text:
\section{Introduction}
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle (HUP) plays a central role in
the description of both states and measurements in quantum physics.
In the former, the HUP refers to an intrinsic limit in the precision
with which a system can be prepared to simultaneously have some position
$x$ and momentum $p$~\cite{kennard1927quantenmechanik,robertson1929uncertainty}. Even with independent
measurements of these properties on identical and separate copies of the
system, one would always find a spread in their measurement statistics
that satisfies $\Delta x\Delta p\geq 1/2$ (we use $\hbar \equiv 1$ throughout the paper). As a result, quantum
states cannot be represented in phase space (i.e. $x$-$p$ space) by
a single point. Instead, they are described by quasiprobability distributions $W(x,p)$
such as the Wigner function. These have non-classical features (e.g.
negative probabilities) that prevent complementary properties like $x$ and $p$ from
being simultaneously specified with an arbitrary precision. This understanding
of the HUP is uncontroversial and is taught in undergraduate physics
courses~\cite{sakurai2017modern}.

In contrast, the significance of the HUP in measurements on a single copy of a system is a contentious topic~\cite{Scully1991quantum,Storey1994path,Wiseman1995uncertainty}. Heisenberg originally derived the HUP by considering the momentum kick $\epsilon_p$ imparted onto an electron by a position measurement of precision $\eta_x$~\cite{heisenberg1927quantum}. He found that $\eta_x\epsilon_p\geq 1/2$. This thought-experiment, called Heisenberg's microscope, provides an intuitive understanding of the HUP: there is a trade-off between the disturbance $\epsilon_p$ and precision $\eta_x$ of the position measurement. While this intuition is correct, one can derive tighter ``error-disturbance" bounds on $\eta_x\epsilon_p$ than the HUP~\cite{ozawa2004uncertainty,ozawa2003universally,branciard2013error,busch2013proof,busch2014colloquium}.

There are several shortcomings with such error-disturbance bounds. Firstly, there is no consensus on how disturbance $\epsilon_p$ should be defined~\cite{rozema2015note}. Secondly, $\epsilon_p$ and $\eta_x$ are usually determined by averaging the measurement over many trials (see Refs.~\cite{hofmann2003uncertainty, dressel2014certainty} for counter-examples). As such, error-disturbance relations do not provide much insight as to how precisely one can \textit{simultaneously} (i.e. jointly) measure $x$ and $p$ in a single trial.

An ideal joint measurement of position and momentum determines whether a system is at a particular $x$ and $p$, i.e. the joint (quasi)probability $W(x=x', p=p')$. By repeating this joint measurement while scanning $x'$ and $p'$, one could in principle fully determine the state $W(x,p)$ of a general system. Techniques to perform such a joint measurement have been been continuously investigated since the inception of quantum physics~\cite{Pauli1980,arthurs1965simultaneous,she1966simultaneous,Park1968simultaneous,muynck1979simultaneous,arthurs1988quantum,leonhardt1993phase,hall2004prior,hofmann2012how,hofmann2014sequential,thekkadath2017determining}. Naively, one might think the joint measurement could be achieved by simultaneously measuring the projectors $\bm{\pi}_{x'} = \ket{x'}\bra{x'}$ and $\bm{\pi}_{p'} = \ket{p'}\bra{p'}$. However, these projectors do not commute. If one were to try to measure them sequentially, e.g. by first measuring $\bm{\pi}_{x'}$, the position measurement would disturb the system's momentum. But what if the system's position is ``weakly'' measured as to not disturb its momentum? That is, consider a sequence consisting of a weak-measurement of $\bm{\pi}_{x'}$ followed by a regular measurement of $\bm{\pi}_{p'}$. Henceforth, we refer to this sequence as a joint weak-measurement (JWM).

Using the same intuition as in Heisenberg's microscope, one would expect that the weak-measurement of $\bm{\pi}_{x'}$ must trade away its precision, e.g. turn into a measurement with a finite width in position. However, rather counter-intuitively, it was recently shown that the average outcome of a JWM determines the value of the system's state in phase space at a single point $(x,p)=(x',p')$~\cite{lundeen2012procedure}. Indeed, it has
been experimentally demonstrated that the average outcome of a JWM directly gives the
wavefunction~\cite{Lundeen2011direct} or quasiprobability distribution~\cite{salvail2013full,bamber2014observing} of the measured state. Beyond their application in state determination, JWMs have been used to probe foundational issues in quantum physics~\cite{lundeen2009experimental,yokota2009direct,kocsis2011observing,rozema2012violation,ringbauer2014joint,suzuki2016observation,mahler2016experimental,curic2018experimental}.

The fact that a JWM can probe a single point in phase space conflicts with the intuitive arguments above: it suggests that the weak-measurement is not trading away its precision. Here, we shed some light on this issue. The paper is structured as follows. In Sec.~\ref{sec:jwm}, we derive a measurement operator describing the JWM. We show that the JWM projects the system onto a coherent superposition of a position and momentum eigenstate with a relative weight given by a quantity called the ``predictability". In Sec.~\ref{sec:psd}, we study the JWM in phase space. We derive the Wigner function of the JWM operator and discuss its features. We also comment on the compatibility of the JWM with the HUP. In Sec.~\ref{sec:unc_pred}, we discuss the physical meaning of the predictability.

\section{Joint weak-measurement}
\label{sec:jwm}
The joint weak-measurement (JWM) consists of a sequence of two measurements on a system $\mathcal{S}$ prepared in a state $\psi^{\mathcal{S}}(x) = \braket{x^{\mathcal{S}}|\psi^{\mathcal{S}}}$. The first is a weak-measurement of position,
$\bm{\pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}} = \ket{x'^{\mathcal{S}}}\bra{x'^{\mathcal{S}}}$ (we use this notation for projectors throughout the paper), followed
by a regular measurement of momentum, $\bm{\pi}_{p'}^{\mathcal{S}}$.

The concept of weak-measurement was introduced in Refs.~\cite{aav1988how,aharonov1990properties}. The weak position measurement is implemented by weakly coupling the observable $\bm{\pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}$
in $\mathcal{S}$ to a ``pointer'' observable $\bm{\alpha}^{\mathcal{A}}$
in an ancillary system $\mathcal{A}$ (the ``ancilla'') through:
\begin{equation}
\bm{U}_{x'}=\exp{(-i\gamma\bm{\pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}\otimes\bm{\alpha}^{\mathcal{A}})},\label{eqn:vonNeumann}
\end{equation}
where $\gamma$ is the strength of the interaction (since $\hbar\equiv1$, $\gamma$ has units of
length). For the sake of
definiteness, we choose $\mathcal{A}$ to be a separate
particle that has a Gaussian wavefunction with position $q$,
width $\sigma$, and is initially centered at $q=-\gamma /2$, i.e. $\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q+\gamma/2)=e^{-(q+\gamma/2)^{2}/2\sigma^{2}}/(\pi\sigma^{2})^{1/4}$.
We choose $\bm{\alpha}^{\mathcal{A}}$ to be the particle's momentum
operator, $\bm{\alpha}^{\mathcal{A}}=-i\partial/\partial q$. Thus, the action of $\bm{U}_{x'}$ is to shift the center position of
the ancilla wavefunction by an amount proportional to the outcome
of the $\bm{\pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}$ measurement, i.e. $\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q+\gamma/2)\rightarrow\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q\pm\gamma/2)$,
with $+$ and $-$ respectively corresponding to the $\bm{\pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}$
eigenvalues $0$ ($x\neq x'$) and $1$ ($x=x'$). For later reference,
the respective probability distributions are:
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
P(q|x=x')&=\left|\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q-\gamma/2)\right|^{2} \\
P(q|x\neq x')&=\left|\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q+\gamma/2)\right|^{2}.
\label{eq:prob_pointer}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

The interaction $\bm{U}_{x'}$ entangles the ancilla with the system
thereby allowing measurements on the ancilla to be correlated with
the state of the system. In the strong (i.e. regular) measurement
limit ($\gamma\gg\sigma$), the ancilla's shift unambiguously indicates
the outcome of the $\bm{\pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}$ measurement. However,
because of the entanglement, measuring the ancilla's position also
disturbs the state of the system. In particular, it destroys the coherence
between the amplitude for the $x=x'$ position with the amplitude for the
remaining $x\neq x'$ positions. This disrupts subsequent measurements (e.g. of momentum).
In contrast, in the weak measurement limit ($\gamma\ll\sigma$), the
ancilla's shift lies within its initial position distribution
and thus cannot be resolved in a single trial. The benefit is that,
in each trial, the entanglement, and thus disturbance, is minimized.
Consequently, subsequent measurements can reveal faithful information
about the system's initial state $\psi^{\mathcal{S}}(x)$. In both
the strong and weak measurement limits, the average result of the
measurement of $\bm{\pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}$ over many trials can be found by determining the average ancilla shift, i.e. $\braket{\bm{q}^\mathcal{A}} = \gamma \braket{\bm{\pi}_{x'}^\mathcal{S}}$.

In each trial, subsequent to the weak-measurement interaction $\bm{U}_{x'}$,
we also perform a measurement of the system's momentum, $\bm{\pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{p'}$. Since there are no subsequent measurements to disrupt, this last momentum measurement can be strong. In that case, the joint probability of measuring the ancilla to have position $q=q'$
and system to have momentum $p=p'$ is:
\begin{equation}
P_{x'}(q',p')=\bra{\phi^{\mathcal{A}}}\bra{\psi^{\mathcal{S}}}\bm{U}_{x'}^{\dagger}\bm{\pi}_{q'}^{\mathcal{A}}\bm{\pi}_{p'}^{\mathcal{S}}\bm{U}_{x'}\ket{\psi^{\mathcal{S}}}\ket{\phi^{\mathcal{A}}}.
\label{eqn:prob_weak}
\end{equation}

So far, we have described the JWM in terms of projective measurements in
the system-ancilla Hilbert space $\mathcal{S}\otimes\mathcal{A}$.
To describe the action of the JWM on the system alone, we can
define a measurement operator $\bm{M}_{q',x',p'}^{\mathcal{S}}$ which acts solely in $\mathcal{S}$
but fully reproduces the statistics $P_{x'}(q',p')$~\cite{wiseman2010quantum}:
\begin{equation}
P_{x'}(q',p')=\bra{\psi^{\mathcal{S}}}\bm{M}_{q',x',p'}^{\mathcal{S}}\ket{\psi^{\mathcal{S}}}.
\label{eqn:povm_defn}
\end{equation}
By comparing Eq.~\eqref{eqn:povm_defn} with Eq.~\eqref{eqn:prob_weak},
it is clear that $\bm{M}_{q',x',p'}^{\mathcal{S}}=\bra{\phi^{\mathcal{A}}}\bm{U}_{x'}^{\dagger}\bm{\pi}_{q'}^{\mathcal{A}}\bm{\pi}_{p'}^{\mathcal{S}}\bm{U}_{x'}\ket{\phi^{\mathcal{A}}}$.
In appendix~\ref{app:A}, we expand this equation and show that  $\bm{M}_{q',x',p'}^{\mathcal{S}} = |\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q')|^2\ket{x'^{\mathcal{S}},p'^{\mathcal{S}}}_{q'}\bra{x'^{\mathcal{S}},p'^{\mathcal{S}}}_{q'}$, i.e. a projector onto the state $\ket{x'^{\mathcal{S}},p'^{\mathcal{S}}}_{q'}$ weighted by the probability for the ancilla to be at position $q'$.  In the weak measurement limit $\gamma/\sigma \ll 1$, the state $\ket{x'^{\mathcal{S}},p'^{\mathcal{S}}}_{q'}$ is:
\begin{equation}
\ket{x'^{\mathcal{S}},p'^{\mathcal{S}}}_{q'}\approx \ket{p'^{\mathcal{S}}}+\mathcal{P}_{q'}e^{ip'x'}\ket{x'^{\mathcal{S}}},
\label{eqn:approx_proj}
\end{equation}
where $|\mathcal{P}_{q'}|\equiv\gamma |q'|/\sigma^{2}$ is a factor
called the ``predictability.'' We discuss the physical meaning
of this factor later. The state in Eq.~\eqref{eqn:approx_proj} is rather unusual: it is a coherent superposition of a position eigenstate $\ket{x'^{\mathcal{S}}}$ and a momentum eigenstate $\ket{p'^{\mathcal{S}}}$. Because $\bm{\pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{x'}$ is weakly measured, the eigenstate $\ket{x'^{\mathcal{S}}}$ in Eq.~\eqref{eqn:approx_proj} is weighted by a factor containing the weak-measurement strength $\gamma/\sigma$, as might be expected. On the other hand, the state in Eq.~\eqref{eqn:approx_proj} is truly unusual since it contains coherence \textit{between} position and momentum. Typically, coherence is considered within one or the other of these spaces, not between them. Such states have not received much attention in the literature, which is not surprising given that it was hitherto unclear how to prepare them or project onto them. One exception is Ref.~\cite{hofmann2017quantum} which shows that a particle in a state like Eq.~\eqref{eqn:approx_proj} can violate Newton's first law. The coherence between the particle's position and momentum allows for interference between the two properties. As a result, the particle is not restricted to move along a straight trajectory.

We note that the unusual form of Eq.~\eqref{eqn:approx_proj} is not an artifact of the fact that we derived the JWM operator using projectors onto single eigenstates, i.e. $\bm{\pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{x'} =\ket{x'^{\mathcal{S}}}\bra{x'^{\mathcal{S}}} $ and $\bm{\pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{p'} = \ket{p'^{\mathcal{S}}}\bra{p'^{\mathcal{S}}}$. We can generalize the JWM by considering measurements that project the system onto finite-width position and momentum distributions, i.e. $\bm{\pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{x'} \rightarrow \bm{\Pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{x'} = \ket{\chi^{\mathcal{S}}(x')}\bra{\chi^{\mathcal{S}}(x')}$ and $\bm{\pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{p'} \rightarrow \bm{\Pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{p'} = \ket{\Gamma^{\mathcal{S}}(p')}\bra{\Gamma^{\mathcal{S}}(p')}$. In appendix~\ref{app:B}, we show that taking such projectors into account has the effect of transforming the single eigenstates in Eq.~\eqref{eqn:approx_proj} into the corresponding finite-width distributions. That is, in the weak limit, this more general JWM projects the system onto the state:
\begin{equation}
\ket{\Delta^{\mathcal{S}}_{q'}(x',p')} \approx \ket{\Gamma^{\mathcal{S}}(p')} + \mathcal{P}_{q'} \braket{\chi^{\mathcal{S}}(x')|\Gamma^{\mathcal{S}}(p')} \ket{\chi^{\mathcal{S}}(x')},
\label{eqn:approx_proj_general}
\end{equation}
which is a generalization of the state in Eq.~\eqref{eqn:approx_proj}. Both states share the unusual features just discussed such as coherence between position and momentum. In the next section, we study the Wigner function of the state in Eq.~\eqref{eqn:approx_proj_general} to clarify its physical significance and visualize its unusual features in phase space.

\section{Phase space description}
\label{sec:psd}
\subsection{Motivation}
In general, both quantum states (i.e. density matrices $\bm{\rho}$) and measurements (i.e. elements $\bm{M}$ of a positive-operator valued measure) can be described by a positive semi-definite Hermitian operator $\bm{O}$~\cite{wiseman2010quantum}. This duality between states and measurements is even clearer in a phase space description. For instance, the Wigner function of $\bm{O}$ is found through the inverse Weyl transformation: $W_{\bm{O}}(x,p)= \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dy\braket{x+y|\bm{O}|x-y}e^{-i2py} / \pi$~\cite{wigner1932on,case2008wigner}. In this framework, the average outcome of a measurement is determined by the overlap between the measurement and state Wigner functions, e.g. $\braket{\bm{M}} = \mathrm{Tr}(\bm{M}\bm{\rho}) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dxdp W_{\bm{M}}(x,p)W_{\bm{\rho}}(x,p)$. This makes Wigner functions a useful tool to visualize the action of measurements~\cite{lundeen2009tomography}.

Moreover, the Wigner function provides a straightforward way to understand the significance of the HUP in both states and measurements. In both cases, the variances in the marginals of a Wigner function must satisfy the HUP, $\Delta^{2}x\Delta^{2}p\geq1/4$~\cite{narcowich1986necessary}. For example, the Wigner function of a coherent state $\bm{\rho} = \ket{\alpha}\bra{\alpha}$ with complex amplitude $\alpha = \mathrm{Re}[\alpha] + i\mathrm{Im}[\alpha]$, i.e. $W_{\bm{\rho}}(x,p)=\exp{\left(-(x-\mathrm{Re}[\alpha])^{2}-(p-\mathrm{Im}[\alpha])^{2}\right)}/\pi$, saturates the HUP: $\Delta^{2}x\Delta^{2}p=1/4$. Here, the marginal variances $\Delta^{2}x$ and $\Delta^{2}p$ express the spread in the system's position and momentum, respectively. The measurement-equivalent to the coherent state, i.e. $\bm{M}=\ket{\alpha}\bra{\alpha}$, can be achieved using eight-port homodyne detection~\cite{leonhardt1993phase}. The marginal variances of the measurement Wigner function $W_{\bm{M}}(x,p)$ express how precisely $x$ and $p$ are simultaneously probed by $\bm{M}$.

\subsection{Wigner function of the joint weak-measurement}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Wigner_margs}
\caption{The Wigner function and marginals of the joint weak-measurement. Here we consider $\sigma_x = \sigma_p = 0.2$, $x'=0$, $p'=0$, $q'=2$, $\gamma=0.2$, and $\sigma=1$, giving a predictability of $\mathcal{P}_{q'=2}=0.4$, which occurs in at most $|\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(2)|^{2}\approx1\%$ of trials. We plot $W_{\bm{M}}(x,p)$ (given in Eq.~\eqref{eqn:general_wig}) scaled by $|\phi^\mathcal{A}(2)|^2$. We also plot the marginal distributions $P(x)$ and $P(p)$ in black (given in Eq.~\eqref{eqn:general_marginals}). The broad background of width $\sim 1/\sigma_p$ in $P(x)$ is eliminated when the JWM is averaged over many trials.}
\label{fig:3dWigner}
\end{figure}

The previous paragraph motivates studying the JWM in phase space. We focus on the general JWM, i.e. Eq.~\eqref{eqn:approx_proj_general}. The corresponding measurement operator is $\bm{M}_{q',x',p'}^{\mathcal{S}} = |\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q')|^2 \ket{\Delta^{\mathcal{S}}_{q'}(x',p')} \bra{\Delta^{\mathcal{S}}_{q'}(x',p')}$. The Wigner function of the JWM operator $W_{\bm{M}}(x,p)$ is derived in appendix~\ref{app:C} assuming that $\chi^{\mathcal{S}}(x)$ and $\Gamma^{\mathcal{S}}(p)$ are Gaussians with respective widths $\sigma_x$ and $\sigma_p$ that are narrow, $\sigma_x\sigma_p \ll 1$. The result is plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:3dWigner} for the particular case of $x'=0$ and $p'=0$. In the general case, $W_{\bm{M}}(x,p)$ resembles a cross centered at the measurement probe location, $(x,p)=(x',p')$. The cross is composed of two squeezed coherent states, i.e. Gaussians with $\Delta x \Delta p = 1/2$ but $\Delta x \neq \Delta p$, each describing one of the two projective measurements in the JWM sequence. The first, with $\Delta p \gg \Delta x$, corresponds to the weak measurement of $\bm{\Pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{x'} $. It is centered along
the line $x=x'$ and is scaled by $\mathcal{P}_{q'}^{2} = 0.16$. The second, with $\Delta x \gg \Delta p$,
corresponds to a regular measurement of $\bm{\Pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{p'} $. It is centered along the line $p=p'$.

However, the joint measurement cannot be simply be explained as an
incoherent combination of these two projectors.
Such a measurement would correspond to independently, rather than
jointly, measuring the projectors $\bm{\Pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{x'}$ and $\bm{\Pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{p'}$. Instead, due to the coherence between the two projectors in the JWM sequence, there is an interference term leading to negativity and fringes in $W_{\bm{M}}(x,p)$. Negativity is considered to be a sign of non-classicality~\cite{kenfack2004negativity,spekkens2008negativity} and a resource for quantum information processing~\cite{Howard2014contextuality}.

\subsection{Single trial marginal variances}

The marginals of $W_{\bm{M}}(x,p)$ are given by $P(x) = \left|\braket{x|\Delta^{\mathcal{S}}_{q'}(x',p')}\right|^2$ and $P(p) = \left|\braket{p|\Delta^{\mathcal{S}}_{q'}(x',p')}\right|^2$ (we normalized the two by dividing them by $|\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q')|^2$). These are plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:3dWigner}. In appendix~\ref{app:D}, we show that, for $\sigma_x\sigma_p \ll 1$, the respective variances of $P(x)$ and $P(p)$ are:
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\Delta^2 x &=  1/(2\sigma^2_p) + \mathcal{P}_{q'}^2\sigma_x^3\sigma_p + 4\mathcal{P}_{q'}\sigma_x^3\sigma_p \\
\Delta^2 p &= \sigma^2_p/2 + \mathcal{P}_{q'}^2\sigma_p/\sigma_x + 4\mathcal{P}_{q'}\sigma_p^3\sigma_x .
\end{aligned}
\label{eqn:marginals1}
\end{equation}
These marginal variances quantify the precision of a single trial of the JWM in which the ancilla is measured to have position $q'$. One can check that $\Delta^2 x\Delta^2 p \geq 1/4$ when $\sigma_x\sigma_p \ll 1$, and hence the HUP is satisfied. In the limit $\sigma_p, \sigma_x \rightarrow 0$, the JWM projects the system onto exact position and momentum eigenstates (as in Eq.~\eqref{eqn:approx_proj}), in which case $\Delta^2 x \rightarrow \infty$ and $\Delta^2 p \rightarrow 0$. Moreover, in the limit $|\mathcal{P}_{q'}| \rightarrow 0$, i.e. when the predictability vanishes, the JWM saturates the HUP regardless of $\sigma_p$. The physical significance of this limit is discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:unc_pred}.

\subsection{Averaging}
Since the coupling between the ancilla and system is weak, the outcome of the weak-measurement is ambiguous, i.e. $P(q|x=x')$ and $P(q|x\neq x')$ are overlapping. As such, in a single measurement trial, the measured ancilla position $q'$ does not determine with certainty whether $x=x'$ or $x\neq x'$. To overcome this, one can repeat many trials in order to find the average ancilla position shift $\braket{\bm{q}^{\mathcal{A}}}$. This averaging is the standard procedure in weak measurement. The quantity $\braket{\bm{q}^{\mathcal{A}}}$ unambiguously determines the result of the JWM:
\begin{equation}
\braket{\bm{q}^{\mathcal{A}}}=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}q'\braket{\bm{M}_{q,x',p'}^{\mathcal{S}}}dq'=\gamma\mathrm{Re}\braket{\bm{\Pi}_{p'}^{\mathcal{S}}\bm{\Pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}}.
\label{eqn:ancilla_dirac}
\end{equation}
Recall that for $\sigma_p, \sigma_x \rightarrow 0$, the JWM project onto single eigenstates, i.e. $\bm{\Pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}\rightarrow \bm{\pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}$ and $\bm{\Pi}_{p'}^{\mathcal{S}}\rightarrow \bm{\pi}_{p'}^{\mathcal{S}}$. In this limit, we find that $\braket{\bm{q}^{\mathcal{A}}} = \gamma \mathrm{Re}\braket{\bm{\pi}_{p'}^{\mathcal{S}}\bm{\pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}}$ using Eq.~\eqref{eqn:ancilla_dirac}. Expanding this last quantity, one finds $\braket{\bm{\pi}_{p'}^{\mathcal{S}}\bm{\pi}_{x'}^{\mathcal{S}}} = \psi^{\mathcal{S}}(x')\tilde{\psi}^{*\mathcal{S}}(p')e^{-ip'x'}\equiv D(x',p')$ where $\tilde{\psi}^{\mathcal{S}}(p')$ is the Fourier transform of $\psi^{\mathcal{S}}(x')$ and $^*$ denotes the complex conjugate. The quantity $D(x',p')$ is a quasiprobability distribution of the state $\psi^{\mathcal{S}}(x)$ called the Dirac distribution~\cite{kirkwood1933quantum,dirac1945on}. Much like the Wigner function, the Dirac distribution fully describes the state $\psi^{\mathcal{S}}(x')$ in phase space. Since $\braket{\bm{q}^{\mathcal{A}}} = \gamma \mathrm{Re}[D(x',p')]$, the average outcome of the JWM probes phase space at a single point. We note that $\mathrm{Im}[D(x',p')]$ can be obtained by instead determining the average momentum shift of the ancilla~\cite{lundeen2012procedure}.

As opposed to $W_{\bm{M}}(x,p)$, the average JWM Wigner function $W_{\braket{\bm{q}}}(x,p) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dq' q' W_{\bm{M}}(x,p)$ no longer looks like a cross in phase space. The averaging procedure eliminates the two squeezed terms in $W_{\bm{M}}(x,p)$. Thus, $W_{\braket{\bm{q}}}(x,p)$ consists only of the coherence between the two projectors in the JWM sequence, i.e. the term containing the fringes and negativity in phase space.

Since the averaged JWM can probe phase space at a single point, we expect that the marginal variances of $W_{\braket{\bm{q}}}(x,p)$ should vanish. We obtain the variances of this averaged JWM by averaging the variances in Eq.~\eqref{eqn:marginals1} over all possible ancilla positions $q'$ weighted by their corresponding probability $|\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q')|^2$ (and normalizing by the interaction strength $\gamma$). That is,
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\Delta^2 x_{\braket{\bm{q}}} & =\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dq'(\Delta^2 x)q'|\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q')|^2/\gamma = 2\sigma_x^3\sigma_p, \\
\Delta^2 p_{\braket{\bm{q}}} & =\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dq'(\Delta^2 p)q'|\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q')|^2/\gamma = 2\sigma_p^3\sigma_x, \\
\end{aligned}
\label{eqn:marginals2}
\end{equation}
which leads to $\Delta^2 x_{\braket{\bm{q}}}\Delta^2 p_{\braket{\bm{q}}} = 4\sigma_x^4\sigma_p^4$. In the limit $\sigma_p, \sigma_x \rightarrow 0$, this product vanishes. Comparing this result with Eq.~\eqref{eqn:marginals1} in the same limit, we see that averaging enables the JWM to probe the position and momentum of a system with a precision exceeding the HUP. Indeed, looking at Fig.~\ref{fig:3dWigner}, there is a broad background in $P(x)$ that has width $\sim 1/\sigma_p$. This background is eliminated by averaging which enables the averaged JWM to probe phase space at a single point. We note that probing phase space at a single point through averaged measurements is not unique to JWMs. For example, the value of a Wigner function at its origin can be determined by measuring the expectation value of the parity operator $(-1)^{\bm{n}}$, where $\bm{n}$ is the number operator~\cite{royer1977wigner}.

\section{Uncertainty and Predictability}
\label{sec:unc_pred}

In the introduction, we presented weak-measurement as a procedure
that trades away its precision in order to reduce its disturbance.
However, in the last section we saw that in the weak limit, i.e. $\gamma/\sigma\rightarrow0$, the single-trial
marginal variances go as $\Delta^{2}x\rightarrow 1/(2\sigma^2_p)$ and $\Delta^{2}p\rightarrow \sigma^2_p/2$ (see Eq.~\eqref{eqn:marginals1}).
These are identical to the marginal variances of the final momentum
projector in the JWM. On the surface, it appears that we
have not altered any uncertainties by using weak-measurement.
However, these variances are not the only type of uncertainty that
can appear in a measurement procedure.

Rather than being concerned with the marginal variances of measurement Wigner functions, e.g. $\Delta^{2}x$, weak-measurement trades away
a type of certainty that takes form of $P(x=x'|q')$, the probability
that the system was at $x'$ given outcome $q'$. If the measurement
were strong, the final position of the ancilla would reveal whether
$x=x'$ with certainty. That is, $P(x=x'|q')=0$ or $1$. Conversely,
in the weak limit, $\gamma/\sigma\rightarrow0$, $P(x=x'|q')=1/2$,
equal to a blind guess. This type of certainty has been studied in
which-way and quantum erasure experiments, such as with the double-slit interferometer,
and has been formulated as a measure
called predictability~\cite{greenberger1988simultaneous,englert2000quantitative}.

The predictability $\left|\mathcal{P}_{q'}\right|$ is a measure of
how well one can \textit{retrodict} (in our context) whether $x=x'$ given outcome $q'$ (i.e. $P(x=x'|q')$), relative to a blind guess
(i.e. $P(x\neq x')=P(x=x')=1/2$)~\cite{greenberger1988simultaneous}:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\label{eq:full_predictability}
\mathcal{P}_{q'} &=  \frac{P(x=x'|q')-P\left(x=x'\right)}{P\left(x=x'\right)}\\
 &= \frac{P\left(q'|x=x'\right)}{P\left(q'|x=x'\right)P\left(x=x'\right)+P\left(q'|x\neq x'\right)P\left(x\neq x'\right)}-1\\
 &= \frac{P\left(q'|x=x'\right)-P\left(q'|x\neq x'\right)}{P\left(q'|x=x'\right)+P\left(q'|x\neq x'\right)}.
\end{split}
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
Since we do not know $P(x=x'|q')$, we have used Bayes' law to re-express
it in terms of $P\left(q'|x=x'\right)$ and $P\left(q'|x\neq x'\right)$,
which are given by Eq.~\eqref{eq:prob_pointer}. In Fig.~\ref{fig:predictability}(a), we plot the predictability given by Eq.~\eqref{eq:full_predictability}.
In the strong limit, $P(x=x'|q')=1$ or $0$, so that $\left|\mathcal{P}_{q'}\right|=1$,
as expected. In the weak limit, $\left|\mathcal{P}_{q'}\right|\approx \gamma\left|q'\right|/\sigma^{2} + O\left(\gamma^{3}\right)$
to lowest order in coupling strength $\gamma$. We note that the predictability shares many similarities with other forms of retrodictive certainties studied elsewhere~\cite{appleby1998concept,appleby2000optimal,hofmann2003uncertainty,dressel2014certainty}. These various forms all invoke concepts from retrodictive quantum mechanics~\cite{pegg1999retrodiction,barnett2000bayes,leifer2006quantum,amri2011characterizing,dressel2012contextual,leifer2013towards,dressel2013quantum}. However, distinguishing itself from these other retrodictive certainties, predictability plays a unique role in weak measurement since it explicitly appears in the measurement operator, as we will now show.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{pred}
\caption{Predictability in weak-measurement. (a) The predictability $\left|\mathcal{P}_{q'}\right|$
of whether $x=x'$ or not, given the ancilla is found to have position
$q'$ (grey solid line).
For reference, we also plot the Gaussian ancilla probability distributions given in Eq.~\eqref{eq:prob_pointer},
$P\left(q'|x\protect\neq x'\right)$ and $P\left(q'|x=x'\right)$,
indicated by blue dashed line and red solid line, respectively.
For all the curves, we have set the interaction strength to $\gamma=0.2\sigma$,
where $\sigma$ is the ancilla width. The predictability has the same
form up to a scaling of $q'$ regardless of whether one is in the
weak or strong limit, in that $\left|\mathcal{P}_{q'}\right|=\left|\mathcal{P}_{q'\sigma/\gamma}\right|$.
(b) Finding the expectation of the predictability over all $q'$ gives
the average predictability $\bar{\mathcal{P}}$. For a Gaussian ancilla
probability distribution, $\bar{\mathcal{P}}$ is given by black solid
line. Weak-measurement is defined by $\bar{\mathcal{P}}\ll1$, thereby
ensuring that disturbance to the coherence of the measured system
is minimized. }
\label{fig:predictability}
\end{figure*}

Looking back to Eq. \eqref{eqn:approx_proj}, the JWM effectively projects the system
onto a superposition of a momentum eigenstate and, with a relative
amplitude of $\mathcal{P}_{q'}\equiv\gamma q'/\sigma^{2}$, a position
eigenstate. The higher the ability to retrodict whether $x=x'$, the
more the measurement projects onto the corresponding position eigenstate
$\ket{x'^{\mathcal{S}}}$. But predictability has a trade-off. The higher the predictability,
the less coherence is left between the eigenspaces of $\bm{\pi}^{\mathcal{S}}_{x}$
(the $x=x'$ and $x\neq x'$ regions). This trade-off is described
by the wave-particle duality relation $\mathcal{V}_{q'}^{2}+\mathcal{P}_{q'}^{2}\leq1$~\cite{greenberger1988simultaneous, bolduc2014fair}. Here, the coherence has been quantified
by the interference visibility $\mathcal{V}_{q'}$, e.g.
$\mathcal{V}_{q'}=(I_{max}-I_{min})/(I_{max}+I_{min})$ expressed
in terms of the maximum $I_{max}$ and minimum $I_{min}$ intensity of the interference pattern
fringes. If the measured wavefunction $\psi^\mathcal{S}(x)$ had equal amplitudes
for $x=x'$ and $x\neq x'$, e.g. in a double-slit arrangement, they
could initially interfere with perfect visibility, $\mathcal{V}_{q'}$=1.
After the weak-measurement, in the subset of trials for which $q=q'$,
the two amplitudes would interfere with a diminished visibility $\mathcal{V}_{q'}=\sqrt{1-\mathcal{P}_{q'}^{2}}$
\cite{englert2000quantitative,bolduc2014fair}. Consequently, by minimizing the predictability, weak-measurement maximizes the visibility
and thereby maintains coherence in the measured system. That is, it
minimizes disturbance.

It may come as a surprise that, even in the weak limit, the predictability
$\left|\mathcal{P}_{q'}\right|$ can become significant if $|q'|>\sigma^{2}/\gamma$.
For these outlier ancilla position outcomes, we can retrodict with certainty
whether the system was at $x'$ or not. To understand this, consider
if the ancilla's position is found to be zero, i.e. $q'=0$. Because
the ancilla's Gaussian probability density $|\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q)|^{2}$ is relatively
constant near its center at $q=0$, in the weak limit, $\gamma/\sigma\ll1$,
the probability for this outcome is the same regardless of whether
$x=x'$ or $x\neq x'$ . Consequently, little information is acquired
about the position of the system in that trial. In contrast, consider
if one measures the ancilla's position to be many standard deviations
away from $q'=0$ in the positive direction, i.e. $q'\gg\sigma$. Due
to the exponential decay of $|\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q)|^{2}$, this outcome
occurs with a higher probability in the case where $x=x'$ (the ancilla is shifted) than the case $x\neq x'$ (the ancilla is not shifted). Similarly, the reverse is true when $q'\ll-\sigma$.
Thus, for these outlier outcomes of $q'$ one can be relatively certain
of whether $x=x'$ or not. In this way, the retrodictive certainty
of the weak-measurement varies from trial-to-trial.

While the ancilla outcomes with large $q'$ give high predictability,
they occur rarely since they lie in the tails of the Gaussian $|\phi^{\mathcal{A}}(q)|^2$. The majority
of the trials give low predictability. To incorporate this effect
we consider the predictability averaged over all the final ancilla
positions (following \cite{bolduc2014fair}),
\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:avg_predictability}
\bar{\mathcal{P}}= & \intop dq'\left|\mathcal{P}_{q'}\right|P(q')\\
= & \intop dq'\left|\mathcal{P}_{q'}\right|\left(P\left(q'|x=x'\right)P\left(x=x'\right)+P\left(q'|x\neq x'\right)P\left(x\neq x'\right)\right)\\
= & \frac{1}{2}\intop dq'\left|\mathcal{P}_{q'}\right|\left(P\left(q'|x=x'\right)+P\left(q'|x\neq x'\right)\right),
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
where we have used Bayes' law again and $P(x\neq x')=P(x=x')=1/2$.
We plot the average predictability $\bar{\mathcal{P}}$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:predictability}(b). Similarly, the average
visibility $\bar{\mathcal{V}}$ will be limited to $\bar{\mathcal{V}}\leq\sqrt{1-\bar{\mathcal{P}}^{2}}$
\cite{englert2000quantitative,bolduc2014fair}. In the strong limit,
$\bar{\mathcal{P}}\rightarrow1$. In the weak limit, $\bar{\mathcal{P}}=\gamma /(\sigma \sqrt{\pi}) +\mathcal{O}(\gamma^{3}).$
Consequently, for the average induced disturbance of the weak-measurement
to be small, one must have $\gamma/\sigma\ll1$, which is the standard
weakness condition.

Our result can be related the question debated in Refs.~\cite{Scully1991quantum,Storey1994path,Wiseman1995uncertainty} of whether momentum disturbance is needed to erase interference fringes in a double-slit interferometer. The relation $\bar{\mathcal{V}}\leq\sqrt{1-\bar{\mathcal{P}}^{2}}$ explicitly reveals the trade-off between which-way information and fringe visibility. In particular, the ability to retrodict which slit a photon went through, quantified by $\bar{\mathcal{P}}$, comes at the cost of reduced interference fringe visibility $\bar{\mathcal{V}}$, as enforced by complementarity. We also find that the predictability depends explicitly on the which-way measurement strength, i.e. $\bar{\mathcal{P}}=\gamma /(\sigma \sqrt{\pi})$, and hence on its disturbance. Thus, as in Refs.~\cite{Wiseman1995uncertainty,mir2007double}, we conclude that both measurement disturbance and complementarity play a role in the trade-off between which-way information and fringe visibility.

\section{Conclusions}
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is often interpreted as a trade-off between the precision and disturbance of a measurement. Gentle or ``weak-measurements" can be used to minimize such measurement-induced disturbance. Here we studied a joint weak-measurement (JWM) consisting of a weak position measurement followed by a regular momentum measurement. One intuitively expects that the weak-measurement's reduction in disturbance comes at the cost of a reduction in its precision. While this intuition is correct for a single JWM trial, we showed that averaging over many trials compensates for the loss in certainty of the weak-measurement. This enables the average outcome of a JWM to probe phase space with a precision exceeding the uncertainty principle limit. The weak position measurement does not trade away the usual notion of certainty, i.e. the standard deviation $\Delta x$ that appears in the uncertainty principle. Rather, it trades away the certainty with which one can retrodict the outcome of the measurement.

JWMs have already found numerous applications in quantum physics. For instance, they have been used to study foundational topics such as testing error-disturbance relations~\cite{rozema2012violation,ringbauer2014joint}, resolving quantum paradoxes~\cite{lundeen2009experimental,yokota2009direct}, and reconstructing Bohmian trajectories~\cite{kocsis2011observing,mahler2016experimental}. Moreover, JWMs have been used to directly determine quantum states~\cite{Lundeen2011direct,bamber2014observing,thekkadath2016direct}, a technique especially useful to efficiently characterize high-dimensional systems~\cite{malik2014direct,shi2015scan}. Despite the fact that JWMs are being increasingly used in quantum physics experiments, there were questions regarding their compatibility with fundamental concepts such as the uncertainty principle and complementarity. Our results answer these questions and provide an intuitive understanding of the mechanism behind JWMs.

\begin{acknowledgements}
We thank A.M. Steinberg and J.H. Shapiro for the initial discussions that prompted this work. We also thank J. Sperling for their insightful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Canada Research Chairs (CRC) Program, the Canada First Research Excellence Fund (CFREF), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC). G.S.T acknowledges support from the Oxford Basil Reeve Graduate Scholarship.
\end{acknowledgements}

\newpage
\onecolumngrid

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Data Protection (Jersey) Law 2018 provides individuals with rights over their personal data.
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WHICH GOODS? WHAT TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION?
See the spread of the distribution region according to partner zone and postal code.
Companies who rely on low rates only to distinguish themselves are doomed to fail.
"DHB customers, despite the scale of operations, still receive the service specific to a family business."


text:
Q: python class AttributeError The purpose of this script is:
•   Read a group of csv files.
•   Scrape the date and extract some features out of it.
•   Merge these csv files into a single data frame.
•   Import the final data frame into another class and print it.
Here is the code:
import pandas as pd
import os

class DataSource:
    def __init__(self):
        self.dfs = []
        self.final = pd.DataFrame()
        self.names = ['Date', 'Time', 'open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'Volume']
        self.directory = os.chdir(r"C:\Users\Sayed\Desktop\forex")

    def merge(self):
        for file in os.listdir(self.directory):
            df = pd.read_csv(file, names=self.names,
                             parse_dates={'Release Date': ['Date', 'Time']})
            self.dfs.append(df)

        self.final = pd.concat(self.dfs, axis=0)
        self.final = self.final[['Release Date', 'open', 'high', 'low', 'close']]
        print(self.final.head())
        return self.final

class test():
    def __init__(self):
        self.df = DataSource.final

    def print(self):
        return print(self.df.head())

x = test()
x.print()

Here is the error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Users/Sayed/PycharmProjects/project/hello.py", line 31, in
    x = test()
File "C:/Users/Sayed/PycharmProjects/project/hello.py", line 26, in init
    self.df = DataSource.final
AttributeError: type object 'DataSource' has no attribute 'final'

A: Your cannot access self.final property directly in your DataSource class. You need to instantiate it first. So your test class will more be like :
class test():
    def __init__(self):
        self.d = DataSource()
        self.df = self.d.merge()
    def print(self):
        return print(self.df.head())

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


First, the unanimously answered question is the question of cost. An intelligent pig raising system includes many instruments and tools, and the cost is relatively high. In order to meet the conditions for using this intelligent system, the pig farm must first reach a certain scale and have the economic strength to be able to purchase equipment.
Second, whether the equipment is "useful" is also a major factor. "Easy to use" includes several aspects: First, for the personnel's requirements, it needs to be equipped with what knowledge and quality of personnel to operate; Second, the use of equipment is related to the construction of pig farms, such as sow intelligent group system and automatic Dung cleaning equipment has some basic requirements for the design and layout of pig stalls. It is necessary to take into account the equipment factors at the beginning of the design of the pig house. It is difficult to apply the existing fence houses.
Third, what problems occur in the actual application of equipment, which can be coordinated and overcome, and which have a greater impact on production.
Fourth, to consider the system of repair and after-sale maintenance of the problem. In the operation of pig farm, the situation of sows plays an important role in the development of pig farm, the equipment maintenance and after-sale of sows shed is Particularly important, too much machine maintenance or maintenance time will seriously affect the normal operation of the pig farm.


I have never been in a position where I could afford to get a haircut every 6-8 weeks. But, like most other girls in my generation, I want long hair that flows smoothly. No frizz, no mess, maybe a little curl but not too much. It's a hard look to pull off when you can't afford to keep your split ends under control.
Surprisingly enough, it was a preteen girl and a trip to Target that finally allowed me to tame my hair the way I needed to. My niece, who was all of nine at the time, told me that whenever she wanted to learn something she looked up a tutorial on YouTube. Being an "old fogey" (all of 20 at the time) I had never thought of that. My online time was spent on Tumblr and Ravelry. I didn't even like music videos, so I never really gave much thought to YouTube.
So I took some time between classes one day and looked up how to cut long hair. Since I don't have layers or bangs, it's really easy to keep my hair trimmed. All I needed were two hair ties and a pair of scissors. It's been five years and I still cut my own hair!
A few years after that I was at a Target looking for new makeup. I was just getting into makeup and hair care, and the YouTube blogger I was following for makeup tips suggested a hair oil for dry hair. In an act of serendipity, the beauty concierge at Target was handing out coupons to get 1/2 off one hair product with the purchase of another. It was the same brand as the item I was looking for, so I took the opportunity to buy Garnier Fructis' "Damage Eraser" and I have not regretted the decision!
Any time my ends start getting a little frizzy, I use the "eraser" and give myself another week or two before I have to cut it. And it repairs damage to the rest of my hair as well, so it stays healthier longer on it's own.
If you have dry, split-happy hair like me, I highly recommend you check out Garnier's Damage Eraser and learn how to trim your ends at home!
Julep Mavens: Worthwhile or a Waste?
I´ll look out for this as my hair is getting quite frizzy with age.
Hmm...perhaps I should try that. My hair does get dry and frizzy every once in a while. Most of the time though, it's more oily than anything. Still, it's worth a shot for when my hair is being crazy and unruly!
If I still had long hair I would certainly try this, or something like it.
i cut my hair myself when it gets long, over shoulder length.
I use the Damage Eraser shampoo. Feels great on my hair and never dries it out.


Hop aboard the sleigh and join Anna and Olaf as they visit to Queen Elsa's beautiful ice palace! What will they do first? Play hide and seek behind the secret staircase, or go skating around the castle? They could ski down the ice hill or enjoy ice creams! It's all up to you! First have fun building Elsa's Sparkling Ice Castle. Then it's time to play!
Includes Queen Elsa and Princess Anna mini-doll figures, plus Olaf the snowman.
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This comes down to 20.54 cent per brick.
The Elsa's Sparkling Ice Castle (41062) Lego set is no longer directly available from the sites below. However, 3rd party partners of these sites might still have the set available.


Ron and Beth McKinney are the co-founders of Pas De Deux Photo, an online dance photography community resource and education center. They host the Pas De Deux Dance Photographer Conference featuring many of the country's leading dance photographers as instructors, including Jordan Matter, Rachel Neville, David Hoffman, Richard Calmes, Luis Pons and many others. They also host the annual Pas De Deux Dance Photo Competition. You can find more information about the Pas De Deux community at pasdedeuxphoto.com.
Ron is also a speaker at Out of Chicago and ClickCon photography conferences. He has been published in the online photography magazine, PetaPixel, and in magazines such as Dance Magazine, Pointe, Dance Studio Life Magazine, and has photographed numerous covers for McHenry County Magazine, Kane County Magazine, Suburban Life Magazine, and others.
Ron is available for mentoring and plans to host weekend workshops for small groups of photographers. If you're interested in any of these services, contact Ron at ron@ronmckinneyphotography.com.


text:
Q: Why do I need to reshape my input data to an additional dimension for Conv2D? I am new to tensorflow, I have a numpy input data of this format:
x_train_n.shape = (200,64,2048)
meaning 200 is number of training data sets, 64 is H, and 2048 is W
When I want to feed this input to my network, first I have to reshape it:
x_train_n = x_train_n.reshape(x_train_n.shape[0], 1, rows, cols)

Then
inputs = Input(shape=x_train_n.shape[1:])

output1 = Conv2D(32, (3, 15), strides=(1, 2), padding='same', data_format='channels_first', input_shape=x_train_n.shape[1:])(inputs)

otherwise I get the error that Conv2d expected to have 4 dimensions but dimension is 3 error.
Is this the right thing to do? if so, why this makes sense?
Why I can not do following without reshape?
output1 = Conv2D(32, (3, 15), strides=(1, 2), padding='same', data_format='channels_first', input_shape=x_train_n.shape())(inputs)

A: That makes sense. Convolutional layers require a number of input channels. For an RBG image, that number is 3. For some data (such as greyscale images or apparently whatever data you have), the number of channels is 1. However, that channel still needs to explicitly be there—it can't simply be implied.

A: Yes this is the right thing to do.
Conv2D layers are applied to 2D data. 2D data may have multiple channels. In your case number of channels equals to 1. Because of this Conv2D is designed to be applied in multiple channels you have to add this extra dimension declaring how many channels your data have (1 channel in your case)

A: Conv2D expects 4 dimensions that's right, these are: (BatchSize, Channel, Width, Height).
For colored images you usually have 3 channels RGB for the color intensities, for grayscale images only one.


text:
Q: EXC_BAD_ACCESS When accessing property of custom MKAnnotation in Swift I have a custom MKAnnotation that holds a model class Poi.
Which i initialise like so
let annotation = PoiAnnotation()
annotation.poi = poi
...

Then in my calloutAccessoryControlTrapped delegate:
func mapView(mapView: MKMapView, annotationView view: MKAnnotationView, calloutAccessoryControlTapped control: UIControl) {
    let annotation = view.annotation as PoiAnnotation

    selectedPoi = annotation.poi

At the point i try to access the .poi property of my annotation i get the EXC_BAD_ACCESS exception. Does anybody know why?

A: This EXC_BAD_ACCESS error and the 'only on simulator' symptom can usually be cleared up with a project clean.
Try 'Product - Clean' Worked for me.


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This piece of "American Folkart" was another find at a recent estate sale. I'm not exactly sure how I will use it in my Christmas displays but it has endless possibilities. Someone used a old handle, secured it to a wooden base and then wrapped it in chicken wire to fashion this tree. Maybe it was a creation not yet finished, but I love it just the way it is. I know mixing it with white and some time worn ornaments would be fabulous. My niece and nephew from Texas are staying with us for a few days. The girls want to go shopping and the boys would be content to just play video games. The day should be interesting!


With colder (and wetter) weather on our doorstep, it is time to invest in a robust shoe to cope with the changeable British climate, as well as a stylish one to lead the way in the fashion stakes.
Classic silhouettes are classic for a reason; they stay on trend season after season, and the new range from Base London is quintessentially British in its inspiration, yet justaposed with contemporary twists. Using a mix of aristocratic and upmarket rural influences the new Manor range for AW13 delivers a mix of traditional styles including Oxford & Derby shoes alongside Chukka, Chelsea and lace up boots.
We have chosen our three favourite styles at Average Joes, the Chatsworth classic brogue which features a traditional punched detailing on the toe, a chunky rubber sole to insulate you from the elements, with the grain bordo rich oxblood tone helping you to stand out from the crowd.
Conversely, the Woburn contemporary brogue is a little less serious in its broguing approach. The details are more modern, with metal rings around the lace holes, a more minimalist broguing detail with the waxy black colour being really versatile, and able to dress up and down equally at home with jeans as with smart chino's. A robust sole and leather upper will once again endure the weather, with the leather looking better and better over time.
Lastly, the Blenheim is an upmarket chukka boot, which is chunky and durable in it's design making it perfect for your winter wardrobe. Making an ideal day boot, with the option to dress it up for a night out, the chukka style offers an good alternative to a Chelsea boot, or generic lace up boot with a little more versatility.


Are you looking for great lawn care in Fleming Island, FL? Look no further than Pro Lawn Plus near Fleming Island FL. We offer great lawn service in Fleming Island, FL, and weed control for the Fleming Island, FL, area. What makes us unique in our field is that we are life-long and experienced technicians. All of our staff are long-term and experienced member of our team. What makes us unique and different from all other companies who provide lawn care in the Fleming Island, FL, area is the fact that our equipment is first rate and we are prepared to take on any task. Each of our technicians is so experienced that they will be able to draw on their own expertise to create a unique treatment for your unique lawn. We were established in 1980 because we saw a lot of lawn service companies near Fleming Island, FL that did not provide top quality lawn care. Our key service includes two lawn care programs which can be customized to suit your lawn's needs to ensure a beautiful lawn every time. We are also the only applicator and distributor of Physiocal which provides better fertilizer efficiency and nutrient availability. The most important thing to us is that our customers are satisfied with our work. Outstanding people, programs as well as products are all part of our ongoing commitment to service. Our reputation is built on quality and experience. Our involvement in the Florida Turfgrass Association assures you of the most recent products, technologies and research in the field. All of our training and education is based on the problems we face right here. We know this area and we have specific treatments for exactly what your lawn needs. Our training program is in-house to ensure that each of our technicians is the best. Before we begin work we always come and inspect your lawn so we know exactly what we will need to do. We will then put together a plan that's customized just for your lawn and you'll know exactly what we'll do and how much it will cost To ensure your satisfaction we will also call and let you know when we are coming. When the work is complete we will also follow-up to make sure you are happy. If you need us, for any reason, just call. We'll be there within 24 hours. Our simple goal is to make your outdoor environment as healthy and attractive as it can be! That's why we also offer professional weed control for Fleming Island, FL. We also offer indoor pest control for Fleming Island FL, This home pest control is great for those of you who are having problems trying to rid yourself of the pests by yourself. If you're searching for a great lawn care company that offers the best lawn fertilization service in Fleming Island, FL, look no further than Pro Lawn Plus.


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Home \ Most Popular \ The Coronavirus Task Force Holds A Press Briefing From The White House | TIME
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The Coronavirus Task Force Holds A Press Briefing From The White House
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$1000 Per Month For EVERYONE | New Stimulus Explained
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I found young girls and boys with bodies that look as worn as their clothes. I found kids working barefoot in steamy, stuffy rooms with toxic chemicals staining the floor. They work eight to ten hours a day, six days a week for 15 to 30 rupees a day ($.50 - $1.00 US). Sometimes they don't look like children at all — they look old, exhausted and consumed.
I set out to expose the inhumanity of child labor; I got into the factories by pretending I was taking photographs for an article on textile trade. In the end, I don't tell where these factories are, because to close them down is to put an entire village out of work. And no work means no food — the families turn to begging, prostitution and some starve.
Since my first trip in the early 90s, child labor has received a lot of attention. The mainstream media (thanks Kathy Lee!) gave it a run, and many organizations are focusing on ending, or at least regulating child labor in third world countries.
In my own small way, I am trying to keep the dialogue going through my images and research.
Photographer Rachel Pfotenhauer made her way into some of India's factories to confront the realities of child labor. Click on to see what she found.


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Q: Network path was not found while joining domain (samba) I have my AC server on 10.0.0.2 (debian, samba installed). From PC1 (notebook, windows 7 professional) I can easy join my domain and all things are good. But from PC2 (windows 7 professional too) I have one simple problem. I try to join to domain, type credentials for Administrator, then after while I see error:

Network path was not found

Firewall: off
Antivirus: off
Important things from ipconfig/all:

DHCP on . . . . . . . . . . : YES
  IPv4 adress . . . . . . . . . . .. . : 10.0.0.15(Recommanded)
  Server DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.0.0.2
  Servers DNS . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.0.0.2
  . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 8.8.8.8
  Server WINS. . . . . . : 10.0.0.2
  NetBIOS overTcpip . . . . . . . : On

I can ping 10.0.0.2.
I can browse internet on PC2.
Nslookup domain.local:

(root)  ??? unknown type 41 ???
  Server:  UnKnown
  Address: 10.0.0.2
  Name:   domain.local
  Address:  192.168.1.26

What I have already tried?
Disabling ipv6,
Enable/Disable NetBios over TCP/IP
Changing computer name
Restarting some services from services.msc (ex. dhcp client)
Rebooting server/client
Searching for some strange network adapters, found nothing
Time zone is good in server and client
ipconfig/flushdns
Sharing in windows is enabled
Disabling some services in windows
Totally, I have tried anything that I found on Internet, nothing actually works.
PC1 joins without any problems.
Please help.
Edit: smb.conf:
[global]
    workgroup = DOMAIN
    realm = domain.local
    netbios name = DEBIAN
    server role = active directory domain controller
    dns forwarder = 8.8.8.8
    server services = rpc, nbt, wrepl, ldap, cldap, kdc, drepl, winbind, ntp_signd, kcc, dnsupdate, dns

[netlogon]
    path = /var/lib/samba/sysvol/domain.local/scripts
    read only = No

[sysvol]
    path = /var/lib/samba/sysvol
    read only = No
[Profiles]
    path = /srv/samba/Profiles/
    read only = no
    store dos attributes = Yes
    create mask = 0600
    directory mask = 0700
    profile acls = yes
    csc policy = disable


Gulmarg, Feb 29 (ANI): Indian Army officials trained rescue operation teams in world famous skiing resort of Gulmarg to prevent the causalities during natural calamities like avalanches.
"We have been deployed and trained to help people as well as tourists at the time of occurrence of a natural calamity. We are being trained in the process of rescuing tourists, if they get trapped in snow covered hills at the time of any natural calamity," said Athar Nazir, a member of the rescue team.
Inspector General of Kashmir Police S M Sahai said the police teams are also assisting army men in the rescue operations.
"Our police team, deployed in Gulmarg, is also helping the army, which they have done in the last few days. We are also making use of helicopters by Heli-skiing to rescue any trapped person" said Sahai.
On February 23, an army post of Sonmarg was severely hit along with Gurez, where 14 soldiers were killed, in the snow-propelled avalanche.
Heavy snowfall in the region this year has left locals to bear the brunt of the continuing cold snap as closure of the highway had impeded travel and food supplies.


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Home About Us Want to Help? FAQ
Searching Image Use Biblio
Prunus pensylvanica
Bird cherry, fire cherry, pin cherry
Kingdom Plantae Plants, but not fungi, lichens, or algae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta Vascular plants—plants with a "circulatory system" for delivering water and nutrients
Division Magnoliophyta Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms
Class Magnoliopsida Dicotyledons—plants with two initial seed leaves
Subclass Rosidae Roses, legumes, proteas, dogwoods, hydrangeas, mistletoes, euphorbias, grapes, many more
Order Rosales Rose family and eight others
Family Rosaceae Includes apples, apricots, plums, cherries, peaches, pears, raspberries, strawberries, almonds, roses, meadowsweets, photinias, firethorns, rowans, and hawthorns; many others
Genus Prunus Includes plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, and almonds
Species pensylvanica
About plant names...
[An article has not been written yet.]
5/7/2013 · J. Harry Rich Dirt Road, Groton, Massachusetts
≈ 7 × 4½" (17 × 11 cm) ID is dubious
Prunus pensylvanica description by Thomas H. Kent, last updated 5 Oct 2021.
© FloraFinder.org. All rights reserved.
≈ 5 × 4" (13 × 10 cm)
≈ 4½ × 4" (11 × 10 cm)
Home Species


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Canada Jay is the best choice to be our national bird
By Geoff Carpentier on August 7, 2022 No Comment
The Jay lives and breeds from coast to coast to coast
My friend and colleague Dr. David Bird, formerly of McGill University, has been driving a movement to have a national bird declared for Canada. Although many thought it was a done deal already and we had affirmed the Canada Jay as our national bird, Canada has not yet done so.
Starting in 2016, the community at large made a decision after complex lobbying and a voting exercise that spanned several months of planning and delivery. Even though a clear winner was determined through this process, for various reasons the federal government never followed up.
It's time to reinvigorate our efforts and make this happen – and you can help.
We have many symbols that officially recognize our country. The most obvious and prevalent is the Canadian flag, with its bold red and white colours and stylized maple leaf. It was declared our national flag in 1965 – after a 40-year debate! Recognized everywhere in the world, it's a great, attractive flag that showcases our country and our colours.
Our royal coat of arms recognizes the monarchy and the oversight and influence it has on our lives. It was adopted by proclamation by King George V in 1921. Coincident with that is our national motto: "A Mari Usque Ad Mare" (from sea to sea). But maybe it should be more appropriately stated as "A Mari Usque Ad Mare Usque Ad Mare" to reflect our three oceans.
Our national anthem O Canada is respected by all and sung with pride. The original version has been modified several times to reflect our changing nation. O Canada was proclaimed our national anthem on July 1, 1980, one century after it was first sung in the City of Québec on June 24, 1880.
Did you know we have two national sports? Lacrosse for the summer and hockey for the winter.
We have a national tree – the maple – which is not any specific species but a stylization of the 10 species of maple found across much of Canada.
We also have a national mammal – the beaver (declared in 1975) – and a national horse – the Canadian horse (2002).
Surprisingly, we even have a national tartan (2011) called the Maple Leaf Tartan.
But we don't have a national bird.
A new book, The Canada Jay: The National Bird of Canada?, was released this year to celebrate the move to finalize the project and declare the Canada Jay our national bird.
Written by Bird and other noteworthy authors such as Dan Strickland (who likely knows more about Canada Jays than anyone else in the world), it's an entertaining and fact-filled treatise that introduces the history of the search for a national bird and intertwines English, Indigenous and Francophone influences into the story. With a forward by Robert Bateman and dedication by John and Janet Foster, this is a must-read if you want to know why the Canada Jay should be our national bird.
The book is divided into 12 chapters, each written by one or more of the authors. Bird wrote three chapters as to why the Canada Jay deserves to be our national bird, why we even need a national bird and why it should not be the common loon.
I loved Strickland's chapter on how the Canada Jay's name evolved over the centuries from the cinereous crow to Canada Jay to gray jay, then recently back to Canada Jay.
Prying into the private lives of birds in love
Smart drone technology helping protect birds from industrial hazards
Why birds practise their mating songs in winter
Strickland also teams up with Norris to write about the intriguing behaviour of this boreal species. There's also an enlightening treatment of the importance of the Canada Jay in Indigenous teachings, where it's deemed a reconciliation agent and environmental emissary. A similar treatment is offered for the Francophone communities.
Why should the Canada Jay be our national bird, and why shouldn't the snowy owl or common loon be the top bird?
Partly because the owl and the loon have already been recognized as the provincial birds of Quebec and Ontario, respectively. But there's a more important reason: The underlying thread is that the Canada Jay lives and breeds almost entirely in Canada, is found coast to coast to coast, and is entrenched in our entire history from the time when only Indigenous peoples lived here, through the fur-trading and industrial eras and into modern times.
Is there something you can do to help?
You can remind the government that we are overdue to have a national bird that truly reflects the history, nature and value of Canada. Please go to www.canadajay.org or www.change.org and sign the petition to be part of history to forever permit us to celebrate the Canada Jay.
And don't forget to get your copy of The Canada Jay book for $9.95 from Hancock House, online or at better book and nature stores.
Geoff Carpentier is a published author, expedition guide and environmental consultant.
Nature, Wildlife
Canada Jay is the best choice to be our national bird added by Geoff Carpentier on August 7, 2022
View all posts by Geoff Carpentier →
Geoff Carpentier
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We are a small MSP, new to LT (about 6 months in) and new to ESET (about 6 days in). We bundled the ESET AV plugin with malwarebytes and are ready to tackle the installation.
I'm wondering what are other labtech cloud partners using for their eset servers? My infrastructure is in the cloud - and i'd rather not spin up another server and have that expense at the moment... I have thought about ditching it and moving to something more lightweight, but all the reviews and posts and advice push me back to ESET. It's worth the investment but I'd like to hear what the masses in the same position are doing with their implementation. The variety of knowledge and experience on this board is awesome - i want to harness it all!
The performance demands on your ESET server are pretty low, so you depending on who you're hosting with the cost shouldn't be too bad. We use the same server for some other misellaneous tasks, so you could treat it as a catch-all application server if you don't have one already.
My advice if you're setting this all up new is to make sure you build your polices using the LT plugin and NOT from the ERA server itself. This will make managing it moving forward much easier.


For many of you deciding to start up your own owner operator business is a difficult decision. Should you simply lease under another authority or should you start up you own owner operator business.
In many cases it may be less expensive and less headaches to sign on under another authority. When you do this, you will still need to carry your own non-truckers liabiliy with physical damage coverage.
The non-truckers liability covers you when your truck is not under dispatch with the primary authority you are leased under. The physical damage coverage covers you while you are under dispatch and it covers you while you are not under dispatch.
Consequently, most of the premium for this type of coverage is under the compensation and collision coverages as they cover your vehicle all of the time.
In the event you decide to start up your own owner operator business, you will need to purchase your own commercial auto coverage/truck insurance coverage.
If you are a new start up company, your best market to aquire insurance will be through an agent that sells Progressive Insurance.
You will need to stay with Progressive for about three years with a good no loss history, prior to being placed with a more competive insurance carrier. Some insurance carriers will consider companies that have had at least one full year of prior primary truck insurance with no losses.
Many other truck insurance carriers do not like to write new ventures and unitl such time as you have a three year no loss track record, these carriers will not even quote your companies truck insurance.
As you may have heard, Hallmark will no longer accept new ventures on trucking for hire classes of business. In the past, Hallmark was one of the go to insurance carriers for new ventures. However, if the account is 100% oilfield trucker exposure they will potentially consider it.
Operations with vehicles insured under a personal lines policy and are now obtaining commercial coverage.
Lapse of coverage of more than 60 days.
Truckers who were operating under someone else's authority and are now going out on their own.
Non-trucking liability does not qualify as prior insurance.
Here is an outline of several Truck Insurance Carriers Insurance Requirements.
Towing operations are acceptable – not competitive unless a new venture and/or other market is getting off the risk.
New ventures are acceptable with effective date 1/2/19 or later!
If a submit to Nationwide, we MUST have the MVRs with a complete submission.
Market is currently looking for seasoned accounts with 2+ years in business and long haul radius.
Now you can see what exactly each of these insurance carriers is looking for when writing owner operator insurance.
There are many other insurance carriers that can write owner operator insurance, but many of them will request similar past history requirements prior to placing your owner operator insurance coverage.
Owner operator insurance rates can vary widely based on many different factors. Here are a few factors that drive the premium that you have some control over.
Your credit scores can affect your premium. You should always do what you can to increase your credit scores. This will help save you money on your insurance coverage.
The number of years you have held your CDL as well as your driving record will also affect your insurance rates.
Proper signage on your truck is also important.
Do you all the proper signage on your truck?
Are you able to pay the premium in full? Many carriers offer discounts if you do this.
The high your deductible is the lower your insurance premiums will be.
Make sure your cargo coverage is correct for the type of loads you are hauling. For example if you are rated to haul automobiles, but you never do, then you would be better off not carrying this class code. Other classifications might rate better for you and the types of loads you are hauling.
Make sure your SAFER scores are accurate. The data on this system needs to be correct. Make sure extra accidents, inspections and the number of vehicles are correct in the system. You simply do not want to be paying higher rates because the infomation is incorrect on their system. Make sure the FMCSA data is correct.
Having your logbook up to date is a must. Logbook violations will increase your premiums.
Use this information as a guide for you when condering to become an owner operator.


Netflix is almost a must if you are keen on popular TV-shows and films. This Californian Company founded in 1997 by Marc Randolph and Reed Hastings opened a door to the cinema world at homes of millions of people around the world. And we are not exaggerating as according to the latest statistics of 2016 Netflix has got its servers in 190 countries!
Since 2015 this provider of streaming films has been available in Australia, Japan, New Zealand and some other countries which earlier were cut off from its services. The only places that do not have access to Netflix remain Mainland China, Syria, North Korea and Crimea.
It all started as a common DVD-by-mail service in the far 1998. Time passed and the world changed requiring new and fresh approaches to the society demands. As a result in 2007 Netflix began steaming film products gaining more and more popularity among the audience.
In 2013 Netflix presented its own creation "House of Cards" which was a real furor among the regular viewers and brought it even more admirers than earlier. And now despite the powerful competitors Netflix has (Hulu, Amazon and other providers including local streaming companies), it remains number one on the market.
You've been waiting for this movie almost for a whole year and you are sure that it's high time to enjoy its viewing together with bucket of your favourite popcorn…but hold a moment! There is no access to it!
How could it happen that being a lucky user of Netflix you still have restrictions in watching films and TV-shows?
It's a great mistake to think that together with Netflix you're omnipotent. Netflix is not perfect and it has geo-restrictions. What does it mean? You won't be able to watch a movie if a country you are located in hasn't bought the rights for it.
As a result being a US company Netflix gives a full access to its sources only for US citizens. Users located in other countries aren't able to watch 100% of Netflix catalog.
A key to the solution of geo-restriction problem was proposed by VPN providers. A VPN service allows you hide a real IP address and get access to the US Netflix servers whenever and wherever you want. Besides, a VPN makes your net surfing protected from hackers and government control and lets you stay anonymous during your online activities.
However, Netflix didn't like such solution. It has started its blocking policy and note that not every VPN service is able to cope with it. Therefore we offer you a list of 5 best Netflix VPN providers which can help you get rid of any restrictions and reach a real cinematic catharsis.
The functions of this VPN provider are much wider than an access to Netflix. Express VPN is a well-known service which has already conquered a solid place on the VPN market. It is famous for being a provider with a reliable security and privacy level.
Express VPN uses shared IPs, so it is impossible for third parties to identify your real location. This option is a perfect tool to unblock a full access to Netflix catalog. Besides, it is absolutely anonymous.
This Netflix VPN doesn't keep any logs and isn't under the pressure of EU and US Data Retention Laws because it is based in the BVI (British Virgin Isles).
There is available a set of all popular protocols but we highly recommend you to make use of OpenVPN because of its powerful AES 256-bit data encryption.
One more thing to be aware of is that such high security measures do not have any negative impact on streaming speed and its quality.
Its 100+ servers are located all around the globe covering 78 countries. Note that this Netflix VPN provider has unlimited bandwidth and servers switches. Safe torrenting is also one of the options Express VPN can offer.
You can use this VPN on any device you like and note that it is also compatible with a good variety of platforms— Mac, Windows, Linux, iOS, Android, Routers, etc. You can find setup tutorials on Express VPN website.
Thanks to its wide range of functions and high reliability Express VPN is regarded as one of the best VPN providers for countries with a strict Internet control—China, Australia, UK and Canada.
This provider is not only one of the best VPNs for torrenting but also a great Netflix VPN.
IvacyVPN is a safe way to get access to the blocked websites which include not only Netflix but also many others like Hulu, BBC, Amazon, etc. Note that you will be protected even while using public Wi-Fi hotspots.
IvacyVPN tries to prevent all possible threats which can await a user during the net surfing. Thus, it has a hefty AES 256-bit data encryption and it doesn't keep any logs. DNS and IPv6 Leak Protection is also an integral part of IvacyVPN security policy.
In order to protect users' data in case of any connection drops this Netflix VPN makes use of Kill Switch. It also masks your IP address what is especially important for Netflix access as this allows to take off any geo-restrictions.
This Netflix VPN has no limits of data transfer and possesses an option of Split Tunneling. So it's up to you to choose the way you would like to send your data through.
Active users of several devices will be glad to learn that IvacyVPN allows up to 5 simultaneous connections.
Moreover, its 200 servers are spread over 100 different locations. We can't but pinpoint your attention upon the fact that IvacyVPN is also a very cheap VPN provider and it costs only $1.66 per month.
Being located in Hungary Buffered VPN is not under the surveillance of NSA or CSIS what makes it a safe VPN for US and other countries where ISPs are forced to keep all users' data. Consequently, Buffered VPN doesn't keep any logs.
It is compatible with Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android and other operating systems. You can also make use of 5 devices at the same time.
This Netflix VPN provider doesn't have any bandwidth limits and has servers in 33 countries. By the by, Buffered VPN uses only OpenVPN protocol.
Unfortunately, Buffered VPN cannot boast of such high security level as Express VPN has, for instance. It doesn't have a Kill Switch option.
Anonymity isn't its strong point, too. Buffered VPN doesn't allow Bitcoin payments.
PureVPN has got wide server coverage—more than 500 of its servers are located in 140 countries. Such variety provides users with a fast net browsing what is great for a good content streaming.
Moreover, it is a highly compatible service which supports all popular platforms and devices. By the way, Pure VPN permits 5 simultaneous connections.
This Netflix VPN leads a severe security policy and has a renowned AES 256-bit encryption. Besidea, there is also an option of DDoS protection, Kill Switch and NAT Firewall.
PureVPN also allows you to choose the way you would like to send your data—its widget Split Tunneling will take care of it. Such solid security basis made this VPN provider a good choice for China, the Internet space of which is under constant government control.
Together with Pure VPN you won't face any data transfer or server switching limits. Besides, you will get a right for 7-day money-back guarantee.
It is a free Netflix VPN which offers access to blocked websites. It hides users' home IP addresses and changes their real location.
Hotspot Shield will also provide you with security during the use of public Wi-Fi hotspots.
According to Hotspot Shield there is an option of OpenVPN protocol. Like all pre-cited VPN providers, this service makes use of AES 256-bit data encryption. The use of other protocols is impossible.
Note that this Netflix VPN includes Malware protection, too.
It's important to underline that to get a safe access to Netflix a user has to buy a priced plan as Hotspot Shield free version doesn't permit access to this streaming website.
Its free plan also doesn't block ads and allows use of US servers only.
Hotspot Shield is compatible with such operating systems as Mac, Windows, iOS, Android, Kindle and Linux. Five simultaneous connections are also available.
Visit Hotspot Shield EliteNetflix is a great source of films and TV-shows, and it's a pity to be cut off from a chance to enjoy them. Check the list of best Netflix VPN services mentioned above and chose the one you like most of all to get rid of any restrictions you suffer from.
As of January 24, ExpressVPN only has 3 countries where you can still access Netflix – US, UK, Canada.


Journalism is such a profession where journalists are paid to express their opinions. Hmmm, not really, they are actually paid for their ability to express their opinions in an interesting way. But in order to make something interesting and different, one view or other need to be adopted. What are these views or opinions worth? Whatever their editors or us readers are prepared to pay for them!
Thats about Journalists, but what about us? Do we benefit at all from having strong ideas and convictions? Who is going to pay for our ideas and convictions? Answer is we all do; and worth will be only known, when these are tried, sincerely...honestly!
Everyone has a different ways of doing things. Every way is acceptable and there will be appreciation for each and every way, no exception!
Sometime ago; I heard Ricky Martin saying what he fears the most about his stardom. And I thought, he is so right! He said only thing he is worried about is: loosing that touch/connection/magic, which has kept him appear/sound interesting to his fans/audiences/followers. But that does not stay forever, never stayed, no matter, how great/capable the artist/professional/ or the person is. It has to come to an end one day. And then someone else will take over. So, when we have it & until we have it, why not try it?


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