text:
Q: Hashing a Tree Structure I've just come across a scenario in my project where it I need to compare different tree objects for equality with already known instances, and have considered that some sort of hashing algorithm that operates on an arbitrary tree would be very useful.
Take for example the following tree:

        O
       / \
      /   \
     O     O
    /|\    |
   / | \   |
  O  O  O  O
          / \
         /   \
        O     O

Where each O represents a node of the tree, is an arbitrary object, has has an associated hash function. So the problem reduces to: given the hash code of the nodes of tree structure, and a known structure, what is a decent algorithm for computing a (relatively) collision-free hash code for the entire tree?
A few notes on the properties of the hash function:

*

*The hash function should depend on the hash code of every node within the tree as well as its position.

*Reordering the children of a node should distinctly change the resulting hash code.

*Reflecting any part of the tree should distinctly change the resulting hash code

If it helps, I'm using C# 4.0 here in my project, though I'm primarily looking for a theoretical solution, so pseudo-code, a description, or code in another imperative language would be fine.

UPDATE
Well, here's my own proposed solution. It has been helped much by several of the answers here.
Each node (sub-tree/leaf node) has the following hash function:
public override int GetHashCode()
{
    int hashCode = unchecked((this.Symbol.GetHashCode() * 31 +
        this.Value.GetHashCode()));
    for (int i = 0; i < this.Children.Count; i++)
        hashCode = unchecked(hashCode * 31 + this.Children[i].GetHashCode());
    return hashCode;
}

The nice thing about this method, as I see it, is that hash codes can be cached and only recalculated when the node or one of its descendants changes. (Thanks to vatine and Jason Orendorff for pointing this out).
Anyway, I would be grateful if people could comment on my suggested solution here - if it does the job well, then great, otherwise any possible improvements would be welcome.

A: Okay, after your edit where you've introduced a requirement that the hashing result should be different for different tree layouts, you're only left with option to traverse the whole tree and write its structure to a single array.
That's done like this: you traverse the tree and dump the operations you do.  For an original tree that could be (for a left-child-right-sibling structure):
[1, child, 2, child, 3, sibling, 4, sibling, 5, parent, parent, //we're at root again
 sibling, 6, child, 7, child, 8, sibling, 9, parent, parent]

You may then hash the list (that is, effectively, a string) the way you like.  As another option, you may even return this list as a result of hash-function, so it becomes collision-free tree representation.
But adding precise information about the whole structure is not what hash functions usually do.  The way proposed should compute hash function of every node as well as traverse the whole tree.  So you may consider other ways of hashing, described below.

If you don't want to traverse the whole tree:
One algorithm that immediately came to my mind is like this.  Pick a large prime number H (that's greater than maximal number of children).  To hash a tree, hash its root, pick a child number H mod n, where n is the number of children of root, and recursively hash the subtree of this child.
This seems to be a bad option if trees differ only deeply near the leaves.  But at least it should run fast for not very tall trees.
If you want to hash less elements but go through the whole tree:
Instead of hashing subtree, you may want to hash layer-wise.  I.e. hash root first, than hash one of nodes that are its children, then one of children of the children etc.  So you cover the whole tree instead of one of specific paths.  This makes hashing procedure slower, of course.
    --- O  ------- layer 0, n=1
       / \
      /   \
 --- O --- O ----- layer 1, n=2
    /|\    |
   / | \   |
  /  |  \  |
 O - O - O O------ layer 2, n=4
          / \
         /   \
 ------ O --- O -- layer 3, n=2

A node from a layer is picked with H mod n rule.
The difference between this version and previous version is that a tree should undergo quite an illogical transformation to retain the hash function.

A: The usual technique of hashing any sequence is combining the values (or hashes thereof) of its elements in some mathematical way. I don't think a tree would be any different in this respect.
For example, here is the hash function for tuples in Python (taken from Objects/tupleobject.c in the source of Python 2.6):
static long
tuplehash(PyTupleObject *v)
{
    register long x, y;
    register Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(v);
    register PyObject **p;
    long mult = 1000003L;
    x = 0x345678L;
    p = v->ob_item;
    while (--len >= 0) {
        y = PyObject_Hash(*p++);
        if (y == -1)
            return -1;
        x = (x ^ y) * mult;
        /* the cast might truncate len; that doesn't change hash stability */
        mult += (long)(82520L + len + len);
    }
    x += 97531L;
    if (x == -1)
        x = -2;
    return x;
}

It's a relatively complex combination with constants experimentally chosen for best results for tuples of typical lengths. What I'm trying to show with this code snippet is that the issue is very complex and very heuristic, and the quality of the results probably depend on the more specific aspects of your data - i.e. domain knowledge may help you reach better results. However, for good-enough results you shouldn't look too far. I would guess that taking this algorithm and combining all the nodes of the tree instead of all the tuple elements, plus adding their position into play will give you a pretty good algorithm.
One option of taking the position into account is the node's position in an inorder walk of the tree.

A: Any time you are working with trees recursion should come to mind:
public override int GetHashCode() {
    int hash = 5381;
    foreach(var node in this.BreadthFirstTraversal()) {
        hash = 33 * hash + node.GetHashCode();
    }
}

The hash function should depend on the hash code of every node within the tree as well as its position.

Check. We are explicitly using node.GetHashCode() in the computation of the tree's hash code. Further, because of the nature of the algorithm, a node's position plays a role in the tree's ultimate hash code.

Reordering the children of a node should distinctly change the resulting hash code.

Check. They will be visited in a different order in the in-order traversal leading to a different hash code. (Note that if there are two children with the same hash code you will end up with the same hash code upon swapping the order of those children.)

Reflecting any part of the tree should distinctly change the resulting hash code

Check. Again the nodes would be visited in a different order leading to a different hash code. (Note that there are circumstances where the reflection could lead to the same hash code if every node is reflected into a node with the same hash code.)

A: The collision-free property of this will depend on how collision-free the hash function used for the node data is.
It sounds like you want a system where the hash of a particular node is a combination of the child node hashes, where order matters.
If you're planning on manipulating this tree a lot, you may want to pay the price in space of storing the hashcode with each node, to avoid the penalty of recalculation when performing operations on the tree.
Since the order of the child nodes matters, a method which might work here would be to combine the node data and children using prime number multiples and addition modulo some large number.
To go for something similar to Java's String hashcode:
Say you have n child nodes.
hash(node) = hash(nodedata) +
             hash(childnode[0]) * 31^(n-1) +
             hash(childnode[1]) * 31^(n-2) +
             <...> +
             hash(childnode[n])

Some more detail on the scheme used above can be found here: http://computinglife.wordpress.com/2008/11/20/why-do-hash-functions-use-prime-numbers/

A: I can see that if you have a large set of trees to compare, then you could use a hash function to retrieve a set of potential candidates, then do a direct comparison.
A substring that would work is just use lisp syntax to put brackets around the tree, write out the identifiere of each node in pre-order. But this is computationally equivalent to a pre-order comparison of the tree, so why not just do that?
I've given 2 solutions: one is for comparing the two trees when you're done (needed to resolve collisions) and the other to compute the hashcode.
TREE COMPARISON:
The most efficient way to compare will be to simply recursively traverse each tree in a fixed order (pre-order is simple and as good as anything else), comparing the node at each step.

*

*So, just create a Visitor pattern that successively returns the next node in pre-order for a tree.  i.e. it's constructor can take the root of the tree.

*Then, just create two insces of the Visitor, that act as generators for the next node in preorder. i.e. Vistor v1 = new Visitor(root1), Visitor v2 =  new Visitor(root2)

*Write a comparison function that can compare itself to another node.

*Then just visit each node of the trees, comparing, and returning false if comparison fails. i.e.
Module
 Function Compare(Node root1, Node root2)
      Visitor v1 = new Visitor(root1)
      Visitor v2 = new Visitor(root2)

      loop
          Node n1 = v1.next
          Node n2 = v2.next
          if (n1 == null) and (n2 == null) then
                return true
          if (n1 == null) or (n2 == null) then
                return false
          if n1.compare(n2) != 0 then
                return false
      end loop
      // unreachable
 End Function

End Module
HASH CODE GENERATION:
if you want to write out a string representation of the tree, you can use the lisp syntax for a tree, then sample the string to generate a shorter hashcode.
Module
 Function TreeToString(Node n1) : String
        if node == null
            return ""
        String s1 = "(" + n1.toString()
        for each child of n1
            s1 = TreeToString(child)

        return s1 + ")"
 End Function

The node.toString() can return the unique label/hash code/whatever for that node. Then you can just do a substring comparison from the strings returned by the TreeToString function to determine if the trees are equivalent. For a shorter hashcode, just sample the TreeToString Function, i.e. take every 5 character.
End Module

A: If I were to do this, I'd probably do something like the following:
For each leaf node, compute the concatenation of 0 and the hash of the node data.
For each internal node, compute the concatenation of 1 and the hash of any local data (NB: may not be applicable) and the hash of the children from left to right.
This will lead to a cascade up the tree every time you change anything, but that MAY be low-enough of an overhead to be worthwhile. If changes are relatively infrequent compared to the amount of changes, it may even make sense to go for a cryptographically secure hash.
Edit1: There is also the possibility of adding a "hash valid" flag to each node and simply propagate a "false" up the tree (or "hash invalid" and propagate "true") up the tree on a node change. That way, it may be possible to avoid a complete recalculation when the tree hash is needed and possibly avoid multiple hash calculations that are not used, at the risk of slightly less predictable time to get a hash when needed.
Edit3: The hash code suggested by Noldorin in the question looks like it would have a chance of collisions, if the result of GetHashCode can ever be 0. Essentially, there is no way of distinguishing a tree composed of a single node, with "symbol hash" 30 and "value hash" 25 and a two-node tree, where the root has a "symbol hash" of 0 and a "value hash" of 30 and the child node has a total hash of 25. The examples are entirely invented, I don't know what expected hash ranges are so I can only comment on what I see in the presented code.
Using 31 as the multiplicative constant is good, in that it will cause any overflow to happen on a non-bit boundary, although I am thinking that, with sufficient children and possibly adversarial content in the tree, the hash contribution from items hashed early MAY be dominated by later hashed items.
However, if the hash performs decently on expected data, it looks as if it will do the job. It's certainly faster than using a cryptographic hash (as done in the example code listed below).
Edit2: As for specific algorithms and minimum data structure needed, something like the following (Python, translating to any other language should be relatively easy).

#! /usr/bin/env  python

import Crypto.Hash.SHA

class Node:
    def __init__ (self, parent=None, contents="", children=[]):
        self.valid = False
        self.hash = False
        self.contents = contents
        self.children = children

    def append_child (self, child):
        self.children.append(child)

        self.invalidate()

    def invalidate (self):
        self.valid = False
        if self.parent:
            self.parent.invalidate()

    def gethash (self):
        if self.valid:
            return self.hash

        digester = crypto.hash.SHA.new()

        digester.update(self.contents)

        if self.children:
            for child in self.children:
                digester.update(child.gethash())
            self.hash = "1"+digester.hexdigest()
        else:
            self.hash = "0"+digester.hexdigest()

        return self.hash

    def setcontents (self):
        self.valid = False
        return self.contents

A: I think you could do this recursively: Assume you have a hash function h that hashes strings of arbitrary length (e.g. SHA-1). Now, the hash of a tree is the hash of a string that is created as a concatenation of the hash of the current element (you have your own function for that) and hashes of all the children of that node (from recursive calls of the function).
For a binary tree you would have:

Hash( h(node->data) || Hash(node->left) || Hash(node->right) )

You may need to carefully check if tree geometry is properly accounted for. I think that with some effort you could derive a method for which finding collisions for such trees could be as hard as finding collisions in the underlying hash function.

A: A simple enumeration (in any deterministic order) together with a hash function that depends when the node is visited should work.
int hash(Node root) {
  ArrayList<Node> worklist = new ArrayList<Node>();
  worklist.add(root);
  int h = 0;
  int n = 0;
  while (!worklist.isEmpty()) {
    Node x = worklist.remove(worklist.size() - 1);
    worklist.addAll(x.children());
    h ^= place_hash(x.hash(), n);
    n++;
  }
  return h;
}

int place_hash(int hash, int place) {
  return (Integer.toString(hash) + "_" + Integer.toString(place)).hash();
}

A: class TreeNode
{
  public static QualityAgainstPerformance = 3; // tune this for your needs
  public static PositionMarkConstan = 23498735; // just anything
  public object TargetObject; // this is a subject of this TreeNode, which has to add it's hashcode;

  IEnumerable<TreeNode> GetChildParticipiants()
  {
   yield return this;

   foreach(var child in Children)
   {
    yield return child;

    foreach(var grandchild in child.GetParticipiants() )
     yield return grandchild;
  }
  IEnumerable<TreeNode> GetParentParticipiants()
  {
   TreeNode parent = Parent;
   do
    yield return parent;
   while( ( parent = parent.Parent ) != null );
  }
  public override int GetHashcode()
  {
   int computed = 0;
   var nodesToCombine =
    (Parent != null ? Parent : this).GetChildParticipiants()
     .Take(QualityAgainstPerformance/2)
    .Concat(GetParentParticipiants().Take(QualityAgainstPerformance/2));

   foreach(var node in nodesToCombine)
   {
    if ( node.ReferenceEquals(this) )
      computed = AddToMix(computed, PositionMarkConstant );
    computed = AddToMix(computed, node.GetPositionInParent());
    computed = AddToMix(computed, node.TargetObject.GetHashCode());
   }
   return computed;
  }
}

AddToTheMix is a function, which combines the two hashcodes, so the sequence matters.
I don't know what it is, but you can figure out. Some bit shifting, rounding, you know...
The idea is that you have to analyse some environment of the node, depending on the quality you want to achieve.

A: I have to say, that you requirements are somewhat against the entire concept of hashcodes.
Hash function computational complexity should be very limited.
It's computational complexity should not linearly depend on the size of the container (the tree), otherwise it totally breaks the hashcode-based algorithms.
Considering the position as a major property of the nodes hash function also somewhat goes against the concept of the tree, but achievable, if you replace the requirement, that it HAS to depend on the position.
Overall principle i would suggest, is replacing MUST requirements with SHOULD requirements.
That way you can come up with appropriate and efficient algorithm.
For example, consider building a limited sequence of integer hashcode tokens, and add what you want to this sequence, in the order of preference.
Order of the elements in this sequence is important, it affects the computed value.
for example for each node you want to compute:

*

*add the hashcode of underlying object

*add the hashcodes of underlying objects of the nearest siblings, if available. I think, even the single left sibling would be enough.

*add the hashcode of underlying object of the parent and it's nearest siblings like for the node itself, same as 2.

*repeat this to with the grandparents to a limited depth.
//--------5------- ancestor depth 2 and it's left sibling;
//-------/|------- ;
//------4-3------- ancestor depth 1 and it's left sibling;
//-------/|------- ;
//------2-1------- this;

the fact that you are adding a direct sibling's underlying object's hashcode gives a positional property to the hashfunction.
if this is not enough, add the children:
You should add every child, just some to give a decent hashcode.

*add the first child and it's first child and it's first child.. limit the depth to some constant, and do not compute anything recursively - just the underlying node's object's hashcode.
//----- this;
//-----/--;
//----6---;
//---/--;
//--7---;

This way the complexity is linear to the depth of the underlying tree, not the total number of elements.
Now you have a sequence if integers, combine them with a known algorithm, like Ely suggests above.
1,2,...7
This way, you will have a lightweight hash function, with a positional property, not dependent on the total size of the tree, and even not dependent on the tree depth, and not requiring to recompute hash function of the entire tree when you change the tree structure.
I bet this 7 numbers would give a hash destribution near to perfect.

A: Writing your own hash function is almost always a bug, because you basically need a degree in mathematics to do it well.  Hashfunctions are incredibly nonintuitive, and have highly unpredictable collision characteristics.
Don't try directly combining hashcodes for Child nodes -- this will magnify any problems in the underlying hash functions.  Instead, concatenate the raw bytes from each node in order, and feed this as a byte stream to a tried-and-true hash function.  All the cryptographic hash functions can accept a byte stream.   If the tree is small, you may want to just create a byte array and hash it in one operation.

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text:
The Internet IP warehouse is empty
Rod Beckstrom, chief executive officer and president of Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) pictured in Palo Alto, California, in January 2011. ICANN reported that the global warehouse for Internet addresses has run empty. (AFP/File/Ryan Anson)
The global warehouse for Internet addresses has run empty.
The non-profit Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) doled out its last five batches of "IP" numbers that identify destinations for digital traffic.
"A pool of more than four billion Internet addresses has been emptied this morning," ICANN chief Rod Beckstrom said at a Miami press conference.
"It is completely depleted. There are no more."
He brushed aside fears of modern life being devastated by an "IPocalypse," saying Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) worldwide will be doling out remaining addresses to support a shift to a bountiful new "IPv6" format.
"It is like running out of license plates," said Internet Architecture Board chairman Olaf Kolkman. "Driving on the road the next day would not change."
The touted solution to the problem is a switch to an "IPv6" format which allows trillions of Internet addresses, while the current IPv4 standard provides a meager four billion or so.
The effort and expense of changing to IPv6 would fall mostly on Internet service providers, websites and network operators that have to make sure systems can handle the new online addresses and properly route traffic.
"If an ISP (internet service provider) gets its act together, it shouldn't be a massive problem," Trefor Davies, chief operating officer of British ISP Timico, told AFP.
"We really should see this as an historic event," he continued. "The very nature of the Internet has changed with the transition."
Beckstrom expected the full switch to IPv6 to take years with potential overall costs in the billions of dollars, some of which could be factored into routine replacement of equipment.
"We are talking about billions of dollars here globally, not trillions of dollars," Beckstrom said.
Consumers, for the most part, should remain oblivious to the switch since complex IP numbers would still appear to them as words and domains, such as icann.org.
"My mother, my neighbor, my kids — they should never notice," Kolkman said.
Some people might need to update routers or modems that connect computers to the Internet.
"All conditions are in place for a successful IPv6 transition," Beckstrom said. "The future of the Internet and the innovation it fosters lies within IPv6."
Registries could begin running out of IPv4 addresses as early as next year, according to US computer scientist Vint Cerf, who is revered as one of the "fathers of the Internet."
"Today's ICANN announcement marks a major milestone in the history of the Internet," Cerf said. "IPv6, the next chapter, is now under way."
ICANN has been calling for a change to IPv6 for years but websites and Internet service providers have been clinging to the old standard since the birth of the Internet.
With about seven billion people on the planet, the IPv4 protocol doesn't allow for everyone to have a gadget with its own online address.
The situation has been equated to not having enough telephone numbers for everyone.
The number of addresses that IPv6 allows for amounts to 340 "undecillion" (followed by 36 zeroes); enough for a trillion people to each be assigned trillions of IP numbers, according to Beckstrom.
IPv4 addresses were expected to run out first in Asia, where demand has been highest as people and businesses in emerging markets embrace online lifestyles.
Once RIRs run out of IPv4 addresses, they will turn to IPv6.
The formats have been likened to different languages, with translation needed for systems to handle both.
Computers and other gadgets that don't get the new format might have to start sharing instead of having unique identifying numbers.
"The Internet won't stop working; it will just slowly degrade," Google engineer Lorenzo Colitti said of not making the move to IPv6. "Things will get slower and flakier."
Google, Facebook and other major Internet players will add IPv6 addresses to their systems in a one-day trial run on June 8 to let all parties involved check for trouble spots.
"We need to kick the tires on it at a global scale and see if there are some unforeseen problems," Colitti said. "There is really a rallying cry element to it. No single player can do it alone; we need to work together."
World IPv6 Day will start at 0001 GMT on June 8.
Adoption of IPv6 is vital to preventing the Internet from becoming "balkanized" with localized addressing frameworks, according to Internet Society chief technology officer Leslie Daigle.
Copyright © 2011 AFP

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The Brattleboro Women's Chorus will perform in concert on Nov. 16 and 17.
The concerts will be on Saturday, Nov. 17, at 7:30 p.m., and Sunday, Nov. 18, at 4 p.m., both at The Brick Church (formerly the First Baptist Church), 190 Main St., Brattleboro. Tickets are available at BrownPaperTickets.org or at the door and are $12 Adult, $20 Generous, and $10 Student and Senior. More information is at BrattleboroWomensChorus.org or 802-254-8994.
BRATTLEBORO—The Brattleboro Women's Chorus will present their annual fall concerts, "Keep Hope Alive," on Nov. 17 and 18 at The Brick Church (formerly the First Baptist Church) on Main Street.
Joining the 80 women and director Becky Graber will be Cathy Martin on piano, Julian McBrowne on bass, and Lisa McCormick on guitar and with her ukulele orchestra.
Several songs will feature arrangements by local musicians, including Andy Davis' four-part arrangement of Let the Life I've Lived and Peter Amidon's Crossing the Bar.
Graber arranged India Arie's I Am Light and there will be songs that were learned by the 19 chorus members who attended the Sister Singers Festival in Michigan last summer, including With Great Love, Stand in That River, and Walk My Own Revolution.
The title song, Keep Hope Alive by Ysaye Barnwell, promises to be a grand finale with ukuleles, bass, singers, and audience all involved.


Kelsi McBarron has been named to the University of Delaware's Dean's List for the Spring 2017 semester.
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text:
Q: How to load view page before executing functions in Xamarin Forms? How to load the view page before executing any functions?
App Process:
1. User will click login button
2. I will navigate to sync page
3. sync page will execute six (6) functions after executing 6 functions it will redirect to my main menu page
The problem is with my number 1 and 2 process. When the user click the login button it will be stuck in my login page then go directly to my main menu page. How can I see the sync page before redirecting to main menu page.
public SyncPage (string host, string database, string contactID)
        {
            InitializeComponent();
            new Task(SyncSetup).Start();
        }

    async void SyncSetup()
    {
        Deletedata();
        InsertUserData(host, database, contactID);
        InsertCAFData(host, database, contactID);
        InsertContactsData(host, database, contactID);
        InsertActivityData(host, database, contactID);
        Device.BeginInvokeOnMainThread(() =>
        {
            // Assuming this function needs to use Main/UI thread to move to your "Main Menu" Page
            OnSyncComplete(host, database, contactID);
        });
    }

A: I would move those functions/processes to a separate thread/task, a super easy way is to use a fire & forget Task and have that task handle those setup processes and then move back to the UI thread in order to move your "Main Menu" page.
Something like this:
string contactID; string host; string database;
public SyncPage (string contactID, string host, string database)
{
    InitializeComponent();
    this.contectID = contactID; this.host = host; this.database = database;
    new Task(SyncSetup).Start(); // Or do this in OnAppearing override
}

protected override void OnAppearing()
{
    base.OnAppearing();
    new Task(SyncSetup).Start(); // This could be an await'd task if need be
}

async void SyncSetup()
{
    Deletedata();
    InsertUserData(host, database, contactID);
    InsertCAFData(host, database, contactID);
    InsertContactsData(host, database, contactID);
    InsertActivityData(host, database, contactID);
    Device.BeginInvokeOnMainThread(() =>
    {
        // Assuming this function needs to use Main/UI thread to move to your "Main Menu" Page
        OnSyncComplete(host, database, contactID);
    });
}


Genome Res. 2009 Apr;19(4):674-81. doi: 10.1101/gr.083402.108. Epub 2009 Feb 13.
HistoneHits: a database for histone mutations and their phenotypes.
Huang H1, Maertens AM, Hyland EM, Dai J, Norris A, Boeke JD, Bader JS.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University and School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
A nucleosome crystal structure is colored according to evolutionary conservation scores (A), number of mutant/assay combinations tested (B), and the fraction of mutant/assay combinations giving a non-wild-type phenotype (C).
The database can be searched through a web interface with a flexible combination of keys, including proteins, mutated positions, mutated PTM sites, original amino acids, assays, and phenotypic classes.
The search result page integrates assay results with sequence, structural, PTM, and SNP information.


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text:
Ірма () — муніципалітет в Італії, у регіоні Ломбардія, провінція Брешія.

Ірма розташована на відстані близько 470 км на північ від Рима, 95 км на схід від Мілана, 29 км на північ від Брешії.

Населення —   (2014).

Демографія

Сусідні муніципалітети

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text:
Observer > 2009 > February > All Brains Are the Same Color
Presidential Column
All Brains Are the Same Color
Walter Mischel Columns
After five columns on the urban legends in our science that may inadvertently undermine some of our efforts to build an integrative and cumulative psychological science, the next few columns will be cheerier. They illustrate innovative, integrative work at the vanguard of the field that crosses the boundaries of our sub-disciplines in new directions. Richard Nisbett's "All Brains are the Same Color," originally published in the New York Times, gives a taste of what we can expect when he delivers the "Bring the Family" address at the forthcoming APS convention this May, and I am delighted to welcome his work in this space.
Walter Mischel, APS President
James Watson, the 1962 Nobel laureate, recently asserted that he was "inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa" and its citizens because "all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours — whereas all the testing says not really."
Watson's remarks created a huge stir because they implied that blacks were genetically inferior to whites, and the controversy resulted in his resignation as chancellor of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. But was he right? Is there a genetic difference between blacks and whites that condemns blacks in perpetuity to be less intelligent?
The first notable public airing of the scientific question came in a 1969 article in The Harvard Educational Review by Arthur Jensen, a psychologist at the University of California, Berkeley. Jensen maintained that a 15-point difference in IQ between blacks and whites was mostly due to a genetic difference between the races that could never be erased. But his argument gave a misleading account of the evidence. And others who later made the same argument — Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray in "The Bell Curve," in 1994, for example, and just recently, William Saletan in a series of articles on Slate — have made the same mistake.
In fact, the evidence heavily favors the view that race differences in IQ are environmental in origin, not genetic.
The hereditarians begin with the assertion that 60 percent to 80 percent of variation in IQ is genetically determined. However, most estimates of heritability have been based almost exclusively on studies of middle-class groups. For the poor, a group that includes a substantial proportion of minorities, heritability of IQ is very low, in the range of 10 percent to 20 percent, according to recent research by Eric Turkheimer at the University of Virginia. This means that for the poor, improvements in environment have great potential to bring about increases in IQ.
In any case, the degree of heritability of a characteristic tells us nothing about how much the environment can affect it. Even when a trait is highly heritable (think of the height of corn plants), modifiability can also be great (think of the difference growing conditions can make).
Nearly all the evidence suggesting a genetic basis for the IQ differential is indirect. There is, for example, the evidence that brain size is correlated with intelligence and that blacks have smaller brains than whites. But the brain size difference between men and women is substantially greater than that between blacks and whites, yet men and women score the same, on average, on IQ tests. Likewise, a group of people in a community in Ecuador have a genetic anomaly that produces extremely small head sizes — and hence brain sizes. Yet their intelligence is as high as that of their unaffected relatives.
Why rely on such misleading and indirect findings when we have much more direct evidence about the basis for the IQ gap? About 25 percent of the genes in the American black population are European, meaning that the genes of any individual can range from 100 percent African to mostly European. If European intelligence genes are superior, then blacks who have relatively more European genes ought to have higher IQs than those who have more African genes. But it turns out that skin color and "negroidness" of features — both measures of the degree of a black person's European ancestry — are only weakly associated with IQ (even though we might well expect a moderately high association due to the social advantages of such features).
During World War II, both black and white American soldiers fathered children with German women. Thus, some of these children had 100 percent European heritage, and some had substantial African heritage. Tested in later childhood, the German children of the white fathers were found to have an average IQ of 97, and those of the black fathers had an average of 96.5, a trivial difference.
If European genes conferred an advantage, we would expect that the smartest blacks would have substantial European heritage. But when a group of investigators sought out the very brightest black children in the Chicago school system and asked them about the race of their parents and grandparents, these children were found to have no greater degree of European ancestry than blacks in the population at large.
Most tellingly, blood-typing tests have been used to assess the degree to which black individuals have European genes. The blood group assays show no association between degree of European heritage and IQ. Similarly, the blood groups most closely associated with high intellectual performance among blacks are no more European in origin than other blood groups.
The closest thing to direct evidence that the hereditarians have is a study from the 1970s showing that black children who had been adopted by white parents had lower IQs than those of mixed-race children adopted by white parents. But, as the researchers acknowledged, the study had many flaws; for instance, the black children had been adopted at a substantially later age than the mixed-race children, and later age at adoption is associated with lower IQ.
A superior adoption study — and one not discussed by the hereditarians — was carried out at Arizona State University by the psychologist Elsie Moore, who looked at black and mixed-race children adopted by middle-class families, either black or white, and found no difference in IQ between the black and mixed-race children. Most telling is Moore's finding that children adopted by white families had IQs 13 points higher than those of children adopted by black families. The environments that even middle-class black children grow up in are not as favorable for the development of IQ as those of middle-class whites.
Important recent psychological research helps to pinpoint just what factors shape differences in IQ scores. Joseph Fagan of Case Western Reserve University and Cynthia Holland of Cuyahoga Community College tested blacks and whites on their knowledge of, and their ability to learn and reason with, words and concepts. The whites had substantially more knowledge of the various words and concepts, but when participants were tested on their ability to learn new words, either from dictionary definitions or by learning their meaning in context, the blacks did just as well as the whites.
Whites showed better comprehension of sayings, better ability to recognize similarities, and better facility with analogies — when solutions required knowledge of words and concepts that were more likely to be known to whites than to blacks. But when these kinds of reasoning were tested with words and concepts known equally well to blacks and whites, there were no differences. Within each race, prior knowledge predicted learning and reasoning, but between the races it was prior knowledge only that differed.
What do we know about the effects of environment?
That environment can markedly influence IQ is demonstrated by the so-called Flynn Effect. James Flynn, a philosopher and IQ researcher in New Zealand, has established that in the Western world as a whole, IQ increased markedly from 1947 to 2002. In the United States alone, it went up by 18 points. Our genes could not have changed enough over such a brief period to account for the shift; it must have been the result of powerful social factors. And if such factors could produce changes over time for the population as a whole, they could also produce big differences between subpopulations at any given time.
In fact, we know that the IQ difference between black and white 12-year-olds has dropped to 9.5 points from 15 points in the last 30 years — a period that was more favorable for blacks in many ways than the preceding era. Black progress on the National Assessment of Educational Progress shows equivalent gains. Reading and math improvement has been modest for whites but substantial for blacks.
Most important, we know that interventions at every age from infancy to college can reduce racial gaps in both IQ and academic achievement, sometimes by substantial amounts in surprisingly little time. This mutability is further evidence that the IQ difference has environmental, not genetic, causes. And it should encourage us, as a society, to see that all children receive ample opportunity to develop their minds.
From The New York Times, December 9, 2007 © 2007 The New York Times. All rights reserved. Used by permission and protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States. The printing, copying, redistribution, or retransmission of the Material without express written permission is prohibited.
Children, Creativity, and the Real Key to Intelligence
APS President Alison Gopnik writes that the contrast between the reasoning of creative 4-year-olds and predictable artificial intelligence may be a key to understanding how human intelligence works.
Research highlights from APS journals.
A sample of research exploring rationality in joint action; parenting, poverty, and brain connectivity; coupling between vocabulary and reasoning; and links between visual attention and perceived emotion.


Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell is delivering his quarterly news conference Wednesday, following the central bank's two-day policy meeting. The Federal Open Market Committee raised interest rates and upped its economic projections. The central bank also dropped "accommodative" from the description of its monetary policy stance in the Wednesday statement.
Questions likely to come Powell's way include the ongoing trade war, the longer-range view of the economy and the Fed's view on its targets for growth.


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The Planning Commission (denoted as PC) is a financial and public policy development institution of the Government of Pakistan. The Commission comes under Ministry of Planning, Development and Reforms. The Planning Commission undertakes research studies and state policy development initiatives for the growth of national economy and the expansion of the public and state infrastructure of the country in tandem with the Ministry of Finance (MoF). Since 1952, the commission have had a major influence and role in formulating the highly centralized and planned five-year plans for the national economy, for most of the 20th century in Pakistan. Although the five-year plans were replaced by Medium Term Development Framework, the commission still played an influential and central role in the development of the programme. Furthermore, the Public Sector Development Programmes (PSDP) also placed under the domain of the planning commission. The commission's authoritative figures includes a Chairman who is the Prime Minister, assisted by the deputy chairman, and a science advisor.
"To manage Pakistan's socio-economic development in a strategic
and sustainable manner"


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Names for an Advent Baby
Dec 21, 2016 1:30:46 PM | by Kate Towne
I think every name writer thinks about putting together a piece on Christmas names each year. Trouble is, there are only so many names! I made my own list of Christmas names a couple of years ago (but this one is better), and I wrote about Holy Family names and O Antiphon names last year, so this year I thought I'd come up with a list of Advent names. And not just Advent names, but *new* names, not the same names everybody has written about forever and ever for babies born this time of year.
Easier said than done!
So many of the names that could qualify as Advent names are also legitimately Christmas names—no Advent list would be complete without them, like Mary, Joseph, Emmanuel (is O Come O Come Emmanuel not one of the most Adventy of songs?), Gabriel, John and Baptist, Elizabeth, Zechariah, and Belén (the Spanish for Bethlehem) or even Bethlehem itself. Also, even though I didn't package it that way, my O Antiphons list is explicitly Adventy, since it refers to titles of the coming Messiah as noted by Isaiah in the context of the O Antiphons — it's all prophecy and anticipation about Christmas.
Via Pixabay (2013), CC0 Public Domain
[Tweet "Liturgically correct baby names for #Advent? @SanctaNomina has ideas!"]
My readers and I were able to come up with a few new ideas though—here are some Advent names that you'll likely not find on any list of Christmas names:
Andrew: Despite the fact (as one of my readers pointed out) it makes sense to count back four Sundays from Christmas to determine the first Sunday of Advent, all the sources say it's set on the first Sunday near the feast of St. Andrew (Nov. 30). Did you already know that? I didn't! How cool!
Anticipation names: Hope itself often makes it onto lists of Christmas names, but there are loads of others that can refer to the hope, waiting, expectation, and patience of Advent: Esperanza (g, "hope"), Itxaro (g, "hope"), Nadya/Nadia (g, "hope"), Nadine (g, "hope"), Paraskeve (g, "preparation"), Patience (g, "patience"), and Tikva (g, "hope").
Joy names: Joy also often makes lists of Christmas names, and between the "Rejoice" of Gaudete Sunday (the third Sunday of Advent, when we light the third [pink/rose] candle) and the fact that the third candle is called the Candle of Joy, a Joy name is quite appropriate for Advent. There are so many names connected to it that would make a nice (though subtle) nod to Advent, like Fayne (b, "glad"), Hilary (g, "cheerful"), Maeve (g, "cause of great joy"), and Simcha (g/b, "happiness, joy"). Another unusual option—and perhaps too much of a stretch for some—is Catherine, as St. Catherine of Siena was known to be so joyful as a child that she was nicknamed Euphrosyne, which is Greek for "joy." You could certainly use Euphrosyne, but Catherine's a bit easier!
Isaiah: This Old Testament prophet foretold the coming of the Messiah and shared all those amazing titles of the Messiah as remembered in the O Antiphons.
Lydia: Lydia in the New Testament was a seller of purple cloth — this could be a subtle connection to the three purple candles of the Advent wreath.
Old Testament ancestors of Jesus: I wrote about Jesus' genealogy here and here — using one of His ancestors' names is a neat way of nodding to the centuries of preparation for the first Christmas.
Rorate Caeli/Coeli: This is probably my craziest+coolest idea! As explained by the Catholic Encyclopedia at New Advent:
"(Vulgate, text), the opening words of Isaiah 45:8. The text is used frequently both at Mass and in the Divine Office during Advent, as it gives exquisite poetical expression to the longings of Patriarchs and Prophets, and symbolically of the Church, for the coming of the Messias. Throughout Advent it occurs daily as the versicle and response at Vespers. For this purpose the verse is divided into the versicle, "Rorate coeli desuper et nubes pluant justum" (Drop down dew, ye heavens, from above, and let the clouds rain the just), and the response: "Aperiatur terra et germinet salvatorem" (Let the earth be opened and send forth a Saviour"). The text is also used: (a) as the Introit for the Fourth Sunday in Advent, for Wednesday in Ember Week, for the feastof the Expectation of the Blessed Virgin, and for votive Masses of the Blessed Virgin during Advent; (b) as a versicle in the first responsory of Tuesday in the first week of Advent; (c) as the first antiphon at Lauds for the Tuesday preceding Christmas and the second antiphon at Matins of the Expectation of the Blessed Virgin; (d) in the second responsory for Friday of the third week of Advent and in the fifth responsory in Matins of the Expectation of the Blessed Virgin."
The nickname Rory could totally make Rorate as a first name doable! What do you think? Crazy? Cool? Both?
Rose: Of course Rose always refers to Our Lady, but it can also refer to the pink candle on the Advent wreath, lit on the third Sunday of Advent (also known as Gaudete Sunday; Gaudete=Rejoice).
Violet: Did you know that the official color of Advent is violet? We might call them purple candles, but violet is more appropriate—and perfect for an Advent baby!
What do you think of these Advent names? Would you consider them for an Advent baby, or are they too un-obvious for your taste? I'd love to know what unexpected/new names you can add to the list!
The Power of Names
Be Counter-cultural: Name Your Baby Mary
Saints' Birth Names: Great for Babynaming


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A family consisting of 12 beneficiaries to a foundation in Liechtenstein came to Thorn Law Group for help in resolving issues regarding their non-compliance with U.S. Tax Law. After the client's IRS voluntary disclosure was originally mishandled by another attorney, Mr. Thorn was able to salvage their case. He helped the family execute an IRS voluntary disclosure of their shared assets and helped them cope with an abusive IRS agent as well as the turmoil that ensued due to the high net worth of their uncle's estate. The case was one of only a very few if its kind to potentially be tried within the U.S. court system and against the Department of Justice. In the end, Mr. Thorn was able to reach a settlement with both the IRS and the Department of Justice that was extremely advantageous to the clients. With the perseverance of Mr. Thorn and his team, the family not only saved over 6 million dollars, but also avoided the high costs and frustrations of trial.
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Is My Property Protected If I File Bankruptcy In Ohio?
As anyone who has faced overwhelming debt likely knows, it can be an especially frightening experience when you are unable to pay your bills. However, individuals buried by debt need to know that they should not be ashamed of their situation as almost anyone can fall victim to unforeseen financial circumstances – such as unplanned medical bills, job loss or divorce.
Situations like these are prime examples of why bankruptcy laws were created in the first place. For instance, not only can bankruptcy provide indebted individuals with a much-needed financial fresh start, but bankruptcy also allows individuals to keep much, and in many cases all, of their property following the process – including those who file for bankruptcy in Ohio.
Federal bankruptcy law expressly permits those filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy to exempt several types of property from the bankruptcy estate, essentially protecting these assets from being taken – meaning the person will be able to keep the property. Moreover, the federal bankruptcy code allows each state to establish what the limits of these exemptions will be for individuals filing for bankruptcy within that state.
Ultimately, however, probably the most important bankruptcy exemption in Ohio is the homestead exemption, which earlier this year increased significantly to $132,900.
Consequently, under current Ohio law, a homeowner is able to protect $132,900 in home equity. Importantly, this exemption amount doubles to $265,800 in Ohio if the home is jointly owned – such as when owned by a married couple – and the owners file for bankruptcy. Therefore, if the current equity in your home is no more than $265,800 if jointly held, or $132,900 if individually held, it is likely exempt (protected).
Often times, those considering bankruptcy find themselves stuck in the complex laws that govern the process. Even worse, some individuals attempt to "go it alone" when filing for bankruptcy and end up making costly mistakes. Accordingly, if you are currently contemplating bankruptcy as a solution to insurmountable debt, it is best to seek the counsel of an experienced bankruptcy attorney. A skilled attorney can help you navigate confusing laws and assist in completely the process properly and efficiently. Contact our firm today for your free consultation.


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Buy Local, Think National
The folks who brought you Buy Local have a more ambitious future in mind for the Northwest. Think national model for sustainable communities.
Floyd McKay
/ March 9, 2009
Terra Breads in Vancouver
Some 40 representatives of Washington communities interested in catching the next wave of green, sustainable community life were in Bellingham this month to hear from people who have put the city in the national spotlight for community-based business.
Sustainable Connections, host for the meetings, is best known for a Buy Local effort that has attracted national attention, including a recent Business Week profile that highlighted buy-local efforts as a way to keep tight money at home during the fiscal recession. Of the 20-odd local organizations listed in the article, Sustainable Connections (SC), with 11 staff members, was the only one with more than a couple of employees.
That's because Buy Local, the program SC began in 2003, is only one of several approaches to community sustainability in the SC arsenal. Sustainable Connections has grown to 600-plus local, independently-owned business members, a board of directors of 13 business owners, and an annual budget of $500,000, according to the SC Web site.
Sustainable Connections is very organic and very Bellingham-centric; few of the 600-plus members are from rural Whatcom County, or Skagit or Island counties, the area of Sustainable Connections operations. Where the effort moves beyond Bellingham, however, is the Sustainable Connections effort on green building, renewable energy and local agriculture. Each of those fields has its own network directed by an SC staffer.
Key to success in promoting sustainability is engaging small-business owners, who bring credibility that may be lacking in eager activists. Creation of SC in 2002 was largely due to the work of a builder, Rick Dubrow, and bookstore owner Chuck Robinson. Without a strong network of local business owners who stand to benefit from sustainable practices, there is little fertile soil to nurture a local campaign.
Business outreach is the heart of the SC effort, and the organization will host an April Future of Business Conference, expected to draw about 400 people from the region. The agenda notes:
We're experiencing fundamental shifts in the cultural, economic and environmental landscape; studies show these changes aren't likely to reverse anytime soon. Learn what changing consumer attitudes, the current economic turmoil, and a new administration mean to your business. (Hint: The opportunities are clean, green and local.)
This is a serious expansion beyond Buy Local and makes Sustainable Connections stand out, placing it in a position to benefit from changed priorities in the Obama Administration. Executive Director Michelle Long cites the president's emphasis on green energy as an economic driver, and reforms to traditional farm subsidies as examples of a long list of areas where new federal priorities will help local sustainability.
Bellingham builder Rick duBrow, credited as co-founder of CS, is enthusiastic about Obama's approach to green building, and notes that CS and local builders are already working on how to approach weatherization, retrofitting and other items in Obama's package.
Consumer awareness has shifted, Long believes. "Trust has become an issue . . . failed finances, bad products from China . . . people distrust large corporations." There is some evidence that they trust their neighbors better than distant corporations.
The Hartman Group, a leading research and marketing firm working extensively with sustainability, conducted a national survey in late September, just as the financial crisis was unwinding. Although the term "sustainability" is still vague in the minds of most consumers (see a Wikepedia discussion of the term), Hartman found respondents "often point to words and phrases that reference the greater good. . . . we find that sustainability is reflected at the consumer level in a myriad of behaviors, from purchases and non-purchases to voting and volunteerism . . . . Consumers say today that for something to be truly responsible in one way, it should not cause great detriment in another." The report's executive summary notes that "the consumer notion of doing the right thing for the common good is an even stronger guiding principle that establishes hope, even in what seem to be hard times."
A study by the Institute for Local Self-Reliance, one of several networks involved in local sustainability, found that independent retailers in selected categories fared better during the 2008 Christmas holiday than did competing chains, and that independent businesses in communities with buy-local campaigns did better than counterparts in other communities.
Buy-local organizations exist in about 130 communities nationwide, ILSR researcher Stacey Mitchell estimates, and although the communities range from small towns to cities as large as Philadelphia, buy-local and sustainability have their best footing in communities with progressive politics.
Portland, a paragon of progressive politics, has a sustainability bureau in city government, and local efforts range from the Sustainable Business Network of Portland and a network of farmer's markets to a separate network of organic farmers organized to connect with city consumers. But organizing in large cities is difficult, with their diverse neighborhoods, and efforts in urban centers often focus on discrete neighborhoods and icon businesses, such as bookstores, theaters or eateries. Neighborhoods like Seattle's Fremont, where the Seattle Times found informal buy-local sentiments.
Success is often greatest in midsized communities with universities and progressive politics, such as Madison, Wis.; Corvallis, Ore.; and Austin, Texas. Bellingham has a substantial university community, a prosperous and active grocery cooperative, well-patronized credit unions, excellent new- and used-book stores, and a substantial organic-farming movement. "This community was predisposed to some extent," says Village Books owner Robinson. "They see the fabric of the community intertwined with local ownership."
Sustainable Connections makes no excuses for its progressive positions. "The world needs a fundamental transformation in how we do business," Long believes. The Longs — Michelle's husband, Derek, is SC's program director — have been at the center of much of the sustainable-community movement. While starting Sustainable Connections in Bellingham they also pioneered Business Alliance for Local Living Economies (BALLE), a national network of community-based groups in a half-dozen fields.
Sustainable Connections' point of view, widely known in the community, has meant that not every locally owned business supports SC. Notably missing are some firms that obviously benefit from buy-local efforts but also connect closely with construction, building supplies and hardware, non-organic agriculture and other businesses that often deal with customers of more conservative political views.
For the sustainable-community movement, the election of Barack Obama was a green light after eight years of an administration that was opposed to nearly all their goals and standards. Before they could break out the champagne, the financial system collapsed, leaving them wondering if the new administration would have any time left for programs they support.
The success of the limited buy-local efforts in scattered communities encourages the movement, but is perhaps the easiest task on the table &emdash; in times of distress, neighbors will want to help neighbors. Much more difficult will be finding support for sustainable farming practices that may cost more at the grocery, or energy-efficient cars and household appliances that require capital investments. Tax credits in the Obama recovery plan will help, but only if people have the money to spend in the first place.
It's a conundrum. Ordinary Americans are clearly fed up with corporate greed and supportive of businesses they know, but at the same time they are dealing with budgets pared to the bone. The soaring expectations from progressive victories at the polls are tempered by the harsh reality of financial collapse. Quite a challenge for the nascent sustainable-communities movement.
Floyd J. McKay, professor of journalism emeritus at Western Washington University, was a print and broadcast journalist in Oregon for three decades.


Dish of the week • Lasagna Classica ($11).
(Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Lasagna classica with bolognese sauce from Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem.
It's absolutely true that you can taste the difference in food made with love. If that's not something you've experienced before, the Lasagna Classica at Terra Mia Cucina Italiana in Draper will fill the gaping hole in your heart — and stomach.
The recipe dates back at least two generations, handed down from grandmother to grandson (the restaurant's owner) — both native Italians. With six layers of noodles, various cheeses and a hearty Bolognese that takes six hours to make, the casserole hit every marker perfectly. Eating it, you almost feel like part of their family.
Terra Mia Cucina Italiana • 12361 Minuteman Drive, Draper; 801-571-4779 or http://terramiapizza.com/. Open 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. and 4:30 to 9 p.m. Monday through Saturday.
(Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Chef Gerardo Denzo prepares an order of spaghetti alla carbonara with bacon, onion, cream and egg at Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem. (Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Ernesto Lo Russo, chef and owner of Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem, rotates a wood fired pizza to reach perfection for customers during a recent lunch hour. (Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Freshly made in house paesano bread from Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem. (Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Chef Guliani Luca prepares a Margherita Pizza at Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem. (Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Focaccia Americana featuring BBQ sauce, onion, chicken breast and mozzarella from Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem. (Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Ernesto Lo Russo, chef and owner of Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem, converses with customers during a recent lunch hour. (Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Focaccia Americana featuring BBQ sauce, onion, chicken breast and mozzarella from Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem. (Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Tomato basil soup from Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem. (Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Caprese salad with fresh in house made paesano bread from Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem. (Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Lasagna classica with bolognese sauce from Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem. (Francisco Kjolseth | The Salt Lake Tribune) Terra Mia Italian restaurant in Draper, a sister restaurant to Terra Mia in Orem, offers a fresh taste of Italy.


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Full of newly built shopping malls and world-class restaurants, Nairobi is a densely-packed city that manages to feel close to nature. Hotels in Nairobi There are Nairobi hotels to suit all sorts of budgets. If you just want a base to explore the city, choose one of the 1 or 2-star guesthouses which are popular with backpackers.
In Nairobi, we have a few international chains who have come to Kenya and that has seen the increase in five star-hotels," he said. EnglishPoint Marina Group Director of Operations Sumeet Shandilya.
UAE-based Rotana has signed a management agreement with Mullion Contractors Limited to manage a new five-star hotel and serviced apartments in Nairobi. Set to open in. projections of around 6 per.
The number of five-star hotels in Nairobi has been growing rapidly. Gone are the days when five stars were a preserve of elite whites, a top government bureaucrat and expatriates working with.
A stay at our five-star luxury hotel can be whatever you want it to be and we make no compromises in providing an experience our guests will always remember. Sankara Hotels & Resorts. Sankara Hotels & Resorts creates and operates luxury and upper midscale hotels that set industry standards in the markets in which we operate.
13 new hotels to enter Kenya in next five years. brands scheduled to open hotels in Kenya during the next five years," PwC says in Hotel Outlook report. of Four Points by Sheraton Nairobi.
Then there are those who prefer staying in five-star hotels whenever they are in Nairobi. At one point in a case involving a governor from western Kenya, the county accumulated Sh5 million in.
Nine people have been arrested in Kenya following an attack on a luxury hotel compound in the capital Nairobi that killed at least 21 people. toilets and even under tables. The five-star DusitD2.
The Normalization Committee of the Ghana Football Association has denied reports that players and technical members of the Black Stars were left stranded in Kenya. Nairobi were bused from Jomo.
Kenya's president says security forces have killed all militants who stormed an upscale hotel complex in Nairobi in an attack that killed. but CCTV clips showed at least five dressed in black. One.
Mövenpick Hotels & Resorts has made its debut in Kenya with the official opening of Mövenpick Hotel & Residences Nairobi. The property features. The property offers five dining experiences: the.
Palacina features stylish spaces celebrating the spirit of Kenya. Our country. We are a family owned and managed boutique hotel and not a large "chain" property. Get the best night's sleep in Nairobi on our luxury memory foam mattresses.
NAIROBI, KENYA— Extremists stormed a luxury hotel in Kenya. A witness who gave his name only as Ken said he saw five bodies at the hotel entrance. Other people were shouting for help and "when we.
Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta (C front) cuts the ribbon during the opening ceremony of the Two Rivers Investment in Nairobi, Kenya, Feb. 17, 2017. The Two Rivers Investment Project, which consists.
5 star Hotels in Nairobi. Are you searching for a 5 star hotel in Nairobi? Via.com offers you a seamless and user-friendly interface where you can search, choose and book the best rated 5 star hotels in Nairobi within seconds.
lack of Kenya's traditional foods on the menu and poor infrastructure and hospitality facilities worthy of their stature. "The Parliamentary Service Commission should employ professional chefs.
Jan 15, 2019. attack on the DusitD2 hotel in Nairobi, Kenya, according to the authorities. takes responsibility for terrorist attack on luxury Kenya hotel.
The number of five-star hotels in Nairobi has been growing rapidly. lit at night, stupendously big, you would be forgiven to think that you are not in Kenya.
However, four years on, it is clear these heavy-handed tactics are not stopping Al-Shabab attacks in Kenya. In January, more than 20 people were killed in an attack on a five-star hotel in Nairobi.
Looking for a Nairobi Hotel? 3-star hotels from $14 and 4 stars+ from $40. Stay at Fairmont The Norfolk from $169/night, Sarova Panafric from $115/night, Safari Park Hotel And Casino from $173/night and more. Compare prices of 1417 hotels in Nairobi on KAYAK now.
5 star hotels in Kenya stand out because they go all out when it comes to lavish living. For example, they have spacious rooms and suites overlooking serene landscape, a park or the ocean. Suites at the Southern Sun Mayfair in Nairobi and Fairmont the Norfolk overlook a beautiful garden within the premise, and Nairobi Serena Hotel suites face.
Bangkok-based hotel and resort chain, Dusit International, opened its five-star hotel in Nairobi in 2014, dubbed DusitD2 Nairobi. is among the global hotel chains which have set up shop in Kenya.
Dec 26, 2018. management agreement with Mullion Contractors Limited to manage a new five-star hotel and hotel apartments in Kenyan capital of Nairobi.
There are big and small luxury hotels in Kenya. 5 star hotels are scattered across the cities, towns and in the game reserves. Luxury boutique hotels in Kenya are a great place to stay during your Kenya vacation. Some luxury boutique hotels in Nairobi include Tribe hotel, and the Giraffe Manor.
21 Best Luxury 5 Star Hotels in Kenya, Africa images | 5.
Four Points by Sheraton Nairobi Airport topped the Best Airport hotel category in Kenya and Africa as well as best large hotel in Kenya and Africa and International five-star Hotel 2018-2019. "We are.
UAE-based Rotana has signed a hotel management agreement with Mullion Contractors Limited to manage a new five-star hotel and hotel apartments in Kenyan capital of Nairobi. When opened, the new.
Best prices on 5910 hotels in Kenya ✅ Book accommodation in Nairobi, Mombasa, Naivasha, Get an additional 10% discount on top of great deals in London.
it is clear these heavy-handed tactics are not stopping Al-Shabab attacks in Kenya. In January, more than 20 people were killed in an attack on a five-star hotel in Nairobi. And as in other areas.
Welcome to the Windsor Explore our Hotel. The hotel is a mere 15 minutes drive from Nairobi's Central Business District and 45. Luxury Accommodation. The Windsor Golf Hotel and Country Club is a Kenyan 5 star hotel resort with a.


Author Billing – Disney's Beauty and the Beast Jr.
In accordance with the Dramatic Performing Rights License, all advertising, such as posters and program covers, must include the show logo as provided in the ShowKit® Director's Guide and all of the following author billing.
The billing to you must be in the form specified above, including the words "Production of" below your billing, which shall be visually contiguous with the title, all so that the audience is informed that you are the producer. Your billing shall be no less than 50% of the size of the logo or artwork title, as measured by the proportion of the average size of your name to the largest letter in the logo or artwork title. The name "Disney's" shall be in plain type font, shall be no more than 33% of the title, as measured by the proportion of the size of the "D" in "Disney's" to the size of the largest letters in the title, and in no event may you duplicate the Broadway logo or title nor the logo and title from the Walt Disney film "Beauty and The Beast" (the "Film"), unless you separately license the right to use the Broadway logo. If you do separately license the right to use the Broadway logo, then you shall duplicate such logo and billing credits exactly as provided, including the fonts.
The size of credits to the authors shall be no less than 20% of the artwork or logo title as measured by the proportion of the average size of their names to the largest letter in the logo or artwork title.


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'Distracting' yoga pants banned by officials at North Dakota high school
By Corinne Lestch
No-mas-te.
Girls at a North Dakota high school have been banned from wearing yoga pants and other tight legware to school because officials claim they are "too distracting," according to NBC News.
Devils Lake High School barred female students from coming to class in tight stretchy yoga pants, jeggings and skinny jeans in an effort to keep students — and teachers — focused on the classwork at hand.
"In some cases, there will be young male teachers and they can't tell you, of course, what you're wearing is distracting," said senior Mariah Fixen. "So they have to get a female teacher to tell you."
Fixen added that the new policy will force students to find other comfy, casual threads.
"That's what everybody wears," she said of the stretchy pants. "That's they're whole wardrobe. So basically, sweatpants every day is what (administrators are) really asking for now."
Skinny jeans are among the tight legwear banned by Devils Lake High School. (michaeljung/Getty Images/iStockphoto)
Another student told the news outlet that school officials should tackle serious issues like bullying instead of teens' choice of clothing.
"Especially when there's bullying and all that stuff that they're not taking seriously, like online stuff, people tweeting about each other," said senor Taylor Gilbertson. "They should be focusing more on that than yoga pants and dumb stuff like that. We should be able to wear what we want."
Even parents think school officials have their pants bunched up too tightly.
"The boys should be able to control themselves (and) the girls should be able to wear the leggings and the jeggings and the skorts," said one parent. "When I was in high school, we wore a little bit more provocative clothign than what they do now."


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Donovan Mitchell will play in Game 2 against Thunder
By: David Wells
OKLAHOMA CITY — Utah Jazz shooting guard Donovan Mitchell will be available for Wednesday's game against the Oklahoma City Thunder and he will start, according to a tweet by the Utah Jazz.
Earlier in the day, Mitchell said he would make a final decision right before Wednesday's game.
"It's pretty much a game time decision right now, but it's looking good right now, I think," Mitchell said in an interview Wednesday morning.
Mitchell suffered a bruised left foot Sunday in a 108-116 loss to the Thunder. He said his decision about playing in Game 2 Wednesday evening will depend on the amount of pain he's feeling.
"I couldn't give you like a number, but it's not too bad. I'm fine," Mitchell said when asked about his pain level Wednesday morning.
Donovan Mitchell will be available for tonight's game and will start. pic.twitter.com/s8IKRbCVeQ
— Utah Jazz (@utahjazz) April 18, 2018


The largest sailing yacht legal to charter in Spanish waters and in South France, is very keen to secure charters this summer! She is offering the following special rates for bookings of minimum 1 week secured before 31st May 2012 : - Euro 51.000/week for Spain & South France charters in July and August, instead of euro 56.000. - Euro 45.000/week in June and September, instead of euro 49.000. It has large interior volume, great layout and 5 cabins, 4 of which convertible. Features including sauna and gym. Completely refitted through 2009/2011, she is in top conditions and her crew lead by Captain Pablo always exceed clients' expectations.


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Austinmer Bathers Pavilion
When will we refurbish the Pavilion?
What improvements are proposed?
How are we improving access to buildings and other public spaces across Wollongong?
What will be the lifespan of the Pavilion?
What are the heritage implications of the revised design?
What temporary amenities will we provide during construction?
What access will be available during construction?
Construction is scheduled to commence in mid 2020.
This depends on a successful tendering process being undertaken and negotiating a commencement date with the contractor.
· An accessible amenity, with toilet, shower and an adult change table will be provided
· Concrete repairs to the external and internal walls and floor will be undertaken and durability provided using an alternate cathodic protection system
· The existing roof slab and balustrade will be retained with concrete patch repair undertaken.
· We will replace the existing lightweight roofs at the north and south ends of the building with new roof sheeting
· The building will be repainted inside and outside, and an epoxy floor coating installed inside.
· New toilets, showers (without doors) and all fittings including benches and hooks will be installed
· There will be no changes to the internal layout of the building other than the insertion of the accessible amenity (with access through the front wall) and the relocation of some showers
· A new concrete topping will be added to address the water ponding issue along the eastern side of the building
· Limited amount of new service reticulation and drainage required
· The existing Swim Club noticeboard will be removed during refurbishment and reinstalled on the eastern wall.
Council has been working for many years to improve access to our buildings. We install amenities in all new buildings to meet access standards and are upgrading existing buildings to make access easier. We installed our first adult change table at Stuart Park and then at Western Suburbs Pool Unanderra.
Installing an amenity at Austinmer Beach to meets access standards will ensure people with disability can enjoy the many recreational opportunities the pools, beach and broader precinct provides. The Beach Access and Foreshore Strategy also nominates Austinmer as a priority area for the installation of beach matting that will assist people get down onto the beach using a beach wheel chair.
The building will have a 10-year life (possibly 20) with annual inspections scheduled to look at structural integrity.
We will repair any spalls or new damage every 5 years, with concrete patching and repairs to the balustrade
The safe load capacity of the roof will be assessed during construction once the reinforcement is exposed. If the roof load capacity does not meet current standards access to the roof may need to be prevented.
The placement of the accessible toilet and change facilities was considered in terms of any heritage impacts to the façade of the building and meeting standards for access. Council proposes that the best location is in the centre of the building to allow equal access. This will require the removal of a section of existing seating.
Paint colours are the same as those displayed to the community in our initial consultation and are sympathetic to the Surf Club building and Boat Shed.
Local heritage listing of the building is still being considered and will be part of the city-wide review of the heritage schedule in the Local Environmental Plan to be commenced next year.
Women's and men's amenities including toilets and cold water only showers will be provided for the duration of the project. These will be located on the grassed area in front of the Surf Club.
Site fencing will be erected around the building during construction to prevent public access.
Access to the beach, pools and Surf Club building will be maintained with traffic control and signage in place to direct pedestrians and vehicles.


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Hardeep Banga
Want to try camel milk? Amul set to launch the new product in March
Amul will first start selling camel milk in Ahmedabad through Amul booths in 500 ml bottles, and will later spread the launch in other cities
Updated: December 03, 2016, 13:49 IST
With food safety regulator FSSAI setting new standards for camel milk, dairy major GCMMF, which sells products under the Amul brand, today said it will launch camel milk in the next three months.
Amul will first start selling camel milk in Ahmedabad and will later launch in other cities.
"We operationised standards for camel milk today. We took two years to come out with standards. The standards will help better marketing of camel milk in cities," Food Safety and Standards Authority (FSSAI) Chairman Pawan Agarwal said at an exhibition organised by NGOs 'Sahjeevan' and 'Foundation for Ecological Security' here.
This will also help create awareness about the health benefits of camel milk, he added.
Aggarwal assured that it would take possible measures if any fine tuning is required in the standards going forward.
Speaking on the occasion, Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation's (GCMMF) Marketing Manager Hardeep Banga said that the cooperatiave will launch camel milk in 500 ml bottle in the next three months.
"Now, the plant is ready in Kutch. We are going to market camel milk in the next three months. Initially, it is will be sold in Ahmedabad through Amul booths in 500 ml bottle," he said, adding that the camel milk would later be marketed in Delhi and Mumbai.
Two years back, Sahjeevan approached GCMMF for marketing of camel milk produced in Kutch area. A Rs 3 crore project was initiated and about Rs 70 lakh funding support was provided together by state and central governments, he added.
Union Agriculture Minister Radha Mohan Singh said, "After assessing scientifically, camel milk has been recognised with the line of food grade. This will not only benefits rearers of camels but also facilitate for value-addition productions."
A beginner's book on pastoralism 'A World Without a Roof' written by Sarita Sundar was also launched at the exhibition on pastoralists being held at Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) here from December 2-18.
The 16-day multi-media exhibition will showcase the lifestyles of Indian pastoralists - their remarkable history of mobility, the fantastic eco-systems which nurture their life-world, their culture, science, art, spiritual moorings and the economics of herding.
Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation
GCMMF


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IMPORTANT: BDA Event Updates Due to COVID19!
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WCSH6 Bill Green's Maine To Feature First Parish Church
By marketing on July 15 in Community Events
corner Maine St. and Bath Rd.
corner Maine St. and Bath Rd. - Brunswick
43.91135939999999 -69.9631076
Bill Green of Bill Green's Maine, a long time feature on WCSH6 (NBC's Portland Affiliate) will include a segment on the 300th Anniversary of Brunswick's First Parish Church's (FPC) on his show that will be aired on Saturday, July 15, 2017, at 7 p.m.
Bill Green was in Brunswick filming the segment that features Rev. Mary Baard, Senior Pastor of FPC, John Cross, Bowdoin and Brunswick historian, and Mildred Jones, FPC Historian. Discussed in the taping was the long history of the church, the many notable people who have attended or spoken at First Parish, and the church's rich history with both Brunswick and Bowdoin College.
For further information call First Parish Church at 729-7331
Bill Green will return to Brunswick and the historic sanctuary of First Parish Church on Thursday, September 28, 2017 at 7:30 a.m. but, this time, will be hosted by the Brunswick Downtown Association (BDA) as part of it Breakfast Speaker Series. The BDA will be inviting the general public to this event to meet Bill Green and hear highlights of the many Maine places, and people that he has experienced along the way. For further information call the BDA at 729-4439.
UUCB Concerts for a Cause: LIPBONE REDDING
5th Birthday Bash at Local Market & Cafe
Kajak! A Virtual Exhibit 10/20/20 - 12/20/21
Wilcox Wellness & Fitness: 2 week TRIAL program 10/29/20 - 03/31/21
1 Month of Fitness at Maine Pines 01/08/21 - 02/20/21
The Brunswick Winter Market 01/16/21
Kids Tennis at Maine Pines - Orange Ball 01/18/21
Maine Pines Kids Tennis - Ages 4 to 7 01/18/21
Online talk: My Franco Family with Laura Almasi 01/21/21
© 2013 Brunswick Downtown Association


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Der Christliche Studenten-Weltbund (engl. World Student Christian Federation, WSCF) wurde 1895 bei einem Treffen von Studentenvertretern aus zehn nordamerikanischen und europäischen Ländern in Vadstena, Schweden, gegründet. Zu den Gründungsmitgliedern gehörten John R. Mott (USA), J. Rutter Williamson (Großbritannien), Martin Eckhoff (Norwegen), Luther D. Wishard (USA), Johannes Siemsen (Deutschland) und Karl Fries (Schweden).

Die Organisation mit Sitz in Genf war die erste internationale Studentenvereinigung. Zusammen mit YMCA und YWCA gehört er zu den ältesten internationalen Jugendvereinigungen.

Mitgliedschaften
Die Organisation ist Mitglied bei
 ACT Alliance

Siehe auch
 Evangelische Studentengemeinde

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Religiöse Studentenorganisation
Evangelische Organisation
Internationale Organisation (Genf)
Gegründet 1895
Christliche Organisation (Schweiz)
Christliche internationale Organisation
Evangelischer Jugendverband