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Home » News & Information » Events » Frontiers in Development » 2014 » Ending Extreme Poverty » USAID's Role in Extreme Poverty Reduction: Lessons from Peru
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White House Summit on Global Development
USAID's Role in Extreme Poverty Reduction: Lessons from Peru
Joshua Templeton
Peru was a desperately poor country as recently as 1990. Ravaged by civil war and hyperinflation, food consumption had fallen below 1,950 calories per capita, and public sector wages had dipped to $39 per month.1
Macroeconomic stabilization in the early 1990s, followed by political reforms in the early 2000s, set the stage for improved economic growth. Yet this growth was disproportionately concentrated in the capital, leaving out Peru's poorest regions. In 2004, 20 percent of Peru's population remained extremely poor,2 and it began to look as if Peru might become a case study for economic growth without poverty reduction. But, as growth spread to the highlands, extreme poverty fell to 11.2 percent by 2007 and 6 percent by 2012.3 Inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, also fell.
How did Peru achieve such a dramatic transformation? Three efforts were key to Peru's inclusive economic growth: infrastructure investment, particularly investments to improve the rural transportation network;4 economic stimulation of market systems in poor regions;5 and Juntos, a well-designed conditional cash transfer program.6 Largely thanks to these efforts, coastal prosperity spread to the country's impoverished interior.
USAID helped Peru fight poverty on two of these fronts, roads and market systems, by identifying market and government failures that the Agency was well positioned to tackle. USAID's contributions were small compared to efforts by the Government of Peru and the private sector, yet they nevertheless reflected the potential of catalytic interventions in reducing poverty.
A woman sells star fruit at the wholesale fruit market in Lima, Peru. Extreme poverty in Peru fell to 6 percent in 2012 as coastal prosperity spread to the country's interior thanks to investments that promoted Peru's inclusive economic growth.
ERNESTO BENAVIDES / AFP
An innovative approach to financing infrastructure
Peru has had remarkable success improving rural access to markets. From 2001 to 2011, the country cut average travel times from 176 of the poorest rural districts to the nearest city by more than half. Districts with these improvements reported rising market prices of both agricultural land (up 88 percent) and housing (up 16 percent).7 Day labor incomes, adjusted for inflation, rose 73 percent. Rural roads also improved access to health and education services.
Public investment in the transportation sector increased from 5 percent of the federal budget in 2000 to 14 percent in 2010. Yet Peru's successes depended as much on public-sector innovation as they did on increased funding.8
These innovations included build-operate-transfer (BOT) concessions. Under a BOT concession, the government gives a private company a permit to build, operate and maintain specific infrastructure, such as a road or port. For a defined number of years, the private company charges road tolls or port fees to repay its loans and earn a profit. At the end of the concession agreement, the company transfers ownership and operation of the infrastructure facility to the government.9
BOT concessions align political incentives with the public interest more effectively than either government ownership or privatization.10 Previously, the Government of Peru tended to build roads to garner voter support and it neglected road maintenance, even though maintenance tends to be more cost-effective than rebuilding roads over time. Instead, BOT concessions incentivize the private sector to include maintenance as part of their contracts. The better the roads, the more likely toll-paying drivers will be to use them.
Privatization, however, creates another set of incentive problems. Instead of focusing the sale on the long-term public interest, governments often try to achieve the highest possible sale price with offers to the private owner such as monopoly pricing power. In contrast, BOT concessions offer the benefits of privatization—increased investment in infrastructure, specialized technical competency and elimination of the drain on public funds–without generating immediate public funding windfalls. Since no funds change hands between the government and the private entity under a typical BOT concession, the government has no incentives to sell out future consumers for an immediate payout, as has been alleged in past Peruvian privatizations. Instead, future governments benefit from the BOT when the infrastructure facility is transferred to government control.
Successful design of these concession arrangements requires complex economic, legal and engineering expertise. In fact, the Government of Peru decided to concede 11 roads in 1995, but did not actually concede any roads until 2002 because of a lack of technical expertise.
In 2003, USAID began to help the Government of Peru design concessions for two highways connecting the coast with the impoverished interior as well as design an upgrade to the country's most important port. USAID's technical assistance also helped the government design contract terms and engineering studies that reduced project risk, resulting in two concessions that attracted private-sector bidding.
USAID invested just $8 million in this activity. Yet the three successful concessions stimulated more than $800 million in private investment for infrastructure.11 The infrastructure built with this investment opened up markets to the interior of the country and played a key role in Peru's recent economic growth.12 It also likely helped to reduce poverty, although knowing exactly how much is difficult to determine in light of the many other factors affecting poverty reduction. We have not evaluated whether the roads and port would have been built without USAID assistance, and at what cost. This represents one example of a project where the full impacts and attribution may be difficult to measure, but one that USAID will need to pursue in order to influence national poverty rates.
A merchant offers his goods on his truck along the road crossing southeastern Peru near Madre de Dios. Infrastructure improvements helped create market linkages from Peru's impoverished interior to the flourishing coastline cities.
AFP PHOTO / STR
Brokering market linkages
Peru drastically liberalized trade over the past 20 years through numerous bilateral free trade agreements, joining the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and founding the Pacific Alliance with Chile, Colombia and Mexico. However, the informal firms for which Peru's poorest people are most likely to work13 are seldom equipped to insert themselves into the supply chains that benefit from such agreements.
Why do buyers, such as exporters or grocery stores, purchase from large national suppliers rather than the small local suppliers found in Peru's poorer regions? In many cases, lack of trust, rather than economies of scale or transaction costs, is the crucial market failure.14 Buyers suspect that small suppliers will fail to live up to their quality or quantity commitments. Meanwhile, small suppliers fear being exploited by large buyers. The government, with its own political interests, is not well positioned to step into the role of honest broker. Likewise, it is unreasonable to expect a buyer and a seller to pay a private consultant to help them trust each other.
In this context, USAID is well positioned to serve as an honest broker. Instead of helping suppliers improve production of goods for which there may not be a market, which many development projects have done in the past, USAID's Poverty Reduction and Alleviation (PRA) program first helped suppliers identify potential buyers. From there, PRA identified technical constraints, provided modest technical assistance or equipment to pave the way toward new business transactions, and acted as an honest broker for a sale.
PRA saw the win-win potential for a partnership between Piscifactoría de los Andes, a trout processing company in Huancayo, Peru, and SAIS Tupac Amaru, a large farm nearby. Piscifactoría had the capacity to sell up to three times more fish than what its own ponds produced, but it doubted that SAIS and other local farms could provide quality fish. SAIS had been unable to maintain production of its once high-quality trout and did not trust Piscifactoría as a business partner. Yet a partnership could help Piscifactoría expand its operations and bring much-needed investments and jobs to SAIS.
PRA worked as a mediator to help both groups see the value of a potential relationship. As a result of this brokering, Piscifactoría invested $70,000 in the rehabilitation of SAIS's ponds and improved its ability to meet market quality demands. SAIS enhanced its production to Piscifactoría's specifications and became a reliable supplier. The approach was profitable for Piscifactoría, enabling the company to turn to additional local suppliers, expand sales by $5.8 million and create 550 jobs.15
The PRA benefited local Peruvians in many ways. Contracts brokered in Huancayo and elsewhere increased the incomes of suppliers, many of whom live near Peru's poverty line. The work involved in meeting these contracts required additional hired labor. This resulted in improved opportunities for unskilled workers and lifted some above the World Bank's extreme poverty line. In some cases, PRA also demonstrated the viability of products not previously produced in the region, such as quinoa or artichokes, opening new markets and attracting imitator firms. Finally, workers and suppliers spent their new earnings in the local economy, benefiting entire communities.
USAID funding for PRA ended in 2013, partly as a reflection of the Agency's move away from economic growth programming. Although PRA was not rigorously evaluated, what it left behind is promising: local market actors better connected to each other and to external buyers, increasing local production, generating jobs and investing locally. In fact, between 2000 and 2007, 1,500 microenterprises and 37,500 individual producers participated in transactions facilitated by PRA, generating $232 million in sales.16 PRA's role as facilitator paved the way for business relationships that continue to benefit Peruvians.
Peru's reduction in extreme poverty over the past eight years can be attributed to both economic growth and targeted efforts to ensure that the poor shared in this growth. Before 2003, Peruvian markets and governments failed to connect the country's impoverished interior to its increasingly prosperous coast. USAID helped address this failure by helping the government design infrastructure concessions and helping small producers connect to markets for their goods. These are no doubt small contributions to the much broader economic growth process. Nevertheless, they are contributions worth learning from and replicating, as they reflect ways that USAID can help catalyze local resources and networks for development.
Joshua Templeton recently completed four years as a mission economist for USAID/Peru and is now USAID's regional economist for Southeast Asia. The views expressed in this essay are his own and do not necessarily represent the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
1 Cuanto. 1991 Ajuste y Economía Familiar 1985–1990. Lima: Cuanto.
2 World Bank, 2004 "Peru Poverty Assessment." http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,contentMDK:20862551~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:258554,00.html
3 Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Informatica. http://www.inei.gob.pe/estadisticas/indice-tematico/sociales/
4 Webb, Richard. "Conexión y Despegue Rural," Instituto del Perú, Universidad San Martín de Porres, Lima, 2013.
5 Riordan, James. We Do Know How: A Buyer-Led Approach to Creating Jobs for the Poor. 2011.
6 Elizaveta Perova and Renos Vakis. "Welfare impacts of the "Juntos" Program in Peru: Evidence from a non-experimental evaluation." World Bank, 2009.
7 Unless otherwise noted, all the data on roads are from Webb, Richard. "Conexión y Despegue Rural," Instituto del Perú, Universidad San Martín de Porres, Lima, 2013.
8 Data on government spending is from the World Bank's Gasto para Resultados: Revisión del Gasto Público para Perú. June 2012.
9 United Nations. "Best Practices in Investment for Development." 2009. http://unctad.org/en/docs/diaepcb20092_en.pdf
10 Larry D. Qiu, Susheng Wang, "BOT projects: Incentives and efficiency," Journal of Development Economics, Volume 94, Issue 1, January 2011, pp. 127-138.
11 Fox, James. "Peru Concessions: The Overall Approach." 2007. http://www.energytoolbox.org/library/peru_transportation_concessions/ peru_usaid/Peru_Concessions_The_Overall_Approach.htm
12 Webb, Richard. "Conexión y Despegue Rural," Instituto del Perú, Universidad San Martín de Porres, Lima, 2013.
13 Japan Bank for International Cooperation. "Poverty Profile: Peru." 2007.
14 Riordan, James. We Do Know How: A Buyer-Led Approach to Creating Jobs for the Poor. 2011.
15 Riordan, James. "One Buyer at a Time." Stanford Social Innovation Review. Winter 2007.
16 Weidemann Associates, Inc. Final Evaluation of USAID/PERU Poverty Reduction and Alleviation (PRA) Activity. 2008. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACN110.pdf
Related Sectors of Work
Section 3: Catalyzing Growth and Investment
Stephen A. O'Connell - Redistribution with Growth, 40 Years On
Christopher Powers and William M. Butterfield - Crowding In Private Investment
Joshua Templeton - USAID's Role in Extreme Poverty Reduction: Lessons from Peru
Jerrod Mason - Getting Serious about Investment Appraisal: A Call for Building Local Capacity for Economic Analysis
Gloria Steele, John Avila, Daniel Miller and Gerald Britan - Ending Extreme Poverty in the Philippines through Urban-Led Growth
Neal Donahue and Ilisa Gertner - Resolving the Tension Between Agricultural Growth and Nutrition
Besa Ilazi and Brian Fahey - Reducing Rural Poverty through Targeted Use of Technology
Section 4: Going Forward
(Without Going Backward)


NCAA infractions remain a primary concern for member institutions. The Jackson Lewis Collegiate Sports Practice Group invites you to join us to review recent cases decided by the Committee on Infractions including Level I and Level II infractions cases concerning lack of institutional control, failure to monitor, head coach responsibility, recruiting violations, and more. We will identify current enforcement trends and points of emphasis, as well as institutional best practices.


#Realm Royale will be undergoing patch maintenance today, Monday 1/28. Limited access will begin in a few minutes at 22:45 UTC.
This scheduled maintenance affected: Realm Royale (Realm Royale PC, Realm Royale PS4, Realm Royale Xbox).


An opening flashback shows Lois answering a question from Jon: "Who's faster, Superman or the Flash?" Lois answers Jon correctly, and then finds Clark who is home to surprise her. They wonder if Jon may manifest abilities like Superman, but are content to not know for the nonce. The story returns to the present where Jon has evidenced powers and uses them to help himself and Lois escape a fiery death. Superman arrives after defeating Blackrock, and saves Lois and Jon from Intergang men who look to finish what the fire couldn't. Jon reacts to the revelation of is father being Superman, and while Lois and Superman try to explain, Superman is beset with visions and must away to confront what has been presaged to him. All the while Hyathis draws closer to the mate of the Oblivion Stone.
Story - 4: The scene between Jon, Lois, and Clark is well-handled. What could have been a cringe-worthy exchange came across excellently for a couple of reasons: Jurgens knows how to write in the voice of a child. An extremely powerful child, but a young boy nonetheless. Jon displays the fluid emotions of a kid, moving from glee, to indignance, to curiosity, but through it all, he channels the balance of his father, which is displayed as well in the issue. When Superman takes apart Blackrock, he does so both literally and figuratively. Displaying a spark of indignance when learning that situation was created for a mere television show. He dispatches Blackrock, and his umbrage for more important things, just as Jon lets go his outrage for the important questions that he needs to pose and have answered. It's a very fine parallel, and that serves to connect Jon and Clark more so than the abilities that they each possess. Jurgens wisely interrupts the dialogue, as it's not a conversation that can be delivered to satisfaction in a few panels, and there is still plenty of story to happen in this and next issue.
It was nice to see Lois answer the question of who's faster, Superman or the Flash, definitely and correctly. Adventures of Superman #463 gave the Flash a well-deserved win, and since then, it's been forgotten that the Flash barely won that race. It's the only race that the Flash has ever won against Superman, and the best of the lot. However, the idea that Superman isn't as fast as the Flash is a notion that needs to be challenged and challenged regularly. Superman, who is always as strong, fast, as powerful as he needs to be, yet somehow lesser to the Flash in speed, comes from the grace that Dan Jurgens bestowed in the aforesaid issue, for if the Flash couldn't be the Fastest Man Alive, what status could he muster other than second best? Still, this grace has been misused to the point even Superman readers don't think he could ever be as fast as the Flash, when he's obviously faster. Jurgens reminds readers of that yesteryear grace, but as no grace has been offered in return, it's time that those who've benefited from the largesse of Superman, such as Batman and the Flash, to start earning it rightfully without the aid of the Miller Formula or Jurgen's Grace.
Art - 3: The book suffers this month from too many hands. Superman: Lois and Clark is best when Lee Weeks is front and centre and Scott Hanna embellishing his line work. What we received here was fine in some places, excellent in others, and messy in a few. It's never a bonus to have a mixed bag when it comes to the art of the story.
Cover Art - 4: The pose, the colors, etc., really make one want the true outfit to be back on display. It's a dynamic cover, but the black, capeless union suit just doesn't say "Superman".


The questionnaires at the platform Skolesundhed.dk makes it easier to maintain focus on the essential in the conversation between the student/parents and the school nurse/doctor. Furthermore Skolesundhed.dk supports the improvement of wellbeing and health at the individual schools.
Moving forward Skolesundhed.dk will be a platform offering information about concrete initiatives to improve wellbeing and health. In the past year in cooperation with scientific and academic researches worked to identify what type of interventions are most researched and applicable in the municipalities. In 2016 we aim to coordinate this work with the Danish National Health Service.
The programme we have applied mostly in the Committee for Health Information is robusthed.dk. In cooperation with Aarhus University we have tested Robusthedsprogramme in different contexts and expect the results in 2016. Along with other programmes with a similar level of documentation we aspire to develop a "municipal toolbox" related to specific challenges and problems. We will commence the integration of individual and group-aimed interventions at the platform Skolesundhed.dk in 2016 and begin with the areas where we have collected evidence-based information on among others sleep and bullying.


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Q: Hyperlink text value in .resw resources I got problem with localizing my Windows Phone 8.1 application. I would like to create checkbox with text "I accept rules", where "rules" is hiperlink to another view. I've no idea how to bind word "rules" with my .resw file.
<CheckBox>
  <TextBlock TextWrapping="WrapWholeWords" x:Uid="/RegisterPage/RulesAccept">
     <Hyperlink NavigateUri="" x:Uid="/RegisterPage/RulesAcceptHyperlink"/>
  </TextBlock>
</CheckBox>

Now, RulesAccept is "I accept" and "RulesAcceptHyperlink" is "rules" but in my application word "rules" is not visible.

A: Try like this:
<TextBlock TextWrapping="WrapWholeWords">
    <Run x:Uid="RulesAccept"/>
    <Hyperlink NavigateUri="">
       <Run x:Uid="RulesAcceptHyperlink"/>
    </Hyperlink>
</TextBlock>

Then in Resources.resw file specify which properties should change:

RulesAccept.Text = "I accept"
RulesAcceptHyperlink.Text = "rules"

You can find more about Localization here at MSDN.

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Home Automotive News
10 Inexpensive American Project Cars for Gearheads
by Micah Wright on October 8, 2019
A vintage Chevrolet pickup makes for a fun and functional project car for gearheads who want something different | Micah Wright/Autos Cheat Sheet
Some people need a place to escape to at the end of the day. A safe space, far removed from the rest of the world. A spot where thoughts of work, school, family, and other stressors are all forbidden, and in their place resides a constructive outlet. For most gearheads, this means tinkering with an inexpensive project car in their garage — or attempting their own restomod build.
While Asian and European automobiles have their own place in separate cheat sheets, the American side of the story is underlined by a desire to uphold the time-honored tradition of heavily-modified V8 engines, fuzzy dice, and whitewall tires. OK, maybe not all at once, but you get the picture.
In order for a vehicle to qualify as an ideal project car, it needs to meet specific requirements. For one, you want it to be fairly easy to find. It should also be uncomplicated to fix. And since you want the project to be relatively inexpensive, your average spend should not exceed $10,000 on eBay. Unfortunately, this opens up an endless flood of automotive options. You don't need to panic, though. We've done the hard part for you. After wading through a plethora of vehicle choices, we've come up with 10 solid contenders.
Anyone looking for a reason to get in the garage will likely dig at least one vehicle on this cheat sheet. Whether you're a fledgling fabricator or just a dedicated junkyard junkie, there's something out there for you. It just might take some time to find the right chassis for a good price.
1. Pontiac Fiero
The Pontiac Fiero is a small, two-seater commuter car that has lots of potential due to its light weight and mid-engine layout | Micah Wright/Autos Cheat Sheet
With its plastic body panels, two-seater cockpit, rear-wheel drive layout, and mid-engine configuration, the Pontiac Fiero sounds like it should have been the American supercar for the ages. Sadly, it was never meant to be after the designers at General Motors thought it wise to make the Fiero more of a commuter car than a performance machine. By outfitting the wedge-shaped wonder with underwhelming 2.5- and 2.8-liter engines and an automatic gearbox, GM succeeded in turning one of the most promising platforms in American history into a complete snoozer.
Fortunately, the engine bay was designed to hold a V8. Therefore, it isn't uncommon to see a small block V8, or a supercharged 3800 Series II motor in the back instead. Just be sure to pick up an 1988 model if possible. Why? Because it features bigger brakes and a sportier suspension, making it the best (and last) production year for the Fiero.
2. Jeep Cherokee
A modified Jeep Cherokee makes for a formidable and affordable four-wheel drive option | All-Terrain Outfitters
Dustin Hobbie of Cincinnati-based All-Terrain Outfitters took his Jeep Cherokee all over America in search of the ultimate off-road adventure. To date, his Jeep has yet to meet a rock it wouldn't climb. Hobbie tells us that pretty much any generation of Jeep Cherokee will work if you want to hit some trails, but suggests grabbing an older model that's in decent cosmetic shape and is mechanically sound in order to save some cash.
After finding your Cherokee (halfway decent ones can still be had for a few grand), start your project by doing any engine and/or drivetrain repairs needed in order to keep it as reliable as possible. It also wouldn't hurt to buy a transmission cooler and an auxiliary fan. This will keep the differentials and the drivetrain from overheating. A racing seat and six-point race harnesses are a good thing to have on hand if things get a bit "vertical." Suspension-wise, a well-reviewed lift kit is a great place to begin, but don't forget to include any appropriate bump stops and limit straps to keep the truck's geometry in check — and skid plates are never a bad idea.
3. Lincoln Continental
This 1964 Lincoln Continental hot rod is called "Zombie," and is a prime example of what is possible if big and heavy cars are your thing | Blood Shed Motors
For decades, the Lincoln Continental has been a go-to for guys who want a chunk of Detroit steel for a great price. Since aftermarket restomod companies have developed ways to upgrade classic cars with modern amenities, it's not uncommon to find a Continental with better electronics and a modern AC at a fair price. If you look long enough, you can still find rough ones from the 1960s and 1970s for cheap. And since's there's plenty of room to work with, almost anything is possible with these big boys.
Naturally, how much you spend depends on what direction you want to go with a build. While there are quite a few classic Continentals on eBay for under 10 grand, a solid project car doesn't always arrive on your doorstep running. Remember, saving a few bucks by opting for a gutted version might help you afford that crate motor and an airbag suspension setup down the line.
4. Fox Body Mustang
A 1987 Ford Mustang is a fairly inexpensive project car if you don't opt for a new or collectible model, with the third generation "Fox Body" version being a prime example of inexpensive and easy to build | Ford
The 1980s were a strange time. Although it may look dated, the 1987 to 1983 Ford Mustang is still a fantastic platform to build. Whether you want to keep the original 5.0-liter V8 engine or upgrade to a modern supercharged monster, the amount of support and interest for the third generation Mustang is staggering. Since it was a popular body style, finding one in good running order for under $10,000 is still quite doable.
5. Chevrolet pickup truck
A Chevy Apache Fleetside sits in the rain, a shining example of why classic truck culture is so appealing to gearheads | Micah Wright/Autos Cheat Sheet
People love to talk about how hardcore their new trucks are, or how they can interface with a smartphone to show the best route to the store for a six-pack. But some of us don't need any of that. All we need from a truck is a bench seat so our baby can ride next to us, a bed big enough to haul a couch, and looks that are good enough for cruising around town on weekends. If you're saying "hell yeah!" to any of this, then you should take a look at an older Chevrolet C10, which combines inexpensive build fun with timeless styling.
While this model truck ran for decades, the earlier ones offer the most charm for the money. But if aesthetics aren't your thing and you're looking for brute force, look to the fourth generation. Both a 7.4-liter V8 and a 6.5-liter turbo diesel engine are options on this model, offering plenty of torque for anyone who favors grunt over curb appeal.
6. Pontiac Trans Am
A 1982 Pontiac Trans Am makes for an inexpensive and fun 1980s homage project if reliving scenes from Night Rider is your cup of tea | General Motors
Some people have an inexplicable infatuation with the 1980s, and all of the quirkiness that goes along with that era. For car guys, this translates into cars with pop-up headlights, retro digital read-outs, and styling cues that are somewhere between being block-like and science fiction.
If all of this sounds like a lot of fun to find in one automobile, it might be time to look toward a third generation Pontiac Trans Am. While almost any generation is an inexpensive project car, this version really stands out as one of the most iconic cuts from 1980s car culture, primarily due to the popularity of the hit TV show, Night Rider.
7. Chrysler Laser
This has to be one of the best bad car commercials in history, because if anyone can sell a Chrysler, it's James Earl Jones and a driver that's dressed up like Darth Vader. Loaded with luxurious features and futuristic technologies, the upscale version of the Dodge Daytona makes for one intriguing project car.
Originally labeled as Chrysler's performance offering, the Laser was only offered from 1984 to 1986, and supposedly served as an attempt at overtaking the European luxury coupe segment. While plenty of base models were made available, it's the turbocharged 2.2-liter version that you'll want. These Turbo Z models came with Mark Cross leather interiors, illuminated speakers, and rear amp switches, which were later dropped in favor of an optional Carroll Shelby suspension package. This vehicle later morphed into the Dodge Conquest, which eventually became the Plymouth Laser — a Diamond-Star Motors collaborative vehicle from Chrysler and Mitsubishi.
8. Ford Bronco
While older models of the Ford Bronco go for premium sums nowadays, you can still find later models like this one from 1978 for very little | Ford
Older Ford Broncos may hold a high premium among enthusiasts, but anything from the lesser loved years (1978-1996) can be picked up for a surprisingly low price after a little hunting. Capable and old-school enough to be labeled "retro," this two-door SUV offers plenty of room for modifications and tinkering if that is your goal.
If you're opting for one of these machines, remember that many components off period F-Series will fit on the Bronco, and that aftermarket support is sizable enough to warrant some four-wheel drive performance tweaks. For anyone looking for a smaller and quirkier alternative, look no further than the Bronco II, and note that models from 1987 and up had a push-button for engaging four-wheel drive.
9. Chevrolet Corvette (C4)
A 1984 Chevrolet Corvette (C4) is a great inexpensive project car if tinkering with an automobile appeals to you but overspending does not | Chevrolet
The most unloved Chevrolet Corvette in history is also one of the coolest, because it truly did pave the way for many of GM's advancements. With its LCD displays, clam-shell hood, vented fender wells, high tech digital read-outs, and targa top, the Corvette of the 1980s and early 1990s was a strange signature for the brand. And, to this day, it is still cheap as chips!
The version most enthusiasts look for is the ZR-1, which came with a 5.7-liter V8 that turned out 375 horsepower and was co-created with United Kingdom-based Lotus (which GM had acquired in the late 1980s). This performance model also came with upgraded brakes, steering calibrations, and improved suspension. While this high-performance version still holds a high premium after all these years, it remains a relatively inexpensive vehicle to tinker with due to its ability to receive parts from other GM vehicles.
10. Dodge Van
A 1969 Dodge Sportsman campervan is a converted family vehicle with retro styling cues and lots of character | Craigslist
Although B-series vans and vehicles like the Dodge Caravan are plentiful and inexpensive, they don't come close to having the same charm as the first generation of the A100 compact van. Manufactured from 1964 to 1970, this was Dodge's answer to the Volkswagen bus craze, and in certain ways it was superior. By positioning the driver over the front axle and placing the engine between the split front seats, Chrysler was able to achieve a "cab over" design that promoted an iconic flat nose, which helped aid both visibility and aesthetics.
Sadly, both the slant-6 and a V8 option were not known for putting out terrific amounts of power. But where it fails to be hardcore, the Dodge A100 more than makes up for in cool points. For those who are more interested in trucks, a pickup variant was also made available — an A100 focused feature in Hemmings from a few years back, showing us that this inexpensive chassis is "a very easy restoration for anyone to do."
Tags:Cars

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Where to find bottomless brunches, turducken, and more.
Love BLT's popovers? Try them stuffed with Thanksgiving "leftovers" on Black Friday. Photograph courtesy of BLT Steak.
Love it or hate it, Black Friday is coming up. For the fans, several restaurants close to hot shopping areas including Georgetown and Tysons Corner offer dining specials (and in one case, free gift-wrapping). Those looking to avoid the commercial hordes entirely can also find brunchtime respite, preferably over bottomless drinks.
Holiday crowds driving you to drink? Belly up to this steakhouse bar for $10 "leftover" poppers stuffed with cranberry chutney, turkey, and potato purée and topped with rosemary gravy.
The draw: Unlimited tapas and drinks.
Tackle a second feast of endless tapas from 11:30 to 2:30—think tortilla Española and Nutella-stuffed churros paired with bottomless mimosas, sangria, and more at this Dupont Spanish spot ($35 per person).
The draw: Everything has an egg on it.
If you consumed too many spiked ciders this Thanksgiving, this neighborhood bistro offers a "Frankenbrunch" from 11:30 to 3. Basically it's the regular lunch menu, with eggs on everything—great on a BLT, maybe not so great on quiche.
Take a break from Georgetown shopping for a sandwich based on the cultish dish: a seared roulade of turkey, duck, and chicken that's served on a bun with gravy mayonnaise, arugula, and craisins ($24 per sandwich).
The draw: Cheap brunch cocktails.
Unwind from 9 to 2 over $3 mimosas and $4 Bloodys, plus dishes like lemon-ricotta pancakes from the regular brunch menu.
The draw: Free gift-wrapping and light-ish fare.
You'll find waistline-friendly dishes such as lobster salad and cured-salmon-avocado toasts, and seasonal drinks like a cranberry-mint mojito—just don't drink too many and forget your newly wrapped presents.
Up at dawn to capitalize on Old Town sales? You'll find the regular brunch menu (French toast! Eggs Chesapeake!) offered between 7 and 2:30.
The draw: Brunch near (but not in) Tysons Corner.
Head in pre- or post-mall blitz for creative plates like eggs and kimchee, pumpkin-buttermilk pancakes, and shrimp and grits. There's also a six-course tasting menu for two ($38) if you're in an indulgent mood.
The draw: Bottomless brunch drinks.
You may need them with family in town. Sip unending mimosas and Bloodys while digging into the regular brunch menu (plus a few specials).
The draw: Free dessert pizza.
Stop in for dinner on Friday and with the purchase of an entrée receive a free dessert pizza topped with Nutella, whipped mascarpone, marshmallows, and sea salt.


Ming-Chi reports that all three of these newer iPhone X's will have bigger batteries, but there will be some options missing from the iPhone X SE device.
There have been further reports lately with more details about Apple adding two new devices to the iPhone X lineup on top of the acclaimed iPhone X last came out last year. Ming-Chi Kuo, an analyst from KGI Securities is shining some further light on the 2018 line up bearing the iPhone X name following last year's rumors. Other than the next generation of the iPhone X at 5.8-inches, rumors are that it will be joined with a 6.1-inch iPhone X SE and a 6.3-inch iPhone X Plus.
Ming-Chi reports that all three of these newer iPhone X's will have bigger batteries, but there will be some options missing from the iPhone X SE device. The 2018 iPhone X will come with a 2800mAh battery, versus the 2715mAh from last year. As for the iPhone X Plus, it will come with a 3300 or 2400mAh beefy battery, while the iPhone X SE will have a 2950mAh battery. More details on the iPhone X SE is that it won't be coming with the "L" shaped battery like the current iPhone X has and it will be an LCD display instead of an OLED display, not have the dual camera set up, and will apparently lose the 3D Touch technology.
Pricing on this year's iPhone X would seem lower than what it was previously because of the iPhone X Plus possibly releasing, but that doesn't seem to be the case. Kuo is claiming that the iPhone X will still have a $1,000USD price point with the iPhone X Plus being higher, most likely around the $1,200 to $1,350 range. That's a huge jump in price just for a larger screen with what may have the same features as the iPhone X. As for the SE version, it should be comparable in price to what the iPhone 8 is, starting around $700.
What are your thoughts about Apple coming out with a possible iPhone X Plus and iPhone X SE? Let us know in the comments below or on Google+, Twitter, or Facebook.


White Copra - We deliver high quality Sun dried Coconut Copra (White Copra) and Smoked Copra (Brown Copra) with competitive price.
Naturally growing coconut palms are a significant source of copra, but commercial estates and plantations now predominate. The nuts are husked by bringing them down forcibly on a sharp point, by hand or mechanically. The shell is then cracked, usually into two halves, with a chopping knife, exposing the meat, which is about 50 percent water and 30 to 40 percent oil. About 30 nuts provide meat for 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of copra. Whole copra, also called ball or edible copra, is produced by the less common drying of the intact, whole nut kernel.
Exposing the kernels to the air and sun was the earliest method of drying and is still extensively followed; it gives a good quality white copra. A more rapid process, adopted particularly where the humidity is high, is kiln drying, used generally in Indonesia. The kiln, essentially a fire pit overlaid with a grid, on which the copra is placed, is sheltered from rain by a roof. More uniform quality copra is produced by hot-air drying, first introduced in India and the Samoan islands. The copra is drawn through a heated tunnel, meeting a counter current of hot air. A fine, white copra of higher value than the sun-dried product is obtained. Well-dried copra contains 4 to 5 percent moisture and 63 to 70 percent oil.
Coconut oil is obtained from the cleaned and crushed copra chiefly by pressing and solvent extraction.


text:
#85 Ryan Mitchell
POS. WR
HT. 6' 0"
YR. Fr.
PREV. SCHOOL Science Hill HS
2014 - Senior Season
Played in 11 games, making eight starts… Caught 44 passes for 748 yards… Scored five touchdowns… Averaged a team-best 17 yards per reception… Carried the ball three times for a total of 19 yards… Tallied six receptions for 156 yards and added a touchdown against UT Martin (Oct. 18)… Hauled in a season-long 75 yard reception versus the Skyhawks… Hit the century mark again with 119 yards on four catches against Eastern Kentucky (Nov. 1)… Had a career-day in his final game at Murray State (Nov. 22), hauling in 10 passes for 231 yards and three scores… Returned a kick 13 yards versus the Racers… Helped Mike German break the school record for career passing yards (8,664)… Named CFPA Wide Receiver of the Week on Nov. 27…
2013 - Junior Season
Saw action in 13 games, making five starts… Caught 35 passes for 632 yard and seven touchdowns… Recorded three tackles… Had two scores against Central State (9/28) and at Butler in the NCAA Playoffs (11/30)… Set a career-high six catches for a personal-best 122 yards and added a touchdown versus Southeast Missouri (10/5)… Tallied five catches for 94 yards and a score at UT Martin (10/19)… Grabbed six passes for 76 yards at Eastern Illinois in the NCAA Playoffs (12/7)…
2012 - Sophomore Season
Appeared in all 11 games for the Tigers... Played special teams and had six solo tackles and four assists for a total of 10 stops on the year... Had a season-high three tackles versus Jackson State (9/8)
Saw action in eight games for the Tigers during his freshman season...Recorded three tackles during the season.
Science Hill HS
Four-year letter winner at Science Hill High School in Johnson City, Tenn.
Born on Aug. 14, 1993.


text:
This helps in generating js-sourcemap for js files.

## Installation

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

```ruby
gem 'js-sourcemap'
```

And then execute:

    $ bundle install

Or install it yourself as:

    $ gem install js-sourcemap

## Usage

Copy and paste the sourcemap.yml.sample file as sourcemap.yml in the project, sourcemap is to be integrated.
Sourcemap.yml file contains all the config that needs to be done for sourcemapping.

For generating sourcemap, run task:

	bundle exec rake smap:generate_mapping

For cleaning of unused files, run:

	bundle exec rake smap:clean

For syncing the generated map and original files to s3, run:

	bundle exec rake smap:sync_to_s3

Or else do all at once (map generation,cleanup & syncing), with:

	bundle exec rake smap:complete_build

Done!

## Contributing

1. Fork it ( https://github.com/[my-github-username]/js-sourcemap/fork )
2. Create your feature branch (`git checkout -b my-new-feature`)
3. Commit your changes (`git commit -am 'Add some feature'`)
4. Push to the branch (`git push origin my-new-feature`)
5. Create a new Pull Request

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
4/20/15 Minnesotans gather, urge solidarity with Venezuela Venezuela Minneapolis, MN
3/27/15 Minnesotans stand in solidarity with Venezuela Antiwar Movement St. Paul, MN
3/24/15 Minnesotans take to the streets to say stop U.S. wars! Antiwar Movement Minneapolis, MN
7/12/15 Momentum builds toward August 29 march against police crimes Police Brutality Chicago, IL
1/30/15 Momentum grows for 'National Week of Action to Defend Rasmea' Rasmea Odeh Minneapolis, MN
11/17/15 More than 50 arrested at Minneapolis Black Lives Matter protest Police Brutality Minneapolis, MN
4/12/15 Moscow demonstration demands end to U.S/Saudi war in Yemen Yemen Moscow, Russia
5/25/15 Nakba Day marked in Tampa Palestine Tampa, FL
6/23/15 National call in day to demand freedom for Simon Trinidad / Ricardo Palmera Ricardo Palmera United States
9/08/15 National SDS stands with Simon Trinidad and Colombia Colombia United States
11/09/15 National Students for a Democratic Society celebrates victory at University of Missouri Anti-racism United States
10/16/15 National Students for a Democratic Society supports Rasmea Odeh Rasmea Odeh United States
11/14/15 National week of action demands end to jailing of Central American children Immigrant Rights Los Angeles, CA
6/13/15 Nationwide solidarity events for Rasmea Odeh a big success Rasmea Odeh Chicago, IL
11/23/15 New video appears to show Jamar Clark in handcuffs after being shot by police Police Brutality Minneapolis, MN
1/22/15 No assistance for long-term unemployed Capitalism and Economy Washington, D.C.
9/14/15 Occupation is a crime: Militarization at home and abroad Antiwar Movement Chicago, IL
10/15/15 Occupation of Baltimore City Hall demands police accountability Police Brutality Baltimore, MD
11/15/15 Occupation underway at Minneapolis police station after cop shooting of handcuffed man Police Brutality Minneapolis, MN
7/03/15 Official unemployment rate falls in June, as 432,000 drop out of labor force Capitalism and Economy San José, CA
7/14/15 On first anniversary of Israel's attack on Gaza, PFLP vows resistance until liberation Palestine Palestine
9/24/15 On the anniversary of the FBI raids on anti-war and international solitary activists, contribute to the defense of Rasmea Odeh! Political Repression Minneapolis, MN
10/20/15 On the passing of Nelson Peery, an outstanding American revolutionary Remembrances United States
9/30/15 One year later: Remembering the 43 missing students Mexico Milwaukee, WI
11/26/15 Palestinian hero Leila Khaled says launching of Philippines-Palestine Friendship Association a step forward Palestine Manila


Its frustrating for patients, who are just trying to understand what is going on inside their bodies. Fibromyalgia is one seriously confusing condition. However, it is much more prevalent in the middle ages of life and is considered the most frequent cause of musculoskeletal pain. People with fibromyalgia have tender points on the body.
Adjustments to financial statements, what is fibromyalgia in spanish. There is most often some triggering factor that sets off fibromyalgia. The sheer amount of research into everything from serotonin to small nerve fibers is overwhelming. There likely are certain genes that can make people more prone to getting fibromyalgia and the other health problems that can occur with it.
Find out what it is, what are the symptoms, how is it diagnosed and what are the different treatments.
It is a long-lasting or chronic disorder that causes muscle pain and fatigue feeling tired. Anti-inflammatory medications may help alleviate symptoms of fibromyalgia. Science has yet to uncover a clear cause of fibromyalgia FMS. Fibromyalgia is a disorder that causes muscle pain and fatigue. Patients should tell the doctor about any other medications they are taking to avoid side-effects and interactions with other drugs. However, a review has suggested that patients often stop using these drugs because they are not effective in relieving pain or because of their adverse effects. Quien hace influencia del Fibromyalgia.


Home » News » Announcing the #DroidQuiltAlong !
Update: The Droid Quilt Along is over, and the pattern is now available in our pattern shop as a PDF download.
Lynn and I are very excited to announce our very first quilt along! Some of my favorite memories as a kid are squashed onto the couch with my family watching classics like Star Trek, Battlestar Galactica, and Buck Rogers. My earliest memory, though, is being four years old and standing in line to see Star Wars next to a giant cardboard cut out of R2D2 and C3PO. I still have my original action figures, and Luke Skywalker comes along with me as my Emergency Jedi with my hand sewing travel project.
So, without further ado, we bring you the Droid Quilt Along: a quilt inspired by the droids of Star Wars. The idea is that the quilt front is done with basic tone on tone or solid fabrics, and you go nuts with all the new licensed Star Wars fabrics on the back. Of course, it's your quilt, so do whatever you want!
It goes without saying that Star Wars is a registered trademark of the Disney Company, who we love, and don't want to get sued by, so this whole quilt along is free.
Update: The Quilt Along is over, and the pattern is now available in our pattern shop as a PDF download.
We've built in a couple catch up weeks since we're nearing the holidays. There are four basic block designs, and the most you make of any of them in a week is 5. That count is for the larger size, the twin size (65 x 90″), and there are fewer blocks for the lap size (65 x 65″).
So, we hope you'll join us! I'm confirming the fabric requirements this weekend, and will post those early next week to give everyone a jump start before the first cutting instructions go out. In the mean time, go ogle the new Star Wars fabric and figure out which prints you want on the back of your Droid quilt!
Cool! I hope I can carve out some time to play along. This looks fun!
I'm in!! I love the orange and black, however DH would probably like the blue and white and he is the intended recipient. Plus we have a mostly white dog and dog hair camoflauge is paramount!!
I can't win at dog fur camouflage–we have a black lab mix, a white and gray husky, and a black and tan beagle mix!
I'm excited! I'm going old school R2D2. I saw the original 1977 Star Wars in the theater 5 times back in the (pre-VCR) day, so it just feels like the right thing to do.
I'm going to the Dark Side for sure!


text:
'Restore Our Parks Act' proposed to bring needed repairs for US national parks
by: Brie Jackson
Posted: May 15, 2019 / 10:48 PM EDT / Updated: May 15, 2019 / 10:54 PM EDT
WASHINGTON (Nexstar) — Summer vacation season is nearly here, but a popular destination, America's national parks are falling apart. Buildings, restrooms, roads, campgrounds and trails have been neglected for years and need repair.
Lawmakers said the "Restore Our Parks Act" would help with repairs nationwide.
Senator Rob Portman said repairs to National Park resources are long overdue
"In the case of Cuyahoga Valley National Park, we have leakage in our visitor's center, we have a bridge that is falling apart," said Senator Portman (R – Ohio). "If you don't fix these things now the costs only mount."
Currently the National Park Service (NPS) faces a nearly $12 billion maintenance backlog. Senator Mark Warner said nearly one billion dollars is needed for upgrades to roads and historic buildings in Virginia.
"It's sacrificing our history, our legacy," said Sen. Warner (D-Virginia).
Senators Warner and Portman are part of a bipartisan effort to restore national parks and reduce the agency's debt.
"What we need to do is come up with realistic way to find the revenue sources to solve that problem going into the future" said Congressman Rob Bishop (R- Utah).
Supporters said the "Restore Our Parks Act" would cut the park service's backlog in half over the next several years by using money from oil and gas revenues to pay down the park service's debt.
"It's been estimated that if we do this Restore Our Parks Act, it would generate about 10,000 additional jobs in terms of the maintenance that would be taking place," Warner said.
Supporters said the plan is backed by both parties and the Trump administration. However last year a similar measure stalled in Congress. Warner said our nation's most valuable resources are at risk and lawmakers can't afford to wait any longer.
"Even in a dysfunctional Washington, this should be a no brainer," Warner said.
More Washington-DC Stories
Father of slain journalist Alison Parker pushing for more regulation of tech companies
WASHINGTON (Nexstar) -- Censorship is normally a bad thing in a nation that values freedom of speech.
Republicans have been complaining recently that Google, Facebook and Twitter have been censoring conservative opinions and Republicans.
DC BureauSidebar
Tweets by NexstarDC
Anna Wiernicki
Brie Jackson
Alexandra Limon
Morgan Wright
Raquel Martin
***Don't Miss Module Removal CSS***


Congratulations to Dr. Dong who published his paper in DRUG-DRUG INTERATION--BASIC AND CLINIC. You can find his paper copy below, which talked about how to detect the signs of rheumatoid arthritis. If you want to get more papers from Dr. Dong, you can email to renal-disease@hotmail.com for free reply.


text:
What Is Monkey Poop...
Drying process
Coffee farm
Coffee processing
Coffee beans varieties
What Is Monkey Poop Coffee?
Ever heard of monkey poop coffee? Here is an explanation along with other animal poop coffee beans.
Swedish Translation
Have you heard about monkey poop coffee before? Coffee that comes from poop? If you think we're joking about this, we're not.
Monkey poop coffee is a very rare kind of coffee bean produced in Taiwan and India. Formosan rock macaques and rhesus monkeys help in the processing of the said beans. However, these monkeys do not ingest the coffee like what Indonesian civets do. Instead, they chew the fruit and spit out the bean–which is why "monkey spit coffee" seems to be a more appropriate name for it.
While access to this type of coffee is limited, monkey coffee is said to be very delicious with sweet and complex flavor notes. However, it is quite expensive, like most specialty coffees in the market.
This article will talk about what monkey coffee beans is as well as other famous "poop coffees." In addition, we'll discuss the science behind the processing of these beans that makes them uniquely flavorful–and finally, why these coffees are a little too pricey.
Animal Poop Coffee And The Coffee Industry
Animal poop coffee may sound a little too weird for most coffee drinkers. However, it's one of the most luxurious types of beans in the market. Animal coffee is produced from beans that were harvested straight from animal wastes, such as fecal matter or discarded remnants of the coffee cherries that have been partially eaten.
The Science Behind Animal Poop Coffee
There are digestive juices existing inside some animals' digestive tracts. These juices break down the coffee beans to an extent and are exposed to certain conditions that can alter their flavors.
What does animal poop coffee taste like? The end result of the process is a bean with reduced bitterness and acidity–generally, a great cup of coffee. This is also mainly the reason why a bag of these beans costs so much more. Another reason is the harvesting procedures farmers have to go through in order to get the said beans. What we mean by this is digging through animal poop.
Different Types Of Animal Poop Coffee
There are many animals that are responsible for processing poop coffees.
Civet Cat Coffee (Kopi Luwak)
Civet coffee was initially discovered in Indonesia during Dutch colonialism in the 19th century. Now, it's also produced in farms located in the Philippines, East Timor, Bali, Sulawesi, and Sumatra island.
The processing of these beans begins with civet cats feeding on coffee berries. The fruit will be digested by the cat for about 24 hours and is excreted in the form of feces. The beans will then be harvested by the farmers from that pile of fecal matter. The flavor is described as earthy and smooth, with less bitterness as compared to non-poop types.
The price tag of this rare coffee ranges between $100 to $600 for a pound. However, purchasers should be careful in buying this fancy coffee as 80% of Kopi Luwak in the market are actually fake.
Monkey Coffee
This coffee is primarily produced in India and Taiwan. The farms that cultivate these crops are usually situated beside forests where Rhesus monkeys dwell in. These monkeys pick out the yummiest of the coffee cherries, chew them for a bit, and then spit out the rest. The saliva of this animal has the ability to break down the coffee's enzymes which in return changes the flavor of the beans.
Monkey poop coffee beans is priced at around $320 per pound. A cup of this monkey spit coffee is really delicious with almost no hint of bitterness at all. It's full-bodied, too, with notes of citrus, nuts, vanilla, and chocolate.
Elephant Coffee
The process of this type of coffee starts with an elephant eating Thai arabica coffee berries. After 15 to 70 hours of being exposed to the animal's digestive tract, enzymes will alter the flavor of the beans–hints of spice, chocolate, and malt. Every 36 pounds of the fruit will yield a pound of elephant poop coffee, which will approximately cost $500.
Bat Coffee
A specific bat, Artibeus Jamaicensis, is known for making different coffees even tastier. These bats use their sense of smell to search for coffee cherries in the forests. With their razor-sharp fangs, they bite into the fruits and lick around what's inside to get sugar. The coffee beans will often be exposed, while the coffee berries will still be on the plant. The cherry and the bean will then dry up with the help of the enzymes from the bat's saliva.
This process will result in more delectable flavors such as floral and fruity, with a soft acidity. Each pound will cost you about $230.
Bird Coffee
The Jacu bird, which is native to Brazil, is responsible for rendering beans that taste like aniseed. These coffees are also known to be full-bodied and with a slight nuttiness. In addition, the refined characteristics are also brought about by the fact that these birds are herbivorous.
After the bird feasts on the ripest coffee cherries, it retains this inside its digestive tract for some time. Every pound of the coffee beans pooped out of the bird's body is then pooped will cost around $330.
We've learned about how varied types of coffees are produced in different parts of the world. And interestingly, some of them are not processed by means of traditional ways. Who would've imagined that poop coffee beans would become a popular specialty product in the market? Somehow, this just tells us one thing–coffee will always be a staple product no matter how it's produced.


It is appropriate that this photo portrays Rollie at the helm of a ship, for he truly was Integrity Builder's "Captain".
You were definitely the truest partner, most skillful mentor, and best friend a guy could ever hope for.
A family owned and operated BBB accredited business making dream homes for Minnesota families for over two decades in and around the Twin Cities.
Integrity Builders Inc. earns the highest rating!
Copyright 2011 Integrity Builders Inc.. All rights reserved.


text:
Katalin Varga - revenge will (not) set her free
Katalin Varga (played by Hilda Péter) is overheard talking to her best friend, sharing a deep secret that she had bottled up inside herself for more than ten years. Word spreads and her husband hears. Disgraced and ashamed, he orders her to flee their Hungarian village along with the boy he no longer views as his son.
She tells Orbán that they're going to visit her sick mother. But Katalin is on a mission to confront the men who wronged her so violently all those years ago. She wants revenge. Up until now, she only dreamt of it. Now she needs to "pay some men a surprise visit", driven to revisit painful places and redeem her broken marital relationship.
They travel throughout the Hungarian countryside (though actually filmed in Romania) on horse and cart. First film I've ever seen in which a "Horse Whisperer" was credited in the closing titles! It's a slow way to travel; the population becomes sparser; and it is clear that where the two men live ... no one would advise you travel. After "obtaining closure" (in the Spooks sense of the phrase) with the accomplice, mother and son flee, trekking on foot for the remainder of their quest.
The film's score is eerie - Nick James described it in the Observer as "anguished" - full of haunting wails that complement the grim, creepy photography. At times it felt reminiscent of the Australian film Walkabout, with the two figures walking across lush fields instead of the barren Outback. You spend a lot of time looking at the back of the characters, seeing the view that was in front of them.
Finally reaching the end of her trail, Katalin is taken out in a boat by the couple she and Orbán are lodging with for a few evenings. It's a pivotal moment as she recounts what happened ten or so years ago close to the lake. The man, Antal, sweats and the boat judders as he stops concentrating on his oar strokes. His wife is still, her face frozen, suspecting what she will later overhear in the middle of the night.
A few hours later, the Antal's pleads of "Forgive me" are not met with compassion. This is about revenge. Yet when "God's work is done and judgement is upon you" is cried out in the final minutes of the film, revenge proves to be more destructive than Katalin imagined.
I saw Katalin Varga in London's Curzon Soho. Although pre-warned by the digital logo at the start of the film, it was pretty obvious that it was a digital "print" and wasn't being projected from film. There was a very different visual quality.
Green fields and blue skies shimmered, obviously grainy rather than being slightly blurry, while the subtitle text was super crisp. Yet there were filmic flecks of white peppering shots. Although shot on film, it had been scanned, with the subtitles added to the digital copy. The graininess detracted from the superb, moody cinematography, and it made it feel poor quality overall.
Amazingly, Katalin Varga wasn't written by a Hungarian or a Romanian. It's an English director's debut screenplay and film - Peter Strickland. The film's tagline is "Revenge will set her free". But this is no fairy story. It turns out to be a tragic tale where, no new wrongs can compensate an old wrong.
There's nothing uplifting, no jokes, no schmaltz. But the simple drama is a fascinating watch.
And if you're in a thoughtful mood, catch it at the QFT over the next week or so. (Running Friday 13 to Thursday 19 November, and only £3 on Monday night!)
Posted by Alan in Belfast (Alan Meban) at 10:28 pm Labels: film, filmreview
Alan, question - does the film ever actually say the village or the countryside is *in* Hungary? Bear in mind that many parts of Transylvania are pretty much 100% ethnic Hungarian, so this may well be a Transylvanian story rather than a Hungarian one.
These things are important to Transylvanian Hungarians. ;-)
The villages are named ... and I understand that they're in Hungary. She "obtains closure" in Jadzereda, before reaching the final village (whose name I have scribbled somewhere, but not to hand).
The filming of course was done in Romania!
I hadn't realised that Katalin Varga is also a historical character too.
Friday, November 13, 2009 2:47:00 pm
The film seems to have been set where it was filmed in the Hungarian speaking villages of Transylvania. While most of the dialogue is in Hungarian, some is in Romanian (asking for directions in the city, the words of the "police", one of the songs and the last words in the film).
Thursday, April 01, 2010 8:36:00 pm


The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) invites you to join two of our poultry health experts – and a few special guests – for a webinar on March 28. We'll be celebrating Bird Health Awareness Week by helping anyone who owns or handles poultry learn about how to keep their birds healthy this spring using biosecurity. Please share this information with others in your network who may find this session useful.
The "Biosecurity Basics & Beyond: Tools to Defend Your Flock" webinar will take place on Thursday, March 28 from 2:30-3:30 PM EDT. Register for this FREE webinar today at bit.ly/BirdHealthAwarenessWebinar. We'll cover some suggestions for how to safely introduce replacement poultry to your flock, as well as important biosecurity practices for spring and recognizing signs of disease. We'll also share our latest resources.
If you don't already follow APHIS's Defend the Flock campaign on social media, check out our Twitter and Facebook during Bird Health Awareness Week (March 25-29) to get daily tips and resources you can use to protect your commercial or backyard flock's health.
To get biosecurity updates and information year-round, sign up to receive the brand new Defend the Flock e-Newsletter. The first issue will launch in May 2019. Select "Defend the Flock e-Newsletter" under Veterinary Services at bit.ly/2UC7iLi.


text:
Developer ready to ramp up revised plan for former Claymont Steel site
By Larry Nagengast, Delaware Public Media, November 22, 2019
The now-vacant former Claymont Steel site could see new life soon
[This story was originally published by Delaware Public Media.]
About 4 and a-half years ago, St. Louis-based Commercial Development Company (CDC) purchased the former Evraz Claymont Steel property, and offered some ambitious plans to remake the site.
Since then, little more has been heard about plans for the site. But Contributor Larry Nagengast reports that is about to change.
Delaware Public Media's Tom Byrne and contributor Larry Nagengast discuss the redevelopment of the former Evraz Claymont Steel site.
Four and a half years after it purchased the former Evraz Claymont Steel property, the St. Louis-based Commercial Development Company (CDC) has submitted its first plans for redeveloping a portion of the 425-acre site to the New Castle County Land Use Department.
The proposal calls for construction of two office buildings, totaling nearly 275,000 square feet, and a three-story, 460-space parking garage in an area within the wedge formed by Philadelphia Pike, Interstate 495 and the Amtrak rail line. The office park would be situated across a new roadway from the new Claymont train station, now under construction on a 15-acre site donated by CDC.
Plans for the rest of the site, known as First State Crossing, will be rolled out gradually. The next portion, a townhouse and apartment community between the Amtrak line and the Delaware River, should be filed with the county early next year, says Steven Collins, CDC executive vice president. The residential piece replaces a logistics center that could have had rail, sea and highway access that was part of the initial concept. Other segments will include more office space as well as retail, light industrial uses and a hotel.
Commercial Development Company (CDC) plans for the old Claymont Steel site includes residential, office, light industry and retail components.
When CDC announced its original plans, a Claymont historian touted the proposal as "the biggest thing here in 100 years" – which lined up almost perfectly with the construction of the first mill in Claymont by the Worth Steel Co. in 1917.
Collins is hopeful that the county will grant the necessary approvals for the office park project within six months so construction can begin during the second half of next year.
"It could be done within six months, but that would be tight," says Richard E. Hall, general manager of the Land Use Department. "With a priority project, we can move as fast as the development team can move."
This phase of the redevelopment process may move more quickly because it does not require a rezoning, according to county officials. The former steel mill property is zoned HI (heavy industrial) and office parks are permitted within that classification. However, CDC will have to apply to the county's Board of Adjustment for a special use permit to build the parking garage.
Claymont area residents will get a first look at the office park plan, and learn more from CDC about the rest of the project, at the next meeting of the Claymont Renaissance Development Corporation, set for 6 p.m. Dec. 3 in the Crowne Plaza Hotel, 630 Naamans Road. Brett Saddler, CRDC executive director, says the meeting will also include updates on train station construction and broader redevelopment issues, including Tri-State Mall and creation of new hiking and walking trails in the area.
Collins says CDC has been negotiating with multiple businesses – both from out of state and with Delaware operations – interested in leasing office space. He said construction would not begin until a lease is signed. People familiar with the project anticipate that the prime tenant will be a financial services business interested in expanding and consolidating its Delaware operations.
John Cartier, the New Castle County councilman whose district includes Claymont, says that completion of the new train station, scheduled for the first quarter of 2022, will accelerate development of First State Crossing. Saddler predicts that the rush will come sooner – whenever CDC announces its primary tenant for the office park.
The new, upgraded Claymont train station is scheduled to be finished in early 2022. Credit Wagman, Inc/DelDOT
Potentially the most intriguing piece of the redevelopment initiative will be the residential component. Currently CDC is thinking about a 1,200-unit project, divided almost evenly between townhouses and apartments. A community of that size would be about 40 percent larger than the popular and still growing Darley Green, whose 550 townhouses and 280 apartment units have been built in the last decade over the ruins of the demolished Brookview Apartments. According to Realtor.com, the median price for townhouses at Darley Green is $279,900.
The residential piece wasn't contemplated when CDC acquired the Evraz site. At the time, it planned to use an existing riverfront bulkhead as the starting point for a shipping facility, creating a logistics hub that would also take advantage of the rail line and the interchanges that join Interstate 95 and Interstate 495. However, changing circumstances prompted CDC to scrap that concept.
In 2018, the Diamond State Port Corporation granted Gulftainer USA the rights to operate and develop the Port of Wilmington for 50 years, including developing a port at the former DuPont Edge Moor plant between Claymont and Wilmington, a property Diamond State had acquired in 2016.
In addition, CDC's internal study concluded that two underpasses near the site were too low to handle anticipated truck traffic and easements could not be worked out with the owners of industrial sites just over the state line in Pennsylvania. "The cost of development and the estimated demand didn't justify the development," Collins says.
That's just as well, says Saddler, noting the success of Darley Green and describing residential as "the highest and best use" of the property and consistent with the master plan for north Claymont.
The success of Darley Green in Claymont is one reason developers added a residential piece to the First State Crossing project. Credit Larry Nagengast / Delaware Public Media
CDC has lined up two developers for the residential segment – Setting Properties of Montchanin and Rockwell Development of Media, Pennsylvania.
Collins believes the project will be more attractive than Darley Green since it will be on the river, a short walk to the train station and linked to an extensive trail network.
Saddler believes the residential units, especially at the upper levels, will have great views – the river to the east, the Wilmington skyline to the south and the rolling Brandywine hills to the west. "When you design the buildings, you just have to make sure that your big balconies don't face Sunoco," the oil refinery to the north in Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania.
But there are several issues that may well have to be resolved as CDC seeks the required rezoning for the apartments and townhouses. New roadways will have to be built to the proposed site, and while Collins is thinking of "almost a gated community," Saddler does not want any limitations on access to the site. Cartier and Saddler would also like to see some space in that area carved out for a small marina and one or more restaurants.
"This is a rezoning situation. We're talking about the art of the deal," Cartier says.
Given the importance of the entire project to Claymont, "we've only got one chance to do this right," Saddler adds.
The residential rezoning could be time consuming, perhaps taking 18 months to two years, Cartier says.
"The county council is in the driver's seat here," he adds, expressing a preference for mixed use development.
Cartier and Saddler anticipate the combination of a new train station, the office park and added residential bringing significant change to Claymont, whose 19th-century reputation as a vacation getaway for Philadelphians was eclipsed by its transformation into an industrial community.
A water tower is all that remains of the old Claymont Steel site as a developer prepares to launch the First State Crossing project. Credit: Larry Nagengast/Delaware Public Media
The redevelopment they picture sees the train station, currently the busiest commuter rail stop in the state, bustling with two-way traffic – millennials walking to the train to head for their jobs in Philadelphia and financial professionals riding the southbound rails to work in the office park.
"We've been looking for a transformative project," adds Hall, the county's Land Use head. "We're excited about this."
Moving beyond the first two phases, it's not clear how long the rest of the redevelopment will take. The CDC concept plan shows a new roadway stretching from the new train station northwest across Philadelphia Pike and extending to Naamans Road, ending opposite Tri-State Mall. Along that roadway is an array of structures – more office space, two retail complexes and two areas labeled as industrial.
Collins says he has begun talking with prospective industrial tenants, but acknowledges that it will be "a year or so" before any plans are submitted to the county.
When those plans are submitted, Saddler expects plenty of discussion, no matter whether the component requires only a review by the Land Use Department or a more extensive rezoning process that ends with a county council vote.
Use and placement of the buildings, traffic patterns, completing a network of trails and pedestrian walkways – all these items will be discussed, he says.
As plans for First State Crossing progress, interrelated Claymont issues may impact the discussion. Those items, he says, include the redevelopment of the deteriorating Tri-State Mall in the community's northwest corner, and the fate of the current train station in the southeast corner, which could serve as a trailhead for Greenways along the river leading to Fox Point State Park.
Major redevelopment plans take time. For proof, one needs to look only as far as the Wilmington Riverfront, still evolving a quarter-century after the construction of Frawley Stadium.
"I've seen these things happen before. They tend to come in digestible chunks, but it's hard to say how long it would take," says Hall, who spent eight years as Maryland's secretary of planning before coming to New Castle County three years ago. "It might take longer than a lot of people want it to take, but it's important that we do these things right.
Categories: Commerce, Delaware Public Media
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John Travolta's 1970 280 SL was stolen from the 1400 block of Berkeley street in Santa Monica in broad daylight.
These cars are highly collectible and it's estimated only 2,400 '70 280 SL's were imported to the US.
A reward has been offered for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the thieves, but If I had to bet on it it's likely to either parted out of out of the country at this point.


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Eleanor Antin
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CORVALLIS, Ore. – South Dakota State won six of the last seven bouts, including the final three, to post a 19-17 come-from-behind victory over Oregon State in a college wrestling dual Sunday afternoon at Gill Coliseum.
The Jackrabbits picked up their first dual win under head coach Damion Hahn, improving to 1-3 overall. Oregon State dropped to 1-1.
Trailing 14-0 through the first three matches, 19th-ranked Henry Pohlmeyer put the Jackrabbits on the board with an 8-4 decision over Zach Evans at 149 pounds. Pohlmeyer trailed 4-1 early before reeling off the final seven points on a pair of escapes, two takedowns and a point for riding-time advantage.
At 157 pounds, Colten Carlson knocked off 15th-ranked Hunter Willits, 3-2. Carlson opened the scoring with a takedown and limited Willits to a pair of escapes in evening his dual record at 2-2.
Logan Peterson followed with a 9-7 decision over Aaron Olmos in the 165-pound matchup to pull the Jackrabbits to within 14-9.
After the Beavers extended their lead to 17-9 with a decision by Colt Doyle over Kelby Hawkins at 174 pounds, SDSU strung together three wins in the upper weights to come away with the victory. Zach Carlson started the Jackrabbits' second three-match winning streak of the with a 8-3 decision over Myles Terry in the 184-pound matchup to improve to 11-2 overall (3-1 in duals) on the season.
Martin Mueller then posted the lone bonus-point victory for SDSU in the 197-pound bout, notching a 15-5 major decision over Bob Coleman. It was Mueller's first dual action of the season.
With the dual victor decided by the winner of the heavyweight match, the Jackrabbits' Blake Wolters took control in the second period with a takedown and penalty point, then extended his lead in the third period for a decisive 6-1 victory over Jamarcus Grant.
Oregon State posted three bonus-point wins in the first three matches to build its 14-0 lead. Third-ranked Ronnie Bresser opened the dual with a pin of SDSU's Gregory Coapstick in the 125-pound bout, while Kegan Calkins and Grant Willits each won by major decision for the Beavers. The Jackrabbits once again wrestled without defending 133-pound national champion Seth Gross.
SDSU returns to action Dec. 29-30 at the Ken Kraft Midlands Championships in Hoffman Estates, Illinois. Next dual action for the Jackrabbits is a home match Jan. 11 against Northern Iowa.


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Wólka is a diminutive of Wola and  may refer to:

Wólka, Aleksandrów County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Wólka, Rypin County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Wólka, Lipno County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Wólka, Krasnystaw County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Wólka, Białystok County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Wólka, Bielsk County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Wólka, Grajewo County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Wólka, Hajnówka County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Wólka, Gmina Sidra in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Wólka, Gmina Suchowola in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Wólka, Suwałki County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Wólka, Gmina Filipów in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Wólka, Gmina Poddębice in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Wólka, Gmina Wartkowice in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Wólka, Lublin County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Wólka, Łuków County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Wólka, Jędrzejów County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
Wólka, Końskie County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
Wólka, Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
Wólka, Lipsko County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Wólka, Płock County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Wólka, Warsaw West County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Wólka, Węgrów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Wólka, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Wólka, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
Wólka, Bartoszyce County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Wólka, Gołdap County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Wólka, Kętrzyn County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Wólka, Olsztyn County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Wólka, Pisz County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Wólka, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)

See also
Wola (disambiguation)
Czech Lhotka (disambiguation)
Slovak Lehôtka (disambiguation)
Eastern Slavic Slobodka (disambiguation), Polonised Słobódka (disambiguation)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Tunir is testing system which can run on your laptop or in server as a command line tool. We use the same to automatically test our Atomic, and cloud images in Fedora Infrastructure. The newer version of Tunir has feature to use Ansible to setup test vms or remote machines. Using this as the first step, we can setup Kubernetes, and test the layered image builds in a proper container environment. This talk will demonstrate these features, and discuss about how one can use the same tools to test their containers or any other project.


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Lifting Up the Torch of Ecclesiastical Latin
"We exhort you all to lift up high the torch of Latin which is even today a bond of unity among peoples of all nations." —Pope St. John Paul II
Ancient Christian funerary plaque in Santa Maria degli Angeli, Rome, Italy, for a man named Apollinaris, who lived 29 years, 7 of which with his wife Virginia. (photo: Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto. ICUR [Inscriptiones christianae urbis Romae, Nova series], I, 464. Via Wikimedia Commons.)
Amanda Evinger Blogs September 28, 2019
If you have ever been present at a Solemn High Latin Mass and heard the Panis Angelicus sung out with an authentic swing of fervor and devotion, you have felt the gorgeous melody of the "universal tongue" of Holy Mother the Church resonating in your very bones. If you have ever heard a children's choir sing Gregorian Chant, or watched a procession of altar boys come out of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass while singing the Salve, Regina, you have come into touch with the numinous vivacity of the mother language of all Catholics.
Ecclesiastical Latin is a jewel-ridden storehouse of truth, a spiritual fortress, an unfailing source of unity, and a refuge of solace for the troubled soul. Countless canonized saints, popes and other Catholics in all walks of life have hailed the ethereal power of the Latin language, and raved about its importance in one's spiritual life, as well as in the life of the universal Church. This sacred language is the language of a loving mother, protecting souls from distraction and confusion, giving birth to contemplation and preserving sound dogmatic teaching. As Pope Pius XII wrote in 1947 in his encyclical, Mediator Dei, "The use of the Latin language prevailing in a great part of the Church affords at once an imposing sign of unity and an effective safeguard against the corruptions of true doctrine."
Truly, those who labor to pray and worship in Latin embrace the motto that has long resonated throughout Christendom: "Lex orandi, lex credendi, lex vivendi," which means, "As we worship, so we believe, so we live." In Resurgent in the Midst of Crisis: Sacred Liturgy, the Traditional Latin Mass, and Renewal in the Church, Dr. Peter Kwasniewski writes:
Latin is the language proper to the Roman Rite, the fertile human soil in which a luxuriant garden of liturgical prayers, readings and hymns grew up; it is the "catholic" language of Christendom, rising above all nations, peoples, cultures and ages. For a variety of historical reasons, Latin became, and was always retained as, the vehicle of formal, public worship in all the particular churches gathered around the Throne of Peter in the Western part of the quondam Roman Empire. Its antiquity and breadth of use, clarity and stability of meaning, and subtle beauty of expression imbue Latin with all the qualities requisite for a public cultus that is ever ancient, ever new, noble and solemn, utterly free from the vagaries of worldly fashion. All these qualities render Latin a precious treasure of which all Latin Rite Catholics should be justly proud—a familiar, one might even say maternal, presence for the faithful everywhere in the world, yet accompanied withal by a sacred aura and majesty that demand reverence.
This being said, it is critical to refute the entirely unfounded and misguided popular opinion that the use of ecclesiastical Latin in the liturgy "went out the window" once the Novus Ordo Mass was approved. In fact, the very documents written during the Second Vatican Council proclaim just the opposite. In fact, just eight months before the opening of the Council of Vatican II, Pope John XXIII wrote in Veterum Sapientia, "We also, impelled by the weightiest of reasons … are fully determined to restore this language to its position of honor and to do all we can to promote its study and use. The employment of Latin has recently been contested in some quarters, and many are asking what the mind of the Apostolic See is in this matter. We have therefore decided to issue the timely directives contained in this document, so as to ensure that the ancient and uninterrupted use of Latin be maintained and, where necessary, restored."
He also wrote, "The Catholic Church has a dignity far surpassing that of every merely human society, for it was founded by Christ the Lord. It is altogether fitting, therefore, that the language it uses should be noble, majestic, and non-vernacular." The crux of the matter is that the Second Vatican Council did not abolish, discourage or even downplay the use of Latin in the life of the Church and Her liturgies, but rather, the contrary. As clearly stated in Sacrosanctum Concilium (para. 36), a document of the Second Vatican Council, "The use of the Latin language … is to be preserved in the Latin rites," and, "The Church acknowledges Gregorian chant as specially suited to the Roman liturgy: therefore, other things being equal, it should be given pride of place in liturgical services," (para. 116).
The same document also mandates that, "In accordance with the age-old tradition of the Latin Rite, the Latin language is to be retained by clerics in the Divine Office," (para. 101.1). In 1966, Pope Paul VI warned against the dangers of neglecting the use of Latin in worship in his document, Sacrificium Laudis:
The Latin language is assuredly worthy of being defended with great care instead of being scorned; for the Latin Church it is the most abundant source of Christian civilization and the richest treasury of piety... We must not hold in low esteem these traditions of your fathers, which were your glory for centuries. We cannot permit something that could be the cause of your own downfall, that could be the source of serious loss to you, and that surely would afflict the Church of God with sickness and sadness... The same Church gives you the mandate to safeguard the traditional dignity, beauty, and gravity of the choral office in both its language [Latin] and its chant... Obey the commands that a great love for your own ancient observances itself suggests…
Some may be surprised to find that even more recent popes have lauded the importance of learning ecclesiastical Latin and using it during worship in the life of the Church. In 1978, Pope St. John Paul II made this poignant statement:
We address especially the young people: In an epoch when in some areas, as you know, the Latin language and the human values are less appreciated, you must joyfully accept the patrimony of the language which the Church holds in high esteem and must, with energy, make it fruitful. The well-known words of Cicero, "It is not so much excellent to know Latin, as it is a shame not to know it," in a certain sense are directed to you. We exhort you all to lift up high the torch of Latin which is even today a bond of unity among peoples of all nations.
Further, on Dec. 6, 2017, in a message to the Pontifical Academies, addressing academics and Latin teachers, Pope Francis said that they should "know how to speak to the hearts of the young, know how to treasure the very rich heritage of the Latin tradition to educate them in the path of life, and accompany them along paths rich in hope and confidence."
As faithful children of Mother Church, let us listen to the call to embrace our "mother tongue," savoring her heavenly beauty and relishing in her wonders. By "lifting high the torch of Latin," we will set the world on fire with the love of Christ! Ad maiorem Dei gloriam!
Amanda Evinger Amanda Evinger is the grateful mother of five children (and two others who have died), whom she homeschools with her husband Michael in a "little house on the prairie" in rural North Dakota. A convert from Calvinism, she spends her days in love with the Church and her vocation as wife and mother. She is also a Third Order Carmelite. Amanda has published thousands of articles through Catholic Stewardship Consultants, the Latin Mass Magazine, the Dakota Catholic Action, and the National Catholic Register. Her book, A Catholic Homeschooling Mother's Lesson Planner and Devotional, was published by TAN Books in 2019.
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On September 14th, the Junior High Football Team will be hosting a fundraiser at Buffalo Wild Wings in Beloit, Wisconsin from 5-8pm.
The fundraiser will go to help all the programs at Blackhawk and the Junior High.
There will be a fifty fifty raffle, several prize baskets and three blazing wings challenges. The challenge cost $10. You can go head to head with Mr. McCoy, Mr. Mowbray, or Mr. Block.