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OJPC Vol.11 No.3 , August 2021
Physico-Chemicals Characterization of Quercetin from the Carica papaya Leaves by Different Extraction Techniques
Muhammad Hidhir Khawory1,2*, Mohd Ferdaues Mohd Subki1,2, Mohd Anuar Shahudin1,2, Nurul Hidayatul Afifah Saufi Sofian1,2, Nur Hidayah Latif1,2, Nurul Hanim Salin1,2, Siti Zuraidah Mohamad Zobir1,2, Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin3
1 Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical (IPharm), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
2 National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), Selangor, Malaysia.
3 PICOMS International University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Abstract: Carica papaya leaf extracts from four different extraction methods (cold-water, hot-water, sonication and supercritical fluid), were characterized using physico-chemical analysis. Sonication extraction showed the highest percentage yield of crude extracts (6.76%) and the lowest from the supercritical fluid extraction (1.83%). The Infrared (IR) spectrum of cold-water extract demonstrated the most similarity of functional group to quercetin. Likewise, the thermal analysis indicated that cold-water extract gave a quite similar Endothermic peak to quercetin with the obtained value which was 137°C and onset value which was 118°C. The liquid chromatography (LC) profile indicated that only the cold-water extract exhibited 0.203 ppm of quercetin.
Keywords: Carica papaya, Extraction, Infrared, Liquid Chromatography, Thermal Analysis
Caricapapaya is a tropical plant with a powerhouse of nutrients and is available throughout the year. The young leaves, shoots, and fruits are used in cooking. The fruits are a source of flavouring for candies, jellies, preserves, and ice creams [1]. Traditionally, this plant has been used for the treatment of acne, skin infection, wound, anti-aging, poor vision, anthelmintic, constipation, colon cancer, hypertension, weak immune system and dengue fever [2]. The nutritional and medicinal values of the plant come from the presence of various enzymes and compounds [3].
Quercetin is a biflavonoid that is usually found in many plants including Caricapapaya. [4] reported that the existence of quercetin in Caricapapaya leaves promotes anti-dengue activities. The leaf extract is generally prescribed for patients with dengue fever, but scientific pieces of evidence for the anti-dengue activities are still limited. Flavonoid such as quercetin was reported to possess a high inhibitory effect towards dengue [5]. Quercetin has the ability to inhibit the platelet aggregation, which promotes anti-dengue activities [6]. Several analytical techniques have been developed for identification and quantification of flavonoids such as gas chromatographic (GC), mass spectrometry, thin layer chromatography, UV spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and infrared spectroscopy [7].
FTIR is techniques based on the vibrations of the atoms of a molecule which are no two compounds produce the exact same infrared spectrum because each different material is a unique combination of atoms [8]. Furthermore, measurements made by FTIR are accurate and reproducible due to their sensitivity, speed, internally calibrated and mechanical simplicity. DSC is a technique for determining thermodynamic properties of biomacromolecules with the ability to provide detailed information about both the physical and energetic properties of a substance [9].
HPLC is the most widely used of all of the analytical separation techniques due to its sensitivity, its ready adaptability to accurate quantitative determinations, its ease of automation, its suitability for separating non-volatile species or thermally fragile ones as well as its widespread applicability to substances that are important to the industry, many fields of science and the public [10]. Therefore, the combination of several spectroscopy methods is proposed to enrich the identification and quantification of the compound. In this study, we combined three spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, DSC and HPLC) to identify and quantify quercetin from the extract of Caricapapaya leaves. Thus, identifying the amount of quercetin in Caricapapaya leaves extract could further explain the pharmacological properties of the plant.
2. Materials & Methodology
2.1. Materials
Plant samples of Caricapapaya were supplied by d'Cultivate Resources Sdn. Bhd. and obtained from Desasiwa RST, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang. The plant was identified by Dr. Rahmad Zakaria, botanist from School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang with the voucher specimen is IPNAT203A. The leaves of plant samples were washed and packed in 1 kilogram per bag for each different extraction method.
2.2. Extraction
To determine the optimal extraction method of Caricapapaya leaves, four different methods were tested, which were cold-water extraction, hot-water extraction, sonication and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE).
2.2.1. Cold Water Extraction
1 kg of ground leaves samples was added with 5 L ultra-pure water and the extract was filtered and transferred into a plastic bag. The extract was stored in −20˚C freezer. The frozen sample was then transferred into a freeze-dry vessel followed by lyophilization process to powder using a freeze dryer machine (CHRiST®, ALPHA 1-2 LD). The powder was then collected, weighted and stored in a labeled bottle and kept at −20˚C for further usage.
2.2.2. Hot Water Extraction
1 kg of ground leaves samples was added with 5 L ultra-pure water and heated to 40˚C for 3 hours and let it cooling down to room temperature and filtered using cloth. The extract was packed into a plastic bag and stored in a −20˚C freezer. The frozen sample was then transferred into a freeze-dry vessel followed by lyophilization process to powder using a freeze dryer machine (CHRiST®, ALPHA 1-2 LD). The powder extracts was then collected, weighted, stored in a labeled bottle and kept at −20˚C for further usage.
2.2.3. Sonication
1 kg of the leaves was grounded with 1.25 L ultra-pure water. The ground sample was transferred into 4 units of 1000 mL beaker and sonicated for 1 hour. The extract was filtered and transferred into a plastic bag. The filtered extract was stored in −20˚C freezer and further lyophilized to powder. The powder was then collected, weighted and stored in a labeled bottle and kept at −20˚C for further usage.
2.2.4. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
109 g of leaves samples was sent to an analytical service company, Renetech Sdn Bhd (734686-H) (formerly known as Renetech Scientific Sdn Bhd) for the supercritical fluid extraction (DELTA, Taiwan) service. In this study, fixed extraction parameters were optimized at temperature of 50˚C, pressure of 3626 psi for 5 hours.
2.3. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis
2 mg of each extract (hot, cold, sonication and supercritical fluid) and standard compound, quercetin (SIGMA-ALDRICH, USA) with ≥95% were analyzed using Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) crystal, Perkin Elmer FT-IR C103470 (Spectrum Two DTGS) with a scan (16 scans) range from 4000 to 450 cm−1 (mid-infrared) at resolution of 4 cm−1.
2.4. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis
Diamond DSC (Perkin Elmer, USA) was used for thermal analysis. The type of pan used was standard aluminium pans (158003) and covers (160955). The scanning program used for all components was Isothermal for 1 minute at −20˚C and scanning from −20˚C to 300˚C at the scanning rate of 10˚C/min. Every sample was scanned three times and both mean and SD were calculated for the melting characteristic namely the melting point (˚C) and the energy used (Delta H) in the melting process (J/g).
2.5. Thermogravimetric (TGA) Analysis
20 mg of four sample carica papaya extract and one standard compound quercetin were send to USAINS Biomics Laboratory Testing Services Sdn. Bhd (937636-D) (formerly known as Usains Biomics Sdn Bhd). Thermogravimetric analysis using Perkin Elmer TG/DTA analyzer (STA 6000, Massachusetts, U.S.A) operating in the range of 25˚C to 300˚C with at temperature rise of 10.00˚C/min and flow of nitrogen gas is 10 mL/min.
2.6. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis
2.6.1. Sample Preparation
All extracts were dissolved in methanol HPLC grade to obtain 1000 ppm concentration in methanol and filtered using 0.45 µm PTFE filter prior to HPLC analysis.
2.6.2. Standard Curve
Stock solution of quercetin standard (SIGMA-ALDRICH, USA) with ≥95% was prepared at 10 ppm and the standard curve was constructed (Table 1) from 0.2 ppm to 1.6 ppm. The standard solutions were filtered using 0.45 µm PTFE filter prior to HPLC analysis. The standard curve was obtained by plotting peak area versus concentration of each standard
2.6.3. HPLC Setting
The HPLC (Agilent 1260 Infinity with Eclipse Plus-Column C18 (4.6 mm × 150 mm I.D., 5 µm particle size) was used in this analysis. Parameter setting at a Flow rate of 1 mL/min, 10 µL of injection volume with mobile phase consisted of (A) 0.1% orthophosporic acid and (B) 100% methanol using gradient elution mode. The mobile phase was started with 0.1% orthophosporic (A) at 0 - 5 min (80% - 60%), 5 - 10 min (60% - 40%), 10 - 15 min (40% - 35%), 15 - 20 min (35% - 20%) and 20 - 25 min (20% - 80%). The samples and quercetin standards were detected at UV
Table 1. The volume of stock solution and methanol at concentration of 0.2 ppm to 1.6 ppm.
wavelengths of 280 nm and 372 nm, respectively. The optimized chromatographic method was validated according to [10].
1) Specificity
Specificity of the HPLC method was observed by the separation of the analytes. A volume of 10 µL of quercetin was injected and the chromatogram was recorded.
2) Linearity
The linearity was conducted based on a standard curve by plotting peak area versus concentration of quercetin where the square of the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.99 is indicative of the linearity.
3) Repeatability
The repeatability of the proposed method was conducted by injecting three replicates of 0.4 ppm concentration. The peak area was calculated based on the standard curve within the Beer's range. Percentage of relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated based on the peak area.
4) Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ)
The LOD and LOQ were determined by using the formula based on the standard deviation of response and slope.
LOD = 3.3 (σ)/S
LOQ = 10 (σ)/S
where σ is the standard deviation of response and S is the slope of the calibration curve.
2.6.4. Quantification of Quercetin in Sample
The quantification of quercetin in the cold-water extract, hot-water extract, sonication water extract and supercritical fluid extraction was based on the standard curve.
3. Results & Discussion
3.1. Extraction of Caricapapaya Leaves
Four different extraction methods involved in this study are hot water, cold water, sonication and supercritical fluid. Table 2 shows the sonication method produced the highest percentage yield, which is 6.76% followed by cold water (5.78%), hot water (3.22%) and supercritical fluid extraction (1.83%) respectively. Even though the sonication method produced the highest yield, the cold-water method is more preferable for further analysis because no heat was applied that
Table 2. Percentage yield of four different extraction methods.
may change the morphological structures as well as an active chemical constituents inside the sample, which may result in compound degradation [11].
3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Analysis
The spectral data of the comparison between the four different extraction methods and the standard compound, quercetin can be found in Figure 1 and the summary of each spectrum is listed in Table 3.
The FTIR spectroscopy was used to investigate the possible chemical compounds in the sample because it is the most suitable technique of the non-destructive spectroscopic methods [12]. Quercetin is a plant polyphenol from the flavonoid group. The functional group of quercetin is phenol with the hydrogen bonded O-H stretch from the range 3600 - 3100 cm−1 where it can be found in all extracts (Table 3) but not in supercritical fluid extraction method. Among the functional groups observed in all extracts, -OH group was found to be present uniformly in the water extracts. Based on the spectrum, the cold-water extract showed the most similar functional group to quercetin. Meanwhile, the hot-water extract showed the missing one functional groups of C-O stretch and C-C=C asymmetric stretch as well as sonication extract. This can be deduced from the hot water extraction may denature the protein structure and cause the permanent structure denaturation and reducing the flavonoid property of quercetin [13]. Meanwhile, for the supercritical fluid extract, there is missing peak of O-H stretch due to no solvent was applied in the extraction process. In addition, there is an additional C-H3 bend which was suggested from the CO2 supply
Figure 1. Comparison between quercetin and four different extraction methods.
Table 3. FTIR spectral peak values and functional groups between quercetin and four different extraction methods.
during extraction process. Hence, the cold-water extraction method shows an enriched identification of quercetin as an active ingredient in the Caricapapaya leaves.
DSC was used to determine the thermal characteristics of each sample to suggest the possibility of incompatibilities and interactions [14]. The results are predictive by interpreting the thermogram of each component and the mixture of the components [15]. The diagram (Figure 2) depicts the thermogram of each extraction method.
The DSC curves for SFE extract show that thermal processes occurred at onset temperature 62.61˚C. The presence of endothermic event at 66.49˚C (D = 3.2761 J∙g−1) is observed, which is probably related to the loss of volatile constituents of the sample, such as water [16]. DSC curves for sonication extract shows that thermal processes occurred at onset temperature 112.90˚C with the presence of endothermic event at 135.02˚C (D = -26.3375 J∙g−1) was observed. DSC curves for cold-water and hot-water extract shows that thermal processes occurred at near onset temperature which is 118.77˚C and 117.04˚C respectively but with different endothermic event at 137.71˚C (D = -33.11 J∙g−1) for cold water extract and endothermic event at 118.16˚C (D = 1.4177 J∙g−1) for hot-water extract.
When compared to quercetin, the cold-water extraction method was the optimal method. The Endothermic peak between the method and quercetin standard is quite similar, which they obtained value is 137˚C and onset value is 118˚C. Despite, the thermogram of each extraction method shows reproducibility, and the cold-extraction method demonstrates the optimal reproducibility.
Figure 2. Thermogram of quercetin and four different extracts from different extraction methods.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is an evaluation technique that measures different substance masses as their temperature is changed or at a constant temperature over a given time. It is used to analyze decomposition and evaporation rates, oxidation, material purity and many other properties. The thermal behavior of the different Carica papaya extract is shown in Figure 3 that represents thermal behavior of the standard compound (quercetin) as a marker.
Overall, the TGA curve shows that the sample decomposes in three major steps within the temperature range 25˚C - 300˚C. The first mass loss, takes place between 30˚C - 98˚C, results in 0.7% may be attributed to the loss of adsorbed and structural water of excipient or due to desorption of moisture as hydrogen-bond water to the polysaccharide structure [17].
The second weight loss event take place between 99˚C - 113˚C, resulted in weight loss of about 1.8%, may be attributed to the excipient decomposition (maximum oxidation or decomposition temperature) [18].
The third weight loss event takes place between 115˚C - 300˚C, results in a weight loss of about 97.5%. A major weight loss (97.5%) takes place attributed to the complete decomposition of plant extract. Therefore, the calcination temperature for the preparation of the extract was chosen to be 250˚C that cover the temperature region from above the major decomposition region at 200˚C to 300˚C, where a stable mass was obtained [19].
3.5. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis of Quercetin
The validation method of HPLC analysis comprises specificity, linearity, repeatability, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Figure 4(b) indicates a single peak of standard quercetin detected at 12.568 min at wavelength 372 nm. Based on Figure 4(a), the correlation coefficient, R2 was found to be 0.9996 with the slope at 36.247 and the intercept at 1.551. LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.0277 ppm and 0.0841 ppm respectively. The percentage of RSD (Table 4) is 0.371% for repeatability of quercetin. The acceptance criterion for precision is less than 2% of RSD value.
All extracts were analyzed using HPLC method to detect the presence of quercetin. The quantification of each extract was determined respectively (Table 5). Based on the HPLC profile (Figures 4(c)-(f)), only the cold water extract exhibited 0.203 ppm quercetin compares to hot-water extract, sonication extract and supercritical fluid extract which indicate none of the compound itself. The difference of extraction conditions will affect the yield of quercetin. [20] reported that isolation of quercetin using the cold condition is more effective, contradicts to the thermal processing condition, which could also cause the loss of natural bioactive properties [21].
To this end, the study found that the cold water extraction method showed the
Figure 3. TGA Chromatogram of (a) Quercetin, (b) Hot water extraction, (c) Cold water extraction, (d) Sonification extraction and (e) Supercritical fluid extraction of Caricapapaya.
Figure 4. HPLC Chromatogram of (a) Standard curve of quercetin, (b) Quercetin, (c) Cold water extraction, (d) Hot water extraction, (e) Sonification extraction and (f) Supercritical fluid extraction of Caricapapaya
Table 4. Repeatability of quercetin.
Table 5. Quantification of quercetin in different extraction methods.
ND indicates not detected.
highest spectral similarities to quercetin from DSC thermogram and FTIR spectral. The quantification of quercetin in the cold-water extract indicated a 0.203 ppm yield, but was not determined in the other three extracts. Quercetin is sensitive to heat, thus no heat was applied using this method where active chemical constituent inside the sample can be preserved. Also, this method uses minimal electricity cost and time consumption. However, both hot water extract and sonification extract did not possess this flavanoid due to high temperature. Higher temperature causes the change in the protein structure and protein unfolding with the loss of activity which promotes to denaturation of the protein [22]. Even though supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) provides a range of benefits such as low critical temperature (31˚C), selectivity, inertness, non-toxicity, and capability to extract thermally labile compounds, but SFE also offers some of the limitations which include very expensive and complex equipment operating at elevated pressures, no polar substances are extracted and high power consumption. Hence, the cold-water extraction method was found to be the optimal extraction method and the identification and quantification of the extract are enriched from all three analytical techniques by showing the highest spectral analysis to quercetin. The extraction method and the combination of the analytical techniques can be used to standardize the extract, which is can be used in developing nutraceutical product specifically to the anti-dengue properties.
The authors acknowledged the financial support from Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) under the Technofund (PKA0514B006).
FTIR—Fourier Transform Infra Red
HPLC—High Performance Liquid Chromatography
DSC—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Au—Absorbance unit
mg—milligram
g—gram
µg—microgram
µL—microlitre
µm—micrometre
mm—millimetre
mL—millilitre
µg/mL—microgram per millilitre
mL/min—millimetre per minute
nm—nanometre
oC—degree Celcius
%—percentage
I.D.—internal diameter
cm−1—centi per metre
ppm—part per million
RSD—Relative Standard Deviation
L—Litre
kg—kilogram
≥—equal to and more than
J/g—Joule per gram
Cite this paper: Khawory, M. , Subki, M. , Shahudin, M. , Sofian, N. , Latif, N. , Salin, N. , Zobir, S. and Noordin, M. (2021) Physico-Chemicals Characterization of Quercetin from the Carica papaya Leaves by Different Extraction Techniques. Open Journal of Physical Chemistry, 11, 129-143. doi: 10.4236/ojpc.2021.113007.
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Volodymyr Zelenskyy canceled "Russian warship… Done!" postage stamp issued on the Day of the Marines of Ukraine
President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in the cancellation of the postage stamp of the "Russian Warship…" series, which was put into circulation by Ukrposhta specially on the Day of the Marines of Ukraine, May 23.
Commander of the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Oleksiy Neizhpapa and Director General of Ukrposhta Ihor Smilyanskyi took part in the special cancellation of the stamps together with the Head of State.
These are the postage stamps "Russian warship… Done! Death to enemies!" for shipments in Ukraine and "Russian warship… Done! Glory to the nation!" for international shipments. They will be issued with a total circulation of 5 million copies.
The head of the national postal operator reminded that the Russian missile cruiser Moskva sank 40 days ago, which was also a good reason to issue a new stamp.
"Things like this stamp are first and foremost symbols that help us believe in our victory. That we will definitely win this war, and the occupier will go to the bottom. People's interest in these stamps proves that. I am convinced that we will have many more such symbols of victory," Volodymyr Zelenskyy said.
Ihor Smilyanskyi said that the stamps of the "Russian warship… Done!" series will be sold on world markets for the first time, and part of the income will be allocated to support the defenders of Ukraine.
According to him, today the stamps will be canceled in all regions of the country, in particular in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Stamps will also be canceled in Kyiv for the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the cities of Sevastopol and Kherson.
Postage stamps "Russian warship… Done!" will be sold in more than 1,500 Ukrposhta offices. 1.5 million stamps will be sold on Ukrainian and international websites. There will be a limit on the sale of stamps: two sheets of stamps, five envelopes and five cards for one order.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Seeing Through New Eyes
By chart2006 January 8, 2013 Father Marc Boisvert Gary Esper greg brooks Haiti orphanage Haiti relief Les Cayes mini me sea hunter
(This blog is about my experiences working and living aboard a 220' treasure hunting ship, the M/V Sea Hunter).
As I awoke, I couldn't help wondering what the orphanage would be like and how I would react. I have a soft spot for children and knowing these kids didn't have a mom or dad broke my heart. I knew it would be rough, however, I decided to concentrate on the good.
Greg and Father Marc Boisvert
First off, they had Father Marc Boisvert watching over them. All that I heard and read about him was wonderful. He was originally from Lewiston, Maine and was an ordained priest. He became a chaplain in the US Navy and while stationed in Miami in the early 90's he came in contact with many men from Haiti. They were escaping their country in whatever type of boat would get them to America. Many were picked up by the Navy and taken to Guantanamo Bay. That is where Father Marc was assigned to minister to them, as he spoke fluent French and Creole.
He couldn't believe the stories he was hearing from the young men, stories of absolute poverty. Upon researching, he learned that Haiti is the poorest country in the western hemisphere and third poorest in the entire world. He developed a bond with these men and was pulled to visit Haiti and see it for himself. In 1997 he took a leave of absence and flew to Port-au-Prince. It was beyond what he imagined! He was overwhelmed with the things he saw, absolute filth was everywhere, children playing in open sewage and begging for food in the streets. People were living in run down shacks with no water or electricity. But, the thing that struck him the most was the overall attitude of the Haitian people. Though they lived in complete shambles, they had joy in their hearts. His heart was taken right there and then. He knew this was his life's mission.
Upon returning to the states he put in his resignation. He sold all his possessions and headed back to Haiti on January 1, 1998. He took to the streets and within months he and a few young men opened a small soup kitchen, school and shelter for 15 young orphans. The kids called it "Pwoje Espwa" which in creole stands for Project Hope.
As word got out more and more kids came for help. Father Marc was offered an abandoned building that was rat infested, to use as an orphanage. With some help he cleaned it up and it quickly grew to 60 children.
With the help of his brother in law back in the states, a nonprofit was formed (Theo's work) to help fund Project Hope. With this help, by September 2000, he opened a school knowing he could provide a safer and less expensive place than what was currently available in Haiti. Before long it grew to two schools, a bigger orphanage and soup kitchen. There were 125 children living in the orphanage and 250 other children from nearby neighborhoods that came daily to school.
Father Marc's goal was to find a permanent place outside the city where the kids would have clean air and room to play. By 2002, enough money was raised to buy 125 acres, approximately 20 miles outside the city of Les Cayes. It was named "Villaj Espwa" which stands for "Hope Village".
Today, Hope Village houses over 750 girls and boys. They farm vegetables for food. They have dormitories, schools, vocational training and a clinic. Each week day an additional 1000 children come to attend school and get a meal.
Greg, Gary, Alex, Julia and I climbed into Mini Me (Sea Hunter's tender)
Haitians waiting on the dock when we arrived in Mini Me
to head to the dock. Once there we waited for the van to arrive that would take us to Hope Village. The very first thing I noticed was the endless trash hugging the shoreline. It was at least a couple feet thick and high and seemed to go on forever. The dock was in total disrepair with giant holes throughout it. We noticed an abandoned outdoor bar area that had a couple plastic seats scattered around. We all found a chair and sat to wait. There were quite a few Haitians on the dock and they started to beg. There were boys as young as seven or so that were barefoot and dirty. I cannot explain the feelings that go through you when you look into the eyes of a child that has nothing and thinks you have everything. It was very difficult to control my emotions.
Gary and I waiting for the van to pick us up and go to the orphange
When the van finally drove up, we all squeezed in for the long ride. I stared out the window and watched as the old shacks got fewer and fewer as we headed into the countryside. Trying to digest the dire conditions outside the window and the eyes of the begging boys and men that we encountered on the dock, I suddenly realized that this trip would forever change who I was.


Lawsuit accuses Kings school board of violating state open meeting law.
The uproar that drove a record crowd to protest at a recent Kings school board meeting was followed Wednesday by a lawsuit accusing the board majority of breaking Ohio open meeting laws.
The lawsuit obtained exclusively by The Enquirer reveals accusations against three members of the Kings Board of Education, claiming they voted improperly during a "special meeting" to hire an interim superintendent.
Moreover, the lawsuit, which was filed Wednesday by a Kings' school parent in Warren County Common Pleas Court, claims the unexpected board vote was conducted without proper public notice for such a meeting and in violation of Ohio's sunshine laws regarding elected boards and their public meetings.
"I am taking this action to force this board to operate in a legal and transparent manner, to put an end to the seeming collusion of several board members and to stop majority members from blindsiding others to push through what appears to be personal or political agendas," Valerie Naughton, mother of five students in the Warren County school system, told The Enquirer.
"I will not sit silently while a few attempt to wreak havoc on what so many have worked to make great," said Naughton, referring to Kings' long record as one of the top academic districts in Southwest Ohio.
Both Kings school board President William Russell and the school district's attorney, William Deters II, declined to comment on the lawsuit.
Russell and newly elected board members Kim Grant and Robert Hinman acted as a board majority to vote to hire an interim superintendent during a May 15 special meeting.
Attorney and former Kings school board member Konrad Kircher is representing Naughton in the lawsuit. He said the board's unexpected hiring of former Kings Superintendent John Lazarus as interim leader of the schools was "appalling" and "that someone like Ms. Naughton had no warning of this sneak attack by a slim majority of the board."
"Ms. Naughton is the point person for a growing number of Kings parents who will no longer allow that slim majority to engage in deceptive tactics as we are demanding that all of their actions be brought into the daylight," said Kircher.
He said the lawsuit seeks to nullify the board's recent action. The litigation also stipulates that neither Naughton nor Kircher will benefit financially from a favorable court ruling.
The attorney for Kings has said the board's vote did not violate open meeting laws.
Legal officials with the Ohio School Boards Association have said the board of education can fix a possible sunshine law violation by repeating the disputed discussion or action in a public meeting, providing the public with the requisite notice and conducting the business of the public body in a legally convened meeting.
But a motion backed by board members Todd Overturf and Bonnie Baker-Hicks to hold another vote to hire the interim superintendent during the board's regular public meeting last week was voted down 3-2.
Naughton's lawsuit argues that the public notice for the May 15 special meeting stated a discussion would be conducted by the board regarding the hiring of a superintendent search firm.
"The notice of the special meeting …led the public – and board members who were privy to the conspiracy – to believe that the meeting would solely consider hiring of a superintendent search firm," her lawsuit states.


In Lisa and Sean's hands, that nearly empty property has been transformed into Paperish Mess (1955 W. Chicago Ave.), a boutique gallery focused on the work of Chicago artists and artisans. For the couple, opening their own gallery has been the culmination of a dream they'd had since they were teenagers in upstate New York.
It's not just their artists whom Lisa and Sean are clamoring to have a beer with. Through monthly exhibit openings, they're regularly inviting neighbors into the gallery to sip craft brews while viewing the art. These openings often incorporate other artistic elements, such as live music and film screenings. They even hosted an app release party for Buy Art Not People, a Chicago group that creates art to raise awareness about human trafficking.
But even on a regular day, Lisa and Sean are cultivating an open-door reputation. They can often be found welcoming guests like they're old friends as their cat, Mishka, noses around the gallery quietly. Those too-cool white walls they found when they moved in have since been warmed by reclaimed wood furniture and fixtures handcrafted by Sean.
Of course, fine art is only half of what Lisa and Sean have here. Their two-room gallery has the exhibits in the back, but up front, there are displays showcasing handmade goods from more than 100 independent artisans. What they've curated blends seamlessly with the art, as with iamhome's reclaimed-wood wall fences. They collect wood from old family barns that have been torn down, and paint the pieces into neon-colored art.
As Lisa and Sean strive to make their gallery an engaging and interactive space, they're intrigued by giving patrons the opportunity to make something of their own. In the past, they've hosted printmaking demonstrations by Hoofprint and pie tastings with local bakers, and hope to evolve toward true workshops in the future.
Jess is an avid DIYer and the founder and artisan behind Milton and Margie's Soy WaxCandles.


I hope this short article will save you some headache and long hours of research on the issue of Real-time SEO for Drupal not being used by each specified role. First, let me briefly explain what it is and what it does.
What is Real-time SEO for Drupal?
Real-time SEO for Drupal module, formerly known as Yoast SEO for Drupal, is a great tool for creating better content for your website, content that will be user and search engine friendly.
This module has only one dependency, • Metatag, and together they play very well to help optimise your content, all in real time as you type. This tool checks the length of the content on a page and suggests a relevant action. It scans URL, title, subheadings and alt attributes of any images used throughout a page for the focus keywords you picked and much more. Put simply, it's a very good assistant while building on-page SEO.
After enabling the tool and setting permissions, it is ready to be used when creating a new content but, surprisingly, only by admin. What about other authenticated users? The Use Real-time SEO for Drupal permission box is checked but still it's only the admin role who can access it. Is there a bug in this module or is there a catch?
• Metatag has two dependencies - CTools and Token.
Well, there are no bugs in this module (at least in our case) but there is a teeny-tiny catch within the module(s) permissions. As mentioned, the Use Real-time SEO for Drupal permission box is checked as shown below.
Apparently, this permission is not sufficient to activate the Real-time SEO tool in other than administrator's content editor. You will need to tick two more permission boxes. Under Metatag group, check Edit meta tags box as you can see in the image.
Finally, the last and, you bet, the least expected step in enabling this tool for others is to check Create and edit URL aliases box under Path group (see image below).
When you have those three fellows checked you can rest assured each role specified in the permissions will now be able to use the Real-time SEO for Drupal tool.
If you feel you have just found your answer you are more than welcome to share this article and, who knows, save someone else from unnecessary headaches.


text:
Accueil > Books>Louvois, Louis XIV's Right-Hand Man
Louvois, Louis XIV's Right-Hand Man
Louis XIV's Minister and Colbert's fierce rival, Louvois (1641-1691) was the Sun King's confidant and closest collaborator. His brutal and authoritarian character and his implication in certain discreditable events in the 17th century (the Affair of the Poisons, the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the devastation of the Palatinate) soon tainted his reputation.
Jean-Philippe Cénat has adopted a completely new approach to provide a more balanced insight into Louvois's action and reveal the personality of the man behind the legend. Destined to succeed his father Michel Le Tellier at the head of the War Department, Louvois was a manager and logistician without equal who made the French army the greatest in Europe. Surrounded by efficient and loyal advisors such as Vauban, the minister also aimed to impose a new conception of war that was more rational and less risky, notably through a controversial practice called "cabinet strategy".
He was the most powerful man in France after Louis XIV and had a large clientele, a vast fortune and an extensive administrative empire that encompassed War, the Postal Service and, later, the Superintendence of Buildings. He was constantly encroaching upon the roles of his colleagues and had a strong influence over French foreign policy at the height of the reign.
Editeur : Editions Tallandier (15 january 2015)
Collection : BIOGRAPHIES
Language : French


text:
Der Rollentausch wird als psychotherapeutische Technik in Psychodrama, Gestalttherapie, Verhaltenstherapie, tiefenpsychologisch fundierter Psychotherapie und systemischer Therapie eingesetzt.

Geschichte und Entstehung
Die hilfreiche Wirkung des Rollentauschs wurde bereits von Sigmund Freud beschrieben. Als Technik wurde der Rollentausch vor allem im Psychodrama entwickelt, wo er bis heute am häufigsten zur Anwendung kommt, und dann von der Gestalttherapie und nach und nach von weiteren Therapierichtungen übernommen. Im Rahmen der Verhaltenstherapie wurde er zunächst im Zusammenhang mit Rollenspiel angewendet, in der dritten Welle der Verhaltenstherapie findet er insbesondere in der Schematherapie häufige Anwendung.

Bezeichnung
Im Psychodrama wird üblicherweise der Tausch der Rolle zweier Personen oder der Perspektivenwechsel mit Rückbezug zu sich selbst als Rollentausch bezeichnet, der Wechsel der Perspektive bzw. das Einnehmen einer anderen Rolle durch eine Person ohne Rückbezug zu sich selbst als Rollenwechsel. In der Gestalttherapie findet der Rollentausch im Allgemeinen im Rahmen der Technik des leeren Stuhls statt und wird häufig als Stuhlarbeit bezeichnet. Auch die Bezeichnungen Stühlearbeit und Stuhldialog sind gebräuchlich.

Anwendung und Wirkung
Die wesentliche Vorgehensweise beim Rollentausch ist der Wechsel des Protagonisten in die Rolle einer anderen Person, so dass er sich aus der anderen Perspektive von außen sieht und mit sich interagiert. In der Arbeit mit Träumen ist es eine Technik der Gestalttherapie, mit verschiedenen Traumteilen in einen Dialog zu gehen und sich dabei in diese hineinzuversetzen. Häufig werden im Psychodrama und in der Schematherapie Ich-Zustände aufgestellt bzw. auf verschiedenen Stühlen repräsentiert und mit diesen ein Rollentausch bzw. Stühledialog durchgeführt. Auch in der Arbeit mit dem inneren Team ist ein Rollentausch oft hilfreich. In der Literatur finden sich vielfältige Anwendungsbeispiele.

Der Rollentausch wird im Rahmen der jeweiligen Therapiemethode eingesetzt. Er kann je nach Zusammenhang und Thematik dabei helfen, andere Personen besser zu verstehen, verdrängte Gefühle und Bedürfnisse bewusst zu machen und auszudrücken, Konflikte zu bearbeiten, neue Einsichten zu gewinnen, Projektionen abzubauen und die Mentalisierungsfähigkeit zu verbessern. Er ermöglicht Identitätsentwicklung, Stärkung der Objektkonstanz, Lernen am Modell und die Erweiterung von Erlebens- und Handlungsoptionen. Auch kann er auf der Ebene der Selbst- und Objektrepräsentanzen wirken und helfen, Interaktionen mit anderen Menschen realistischer zu bewerten. Dies ist z. B. in der Beziehungsklärung hilfreich. Der Rollentausch ist für die Paartherapie geeignet. Er ist bei Ängsten, Depressionen und in der Therapie mit Trauernden einsetzbar. Wenn intensive Gefühle im Spiel sind, sollte der Rollentausch nur von erfahrenen Therapeuten angeleitet werden. Kontraindikationen sind akute Psychosen und bei Traumatisierung der Rollentausch mit dem Täter.

Literatur

 Reinhard T. Krüger: Kreative Interaktion. Tiefenpsychologische Theorie und Methoden des klassischen Psychodramas. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1997. ISBN 3-525-45794-4. (online)

Siehe auch
 Goldene Regel
 Rollenspiel (Pädagogik)

Einzelnachweise

Psychotherapie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Lanovîci (în ) este un sat în comuna Peanovîci din raionul Sambir, regiunea Liov, Ucraina.

Demografie

Conform recensământului din 2001, majoritatea populației localității Lanovîci era vorbitoare de polonă (%), existând în minoritate și vorbitori de ucraineană (%).

Note

Lanovîci, Sambir, Liov
Lanovîci, Sambir, Liov
Lanovîci, Sambir, Liov


Career Pathways supports students in visually mapping a career path, which enhances their future success. We perceive our students as future leaders, capable of developing solutions to the world's most vexing problems. Participation helps instill self-confidence in students as well as a sense of possibility through connecting students to mentors in their community.
In terms of future success, relating academics to real-world applications and careers reduces the likelihood that these students will fall behind academically or give up on school altogether and drop out. Furthermore, connecting these students to each other creates an achievement cohort that lessens the chance that students will be susceptible to the phenomenon of underperforming to meet peer group expectations. In short, Career Pathways makes learning and academic achievement "cool".
Through connecting students to real-life skills and professional mentors, Career Pathways fosters engagement, motivation, empowerment, self-confidence, leadership, critical thinking, teamwork, and exploration.
If you are interested in implementing Career Pathways at your school, please visit the "For Schools" tab above or contact Impact on Education's Program Manager Jen Biegen.
Career Pathways classes are based on the needs and desires of the school. The different example classes listed below can be used as a reference tool in order to decide what class themes will best fit your school or your student.
The number of Career Pathways classes at your school will depend on the number of students participating in the program. Because we want to give our students an accessible experience, we strive to provide small classes focused on hands-on learning opportunities. Typically, there are no more than 12 students per class.
All classes have a defined end goal for the students, which may include a product or a skill that students can demonstrate to the community at the celebration at the end of the program. Previous end goals have included each student creating their own app, a farmers market with products the students grew and bundled themselves, and CPR certification from the Red Cross.
Each class is facilitated by a lead teacher or, in some cases, multiple teachers. The lead teacher or teachers will be the point of contact for the class.
Lead teachers are compensated with a stipend to complete all lead responsibilities, including attending all classes and the celebration. If you are interested in becoming a lead facilitator, please email Impact on Education Program Manager Jen Biegen.
At the end of each Career Pathways program semester, there is a celebration for all of our students' accomplishments. Parents, district employees, educators, guest speakers, and any other relevant community members are invited to the event.
The celebration acts as a showcase where each class has a booth or table. Students can showcase any materials or products from the class as well as demonstrate any learned skills. Each class prepares a trifold presentation board, where students show what they have learned in the class. Certificates will be distributed on this day by lead teachers and all students will receive a sticker in their Career Pathways passport.
Career Pathways guest speakers are relevant professionals who serve as mentors for the students. During a visit, students are encouraged to ask questions and envision themselves in professional positions. Guest speakers have come from a variety of professions including assistant mayor, fire chief, beekeeper, software engineer, emergency medical technician, court interpreter, district attorney, and many more. If you are interested in volunteering as a guest speaker for a Career Pathways program, please contact Impact on Education Program Manager Jen Biegen.
If you are interested in bringing a Career Pathways program to your school, Impact on Education is here to help! Please read the information found on this page. Then, contact Impact on Education Program Manager Jen Biegen to start the process of starting Career Pathways at your school.
Below, you will find steps to implementing Career Pathways, necessary roles and responsibilities, and other miscellaneous information.
How many sessions per academic year?
When will the session(s) occur? Fall? Spring?
How long will each class run for?
When will the class start? After-school?
There are several roles and responsibilities associated with the Career Pathways program that are required for each school. These roles are those of Impact on Education, your school, and a Career Pathways School Coordinator who works extensively with the school to ensure the success of the program.
Your school will be required to appoint a School Coordinator for your Career Pathways program. They will act as the head of the program within your school and the primary contact between Impact and Education and your school.
To ensure each and every student has the opportunity to attend field trips, represent their school through athletics and enrich their education through music.


Hi, I am Geri and this should be an article about beating the Cheat Engine tutorial until some point and more importantly, not just to beat the tutorial but understand what are You doing when You do it instead of following simple instructions. Now I must admit this is not the best article but I don't plan to bother with it anymore so I put it here, even if it's crappy. It does not cover the last 2 steps in the tutorial.
If You need some more guidance, check out the Tutorial videos for Cheat Engine page and You will find videos about this tutorial. This will greatly help You but of course it is still recommended to read this article to know what's going on on the videos.
The most basic method to change anything in the program is to modify a value in it. For example to search where is Your life stored in a game, and simply change the amount of lives You have. You are also able to freeze the value and prevent it from decreasing or increasing. Now download CE and install it.
In the installation directory, You will find the tutorial program, Tutorial.exe.
Start the tutorial exe file and CE too. Click on the "Open process" button in CE, and choose "Tutorial.exe" from the list. This will attach CE to the tutorial program and You can start hacking it. Click on the "Next" button in the Tutorial as instructed.
Now You can see a "game" in the tutorial. You have 100 Health and if You click on the "Hit me" button, Your health will decrease. In order to beat this challange, You need to find Your health and change it to 1000. Go to CE, type Your health's amount (which is 100 at the start) in the value box, then hit the first scan button. Now CE has filtered out every address which has a value of Your health but You have dozens of addresses and only one of them is the correct one. We will filter the results. Click on the "hit me" button in the tutorial and Your health will decrease. Now go back to CE, type in the new value of Your health and click on the "Next scan" button. Now You can see that only one value is in the list. Double click on it. Click on the value and change it to 1000. If You have done it right, You have 1000 health and the "Next" button is active in the tutorial. Click on it for the next challenge.
This challenge will be similar to the previous, but here You do not know the exact value of Your health, You can see a health bar only. So how do You search for a number if it is displayed as a graphic health bar? Click on new scan in CE. Choose "Unknown initial value" as Scan type and hit the first scan button. Then click on the "Hit me" button in the Tutorial and You will loose some health. You can also see how much health You have lost. Now if You check the Scan type menu in CE, You can see some choices. What happened with Your health's value? Increased, decreased, changed in any way or not have changed at all? Of course it has been decreased as we know now, so either choose "Decreased value" as a scan type, or choose "Decreased value by.." and type in the amount that You have lost from Your health. Keep searching until You find the address which may store Your health. If You got it, change it to 5000 and proceed to the next step of the tutorial.
You may have noticed that values may be stored in different forms in the memory. Now You need to change 2 values, one of them is float and the other is double. For detailed information about value types, click on Help in CE and read the Main Interface -> Value types part. Change the value type to float, and search for the first value just as You have done in Step 2. If You got it, change it to 5000, then do the same with the double type value.
DMA will make Your life a bit more difficult if You plan to hack games, because it means that the address where Your health is stored will change. You will not really find any games which is not using DMA so get used to it. The programs are using the addresses as temporary storages only and if You start a new level, restart the game etc, everything will be on a different location. Of course You can search for the value again, and again and again, but this is not needed. Now we will start to climb towards the more advanced methods of game hacking and learn to beat DMA. If You need more information on DMA, You can find out more here.
First find the value as usual and add it to the list. Right-click the address in Cheat Engine and choose "Find out what writes to this address". A window will pop up with an empty list. Now click on the "Change value" button in the tutorial and go back to CE. You can see a code now, like this one: mov [eax],edx This is the assembler code which is writing to the address that we have found, for example the code that is changing Your health. Add this code to the code list. You can check Your code list by clicking on the Advanced options at the bottom of CE. Right-click on the code that You have found, and choose "Replace with code that does nothing". Now click on the "Change value" button in the tutorial and if You have done it right, Your health will not change at all. This is because You have "switched off" the assembler code which should change Your health.
This has covered the basics, now You know how to search for values and how to find a code which is changing that value. It is time to learn a bit about assembler codes because at the end, these codes will be the key to hack and modify games.
Now what is that? This is the code which is changing the health but how?
Registers are used by the assembler codes to store values, just as memory addresses, but registers can be used way much faster than memory addresses and there are only a few of them so their values are always changing. You can read more about registers in the CE help file, but this is enough at the moment.
mov means "copy" in assembly. It will copy the 2nd operand to the first.
In this case, edx contains the new value of health after You have been hit, which should be written to the health's address. eax contains the address of Your health.
[eax] means the value which is stored on the address, contained by eax.
address, contained by the register".
So eax is the address of Your health, for example 0096EEE8.
[eax] is the value of Your health (for example 100 health), which is on the 0096EEE8 address.
In most cases, You will see more between the [ ] then just a register. For example You may see [eax+10]. This means that the program is referring to an address which is eax+10. In this case, eax+10 is 0096EEF8 .
Now back to the case. If You have clicked on more information, You can see the code that You have examined and the value of the registers. Make sure to remember what is between the [ ] and what is the value of the register. Now click on "Hex" left to the value box in CE, type in the value of the register and search for it. You have found the address of the pointer. Click on "Add address manually". Select pointer, and type in the address of the pointer that You have found. If You have done it right, You have added an address to the table which will "track" the location of Your health, wherever it is.
You need to know that pointers are very unreliable, the pointer's address may also change in some games so in most cases it is totally useless to work with them.
In this part, the original code may be different for You, it has to be the code that is writing to Your health. Our task is to modify the code from "decrease one life" to "increase with 2 lives". In order to do so, lets check out some basic assembler instructions.
e.g. sub [ebx+00000310],4 would mean "decrease the value on ebx+0310 with 4".
e.g. add [ebx+00000310],4 would mean "increase the value on ebx+0310 with 4".
e.g. mov [ebx+00000310],4 would mean "change the value on ebx+0310 to 4".
What do we need to change in the code in order to accomplish our task?
First we have added our own code to increase the health with 2 and we have also put a // before the original code, so we have "switched it off".
Click on File->Assign to current cheat table. In the cheat table, You can see an "Auto assemble cheat". Right-click on it and You will see a menu, where You are able to enable and disable Your cheat and also change the script that You have made if You wish. By double clicking on the "Auto assemble cheat" text, You are able to rename Your script, like "God Mode" or "Invincibility" whatever. Enable Your cheat and lets see how it works. Click on the "Hit me" button in the tutorial and if You got it right, Your health will increase by 2 instead of decreasing.
Step 8 includes multi-level pointers which is not a big deal if You know about pointers already, especially if You use the pointer scanner in CE. Step 9 is more difficult, You need to know how to program in C if You wish to accomplish it.


The University of Minnesota offers hundreds of programs each year to engage youth in every corner of the state. Whatever your child's interests, we have a program that fits—along with the staff and faculty trained to enlighten minds and fulfill curiosity.
From a week of climbing trees (while learning about arborists), to learning about bees at the Bell (it's all the buzz), to discussing planes, trains, and automobiles (while learning about transportation careers), we have it all.
Help youth to discover what drives their passion.
"4-H is a great opportunity to meet new people and do things that you never thought you'd try. You can learn new things all the time! 4-H takes you a long way if you stick with it and you might just find something you love too."
In addition to our established camps and enrichment programs, there's much to do and see on all of our University of Minnesota campuses.


text:
Intal
Generic Name: cromolyn sodium inhalation aerosol
Brand Name: Intal Inhaler
Medical Editor: John P. Cunha, DO, FACOEP Last updated on RxList: 9/29/2021
home drugs a-z list side effects drug center intal inhaler (cromolyn sodium inhalation aerosol) drug
AccuNeb Adrenalin AirDuo RespiClick Alvesco Astepro Proventil Pulmicort Turbuhaler Zyflo CR
Allergy (Allergies) Eye Allergy Hay Fever (Allergic Rhinitis)
Related Supplements
Caffeine Choline Fish Oil Magnesium Phleum Pratense Thymus Extract Tinospora Cordifolia Whey Protein
What is Intal and how is it used?
Intal is a prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of Asthma and as a prophylaxis to exercise or allergy induced Bronchospasm. Intal may be used alone or with other medications.
Intal belongs to a class of drugs called Mast Cell Stabilizers.
It is not known if Intal is safe and effective in children younger than 2 years of age.
What are the possible side effects of Intal?
Intal may cause serious side effects including:
worsening asthma symptoms,
coughing,
choking, and
other breathing problems after using the medicine
The most common side effects of Intal include:
sneezing,
cough, and
mild wheezing
These are not all the possible side effects of Intal. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
The active ingredient of Intal Inhaler is cromolyn sodium, USP. It is an inhaled anti- inflammatory agent for the preventive management of asthma. Cromolyn sodium is disodium 5,5'-[(2-hydroxytrimethylene)dioxy]bis[4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxylate]. The empirical formula is C23H14Na2O11; the molecular weight is 512.34. Cromolyn sodium is a water soluble, odorless, white, hydrated crystalline powder. It is tasteless at first, but leaves a slightly bitter aftertaste. The molecular structure of cromolyn sodium is:
Intal Inhaler (cromolyn sodium inhalation aerosol) is a metered dose aerosol unit for oral inhalation containing micronized cromolyn sodium, sorbitan trioleate with dichlorotetrafluoroethane and dichlorodifluoromethane as propellants. Each actuation delivers approximately 1 mg cromolyn sodium from the valve and 800 mcg cromolyn sodium through the mouthpiece to the patient. Each 8.1 g canister delivers at least 112 metered inhalations (56 doses); each 14.2 g canister delivers at least 200 metered inhalations (100 doses).
Intal Inhaler is a prophylactic agent indicated in the management of patients with bronchial asthma.
In patients whose symptoms are sufficiently frequent to require a continuous program of medication, Intal Inhaler is given by inhalation on a regular daily basis. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) The effect of Intal Inhaler is usually evident after several weeks of treatment, although some patients show an almost immediate response.
If improvement occurs, it will ordinarily occur within the first 4 weeks of administration as manifested by a decrease in the severity of clinical symptoms of asthma, or in the need for concomitant therapy, or both.
In patients who develop acute bronchoconstriction in response to exposure to exercise, toluene diisocyanate, environmental pollutants, known antigens, etc., Intal Inhaler should be used shortly before exposure to the precipitating factor, i.e., within 10 to 15 minutes but not more than 60 minutes. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) Intal Inhaler may be effective in relieving bronchospasm in some, but not all, patients with exercise induced bronchospasm.
What Is Asthma? Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments See Slideshow
For management of bronchial asthma in adults and pediatric patients (5 years of age and over) who are able to use the Inhaler, the usual starting dosage is two metered inhalations four times daily at regular intervals. This dose should not be exceeded. Not all patients will respond to the recommended dose and there is evidence to suggest, at least in younger patients, that a lower dose may provide efficacy.
Patients with chronic asthma should be advised that the effect of Intal Inhaler therapy is dependent upon its administration at regular intervals, as directed. Intal Inhaler should be introduced into the patient's therapeutic regimen when the acute episode has been controlled, the airway has been cleared, and the patient is able to inhale adequately.
For the prevention of acute bronchospasm which follows exercise, exposure to cold, dry air, or environmental agents, the usual dose is two metered inhalations shortly before exposure to the precipitating factor, i.e., within 10 to 15 minutes but not more than 60 minutes.
Intal Inhaler (cromolyn sodium inhalation aerosol) Therapy in Relation to Other Treatments for Asthma: Non-steroidal agents: Intal Inhaler should be added to the patient's existing treatment regimen (e.g., bronchodilators). When a clinical response to Intal Inhaler is evident, usually within two to four weeks, and if the asthma is under good control, an attempt may be made to decrease concomitant medication usage gradually.
If concomitant medications are eliminated or required on no more than a prn basis, the frequency of administration of Intal Inhaler may be titrated downward to the lowest level consistent with the desired effect. The usual decrease is from two metered inhalations four times daily to three times daily to twice daily. It is important that the dosage be reduced gradually to avoid exacerbation of asthma. It is emphasized that in patients whose dosage has been titrated to fewer than four inhalations per day, an increase in the dosage of Intal Inhaler and the introduction of, or increase in, symptomatic medications may be needed if the patient's clinical condition deteriorates.
Corticosteroids: In patients chronically receiving corticosteroids for the management of bronchial asthma, the dosage should be maintained following the introduction of Intal Inhaler. If the patient improves, an attempt to decrease corticosteroids should be made. Even if the corticosteroid-dependent patient fails to show symptomatic improvement following Intal Inhaler administration, the potential to reduce corticosteroids may nonetheless be present. Thus, gradual tapering of corticosteroid dosage may be attempted. It is important that the dose be reduced slowly, maintaining close supervision of the patient to avoid an exacerbation of asthma. It should be borne in mind that prolonged corticosteroid therapy frequently causes an impairment in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and a reduction in the size of the adrenal cortex. A potentially critical degree of impairment or insufficiency may persist asymptomatically for some time even after gradual discontinuation of adrenocortical steroids. Therefore, if a patient is subjected to significant stress, such as a severe asthmatic attack, surgery, trauma, or severe illness while being treated or within one year (occasionally up to two years) after corticosteroid treatment has been terminated, consideration should be given to reinstituting corticosteroid therapy. When respiratory function is impaired, as may occur in severe exacerbation of asthma, a temporary increase in the amount of corticosteroids may be required to regain control of the patient's asthma.
It is particularly important that great care be exercised if for any reason cromolyn sodium is withdrawn in cases where its use has permitted a reduction in the maintenance dose of corticosteroids. In such cases, continued close supervision of the patient is essential since there may be sudden reappearance of severe manifestations of asthma which will require immediate therapy and possible reintroduction of corticosteroids. For best results, the canister should be at room temperature before use.
Intal Inhaler is supplied as an aerosol canister which provides 112 metered dose actuations from the 8.1 gram inhaler and 200 metered dose actuations from the 14.2 gram inhaler. The correct amount of medication in each inhalation cannot be assured after 112 actuations from the 8.1 gram canister or 200 actuations from the 14.2 gram canister even though the canister may not feel completely empty. The canister should be discarded when the labeled number of actuations have been used.
Each actuation delivers 1 mg cromolyn sodium through the valve and 800 mcg through the mouthpiece to the patient. The Intal Inhaler canister and accompanying mouthpiece are designed to be used together. The Intal Inhaler canister should not be used with other mouthpieces and the supplied mouthpiece should not be used with other products' canisters. Intal Inhaler is supplied with a white plastic mouthpiece with blue dust cap and patient instructions.
NDC 0585-0675-01...................14.2 g canister
NDC 0585-0675-02...................8.1 g canister
Store between 15 to 30°C (59 to 86°F). Contents under pressure. Do not puncture, incinerate, or place near sources of heat. Exposure to temperatures above 120°F may cause bursting. Avoid spraying in eyes. Keep out of the reach of children.
Note: The indented statement below is required by the Federal government's Clean Air Act for all products containing or manufactured with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
WARNING: Contains CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) and CFC-114 (dichlorotetrafluoroethane), substances which harm public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere.
A notice similar to the above WARNING has been placed in the "Information For The Patient" portion of this package insert under the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulations. The patient's warning states that the patient should consult his or her physician if there are questions about alternatives. Rx only
Distributed by: King Pharmaceuticals™, Inc. Bristol, TN 37620. Manufactured by: Health Care Specialties Division, 3M Health Care Limited, Loughborough, England LE11 1EP. FDA Rev date: 2/11/2004
In controlled clinical studies of Intal Inhaler, the most frequently reported adverse reactions attributed to cromolyn sodium treatment were:
Throat irritation or dryness
Wheeze
The most frequently reported adverse reactions attributed to other forms of cromolyn sodium (on the basis of reoccurrence following readministration) involve the respiratory tract and are: bronchospasm [sometimes severe, associated with a precipitous fall in pulmonary function (FEV1)], cough, laryngeal edema (rare), nasal congestion (sometimes severe), pharyngeal irritation, and wheezing.
Adverse reactions which occur infrequently and are associated with administration of the drug are: anaphylaxis, angioedema, dizziness, dysuria and urinary frequency, joint swelling and pain, lacrimation, nausea and headache, rash, swollen parotid gland, urticaria, pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, substernal burning, and myopathy.
The following adverse reactions have been reported as rare events and it is unclear whether they are attributable to the drug: anemia, exfoliative dermatitis, hemoptysis, hoarseness, myalgia, nephrosis, periarteritic vasculitis, pericarditis, peripheral neuritis, photodermatitis, sneezing, drowsiness, nasal itching, nasal bleeding, nasal burning, serum sickness, stomachache, polymyositis, vertigo, and liver disease.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease. See Answer
Intal Inhaler (cromolyn sodium inhalation aerosol) has no role in the treatment of an acute attack of asthma, especially status asthmaticus. Severe anaphylactic reactions can occur after cromolyn sodium administration. The recommended dosage should be decreased in patients with decreased renal or hepatic function. Intal Inhaler (cromolyn sodium inhalation aerosol) should be discontinued if the patient develops eosinophilic pneumonia (or pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia). Because of the propellants in this preparation, it should be used with caution in patients with coronary artery disease or a history of cardiac arrhythmias.
General: In view of the biliary and renal routes of excretion for cromolyn sodium, consideration should be given to decreasing the dosage or discontinuing the administration of the drug in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Occasionally, patients may experience cough and/or bronchospasm following cromolyn sodium inhalation. At times, patients who develop bronchospasm may not be able to continue administration despite prior bronchodilator administration. Rarely, very severe bronchospasm has been encountered.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility: Long-term studies of cromolyn sodium in mice (12 months intraperitoneal administration at doses up to 150 mg/kg/day three days per week), hamsters (intraperitoneal administration at doses up to 53 mg/kg/day three days per week for 15 weeks followed by 17.5 mg/kg/day three days per week for 37 weeks), and rats (18 months subcutaneous treatment at doses up to 75 mg/kg/day six days per week) showed no neoplastic effects. These doses in mice, hamsters, and rats correspond to approximately 40, 10, and 80 times, respectively, the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose in adults on a mg/m2 basis, or, approximately 20, 5, and 40 times, respectively, the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose in children on a mg/m2 basis.
Cromolyn sodium showed no mutagenic potential in Ames Salmonella/microsome plate assays, mitotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and in an in vitro cytogenetic study in human peripheral lymphocytes.
No evidence of impaired fertility was shown in laboratory reproduction studies conducted subcutaneously in rats at the highest doses tested, 175 mg/kg/day in males and 100 mg/kg/day in females. These doses are approximately 220 and 130 times, respectively, the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose in adults on a mg/m2 basis.
Pregnancy: Pregnancy Category B: Reproduction studies with cromolyn sodium administered subcutaneously to pregnant mice and rats at maximum daily doses of 540 mg/kg/day and 160 mg/kg/day, respectively, and intravenously to rabbits at a maximum daily dose of 485 mg/kg/day produced no evidence of fetal malformations. These doses represent approximately 340, 210, and 1,200 times, respectively, the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose in adults on a mg/m2 basis. Adverse fetal effects (increased resorption and decreased fetal weight) were noted only at the very high parenteral doses that produced maternal toxicity. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, Intal Inhaler should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Drug Interaction During Pregnancy: Cromolyn sodium and isoproterenol were studied following subcutaneous injections in pregnant mice. Cromolyn sodium alone in doses up to 540 mg/kg/day (approximately 340 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose in adults on a mg/m2 basis) did not cause significant increases in resorptions or major malformations. Isoproterenol alone at a dose of 2.7 mg/kg/day (approximately 7 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose in adults on a mg/m2 basis) increased both resorptions and malformations. The addition of 540 mg/kg/day of cromolyn sodium (approximately 340 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose in adults on a mg/m2 basis) to 2.7 mg/kg/day of isoproterenol (approximately 7 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose in adults on a mg/m2 basis) appears to have increased the incidence of both resorptions and malformations.
Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk, therefore, caution should be exercised when Intal Inhaler is administered to a nursing woman and the attending physician must make a benefit/risk assessment in regard to its use in this situation. Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 5 years have not been established. For young pediatric patients unable to utilize the Inhaler, Intal Nebulizer Solution (cromolyn sodium inhalation solution, USP) is recommended. Because of the possibility that adverse effects of this drug could become apparent only after many years, a benefit/risk consideration of the long-term use of Intal Inhaler is particularly important in pediatric patients.
Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of Intal Inhaler did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.
There is no clinical syndrome associated with an overdosage of cromolyn sodium. In several animal species acute toxicity with cromolyn sodium occurs only with very high exposure levels. No deaths occurred at the highest oral doses tested in mice, 8,000 mg/kg (approximately 5,100 and 2,700 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation doses in adults and children, respectively, on a mg/m2 basis) or in rats, 8,000 mg/kg (approximately 10,000 and 5,400 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation doses in adults and children, respectively, on a mg/m2 basis).
Intal Inhaler (cromolyn sodium inhalation aerosol) is contraindicated in those patients who have shown hypersensitivity to cromolyn sodium or other ingredients in this preparation.
In vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that cromolyn sodium inhibits sensitized mast cell degranulation which occurs after exposure to specific antigens. Cromolyn sodium acts by inhibiting the release of mediators from mast cells. Studies show that cromolyn sodium indirectly blocks calcium ions from entering the mast cell, thereby preventing mediator release.
Cromolyn sodium inhibits both the immediate and non-immediate bronchoconstrictive reactions to inhaled antigen. Cromolyn sodium also attenuates bronchospasm caused by exercise, toluene diisocyanate, aspirin, cold air, sulfur dioxide, and environmental pollutants, at least in some patients.
Cromolyn sodium has no intrinsic bronchodilator or antihistamine activity. After administration of cromolyn sodium capsules by inhalation, approximately 8% of the total dose administered is absorbed and rapidly excreted unchanged, approximately equally divided between urine and bile. The remainder of the dose is either exhaled or deposited in the oropharynx, swallowed, and excreted via the alimentary tract.
INTAL® INHALER
(cromolyn sodium inhalation aerosol)
Metered Dose Inhaler
For Oral Inhalation Only
1. Make sure the canister is properly inserted into the Inhaler unit. Take the cover off the mouthpiece. Shake the Inhaler gently. If the mouthpiece cover is not present, the Inhaler should be inspected for the presence of foreign objects.
2. Hold Inhaler and breathe out slowly and fully, expelling as much air as possible. Do not breathe into the Inhaler - it could clog the Inhaler valve.
3. Avoid spraying in eyes.
4. Place the mouthpiece into your mouth, close your lips around it, and tilt your head back. Keep your tongue below the opening of the Inhaler.
5. While breathing in deeply and slowly through the mouth, fully depress the top of the metal canister with your index finger.
6. Remove the Inhaler from your mouth. Hold your breath for several seconds, then breathe out slowly. This step is very important. It allows the Intal to spread throughout your lungs. Repeat steps 2-5, then replace the mouthpiece cover.
FOR BEST RESULTS:
Before using the Inhaler for the first time, or if it has not been used for a while, it's a good idea to test it. Just give the canister one press.
It is essential that the canister be pressed at exactly the same time as you breathe in, so it's worth some time practicing this.
The dose delivered from the Inhaler can be seen as a fine white mist. If any of this can be seen escaping from your mouth or nose, then you are not using the Inhaler correctly.
To keep your Inhaler in good working order, do not exhale into mouthpiece.
Keep the cap on the Inhaler while not in use so that dirt can't get into it. You can clean the Inhaler by removing the metal canister and rinsing the plastic mouthpiece in warm water. (See CLEANING Instructions.)
The correct amount of medication in each inhalation cannot be assured after 112 actuations from the 8.1 gram canister or 200 actuations from the 14.2 gram canister even though the canister may not feel completely empty. You should keep track of the number of actuations used from each canister of Intal Inhaler and discard the canister after 112 actuations from the 8.1 gram canister or 200 actuations from the 14.2 gram canister. Before you reach the specified number of actuations, you should consult your physician to determine whether a refill is needed. Just as you should not take extra doses without consulting your physician, you also should not stop using Intal Inhaler (cromolyn sodium inhalation aerosol) without consulting your physician.
For optimal results, the canister should be at room temperature before use.
HOW TO CHECK CONTENTS OF YOUR CANISTER
Shaking the canister will NOT give you a good estimate of how much medication is left. We have included a convenient check-off chart to assist you in keeping track of medication inhalations used. This will help assure that you receive the labeled number of inhalations present.
Each 8.1 gram Inhaler delivers 112 metered inhalations
Each 14.2 gram Inhaler delivers 200 metered inhalations
Intal® Inhaler Check-Off Chart
- Retain with medication or affix to convenient location.
- Starting with inhalation #1, check off one circle for each inhalation used.
- DISCARD MEDICATION AFTER THE LABELED NUMBER OF INHALATIONS HAVE BEEN USED
- NEVER IMMERSE THE METAL CANISTER IN WATER
IMPORTANT: Remember - a little time spent taking Intal correctly and regularly can save you from countless attacks of asthma and the upheaval they cause.
It must be used every day as directed by your doctor. Do not stop the treatment or even reduce the dose without consulting your doctor.
The Intal Inhaler canister and accompanying mouthpiece are designed to be used together. The Intal Inhaler canister should not be used with other mouthpieces and the supplied mouthpiece should not be used with other products' canisters.
DOSAGE: For management of bronchial asthma in adults and children 5 years of age and older, the usual starting dosage is two metered inhalations four times a day at regular intervals. When asthma symptoms are well controlled, your doctor may reduce the dose to three times a day, and sometimes two times a day.
For prevention of acute bronchospasm which follows exercise, exposure to cold, dry air, or environmental agents, the usual dosage is two metered inhalations shortly before exposure to the offending factor.
Use as directed by your physician.
CLEANING: Twice a week, remove the metal canister from the plastic mouthpiece. Wash the mouthpiece in warm water and dry thoroughly before replacing the metal canister. Never immerse the metal canister in water.
STORAGE: Store between 15 to 30°C (59 to 86°F). Contents under pressure. Do not puncture, incinerate, or place near sources of heat. Exposure to temperatures above 120°F may cause bursting. Keep out of the reach of children. Avoid spraying in eyes.
Note: The indented statement below is required by the Federal government's Clean Air Act for all products containing or manufactured with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). This product contains CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) and CFC-114 (dichlorotetrafluoroethane), substances which harm the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere.
Your physician has determined that this product is likely to help your personal health. USE THIS PRODUCT AS DIRECTED, UNLESS INSTRUCTED TO DO OTHERWISE BY YOUR PHYSICIAN. If you have any questions about alternatives, consult with your physician.
Asthma and Allergy Resources
Strategies to Help Manage Allergic Asthma
Common Health Conditions Among Minorities
What Is Eosinophilic Asthma?


Tomatoville® Gardening Forums Index > We're Here For The Tomatoes!™ > Growing for Market > What are your market garden seed catalogs?
I would be interested in hearing anyone's suggestions to add to that list, especially companies offering seed in bulk and varieties intended for commercial growers.
Grimes horticulture....is my largest supplier.
Agree with Tomato Growers Supply, they offer a lot of bulk seeds. Peppers and eggplants available too, but I am not sure if those are offered in bulk, the tomatoes are.
https://toddsseeds.com/ is a good one for bulk seeds of well known older varieties of some things.
Grimes is commercial growers only btw. you don't have to have a tax id # here in ohio to buy from them but they do an inspection to make sure you are growing to sell the product. they don't sell to home gardeners.
Just got my seed order and catalog from Kitazawa Seed Co.
This is the place to get seeds!


A glimpse of our 44th president's life at home in the capitol.
Eight years have gone by fast. Here, a look back at the Obamas in their presidential home.
President Obama, Malia Obama and Sasha Obama watch on television as First Lady Michelle Obama takes the stage at the 2012 Democratic National Convention.
President Obama acts out a scene from the book "Where The Wild Things Are" with Michele Obama and his daughter Sasha during a White House Easter Egg Roll on the South Lawn.
President Obama plays in the Outer Oval Office with the daughter of director of advance Emmett Beliveau.
Sasha Obama observes a turkey named "Courage" at the turkey pardon at the North Portico of the White House in 2009.
In the Rose Garden of the White House, President Obama throws a ball for first dog Bo.
Alongside chef Bobby Flay, President Obama barbecues steak on the South Lawn for young men from local schools to celebrate Father's Day.
On the South Lawn, President Obama and Michelle Obama participate in a campfire songs session with fourth-grade Girl Scouts as part of the Let's Move! Outside initiative.
In the Red Room of the White House, President Obama hugs Michelle Obama before a National Newspaper Publishers Association meeting.
President Obama and Michelle Obama watch the 2009 Super Bowl with 3-D glasses in the White House family theater .
In the Oval Office, President Obama, Michelle Obama and Malia Obama meet with Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani girl who was shot by the Taliban for her activism for women's education.
President Obama drinks beer with Harvard University professor Henry Louis Gates and Cambridge police sergeant James Crowley in the Rose Garden at the White House.
The Obama family watches the World Cup soccer game between the United States and Japan in the Treaty Room office of the White House in 2011.
Michelle Obama hosts a fall harvest of the White House vegetable garden with elementary school students.
Michelle Obama, Sasha Obama and Malia Obama (and the family dogs Bo and Sonny) receive the White House Christmas tree in 2014 on the north side driveway of the White House.
Michelle Obama and President Obama walk out to welcome Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi and his wife Agnese Landini on the North Portico of the White House before their last state dinner as President and First Lady in October 2016.
Malia Obama and President Obama walk hand-in-hand on the South Lawn before boarding Marine One to travel to New Mexico to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the America's national park system in June 2016.


text:
Paine's political writings during the American and French Revolutions : including "Common Sense, "The Crisis, and Speeches upon the Trial and Death of Louis XVI Edited, with an introduction, by Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner.
Collation: 144 p. ; 18 cm.
Notes: Part of the NSS pamphlet collection. Annotations in ink. Printed in double columns. Publisher's list: p.[141]-144, continued inside and on back cover. Initials on front cover: 'H.B.B.' [Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner].
Paine, Thomas [1737-1809]
Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh [1858-1935] (ed)
Watts & Co.
This work (Paine's political writings during the American and French Revolutions : including "Common Sense, "The Crisis, and Speeches upon the Trial and Death of Louis XVI Edited, with an introduction, by Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner.), identified by Humanist Library and Archives, is free of known copyright restrictions.
Victorian Blogging
1789-1799; American War of Independence; France-History-Revolution; United States-Politics and Government-1775-1783
Paine, Thomas [1737-1809] and Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh [1858-1935] (ed), "Paine's political writings during the American and French Revolutions : including "Common Sense, "The Crisis, and Speeches upon the Trial and Death of Louis XVI Edited, with an introduction, by Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner.," Humanist Library and Archives Digital Collections, accessed January 23, 2020, https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/691.


While much of the Breitling Replica Watch industry is making smaller watches, out of modesty in straitened times or just following the fashion of the day, Breitling is admirably hewing to its traditional formula of oversized sports watches.
While often overbuilt and designed like an invading army, Breitling's biggest copy watches do have a certain appeal, the newly announced Avenger II Seawolf Blacksteel.
The steel case is 45mm in diameter and 18.4mm high, with the "Blacksteel" moniker derived from its black carbon-based coating that is scratch-resistant (B. Rated to 3000m, or 10,000ft, the case includes a a helium escape valve for the improbable activity of saturation diving.
The dial is a bright yellow, with the rotating bezel sporting Breitling's trademark rider tabs at the quarters. And the movement inside an the Fake Swiss Breitling Avenger II Seawolf Blacksteel Watches calibre 17, which is actually a basic but robust ETA 2824 that is chronometer certified.
While much of the watch industry is making smaller watches, out of modesty in straitened times or just following the fashion of the day, Breitling Avenger II Seawolf Blacksteel Replica is admirably hewing to its traditional formula of oversized sports watches. While often overbuilt and designed like an invading army, Breitling's biggest watches do have a certain appeal, the newly announced Avenger II Seawolf Blacksteel..
The steel case is 45mm in diameter and 18.4mm high, with the "Blacksteel" moniker derived from its black carbon-based coating that is scratch-resistant, the Cheap Breitling Replica case includes a a helium escape valve for the improbable activity of saturation diving.
The dial is a bright yellow, with the rotating bezel sporting Swiss Breitling Replica Watches trademark rider tabs at the quarters. And the movement inside an the Breitling calibre 17, which is actually a basic but robust ETA 2824 that is chronometer certified.


text:
function [centroids cost idx] = runKMeans(X, K, iterCentroids)

% This function runs K means the number of times specified by iterKMeans.
% It returns the final centroids and the final cost of that iteration.

% Initialize centroids
fprintf('Initializing centroids');
centroids = initCentroids(X,K);
fprintf('...done\n\n');

for num=1:iterCentroids

    %fprintf('Starting iteration number %d\n\n',num);

    % return index of closest centroid for each point
    idx = findClosestCentroids(X, centroids);

    % Compute New centroid of each cluster
    centroids = computeNewCentroids(X, idx, K);

end

% Compute cost of the final clusters
cost = computeCost(X, idx, centroids, K);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The best rivalry in all of college sports in my eyes. With out a doubt the two most crazy fan bases, most passionate and the past two NCAA champions. Schools separated by just 60 miles, this is college basketball.
With this being said folks, we are finally here. The Battle of the Bluegrass returns this Saturday as Kentucky will host Louisville for the 46th meeting between the two. Tip off is set for 4:00pm on CBS in front of 24,000 plus inside historic Rupp Arena.
Neither Kentucky or Louisville have a game before the epic match up. Christmas break is currently on and then only a few days to prepare for both squads. Louisville comes in ranked 4th with the experience, skill and defending national crown while the Cats come in young but talented and ranked 19th. UofL, along with Arizona lead the current Vegas Odds at 13/2 to win the title with UK right behind as the 3rd favorite.
Both teams want to win this game, no matter the comments. This is a game for the state, the fans and both Calipari/Pitino know so and want to win. Currently, UK leads the overall series 30-15. Kentucky has been ranked 25 times, Louisville 19 times when facing each other, 14 of their games both teams have been ranked.
UK has been the number one team in the polls four times when facing UL, 4-0 in those games with the most recent being the 2012 Final Four. UL has not been ranked number one when facing the Cats but have upset them five times since ranking began.
Here is a look at the first 45 games as we all prepare for Saturday!
The post Battle of the Bluegrass Quick Notes & Series History appeared first on KentuckySports.co.


This is the real deal folks! This is not an ordinary item you may find on other furniture websites including all of our other Paul Michael Exclusive pieces. It is a one of a kind and a labor of love and we want you to know the process behind it. Paul searched and bought the highest quality walnut logs available in the United States from the Midwest in 2011. We have a saw mill in our woodshop that they are run through and then are outside to air-dry for 4 years! Once this is complete we have a state of the art dehumidification kiln that they are dried in. After the following processes are complete they are painstakingly milled in our woodshop by our incredibly talented craftsmen! We strive to offer the highest quality products to our customers even if it takes over 4 years! 100% American wood, American made in our woodshop in Dermott, AR Our 6.5ft Live Edge Walnut Slab Bench will last a lifetime and will be the antiques of tomorrow. Due to the fact that the slabs are from a walnut log, each piece will slightly vary.


text:
Sadatzki, Henrik; Dokken, Trond; Berben, Sarah M P; Muschitiello, Francesco; Stein, Ruediger; Fahl, Kirsten; Menviel, Laurie; Timmermann, Axel; Jansen, Eystein (2018): Multiproxy sedimentary records from core MD99-2284 and LOVECLIM model simulations in the southern Norwegian Sea, 32-40 ka. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894970,
Supplement to: Sadatzki, H et al. (2019): Sea ice variability in the southern Norwegian Sea during glacial Dansgaard-Oeschger climate cycles. Science Advances, 5(3), eaau6174, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6174
The last glacial period was marked by pronounced millennial-scale variability in ocean circulation and global climate. Shifts in the sea ice cover of the Nordic Seas are believed to have amplified the glacial climate variability between warm interstadials and cold stadials in northern high latitudes and contributed to abrupt, high-amplitude temperature changes over Greenland. Here we present unprecedented empirical evidence that resolves the nature, timing, and role of sea ice fluctuations for abrupt ocean and climate change 32–40 thousand years ago, using biomarker sea ice reconstructions from the southern Norwegian Sea. Our results document that initial sea ice reductions at the core site preceded the major reinvigoration of convective deep-water formation in the Nordic Seas and heat release to the atmosphere during interstadials. Sea ice expansions initiated quickly after atmospheric peak warmth and preceded the buildup of a deep oceanic heat reservoir through stadials. Our findings suggest that the glacial variability in northern sea ice cover was essential in regime shifts between surface stratification and deep convection in the Nordic Seas, thus forming an important feedback for large-scale oceanic reorganization during abrupt glacial climate changes.
Latitude: 62.374667 * Longitude: -0.980167
MD99-2284 (3664N/S) * Latitude: 62.374667 * Longitude: -0.980167 * Date/Time: 1999-08-01T00:00:00 * Elevation: -1500.0 m * Recovery: 33.15 m * Location: N. Shetland channel * Campaign: MD114 (IMAGES V) * Basis: Marion Dufresne (1995) * Method/Device: Calypso Corer (CALYPSO)
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)
Sadatzki, H; Dokken, T; Berben, SMP et al. (2018): Basaltic shards counts of sediment core MD99-2284. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.885446
Sadatzki, H; Dokken, T; Berben, SMP et al. (2018): Biomarkers of sediment core MD99-2284. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.885444
Sadatzki, H; Dokken, T; Berben, SMP et al. (2018): Freshwater forcing and sea ice coverage output of model LOVECLIM. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.885445
Sadatzki, H; Dokken, T; Berben, SMP et al. (2018): Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, ARM and estimated SST of sediment core MD99-2284. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894968
Sadatzki, H; Dokken, T; Berben, SMP et al. (2018): Tephra geochemistry of sediment core MD99-2284. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.885447
Sadatzki, H; Dokken, T; Berben, SMP et al. (2018): Total organic carbon of sediment core MD99-2284. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.885459