text:
La prostituzione in Brasile è legale in quanto non vi sono leggi che vietano agli adulti d'intraprendere professionalmente il lavoro sessuale, mentre è illegale svolgerla in un bordello o utilizzare la prostituzione in qualsiasi altro modo (che implichi cioè una qualche forma di sfruttamento).

Estensione del fenomeno
Non sono disponibili stime recenti attendibili sul numero totale dei lavoratori del sesso nel paese.

Lo sfruttamento di bambini e adolescenti attraverso la prostituzione minorile in Brasile è molto diffuso e costituisce un serio problema da affrontare in sede giudiziaria. Il Brasile è considerato per avere i peggiori livelli di traffico e sfruttamento sessuale minorile dopo la Thailandia, con una stima di circa 250.000 bambini coinvolti. Il fenomeno è strettamente correlato con gli alti livelli di povertà e disuguaglianza sociale presenti in alcune zone del paese. Secondo il Protection Project report recentemente pubblicato varie fonti ufficiali concordano sul fatto che tra i 250 e i 500.000 minorenni risultano essere coinvolti nel traffico della prostituzione.

Il governo brasiliano sta lavorando alacremente nel tentativo di reprimere la prostituzione di minori.

Regolamentazioni

La prostituzione in sé, come detto (lo scambio di sesso per denaro) in Brasile è legale, in quanto non vi sono leggi che vietano il lavoro adulto del sesso, ma è bensì illegale, tuttavia, operare all'interno di una casa di tolleranza o di utilizzare i lavoratori del sesso in qualsiasi altro modo.

L'illegalità di questi tipi di case è quasi una contraddizione, se si considera che la maggior parte dei lavoratori del sesso non può permettersi di lavorare in modo autonomo.

La costituzione di case è illegale, ma non sono altresì insolite in Brasile, ove la loro presenza è diffusa capillarmente. La maggior parte di esse sono piene di corruzione e sfruttamento della prostituzione. Avendo questo in mente e al contempo con un occhio sui Giochi della XXXI Olimpiade del 2016 che sono stati ospitati dal Brasile, il deputato federale Jean Wyllys presentò, già nel 2013, il disegno di legge Gabriela Leite project: un progetto che aveva lo scopo di regolamentare la professione dei lavoratori del sesso e dei loro diritti.

Il progetto non solo avrebbe posto fine alle situazioni critiche a cui i lavoratori del sesso erano sottoposti, ma avrebbe contribuito anche ad evitare il traffico sessuale dei bambini e il traffico di esseri umani a scopo di sfruttamento sessuale. La legge di Gabriela Leite sottolinea inoltre l'urgenza di regolare i bordelli e fa una chiara distinzione tra servizi sessuali e sfruttamento sessuale.

Nel 2002 la pressione da parte dell'organizzazione delle lavoratrici del sesso Davida ha cooperato con il Ministero del Lavoro per l'aggiunta di "lavoratrice del sesso" in un elenco ufficiale delle occupazioni brasiliane. Il lavoro sessuale professionale non è regolato in alcun modo (senza controlli sanitari obbligatori ecc.), ma i lavoratori del sesso e le call girls o escort possono contribuire al fondo pensione ufficiale del governo ed in tal maniera ricevere così i benefici dovuti quando vanno in pensione.

Fernando Gabeira, fondatore del Partito Verde, è stato una delle voci forti che si è fatta sentire a favore dei diritti dei lavoratori del sesso in Brasile e per introdurre nella proposta di legislazione ferma in Congresso il riconoscimento dei lavoratori del sesso come una professione. Il disegno di legge è però stato bocciato nel 2007.

I lavoratori del sesso brasiliani hanno fatto una campagna per l'abrogazione delle leggi che criminalizzano il mantenimento dei bordelli e lo sfruttamento della prostituzione. Questi reati portano, se commessi, da due a cinque anni di carcere. Hanno chiesto anche che dovrebbero pagare i benefici sociali ed ottenere i relativi privilegi, come tutti gli altri lavoratori. La Rede Brasileira de Prostitutas ("Rete Brasiliana delle Prostitute")  si è trovata ad essere in conflitto con la IV Conferenza internazionale sulle donne di Pechino per la loro condanna della prostituzione. Il loro capo, l'ex prostituta e sociologa Gabriela Leite da Silva, ha affermato che operava assieme al sociologo Fernando Henrique Cardoso presso l'Università di San Paolo, il quale in seguito divenne presidente del Brasile.

Siti web governativi
Il sito web del governo sui lavoratori del sesso Primer Lavoro e l'Employment Ministry Primer on Sex Professional, che descrive il lavoro del sesso come uno dei tanti lavori possibili, è stata la fonte di polemiche, un po' anche accusando il governo di incoraggiare il lavoro sessuale professionale. Vi sono state alcune accuse al sito dicendo che insegna ai lavoratori del sesso come "ottenere un incontro", consigliando loro di "diventare visivamente accattivanti, stare in attesa, sedurre con lo sguardo, avvicinarsi al cliente; affascinare con la voce; sedurre con nomignoli affettuosi, conquistare con il tocco; coinvolgere con il profumo; offrire le specialità del cliente; riconoscere il proprio potenziale cliente; ballare per il cliente; ballare con il cliente; soddisfare l'ego del cliente; lodare il cliente". Tuttavia, questo non è lo scopo del sito il quale è rivolto a tutti. Piuttosto, il sito del Ministero del Lavoro elenca semplicemente tutte le caratteristiche della prostituzione come lavoro: vale a dire ciò che una prostituta è e che tipicamente prevede di fare nel corso della sua manodopera. Il sito non incoraggia in alcun modo o "consiglia" di prostituirsi.

La stampa ha riportato alla fine del 2008 la notizia che un funzionario del governo ha annunciato che il sito sarebbe stato "attenuato", dopo le critiche da parte dei media. Il professore di diritto Luiz Flavio Gomes ha detto al giornale O Globo nella sua edizione online che "ciò che è sul sito dà l'impressione di un'apologia dello sfruttamento sessuale".

Storia
Uno dei più famosi bordelli di Rio de Janeiro è stata la Villa Mimosa, che alcuni hanno chiesto che fosse resa un punto di riferimento o un museo nazionale.

Negli anni 2000 la lavoratrice del sesso Bruna Surfistinha si è guadagnata l'attenzione dei media di massa per il suo blog, dove ha raccontato delle sue esperienze con i clienti. È diventata famosa e ha scritto un libro autobiografico, O Doce Veneno fare escorpiao (São Paulo, SP: Panda Books, 2005).

Secondo un sondaggio condotto nel 1998, il 64% della popolazione pensava al lavoro sessuale professionale come immorale e che avrebbe dovuto essere reso illegale, mentre il 29% lo vedeva come un lavoro come un altro. Il 59% (64% delle donne) riteneva che i lavoratori del sesso facevano quello che fanno perché piace loro.

HIV/AIDS
Nel 2003 è stato stimato che circa il 6% dei lavoratori del sesso brasiliani sono stati infettati con l'HIV. Gabriela Silva Leite, il direttore esecutivo della Prostitution Civil Rights, afferma che a causa delle campagne di informazione la percentuale di uso del preservativo tra i lavoratori del sesso è alta.

Il governo brasiliano ha rifiutato 40 milioni di dollari in fondi da parte degli Stati Uniti per la lotta anti-HIV/AIDS nel 2005 perché il governo statunitense ha richiesto a tutti i destinatari di firmare un impegno anti-prostituzione. Il programma anti-Aids brasiliano impiega i lavoratori del sesso per distribuire informazioni e preservativi gratis; il commissario per l'AIDS Pedro Checker è stato citato per aver affermato che "gli operatori del sesso sono parte dell'attuazione della nostra politica contro l'AIDS e nella decisione su come promuoverlo. Sono i nostri partner. Come potremmo chiedere alle prostitute di prendere una posizione contro se stesse?" Il Washington Post in un articolo ha dichiarato che il programma anti-Aids brasiliano è considerato dalle Nazioni Unite come essere quello di maggior successo nel mondo in via di sviluppo.

Turismo sessuale
Il governo brasiliano è sempre più preoccupato per il fatto che un certo numero di turisti stranieri viaggiano in Brasile per turismo sessuale, tra cui anche per la prostituzione minorile presente a macchia d'olio nel paese.

Il turismo sessuale esiste in tutto il paese, ma è più evidente nelle città costiere turistiche nella Regione Nordest del Brasile, nella regione Sud del Brasile e nella regione Sudest del Brasile, e nelle destinazioni più importanti come Rio de Janeiro e Fortaleza, Ceará, così come nelle zone turistiche della fauna selvatica del Pantanal e dell'Amazzonia.

Nel 2006 in uno studio condotto dall'Università di Brasilia è emerso che circa un quarto delle 1.514 destinazioni turistiche frequentate da cittadini stranieri ha avuto un mercato commerciale sessuale attivo per i bambini e gli adolescenti ed ha anche trovato, in combinazione con il SEDH e il Fondo delle Nazioni Unite, che i bambini e adolescenti coinvolti nel mercato del sesso a scopo commerciale sono presenti in circa un sesto del paese, pari a 5.561 comuni. Nel 2014 un'ONG inglese ha annunciato che avrebbero gestito la pubblicità sui voli della British Airways in rotta per il Brasile per scoraggiare i turisti che pagano per il sesso con i bambini durante il Campionato mondiale di calcio 2014.

Traffico di esseri umani
Le donne sono vittime della tratta da tutte le parti del paese. Il governo ha riferito che le rotte del traffico esistevano in tutti gli stati compreso il Distretto Federale. La Ricerca Nazionale sul traffico di donne, bambini e adolescenti per la finalità dello sfruttamento sessuale ha individuato 241 rotte internazionali e nazionali di traffico. Le persone sfruttate negli schemi di traffico di solito provengono da famiglie a basso reddito e generalmente non hanno terminato la scuola superiore.

Si stima che il Brasile è responsabile all'incirca del 15% delle vittime di tratta delle donne in tutto il Sud America, una grande maggioranza di esse provenienti dalla regione Nord del Brasile e dal Nord-Est.

Note

Collegamenti esterni
Prostitution Puts U.S. and Brazil at Odds on AIDS Policy
Brazil and UNICEF Join to End Child Prostitution
Brazil starts operation to curb 'sex tourism'
Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation

Rede Brasileira de Prostitutas
Davida
NEP (Núcleo de Estudos da Prostituição)

Brasile
Brasile


Insider Tip: Wake up early and catch the island's prettiest sunrise from our wrap-around porch.
Includes Tax for Breakfast and Guest Room. Gratuities are not included.
All package prices are inclusive of taxes. Packages are based on double occupancy and additional occupant fees will apply. Offers are subject to availability. Gift cards are not redeemable for currency. All packages are charged in full at time of booking and are non-refundable. Substitutions will not be honored for package inclusions. Offer can't be combined with any other offers or discounts including AAA. Offer is subject to black out dates and is not redeemable for group bookings.


text:
Michael Douglas breaks down in Cannes recalling his cancer battle
With tears filling his eyes, Michael Douglas bravely spoke about his recent battle with cancer as he discussed his first acting role since beating the disease. The highly-respected actor broke down at the Cannes Film Festival press conference for his new film, Behind the Candelabra, in which he plays the flamboyant late musician Liberace.
"For me this has a… sorry," Michael said, his voice full of emotion, as he started to cry. "Because it was right after my cancer. And this is a beautiful gift. I am eternally grateful." His words were met with applause.
It took doctors nine months to diagnose Michael with stage four throat cancer in 2010. The star, who is married to Catherine Zeta-Jones and has two children with the Welsh actress, is thankfully now in remission.
"This is one of the best parts I've ever had in my career," he added. "I was fortunate enough to be offered it after my cancer bout so it was a fantastic opportunity. What do you hope for — a great script, a great director and producer, and when Steven told me Matt (Damon) was going to play Scott (Thorson, Liberace's 'lover'), I'm such a fan, I was overwhelmed.
"As an actor, you can't ask for anything more. I'm very proud to be part of this picture."
The Wall Street star said the film did make uncomfortable viewing for his family when his character passes away from AIDS-related pneumonia, in particular his father Kirk Douglas, who was also a friend of Liberace. "I think he was very uncomfortable with my death scene," Michael admitted.
During the press conference, the star revealed he had once met the larger-than-life musician — known as Lee — many years before he decided to portray him onscreen.
"I met Lee briefly once when I was about 12-years-old," he said. "My father has a house in Palm Springs and Lee also had a house there. We were at the crossroads and this Rolls Royce convertible stopped and there was this guy, with the gold around his neck and his rings, the light bouncing off him.
"He has a great smile and not a hair out of place — now I know why! He was charming. I talked to my father, Kirk knew him well. He was gracious and loved nice things."
Michael admitted that initially he felt "trepidation" playing such a well-known character. "People knew him, and it's the first time I have played a character that people knew and I had a lot of trepidation.
"He was a big broad-chested guy, one of his thighs was the size of two of mine. I was a little put off by the physicality of it," he said. "But I attacked it vocally and tried to get the voice right. I'm not a pianist, I started off with a piano teacher but I know it wasn't going to work.
"I had some footage of Lee on a screen so I could watch and practice and get my hands in the right place and get close enough that only an expert could pick up the finger movements."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Hepatitis E is a viral hepatitis (liver inflammation) caused by infection with a virus called hepatitis E virus (HEV). It is one of five known human hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. HEV is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA icosahedral virus with a 7.5 kilobase genome. HEV has a fecal-oral transmission route. Infection with this virus was first documented in 1955 during an outbreak in New Delhi, India.
Acute infection
The incubation period of hepatitis E varies from 3 to 8 weeks. After a short prodromal phase symptoms lasting from days to weeks follow. They may include jaundice, fatigue and nausea. The symptomatic phase coincides with elevated hepatic aminotransferase levels.
Viral RNA becomes detectable in stool and blood serum during incubation period. Serum IgM and IgG antibodies against HEV appear just before onset of clinical symptoms. Recovery leads to virus clearance from the blood, while the virus may persist in stool for much longer. Recovery is also marked by disappearance of IgM antibodies and increase of levels of IgG antibodies.
Chronic infection
While usually an acute disease, in immunocompromised subjects- particularly in solid organ transplanted patients- hepatitis E may cause a chronic infection. Occasionally this may cause liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Infection with a virus called hepatitis E virus (HEV).
Improving sanitation is the most important measure in prevention of hepatitis E; this consists of proper treatment and disposal of human waste, higher standards for public water supplies, improved personal hygiene procedures and sanitary food preparation. Thus, prevention strategies of this disease are similar to those of many others that plague developing nations, and they require large-scale international financing of water supply and water treatment projects.
A vaccine based on recombinant viral proteins was developed in the 1990s and tested in a high-risk population (military personnel of Nepal) in 2001. The vaccine appeared to be effective and safe, but development was stopped for economic reasons, since hepatitis E is rare in developed countries. There is no licensed hepatitis E vaccine for use in the US.
Although other HEV vaccine trials, including trials conducted in populations in southern Asia, have shown candidate vaccines to be effective and well-tolerated, these vaccines have not yet been produced or made available to susceptible populations. The exception is China. After more than a year of scrutiny and inspection by China's State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA), a hepatitis E vaccine developed by Chinese scientists was available at the end of 2012. This vaccine-called HEV 239 and sold as Hecolin by its developer Xiamen Innovax Biotech-was approved for prevention of hepatitis E in 2012 by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, following a phase 3 trial on two groups of 50,000 people each from Jiangsu Province where none of the vaccinated became infected during a 12-month period, compared to 15 in the group given placebo treatment. The first vaccine batches came out of Innovax' factory in late October 2012, and will be sold to Chinese distributors.
The commonly used tests for HEV infection include detection of IgM and IgG anti-HEV antibodies and detection of HEV RNA. IgM anti-HEV antibodies can be detected during the first few months after HEV infection, whereas IgG anti-HEV antibodies represent either recent or remote exposure. The presence of HEV RNA indicates current infection, whether acute or chronic.
Hepatitis E does not become chronic, and people do not become carriers.
Apart from supportive care, no specific validated treatment exists for acute hepatis E infection. Although ribavirin is not registered for Hepatitis E treatment, there is off-label experience for treating chronic Hepatitis E with this compound. The use of low doses, 600 to 800 milligrams per day, of ribavirin over a three-month period has been associated with viral clearance in about two-thirds of chronic cases. Other possible treatments include peginterferon or a combination of ribavirin and peginterferon. In general chronic HEV infection is associated with immunosuppressive therapies, but remarkably little is known about how different immunosuppressants affect HEV infection. In one thirds of patients with solid-organ transplantation viral clearance can be achieved by temporal reduction of the level of immunosuppression.
Evaluation of Orthohepevirus C Infection as an Emerging Cause of Zoono
Morbidity and Mortality of Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Belgium
Study of the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of HBsAg Vaccine in Combinati
Safety Study of Hepatitis E Vaccine (HEV239)
Role of Cytokines in Hepatitis E Virus Infection During Pregnancy
AbbVie – Hepatitis C Virus Infection


text:
use std::os::raw::{c_int, c_uchar, c_uint};
use std::process;

use x11::{xlib, keysym};

use core::WindowManager;
use client::{ClientL, ClientW};
use layout::Layout;

const FOCUSED_BORDER_COLOR: &'static str = "RGBi:0.0/1.0/1.0";
const NORMAL_BORDER_COLOR: &'static str = "RGBi:0.0/0.3/0.3";

const BORDER_WIDTH: c_int = 3;
const OVERVIEW_INSET: c_int = 15;
const BAR_HEIGHT: c_int = 15;

const WINDOW_MOVE_DELTA: c_int = 15;
const WINDOW_EXPAND_DELTA: c_int = 10;

pub const TAG_OVERVIEW: c_uchar = 0 as c_uchar;

pub type WmAction = Box<Fn(&mut WindowManager)>;
pub type ClientPredicate = Box<Fn(&ClientW) -> bool>;
pub type ClientAction = Box<Fn(&mut ClientW)>;
pub type StartAction = Box<Fn()>;

pub struct Config {
    pub mod_key: c_uint,
    pub add_keys: Vec<(c_uint, c_uint, WmAction)>,
    pub bar_height: c_int,
    pub border_width: c_int,
    pub focused_border_color: &'static str,
    pub keys: Vec<(c_uint, c_uint, WmAction)>,
    pub normal_border_color: &'static str,
    pub overview_inset: c_int,
    pub rules: Vec<(ClientPredicate, ClientAction)>,
    pub start_programs: Vec<StartAction>,
    pub tags: Vec<c_uchar>,
    pub tag_default: c_uchar,
    pub tag_description: Vec<(c_uchar, String)>,
    pub tag_keys: Vec<(c_uint, c_uint, WmAction)>,
    pub tag_layout: Vec<(c_uchar, Box<Layout + 'static>)>,
    pub window_expand_delta: c_int,
    pub window_move_delta: c_int,
}

impl Config {
    pub fn new(mod_mask: c_uint) -> Config {
        let keys: Vec<(c_uint, c_uint, WmAction)> =
            vec![(mod_mask, keysym::XK_q, Box::new(|w| process::exit(0))),
                 (mod_mask, keysym::XK_j, Box::new(|w| w.shift_focus(1))),
                 (mod_mask, keysym::XK_k, Box::new(|w| w.shift_focus(-1))),
                 (mod_mask, keysym::XK_F4, Box::new(|w| w.kill_client())),
                 (mod_mask, keysym::XK_m, Box::new(|w| w.toggle_maximize())),
                 (mod_mask, keysym::XK_e, Box::new(|w| w.toggle_floating())),
                 (mod_mask, keysym::XK_Left, Box::new(|w| w.shift_window(-WINDOW_MOVE_DELTA, 0))),
                 (mod_mask, keysym::XK_Right, Box::new(|w| w.shift_window(WINDOW_MOVE_DELTA, 0))),
                 (mod_mask, keysym::XK_Up, Box::new(|w| w.shift_window(0, -WINDOW_MOVE_DELTA))),
                 (mod_mask, keysym::XK_Down, Box::new(|w| w.shift_window(0, WINDOW_MOVE_DELTA))),
                 (mod_mask | xlib::ShiftMask,
                  keysym::XK_Up,
                  Box::new(|w| w.expand_height(-WINDOW_EXPAND_DELTA))),
                 (mod_mask | xlib::ShiftMask,
                  keysym::XK_Down,
                  Box::new(|w| w.expand_height(WINDOW_EXPAND_DELTA))),
                 (mod_mask | xlib::ShiftMask,
                  keysym::XK_Right,
                  Box::new(|w| w.expand_width(WINDOW_EXPAND_DELTA))),
                 (mod_mask | xlib::ShiftMask,
                  keysym::XK_Left,
                  Box::new(|w| w.expand_width(-WINDOW_EXPAND_DELTA))),
                 (mod_mask, keysym::XK_F2, Box::new(|w| w.select_tag(TAG_OVERVIEW))),
                 (mod_mask,
                  keysym::XK_Return,
                  Box::new(|w| {
                if w.current_tag != TAG_OVERVIEW {
                    w.zoom();
                } else {
                    if let Some(current_client) = w.current_focused() {
                        w.select_tag(current_client.tag());
                        w.set_focus(current_client);
                    }
                }
            }))];
        let (tag_keys, tags) = define_tags!(mod_mask,
                                            xlib::ShiftMask,
                                            ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '0']);
        Config {
            mod_key: mod_mask,
            add_keys: Vec::new(),
            bar_height: BAR_HEIGHT,
            border_width: BORDER_WIDTH,
            focused_border_color: FOCUSED_BORDER_COLOR,
            normal_border_color: NORMAL_BORDER_COLOR,
            keys: keys,
            overview_inset: OVERVIEW_INSET,
            rules: vec![],
            start_programs: vec![],
            tag_default: tags[0],
            tags: tags,
            tag_description: vec![],
            tag_keys: tag_keys,
            tag_layout: Vec::new(),
            window_expand_delta: WINDOW_EXPAND_DELTA,
            window_move_delta: WINDOW_MOVE_DELTA,
        }
    }

    pub fn addtional_keys(mut self, keys: Vec<(c_uint, c_uint, WmAction)>) -> Config {
        self.add_keys = keys;
        self
    }

    pub fn bar_height(mut self, bar_height: c_int) -> Config {
        self.bar_height = bar_height;
        self
    }

    pub fn border_width(mut self, border_width: c_int) -> Config {
        self.border_width = border_width;
        self
    }

    pub fn focused_border_color(mut self, color: &'static str) -> Config {
        self.focused_border_color = color;
        self
    }

    pub fn keys(mut self, keys: Vec<(c_uint, c_uint, WmAction)>) -> Config {
        self.keys = keys;
        self
    }

    pub fn no_default_keys(mut self) -> Config {
        self.tag_keys = Vec::new();
        self
    }

    pub fn normal_border_color(mut self, color: &'static str) -> Config {
        self.normal_border_color = color;
        self
    }

    pub fn overview_inset(mut self, inset: c_int) -> Config {
        self.overview_inset = inset;
        self
    }

    pub fn rules(mut self, rules: Vec<(ClientPredicate, ClientAction)>) -> Config {
        self.rules = rules;
        self
    }

    pub fn start_programs(mut self, start: Vec<StartAction>) -> Config {
        self.start_programs = start;
        self
    }

    pub fn tag_default(mut self, tag: c_uchar) -> Config {
        self.tag_default = tag;
        self
    }

    pub fn tag_description(mut self, description: Vec<(c_uchar, String)>) -> Config {
        self.tag_description = description;
        self
    }

    pub fn tag_keys(mut self, keys: (Vec<(c_uint, c_uint, WmAction)>, Vec<c_uchar>)) -> Config {
        self.tag_keys = keys.0;
        self.tag_default = keys.1[0];
        self
    }

    pub fn tag_layout(mut self, layout: Vec<(c_uchar, Box<Layout + 'static>)>) -> Config {
        self.tag_layout = layout;
        self
    }

    pub fn window_expand_delta(mut self, delta: c_int) -> Config {
        self.window_expand_delta = delta;
        self
    }

    pub fn window_move_delta(mut self, delta: c_int) -> Config {
        self.window_move_delta = delta;
        self
    }

    pub fn get_description(&self, tag: c_uchar) -> Option<&str> {
        for c in self.tag_description.iter() {
            if c.0 == tag {
                return Some(&c.1);
            }
        }
        None
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus.
On her bus ride home from work on December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks sat in the first row of the "colored section." The bus was crowded, and when asked to give up her seat for a white person, she refused and was arrested.
Parks died on October 24, 2005 at her home in Detroit.
Rosa Parks clearly broke the law when she refused to give up her seat on the bus for a white person. As educators, we teach citizenship to students. Laws are made to benefit society and should be followed by all. In the case of Parks, your students will likely agree that the law was unjust and her actions were justified.
Ask your students to make believe that the year is 1955 and they just heard about the arrest of Parks. Invite them to write newspaper editorials explaining their points of view about the current segregation laws in Montgomery, Alabama.
Students can visit the Scholastic website to find interesting and easy-to-read information about Rosa Parks, including an interview with her.
Read an interview with Rosa Parks courtesy of the Academy of Achievement.
Tolerance.org offers educators a free curriculum kit for the classroom that revisits this familiar historical event. The kit includes a teaching guide, with classroom activities tied to the story of Rosa Parks.
Guided comprehension moves your students beyond decoding to become independent readers. Generating questions to guide reading helps readers make connections with the text and supports independent comprehension of new texts.
Students use persuasive writing and an understanding of the characteristics of letters to the editor to compose effective letters to the editor on topics of interest to them.
Students are invited to confront and discuss issues of injustice and intolerance in response to reading a variety of fiction and nonfiction texts.
Students select, read about, and report on a hero and then identify how their hero matches certain criteria and characteristics. Hero reports are then compiled into a class book.
Students will love unwrapping this lesson about before, during, and after reading activities based on Margaree King Mitchell's book, Grandaddy's Gift.


The "first experiment" used the Energy Web Foundation open-source blockchain platform, which was designed for the energy sector. The Ethereum-based chain launched in April 2018.
Blockchain, says Iberdrola, "is an efficient way of allocating which assets will supply energy to a specific point of consumption, and can even be used to establish a hierarchy of priorities when it comes to sources of origin." Iberdrola also points to the blockchain's ability to eliminate "intermediaries" by delivering verifiable EDCCs (smart contracts) that simplify the process and reduce costs.
Iberdrola also thinks blockchain could be a "crucial catalyst" for decarbonisation and to incentivise production and consumption of renewable energy.
Kuxtabank views the project as an opportunity "to keep advancing in the sustainability criteria" that guides its activity, and as a chance to minimize its environmental footprint.
Iberdrola added a "user-friendly" web environment to the Energy Web Foundation platform that allows customers to view data and identify the source of the energy they consume.
Iberdrola is also participating in a project to test blockchain-based transactions in wholesale energy and natural gas markets. The peer-to-peer project will allow "agents" to buy and sell energy directly, "and their transactions will be registered on the platform anonymously and in encrypted form to be verified by other operators." This project is likely to involve the Enerchain blockchain, a framework built by PONTON.
Can blockchains transform the global energy system? The World Energy Council thinks so. In its 2018 World Energy Insights Brief, the WEC said that although blockchain was in its infancy, it has the potential to "upend" the global energy system.


Greece and the Greek Islands have always been one of the most popular holiday destinations throughout Europe. While the current state of the economy is obviously a shame for the people of the country, what it does mean is that lucky tourists are able to get some absolutely amazing deals to take advantage of during their trip.
Not only are the package holidays themselves available at hugely discounted prices, but other things such as car hire and day excursions when you get there come dirt cheap, too. Prices in restaurants and bars can be a little more hit and miss, with many out to get whatever they can out of unsuspecting tourists, although in fairness there are not many who behave in this way.
If you are looking to holiday in the Greek Islands on a budget, then it is best to stick to the tried and tested tourist destinations. Despite continuing to be busy, these areas have suffered the most impact during the Greek economic meltdown and will offer the very best discounts simply so they can get people in the doors and begin making money once again.
Look to avoid destinations that have not usually been popular destinations, such as Mykonos, as they are reverting to a strategy of higher pricing in order to try and attract only wealthier visitors once the economy picks back up.
If you are looking for a budget holiday, then in all honesty your best bet is still to go to the travel agency a few days before you are looking to go away and snap up the very best last minute deal they have on offer.
Typically, these will be to the most well-known holiday islands in the area, such as Corfu and Rhodes, although you may be able to pick up some great deals from other, lesser known resorts.
At the top of the article, we touched on the cheap cost of car hire, and this is something that everyone should consider in order to get a full appreciation of what the Islands of Greece have to offer. Take advantage of the super cheap rates on offer to explore the whole of your destination island, before perhaps casting your eye further afield.
There are daily ferries between most of the islands and to the Greek mainland, again at a very reasonable price, so you can spread your wings and experience more of what the Greek islands has to offer at a superb price.
Touristorama helps you plan your vacation and holidays in Greece and the Greek islands. Greece is one of the most beautiful destinations for holidays in Europe. You can also find them on Facebook and Twitter.
Thanks for this post. It's great to find affordable holidays to Greece online so that we can give help to the citizens of Greece.


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Claire Parsons
Solicitor and Mediator
Coole Bevis>br/>5 The Steyne,
BN11 3DT
www.coolebevislaw.com
Claire has over 19 years' experience as a family solicitor in Worthing. She is a Resolution trained Mediator and a Resolution accredited specialist in financial provision and private law children issues. Claire advises on all aspects of family disputes including divorce, separation and civil partnership. Claire is committed to a non -adversarial approach to resolving issues and believes Mediation can help both parties to remain in control of their situation. With support and guidance couples who are facing the difficulties of a breakdown in their relationship can with the correct information be confident in making their own decisions which are best for themselves and their family. Claire can work with other professionals during the mediation process if it is considered that this would assist. Claire's aim is to assist and encourage both parties to reach a solution which suits their own circumstances and Mediation gives both parties the opportunity to consider factors which a Court would not necessarily take into account. It is particularly important where the parties have children that they can work together both at the time of separation and in the future for the sake of their children.
Copyright © 2016 Worthing Collaborative Law Pod. All Rights Reserved.


Sleep is important for everyone, but especially for people with chronic or serious illness. Want to sleep better? Try to avoid caffeine, nicotine, large meals, or stressful activities in the last few hours before you need to go to bed.
Your transition to adulthood and independence, whether that means full-time employment, college, or a combination of work and school, comes with more freedom...and that comes with more rights and more responsibility. What's the key to making sure your college or career experience is what you hoped for, and not taken over by your IBD? Thinking ahead and planning for the ups and downs of your IBD, so that whatever comes your way won't leave you unprepared. There are lots of responsibilities, but even more possibilities. The healthier you are, the more you can take advantage of all the exciting opportunities waiting for you.
Sometimes, going back to the basics is the best way to start -- no matter how long you've been managing your IBD. Let's look at Health Care 101.
See "Other Articles" on the left for more articles in this section.


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Are Prepaid 529 Plans in Trouble?
By Lynn O'Shaughnessy on March 25, 2009 in College Savings
Are prepaid 529 college plans in trouble?
Thanks to the stock market implosion, it's a question families are naturally asking.
This particular breed of 529 plan — the most conservative of the bunch — typically allows parents to buy all or a part of a college degree at today's costs. If you bought a year's worth of tuition, for instance, it would still be worth that much years later regardless of inflation or stock market antics.
Each state that offers a prepaid 529 plan assumes the risk that its investment returns will be able to cover the cost of tuition at its own state universities for its investors. Families like the prospect of the state — not the parents — assuming this huge risk.
You won't find this prepaid guarantee, however, when you invest in the most popular 529 savings plans, where parents select from a menu of underlying stock and bond mutual funds and returns are anybody's guess.
One prepaid plan — Alabama — is currently experiencing financial trouble, while several states in recent years have closed enrollment in their 529 prepaid programs. Joseph Hurley, CPA, who runs SavingForCollege.com suggests that some states may ultimately have to bail out their programs with taxpayer money.
In his blog, Hurley explores what he believes will be the prepaid 529 plan model of the future:
Is there a better model? I think there is…It involves shifting the actuarial risk from the plan itself to the schools that receive the tuition. The Massachusetts U. Plan has operated in this way since 1995, with over 80 institutions in the Bay State–both public and private–agreeing to accept prepaid dollars in place of full tuition. The Independent 529 Planfollows the same approach as the U.Plan, except its participants include over 280 private colleges across the country.
More recently, the state of Texas, having shelved its original prepaid tuition plan, launched a new prepaid plan that shifts the risk to the state schools in Texas. If plan investments don't keep up with tuition increases, the school takes the haircut.
You'll learn much more about 529 plans by reading The College Solution.
Getting a High SAT Score
March Madness & University Graduation Rates


This fiery delight is traditionally served in a copita, a little Mexican shot glass, alongside a shot of tequila. Sometimes it's accompanied with a wedge of lime and coarse salt, but if you're using your best tequila (and you should), forgo the additional salt and lime.
In a pitcher, combine all of the ingredients except the tequila and stir until the salt dissolves. Let the mixture sit until it reaches the desired level of heat (it will get hotter as the jalapeño infuses the mixture), 15 to 30 minutes. Remove the jalapeño half and discard. Refrigerate until well chilled.
When you're ready to serve, pour the chilled mixture into copitas or shot glasses and serve with your favorite tequila straight up alongside.


This is an essential guide to help you understand water-proof ratings when purchasing products.
When buying any kind of equipment for sailing or any other water-based activities it is highly advisable to pay attention to the water-resistance and water-proof ratings on the device.
The best rating system we currently have available is the International Protection (IP) Code System (International Protection Marking).
The first two letters will always start with "IP". This is simply the abbreviation indicating that it is an IP code where "IP" stands for "International Protection".
The first digit indicates the protection that the product's exterior provides against access to sensitive internal parts (example: electrical conductors, moving parts, etc.) and the ingress (penetration) of solid particles (example: dust, etc.).
3 > 2.5 mm protection against tools, thick wires, etc.
4 > 1 mm protection against most wires, slender screws, large ants, etc.
The second digit indicates the protection that the product's exterior provides against harmful ingress (penetration) of water. The ratings for water resistance are not cumulative beyond IPX6. A product which is compliant with IPX7 (covering immersion in water), need not be compliant with IPX5 or IPX6 (covering exposure to water jets). A product which meets both ratings is indicated by a slash (example: IPX5/IPX7 or IPX5/7).


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Aristide Heading Home
by Stephen Lendman / March 18th, 2011
On March 18, Reuters headlined, "Haiti's Aristide heads home before runoff vote," saying:
He "headed back to his country on Friday after ignoring US opposition to a homecoming some fear could disrupt Haiti's presidential election runoff on Sunday."
For months, State Department officials obstructed him, wanting him permanently excluded, especially during Sunday's illegitimate elections, featuring two unpopular presidential candidates most Haitians spurn. Most, in fact, won't participate, knowing either winner represents Washington, not them.
First round November 28 elections and Sunday's runoff were rigged to defraud. Haitians want democracy, what's absent in Sunday's vote.
Earlier, Obama and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon asked South African President Jacob Zuma to prevent his return. He delayed but didn't stop him. In fact, Aristide's charismatic presence runs counter to America's imperial plans – to solidify colonization, resource theft, and exploitation of poor Haitians, what legitimate democrats oppose, including Aristide.
He's wanted to return any time, "to contribute to serving my Haitian sisters and brothers as a simple citizen in the field of education." He has no further political interests. Believe him. It's true. He wants only to aid Haiti's recovery, doing what he knows and loves best.
On March 17, AP said "South African Foreign Minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane was on hand to see (him) off," accompanied by his wife Mildred and daughters Michaela, aged 12 and Christine, aged 14.
In Zulu, Aristide said, "The great day has arrived! The day to say goodbye before returning home. We are delighted to return home after seven years. In Haiti also they are very happy," adding that "their dream will be fulfilled," shared by millions of supporters worldwide.
Anticipatory joy awaits him. Supporters prepared a warm welcome, including Port-au-Prince banners displaying "Titide," as he's affectionately known.
According to Mark Weisbrot, co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research:
Aristide's return marks an end to the era when the United States gets to choose the political leaders of other countries. It is a historic victory for democracy and self-determination.
Weisbrot is a distinguished analyst. Perhaps his conclusion is somewhat premature, but others agree that decades of destructive US power left America weaker, not stronger. Its influence is ebbing. One day, world leaders will reject it. Why not! It's counter to their own self-interest.
On March 18, AP headlined, "En route to Haiti, Aristide plane refuels in Dakar," saying:
"The plane landed in (Dakar, Senegal) Friday, and is expected to arrive in Haiti" Friday afternoon local time. For millions of Haitians who love him, they've awaited this moment for over seven years. A joyous welcome is planned.
This article was posted on Friday, March 18th, 2011 at 8:00am and is filed under Haiti.


Get excited about these movies and films in the month ahead. Whether it be a trip to the cinema or an evening out to the beach or art gallery, gather your friends and family and set a date to catch them.
The latest instalment of the Pirates series sees Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) pursued by an old enemy, Captain Salazar (Javier Bardem), who, along with his crew of ghost pirates, has escaped from the Devil's Triangle and is determined to kill every pirate at sea. Opens 25 May.
Starring Charlie Hunnam in the title role, this epic fantasy-action- adventure is Guy Ritchie's iconoclastic take on the classic Excalibur myth, tracing Arthur's journey from the streets to the throne. When Arthur's father is murdered, Vortigern (Jude Law), Arthur's uncle, seizes the crown. Robbed of his birthright and with no idea who he truly is, Arthur comes up the hard way in the back alleys of the city. But once he pulls the sword from the stone, his life is turned upside down and he's forced to acknowledge his true legacy, whether he likes it or not. Opens 18 May at Golden Village Cinemas.
New, open-air, silent cinema event Sunset Cinema hits Tanjong Beach (120 Tanjong Beach Walk) this month, taking place over two weekends (5 to 7 May and 12 to 14 May) with a line-up that includes acclaimed films Jackie, Arrival, Lion, The Founder, A United Kingdom and Captain Fantastic.
Cinema-goers can head over at 5pm to enjoy pre-movie nibbles and drinks, and tropical vibes set to a live DJ set, before taking their seats on deck chairs for the 7.30pm film screenings. And, about that "silent" part? Sunset Cinema will issue guests wireless, noise- cancelling headphones for a more immersive experience. For tickets and more details, visit sunsetcinema.com.sg.
The European Union Film Festival (EUFF) returns for its 27th edition from 11 to 21 May, taking place for the first time at National Gallery Singapore. Featuring a line-up of 27 feature films from 19 different countries, the EUFF gives Singapore audiences the opportunity to experience European creativity and diversity through a selection of recent dramas, thrillers, comedies and animated movies, many of which have not received commercial screenings outside of Europe.
In addition to the festival's opening film, Tschick (2016), a coming-of-age German dramedy, other highlights include Dutch film Beyond Sleep (2016), Problemski Hotel (2015) from Belgium, and English-language, Italian romantic drama The Correspondence, featuring Jeremy Irons and Russian actress-model Olga Kurylenko. There will also be family-friendly films, including The Dragon's Spell (2016), an animated, English-language feature from the Ukraine, and Austrian family drama, Brothers of The Wind (2015).
Check out more of what's happening around Singapore now.


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(-) Cat
(-) Hamster
(-) Baboon
Other bird
(-) Cattle
Invertebrate
Other invertebrate
Marine mammal
Other marine mammal
Turtle & Tortoise
(-) Biological Sampling
Oral Dosing
(-) Personality
Mainau, E., Llonch, P., Temple, D. et al. 2022. Alteration in activity patterns of cows as a result of pain due to health conditions. Animals 12(2), 176.
The main conditions and diseases considered painful in dairy cows are mastitis, lameness, calving (including dystocia and caesarean section) and metritis. The cattle literature reports that deviation from normal daily activity patterns (both increased and/or...
Rowe, E., Mullan, S. 2022. Advancing a "good life" for farm animals: Development of resource tier frameworks for on-farm assessment of positive welfare for beef cattle, broiler chicken and pigs. Animals 12(5), 565.
There is increasing recognition that farm animal welfare standards should ensure positive welfare, as well as prevent negative welfare. Resources that are valued by an animal and that provide opportunities to engage in motivated behaviours...
Knaebe, B., Weiss, C. C., Zimmermann, J. et al. 2022. The promise of behavioral tracking systems for advancing primate animal welfare. Animals 12(13), 1648.
Recent years have witnessed major advances in the ability of computerized systems to track the positions of animals as they move through large and unconstrained environments. These systems have so far been a great boon...
Thomas, A. D., Orsel, K., Cortés, J. A. et al. 2022. Objective determination and quantification of pain and inflammation associated with digital dermatitis in feedlot cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 253, 105684.
Digital dermatitis (DD) is an infectious skin disease in cattle that causes pain and discomfort, significantly impacting animal welfare. Although DD lesions are painful and prone to bleeding when touched, pain resulting from DD has...
Schnaider, M. A., Heidemann, M. S., Pescatori Silva, A. H. et al. 2022. Vocalization and other behaviors indicating pain in beef calves during the ear tagging procedure. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 47, 93-98.
Vocalization and other behavior signals are used as tools to assess animal welfare in beef calves. This paper aimed to compare vocal parameters and behavior signals expressed by beef calves submitted either to ear tagging...
Eagan, B. H., Eagan, B., Protopopova, A. 2022. Behaviour real-time spatial tracking identification (BeRSTID) used for cat behaviour monitoring in an animal shelter. Scientific Reports 12(1), 17585.
Efficiently tracking animal behaviour in an animal shelter has direct lifesaving applications. Individualized care and early recognition of distress in cats are often missed. However, monitoring behaviour is a challenge as time and financial resources...
Feighelstein, M., Shimshoni, I., Finka, L. R. et al. 2022. Automated recognition of pain in cats. Scientific Reports 12(1), 9575.
Facial expressions in non-human animals are closely linked to their internal affective states, with the majority of empirical work focusing on facial shape changes associated with pain. However, existing tools for facial expression analysis are...
Edmunson, A. M., Duke Boynton, F. D., Rendahl, A. et al. 2021. Indicators of postoperative pain in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Comparative Medicine 71(1), 76-85.
Despite the use of Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) in research, little is known about the evaluation of pain in this species. This study investigated whether the frequency of certain behaviors, a grimace scale, the treat-take-test...
Casey, K. M., Gore, F., Vilches-Moure, J. G. et al. 2021. Management of morbidity and mortality in a New Zealand white rabbit model of steroidinduced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Comparative Medicine 71(1), 86-98.
Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a condition documented in humans and animals exposed to chronic steroid administration. The rabbit has become a preferred animal model for investigating the pathogenesis and treatment of...
Stygar, A. H., Gómez, Y., Berteselli, G. V. et al. 2021. A systematic review on commercially available and validated sensor technologies for welfare assessment of dairy cattle. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8, 634338.
In order to base welfare assessment of dairy cattle on real-time measurement, integration of valid and reliable precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies is needed. The aim of this study was to provide a systematic overview...
Neave, H. W., Webster, J. R., Zobel, G. 2021. Anticipatory behaviour as an indicator of the welfare of dairy calves in different housing environments. PLoS ONE 16(1), e0245742.
Anticipatory behaviour occurs in the period before a reward or other positive event is presented and has been interpreted as an indicator of the welfare and emotional state of animals. The use of this indicator...
Evangelista, M. C., Steagall, P. V. 2021. Agreement and reliability of the Feline Grimace Scale among cat owners, veterinarians, veterinary students and nurses. Scientific Reports 11(1), 5262.
This study aimed to evaluate the agreement and reliability of the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) among cat owners, veterinarians, veterinary students and nurses/technicians. Raters (n = 5/group) scored 100 images using the FGS (ear position, orbital tightening...
Wells, D. L. 2021. Paw preference as a tool for assessing emotional functioning and welfare in dogs and cats: A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 236, 105148.
Dogs and cats have been extensively studied of late in relation to their paw preferences, with both species showing preferential motor bias at the level of the individual. Over the years, a wide range of...
Lowe, G. L., Sutherland, M. A., Waas, J. R. et al. 2021. Effect of milk allowance on the suitability of automated behavioural and physiological measures as early disease indicators in calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 234, 105202.
This study investigated the effect of milk allowance on the suitability of behavioural and physiological responses, individually and in combination, as early disease indicators. A total of 120 heifer calves were assigned into a 5...
Hirsch, E. N., Andersson, M., Loberg, J. et al. 2021. Development of existing scoring systems to assess behavioural coping in shelter cats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 234, 105208.
Assessing how cats cope with the housing and husbandry at shelters is an important part of maintaining good animal welfare. There are non-invasive methods to assess how cats cope with their environment. The aim of...
Uenishi, S., Oishi, K., Kojima, T. et al. 2021. A novel accelerometry approach combining information on classified behaviors and quantified physical activity for assessing health status of cattle: A preliminary study. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 235, 105220.
Evaluation of animal behavior provides information on health and well-being in animals. In this preliminary study, we investigated the effectiveness of an accelerometry approach to evaluate changes in health status of cattle by combining physical...
Yamada, P. H., Codognoto, V. M., Rydygier de Ruediger, F. et al. 2021. Pain assessment based on facial expression of bulls during castration. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 236, 105258.
Bovine castration can be performed surgically, chemically, or immunologically and the method used can influence animal welfare. The use of facial expressions is an efficient tool to quantify pain, but there has been limited study...
Salzer, Y., Honig, H. H., Shaked, R. et al. 2021. Towards on-site automatic detection of noxious events in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 236, 105260.
Successful detection of pain in cows could circumscribe the therapeutic window for treatment before the cow's condition deteriorates further. While severe clinical cases that are characterized as painful have clear behavioral and physiological manifestations, mild...
Laurijs, K. A., Briefer, E. F., Reimert, I. et al. 2021. Vocalisations in farm animals: A step towards positive welfare assessment. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 236, 105264.
Public concern for farm animal welfare is increasing. Animal welfare is defined as the balance of positive and negative emotions, where positive emotions are key to a good animal life. Emotion is defined as an...
Coleman, K., Shapiro, S. J. (Eds.). 2021. Behavioral Biology of Laboratory Animals (1st ed). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
This 30-chapter volume informs students and professionals about the behavioral biology of animals commonly housed in laboratory and other captive settings. Each species evolved under specific environmental conditions, resulting in unique behavioral patterns, many of...
van Eerdenburg, F. J. C. M., Di Giacinto, A. M., Hulsen, J. et al. 2021. A new, practical animal welfare assessment for dairy farmers. Animals 11(3), 881.
The Welfare Quality® assessment protocol (WQ) is the most extensive way to measure animal welfare. This study was set up to determine if resource-based welfare indicators, that are easier and faster to measure, could replace...
Herlin, A., Brunberg, E., Hultgren, J. et al. 2021. Animal welfare implications of digital tools for monitoring and management of cattle and sheep on pasture. Animals 11(3), 829.
The opportunities for natural animal behaviours in pastures imply animal welfare benefits. Nevertheless, monitoring the animals can be challenging. The use of sensors, cameras, positioning equipment and unmanned aerial vehicles in large pastures has the...
van Eerdenburg, F. J. C. M., Hof, T., Doeve, B. et al. 2021. The relation between hair-cortisol concentration and various welfare assessments of Dutch dairy farms. Animals 11(3), 821.
Many protocols have been developed to assess farm animal welfare. However, the validity of these protocols is still subject to debate. The present study aimed to compare nine welfare assessment protocols, namely: (1) Welfare Quality©...
Tschoner, T. 2021. Methods for pain assessment in calves and their use for the evaluation of pain during different procedures—A review. Animals 11(5), 1235.
The evaluation and assessment of the level of pain calves are experiencing is important, as the experience of pain (e.g., due to routine husbandry procedures) severely affects the welfare of calves. Studies about the recognition...


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This 1964 BMW 3200CS Bertone can help you find love
Home » News » This 1964 BMW 3200CS Bertone can help you find love
At the moment, there doesn't seem to be a BMW Coupe that really inspires passion, desire and lust. The 8 Series might change that when it debuts, as its concept is very pretty indeed. But until then, there's just nothing in the current BMW stable with two doors that really evokes passion. However, that's not because BMW doesn't know how to do so. Back in the day, there were quite a few BMW coupes that were bite-the-back-of-your-hand beautiful. This 1964 BMW 3200CS Bertone was one of them.
Debuting at the 1961 Frankfurt Auto Show, the BMW 3200CS Bertone instantly became one of the brand's most beautiful cars. It was built on the same platform that underpinned the BMW 501 and 507, both achingly pretty cars, but its body and interior were designed by Bertone.
Its exterior design is simply gorgeous and you can see a lot of similarities in the E9-generation of BMWs. So we have the 3200CS Bertone to thank for those brilliant cars and one of the most iconic BMWs of all time — the BMW 3.0 CSL.
Under the hood was a 3.2 liter, dual-carburetted, SOHC, pushrod V8. It was the last application of BMW's early post-war technologies. Both the chassis and engine were originally designed by BMW over a decade prior to this car's release. After it, though, BMW ushered in a new era of cars that really put the brand on the map. So this BMW 3200CS Bertone is not only beautiful but it's the end of an era for BMW.
This particular model, with its red exterior paint finish and tan leather interior is stunning. It's very Italian looking, which would make sense, considering it was designed by Bertone… On the outside, it hits all the right notes. The C-pillar and bubble rear window make the back end look just gorgeous and the rear singular circle taillights are superb. The latter bit also shows where BMW got its 2002 taillight design from. I also like the fuel-filler door at the rear, so it doesn't detract from the side of the car.
But it's the face of the car that really makes it. Those massive singular circle headlights look great and are a real treat, as we've become so used to the dual-circles lights of all modern BMWs. They also work really well with the two upright Kidney Grilles and wide grille behind them. This has to be one of the prettiest BMWs of all time.
Inside, the leather looks sumptuous and luxurious. It looks very much like a sporty grand-touring car. The cabin is also very Italian looking, with a very intimate cockpit, beautiful wood trim throughout the dash and a massive, spindly steering wheel.
This sort of car, with its stunning looks, intimate cabin and seductive V8 could be the ultimate in romantic grand touring. If you haven't found love yet, this 1964 BMW 3200CS Bertone can help.
[Source: Classic Driver]
BMW 3200CS Bertone
10 responses to "This 1964 BMW 3200CS Bertone can help you find love"
Terry Cowan says:
Passion desire & lust?!
How about some journalism?
It's just a weekend feel-good article and a beautiful classic car… How about some fun?
While completely underestimating the current model range.
Styling is completely subjective. If you like a car in the current model range more than this Bertone, that's perfectly okay. I don't and that's okay, too.
Have you seen one?
Epic Car
The Glaserati that followed is cool as well.
David Lightfoot says:
" …the BMW 501 and 507, both achingly pretty cars…"
Maybe you mean the 503 and 507. No one ever said the 501 was pretty.
Baroquen Angel.


Every visitor to Cairns and Port Douglas must book a seat on the Kuranda Train Scenic Rail and Skyrail for the adventurous trip to the rainforest village in the mountains called Kuranda. The train ride up the mountain winds its way around thru hand cut tunnels and provides the most gorgeous scenery along the way. The Skyrail gondola goes back and forth up the mountainside like a suspended chair lift. You can pre-book an open top gondola or a glass bottom gondola to add that extra wow factor experience. Spend the day wandering the Kuranda village seeing all the animal attractions visiting the daily art & craft markets markets.
The Daintree Rainforest and Cape Tribulation Rainforest are the oldest rainforests in the world supporting a fragile existence to some of the rarest and oldest animal species and birds on the planet. Whilst visiting Cairns and the Great Barrier Reef we would highly recommend you spend a day in the Daintree Rainforest to get an understanding of the importance of these regions to everyone's lives and to experience the natural formations and beauty of the land. Waterfalls, rivers and streams, wildlife, smells and colours are all yours to explore.
Cairns most popular tours and attractions are all here. Some Cairns tours are more popular than others and the reasons for this can be many and varied. Based on our Guest Reviews we have put together a list of the best tours in Cairns and Port Douglas for you to make your own choice. The most popular tour is of course a Great Barrier Reef tour where you can snorkel and dive on the Great Barrier Reef. Another popular tour in is the Skyrail Gondola and the Kuranda Train both of which take you on an exciting journey up the McAllister Ranges to Kuranda. For the adventurer and thrill seekers there is extreme adrenaline tours such as white water rafting, skydiving, deep sea fishing, canyoning and much much more.
When travelling to an iconic destination such as Cairns and the Great Barrier Reef the best way to really experience it is flying 500 feet above the ground on a scenic flight so that you can take in all its magnificence and beauty. If you would like a birds eye view of two iconic World Heritage listed sites you definitely should book a helicopter scenic flight over the Great Barrier Reef and the Daintree Rainforest and Cape Tribulation regions. Your scenic flight options depart from Cairns and Port Douglas and can be in a helicopter or a fixed wing aircraft. Our pilots can take you to exotic places like Lizard Island, an outback cattle station, the Undara Lava Tubes or even up to Cape York for some Barramundi fishing or to see Cooktown for the day.
When on holidays it is nice to have either your own rent a car or a luxury limousine hire car with a driver to take you directly to where you want to go. Holidays are for relaxing so let someone else do the driving for you. Transfers are from the Cairns International and domestic airports and can be arranged for as far south as Mission Beach and as far north as Port Douglas. Should you be booking accommodation in the Daintree and Cape Tribulation region please speak to our team about your airport transfers at the time of booking your accommodation. Airport transfers can also be made by helicopter, so contact our team to arrange all of your airport transfers.
Look - Compare - Book with Live Availability and Daily Deals for all Cairns and Port Douglas tours, Great Barrier Reef snorkel tours, scuba dive tours, scenic helicopter flights, private boat charters, Kuranda and Daintree rainforest tours or extreme adventures like skydiving and white water rafting.
Whether you require a single Cairns day tour, an overnight scuba dive trip, a swim with whales experience from Port Douglas or a Kuranda and Daintree rainforest tour for your holiday our team at The Tour Specialists are here to assist you 7 days a week.
Call our reservations team to speak with our professional and knowledgeable local staff members for the best up to the minute advice on 07 4059 5959 send us an email or talk to us on live chat.
Cairns is known as the adventure capital of Australia and the region is famous for its amazing scuba diving on the Great Barrier Reef, extreme white water rafting, snorkelling tours, skydiving, marine life encounters, food and wine tours and much more. Simply browse our website and find your ultimate Cairns and Port Douglas tours and attractions here.
The Tour Specialists aim is to provide the highest level of customer service and match you and your guests to the tour that best suits your interests, capabilities and budget. The tour specialists pride themselves on the high level of product knowledge our locally based staff have along with the extremely high level of service we provide to our guests.
We love to show off our backyard, which offers some of the most amazing natural wonders of the world, not man made concrete structures or theme parks. See the heritage of the region and admire the courage of the pioneers of Cairns, soak up the relaxed laid back unhurried culture whilst taking in the awesome World Heritage greenery and Cairns Great Barrier Reef that surrounds you. Be amazed at our pristine Tropical beaches lined by ancient rainforest. Listen to the stories told by the Aboriginals.
There is so much to see and do so we have designed this website to show off the best Cairns and Port Douglas tours and the beautiful surrounding regions to you in human terms not brochure blurb. It would be great to get some feedback from you our guests on our Facebook page and let us know what we can do to further improve our Cairns and Port Douglas Tours site.
If you wish to communicate with our tour desk team please send us your enquiry via email or give us a call during business hours.
Booking on-line with The Tour Specialists gives you instant printable confirmation of your tour booking, no waiting 24 hours for someone to get back to you. The tours you want are confirmed on the spot through a secure site to ensure you do not miss out during the busy peak season.


Bradford is a great place to be right now. With the football club making huge progress in recent years, getting to 2major finals and a successful rugby club in the local area too, the summer of sport has been brilliant for Bradford. It's not just sport that's making Bradford more and more popular; it's also the great outdoors and culture of the city. Brontë Country views and rugged moorland are a well-known tourist attraction, as well as many other attractions all over the city.
The Locks pub is a beautiful building on the busy Keighley Road in Bingley, on the outskirts of Bradford. It's a late hours pub with a great kitchen facility and very large floor space inside. The modern interior is an attraction in the daytime as well as night, with customers coming to enjoy the wide range of packaged beers, wines and spirits the pub stocks. Previous landlords at this pub report a good profit return compared to the normal market rate.
If you could run a pub like this one, get in touch with the Pub Partners team. Request a call back here.
The Great Northern is a stone built pub located on a busy road, with off road car parking. It's recently been refurbished inside and has a great bar area, as well as pool table and games area.
A landlord with experience in hospitality or the pub industry would be perfect for running this pub. With the locals in the area very passionate about sports, rugby and football in particular, a landlord who takes an interest in sport would be ideal too.
The Swing Gate Inn is a great opportunity for anyone looking to take their first ever pub business on. It's a compact building on the main road. This pub has a single bar and a strong core of local residents who are repeat customers.
Its beer garden is very popular in the summer months, historically a time when profits are up for pubs.
The compact floor space means this is a community pub, and the landlord would need to be a very sociable person, who may have experience working in similar pubs.
If you could run a pub like this one, get in touch with the Pub Partners team.


2012 Jeep Wrangler Orange Crush SOLD!!!
Our Orange Crush 2012 Jeep Wrangler Sport has a 3.6L V6 engine with a manual 6 speed transmission and only 73k! A great looking Jeep and even better with awesome features like a 3.5-inch ProComp lift, 35 inch mud terrain tires wrapped around black 17in ProComp simulated beadlo ..
2004 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD Crew Cab LS SOLD!!
This 2004 Chevy Silverado 2500HD has a 6.6L V8 Turbo diesel with the good LLY engine with an automatic transmission with only 105k! A Silverado like this is hard to come by especially when it has awesome features like power group, automatic head lights, ARE camper shell, Long ..
2012 Toyota FJ Cruiser Trail Team SOLD!!!
This great looking lifted 4WD Toyota FJ Cruiser Trail Team Special Edition has a 4.0L V6 motor with an automatic transmission with only 43k! This great adventure rig is ready to hit the trails with the awesome modifications like front and rear 2.5 King Coil Overs with External ..
2009 Jeep Wrangler With Lockers SOLD!!!
This 2009 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara is not your typical Sahara. It has Teraflex 44 front axle casing loaded with RCV chromoly axles inside, Teraflex Long Arm lift kit with adjustable front Fox 3.0 Smooth Series Reservoir shocks with air bump stops inside the coils, ..
This one owner 2017 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sport has a 3.6L V6 with an automatic transmission and only 11k. A perfect Jeep to enjoy the weekend with awesome features like a 3 inch ProComp lift, 33inch Toyo Open Country MT tires wrapped around black 17inch ProComp wheels, Tubu ..
2015 Jeep Wrangler Tank SOLD!!!
This 2015 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon has been modified and is ready to hit the trails. There is a four inch Teraflex 8 arm kit with brand new Fox 2.0 Performance series shocks, New 35x12.50x17 Toyo R/T Open Country tires on Black Fuel Wheels with a matching spare tire, Po ..
This 2005 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon has the 6cyl 4.0L engine with a 6-speed manual transmission and only 117k! This hard to find clean LJ has awesome features like a Cb radio with a 4.5ft antenna, lockable center console, brand new head unit that allows for Blu ..
This 2012 Toyota FJ Cruiser 4x4 has a 4.0L V6 motor with an automatic transmission and only 36k original miles on it! Our Toyota is ready for fun filled weekends of camping and adventure with all the great upgraded features it has such as, Tepui Soft Top pop up tent that sits ..
2015 Dodge Journey Crossroad SOLD!!!
This one owner Dodge Journey Crossroad has the Pentastar V6 3.6L engine, the same motor that is in the Wranglers, and Automatic transmission with only 33k! Our really clean Journey has awesome factory features such as leather seats with sport mesh inserts, Navigation, parkview b ..


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Current best practice guidelines set out in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management's (CIEEM) code of professional conduct advocate accessing a robust and up to date evidence base at key stages of the planning application process. In Greater London, planning authorities and environmental consultants achieve this via accessing GiGL services.
GiGL manages and provides easy access to the most comprehensive source of environmental data in Greater London. It is vital this is used by planning authorities and developers to make informed decisions.
The below table shows the number of planning applications received by each London Borough in 2018 (courtesy of DCLG). Compared to these are the number of GiGL data searches commissioned and completed within each borough for the same time periods. The table shows the incredibly low percentage of data searches to the number of applications. Not all planning applications received by the London Boroughs will have an environmental impact, but we know from the results of the research undertaken by the Greater London Authority in 2016 that the percentage of applications informed by a GiGL data search should be closer to 18%.
Environmental consultants who commission reports from GiGL access the same evidence base as our local authority partners, ensuring that local decisions are informed by the same information. Environmental consultants that only consume open data from MAGIC and the National Biodiversity Network Atlas are actively choosing not to follow their profession's best practice guidance and are likely to provide an inadequately informed assessment as a result. This may also compromise your compliance as a public body with both the NPPF and the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act (NERC).
The key issues:
The Creative Commons licences used to publish data via the National Biodiversity Network Atlas provide access to open data (CC-BY, CC-O and OGL licences) and shared data (CC-BY-NC licence). As of November 2018[1], nearly 60% of the data published on the Atlas are blurred to 1km resolution or less, so aren't precise enough to inform site-based decisions. In addition, only 12% of the data on the Atlas are published under the licences that permit commercial use[2]. It is against the licence terms to view on screen or download the remaining 88% of records. Misuse of data will result in the National Biodiversity Network Trust issuing a fixed charge notice to anyone found in breach of the licence terms[3].
The Association of Local Environmental Records Centres (ALERC) is negotiating with national schemes and societies to gain access to shared data published via the NBN Atlas for use by local environmental records centres, making our services the only way to access these data for work relating to strategic or development management planning.
GiGL recommendations:
Any relevant application without evidence of a full data search from GiGL should be rejected on the basis it has not accessed the recognised London evidence base[4] Information about our Data Searches is available here. An example of the report summary sheet that our customers have permission to publish is available here[5]
Notify GiGL of all applications that contain Atlas-derived data where it is unclear if shared data have been accessed, and the required metadata statements haven't been included, in order that we can investigate further and work with the NBN Trust on enforcing the terms and conditions at a national level.
Your planning authority makes applicants aware of the information requirements via your website, validation checklist or pre-application guidance as recommended in para 193 of the NPPF[6]
We will be keeping an up-to-date log detailing the number of applications versus the number of data searches undertaken on a per borough basis for our partners' reference.
[1] https://nbn.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/TTE18-03-P05-NBN-Atlas-Update.pdf
[2] https://docs.nbnatlas.org/guidance-on-the-definition-of-non-commercial-use/
[3] https://docs.nbnatlas.org/data-licenses/breach-licence-conditions/
[4] para 165 of the National Planning Policy Framework states that 'planning policies and decisions should be based on up-to date information about the natural environment and other characteristics of the area'
[5] GiGL data search reports are supplied for internal use only and must not be published as part of an application
[6] Local planning authorities should publish a list of their information requirements for applications
Open Spaces Data
AoD in Access to POS
BAP Habitat Suitability


Discussion in 'Cricket Talk' started by Del, Nov 8, 2018.
Pakistan have registered a complaint to the match referee Javagal Srinath against New Zealand veteran middle-order batsman Ross Taylor for his misbehavior during the first One-Day International (ODI) in Abu Dhabi.
The Black Caps took a 1-0 lead in the three-match series with 47-run win on Wednesday, where Taylor played an important knock and scored 80 off 112 balls with the help of five fours and helped the visitors in posting a competitive total of 266-9.
But an interesting development occurred during the 26th over of the Kiwis innings when Taylor raised objection with the on-field umpire about the bowling action of Pakistan veteran off-spinner Mohammad Hafeez.
Taylor reportedly told umpires that Hafeez was bowling a 'doosra' — a leg break bowled with an apparent off-break action — which he was not allowed to bowl.
The umpires, while rejecting Taylor's objection, told him to keep focus on his batting as it was their duty to observe the proceedings.
Pakistan captain Sarfraz Ahmed also had a word following that incident with the on-field umpires and then directed Hafeez to continue bowling.
Following the match, the team management filed a complaint against the 34-year-old and now the right-hander is expected to face disciplinary action, report suggests.
Hafeez's bowling action has been objected to several times in the past, where he was also suspended from bowling for a 12-month period.


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1st Team
U7/8/9s
Thanks to our amazing Sponsors
Words cannot express how grateful we are to our fantastic sponsors. Your generosity has been vital to the club and your support is what allows us to continue to do our part in the phenomenal growth of female grassroots football.
Justin Ogilvie
Kit Sponsor
Bristol Ladies Union sends huge thanks to Natracare for donating sanitary protection for each team. From U11 to the firsts, each team now has a sanitary pack in its kit bag along with period information from Natracare and contact details for the club welfare officer.
Unleashed Software
Shirt Sponsor
Inventory management that's perfect for manufacturers, wholesalers and distributors, everywhere.
A privately owned company, Unleashed is a powerful, integrated platform that allows businesses real-time visibility of accurate inventory information. Providing precise tracking data on each and every item of stock helps businesses of all sizes reduce their costs and increase profits. Unleashed partners with a range of eCommerce, point of sales and accounting software to provide an end-to-end business management solution.
BLU FC Ladies Shirt Sponsor
Founded in 1948, Robert Half (NYSE symbol: RHI) pioneered specialised recruitment services and today is the world's leader in helping companies hire accounting, finance, banking, technology and administrative professionals on a temporary, contract and permanent basis.
The Beehive has been a Bristol institution for almost 150 years, serving the population of North Bristol and beyond. The current owners Dawn and Rufus Roberts and Paul James took over the reins in September 2014 and have a simple aim – to deliver good old fashioned hospitality in a modern setting that leaves each and every customer feeling welcome and appreciated.
Club Fund Raising
An easy way to boost club funds when you shop on-line. Registration is quick and easy and each time you shop on-line a donation is made to BLUFC from the retailer. There is no extra cost to you and no extra charge for the products you purchase. It's a win win situation.
Sign up soon to start raising vital funds for your club
Bristol Community Magazines Ltd
Club Partner
Bristol Community Magazines Limted, Publisher of the Bristol Nine and Bristol Eight magazines. Both are free, full-colour, A5 glossy magazines that contain a mixture of interesting
adverts and readable stuff, both with a decidedly local slant. Their purpose, I
suppose, is two fold – a professional and very affordable means for businesses to
promote their services and products to the people of this part of north Bristol,
and an engaging and informal little read for those people who receive the
magazine through their letterbox free each month. The businesses that feature
are almost entirely based in and around the BS8 and BS9 area, and most of them
are small concerns who find the cost of advertising in them attractive compared
to bigger publications whose focus is less on community and more on lifestyle.
Finally, both magazines contain a large free listings section, to help those people who run clubs, put on shows and concerts, and organise charity events, to spread the word about the great things they are up to here in the community.
Bristol Ladies Union is an FA Chartered Standard Club


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The Word Nerd Reckoning
Should you play a racial slur in Scrabble? Elite players are having a heated debate.
By Stefan Fatsis
June 18, 202010:25 PM
Photo illustration by Slate. Photos by Jude Beck on Unsplash and Mish Vizesi on Unsplash.
It is an accepted norm of competitive Scrabble that for the duration of a game, from the first tile played to the last, the meanings of words are meaningless. Whatever combination of letters offers the best strategic outcome is the right one. A little old lady once played CUNT against me. My teenage daughter laid down FUCKERS. A frequently played word is JEW, defined in some dictionaries as an offensive term for "bargain." It gets rid of the tricky J and W.
But the nationwide protests over racism and police violence have prompted a rethinking of the conventional wisdom about the role of words in Scrabble. What started with a call last week for the Scrabble community to support Black Lives Matter led to a proposal by leadership of the North American Scrabble Players Association to eliminate slurs—about 80 in all, plus alternate spellings and inflections, for a total of 238 words—from the master list of words that are permissible in club and tournament play.
"I have felt for a long time that there are some words in our lexicon that we hang onto in the mistaken belief that our spelling them with tiles on a board strips them of their power to cause harm," NASPA's chief executive, John Chew, wrote to the group's 11-member advisory board. "When we play a slur, we are declaring that our desire to score points in a word game is of more value to us than the slur's broader function as a way to oppress a group of people. I don't think that this is the time for us to be contributing divisively to the world's problems."
In theory, Scrabble strips all words of their "broader function." Players don't say the words they form out loud, and aren't using them to communicate thoughts, feelings, or ideas—they're using them to score points and nothing more. The only standard for a word's playability has been whether it meets the criteria for admission into the Scrabble lexicon. But it's also true that the words are always lying there, staring up from the board. And the question of whether the appearance of slurs in that space should be troubling or not is dividing players of the game.
Elite Scrabble players deploy the occasional offensive word without a second thought.
This is Scrabble's second walk on these hot linguistic coals. In the mid-1990s, an art gallery owner in Virginia objected to the fact that JEW, along with a slew of other slurs and obscenities, was in the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary. Hasbro, the game's owner, and Merriam-Webster, the dictionary's publisher, replied that while they don't condone the words, the dictionary is a repository of the language, not its moral arbiter. Unsatisfied, she took her case to the Anti-Defamation League, which accused Hasbro of "literally playing games with hate." Hasbro backed down. Words carrying the label "offensive" were expunged from the Scrabble dictionary.
Competitive players objected, and a deal was brokered: Club and tournament Scrabble would be governed by a separate lexicon that allowed the expurgated words, including vulgarities like FUCK (and a half-dozen variations) and SHIT (more than a dozen variations) and slurs like the N-word and REDSKIN. Players collected them in what came to be known as the Poo List. In the quarter-century since, elite Scrabble players have deployed the occasional offensive word without controversy or, usually, a second thought.
Now players are proposing to do from within what a lobbying campaign once succeeded in forcing from without. The move began with the suggestion, in a private Facebook group called NASPA Member Concerns, that the community demonstrate support for the protest movement. A player from Texas, Jim Hughes, offered a concrete action. "[R]emoving certain offensive words from our lexicon, such as N—–(S) and others," he wrote, "could show our solidarity with BLM and demonstrate that NASPA does not condone racism." Two days later, news of the proposal to remove the slurs was posted, and since then various threads on the topic have generated more than 1,000 comments. The NASPA advisory board considered the proposal on Thursday night but took no action pending further discussion in the community.
To prepare the list, Chew, the Scrabble association executive, electronically collected words labeled offensive and separated them into seven categories: slur, anatomical, political, profane, prurient, scatological, and vulgar. The proposed deletions would be limited to slurs only—"that is," he wrote, "words that are used to label someone as being of less value than the speaker based on some innate trait such as gender, race, or sexual orientation."
The words range from obvious and common aspersions to ones unfamiliar to most people (BOHUNK, HAOLE, CULCHIE) to others they might be surprised to learn have a disparaging meaning (JESUIT, PAPIST). A few don't always carry a monitory label in dictionaries (GRAYBEARD, JAILBAIT). Some familiar ones didn't make the list because they have other, inoffensive meanings (BITCH).
In the Scrabble Facebook discussions, the N-word—the only slur in this article that isn't typed in full—received special attention. Several players suggested it should be the only word removed from the list, on grounds that its calumny exceeds all others. (Merriam-Webster calls it "almost certainly the most offensive and inflammatory racial slur in English, a term expressive of hatred and bigotry.") Some players wrote that they wouldn't ever play it in a game. Others held the lexicographic ground: If it qualifies as a word, it's playable.
Otherwise, the focus of the debate was less on the particular words marked for excision than the place of slurs in the game. Many argued that Scrabble would lose nothing by dropping words that obviously cause offense in real life. Such a move, some players said, might also make the game more attractive to sponsors or broadcasters, and could generate positive media and attract new players. More important, they said, it could be a fitting contribution from a cabal of word nerds to the swirling conversation about race and equality.
"The issue is not censorship," wrote Tony Leah, a longtime player from Toronto. "The issue is a much stronger commitment to oppose racism." Marsha Gillis of Texas posted: "If you want to keep these words in the [word list] because one of them might someday be the best play available to you, you need to drop everything and check your privilege."
But the mention of privilege—reckoning with whether competitive Scrabble players' "unquestioning acceptance of the worst of the worst ethnic slurs in our book comes from a position of privilege," as a top player, Chris Lipe of St. Louis, said—led others to ask who exactly was displaying it. "You as a white person don't get to decide what should be a word," one expert-level player wrote in response to a comment. "I as a white person don't get to decide what should be a word." Another player said that deleting words as a show of tolerance might itself be patronizing. "Speaking as a person of colour," he wrote, "it actually bothers me that some people seem to be thinking of this expurgation as a 'magnanimous' gesture."
The pool of people commenting on the proposal was self-selecting—the 377 players who belong to a closed Facebook group and approach the game as obsessive insiders. And while the sample size was small, players in the threads from marginalized groups supported leaving the slurs in. One black player, Art Moore of Florida, who has directed Scrabble's annual national championship tournament, said he wouldn't be fazed by an opponent "playing the anagram of GINGER." He argued, by way of analogy, that "the Confederate flag in a museum to instruct about the past means nothing," whereas "waving the same flag at a BLM protest is something entirely different. Leave the strings of letters alone."
Marlon Hill, a black expert from Baltimore, wrote in one thread that "it would be patently absurd to pretend such n such letter string does not EXIST." In another, he said that "yall NEED to STOP PRETENDING/IMAGINING things will get better wif da elimination of a single word—or a THOUSAND words—from da dictionary, a Scrabble lexicon, or even da fuckin language."
Jason Idalski of Michigan, who is a member of the Scrabble's group's advisory board, told me on the phone, "I'm openly gay. It doesn't matter when an opponent plays FAG or FAGGOT. It does irk me that people are telling me you should be mad when people do this." A player from Connecticut named Benjamin Bloom, who has cerebral palsy, said he wouldn't be offended if someone played SPAZ against him. "The spoken word can be offensive," he told me, but "a random string of tiles on a 15-by-15 Scrabble board should never offend anyone."
Scrabble players make a conscious choice to overlook definitions during gameplay.
As a practical matter, apart from a few short words, offensive terms get played infrequently, and are noticed by the public even more rarely. But it happens. In 2010, an Ohio newspaper apologized for printing a photo of a board from a tournament that included the word JEWED. (A local synagogue saw the photo and complained; a NASPA spokesperson explained that competitive players "consider these terms 'playing pieces' rather than hate speech and don't want them taken out of competition," the paper wrote.) When ESPN covered the North American championship for a few years in the 2000s, the rules were bent to avoid obscenities showing up on camera. The two players meeting in the finals were told not to play offensive words. When LEZ was played inadvertently one year, the game was paused and a do-over ordered.
Tournament Scrabble players like those in the NASPA discussion typically make a conscious choice to overlook definitions during the course of a game. This might be a semantic feint, but it reflects how linguists, lexicographers, and wordplay lovers often treat words: as discrete objects to be probed and analyzed both for the meanings humans ascribe to them as well as the properties reflected in their structure and composition—including their strategic value on a playing board.
Banning words from Scrabble didn't make them disappear from the language when Hasbro cleansed the OSPD 26 years ago, some players argued in the Facebook threads, and it wouldn't now. Some said that if the slurs are removed, they could receive more attention by virtue of their absence than in their continued presence. "I can't help reminding all that in The Handmaid's Tale Scrabble was used to represent the last refuge of liberty of the human mind and the spirit of rebellion against tyranny," Joel Sherman, a two-time North American champion, wrote. "We should endeavor to protect not the sensitive ears, but the words, of all meanings and connotations."
In his proposal, Chew noted his mixed ethnicity and said that when he joined a Scrabble club in diverse Toronto in 1993, he was struck by the way players "could ignore their differences on every social axis when absorbed in playing a board game." But, he wrote, "I am increasingly aware … that no matter how little meaning matters to us when anagramming FORETOP, GINGER, or SOH, it tells others that if they cannot distance themselves from those meanings, we neither value their stories nor welcome them into our community."
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I've been playing and writing about tournament Scrabble for more than 20 years, and I have no trouble distancing myself from those meanings. I'm also a straight white man, and deeply immersed in the game. Players attending a club for the first time—or someone reading this article who doesn't play at all—might not feel the same way. Inside Scrabble, even to some players of color, permitting slurs can feel no different than accepting that ZA is perfectly legit or that OK now meets the criteria for entry. Outside Scrabble, the view can be understandably less nuanced.
In the Facebook group, Paul Epstein of Michigan, an expert player who has competed in tournaments for nearly 40 years, proposed a compromise that appealed to many: Keep the slurs—but with a warning. At every tournament, and before any game that might wind up before the public, organizers would declare that some offensive words might be played, but that they are "assumed as unintended to be construed within the context of their problematic usages." In other words, acknowledge the cold reality that language isn't ever neutral or benign, even in a seemingly innocuous game, while letting players exploit every available string of letters.
For more from Slate, listen to Thrilling Tales of Modern Capitalism.
Racism Games


You've felt exhausted for far too long and now it's really beginning to tell. You know that you are stuck in an unhelpful loop but you're too tired to make the changes that would make all the difference.
I lived in exhausted overwhelm for many years but, as I made my way to a lighter way of living, I discovered therapies and techniques that made a difference. First, the warm, restorative energy of Reiki brought comfort and relief. Later, EFT, Matrix Reimprinting, Matrix Birth Reimprinting and NLP all played their part and these are at the heart of my work as I support others towards a more comfortable way of living.
Caroline feels that the strategies she learned, combined with the deep relaxation of Reiki, helped her to cope with chemotherapy – you can read more here. Here's how Sarah was able to change some patterns of thought and behaviour and here, JC tells how she could finally move past the after-effects of a ten-year abusive relationship.
Contact me to discuss how a Reiki Plus session could help you, or to book.


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Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with mass one-thousandth of that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter is classified as a gas giant along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian or outer planets. The planet was known by astronomers of ancient times, and was associated with the mythology and religious beliefs of many cultures. The Romans named the planet after the Roman god Jupiter. When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.94, bright enough to cast shadows, and making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus. (Mars can briefly match Jupiter's brightness at certain points in its orbit.)
Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium, although helium only comprises about a tenth of the number of molecules. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements, but like the other gas giants, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet's shape is that of an oblate spheroid (it possesses a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope. Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. There are also at least 67 moons, including the four large moons called the Galilean moons that were first discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these moons, has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury.
Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic spacecraft, most notably during the early Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter. The most recent probe to visit Jupiter was the Pluto-bound New Horizons spacecraft in late February 2007. The probe used the gravity from Jupiter to increase its speed. Future targets for exploration in the Jovian system include the possible ice-covered liquid ocean on the moon Europa.