share.
I think it's time to be happy again.
Life is short, Time is fast, No replay, No rewind, So enjoy every moment as it comes.
New year, New feels New chances. Same dreams, Fresh start.
Happiness is a perfume. You cannot pour on others without getting a few drops on yourself.
Do good for others. It will come back in unexpected ways.
I think the hardest person to love is you.
Come on buddy! Let us rejoice and play each other with colours and make our life colourful.
Eliminating the things you love is not wellness. Wellness feeds your soul and makes you feel good.
Men are made stronger on the realization that the helping hand they need is at the end of their own arm.
Real beauty is to be true to oneself. That's what makes me feel good.
Do something special for someone today: just gives them a smile and you will be amazed at how much of a difference it makes.
People who produce good results feel good about themselves.
Good friends are like stars. You don't always see them but you know they 're always there.
When you look good, you feel good. Confidence with what you're wearing is very important. If you feel good, you will always perform your best without worrying about anything.
Your dreams don't have to be lofty; they just have to be lived.
Do you want to feel good, or do you want to do good?
Follow what feels good in the moment, every moment, and it will lead you through a most excellent life.


This is a uniform card that will be issued by the Iowa Department of Public Safety after January 1, 2018. This card will be mailed directly to the mailing address provided by the applicant.
Handgun safety training course for security guards, investigators, or special deputies, if such course has been approved by the Iowa Department of Public Safety.
Permit is good for 5 years.
Applications are made on forms provided by the Sheriff's Office, and must include proof of training and a valid photo I.D. issued by the state DOT. Upon submission, the necessary background checks will be conducted by the Sheriff, which may take up to 30 days to process. Permits are $50 for new applications, $25 for renewals and are valid for five years. A laminated permit is available for an additional $10 fee.
- has within the past three years been convicted of assault, harassment, hazing, stalking or other chapter 708 crime(s), except simple misdemeanors.
charged or convicted of an aggravated misdemeanor or felony.
a user of depressants, narcotics, or drugs.
a person adjudicated mentally impaired or committed to a mental treatment institution.
not a citizen of the United States.
dishonorably discharged from military service.
convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence.
A permit to carry allows a person to carry "dangerous weapons," which is an instrument or device designed primarily for use in inflicting death or injury on persons or animals or is capable of or used in such a manner as to inflict death upon persons. This generally includes handguns, rifles, shot guns, Taser-type devices, and knives with blades longer than five inches. The permit does not allow a person to carry "offensive weapons" which are things like machine guns, short-barreled rifles or shot guns, weapons with a barrel or tube with the bore of more than six-tenths of an inch in diameter, bombs, grenades, mines, rockets, missiles, ballistic knives, flamethrowers or silencers.
A person holding a permit to carry need not obtain a separate permit to acquire.
Permits are not valid when a person is under the influence or intoxicated by alcohol or drugs, or when there are any drugs in the person's system. Many drugs remain in the body up to 30 days after ingestion.
A private property owner or business is entitled to ban weapons from their premises, and may legally ask you to remove a weapon from their premise even if you have a valid permit. Also note that bringing a weapon into some businesses (i.e. convenience stores, banks) may invite a police response due to the nature of the business conducted or an employee's concerns for their safety and the safety of their patrons.
Permits in other states are recognized as valid; however, an Iowa permit is not necessarily recognized by other states. If travel is anticipated, it is wise to check the laws of the other jurisdictions to determine if an Iowa permit is recognized.
Violation of the terms of the permit or the occurrence of an event that makes a person ineligible for a permit (i.e., arrest for a disqualifying offense or act that causes the Sheriff to believe the permit holder may use a weapon unlawfully or in a manner to endanger the person's self or others) will result in suspension of the permit until disposition of the matter, at which time the permit will be revoked unless due to acquittal the permit may be re-instated. The Sheriff may conduct periodic checks to determine if suspension or revocation is appropriate.
Weapons require a great deal of responsibility. It is important to safeguard a weapon so that it is not stolen or used against you. Most importantly, a permit to carry does not authorize a person to use a weapon in most circumstances. The law is very precise about when such force is justified. Guidance on that issue should be covered during your training. It is also important to note that even if use of a weapon is justified, it often may not be the wisest course of action, and may carry criminal and/or civil consequences.
Effective July 1, 2017, there is a 60 day renewal window. A person wishing to renew a Permit to Carry Weapons must apply within 30 days before the permit expires, or within 30 days after the permit expires, otherwise the higher NEW permit fee must be charged.
** Please note that while a permit can be renewed within 30 days after it expires, a person whose permit has expired should not go armed in a fashion that requires a permit until a person has renewed their permit.
A person who holds (or held) a permit issued on or after 1/1/2011 is not required to complete another training course to renew or obtain a new permit to carry weapons, however, please note that even though re‐training is not required, completing another training course or taking other steps to learn about law changes could be highly beneficial to a person who intends to go armed.
A new applicant simply has to show he/she has completed training by one of the approved instructors.


text:
Short-Term Loan Solutions
Securing a succession of small loans can help you cover expenses while building revenues
By David Newton • May 5, 2006 Originally published Sep 9, 2003
Can a business borrow some money for the short-term to helpcover expenses while building revenues? Yes, and the way to do thistype of deal is to secure three or four investors to lend yourbusiness funds as part of an overall one-year to 18-month plan. Thebig picture is that this format is really a series of short-termloans perfectly sequenced to fit end to end. There are manycompanies who have used this successfully to keep cash flow flowingwhile they build and implement the firm's sales and marketingplan. The first four or five monthly payments can actually be madefrom the proceeds of the loan, provided there is a successor loanset to kick in on the back-end of each credit extension. And ownersshould understand that each successive round of funding should bean increased level compared to the prior level. There aresignificant risks involved in pursuing this kind of a deal, butthere are also some very attractive potential benefits that buyyour company some time to get established in the market.
Here's how it can work. A company sets up a three-month lineof credit for, say, $35,000 (must be repaid in full in 90 days).The annual equivalent interest at 7 percent is around $2,400, so itcosts about $200 per month "interest-only" for the firstthree months the $35,000 is accessed. The company sets aside $5,000to make a 90-day principal payment that could trigger a 30- or60-day extension of the original terms. This serves as a fallbackposition in case the subsequent second loan is not ready for somereason on the 91st day. The company can now use more than $29,000for operations over the next 90 days, and even without revenue, itcan make the $200 interest-only payments each month and have $5,000set aside to make a principal reduction payment in case they needto keep this line open for another one to two months.
At the 91st day, a second lender steps in with perhaps a $50,000working capital credit line for another 120 days. This loan isfully amortized over the four months and requires monthly paymentsof $12,682 (principal and interest) to stay in good standing. Thefirst month's payment is held in a money market account forthat initial payment due in 30 days. Now the company has use ofaround $25,000 (half the loan) for 60 days until payment number twois due, and another $12,000 for the following 30 days out to theend of the third month. By then, the firm will have secured a fewearly sales on its marketing plan, and a few of these will havealready been collected and can be used to pay for some operationsitems.
New sales are then stockpiled toward the final $12,682 paymentthat fully retires the loan, and the third short-term loan is thenset to begin. This time, the company now has two positive creditratings on its record and qualifies with another line for $100,000and a one-year term, and perhaps the loan is now structured asinterest-only on a quarterly basis. That requires payments of onlyaround $600 per month, and the firm could hold back one-third($33,000) of these funds to make a "good faith" principalpayment in the fifth or sixth month. This demonstrates to thelender that the company can handle its debt service and principal,and it helps build a very favorable credit rating for the firm.
There are risks, of course. If the firm does not generate salesand any loan cannot be extended, and all the loan proceeds havealready been spent, then the lender will foreclose on the principaland the owner(s) could be personally liable for repayment, orassets pledged as collateral could be seized to repay theprincipal. But these risks are manageable if the owners don'tuse all the funds at each access point and reserve a portion of theprincipal for monthly debt service and/or a "good faith"early principal portion repayment.
David Newton is a professor of entrepreneurial finance andhead of the entrepreneurship program, which he founded in 1990, atWestmont College in Santa Barbara, California. The author of fourbooks on both entrepreneurship and finance investments, David wasformerly a contributing editor on growth capital for IndustryWeek Growing Companies magazine and has contributed to suchpublications as Entrepreneur, Your Money,Success, Red Herring, Business Week, Inc.and Solutions. He's also consulted to nearly 100emerging, fast-growth entrepreneurial ventures since 1984.
The opinions expressed in this column are thoseof the author, not of Entrepreneur.com. All answers are intended tobe general in nature, without regard to specific geographical areasor circumstances, and should only be relied upon after consultingan appropriate expert, such as an attorney oraccountant.
David Newton
David Newton is a professor of entrepreneurial finance and head of the entrepreneurship program, which he founded in 1990, at Westmont College in Santa Barbara, California. The author of four books on both entrepreneurship and finance investments, David was formerly a contributing editor on growth capital for Industry Week Growing Companies magazine and has contributed to such publications as Entrepreneur, Your Money, Success, Red Herring, Business Week, Inc. and Solutions. He's also consulted to nearly 100 emerging, fast-growth entrepreneurial ventures since 1984.
Financing Finance


text:
SK Modified Point Battle Heats Up Heading Into Saturday At New London-Waterford Speedbowl
September 1, 2016 by RaceDayCT Staff Report Leave a Comment
(Press Release from New London-Waterford Speedbowl)
Keith Rocco (88) and Dennis Perry (21) in action in the SK Modified division at the New London-Waterford Speedbowl (Photo: New London-Waterford Speedbowl/Driscoll MotorSports Photography)
If you talk about the New London Waterford Speedbowl SK Modified points battle with Dennis Perry, it will be a short conversation.
He doesn't want to talk about it. He doesn't want to know about it. And if you bring the point race up, he will quickly change the subject.
"For us, it's all about getting a win," the Pawcatuck driver said. "We never planned on running for points and I don't even look at the standings. Somebody sent me a copy last week, and as soon as I knew what it was, I got rid of it."
If he did sneak a glance at the standings, however, Perry might like what he sees. He'll go into Saturday's 35-lap SK Modified feature with a two-point lead over Keith Rocco, a five-point lead over Joe Gada and a 10-point cushion over Tyler Chadwick.
He would rather talk about getting his first win in Waterford's SK Modifieds, however, than winning his first championship.
"We're going to do what we always do," Perry said. "We plan on going to the front as quickly as we can. Usually the car that gets to the front first is the car that's going to win. If you let guys like Ted Christopher and Keith Rocco get to the front before you do, the odds of catching them aren't too good."
While Perry has been shut of the win column this season, he has come close. He has racked up two seconds, two thirds and nine Top 5s in 16 races. He's been out of the Top 10 only once all season.
"And the worst part is, on that night we were leading that race when our car broke," Perry said. "If we could have won that night, it would have changed the entire scenario. "There have been two other races in which Perry's car suffered significant damage and it looked like he would be out of the race, but he came back to record Top 10 finishes.
"I'm proud of what we've been able to accomplish on the small budget that we run on," Perry said. "We build our own stuff, so we're used to fixing things. Some teams need to bolt on new parts when they get in trouble. We just fix what we have and keep going."
His cousins Norm and Shelly Perry and George Wilkerson make up Perry's team.
"Norm owns the car, but it's a group of people that have been around for a long time," Perry said. "They have a lot of experience."
This year the crew members also have the experience of running for a track championship — even though they aren't allowed to talk about it.
In addition to the SK Modifieds, the Sunoco Late Models, Limited Sportsmen, Mini Stocks, the Magnus Racing Products SK Lights and the NEMA Lights will be competing Saturday. The action gets under way with qualifying at 5:15 p.m.
Here's a rundown of the other divisions.
Sunoco Late Models: Keith Rocco is sizzling hot, with five wins in the last seven races. He has finished 11 of 13 races this season in the Top 5.
Anthony Flannery trails Rocco by 20 points after finishing 11th in the last Late Models race, his worst finish of the season.
Limited Sportman: Chris Meyer is the division's hottest driver with seven consecutive Top 3 podium finishes. He has three wins, three seconds and a third place in that stretch. Meyer, however, still trails Al Stone by 20 points with four races left.
Mini Stocks: Rookie driver Jacob Perry collected his second win of the season last week and is in seventh place in the standings, only eight points out of fifth.
Point leader Wayne Burroughs has back-to-back second-place finishes, however, and leads five-time champ Ken Cassidy by 12 points.
Magnus Racing Products SK Lights: Tony Membrino Jr. snapped a five-race winless streak Saturday for his fifth win of the season. Membrino started the year with four straight wins and leads Corey Barry by 20 points. The hottest driver is Cory Dimatteo, who has five straight Top 5 finishes, including two wins.
NEMA Lights: The division heads to the Speedbowl for the third time this season. Past winners have been 13-year-old Ryan Locke and P.J. Stergios. Jim Chambers is the point leader.
Filed Under: New London-Waterford Speedbowl, News


text:
Google Doesn't Want to Be Just Another Advertising Company
Google's cloud boss, Urs Holzle, believes Cloud Platform could be bigger than Google's ad business.
Adam Levy
(TMFnCaffeine)
Dec 2, 2015 at 10:03AM
Follow @@admlvy
Google's "Actual Cloud Platform" makes real clouds! Image source: Google.
The business model of many Internet-based businesses is to gather an audience and sell ads to businesses that want to reach that audience. It's the business model that propelled Google, an Alphabet (NASDAQ:GOOG) (NASDAQ:GOOGL) company, to $66 billion in revenue last year; 89% of that revenue came from advertisers.
But Google isn't any old Internet company. The company runs a cloud computing division like many other leaders in the software and Internet-based business space. The Google Cloud Platform competes directly with Amazon's (NASDAQ:AMZN) AWS and Microsoft's (NASDAQ:MSFT) Azure. And the head of Google's cloud division, Urs Holzle, believes the cloud business could be bigger than Google's ad business by 2020. "The goal is for us to talk about Google as a cloud company by 2020," Holzle reportedly said at a conference on Nov. 18.
The competition is way ahead of Google
Google is admittedly playing from behind. Both Amazon and Microsoft have loads of enterprise customers for their respective cloud businesses, and they have become increasingly focused on growing their cloud platforms over the last few years.
Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella is on a mission to transform Microsoft from a client services business based on PC software to a cloud services business focusing on multiple devices. As a result, the company has been building out its cloud infrastructure for its own purposes and signing up new enterprise customers to its Azure service.
Amazon, meanwhile, started reporting results for its cloud platform, displaying a lot of confidence in the future of its cloud division. Amazon typically doesn't report any more details about its business than it's required to, but its decision to split out AWS revenue both appeased investors and instilled confidence in the future of the company. AWS continues to roll out new products to turn its platform into a one-stop shop for cloud services.
Last quarter, AWS produced $2.1 billion in revenue, up 78% year over year. Its operating profit margin grew significantly, up from 8.3% to 25% over the last year. And it's still growing -- it improved by 3.6 percentage points last quarter. The Information [subscription required] reports Google generates just 6% of the revenue from its Cloud Platform as AWS does, with the Google number to be less than $500 million this year.
Getting serious about the cloud
Google, for its part, says it probably has the fastest-growing cloud business in the market. Holzle compared Google's position in cloud to its early position in smartphones with Android. While Android started out behind, it's grown to become the most popular operating system in the world.
In order to compete with Microsoft and Amazon, Google recently hired Diane Greene -- founder and former CEO of VMware. Greene will take over as head of Google's cloud business, clearing up time for Hölzle to concentrate on other goals in his role as vice president of technical infrastructure. Google hopes Greene's expertise will help make its cloud service more appealing to big enterprise companies, where most of the industry growth will come from in the near future.
Is Urs Holzle out of his mind?
Holzle's belief that Google's cloud business could surpass its advertising business would require either a miracle or a disaster (or both). With $60 billion in advertising revenue last year, Google's Cloud Platform would have to grow its revenue 160% every year for the next five years just to reach the same level of revenue as its advertising business in 2014. While Google might have the fastest growth rate in the industry, it's unlikely to be able to sustain such growth as the business expands.
For perspective, Gartner estimates that Amazon, the market leader, will generate nearly $50 billion in 2020 from AWS. A goal to surpass Amazon in the next five years is one thing, actually doing it is quite another.
The other possibility is that Google's advertising business starts to tank. And while Google has a lot of competition from other digital advertising companies, especially as users shift to mobile devices over desktops, its ad revenue looks poised to continue growing as digital takes ad share from more traditional media.
In other words, it's not going to happen. Google's Cloud Platform will not surpass Google's advertising business. But that doesn't mean it won't grow to become a much more significant part of Google's business. Diversifying away from advertising will be great for Alphabet investors, reducing the seasonality of Google's business and reducing the threat of competitors in the advertising space.
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text:
Q: Remove First 8 columns from ls Output with AWK I would like to use AWK to remove the first 8 columns from the following output:

ls -l

lrwxrwxrwx 1 user user   23 jul 27 00:04 file1.pdf
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user  107 may  8 13:59 file 2 with spaces.mp3
lrwxrwxrwx 1 user user   11 jul 24 19:43 file3-with-hyphens.txt
lrwxrwxrwx 1 user user   11 jul 24 19:43 and_another_file4_with_underscores.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user  107 may  8 13:59 file 5 with way more spaces than the rest.mp3

and send the result to a text file. I can do that manually in vim with visual block select,
however I would prefer to have a script to do it automatically.
Looking around I was able to find
this page where, by changing the relevant parts of the 9th example and piping the output to itself as many times as required, I was able to get the desired result, but I feel that there must be a better (more elegant and/or compact) way to do it but haven't been able to find it or come up with my own.
My final code is the following:
awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++)if(i!=x)f=f?f FS $i:$i;print f;f=""}' x=1 ~/file_folder_content.txt | awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++)if(i!=x)f=f?f FS $i:$i;print f;f=""}' x=1 | ... | awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++)if(i!=x)f=f?f FS $i:$i;print f;f=""}' x=1 >> ~/file_folder_content.txt

Note 1: I expect the actual output from the ls command to be much larger than this.
Note 2: I tried to print the 9th field, but since some file names contain spaces, this only prints the first word in the file name.

A: This should do what you want in awk:
ls -l | awk '$9~/./{for (i=1;i<9;i++){$i=""}; gsub(/^ +/,""); print}'

Here's a slightly different approach in perl:
ls -l | perl -lane 'if ($F[7]=~/./) {s/.*$F[7]//; print}'

Note: I cannot but recommend you think thoroghly about what you actually want to achieve, since there might be better ways. As mentioned by @confetti, just printing the filenames is more straighforwardly accomplished with ls -1.
Note: As correctly pointed out in the comments, this solution is not robust. I would add that no parsing of ls can be considered safe and sound.
Learning AWK: Since the OP explained in the comments that this question is part of a broader quest to become proficient in AWK, I have a few recommendations.

*

*Go through this fine AWK tutorial

*Keep this reference guide always open

*Read this short article on AWK's built-in variables

*Study some of the countless answers to AWK questions on StackExchange

*Consider the alternatives, summarised here

A: This looks like an XY problem. ls -1 should print what you want. This option is required by POSIX so it's unlikely your ls doesn't support it.
However if you're about to parse the result, you shouldn't use ls at all. Use find, preferably with -print0 action.
So ls is not the right tool. If you insist on parsing the bare ls output anyway, then awk may not be the right tool either. Reasoning:

*

*Your columns are separated by spaces; sometimes there are two or three consecutive spaces, this differs from line to line. So with this naive separator a filename in one line may begin at Nth column, while in another line it's at (N+1)th column.

*You can tell awk to treat multiple spaces as one separator (awk -F ' +') but this will mangle filenames with many consecutive spaces.

*So you need some logic to identify where a filename starts in every single line. This can be done (I believe awk is Turing complete), I can't give you any working solution though.

Even the output of ls -1 shouldn't be parsed, ls -l is worse.


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Series Preview: Marlins at Cardinals
The Marlins and Cardinals will begin another series in St. Louis at Busch Stadium on Monday
By Larry Walansky	• Published June 17, 2019 • Updated on June 17, 2019 at 12:12 pm
The Miami Marlins will take on the St. Louis Cardinals in a four-game series beginning on Monday.
This will be the second series between the teams in a week, after the Cardinals took two of three in Miami. The Marlins went 2-7 overall on the recent homestand and will be looking for better results during this seven-game trip. After visiting the Cardinals, Miami will make a stop in Philadelphia for three with the Phillies.
Elieser Hernandez's latest stint in the big leagues will continue with a start on Monday. Hernandez is currently filling in for Caleb Smith and he was decent in an outing last week. The 24-year old allowed three runs on five hits in 5.2 innings of work against the Cardinals in that start. The right-hander is 0-1 with a 5.87 E.R.A. in limited major league work this year.
Jordan Yamamoto's big-league debut went about as well as possible and he will have another opportunity on Tuesday. Yamamoto shut the Cardinals out for seven innings and only allowed three hits along the way. The right-hander could have a chance to stay in the rotation, as Jose Urena will miss significant time with a back injury.
Florida 32 mins ago
hit-and-run 32 mins ago
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Trevor Richards will be coming off a rough outing, when he starts on Wednesday. Richards leads Miami with a 3.68 E.R.A and he continues to do a good job of keeping the ball in the park. Richards has allowed one home run in his last five starts combined, after allowing eight in his first five outings. The right-hander took on the Cardinals twice last year and the results were subpar.
Pablo Lopez's strong streak of starts continued against the Pittsburgh Pirates on Saturday. The right-hander will be back on the mound for Thursday's series finale and will be looking for a fifth consecutive quality start. Lopez faced St. Louis last year and dominated them over seven innings of work. The Cardinals' current roster is hitting .143 against Lopez in 28 at-bats.
Garrett Cooper is having a big month and he could end up being Miami's representative at the All-Star Game. Cooper is hitting .392 in June, which has lifted his season average to .306. Cooper has also hit three home runs this month and that has doubled his season total. The 28-year old has hit safely in nine straight games and had a pair of three-hit contests during that span.
Cooper is not the only Marlin swinging a hot bat, as Harold Ramirez has also heated up. Ramirez is hitting .375 over the past week and he had two multi-hit games in the series with Pittsburgh. The outfielder is hitting .325 this season and he has brought home 16 runs in his 30 games played.
The four-game series will begin on Monday at 8:15 p.m.
MiamiPhiladelphiainjuryPittsburghSt. Louis


Dear reader, I feel it is incumbent upon me to inform you about umami, the fifth sense of taste. You may have heard of umami already – it is a buzz word in culinary circles in the western hemisphere, even though it is old news in much of the eastern hemisphere. Unlike other, lesser food writers, I will not just inform you about the history and scientific nature of umami, but I will also instruct you on how to utilize this knowledge in your kitchen in view of improving the flavour of your food and, ultimately, the quality of your life.
Umami is a hot topic in the western hemisphere because scientists confirmed its existence only very recently – in 2001 to be exact. Yet, the concept of umami is one century old. A Japanese chemist called Kikunae Ikeda first documented umami in 1908. Professor Ikeda was intrigued by what made dashi – a broth made with a type of seaweed called kombu – so delicious. Ikeda was gifted with a highly discerning pallet; in dashi, he was certain that there was a taste component that was neither sweet, nor sour, nor salty, nor bitter. He eventually isolated a substance that was unusually abundant in kombu and that appeared to stimulate this fifth taste: monosodium glutamate (MSG). He noticed that the flavour of many savoury foodstuffs was enhanced when sprinkled with this substance. Hence, he dubbed the taste MSG imparted umami, Japanese for "delicious".
Ikeda immediately embarked on a mission to save Japan from the blight of blandness by finding a cheap way of producing MSG. Within a year, he discovered that large quantities glutamate could be obtained by fermenting wheat gluten. The fermented gluten, when mixed with brine (water with lots of sea salt) would yield monosodium glutamate – the glutamate from the gluten would bind with the sodium ions floating in the brine. He began to market the product under the name Aji-no-moto or "the essence of taste". The product took most of East Asia by storm and the humble chemist became a very wealthy man.
MSG did not cross the Pacific until after the Second World War. According to legend, American soldiers stationed in Japan, tired of Uncle Sam's rations, began trying some of the rations the demobilized Japanese army had left behind. They found the Japanese rations to be absolutely delicious! Undoubtedly, this was because they were loaded with umami-tingling, MSG-laden treats. Upon completing their tour of duty, the legend goes, the soldiers went back to America with a collective addiction to instant ramen noodles. It would not take long for instant ramen, and their magic ingredient, to follow the soldiers back to the land of apple pie, where both would proliferate rapidly.
Initially, Americans, or at least the burgeoning American processed food industry, embraced MSG with great zeal. Alas, the honeymoon with this magical substance, which had the power to impart flavour to even the blandest can of soup, ended abruptly in the late 1960s. A Chinese-born American physician, Dr Ho Man Kwok, wrote a letter to a medical journal in 1968 in which he described a set of symptoms that he experienced whenever he ate at a Chinese restaurant. The symptoms, which began appearing within 20 minutes of starting a meal, included "numbness at the back of the neck, gradually radiating to both arms and the back, general weakness and palpitations…". Interestingly, Dr Ho did not implicate MSG as the cause of these symptoms. Other scientists and the media began investigating other reports of similar symptoms; the phenomenon was soon dubbed "Chinese Restaurant Syndrome" (CRS). MSG, a substance used widely and generously by Chinese restaurants, was singled out as the culprit. Mass panic ensued. Bans and labeling requirements on products containing MSG soon appeared in several western countries. Chinese restaurants across the western hemisphere started offering no-MSG options (and, some claim, often using MSG anyway). Meanwhile, people in East Asia continued wolfing down truckloads of Aji-no-moto with reckless abandon, totally un-phased by CRS.
The hysteria surrounding MSG appears to be completely unwarranted. In the 40 years since Dr Ho wrote his letter, science has repeatedly failed to conclusively link MSG to any health problem. MSG's bad rep in the west is undoubtedly related to the popular misconception that it is a synthetic chemical, like the many dyes and preservatives commonly added to processed food. Yet, the molecule at the heart of MSG, glutamate, is nothing other than an amino acid - one of twenty that make up the proteins in our bodies. In fact, our bodies produce it.
Glutamate abounds naturally in many foods, although most of it is locked within proteins. Some foods, however, contain significant amounts of glutamate on its own, not bound to any protein – called free glutamate. Kombu is one such food; there are many others (see Table 1). Generally, fermenting, curing, and cooking foods with protein-bound glutamate releases free glutamate and therefore imparts umami taste. Curiously, the consumption of Roquefort and Parmesan cheese has never been linked to CRS.
Before I tell how to utilize this newfound knowledge of umami in your kitchen, I would first like to briefly discuss with you the basic science of flavour. An understanding of the rudimentary mental underpinnings of flavour will allow you to better manipulate this perception.
Flavour is frequently confounded with taste. Strictly speaking, taste is the aspect of food that you detect with your tongue. There are foods that have taste but no flavour – take pure white sugar or salt for example. We humans detect a total of only five tastes: the traditional four – i.e., sweet, sour, salty, bitter – and of course umami. To have flavour, a comestible item must simultaneously stimulate our taste receptors and our smell receptors (see Diagram A). Our smell receptors recognize thousands of different odors.
There are two distinct ways to heighten the perceived flavour of a foodstuff: (1) to heighten the taste or (2) to heighten the smell. Generally, the former is much easier than the latter, as we have access to odorless substances such as sugar, salt, and indeed MSG which can augment taste (and therefore the flavour) without altering the overall smell of a food.
Something very interesting happens when you pursue the first strategy. If you heighten only the taste of a food, you will perceive an increase in both taste and odor. For example, if you are eating bland strawberries and you sprinkle them with some sugar, their perfume will seem more vivid. The inverse also works: if you strengthen only the odor of a food, you will have the impression that it also has more taste. To use the strawberry example again, if you have fresh, ripe strawberries with a strong perfume, they will taste sweeter than bland strawberries even if the actual sugar content in both is the same.
So, by heightening any of the five tastes in a food, you will increase the flavour and you will have the impression that the food has more odor, or aroma if you prefer (see Diagram B). You are undoubtedly already accustomed to adjusting especially the saltiness and sweetness of foods. I encourage you to also learn how to adjust the "umaminess" of foods, especially savoury foods.
Adjusting umami in a savoury dish, just like salting, will extend the flavour of the dish (see Understanding Flavour). In fact, by increasing the umami in a dish, you can reduce the need for salting. (As you have probably been warned, your salt intake is likely to be inversely proportional to your lifespan.) Obviously, you could just add Accent, the North American brand of pure MSG, to your cooking. However, even though there may be no health risks, I do not advocate the use of pure MSG. Instead, I propose manipulating the umami taste through the use of ingredients inherently rich in free glutamate.
Know your free glutamate sources. Keep them stocked in your kitchen. This is your Umami Arsenal.
Use multiple weapons from your Umami Arsenal. You can maximize umami taste by combining several free glutamate-rich ingredients. Its better to combine a few rather than to max one particular ingredient.
Looking at this list, you can see why, for instance, Caesar salad is so delicious. It contains three umami bombs: anchovies, Parmesan, and bacon. Traditional miso soup also caries a nice umami payload: kombu, miso paste, and shitake mushrooms. Add some shoyu (Japanese soy sauce) or tamari and you will be blasted to a four-dimensional umami paradise.
Cured meats as well as anchovies can be used especially in soups and sauces. The process of making many soups and sauces begins with sautéing aromatic vegetables, particularly onions and garlic. Before adding the vegetables to the pan, you can add a small amount of one of the cured meats listed above, finely chopped. You can also add a few anchovy fillets, which will dissolve in the oil on the pan within a minute or two. Do not fret about using anchovies – if you add only a few filets (say, three or four), they will not taint your dish with a fishy smell. Note that both cured meats and anchovies are salty; when you are seasoning your dish, be careful not to add too much salt.
Even if you disdain animal murder, there are still interesting avenues for enhancing your soups and sauces. In your case, you may wish to add kombu and shitake mushrooms to your vegetable broth. Neither of these ingredients need be restricted to the realm of Japanese cooking. Throw them into any oriental or occidental soup or sauce the same way you would throw in aromatics, such as bay leaves or thyme.
Umamilicious hard cheeses are generally added to a dish just before serving but they can also be blended into a dish at an earlier stage. Parmesan in particular is well suited for this. I especially enjoy adding a small amount of grated Parmesan to salad dressings. The Parmesan tends to dissolve in the olive oil and thickens the dressing. Yes, a thick and extra delicious dressing!
When seasoning any dish, I urge you to consider using a few drops of fish sauce in lieu of salt. Just as kombu and shitake mushrooms have a place beyond Japanese cookery, fish sauce too should flow freely beyond the cuisines of Thailand and Vietnam. Did you know that fish sauce was once quite at home in Europe? Garum, as it was called in Latin, was all the rage at the height of the Roman Empire. A few drops of this pungent potion in a soup or sauce, and even in a salad dressing, will tremendously enhance the flavour. Do not be turned of by the pungent smell that will emanate from your dish when you first add fish sauce – it will mellow with time. But do not overdo it either – add it in small amounts, a few drops at a time. Stir for a few moments, taste, and repeat if necessary. If your sense of ethics or general squeamishness prevents you from using fish sauce, apply soy sauce or Bragg's in the same manner.
Dear reader, I could prattle on like this for several more pages. I think that this will have to do for the present installment. I am confident that I have convinced you of the paramount importance of the umami taste and that you will now take every opportunity to maximize it in your food. Take the above ideas and experiment a little bit. Get a feeling for the items in your Umami Arsenal. Free that glutamate!


text:
Gli acciai inossidabili bifasici austeno-ferritici, detti anche duplex, sono leghe ferrose inossidabili che presentano una struttura a grani cristallini misti di austenite e di ferrite. Questi acciai posseggono una microstruttura che può essere definita ibrida, in quanto coesistono due differenti strutture cristalline. Ciò è dovuto all'attento bilanciamento degli elementi alliganti sia ferritizzanti (come il cromo) sia austenitizzanti (come il nichel) presenti in queste leghe. La frazione volumetrica delle due fasi può variare in un ampio intervallo a causa del trattamento termico imposto e delle proprietà meccaniche e di resistenza a corrosione desiderate. Tuttavia un rapporto volumetrico 50/50 tra le fasi ne offre la migliore combinazione.

Le buone caratteristiche meccaniche, che permettono la realizzazione di strutture più leggere, e l'elevato rapporto resistenza alla corrosione/costo, legato ai bassi tenori di nichel presenti, rendono questa classe d'acciai particolarmente attraenti come sostituti delle classiche famiglie di acciai inossidabili. Inoltre, una maggior conoscenza dei fenomeni metallurgici che interessano queste leghe ne sta permettendo un sempre più diffuso utilizzo, superando le limitazioni che finora avevano afflitto gli acciai inossidabili bifasici.

La denominazione "Duplex" deriva dalla caratterizzazione topologica della microstruttura di questi acciai, in cui i due componenti microstrutturali sono arrangiati in cristalli di dimensioni simili distribuiti casualmente nello spazio.

Storia
Le prime testimonianze di acciai inossidabili a matrice bifasica austeno-ferritica risalgono all'inizio degli anni trenta in parallelo sia nei paesi scandinavi sia in Francia. Si può attribuire all'inglese J.H.G. Monypenny la prima trattazione scientifica di questa famiglia di acciai inossidabili "a struttura bifasica" in relazione ad una microstruttura composta da ferrite e austenite in proporzioni volumetriche del 50/50, realizzata sulla base delle indicazioni di un brevetto Krupp risalente al 1922.
Negli anni seguenti, la migliore resistenza meccanica e la più elevata resistenza ad usura rispetto ai tradizionali acciai inossidabili austenitici, hanno garantito a questa classe di acciai le prime applicazioni a livello industriale sia come getti sia come semilavorati forgiati a caldo. La commercializzazione ha inizio negli anni cinquanta-sessanta.
Il miglioramento delle tecnologie di affinazione dell'acciaio negli anni settanta apporta un sostanziale miglioramento della qualità di tutti gli acciai inossidabili, grazie alla possibilità di assicurare strette forbici composizionali e di abbassare le frazioni degli elementi nocivi. Un sostanziale abbassamento dei costi e una migliore resistenza a corrosione sono ulteriori sensibili migliorie apportate dall'adozione di queste nuove tecnologie di affinazione accoppiate all'avvento della colata continua. Tanto che alla fine di quel decennio viene messa a punto la lega SAF 2205, un acciaio inossidabile bifasico al 22% di cromo e 5% di nichel con aggiunte di molibdeno e azoto, le cui ottime proprietà lo rendono a tutt'oggi uno dei più diffusi e apprezzati acciai di questa categoria.
Nel decennio seguente la famiglia di acciai inossidabili bifasici si evolve in due direzioni opposte. La prima punta sull'economicità e sull'incremento delle caratteristiche meccaniche, riducendo il contenuto di nichel (SAF 2304) e, conseguentemente, aumentando il rapporto ferrite/austenite a 70/30. La seconda mira a un incremento della resistenza a corrosione con un aumento del tenore degli alliganti passivanti (SAF 2507) e porta alla genesi dei moderni acciai inossidabili bifasici della classe dei Super Duplex.
La validità e l'ampia diffusione degli acciai inossidabili bifasici è riconosciuta sia dai produttori sia dagli utilizzatori, a tal punto che per la richiesta di una ancora maggiore resistenza alla corrosione accoppiata alle buone caratteristiche meccaniche di queste leghe ha portato allo sviluppo negli ultimi anni delle leghe Iper Duplex. Le ottime proprietà dimostrate da questa classe d'acciai di ultima generazione promette un'estremamente ampia diffusione di queste leghe.

Composizione chimica
La microstruttura duplex dei moderni acciai inossidabili bifasici è ottenuta attraverso uno stretto controllo della composizione chimica. Nel dettaglio, si comportano come elementi stabilizzanti della fase ferritica il cromo, il molibdeno, il silicio e il niobio. D'altro canto, la formazione della fase austenitica è promossa dall'alligazione di nichel, manganese, rame, carbonio e azoto. Gli acciai inossidabili bifasici posseggono una microstruttura ibrida: il tenore di cromo varia dal 18 al 32% e tende a stabilizzare la microstruttura ferritica, quello di nichel dal 4,5 al 7% risulta in quantità insufficienti per determinare una struttura microcristallina totalmente austenitica (che quindi rimane in parte ferritica). Inoltre, quasi tutte le sue varianti contengono fra il 2,5 e il 4% di molibdeno. Esistono infine forme di acciai inossidabili bifasici duplex, chiamati "poveri" che non contengono molibdeno e hanno tenori di nichel minori del 4,5%. Un corretto bilanciamento di elementi ferritizzanti e austenitizzanti permette di ottenere una microstruttura dal rapporto volumetrico di 50/50 tra ferrite e austenite. Tale microstruttura garantisce la migliore combinazione tra proprietà meccaniche e di resistenza alla corrosione. In tabella vengono riportate le composizioni chimiche degli acciai inossidabili bifasici più diffusi, la loro composizione microstrutturale e il loro indice P.R.E.N..

Classificazione degli acciai inossidabili bifasici attraverso l'indice P.R.E.N.

Gli acciai inossidabili bifasici, come le altre classi di acciai inossidabili, possono essere classificati in base alla loro resistenza alla vaiolatura attraverso l'indice Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (P.R.E.N.). Più questo indice è elevato, maggiore risulterà la resistenza alla vaiolatura. Questa classificazione è utilizzata in quanto di semplice determinazione attraverso la composizione chimica, tuttavia va ricordato che non fornisce una descrizione completa delle proprietà di resistenza a corrosione. Gli acciai inossidabili bifasici, analogamente agli altri acciai inossidabili, possono quindi essere suddivisi in quattro categorie:
Acciai Inossidabili Bifasici Magri: P.R.E.N. ≤ 35, non contengono molibdeno e il valore tipico del loro indice P.R.E.N. si attesta intorno a 25, appartiene a questa tipologia l'acciaio SAF 2304.
Acciai Inossidabili Bifasici Standard: sono caratterizzati da un indice 35 < P.R.E.N. ≤ 40, il più diffuso tra gli acciai inossidabili bifasici, il SAF 2205, è compreso in questa categoria.
Acciai Inossidabili Bifasici Super: possiedono un indice 40 < P.R.E.N. ≤ 45, l'acciaio più rappresentativo di questa categoria è il SAF 2507. Risulta di particolare interesse industriale che al di sotto di questa categoria, gli acciai bifasici non possono essere impiegati in ambienti ricchi di acido solfidrico.
Acciai Inossidabili Bifasici Iper: contengono elevate percentuali di cromo > 30% in peso e il valore dell'indice P.R.E.N. ≥ 45 può raggiungere anche 50. L'acciaio leader di questa classe è il SAF 3207 HD.

Topologia

Questa classe di acciai inossidabili viene denominata Duplex a seguito della caratterizzazione topologica della microstruttura di queste leghe, dipendente sia dal rapporto volumetrico tra le fasi sia dalla loro distribuzione nello spazio.
Una microstruttura possiede una topologia di tipo "Duplex" quando i due componenti microstrutturali sono presenti in frazioni volumetriche comparabili, i cristalli delle due fasi hanno dimensioni simili e sono arrangiati rispettivamente tra loro casualmente. Di conseguenza, in questo sistema tre diverse interfacce (corrispondenti alle differenti tipologie di bordo grano) sono presenti: ferrite/ferrite, austenite/austenite, ferrite/austenite.

Questo tipo di microstruttura si manifesta nei semilavorati, dopo formatura a caldo, in una microstruttura a pancake.

Questa topologia microstrutturale tuttavia non è descrittiva anche dei getti. Nel dettaglio, poiché alle temperature più elevate la fase ferritica risulta termodinamicamente più stabile, inoltre, solidificando a più elevate temperature nuclea per prima e quindi questa svolgerà il ruolo di matrice. D'altra parte, l'austenite solidificando a più basse temperature si disporrà lungo i bordi grano della matrice ferrica e negli spazi tra i grani ferritici già solidificati.

Proprietà

Proprietà meccaniche

Vengono riportate in tabella alcune caratteristiche meccaniche indicative per le principali tipologie di acciai inossidabili bifasici.

La microstruttura bifasica di questi acciai inossidabili è alla base delle loro proprietà buone meccaniche, spesso superiori a quelle dei loro diretti concorrenti monofasici. In particolare, il carico di snervamento di queste leghe non solo raggiunge valori circa doppi rispetto agli acciai inossidabili austenitici della serie AISI 3xx, ma anche supera di 50-100 MPa quello delle controparti monofasiche ferritiche.
Simili considerazioni possono essere tratte riguardo al carico di rottura.
Il modulo elastico, per quanto di pochi GPa inferiore rispetto a quello degli acciai inossidabili ferritici, rimane comunque superiore rispetto a quello degli acciai inossidabili austenitici. Questa caratteristica può risultare decisiva quando la resistenza all'usura deve essere accoppiata a un'elevata resistenza a corrosione, ad esempio nell'industria petrolchimica.
Inoltre, anche l'allungamento a rottura di questa classe di acciai inossidabili risulta comparabile a quella dei concorrenti monofasici, garantendo una buona lavorabilità, nonostante una leggera flessione di questa caratteristica.

Gli acciai inossidabili bifasici sono caratterizzati anche da un'ottima resilienza, tuttavia, a causa della matrice ferritica presentano una temperatura di transizione duttile-fragile, che attestandosi intorno ai -60 °C/-100 °C può essere evitata abbastanza agevolmente. Questa famiglia di acciai inoltre mostra un'elevata resistenza all'innesco ed alla propagazione delle cricche sia in termini di tenacità sia in termini di resistenza a fatica sia in aria che in ambienti aggressivi.
La possibilità di risultare migliore dei diretti concorrenti monofasici è assicurata a questi acciai dalla particolarità della loro microstruttura. Infatti, a causa della differenza di resistenza meccanica delle due fasi costituenti, le deformazioni inizialmente si concentreranno nella fase austenitica provocandone un forte incrudimento. A seguito di questo fenomeno, le deformazioni si distribuiranno più omogeneamente in tutto il materiale, fino a portarlo a raggiungere le ottime caratteristiche meccaniche precedentemente.

Resistenza a corrosione

Oltre alle buone proprietà meccaniche gli acciai bifasici possiedono un'ottima resistenza alla corrosione grazie alla possibilità di passivarsi anche in ambienti particolarmente aggressivi, grazie agli elevati tenori di cromo in lega. A parità di ambiente, grazie alla loro particolare microstruttura, gli acciai inossidabili bifasici mostrano velocità di corrosione generalmente minori rispetto perfino agli acciai inossidabili austenitici aventi tenori simili di cromo e molibdeno. Tale ottimo comportamento è inoltre confermato nell'ambito dei fenomeni di corrosione localizzata. La composizione chimica degli acciai inossidabili bifasici permette inoltre una significativa resistenza alla vaiolatura ed alla corrosione in fessura grazie agli elevati tenori elevati di cromo, molibdeno ed azoto.

La resistenza alla corrosione sotto sforzo di trazione in ambienti fortemente aggressivi è nettamente superiore a quella degli acciai inossidabili austenitici ed è paragonabile a quella delle superleghe a base nichel.

Inoltre, l'estremamente alta temperatura critica di vaiolatura degli acciai inossidabili Iper Duplex rende possibile l'utilizzo di questi acciai anche in ambienti dove l'elevata resistenza a corrosione e alte temperature di servizio sono necessarie.

Proprietà elettromagnetiche e termiche

Riguardo alle proprietà elettromagnetiche e termiche, gli acciai inossidabili bifasici si collocano come ci si aspetterebbe tra i loro concorrenti monofasici, ferritici e austenitici. Nel dettaglio, siccome la matrice degli acciai bifasici è costituita da una struttura ferritica queste proprietà sono più vicine a quelle delle controparti ferritiche, vedendo i grani cristallini austenitici come ostacoli al passaggio di corrente e calore.

Anche le proprietà magnetiche seguono lo stesso principio: la presenza di una fase austenitica paramagnetica riduce l'induzione di saturazione ma gli acciai inossidabili bifasici rimangono ferromagnetici. Tale proprietà è sfruttata attraverso l'uso di ferritoscopi per misurare la frazione volumetrica della fase ferritica.

Lavorabilità e saldabilità

A causa della loro elevata resistenza meccanica questi acciai risultano soggetti a maggiori forze di lavoro e non sono adatti a tutti i processi di formatura, come ad esempio l'imbutitura profonda. Inoltre, per lo stesso motivo in formatura deve considerarsi la presenza di un consistente ritorno elastico.

La saldabilità di questi acciai è piuttosto buona, particolari accorgimenti devono però essere considerati per il trattamento della zona termicamente alterata. Altrimenti, in questa zona potrebbero avvenire fenomeni di precipitazione incontrollati che comporterebbero la perdita di resistenza a corrosione e infragilimento. Per evitare questi problemi la procedura di saldatura deve puntare a minimizzare il tempo totale trascorsa ad elevata temperatura.

Problematiche specifiche

Gli acciai inossidabili bifasici evidenziano delle problematiche specifiche principalmente legate all'elevato tenore degli elementi alliganti. In queste leghe qualora esposte ad alte temperature avvengono fenomeni di precipitazione che compromettono le ottime caratteristiche meccaniche e di resistenza alla corrosione. Questi fenomeni di precipitazione affliggono la resistenza meccanica infragilendo oltremodo la lega. La resistenza a corrosione viene invece intaccata a seguito del depauperamento di elementi passivanti (in particolare cromo) in prossimità dei precipitati.

Risulta possibile distinguere due aree di precipitazione dai diagrammi trasformazione-tempo-temperatura. La prima a temperature più basse ha il naso della curva a 475 °C e per questo è definito e ben noto come "infragilimento a 475 °C". Questa precipitazione coinvolge la fase α' (la prima a precipitare) e limita ai soli 200 °C la temperatura massima di lavoro di questi acciai inossidabili.

Il secondo naso delle curve trasformazione-tempo-temperatura è legato alla precipitazione di carburi, nitruri e composti intermetallici. La precipitazione di carburi in questa famiglia di acciai è abbastanza limitata dalle basse percentuali di carbonio presenti in questa famiglia di acciai inossidabili; ciò conseguentemente li rende anche poco inclini al fenomeno della sensibilizzazione che affligge altre classi di acciai inossidabili. Gli acciai inossidabili bifasici invece sono molto inclini alla precipitazione di nitruri e di fase σ che limitano la loro formabilità a caldo. Diventa quindi di estrema importanza anche il controllo dei cicli termici durante saldatura.

Applicazioni

La proprietà più apprezzata e che privilegia la scelta di questa classe di acciai è l'estremamente elevata resistenza a corrosione. Questa caratteristica ritaglia quindi agli acciai inossidabili bifasici una nicchia di mercato in tutti quei campi applicativi dove avviene l'esposizione ad ambienti estremamente aggressivi o dove la certezza della vita utile del componente risulta cruciale.

Gli impieghi più comuni sono: scambiatori di calore, tubazioni e valvolame per il trasporto di fluidi o gas industriali, macchine per movimentazione dei materiali, serbatoi e vasche per liquidi ad alta concentrazione di cloro e/o in pressione, refrigeratori ad acqua marina, dissalatori, impianti per salamoia alimentare e acque sotterranee e ricche di sostanze aggressive. Viene usato anche per la costruzione di turbine in centrali idroelettriche. Questa classe di acciai è inoltre particolarmente apprezzata in impianti chimici, petrolchimici, strutture off-shore e sottomarine e impianti per l'industria cartaria e alimentare.

L'elevata resistenza a corrosione ne garantisce inoltre il perdurare della lucentezza nel tempo, permettendo a questa classe di acciai nuovi sbocchi applicativi anche grazie alle sue caratteristiche estetiche nell'edilizia.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 Acciaio
 Passivazione
 Acciaio inossidabile

Altri progetti

Acciaio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Building the State Belt Railway
Construction and operation of a model railroad
It wasn't a fluke
The second op session on the State Belt happened last night. Unfortunately, the company photographer fell down on his duties, so evidence is lacking unless the guilty parties wish to come forward and corroborate the story.
There's trackwork that needs to be done before the next one. Alas.
But it's all fun anyway.
The Runaround
Tracklaying, switch machine installation, and wiring has been completed such that the first section of track along the Embarcadero is functional, including the first run-around on the layout. There's enough track stubbed out on the north side to hold a 10 car train, and enough on the south end to allow an engine and 3-5 cars to go beyond the run-around switch.
I've also been busy making labels. Each track has some sort of name associated, and the fascia has labels for each turnout's pushbutton. The destination shown on the label is where the train will go when the turnout pushbutton is lit. These are Tortoise switch machines, controlled via a latching pushbutton, and there's a light in each button that is active (lit) when the turnout is in the reverse (non-normal) position.
I found the latching pushbuttons at a good price at Adafruit, which makes them much easier to use than the Arduino based setup I had been planning to use with the non-latching buttons I found earlier. There are still a handful of places where I will use the Arduino configuration, since I want to control those turnout from each side of a peninsula. That will put the latching function into software rather than hardware.
Visually, the buttons look the same (latching & non-latching) so it won't be too jarring (I hope) to have different types of buttons in use.
Pictures of the buttons on the fascia to come soon.
As will samples of the paperwork that I'm writing up for my first operating session.
I had been wondering what to do about switch controls. Blue Points, servos, Tortoise, something else?
Found these at the flea market today. 50 Tortii, at a price that can't be beat.
Exiting stealth mode
Okay, I had some sort of brief fantasy of just calling people up one day and saying "Come over and operate" and having them show up to discover that I had done something completely different than they though I was doing.
I am no longer building the Washington, Idaho & Montana. The railroad in the basement will now be the State Belt Railway of California.
The Belt serviced the waterfront of San Francisco, from the south edge of downtown (where the ballpark now is) along the Embarcadero to Fisherman's Wharf and on into Fort Mason (an Army shipping depot). It was owned by the State of California (along with the entire port infrastructure of San Francisco), and operated more as a public utility than as a normal railroad.
No waybills were used on the Belt. Someone shipping to/from the area serviced by the Belt would call one of the connecting railroads to arrange the shipping details. That railroad would then direct the Belt to move the car as needed. All billing was done on a per-movement basis, not as a partner in the billing tariff.
I'll be modelling 1952, when the Port was once again busy shipping men and materiel to the Pacific Theater, this time to Korea.
Bill Kaufman, of San Rafael, Calif., introduced me to the Belt when I operated on his railroad back in January. I was intrigued, and when his book came out, that sealed the deal. So I'm back to an urban railroad, instead of the hills of North Central Idaho.
I'll be keeping you all posted here.
What's with 'Way' when the picture so clearly says 'Road'
Most importantly, I like 'Railway' more than I do 'Railroad'. Don't ask me why, I just do. Every other line I've modelled has been 'Railway', so I'm keeping with that tradition.
But the layout I'm building will be different than the actual State Belt, in ways big and small (it's a condensed version, if nothing else), and calling mine the 'State Belt Railway' is one way to note the differences.
Bill Kaufman's is the 'State Belt Railroad'. Mine is the 'Railway'.
Layout at a Glance
Seniority Roster


What's the Locrian natural 6 mode ?
The Locrian natural 6, also known as Locrian 13 or Locrian #6 or harmonic natural mode 2, is the second mode of the harmonic minor scale. It is built the same way as the Locrian mode, but with a natural 6 instead of a b6. It is composed of the following intervals : 1 - b2 - b3 - 4 - b5 - 6 - b7. It is a rarely heard-scale which can be played anywhere that you used to play the Locrian mode, generally over half-diminished chords.
It is important not to confuse with the Locrian #2 mode that is the sixth mode of the melodic minor scale. The Locrian #2 mode has the same notes as the locrian mode (the seventh mode of the major scale) but with a major second (2) in place of the minor second (b2). Considering that we can add the Locrian bebop scale to this list, it makes a total of 4 important half-diminished scales (Locrian modes) to know.
The following guitar shapes show you how to play the Locrian natural 6 mode on the guitar. The first diagram has roots on the sixth, fourth and first string and the second shape on the right has roots on the fifth and third (or second) strings.


text:
StorePLACEMAKER PROFILESGreat Public Spaces
Public Spaces Archive
Hall of Shame Archive
Lighter, Quicker, CheaperGreat DistrictsGreat ParksGreat Public BuildingsGreat Public MarketsGreat StreetsGreat SquaresGreat WaterfrontsHall of Shame
Please note that these Hall of Shame nominations were written in a moment in time (most over a decade ago) and likely have since changed or even been transformed. If the above entry is now great, or still not so great, go ahead and comment below on how it has evolved or nominate it as a great place.
*Nominee
Maija Merimaa
A boulevard-like park in the city centre.
What makes it Great?
Why it doesn't work?
Esplanade Park in the centre of Helsinki consists of two active streets _ Northern and Southern Esplanade _ and a longitudinal, boulevard-like park between them. The park is built on east-west direction, so the sun shines nicely on the park throughout the day. The park is centrally located, and can be considered as the borderline between the most active commercial centre and the more peaceful, southern part of the city. At the east, the park ends at a fountain, behind which opens up the view to the market square of Helsinki and the sea. At the western end the Esplanade green space is closed by the Swedish theatre, behind which runs the busiest street in the centre of Helsinki. The theatre building acts as a wall blocking the traffic noise, so the Esplanade Park is at the same time both close to the busy city and a calm resort.
Access & Linkages
The centrally located Esplanade Park is accessible both by foot and by bike. The role the park has as a green passage from the centre to market square and the sea connects it tightly in the city structure.
Comfort & Image
The Esplande Park is both clean and safe. Although both Northern and Southern Esplanade are used by cars, the park relates symbolically more closely to the sea than the traffic. Many pieces of old Helsinki architecture border the Esplande and the park is decorated by statues of Finnish poets. On a warm summer day it is nearly impossible to find a place to sit on a bench, so especially young people gather to sit on the grass. Groups on the grass contrast the official image of the statues and give the park a relaxed atmosphere.
Uses & Activities
The park is one of the main public spaces of Helsinki and it attracts both residents and tourists. People frequent caf_s and shops on the two streets surrounding the Esplanade Park. Demonstrations - which in Finland are rather more enlivening than threatening events _ often pass by the Northern Esplanade. The park has benches to sit on, ice-cream kiosks, and at the western end there is a caf_ that was built in the 19th century. Opposite to the terrace of the cafe is a stage where free concerts take place almost daily during the summer. Esplanade Park is also the main location for the celebration of 1st of May. Although outdoor spaces are difficult during the cold Finnish winter, a Christmas market has been held in the park since 1993.
Sociability
Esplanade Park is a popular meeting place. People gather at the eastern end of the park for concerts during the summer. Plenty of people sit on benches or on the grass in small crowds. In the scale of Helsinki, Esplanade Park and the streets surrounding it can be considered exceptionally lively places.
How Light?
How Quick?
How Cheap?
History & Background
The park was established by the city administration in the beginning of the 19th century. It was meant to mark the borderline between downtown and new uptown. Soon, the park became the place for the bourgeoisie to stroll on Sundays in fancy clothes _ it was the park to be seen in. The cafe was opened 1867, and it is nowadays one of the classical milieus of the city. The history of the fountain, Havis Amanda, demonstrates the symbolic importance of the park. When Havis Amanda was erected in 1908 it aroused a scandal. Women found this fountain with a naked, sensual lady - who was said to symbolize Helsinki - much too provoking for the Esplanade Park. The fuss calmed down, and in 1920's Havis Amanda was integrated to the 1st of May celebrations in Helsinki. The nearly one hundred year old tradition of placing a student cap on the head of the statue still marks the beginning of the festival.
Related Links & Sources
*Please note that these Hall of Shame nominations were written in a moment in time (most over a decade ago) and likely have since changed or even been transformed. If the above entry is now great, or still not so great, go ahead and comment below on how it has evolved or nominate it as a great place.
NOMINATE A PLACE
Corrections or additions? Email info@pps.org
Fred Kent
Creating Great Urban Parks
Kathy Madden and Fred Kent of Project for Public Spaces explain how parks can play new roles as catalysts for both community and development, enriching cities in the process.
Signature Places: Great Parks we can Learn From
People everywhere are searching for ways local parks can better serve their communities. Here are lessons from six great ones.
Why Build Partnerships for Parks?
Place Management
This chapter from Project for Public Spaces' Public Parks, Private Partners traces the history of parks and the social and economic conditions that led to the emergence of public/private partnerships. Project for Public Spaces


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Spread the word to your colleagues at other institutions: The OHSU Neuroscience Postbaccalaureate Initiative provides qualified scholars a yearlong in-depth research experience in laboratories that match their interests. The application deadline is March 1 for the 2019 program, which begins in July.
Letisha Wyatt, Ph.D., director of the initiative, will provide information and answer questions.
Access the virtual meeting room.
Scholars are included in special events throughout the year. This includes an annual retreat the Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience host for all students and faculty. Scholars also will participate in a boot camp for first-year graduate students that covers neuroscience methods.
Visit the Neuroscience Post-Baccalaureate Initiative website. Application deadline is March 1, 2019. Please contact us at neuropb@ohsu.edu with your questions.


Personal injuries can affect the victim's life for a long time into the future. If you have sustained injuries by fault of someone else, you need a good lawyer. Read the below article for excellent tips on increasing your chances of winning.
When chronicling your accident, include descriptions of all injuries. Talk about everything from a bruise to a concussion. Do not forget to write down the list of bruises and bumps you get. Write down any mental problems you face later on as well.
When preparing for your suit, you should discuss income you have lost because of your injury. This will document all of the times where you lost money due to your injury. If you missed a class you paid for, that counts, too.
Look online for a personal injury lawyer with a good reputation. There is good information here to help you make your decision. Look for a lawyer who has experience with other similar cases and proper qualifications.
You should take pictures of your injury so you can document your case in court. You should have a family member or friend take the pictures if you're not able to do so. Take pictures as quickly as possible so the court can use this evidence in your case.
Organize all your medical records in one handy spot. Be sure to save all bills and receipts, as well as any notes and instructions you receive from your doctor. Be sure to save any emails that your doctor sends you.
Lawyers cost a lot of money, so make sure that they are doing the job correctly. A lawyer who is incapable of treating you like a human being is simply not worth your time and effort. If your attorney is difficult to reach, you may need to look for another one.
For those that handle the personal injury case alone, it's essential to find out the policies of those at fault. You might have a claim that is covered by multiple policies. If you're asking and not getting the information, consider an affidavit that compels them to divulge the information.
When it is time for your free consultation with an attorney, bring copies of any important documents pertaining to your case. This may include a letter from your insurance company or a bill for medical services. This paperwork will help a prospective attorney understand your case and decide if they can help you.
Be sure to document all expenses associated with your personal injury. Traveling and property expenses all fall into this category. Proof of this is crucial if the case is going to court because if it's not provided, it can't be a part of your case's judgement.


Instead of buying a desk I wanted to use a solid door so that I could custom order it the size I wanted. I have been working off of 6ft fold tables for so long I realized as much as I love the length of it, I wanted something a little bit skinner than 3ft. I also wanted to incorporate some of the storage closed and some open!
I loved the light gray on the walls in this picture. I really think a clean, light, bright color can really make a room more appealing to be in! The desk was out of the question because it was too small but since peanut is making an entrance I needed a murphy bed or sofa bed to make this a possible guest room. We lucked out with some amazing friends of ours who were getting rid of theirs – so we scooped it up!
This has a similar style of flooring that we are planning on doing! I also love the idea of an island work space as well, but since I don't have room for a permanent so I am in the works of how to create one that can be broken down and stashed for company or have wheels and roll away! Since this one isn't quite finished being planned out it will be a future project down the road.
Can't wait to see the finished result! I am dreaming of the day where I have a room for my crafts!
It took me a while to have my own space for a craft room – but it's worth the wait!!!
Hopefully you'll get lucky and have a room soon too!
Oh how I'd love a room of my own to work on projects! These are lovely inspiration photos…looking forward to seeing the finished space!