Software testing is the art of measuring and maintaining software quality to ensure that the user expectations and requirements, business values, non-functional requirements (such as security, reliability and recoverability) and operational policies are all met. Testing is a team effort to accomplish the well-understood and agreed-upon minimum quality bar and definition of "done".
Definition of Done (DOD): is a team definition and commitment to quality to be applied to the solution during each iteration (this may also occur at the Task or User Story level, too). Consider design, code reviews, refactoring and testing when discussing and defining your definition of done.
TDD is a happening term in the industry these days, especially among those software development organizations that are practicing the Agile development methodology.
TDD is an evolutionary approach and mindset towards software development that enforces writing Unit Tests as you are coding the functionality or feature.
TDD gives an opportunity to think as a "user of the code" instead of an "implementer of the code". Eventually, TDD helps in better design, quality and test coverage.
An ideal unit test is a piece of code written by a developer that exercises a small but specific area of code functionality to ensure that it works as expected and can be tested in isolation from other units.
According to the Test Triangle, in a software project the largest number of tests must be Unit Tests. Because multiple individual Unit Tests contribute to Integration Testing and so on.
The image below also depicts that, over the period of time of a project, a Unit Test needs to be continuously written and run for software quality.
Reduce bugs by identifying all the use case scenarios to reflect intent (end user's mindset, business needs, expected functionality and business validations and so on).
Avoid collateral damage, in other words a fix in one area may break functionality in another possibly related/unrelated area.
Helps you achieve YAGNI that is "You Aren't Gonna Need It". In other words saves you from writing code functionality that you don't need.
First, creating a Unit Test is the developer's responsibility. Agreed, developers are not testers and that is true of testers too. But thinking of the most common scenarios worth testing that might cause failure to your code functionality is all that you need to code in your Unit Tests.
Not having a Testing Mind Set is actually a genuine issue and this happens because developers usually never think of testing their code until it's deployed to QA or production. To overcome this issue you must pair with a QA Engineer or Software Development Engineer in Test (SDET) in your team. You must write all the possible test areas that you think of and get it reviewed.
Career Tip: In today's software world, a unit testing skill is a major requirement for any developer, lead or architect position.
Do I need to do other types of testing as well? From a developer's point of view, the short and straight answer is no, but many teams and organizations require their developers to write even Integration, Load and Stress Tests as well. A dedicated QA/Test team is usually responsible for doing non-unit type of testing, whether it is manual or automated.
Career Tip: Educate yourself about other types of testing.
System Under Test (SUT) is the system that will be tested by Unit Tests for code accuracy and possible scenarios that might either break the functionality at runtime or not produce legitimate results.
This Bank Application's DLL should work properly, assuming all the right data and parameters are provided. But when you start thinking from a Test Driven Development (TDD) perspective and you put the DLL under test then you start detecting the areas of further improvement and refactoring.
But what do i unit test? the most critical and common area of Unit Testing can be categorized under Boundary and Error Conditions.
Boundary conditions are very critical to the success of any software code ever written. All your business validation/rules are actually a candidate for Boundary Unit Tests.
Empty or missing values (such as 0, "", or null).
Inappropriate values that are not realistic from a business point of view, such as a person's age of -1 or 200 years or so.
DOB is tomorrow's date or a time in the future.
Duplicates in lists that shouldn't have duplicates.
Special characters or case related conditions.
Formatting of data, for example name must be capitalized. For example Vidya Vrat, Agarwal.
Type of acceptable values in a field. For example name can't hold a numeric and age can't hold letters.
Range is another critical thing to test and it's often coded as business validation rules.
Automatic: Each Test must "Automatically" exercise small functionality in terms of invoking the test and verifying the results.
Thorough: Unit Tests are supposed to test all the possible areas of functionality that are subject to failure due to incorrect input.
Repeatable: Unit Tests must be repeatable for every build and must produce the same results. The development best practice suggests that if you are working on code that is impacting a Unit Test then you must fix the affected Unit Test as well and ensure that it passes.
Independent: Unit Tests must be independent of another test. In other words, no collateral damage. Hence, a Unit Test must focus only on a small aspect of big functionality. When this Unit Test fails, it should be easy to discover where the issue is in the code.
Professional: Even though at times Unit Tests may appear to be very simple and small, you must write Unit Tests with coding practices as good as you use for your main development coding. You may want to follow Refactoring, Code Analysis and Code Review practices and so on as for your Test Projects as well.
Arrange: Set up all conditions needed for testing (create any required objects, allocate any needed resources and so on).
Invoke the method to be tested with possible parameters or values.
Assert: Verify that the tested method returns the output as expected.
Continue Reading for a Step-by-Step Technical Walk through of 3 Scenarios.


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An on-site auction was held at Trafford Farm, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, (England) on Tuesday, October 9 – due to a "change in farming policy".
The sale was noteworthy for its impressive line-up of tractors and machinery. It was conducted by Brown & Co.
Here, we focus on the tillage/arable machinery and some other implements that were offered at the sale.
Tim Scrivener was at the sale for AgriLand; he took these photographs and noted the hammer/sale prices.
No 'buyer's premium' or commission applies to these lots.
Prices are subject to VAT at the local rate (i.e. VAT must be added to all of the hammer/sale prices in the captions below).


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907 Updates February 16, 2017
Music February 17, 2017
FYI Military, Medal Of Honor, February 17, 2017
Filed under Military, FYI
(2008) Brian Williams: Jack Lucas, Youngest Medal of Honor recipient dies
Jacklyn Harold "Jack" Lucas (February 14, 1928 – June 5, 2008) was a United States Marine who later reenlisted in the United States Army and reached the Rank of Captain. He was awarded the Medal of Honor at age seventeen for heroism above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a Private First Class in the Marine Corps during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II.
During a close firefight in two trenches between Lucas and three Marines with eleven Japanese soldiers, Lucas saved the lives of the three Marines from two enemy hand grenades that were thrown into and lying in their trench by unhesitatingly placing himself on one grenade, while in the next instant pulling the other grenade under him. The grenade he covered with his body exploded, and wounded him only; the other grenade did not explode. He is the youngest Marine and the youngest serviceman in World War II to be awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor.[1]
Alejandro Villanueva, Captain US Army and Offensive Tackle For The Pittsburgh Steelers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAJJ3vQSlrU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpLouAojuDo
After graduating from the United States Military Academy Villanueva was commissioned into the United States Army on May 22, 2010 as a second lieutenant in the Infantry.[5] Directly after being commissioned he attended various military schools, including the Infantry, Airborne and Ranger Schools; all located at Fort Benning, Georgia. After completing the three courses he was assigned to the 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum, New York. It was with the 10th Mountain Division he deployed for the first time; for 12 months to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan as a rifle platoon leader.[5] As a result of his actions during this deployment he was awarded a Bronze Star Medal with "V" device for rescuing wounded soldiers while under enemy fire.[5] When he returned from his deployment, he was reassigned as a company executive officer.[5]
Villanueva volunteered for the 75th Ranger Regiment's Ranger Orientation Program in 2013.[5] He was assigned to the 1st Ranger Battalion. His roles within the Battalion have included plans officer, platoon leader and company executive officer.[5]
He has deployed two more times to Afghanistan for a total of eight months between both deployments.[5]
Military, FYI
grandiloquent. January 22, 2020
we all know that person who uses pretentious words as a means to impress which generally results in the opposite effect like when someone uses the word 'grandiloquent' in a sentence. — GRANDILOQUENT part of speech: adjective origin: latin, late 16th century definition: speaking or expressed in a lofty style, often to the point of […]
The Reign of the Supermiguels begins in this Dial H For Hero exclusive January 22, 2020
Wonder Comics' Dial H For Hero is a roller coaster ride through comic-book history, using a magic phone dial to pull stylistic influences from the past as characters transform into different superheroes. Written by Sam Humphries with astounding art by Joe Quinones, colorist Jordan Gibson, and letterer Dave Sharpe, …Read more...
Oliver Sava on AUX, shared by Oliver Sava to The A.V. Club
Here is Baby Jabba, weak pretender to Baby Yoda's throne January 22, 2020
Baby Yoda, as much as his stubborn internet ubiquity tempts us to believe otherwise, is a marvel of heart-melting puppet design. In the space of only a few months since he first toddled onto the screen, the big-eyed, floppy-eared, snub-nosed creature has wormed his way into the nerve centers of modern culture. He has…Read more...
Reid McCarter on News, shared by Reid McCarter to The A.V. Club
Reasonable Discussions: January 22 January 22, 2020
Upgrade Your Xbox Controllers With This Affordable, Rechargeable Battery Pack January 22, 2020
Insignia Charge & Play Kit for Xbox One and One S Controllers | $10 | Best BuyRead more...
Tercius on Kinja Deals, shared by Tercius to The A.V. Club

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Home → Staff Profiles → Darlene Ketten
Darlene R. Ketten, Ph. D. - Senior Scientist / CSI Facility Director
Darlene R. Ketten, Ph. D.
Senior Scientist
Email: dketten [at] whoi [dot] edu
Biology Department
Marine Research Facility, MS #50
Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
B. A., Washington University, 1971, Biology and French
M. S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1979, Biological Oceanography
Ph. D., The Johns Hopkins University, 1984, Neuroethology and Experimental Radiology
Facility Role(s):
Facility Director
Biographical:
Darlene Ketten is a marine biologist and neuroanatomist specializing in underwater hearing and mechanisms of hearing loss. She received a B.A./B.S. from Washington University (Biology and French), M.S. from Massachusetts Institute Technology. (Earth and Planetary Sciences/Biological Oceanography), and Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (jointly awarded in Neuroanatomy, Behavioral Ecology, and Experimental Radiology). She currently holds joint appointments as a Professor of Imaging and Applied Physics at Curtin University, Scientist emeritus at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Assistant Clinical Professor at Harvard Medical School. She is the Chief Scientist and Director of the WHOI Computerized Scanning and Imaging Facility.
Dr. Ketten has over twenty-five years' experience in high resolution radiology, auditory physiology, and head and neck pathology. She has published over 100 peer reviewed articles and case studies as well as specialist reviews and chapters on imaging, diagnostics of auditory system pathology, and hearing mechanisms. Her research comprises microscopic to gross imaging techniques for both humans and marine organisms, including whales, seals and sea lions, fishes, and sea turtles and focuses on modeling of hearing and mechanisms of hearing loss, with an emphasis on determining underwater hearing abilities of marine mammals and imaging of head and neck trauma and disease.
She completed with certificate medical specialty accreditation courses at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in Neuroradiology, Veterinary Pathology, and Forensic Pathology and is a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA), a designated subject matter expert in Bioacoustics for ASA, a Senior Fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDCD), and a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). She is a full member of the Radiology Society of North America (RSNA), the European Radiology Society, the Society for Marine Mammalogy, the Explorer's Club, the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM/UK), and the American Military Surgeons of the United States (AMSUS). She recently received Fellowships from the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Institute for Advanced Study and the Western Australia Premier's Fellowship Program.
Dr. Ketten is an active member of International and US Federal advisory boards and panels on hearing, bioacoustics, acoustic trauma, and marine mammal regulatory guidelines. She has been a voting member and specialty panelist for the National Institutes of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIH/NIDCD), the National Academy of Sciences, the Marine Mammal Commission, NATO, NOAA, CHABA, NIH, SACLANT, CDC, the European Union Polar Research Policy Board, the U.S. House of Representatives, the U.S. Senate, and the Acoustical Society of America.


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È stata tre volte campionessa europea in vasca e inoltre ha vinto tre volte la medaglia d'argento ai mondiale in vasca lunga.

Palmarès
Mondiali in vasca corta
Hangzhou 2018: argento nella 4x50m sl, nella 4x100m sl e nella 4x50m sl mista.
Melbourne 2022: bronzo nella 4x50m sl.

Europei
Roma 2022: bronzo nei 50m sl, nella 4x100m sl e nella 4x100m misti.

Europei in vasca corta
Copenhagen 2017: oro nella 4x50m sl e nella 4x50m sl mista.
Glasgow 2019: oro nella 4x50m sl.
Kazan 2021: argento nella 4x50m sl mista.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

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Every person will go to one of three eternal destinies. God does not decide this for you, as though it were a matter of fate. No! You choose your eternal destiny by the choices you make, whether good or evil. Your actions reflect those choices and indicate which path you are on. If you continue to walk in the same direction long enough, you will eventually reach your eternal destination.


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The University of the South
Prescription for Happiness
A Warm Welcome in Rescuer City
Shaping Health Care on the Final Frontier
(Battery) Power to the People
The Roberson Project at Five
A Point in Time
Grappling with the Prince of Slavers
"When happiness seekers are tempted to treat themselves," Katie Nelson says, "they might be more successful if they opt to treat someone else instead."
Assistant Professor of Psychology Katie Nelson wants you be happy—and she'll tell you how to do it.
BY BUCK BUTLER, C'89
If Assistant Professor of Psychology Katie Nelson seems to beam with an inner sense of peace and emotional well-being—and, believe us, she does—there's a good reason for it. Nelson is a leading researcher in a relatively new field of psychology that explores behavioral strategies people can use to increase their personal levels of happiness.
The results of Nelson's latest published study, which recently appeared in the psychology journal Emotion, were touted in media outlets around the world. That study compared the emotional efficacy of strategies that people might use to make themselves feel better—doing something nice for themselves, doing something to benefit another person, and doing something for the betterment of the world.
Previous studies had looked at the emotional benefits of performing acts of kindness for others, but Nelson wanted to compare that strategy with one that is often promoted in popular culture. "We get these messages from the media telling us that when we want to feel good that we should treat ourselves—that we should go on a shopping trip, we should indulge in a decadent dessert, we should get a massage, get our nails done," Nelson says. "We're constantly told that's a good way to feel good about yourself, and often that's what people do when they want to feel better. So I thought we needed to have a comparison."
At the outset of the research, Nelson hypothesized that performing kind acts for others and humanity would make people happier than doing something for themselves, but the dramatic results surprised even her. The study not only found that "prosocial" behaviors increased subjects' happiness more than self-focused acts, but that treating oneself has no lasting effect on happiness when compared to doing nothing at all. In other words, cancel your tee time—and go visit your grandmother.
Nelson's study recruited four groups of people, each of which had a different assignment. One group was asked to perform three kind acts of their choosing for other people in one day. These participants took on chores for others, helped roommates study for tests, bought someone a cup of coffee, and carried groceries for the elderly. A second group was asked to do three things to make the world a better place. They engaged in charity work, picked up roadside litter, and recycled waste. A third group engaged in self-focused activities, including taking a day off from work, eating sweets, and treating themselves to a mani-pedi. The final group was the control, asked only to record their daily activities.
For four weeks, the participants performed their tasks on one day and then, six days later, were asked to report on their positive and negative emotions. Two weeks after the end of the study, a follow-up survey gauged the subjects' psychological flourishing, a measure of well-being that taps into how satisfied people are and how connected they feel to their communities.
In both the weekly surveys and the follow-up, the results were clear. The participants who engaged in both kinds of prosocial activities experienced increases in positive emotions, and those increases triggered "an upward spiral of greater well-being." Meanwhile, the people who treated themselves saw no increase in positive emotions and no decrease in negative emotions.
One explanation for these results may lie in what was once considered a distinction between two different kinds of happiness: "hedonic" (feeling pleasure) and "eudaimonic" (fulfilling one's meaning and purpose in life). Recent studies have suggested that these are not actually distinct forms of happiness but rather two ways of pursuing happiness. Nelson's research supports this notion, and she suggests reasons that the effects of the two strategies may differ: When you perform an act of kindness for someone else, say visiting an elderly relative, you enjoy more opportunities to experience positive emotions, like love and trust, and you might feel proud for helping someone in need. But when you visit a spa for a massage, while you might enjoy the experience and feel relaxed, that act doesn't offer an opportunity for you to experience other positive emotions like love, gratitude, and trust. And treating yourself also opens the door to negative emotions—like selfishness and the feeling that your act of self-kindness is undeserved. So, Nelson's study concludes, "when happiness seekers are tempted to treat themselves, they might be more successful if they opt to treat someone else instead."
What is now known as positive psychology is a fairly new area of research, dating to a 1999 initiative of the American Psychological Association. Before that, research psychology had largely been concerned with everything that can go wrong with the human psyche—depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, etc. Those efforts focused on bringing affected individuals back to a baseline of mental health. Positive psychology is concerned with individuals who exhibit traits that rise above mere mental soundness and into the realms of psychological flourishing, well-being, and happiness.
Nelson first discovered an interest in positive psychology as an undergrad at the University of Mary Washington in Virginia. There, she worked with a professor who was conducting a study on student well-being at the liberal arts college. The professor recognized that Nelson had a knack for research and an interest in psychological well-being and took her under her wing. In graduate school, Nelson studied and apprenticed with one of the top experts in the field, Sonja Lyubomirsky, in Lyubomirsky's Positive Activities and Well-Being Laboratory at the University of California, Riverside.
Under Lyubomirsky, Nelson pursued two lines of research: one in behavioral strategies that people can use to make themselves happier and one in happiness and parenting. In her parenting research, Nelson is interested in parenthood as a social role that can cause a lot of stress but that also offers opportunities for happiness and fulfillment. People with very young children who aren't getting much sleep and are in the throes of early child-rearing are a little bit less happy than people who have grown children, Nelson says. "This is not surprising to anyone. But there are some surprises that come out of the research. For example, fathers tend to be happier than men without children, but mothers are not happier than women without children. Some of that has to do with some of the traditional gender roles that people play, where women tend to be more responsible for a lot of the chorelike aspects of parenting—the disciplining, the diapering, the making sure that everything is running smoothly. And studies have shown that a lot of fathers' time spent with children is in play and leisure."
Nelson began teaching at Sewanee in fall 2015 and brought her research interests with her. Here, she has begun mentoring future psychologists in the way that her own mentors encouraged her. During the 2016 Easter semester, Nelson and her husband, Assistant Professor of Psychology John Coffey, had 10 Sewanee students working on their shared research. (Coffey focuses on developmental psychology, a field that intersects frequently with Nelson's.)
In the future, Nelson is interested in combining her two lines of research with her husband's research interests to look at strategies that parents can use to make themselves happier. She believes that identifying and implementing these strategies will lead to benefits for children as well. When parents are happier and more satisfied, she believes, they engage in more beneficial parenting practices that could lead to happier children.
And, in turn, happy children might have more beneficial effects on their parents than a hot fudge sundae.
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Have you been to Google today for a general search? Did you catch the Doodle?
Google Doodle for May 27, 2014, honors scientist and writer Rachel Carson on what would have been her 107th birthday.
Perhaps even more remarkable, if you click the Doodle (any Doodle) it takes you to a Google search on that subject. The search you get today is all positive about Carson. Considering the money being spent to soil her reputation, 50 years after her death, one might wonder if Google adjusted the search or the algorithm for the results to do that.
If they monkeyed with it, give them bonus points for accuracy and thoroughness.
If they didn't monkey with it, take great hope that Ben Franklin was right, and truth does indeed win in a fair fight.
6 hours ago – TODAY'S Google Doodle celebrates the 107th birthday of Rachel Louise Carson, an American marine biologist and conservationist.
Rachel Carson left a great and powerful legacy. 52 years after the publication of her most important, most read, and most criticized book, not a single piece of science she cited has been disproven by subsequent research. Discover Magazine did a literature search some years ago and found more than 1,000 research projects had been done on DDT's harm to birds, and every one that was published came back to support the claims Carson had made.
Apart from her extreme care for the science and great accuracy, Carson's words today can still inspire. She was a helluva writer. Carson made clear that biological research in the wild is really ecology. Today more than ever before range botanists and zoologists, to take one example, work closely with each other, and with geneticists, molecular biologists, entomologists, chemists, physicists, climatologists, geologists and geographers, and anyone else who wants to chime in, to present clear understandings the ripple effects damage or benefit to one species may have on many others.
Before Rachel Carson, any graduate study programs in ecology were few and far between, often not even called ecology.
Those methods help to save birds, and also every other form of life on the planet.
Blinded, angry and malicious opposition to the facts Carson laid out, and later scientists still lay out, remains the bigger problem.
Truth wins in a fair fight, Ben; but as in colonial America, it is necessary for brave citizens to work hard to keep the fight fair.
Because of Rachel Carson, the bald eagle is off the endangered species list, and proliferating in the lower 48 states of the U.S. — as indeed are the peregrine falcon, osprey, and brown pelicans. DDT continues to hammer many creatures in the wild, however, including the still-endangered California condor. Our national policies now require, by law, that significant federal projects consider the environmental effects of those actions, and mitigate the more severe effects or not proceed. The U.S. now has an agency whose sole job is to consider the safety of chemicals and substances we use in the wild, with power to regulate air and water cleanups — and to clean up more than 400 DDT-contaminated sites on the EPA Priority List, or Superfund. Among the great successes of this agency was the elimination of lead from gasoline in the U.S., reducing chronic lead poisoning in tens of millions of Americans, and literally raising the national average IQ with elimination of the brain-killing effects of lead. Lake Erie is cleaner. The Potomac River, though with its problems, is once again clean enough for humans to swim and boat, as are a hundred other waterways in America, from the Raritan River in New Jersey to the Willamette in Oregon.
Happy birthday, Rachel Carson; Earth is lucky to have had you, even for such a brief period.
We've been dogging the critics of Rachel Carson and the advocates of Poisoning Africa Beyond Belief for several years now. If there is a criticism against Carson, especially one that suggests she or her supporters are murderers, it's probably dealt with here, in one of more than 200 posts. Try the search bar, or go to this list of most of the posts, which list should appear at the top of almost all pages here.
Other great sources of information include Bug Girl's blog, Deltoid by Tim Lambert (see his post on the false claims that only DDT saved South Africa, for example), and John Quiggin in various fora, including his book, Zombie Economics.
This entry was posted on Tuesday, May 27th, 2014 at 3:04 am and is filed under DDT, denialism, History, Rachel Carson, Science.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Bunnies may want to watch. A rant against Carson denialists is apt to follow, soon.
I think that every time I see a bald eagle in the wild — something I could not do in my childhood; didn't see one in the wild until I was in college. I lived in rural areas much of that time.
When we lived in Maryland, circa 1983-88, there was one nesting pair of eagles along the Potomac, in a secret location. In 2005 or so, I was at Mount Vernon for a history seminar, sipping wine with the head of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association out on the lawn at Washington's mansion ("beautiful cottage," Queen Elizabeth II called it); looking over the river I was amazed to see what clearly was a bald eagle on a snag on the opposite shore. It took wing, and headed straight for us. I got excited and pointed it out to the guy and others with us. He said it was a regular visitor, and he didn't seem to think it was at all unusual. He pointed out that the nesting pair 100 yards up the river on the Virginia side took exception to this one visiting the area.
That's how miracles present themselves. What we feared would never be seen again, a wild bald eagle on the grounds of Mount Vernon, was then mundane, and caused no excitement.
I'm old enough to remember when DDT use was wreaking havoc on bird populations here in North America. In the next month or so, the peregrine chicks being raised on campus will fledge, and begin hurtling about among the buildings, and when I see them, I'll thank Rachel, because when I was young, I wouldn't have thought that I'd still be able to see something like this in 2014.


text:
FONDLING TAURUS' CURVE: Still the Taurus Turd? Not much has changed.
by John Boch
In November 2014, I wrote about Guns & Ammo gushing over Taurus' new offering "The Curve" in a story here at Guns Save Life titled, "TAURUS TURD: Guns & Ammo loves Taurus' new Taurus Curve, a curved .380 pocket pistol".
Guns & Ammo's staff raved about the new gun in a "first look". Taurus called it "unprecedented", "one of the most groundbreaking firearms ever conceived", "world's first" and our favorite, for a gun without a traditional front and rear sights, "exceptionally accurate".
I called it "The Taurus Turd". A moment of creative alliteration had single-handedly tarnished Taurus USA's big dollar media promotion of this new product.
Making matters worse were the legal threats from the Peoria-based magazine, which in a classic Streisand Effect, turned the story into a viral sensation.
It's likely than more people read the "Taurus Turd" story online from a host of blogs than read the original report in the January 2015 issue of the dead-tree publication, circulation about 416,000.
Realizing it was time to put down the shovel, InterMedia Outdoors' brass called with a more conciliatory tone, saying that they weren't going to sue Guns Save Life for what we published and we offered to pull the G&A photos we used.
They still seem to be angry, but more on that in a moment.
FONDLING TAURUS' CURVE
Just this week I found a Taurus Curve in the wild.
It was the first time I'd been at this particular gun store and the clerk just laughed when I asked if that strange gun was the new Taurus Curve. His first words: "It is. I loved your 'Taurus Turd' piece, by the way."
He pulls it out of the case, shows clear for himself, and then for me, and hands it over.
"You know," he says, "there's no left-handed version." That kills 10% of the market right there.
I fumble with the switch for the light/laser. There's no momentary switch. I finally got it on and was utterly unimpressed by the weak light emitted by a pair of LEDs in the front. The laser was anemic as well. Activating the switch, even playing with it for five minutes, was still neither intuitive nor did it work flawlessly. If you're betting your life on that switch, you'll only have the rest of your life to regret your purchase choice.
I checked twice for clear and tried the trigger. Nothing happened. The Curve has a magazine disconnect.
I inserted the magazine and tried the trigger. For a double-action semi-auto, the trigger was very nice and much lighter and shorter than my Keltec P3AT or KelTec P11. It was easily the best double-action trigger I'd ever pulled on a Taurus product. It was nice.
The downside is that lighter, shorter trigger would be easier to pull back unintentionally as you're stuffing it, Mexican-style, into your pants to carry it on the integrated clip.
You've heard that Meghan Trainor song "All About the Bass", right?
As I was fondling Taurus' Curve, I was thinking of Jennifer Hast (of "In Jennifer's Head" fame) and her re-write of "All About that Bass" lyrics:
All about that bass, 'bout that bass, no safety.
Yeah, it's pretty clear, they ain't got a clue
But they can sell it, sell it
Like they're supposed to do
'Cause they'll put that boom boom straight down your right thigh
All the loud noises in all the wrong places.
Yeah, my salesman he told me don't worry about the sights
He says, "Bad guys only come after booty at night."
If you stuff this gun in your pants and something gets in that trigger guard, you could go boom boom in your shorts, scorching your private parts (unless you wear Kevlar bloomers). Even worse, you might blow your femoral and bleed out.
The gun shop's manager agreed with my assessment that the Taurus Curve is nothing but a gimmick. With no sights, a big and bulky frame for a 6+1 capacity .380 Auto, and no "momentary" switch for the light/laser.
Oh yeah, did I mention it's big?
Yep. Kinda like Meghan Trainor's rear end.
Here it is. From left: Keltec P3AT, Glock 42 and a Taurus Curve. The Glock isn't exactly a petite gun. The Curve's slide is wider by a fair margin.
Oh yeah, the gimmicks don't stop with the Taurus Curve's gun. Even the box is gimmicky.
Guns & Ammo and the gun culture
Are Guns & Ammo employees really members of the gun culture or are do they just carry a grudge?
G&A, and roughly a half-dozen other InterMedia Outdoors publications, are based in Peoria, Illinois. With something like seventy employees working out of the Peoria offices, we're surprised and then some that not a one of them has showed up at a Peoria meeting of Guns Save Life.
We've been there for two years or more, with up to one hundred people showing up each month for good food and fellowship. Those present always learn the latest of what's happening in news and politics in the gun world, and hear guest speakers deliver great presentations.
It's grassroots gun rights activism at its finest, taking place literally on InterMedia Outdoors' doorstep, yet nobody from Guns and Ammo, Shotgun News or any other Intermedia Outdoors employees have shown up, much less participated, despite repeated invitations to come out and promote their company, products and writers.
We know that the Taurus Turd article stung them.
We'd like to make nice with InterMedia Outdoors. Come out and join us at next month's GSL meeting in Peoria. It'll be Thursday, April 2nd at Childer's Banquet Center. Dinner and conversation at 5:30. Meeting at 7:00. We'll welcome a presentation from any of your people. Or you guys and gals can just sit and enjoy the meeting as audience members.
And because I can, here is a reprint of the little ditty that's been making the rounds on the Internet for years. The author is unknown. It's funny as can be.
CQB MK-V Tactical Destroyer review
Instruction From The Editor To The Journalist
Frangible Arms just bought a four page color ad in our next issue. They sent us their latest offering, the CQB MK-V Tactical Destroyer. I told Fred to take it out to the range to test. He'll have the data for you tomorrow.
Feedback From Technician Fred
The pistol is a crude copy of the World War II Japanese Nambu type 14 pistol, except it's made from unfinished zinc castings. The grips are pressed cardboard. The barrel is unrifled pipe. There are file marks all over the gun, inside and out.
Only 10 rounds of 8mm ammunition were supplied. Based on previous experience with a genuine Nambu, I set up a target two feet down range. I managed to cram four rounds in the magazine and one in the chamber. I taped the magazine in place, bolted the pistol into a machine rest, got behind a barricade, and pulled the trigger with 20 feet of 550 cord. I was unable to measure the trigger pull because my fish scale tops out at 32 pounds. On the third try, the pistol fired. From outline of the holes, I think the barrel, frame, magazine, trigger and recoil spring blew through the target. The remaining parts scattered over the landscape.
I sent the machine rest back to the factory to see if they can fix it, and we need to replace the shooting bench for the nice people who own the range. I'll be off for the rest of the day. My ears are still ringing. I need a drink.
Article Produced By The Journalist
The CQB MK-V Tactical Destroyer is arguably the deadliest pistol in the world. Based on a combat proven military design, but constructed almost entirely of space age alloy, it features a remarkable barrel design engineered to produce a cone of fire, a feature much valued by Special Forces world wide. The Destroyer shows clear evidence of extensive hand fitting. The weapon disassembles rapidly without tools. At a reasonable combat distance, I put five holes in the target faster than I would have thought possible. This is the pistol to have if you want to end a gunfight at all costs. The gun is a keeper, and I find myself unable to send it back.
GLOCK 43: It's (almost) here.
CSGV AD HOMINEM ATTACK: CSGV can't win, so they opt for personal attacks and cyber bullying
3 thoughts on "FONDLING TAURUS' CURVE: Still the Taurus Turd? Not much has changed."
Glad you actually got to put your hands on one and confirm it. Also, I love that uncredited piece.
Indirect Action says:
The Taurus Turd!
Way to go Mr. Boch. Damn troublemaker.
I seem to remember they snookered you in the past… looks like their karma is catchin' up to them.
Gunnutmegger says:
Whoa now.
Are you implying that the organization that employed rabid "Fudd" Dick Metcalf (and the editor who let Metcalf's anti-gun screed get published when he knew he was leaving for a new job in the InterMedia group) are a bunch of hacks?
Of course they are.
What they do isn't journalism. It's gun porn. Which is fine, as long as everyone admits that is what it is. Alas, InterMedia pretends they are journalists.
If you want the straight story, read Gun Tests. No ads = no hackery.


text:
package cloudfoundry_test

import (
	"github.com/enaml-ops/ert-plugin/enaml-gen/consul_agent"
	. "github.com/enaml-ops/ert-plugin/plugin"
	"github.com/enaml-ops/ert-plugin/plugin/config"
	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
)

var _ = Describe("Consul Agent", func() {
	Context("when initialized WITH a complete set of arguments", func() {

		var cfg *config.Config
		BeforeEach(func() {
			cfg = &config.Config{
				Secret:        config.Secret{},
				User:          config.User{},
				Certs:         &config.Certs{},
				InstanceCount: config.InstanceCount{},
				IP:            config.IP{},
			}
			cfg.ConsulAgentCert = "agent-cert"
			cfg.ConsulAgentKey = "agent-key"
			cfg.ConsulServerCert = "server-cert"
			cfg.ConsulEncryptKeys = []string{"encyption-key"}
			cfg.ConsulServerKey = "server-key"
			cfg.ConsulIPs = []string{"1.0.0.1", "1.0.0.2"}
		})
		It("then consul with server false", func() {
			consulAgent := NewConsulAgent([]string{}, cfg)
			Ω(consulAgent.Mode).Should(Equal(""))
		})
		It("then consul with server true", func() {
			consulAgent := NewConsulAgentServer(cfg)
			Ω(consulAgent.Mode).Should(Equal("server"))
		})
		It("then job properties are set properly for server false", func() {
			consulAgent := NewConsulAgent([]string{}, cfg)
			job := consulAgent.CreateJob()
			Ω(job).ShouldNot(BeNil())
			props := job.Properties.(*consul_agent.ConsulAgentJob)
			Ω(props.Consul.Agent.Servers.Lan).Should(ConsistOf("1.0.0.1", "1.0.0.2"))
			Ω(props.Consul.AgentCert).Should(Equal("agent-cert"))
			Ω(props.Consul.AgentKey).Should(Equal("agent-key"))
			Ω(props.Consul.ServerCert).Should(Equal("server-cert"))
			Ω(props.Consul.ServerKey).Should(Equal("server-key"))
			Ω(props.Consul.EncryptKeys).Should(ConsistOf("encyption-key"))
			Ω(props.Consul.Agent.Domain).Should(Equal("cf.internal"))
			Ω(props.Consul.Agent.Mode).Should(BeNil())
		})
		It("then job properties are set properly etcd service", func() {
			consulAgent := NewConsulAgent([]string{"etcd"}, cfg)
			job := consulAgent.CreateJob()
			Ω(job).ShouldNot(BeNil())
			props := job.Properties.(*consul_agent.ConsulAgentJob)
			etcdMap := make(map[string]map[string]string)
			etcdMap["etcd"] = make(map[string]string)
			Ω(props.Consul.Agent.Services).Should(Equal(etcdMap))
		})
		It("then job properties are set properly etcd and uaa service", func() {
			consulAgent := NewConsulAgent([]string{"etcd", "uaa"}, cfg)
			job := consulAgent.CreateJob()
			Ω(job).ShouldNot(BeNil())
			props := job.Properties.(*consul_agent.ConsulAgentJob)
			servicesMap := make(map[string]map[string]string)
			servicesMap["etcd"] = make(map[string]string)
			servicesMap["uaa"] = make(map[string]string)
			Ω(props.Consul.Agent.Services).Should(Equal(servicesMap))
		})
		It("then job properties are set properly for server true", func() {
			consulAgent := NewConsulAgentServer(cfg)
			job := consulAgent.CreateJob()
			Ω(job).ShouldNot(BeNil())
			props := job.Properties.(*consul_agent.ConsulAgentJob)
			Ω(props.Consul.Agent.Servers.Lan).Should(ConsistOf("1.0.0.1", "1.0.0.2"))
			Ω(props.Consul.AgentCert).Should(Equal("agent-cert"))
			Ω(props.Consul.AgentKey).Should(Equal("agent-key"))
			Ω(props.Consul.ServerCert).Should(Equal("server-cert"))
			Ω(props.Consul.ServerKey).Should(Equal("server-key"))
			Ω(props.Consul.EncryptKeys).Should(ConsistOf("encyption-key"))
			Ω(props.Consul.Agent.Domain).Should(Equal("cf.internal"))
			Ω(props.Consul.Agent.Mode).Should(Equal("server"))
		})

	})
})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO)
Structure of Hitchin Band Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO)
The following structure summary of the Hitchin Band CIO Constitution
Trustees of the CIO
- Elected at a General Meeting by the members of the CIO
- The Trustees manage the affairs of the CIO on behalf of the Members
Members of the CIO
- Membership is by application to the trustees of the CIO
- Playing members of Hitchin Band pay a membership fee at a rate agreed by the charity trustees and who are capable of attaining a standard of musicianship acceptable to the charity trustees and Musical Director.
- May include non-playing members of Hitchin Band who, in the opinion of the charity trustees, have contributed towards the advancement of the objectives of the CIO.
- May include a representative of an organisation or corporate body, for example subsidiary groups or local authority.
Associate (non-voting) Membership of the CIO
- Associate (non-voting) members may benefit from services provided by the CIO including training and performance opportunities with subsidiary ensembles.
- Other Informal or associate (non-voting) members as agreed by the trustees.
Subsidiary Groups of Hitchin Band
- Hitchin Youth Band
- Hitchin Community Brass
- onsider �Friends of� or supporters club
- Subsidiary groups defined as �organisations� within the CIO
- Comprise associate (non-voting) members
- May authorise a person to act as its representative at CIO general meetings
Outside Bodies - Eg NHDC
- A member may be an individual, a corporate body, or an individual or corporate body representing an organisation which is not incorporated. Hitchin
Charitable Incorporated Organisation Structure
Page updated 21 November 2020 20:24:57.


The newest creation from Taylored Curiosities is a mixed media plush creation - the Purple Inaria.
These rare anemones have been found by Dr Taylor Curio herself on one of her many exploratory adventures. She has managed to procure some of them for you to re-home. These are my new mixed media plush/art dolls. Combining fleece bodies with painted, cotton faces and woolen tentacles. These really are unique!
Measuring 5" from bottom to the tip of their tentacles, this purple species is the first of its kind. The plush is retailing for £20.00 (around $32.00) over at the Taylored Curiosities Etsy shop.


in June we had a sneaky weekend at Legoland, Windsor, we booked into the hotel which doesn't come cheep but as we had an inset day we thought it would be a nice way to spend a couple of days. This was also to be park number 11 in our Merlin challenge, where as a family we are attempting to visit all 31 or the Merlin attractions in the UK in one year. I think for an average family of 4 it will cost about £100 to gain access to the park but if you choose you can pay more for Q-bots and extras. I know lots of my friends use their Tesco vouchers as this is a way to greatly reduce the cost as well as taking a picnic!
We went to Legoland Winsor for the boys 5th Birthday, and he did enjoy it but was a bit young for some of the rides. This time he wanted to go on all the rides and a particular favourite was the Dragon coaster. This is not a very scary coaster and it could do with going round twice but it is fun and perfect for a thrill seeking 7-year-old.
My favourite rides were tomb blaster and the Atlantis submarine, these were both rides that opened early for hotel guests and as they are popular usually have very long queues. The boy loved making the Lego models and I think he would love Legoland even more if there was more Lego building. He still loved the bouncy ride in the tomb blasters exit, this is his favourite whichever park we visit!
One place the boy likes to stop is the model making workshop. You choose the difficulty level, we went for expert and you can sit at a table and build. There was something for everyone from animals to motorbikes and also some of the newer Lego friends for the girls. The boy built a motorbike, and the parents get a well-earned rest.
It's also worth mentioning mini land. We went for a look round and see if there had been any new additions since our last visit. There is however something new for everyone as I spotted things I didn't notice last time but the boy assured me had been there all the time!
Another good attraction if you have a Star Wars fan was the model exhibition. Although you can't touch the models, there were buttons to press to activate some of them. Our favourite was the millennium falcon which took off in front of you and was quite dramatic. The boy took lots of photos of all his favourite characters.
Some of the other rides worth a mention are the driving school, which the boy wasn't old enough to do last time but loved this time. Also make sure you stop and watch the show, Pirates of skeleton bay. This hadn't changed since our last visit, but was still a good all action show for all the family to enjoy.
I think if I had to choose I would rather go to Legoland discovery in Manchester, as this had more to entertain a huge Lego fan, like the boy. If you choose this park then I think the best ages for the park are between 5 and 8 as at these ages there are lots to keep them entertained. If you want to avoid the crowds then don't go in the summer holidays as it is always busy. We found that Sunday was much quieter than the Monday to our surprise and if you stay after 5pm the ride queues were almost empty. We didn't go to the New Duplo water area as we had a pool in the hotel but from what I could see this looked great fun for little ones.
This is my opinion and is not a sponsored post.
Seems like the Pirates and Miniland are highly recommended, will have to watch them, and the Workshop seems fun too, great for us to rest our feet!


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Now Available: An affordable new efficiency option through AEP Ohio's EfficiencyCraftedSM Program.
Build energy efficiency into your next home. Contact an EfficiencyCrafted builder today. > Click Here.
Brought to you by AEP Ohio, the EfficiencyCrafted Program supports green construction of new homes through support of participating Ohio builders. These builders use advanced construction practices, design details and materials that are verified to meet a higher standard of energy performance. Your new home will feature improved quality, comfort and energy savings that you can enjoy from the day you move in.
Properly installed insulation with higher R-value helps keep heat in during winter, out during summer.
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EfficiencyCraftedSM homes score below 70 and often as low as 55–signifying the home is 45% more efficient than a 100-point reference home. Participating EfficiencyCrafted Program builders are required to use a combination of proven technologies, advanced building practices and performance testing to reduce the HERS scores of their finished homes.
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All EfficiencyCraftedSM homes are built to minimize leaks and drafts that cause hot and cold spots. Their innovative use of insulation, advanced sealing techniques and high efficiency heating and cooling systems all work together to provide year-round, wall-to-wall comfort. Additional insulation and air sealing also helps create a quieter environment.
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Maronda Homes of Ohio, Inc.
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Columbia Gas of Ohio used under license.


What is Warranty and Guarantee?
A warranty serves as an agreement between the customer and manufacturer that promises to replace or repair goods purchased within a specified time period. It is normal for the consumer to contribute to warranty costs, and these costs are worked out at a pro rata rate depending on the number of years that the goods have been in use.
Please note that the warranty is in no way an indication of the lifespan of the mattress for which it has been issued. It is also important to note that the warranty is null and void in the cast of a change of mind, choosing the wrong comfort level, failure to follow manufacturer's instructions or misuse of the goods under warranty. We also reserve the right to refuse inspection and to invalidate the warranty if the product is deemed to be soiled, burnt, stained, and infested with insects or in an unsanitary condition.
A guarantee is an agreement between the manufacturer and the customer that damaged or defective goods will be repaired or replaced**, at no additional cost to the customer, within a certain time frame, subject to conditions.
As above the guarantee does not apply to a change of mind or choosing the wrong comfort level, failure to follow manufacturer's instructions or misuse of the goods under guarantee.
The guarantee will also lapse if the product is deemed to be soiled, burnt, stained, and infested with insects or in an unsanitary condition.
*Most manufacturers and international mattress specialists recommend replacing your mattress every seven to ten years.
**The decision whether to replace or repair is subject to the manufacturer's discretion.


Since the age of seven, Sarah has been fascinated by jungles, animals, insects and birds. Her introduction to these from her cosy home in England, was due to Tarzan! Once she had seen his life-style, she longed to travel into the jungle and see this marvellous environment for herself. The ultimate experience for her was to wander through Central and South America, travelling solo for most of the time. This book tells the story of her journeys and the thrill that she experienced in seeking the Harpy eagle, the National bird of Panama.
The first of Sarah's quests was in Panama between 1995 and 2005. It was here that she first saw the Harpy Eagle (in captivity), and it fascinated her so much that it became a goal to seek out the bird in the wilderness. Sarah was a journalist and was sent to report on the Canal hand-over from the USA. She returned to Panama sometime later to begin exploring the jungle and acclimatising to Equatorial climates. When Sarah decided to hire a guide, the hunt for the Harpy eagle, in the densest jungle, became a reality.
To arrive at the National Park, Sarah endured a hair-raising flight, where the pilots became lost in a storm. Eventually, they arrived at Sambu, which doesn't have an airport, "just a tin shed with a shuttered, counter-styled window." Unfortunately, when they did get close to the eagle, poachers had been, and all that remained was a ruined nest.
In 2008, Sarah returned and chose to stay with the Wounaan tribe in Panama. These people placed huge emphasis on a person's aura, and the author had to have a pleasing one before she was allowed in their village. Thankfully, her aura was considered positive, and she was introduced to the elders of the tribe. They explained to her the rules of village life, and then took her to meet the people. She was expected to play a part in the tribe's survival. At first, she cared for the children, and then gradually worked alongside the women of the village.
Several other adventures awaited Sarah as she travelled to Brazil and Peru. The photographs in this book bring her words to life, showing some of the people she met, some of the birds that she saw and a marvellous aerial shot of the Bocas del Toro archipelago. Hopefully, this book will highlight the plight of our rainforests, while it entertains. We need to encourage and educate people, if we wish to save our rapidly dwindling exotic wild-life.


text:
Ancient Greek Clothing
by writer873
The Ancient Greeks were not fussy about their clothing. The garments they wore were made for function, and they were made simply. A single piece of fabric could be styled and restyled, to fit a particular occasion or a fashion. And with Greek summers being brutally hot, the less fabric and complicating seams to deal with, the better.
The fabrics that the Greeks used for their clothing were sometimes spun in the home (often into a heavy wool material), or made from linen fabric that was imported. For every member of the family, except for infants who often wore nothing at all, an outfit usually consisted of a square or rectangular piece of fabric, pins for fastening, and sometimes shoes and/or hats. The pieces of fabric were folded around the body, and pinned together at the side seams and shoulders, as well as being belted. Though it might sound as if the Greeks walked around wearing plain potato sacks, their clothing would have been dyed bright colors and would have been decorated with ornate patterns.
Greek Peplos Dress
by Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)
Types of Garments
The style and type of the garment depended on who was wearing it, and the job or function required of the person. There were several types of garments, derived from a basic tunic. The tunic was worn by both men and women, and varied in length according to job and gender. It was often tied at the waist, and might also have been pinned at the seams, depending on the style of the garment.
A chiton was a type of tunic worn by Greek men, & was often made of a lighter linen material.
A chiton was a type of tunic worn by Greek men, and was often made of a lighter linen material, as men were often outdoors more, and would require more comfortable clothing (especially in the summer). It could be draped over both shoulders, or over only one. When it was draped over one shoulder, usually the left, it was known as an exomie. This type of chiton was usually worn for horseback riding, work, or exercise.
A peplos (or peplum) was a type of tunic worn by women. Usually made from a heavier wool material, this garment was made from a large rectangular piece of fabric, and could be draped and fastened (with buttons, pins, or brooches) in different ways to reflect different styles. A peplos was worn as a full-length garment, because a proper Greek woman revealed nothing.
In colder weather, Greeks wore a cloak over their tunics for warmth, known as a himation. This garment was usually made of wool, and was fashioned from a rectangular piece of cloth that was draped over the person, sort of like a Roman toga. It served a dual purpose, especially for men. The himation came in handy for soldiers away from home, also serving as a warm blanket on a cold winter night. Other types of cloaks worn by the Greeks included the epiblema, a shawl worn by Greek women, and the chlamys, a short cloak worn by young Greek males.
Greek Himation Robe
Shoes & Hats
The Greeks were not particularly fond of shoes, usually eschewing them, especially at home. But on special occasions or on matters of business, Greeks would wear leather sandals or boots with their tunics. However, it was not uncommon for a Greek to go barefoot for his entire life.
In addition to covering their feet, the Greeks sometimes covered their heads as well. A Greek man sometimes wore a petasos, a wide-brimmed hat that helped to protect them from the summer heat. Women occasionally could be seen wearing hats that featured high-peaked crowns. This was no doubt only for the most special of occasions, though.
While certainly not fancy, Greek clothing was functional, and built to last. In fact, in today's haute couture we often see a bit of Ancient Greek fashion influence. The columnar style of the tunic, especially the women's peplos, is not an uncommon style to be worn by women today.
Bibliography Related Content Books Cite This Work License
Ancient Greek Dress | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of ArtAccessed 1 Dec 2016.
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Ancient Greek, Roman & Byzantine Costume
Written by Houston, Mary G., published by Dover Publications (2011)
Greek and Roman Fashions
Written by Tierney, Tom, published by Dover Publications (2001)
Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z
Written by Cleland, Liza & Davies, Glenys & Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd, published by Routledge (2012)
Dress in Mediterranean Antiquity: Greeks, Romans, Jews, Christians
Written by Batten, Alicia J. & Olson, Kelly, published by T&T Clark (2021)
The Hammerum Burial Site: Customs and Clothing in the Roman Iron Age
Written by Demant, Ida & Rassmann, Constanze & Weikop, Laura & Mobjerg, Tinna & Ræder Knudsen, Lise & Rostholm, Hans & Mannering, Ulla, published by Aarhus University Press (2019)
writer873, . (2012, January 18). Ancient Greek Clothing. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/article/20/
writer873, . "Ancient Greek Clothing." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified January 18, 2012. https://www.ancient.eu/article/20/.
writer873, . "Ancient Greek Clothing." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 18 Jan 2012. Web. 20 Jan 2021.
Submitted by writer873, published on 18 January 2012 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.


text:
Clinical Interventions>Transmission Prevention
Evolutionary Analysis Improves Ability to Predict the Spread of Influenza
With flu season around the corner, getting a seasonal vaccine might be one of the best ways to prevent people from getting sick. These vaccines only work, however, if their developers have accurately predicted which strains of the virus are likely to be active in the coming season because vaccines must be developed in advance of the upcoming flu season. Recently, a team of scientists from Germany and the United Kingdom have improved the prediction methods used to determine which strains of the flu virus to include in the current season's vaccine. The research describing this advance is published in the October 2012 issue of Genetics.
"Seasonal influenza kills about half a million people per year, but improved vaccines can curb this number," says Michael Lässig, PhD, a researcher involved in the work from the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Cologne in Köln, Germany. "Although this study is some distance from direct applications, it is a necessary step toward improved prediction methods. We hope that it helps yield better vaccines against influenza," Lässig added.
To make this advance, scientists analyzed the DNA sequences of thousands of influenza strains isolated from patients worldwide, dating to 1968. By analyzing this dataset, researchers were able to determine which strains were most successful at expanding into the entire population, and which mutations were least successful in spreading. Using a new statistical method, the researchers found that many more mutations than we thought initially succeed in replicating and surviving. These mutations compete; some make it into the entire population, others die out. This analysis of the virus enables prediction of trends which can help vaccine developers understand the rules of flu virus evolution. This knowledge, in turn, can be used to predict which strains of the virus are most likely to spread through a human population.
"Every year, new concerns emerge about 'super flus' that have the potential to kill many people," says Mark Johnston, editor-in-chief of the journal Genetics. "This research itself will not stop any people from getting sick, but it could give us a heads up to particularly dangerous strains that might be on the horizon. With that information, we may be able to develop increasingly effective vaccines."
This work was partially supported by the Wellcome Trust [080711/ Z/06] (N.S.) and by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grant SFB 680 (to M.L.). This work was also supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant PHY05-51164 during a visit to the Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics (University of California, Santa Barbara).
Reference: Natalja Strelkowa and Michael Lässig Clonal Interference in the Evolution of Influenza Genetics October 2012 192:671-682
TAGS: Influenza Archive Clinical Interventions
Twice-Daily Disinfection Can Substantially Reduce Bacterial Colonization of In-Hospital Tablet Computers
Superbugs Found on Many Hospital Patients' Hands and What They Touch Most Often
Examining Ball Pits as a Playground for Pathogenic Organisms
Preventing Waterborne Pathogen Transmission


Indium is a soft silvery-white metal occurring naturally in association with zinc and some other metals. It has high rate of thermal transfer, softness, its unique bonding with nonmetallic substances, consistent properties at cryogenic temperatures and cold welding. Out of all the forms, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), which is made of tin oxide and indium oxide in a ratio of 9:1 by weight and is transparent and colorless when applied in thin layers, is gaining preference over its alternatives because of its properties such as color fastness, ultraviolet resistance, and high transparency. ITO conductive films are deposited on glass or plastic substrates to make transparent panels and are extensively used for antistatic applications such as plasma displays, LCDs, and other display technologies. ITO also offers electromagnetic induction shielding in minimizing radio frequency interference on touchscreens, shield glass doors and windows, and flat glass panel displays. Moreover, it eliminates the generation of static electricity on the surface of the various substrates. These expediencies of the element over its substitutes make it a perfect choice for its end-use product manufacturers.
The key drivers for the indium market is the use of ITOs in transparent electrodes for LCD screens over the last decade as demand grew for flat panel monitors and televisions, as well as screens for cell phones, tablet computers, and other portable electronic devices. Also, usage of indium in electroluminescent lamps and in aircraft engines drives the growth of the market. It also finds its usage in photovoltaic cells. However, huge demand supply gap and price volatility hinder the growth of the market.
The market has been segmented into product, application, and geography. The product is further divided into primary, secondary, and type III. The application segment is further classified into indium tin oxide (ITO), semiconductors, and solders & alloys. By geography, it is analyzed across North-America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA.
This report provides an extensive analysis of the current and emerging market trends and dynamics in the global indium market.
Exhaustive analysis of the market by products and application helps understand the products that are currently used along with the variants that gain prominence in the future.


text:
Maliha Tanjum Chowdhury's winning essay for Wellcome Sanger Competition 2019.
"CRISPR-cas9: opportunities and hurdles for clinical translation"
The CRISPR-cas system is native across bacteria and archaea, and stands as a remarkable example of adaptive immunity in prokaryotes against viruses and extrachromosomal DNA. The system relies on incorporating part of the viral DNA into the host genome upon first encounter, and using the RNA transcribed from the viral DNA to target and degrade the virus via cas enzymes during subsequent infections. Since its discovery, scientists have adapted it to target and manipulate genes in various model systems as it can do so much more efficiently than previous gene-editing tools1. Gene knockout studies have never been this easy, but that is not nearly where it ends in terms of potential applications for CRISPR.
CRISPR-cas9, the specific system found in and adapted from Streptococcus pyogenes among others, represents an extremely attractive avenue in the treatment of genetic disorders, typically those characterized by mutations in a single genetic locus. Studies conducted with animals, human embryos2, and in cell culture3 have shown great promise in the specificity and low risk of using CRISPR-cas9 (and several other cas enzymes) as an effective gene-editing tool. But promise is not enough when it comes to human application.
A recent study showed that in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, intravenous treatment with a CRISPR-containing vector targeting the defective dystrophin gene successfully restored protein function4. But the study also highlighted a few concerns about the technology. The researchers found that the mice were able to develop immune responses against the vector, and there was evidence of off-target mutations caused by cas9. These issues are neither isolated, nor are they the only potential roadblocks to clinical translation. While CRISPR-based treatments rely on homologous recombination, repair of cas9-mediated by non-homologous end joining can result in large deletions5. Editing of embryos have been shown to result in mosaicism6, where only some of the cells successfully undergo gene-editing. While not insurmountable, these challenges must be addressed before CRISPR can be used in humans.
The immunity problem The development of adaptive immune responses against cas9 in the mice with muscular dystrophy is not surprising. Multiple studies have found evidence of both preexisting immunity against cas9 proteins in human blood samples, with one study finding that 96% of the sampled individuals had T cell-based immunity against cas97,8. This is explained by the fact that the cas9 enzymes commonly in use come from bacteria that humans frequently encounter, such as Streptococcus pyogenes. This is a major problem because preexisting T cell-based immunity would result in immune attack against cells containing the cas9, potentially compromising any treatment. To get around this problem, other variants of the cas enzyme from bacteria that are less frequently encountered by humans could be used, or the structures of common cas9 variants could be manipulated to avoid pre-existing immunity. These strategies may still just work the first time around, as exposure to these proteins could then result in an adaptive immune response. But a single exposure may be enough for many gene-editing therapies. Another potential avenue that could be explored in clinical trials is coadministration of CRISPR-containing vectors with immunosuppressive drugs.
Aiming for perfection in precision and efficiency
Efforts have been ongoing to both find more precise natural cas enzymes, and edit common cas9 varieties to increase accuracy. One study, for instance, shows the effectiveness of a cas9 enzyme harvested from a lesser used bacterial strain – N. meningitidis – in being more specifically targeted to the desired site-of-edit9. In addition, recently discovered cas9 inhibitors, called "anti CRISPR" or Acr proteins have been identified in N. meningitidis which can be used as off-switches of the genome-editing mechanism when and where needed. Other studies show similar efforts in engineering highly efficient cas enzymes that have been enhanced to not only increase gene-editing activity but to also recognize several different PAMs and bring about multiplex gene alterations10.
Among other applications, CRISPR-cas9 may have to be administered to human IVF zygotes/embryos in individuals. The looming concern in this context is mosaicism, which may not only reduce viability of the zygote where IVF-zygote implantation itself is a rare phenomenon, but may also introduce risks of the therapy failing completely11. Possible solutions include administering CRISPR immediately after fertilization and halting before rapid mitotic proliferation, which has been shown to be effective in monkey embryos, and, alternatively, administering CRISPR-cas9 to the germline stem-cells of the parents so that their gametes are genetically edited before fertilization. But these problems may be avoided in most cases by screening embryos for "healthy" individuals, without the need for CRISPR intervention.
The China 'designer-baby' fiasco: futile fury, or justifiable outrage?
The final – and perhaps most difficult to resolve – dilemma that must be addressed before novel remedies can be clinically applicable is whether the technology involved, and its outcomes, are ethical and universally acceptable. And it is impossible to discuss this in the context of the CRISPR-cas9 system without mentioning the great debacle last year regarding the Chinese 'CRISPR-twins' – claimed to be the first gene-edited babies by the scientist who experimented on them, Dr. He Jiankui12. He administered CRISPR-cas9 to alter the CCR5 gene in the human embryos before implanting them into the mother's uterus, who gave birth to twin daughters later. He claimed that mutating the gene in this manner would make the twins resistant to HIV. There was backlash against this from the scientific community for a number of reasons that highlighted the ethical as well as technical challenges of introducing CRISPR-based treatments in humans. The technical concerns included the evidence that one of the twins was a mosaic, which would mean that the HIV-resistance would not even be expressed if none of the edited cells go on to form the white blood cell lineage. In addition, the mutation that he introduced is not the same as the one that confers resistance against some strains of HIV in European populations, and is in fact, completely uncharacterized in literature. Dr. Jiankui essentially disabled a perfectly normal gene, the absence of which is known to increase susceptibility to West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis, in a completely unpredictable manner.
The consent that was signed by the parents did not state outright the possible risks normally associated with CRISPR-cas9 gene-editing, much less that their children's genes would be altered; instead it stated that this was a trial testing a novel vaccine against AIDS, and that the project team will not be responsible if there is alteration of other genes caused by this. The ethical violations are infuriatingly obvious; scientists underscore how sensitive an issue gene-editing is, as these altered genes will be passed down through generations and persist in the population. Should they have negative effects, they will therefore have given rise to novel hereditary disorders – a truly ominous irony. The misadventures of this rogue scientist12 could single-handedly extinguish the warmth of hope kindled by the prospect of CRSPR-cas9 technology in preventing genetic diseases due to very justifiable public horror, not to mention what would happen if other scientists are influenced by him. Responsible regulation will be indispensable in making such treatments available and acceptable to the public. Especially after such a frightful ruse regarding such promising technology, it is up to scientists, regulatory board(s) and the government to promote the benefits of CRISPR-cas9 as well as the robust strategies being employed in resolving the risks and uncertainties associated with it. They must make the public aware of the laws/regulations that are effective, as well as his/her rights and how they can be exercised when being the recipients of such delicate mode(s) of healthcare.
Tightening the lawful reigns
Several regulatory measures are in action to prevent any misuse of this newly emerging technology. In North America, Congress has prohibited the Food and Drug Administrations from ever soliciting clinical trials on human embryos, whereas the National Institutes of Health lawfully do not fund such research12. And, the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine have announced conclusively in 2017 that gene-editing in human embryos should only and only be done when there are no possible/viable alternatives for a cure or improved quality of life. After the CRISPR-edited Chinese babies, there was a brief outburst of public anxiety regarding whether, in the future, CRISPR would be used to design people with intense intelligence, beauty or physical prowess. Such fears are, for now, exaggerated and baseless, since these qualities depend on the workings of several genetic and environmental factors in tandem. Regardless, there is no guarantee that it will not become a possibility with the advent of more sophisticated technology, when the application of CRISPR-cas stretches beyond the clinic. One thing to note is that the regulations that exist are based primarily in developed countries and take into account the ethics and necessities of only those nations. First and foremost, if the aspiration is to launch CRISPR as a generic gene-editing tool in the clinic, it should first be ensured that the people who will be receiving the treatment understand what is being done to their genes and that of their babies, along with the legitimate probability of this system failing and the real risks involved. It is high time that the public get educated about at least the most basic concept of CRISPR-based genetic modification. Moreover, the clinical technicians, doctors and other personnel who will be using this technology in all parts of the world must undergo rigorous and internationally standardized academic and practical training to become eligible enough to provide service. Social scientists must work hand in hand with scientists in the regulatory bodies to gauge public opinion (e.g. by doing surveys and, say, open-ended campaigns involving syphoning public viewpoints and FAQs) to ensure the development of more well-rounded, generally popular policies. Thus, if a more internationally spanning set of laws and regulations – which consider the ethical, economic and health requirements of lesser developed countries – are constituted and accepted unanimously, then the transitioning of CRISPR-cas to the clinical platform will be smoother and everlasting.
Opportunities galore
Say what we may, but contemporary research still has piles of evidence to show that CRISPR-cas9, in the long run, may not be so dark a force as some fear, but a beacon of hope in giving people whose lives would have otherwise been shadowed by disability, exclusion and substantial social and financial burden, a perfectly healthy life. Several studies on the use of CRISPR in human germ cells and embryos have been conducted and show satisfactory results in removing faulty alleles in heterozygous mutants. One notable study demonstrated that CRISPR could fix a defective MYBPC3 allele which causes cardiomyopathies in individuals2. Another study employed CRISPR-cas9 to disable a gene in human blood progenitor cells which normally discourages hemoglobin production in fetuses, thus inducing increased hemoglobin production in this rapid-growth stage of life. This could counter the harmful effects of β-hemoglobinopathies13.
Even with all the challenges described above, the promises of this novel technology outweigh the risks; the seemingly strong push for CRISPR-cas9 to finally enter the clinical stream is highlighted by the recent collaborative venture of two companies which, namely, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, based in Boston and CRISPR Pharmaceuticals, a Swiss company which have labs based in Cambridge, Massachusetts13. The companies are running clinical trials of CRISPR-cas9 in Europe, and will soon do the same in the US. It appears that other companies are soon to follow suit. It has barely been six years since the technology was first developed. These are important milestones in the clinical application of gene therapy, and while it is untrue that the fundamental risks associated with CRISPR-cas9 technology can be simply side-stepped, the challenges have been identified and are in the process of being addressed.
[Words: 1,943]
Maliha Tanjum Chowdhury,
Undergraduate student at the School of Life Sciences (SLS),
Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB),
1. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2019 Jan-Mar;31(1):108-122. Advances In Research On Genome Editing Crispr-Cas9 Technology. Shah SZ1, Rehman A1, Nasir H1, Asif A2, Tufail B3, Usama M4, Jabbar B5.
Nature. 2017 Aug 24;548(7668):413-419. doi: 10.1038/nature23305. Epub 2017 Aug 2. Correction of a pathogenic gene mutation in human embryos. Ma H1, Marti-Gutierrez N1, Park SW2, Wu J3, Lee Y1, Suzuki K3, Koski A1, Ji D1, Hayama T1, Ahmed R1, Darby H1, Van Dyken C1, Li Y1, Kang E1, Park AR2, Kim D4, Kim ST2, Gong J5,6,7,8, Gu Y5,6,7, Xu X5,6,7, Battaglia D1,9, Krieg SA9, Lee DM9, Wu DH9, Wolf DP1, Heitner SB10, Belmonte JCI3, Amato P1,9, Kim JS2,4, Kaul S10, Mitalipov S1,10.
Mol Genet Genomics. 2017 Jun;292(3):525-533. doi: 10.1007/s00438-017-1299-z. Epub 2017 Mar 1. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human zygotes using Cas9 protein. Tang L1,2, Zeng Y3, Du H3, Gong M4, Peng J4, Zhang B4, Lei M3, Zhao F5, Wang W6, Li X7, Liu J8.
Nat Med. 2019 Mar;25(3):427-432. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0344-3. Epub 2019 Feb 18. Long-term evaluation of AAV-CRISPR genome editing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nelson CE1,2, Wu Y1, Gemberling MP1,2, Oliver ML1, Waller MA1,2, Bohning JD1,2, Robinson-Hamm JN1,2, Bulaklak K1,2, Castellanos Rivera RM3, Collier JH1, Asokan A4,5, Gersbach CA6,7,8.
Published: 16 July 2018. Repair of double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR–Cas9 leads to large deletions and complex rearrangements. Michael Kosicki, Kärt Tomberg & Allan Bradley Nature Biotechnology volume 36, pages 765–771 (2018).
Published: 15 January 2019, Pages 156-162, Volume 445, Issue 2, ScienceDirect Mosaicism in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Maryam Mehravara, Abolfazl Shiraziab, Mahboobeh Nazaric, Mehdi Banand.
Published: 29 October 2018. High prevalence of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9-reactive T cells within the adult human population, Dimitrios L. Wagner, Leila Amini, Desiree J. Wendering, Lisa-Marie Burkhardt, Levent Akyüz, Petra Reinke, Hans-Dieter Volk & Michael Schmueck-Henneresse. Nature Medicine volume 25, pages242–248 (2019).
Published: 30 October, 2017, Wiley Online Library, Immunity to CRISPR Cas9 and Cas12a therapeutics, Wei Leong Chew.
Genome Biol. 2018 Dec 5;19(1):214. doi: 10.1186/s13059-018-1591-1. NmeCas9 is an intrinsically high-fidelity genome-editing platform. Amrani N1, Gao XD1, Liu P2,3, Edraki A1, Mir A1, Ibraheim R1, Gupta A2,4, Sasaki KE1,5, Wu T2, Donohoue PD6, Settle AH6,7, Lied AM6, McGovern K6,8, Fuller CK6, Cameron P6, Fazzio TG9,2, Zhu LJ9,2,10, Wolfe SA2,3, Sontheimer EJ11,12.
Nat Biotechnol. 2019 Mar;37(3):276-282. doi: 10.1038/s41587-018-0011-0. Epub 2019 Feb 11. Engineered CRISPR-Cas12a variants with increased activities and improved targeting ranges for gene, epigenetic and base editing. Kleinstiver BP1,2,3,4,5, Sousa AA1,2,3, Walton RT1,2,3,5, Tak YE1,2,3,4, Hsu JY1,2,3,6, Clement K1,2,4,7, Welch MM1,2,3, Horng JE1,2,3, Malagon-Lopez J1,2,3,4,8,9, Scarfò I2,10,11, Maus MV2,10,11, Pinello L1,2,4,7, Aryee MJ1,2,4,7,8, Joung JK12,13,14,15.
Published: 15 March, 2017, NewScientist, Mosaic problem stands in the way of gene editing embryos: The first results of gene editing in viable human embryos reveals it works better than we thought, but that there's another big problem blocking the way. Michael Le Page.
Published: December 5, 2018. Why Are Scientists So Upset About the First Crispr Babies? Only because a rogue researcher defied myriad scientific and ethical norms and guidelines. We break it down. By Gina Kolata and Pam Belluck. The New York Times.
US Companies Launch CRISPR Clinical Trial: The Germany-based study will test an ex vivo genome-editing therapy for the inherited blood disorder β-thalassemia. Published :Sep 3, 2018, by Catherine Oxford, TheScientist.


Turkish confectioner Ülker is aiming to become the leader in Egypt's biscuit market and hopes to expand in the Middle East & North Africa, Central Asia, Russia and China through recent acquisitions.
Ülker Biskuvi Sanayi A.S became part of pladis, a newly created global confectionery unit of Yildiz Holding in June last year.
Pladis is made up of United Biscuits, Godiva and DeMet's Candy. Around 33% of pladis sales come in the UK & Ireland, 31% in Turkey and 9% in the Middle East.
London-based pladis recorded £2.2bn ($2.7) in 2016 revenues. It aims to double chocolate and biscuit sales by 50% to £3.2bn ($3.9bn) in the next two years.
Ülker released in full-year results and annual report last week in which it laid out its own plans for expansion.
It hopes to captalize on rising chocolate and biscuit consumption in its home market with 7% increased investment in R&D this year.
Around 28.5% of company revenues came from outside Turkey in fiscal 2016.
In Egypt, Ülker is aiming to become the market leader in biscuits, number two in cakes and a top five player in chocolate.
According to Nielsen, it was third in Egypt's biscuits market by sales volumes in 2016 with an 11% share.
Ülker said its acquisition of Egyptian firm Hi Food last year gives it a production hub to cater to the entire North African market.
Ülker's Hi Food biscuit facility near Cairo has an annual biscuit capacity of 44,000 metric tons (MT) a year.
Egyptian firm Ocean Foods - owner of the Lambada brand - led the Egyptian biscuit and snack bar market in 2016 with a 16% value share, according to Euromonitor International.
Ülker also hopes to become to become a strong challenger in Saudi Arabia's biscuit & confectionery market, it said in its annual report.
It was the number two player in the country's biscuit market last year with a 18% share, according to Nielsen.
Ülker owns a biscuit, chocolate and cake factory near Jeddah through 55% stake in local firm the Food Manufacturers Company.
The Jeddah plant has an annual capacity of 57,000 MT, which Ülker hopes will allow it to expand in other Middle Eastern markets.
Ülker is also aiming to secure MENA sales and distribution rights for McVitie's from fellow Yildiz subsidiary United Biscuits.
Ülker is also in talks to acquire a 100% stake in the Hamle Company in Kazakhstan from its parent company Yildiz Holding.
It said in its annual report that Hamle would give Ülker a base to access Central Asia, Russia and China, reaching new consumers.
Parent company pladis is also investing in e-commerce to appeal to Chinese consumers as it plans wider distribution of McVitie's products in Asia-Pacific.
Pladis owner Yildiz Holding is also planning to acquire a cocoa processing plant in Côte D'Ivoire, according to a release.
Ülker was the leading confectionery company in Turkey in 2016 with a 36% market share. According to Nielsen, it increased its leading volume market share in the Turkish chocolate market by 0.5% in 2016 to 42.1% with brands such as Metro, Dido and its namesake brand. However, it lost a 0.6% market share in Turkey's biscuit market by sales volumes, making it the number two player with a 33.3% share. Nielsen data shows Ülker was number two in Turkey's cake market with a 28.1% sales volume share in 2016, but it dropped 1% share compared to 2015.
The company also anticipates growth prospects in its home market - which made up 71.5% of its sales last year - in spite of last year's attempted overthrow of President Erdoğan.
Turkish GDP is projected to rise 4% between 2015-2018, compared to 1.7% for the EU and 2.4% for the US, according to the Worldbank. Around 61% of the populace are aged 35 or under, compared to a 39.5% average in the EU.
Annual chocolate consumption in Turkey has grown at a 7% CAGR in the last five years to 2.1 kg per capita, according to Euromonitor. It is still below the EU average of 4.1 kg and almost four times lower than Western Europe (7.3 kg).
Turkish annual biscuit consumption stands at 2.9 kg per capita, below the EU average of 4 kg.
Domestic market leader Ülker has six factories in Turkey. It spent TL 258 m ($68.9m) to upgrade lines and add capacity last year.
Ülker will increase its R&D spend by 7% in 2017. It has two R&D centers in Turkey that began operations last year.
The firm launched 94 new products in 2016. This year, it plans to launch DeMet's products and will produce two products for Godvia in Turkey.
The company said in its annual report it was benefiting from synergies with its parent company's subsidiaries by selling McVitie's and Godiva SKUs in Turkey.
Ülker has a 12% stake in Godiva Chocolatier, which was acquired by parent company Yildiz Holding in 2008 for $850m.
"In the coming years, Godvia plans to focus on further expansion in China, Middle East and Turkey. The company aims to open 50 new stores every year," said Ülker in its annual report.
Godvia has grown sales 10% every year since 2008 after entering new markets such as Turkey, Australia, China, Indonesia, Korea, Macau and Saudi Arabia. International sales account for 60% of the Belgian firm's business, compared to 43% five years earlier.
Pladis will launch a new Godiva tablet range in supermarkets in Turkey and Saudi Arabia this month, which will move to markets including the UK, the Netherlands and China later this year.
Ulker's parent pladis also plans to accelerate North America expansion with Godiva and McVitie's.
"Sales in the US will account for around a fifth of pladis's market growth in the next two years - predominantly through premium chocolate," said pladis in a release.