The Federal Trade Commission has halted the abusive debt collection practices of an operation that used fictitious names and threatened consumers into paying debts they may not have owed.
Under settlements with the FTC and a default judgment by the court, Pinnacle Payment Services, LLC and its principals have been barred from debt collection activities and are subject to a $9,384,628 judgment, which has been suspended for most of the defendants, due their inability to pay.
According to an FTC complaint filed in 2013, the Pinnacle defendants, operating out of Atlanta and Cleveland, used fictitious business names that implied an affiliation with a law firm or a law enforcement agency, such as Global Legal Services, Allied Litigation Group, and Dockets Liens & Seizures. Using robocalls and voice messages that threatened legal action and arrest unless consumers responded within a few days, the defendants collected millions of dollars in payment for phantom debts – debts many of the consumers contacted did not owe. Their illegal practices generated nearly 3,000 complaints to the FTC's Consumer Sentinel database.
Based on their alleged violations of the FTC Act and the FDCPA, on October 24, 2013, the U.S. District Court in Atlanta temporarily stopped the alleged illegal conduct, pending final resolution.
The settlements with the corporate defendants and individual defendants Dorian Wills, Lisa Jeter, Nichole Anderson, Hope Wilson, Demarra Massey, and Angela Triplett and the default judgment against Tobias Boyland ban the defendants from debt collection activities, including helping anyone else engage in debt collection or selling debts. They also are prohibited from making misrepresentations related to the provision of any financial products or services, and must destroy all consumer information they have on file.
The settlements with each defendant except Massey require them, jointly and severally, to pay judgments of $9,384,628, which represents the total consumer injury caused by their allegedly illegal conduct. The settlement with Massey includes a judgment of $1,558,657, which reflects the consumer injury caused during her tenure with the operation. Under the settlements, the monetary judgments against Jeter, Wilson, Anderson, Triplett, and Massey will be partially suspended due to their inability to pay.
The actions announced today settle the FTC's charges against all of the defendants in this matter. The Commission vote approving each proposed stipulated order was 5-0. The orders and default judgment were entered by the court in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, Atlanta Division. A full list of the defendants in this case can be found on the FTC's website.
For more information on this phantom debt collection and related issues, see Dealing with Debt on the FTC's website.


text:
Q: El PreferenceManager en Android está obsoleto, ¿significa que no funciona en las últimas versiones? Hace uno o dos años, hice una aplicación para Android en Kotlin en la que guardaba cierta información usando el PreferenceManager. Hoy quise hacer una nueva versión de la app, y me he encontrado con que el PreferenceManager ha quedado obsoleto (Android Studio explica que está deprecated). En su lugar, la documentación de Android recomienda usar la PreferenceLibrary de AndroidX.
Después de buscar información al respecto, me han salido dos preguntas técnicas respecto al PreferenceManager y la librería Preference de AndroidX:

*

*¿El hecho de que el PreferenceManager esté obsoleto implica que dejará de funcionar en el futuro?

*Por otro lado, ¿es posible usar las librerías de AndroidX (como la Preference) en versiones antiguas de Android (como Android 5)?
Muchísimas gracias por su ayuda, y ojalá puedan contestar mis preguntas, porque ando algo perdido y no entiendo muy bien qué implica que algo quede obsoleto (deprecated).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Groutsmith of Charlotte, part of the nationwide Groutsmith network, serves the entire Charlotte/Mecklenburg County region. We are a licensed and insured family owned and operated business specializing in grout and tile cleaning, repair, and restoration. We service residential and business customers looking to restore their tile and grout to its original condition.
America's grout and tile cleaning, repair and restoration expertgrout·smith (grout´ smith´) n. 1. the profession of restoring and repairing grouted tile floors and showers. 2. a grout restoration expert. 3. a certification achieved by highly trained grout and tile technicians. 4. a grout and tile professional.
In 1992, we recognized the strong demand that existed for a professional service to clean, repair and restore tile and grout floors and showers. The work, at that time, was being done primarily by handymen and amateurs. There needed to be a professional who could analyze the condition of grout and tile and then determine which service, repair and products were needed to professionally restore them to their original condition. Thus, the Groutsmith was born.
The Founder, Jonathan Smith is The Groutsmith. Mr. Smith has been in the construction, tile and grout business for more than 35 years. He recognized both the strong need for a service company to professionally restore grout and tile and the need for professional products to achieve better restoration results at a lower cost. Addressing these needs, he developed restoration processes and a proprietary line of professional products that insure superior results in less time for less money. A better result in less time and for less money is the winning formula in the grout and tile restoration business. Grout and tile restoration is a specialized profession. All Groutsmiths are highly trained and certified to become experts in the Grout and Tile Restoration Industry.
Our Owners, Dedicated Employees, Business Associates and Preferred Vendors make up our family, our winning team. Each Groutsmith Owner is Certified, Insured and offers the most advanced procedures and products in the industry. Every Groutsmith Certified Technician is trained in all aspects of Grout and Tile Restoration and Repair.
Submit your email to get news, coupons, and more!
2015 Copyright © Groutsmith. All rights reserved.


Each and every person I dealt with in purchasing my car was phenomenal. David Hamilton went above and beyond to make sure I got into the vehicle I wanted and at a price I could afford! I could not be any happier with my experience and I will DEFINITELY be back! I recommend them to anyone! Thanks Dodge City!
"Straight forward and no games played. Great dealer incentives to boot. Love our new 2019 Ram Larime! Awesome truck and love it! Thanks Joe Ferguson!"
Visit Dodge City of McKinney booth at the 5th Annual Cruisin' for a Cause Car, Truck and Cycle Show. The event will be located at Stonebridge United Methodist Church 1800 S. Stonebridge Dr. Mckinney, TX 75070. Saturday, May 12 from 8 am until noon.
The experience at Dodge City of McKinney was a pleasant one. The group of people that worked with me were very professional and both parties came to an agreement rather quickly. I would definitely recommend this dealership.
Great Dealership with hometown feel. I have been servicing and buying here since 2004. Great staff and sales people. Larry Reed was Great and have bought 2 trucks from him, a 2012 and 2013 Ram 1500s. Son going to buy a 2014 1500 here next year. Great atmosphere and warm friendly and treated us like family. I live in McKinney and shop in McKinney. Nothing like shopping in your own back door!!!


If it's not a journey, then what is it?!
Even now, three years after my diagnosis, I still struggle with what to call my cancer "experience". People use the word "journey" a lot, but I don't feel like that really captures it. To me, journey is a word reserved for happy feels – besides being an awesome 80s band, it means travel, adventure…excitement! I think of vacation - journeying to an awesome place and taking in all the sights. I don't think about being in pain and utterly exhausted (even though, those words could also describe a couple of the vacations I've been on!).
Breast cancer is more like an old-school wooden roller coaster. You buckle in and then the coaster jerks you forward and you think "OK! Here we go!". As you slowly climb the first hill, it's bumpy, but you think "Oh, this isn't too bad" and then it jerks forward again and you get a little nervous, like "was that supposed to happen?" As you approach the top of that first hill you think "I can do this! I've got this in the bag!" but you're scared. You don't know what twists and turns are at the bottom of that hill, so you tightly grip the handlebars. The coaster races down the hill and you don't know whether or not you want to laugh or cry and then you realize you're actually screaming.
Things are moving so fast it's hard to keep your eyes open. It's bumpy for what seems like an eternity but then the coaster slows down and there is a moment of calm until you notice another hill. "This one looks bigger than the first" you think to yourself. But this time you feel a bit more prepared and put on a brave face and maybe even a smile as you race down the hill.


Increasing your college or university's search rankings can have profound effects on enrollment, and one of the most immediate and accessible ways to do this is by practicing smart SEO.
Following are a few insights into how you can spice up your email communication to snag students' attention—at least for a few seconds.
Search engine optimization (SEO) has been around as long as Google; however, the technique is getting more attention as schools try to figure out how to maximize their limited marketing dollars.
Net Price Calculators for Higher Ed: Does Yours Add Up?
With estimates ranging from $10,000 annually for community colleges to over $60,000 annually for private colleges, students want to know the specific costs associated with your institution.
College Website Redesign: Who Should Manage It?
Once you have defined the parameters of your website redesign, your next step is deciding whether it's an internal or external project.
The Best CMS for Higher Ed: Self-Hosted or SaaS?
In your quest to choose the best web content management system for your college or university, you're going to come across the choice of either SaaS or Self-Hosted.
How can you ensure that your college or university's website will meet today's needs, but also continue to be relevant and look good 2 or 3 years down the road?


Labor reiterates our call on Thailand to release Hakeem Alaraibi and return him to his family in Australia.
We remain deeply concerned by Mr Alaraibi's ongoing detention in Thailand and the continuing threat of his extradition to Bahrain.
Senator Wong has raised Hakeem's case directly with the Ambassador of Thailand and called for his release and return to Australia.
Labor also urges the Prime Minister of Thailand to exercise executive discretion in this case – a discretion that both Thailand's office of the Attorney-General and the prosecutor have confirmed is allowed under Thailand's Extradition Act.
Thailand is a good friend of Australia's. We are confident the Thai people and Government understand the concern so many Australians have for the welfare of a person to whom we have offered sanctuary, and permanent residency.
We wish to thank all those showing their support for Hakeem, including the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, other governments, Mr Alaraibi's local community in Melbourne and in particular Mr Craig Foster, the Football Federation of Australia, and the broader football community.


Arrive at Phnom Penh International Airport , greeting by our tour guide then transfer to visit at Wat Phnom hill, visit Central market. Afternoon visit at Independent Monument, Cambodia-Vietnam victory monument visit Royal Palace & Silver Pagoda. Dinner then free at your own leisure.
Morning after breakfast at hotel start the tour to visit Toul Sleng, Visit Russian market for shopping. Afternoon visit Killing Field at Cheung Ek Village. Try your luck of USD10/pax free coupon at Naga World before dinner.
After breakfast, visit the Tonle Baty Temple (mini Angkor temple) 35 km from Phnom Penh city, Afternoon Sunset Boat cruise along Mekong River. Dinner and overnight.
Breakfast at hotel, then free leisure until time for transfer to airport for flight departure.
3. Sightseeing as per itinerary.
4. All ground transfer by private vehicle.
6. Daily mineral water on board.
2. Visa / Airport tax.
3. Others services not mentioned in tour.


text:
Q: how does peer know his transaction validation result are not consistent with other peers in Hyperledger fabric v1.0? for loose endorsement policy, for same transaction, even if correct-behavior committers, different committer maybe have different validation result due to their different world state.
And how do commiter know who's validation result is correct(major) or wrong(minor) ?
Hint: at a moment, due to network delay, correct commiter may have different world state.
thanks for answer.

A: I have got it!
because each correct commiter receive block/transaction in exactly same order, and implement same endorsement policy, so that at same transaction's validation moment, all correct commiter indeed have exactly same world state, despite at not same time!
key point is :
(1) at same moment, different commiters may have different world state due to network delay, etc;
(2) but, different commiter do validation for same transaction at not same moment.


text:
Professor Martyn Poliakoff nominated as next Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society
The Council of the Royal Society has agreed to nominate Professor Martyn Poliakoff CBE to be the new Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society, it was announced today (18 May 2011). He is nominated to succeed Professor Lorna Casselton.
Fellows will be asked to indicate their support for the Council's nominated candidate on the ballot paper for the annual election of Council members. The result of the ballot will be confirmed at the Council meeting on 7 July 2011.
Martyn Poliakoff is Research Professor in Chemistry at the University of Nottingham, Honorary Professor at Moscow State University and Honorary Member of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2002. His current research interests involve chemical applications of supercritical fluids, with particular emphasis on green chemistry. He is also one of the presenters of the Youtube channel, The Periodic Table of Videos, www.periodicvideos.com
The post of Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society dates back to 1723 and predates the post of Foreign Secretary in HM Government by sixty years.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This project involved the addition of a 7000sf expressive arts center and gymnasium as well as renovations to the existing school including; classrooms, library, art room and faculty offices. Delta completed this project in an aggressive 6 month schedule.
From start to finish, Delta Design & Construction looked out for Oak Meadow's best interest. Delta brought a professional, no excuses, customer focused approach to our project. They remained totally in control at all times and executed on every promise.


text:
Editorial Commentary| Volume 35, ISSUE 1, P190-191, January 2019
Editorial Commentary: Anteromedial Femoral Socket Drilling in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction … Love the Way You Are
Francesco Franceschi, M.D.
Francesco Franceschi
Campus Bio-Medico University
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2018.10.011
Previous ArticleAnteromedial Portal Drilling Yielded Better Survivorship of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions When Comparing Recent Versus Early Surgeries With This Technique
Next ArticleExercise-Mobilized Platelet-Rich Plasma: Short-Term Exercise Increases Stem Cell and Platelet Concentrations in Platelet-Rich Plasma
The goal of the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is to avoid a permanent pivot shift. There are no significant differences in the clinical outcomes between performing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using anteromedial or transtibial technique in performing femoral socket. Although most previous studies have shown better results in avoiding pivot shift using the anteromedial technique, its clinical significance still needs to be determined and, in my opinion, the transtibial technique still remains the gold standard.
In this issue of Arthroscopy, Eysturoy, Nielsen, and Lind
Eysturoy N.H.
Nielsen X.X.
Lind M.C.
Anteromedial portal drilling yielded better survivorship of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions when comparing recent versus early surgeries with this technique.
Arthroscopy. 2019; 35: 182-189
have published a study on the anteromedial portal for femoral tunnel drilling during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR): "Anteromedial Portal Drilling Yielded Better Survivorship of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions When Comparing Recent Versus Early Surgeries With This Technique."
I have been invited to provide commentary on the subject of using anteromedial portal drilling for femoral tunnel and their relevance to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction.
The authors in this article analyze the results of anteromedial femoral drilling in 2 historical periods (2007-2010 and 2012-2015) and compare the results with the transtibial technique in these historical periods. Data were extracted from the Danish registries and showed very interesting results also according to the high number of patients taken into consideration. Two endpoints were taken into consideration: ACL revision rate and objective and subjective clinical outcomes. This study found an increased risk of revision ACL and rotational and sagittal instability 1 year postoperatively for the anteromedial (AM) technique in the period from 2007 to 2010; however, there was no significant difference in revision surgery and objective measures between the techniques from 2012 to 2015. A higher activity level was nevertheless found in the AM group. The results could indicate that the results found in the period 2007 to 2010 may have been caused by a learning curve when introducing a new and more complex procedure (AM).
Regarding ACLR, we have to accept that we are never as satisfied as we would like. In many cases, there is failure to avoid the pivot shift, which is the target of the surgery. A persistent pivot shift after ACLR has been shown clinically postoperatively,
Ardern C.L.
Webster K.E.
Taylor N.F.
Feller J.A.
Return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the state of play.
Br J Sports Med. 2011; 45: 596-606
in vitro,
Inderhaug E.
Stephen J.M.
Williams A.
Amis A.A.
Biomechanical comparison of anterolateral procedures combined with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Am J Sports Med. 2017; 45: 347-354
intraoperatively,
Bull A.M.
Earnshaw P.H.
Smith A.
Katchburian M.V.
Hassan A.N.
Intraoperative measurement of knee kinematics in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.
J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002; 84: 1075-1081
and in a study of in vivo kinematics using "dynamic" weight-bearing magnetic resonance imaging in apparently successful cases postoperatively.
Logan M.C.
Lavelle J.
Gedroyc W.
Freeman M.
Tibiofemoral kinematics following successful anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using dynamic multiple resonance imaging.
Current trends in ACLR include using a more obliquely oriented femoral tunnel to place the graft in a more anatomic position on the lateral femoral condyle and provide increased rotational stability; this need arises from the recognized role of the anteromedial bundle in rotational stability. This has led today to leave what, until 10 years ago, was the most traveled road, the transtibial technique, in favor of using the anteromedial technique. In fact, more important data that emerged from the study of Eysturoy et al.
is that between the first and second period studied, there is an important tendency to abandon the transtibial technique for the anteromedial one. The authors show that the AM technique has gone from being used in 11% of all ACLRs in 2007 to 87% in 2015. The transtibial technique has gone from being used in 88% in all ACLRs in 2007 to 12% from 2012 to 2015. Does it really make sense to change the surgical technique to achieve overlapping results?
My father always told me, "Who leaves the old road to the new one knows what he leaves and does not know what he finds." It is right to try improving our results, but are we sure that it is not possible to reach the anatomy with the transtibial technique? The mentor of this technique, Bernard Bach, has been committed over time to make us understand how it is possible to achieve the anatomy also through the transtibial technique.
Rue J.P.
Ghodadra N.
Lewis P.B.
Bach Jr., B.R.
Femoral and tibial tunnel position using a transtibial drilled anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique.
J Knee Surg. 2008; 21: 246-249
The important thing is to know the risks and know how to avoid them.
Robin B.N.
Jani S.S.
Marvil S.C.
Reid J.B.
Schillhammer C.K.
Lubowitz J.H.
Advantages and disadvantages of transtibial, anteromedial portal, and outside-in femoral tunnel drilling in single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review.
Arthroscopy. 2015; 31: 1412-1417
In my clinical practice, I consistently follow the dictates of Bach; obviously, to reach the anatomy we have to risk a little. To obtain a more anatomic femoral tunnel, a tibial tunnel with a more oblique position must be performed, thus risking a compromise of the tibial plateau. Moreover, as described also by Youm et al.,
Youm Y.S.
Cho S.D.
Lee S.H.
Youn C.H.
Modified transtibial versus anteromedial portal technique in anatomic single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Comparison of femoral tunnel position and clinical results.
Am J Sports Med. 2014; 42: 2941-2947
we must have some extra measures and stress the knee in varus and carry out an internal rotation of the tibia to try to go to a more anatomic position.
The correct positioning of the femoral tunnel is essential for achieving good results. In both cases, the essential thing is that the technique is done the correct way. In all the studies published that compare the 2 techniques, in my opinion, there is a confounding bias because of the concomitant factors that can affect the residual pivot shift. One example is the posterior tibial slope, varus malalignment, and the function of the anterolateral ligament
Southam B.R.
Colosimo A.J.
Grawe B.
Underappreciated factors to consider in revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A current concepts review.
Orthop J Sports Med. 2018; 6 (2325967117751689)
; therefore, I would like to congratulate our Danish colleagues for a very interesting study. I believe that the use of registers in the future will give us a huge hand, and I would say that the goal of this surgery, the abolition of the pivot shift, can be obtained with both anteromedial and transtibial techniques if correctly performed. Attention should be paid to patients with a residual pivot shift to factors not directly dependent on the anterior cruciate ligament but that may influence its function. We must follow the teachings of those who invented different techniques and learn all the tips and tricks to avoid complications and the presence of a residual pivot shift; therefore, love your teacher's way and make it perfect.
ICMJE author disclosure forms
The author reports that he has no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this article. Full ICMJE author disclosure forms are available for this article online, as supplementary material.
See related article on page 182
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2018.10.011
© 2018 by the Arthroscopy Association of North America
Linked Article
Anteromedial Portal Drilling Yielded Better Survivorship of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions When Comparing Recent Versus Early Surgeries With This Technique
ArthroscopyVol. 35Issue 1
To compare anteromedial (AM) and transtibial (TT) femoral drilling hole techniques in primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, using the Danish Knee Ligament Reconstruction Register, comparing revision rates and clinical outcomes from 2 time periods, 2007 to 2010 and 2012 to 2015.


text:
Lisa Gay Hamilton
Lisa Gay Hamilton Photos
Lisa Gay Hamilton info
Born: 25 March, 1964
Also Known As: Lisa Gay Hamilton, LisaGay Hamilton, Lisagay Hamilton, Lisa Gae Hamilton
Spouse: Robin Kelley (23 August 2009 – present)
Awards: 2 wins & 10 nominations
Known for: Beloved , Deception , The Sum of All Fears , The Soloist , Twelve Monkeys and more.
Watch movies with Lisa Gay Hamilton online
Movie Year
The Soloist 2009
Beastly 2011
Life of a King 2013
Lisa Gay Hamilton biography
This block contains the information about Lisa Gay Hamilton and provides an insight into the life of the celebrity. From here you can also learn when, how and why the profession of an actor was chosen. Some interesting facts are waiting for you here.
Lisa's mother, Tina, is a retired social worker. Her late father, Ira, worked as an engineer and then went into business as a general contractor. A sister, Heidi, is a lawyer. Lisa started acting as a child and played Flip Wilson in a 3rd grade performance. During junior high, she started traveling by train to Manhattan for private acting lessons and acted in summer drama camps. Her principal interest initially was to act in Shakepearean drama.
Where Lisa Gay Hamilton born?
With the help of the Google satellite map you can find the place where Lisa Gay Hamilton was born. By zooming in and out you can see the place itself and the area it is situated in and nearby. Find out where Lisa Gay Hamilton was born. Now you can see the place itself even not traveling.
Lisa Gay Hamilton filmography
Here you can learn about the movies Lisa Gay Hamilton acted in. You can see the names of the movies, their budget, years of release and the money gained from the screening of the certain movie. It is always interesting to know.
The Sum of All Fears - Captain Lorna Shiro (as Lisagay Hamilton) $68M 2002 $31.2M $118M
The Soloist - Jennifer Ayers (as Lisagay Hamilton) $60M 2009 $9.72M $31.7M
Beloved - Younger Sethe $53M 1998 $8.17M $22.8M
Twelve Monkeys - Teddy $29M 1995 $56.9M
Deception - Detective Russo $25M 2008 $2.31M $4.6M
Halloween H20: 20 Years Later - Shirley 'Shirl' Jones (voice) $17M 1998 $16.2M $55M
Jackie Brown - Sheronda $12M 1997 $9.29M $39.6M
Mother and Child - Leticia $7M 2009 $43K $1.11M
Honeydripper - Delilah $5M 2007 $13.9K $268K
Krush Groove - Aisha $3M 1985
Nine Lives - Holly $500K 2005 $28.4K $479K
Ten Tiny Love Stories - Three (as LisaGay Hamilton) 2001
Reversal of Fortune - Mary 1990 $15.4M
Take Shelter - Kendra 2011
Naked in New York - Marty 1993 $1.04M
Drunks - Brenda 1995
True Crime - Bonnie Beechum 1999 $5.28M $16.6M
The Truth About Charlie - Lola Jansco 2002 $2.27M $5.29M
Beah: A Black Woman Speaks (documentary) - Narrator, Director, Producer 2003
Palookaville - Betty, Jerry's Wife 1995 $71.9K $315K
Charlie Hunnam wants to focus on family and TV show
Sons of Anarchy star Charlie Hunnam spoke to reporters for the first time since Universal Pictures announced he was no longer attached to Fifty Shades of Grey. Earlier this month, it was announced
Private Versailles tour for Kim and Kanye's wedding guests
On Friday, the day before they tie the knot, Kim Kardashian and Kanye West will take their wedding guests on a private tour of the Palace of Versailles. They will visit the King's Grand
Chris Pratt shares picture of the van he lived in
Star of Guardians of the Galaxy, Chris Pratt, used to be homeless, living in a van with a picture of cartoon character Scooby-Doo on it. The actor has shared the photo of him standing by the
Is FKA Twigs Robert Pattinson's new girlfriend?
Kari Matchett
Spalding, Saskatchewan, Canada
Nelsonville, Ohio, USA
New York City, New York, USA
Marlborough, Massachusetts, USA
Madonna slams Lady Gaga in new song
The Kings of Yorktown
In Secret
The Green Inferno
Hey, what do you think of Justin Bieber?


text:
Carmelo Anthony considering shutting down because of knee injury
By Sean HighkinDec 18, 2014, 7:35 PM EST
Carmelo Anthony has been plagued by soreness in his left knee recently. He's questionable tonight against the Chicago Bulls, and he's at least given some thought to just sitting out the rest of the year. That's what his people are telling him to do, and he isn't ruling it out.
From to NorthJersey.com's Steve Popper:
"I've had multiple people say kind of, just shut it down or just take time off," Anthony said. "At the end of the day it's hard for me to just do that right now with what's happening with the team. So I'm just trying to be smart about it."
"We've got a lot of guys banged up," Fisher said. "Amar'e (Stoudemire) will probably (rest), we'll choose to kind of give him a space to get some recovery in tonight with back-to-back afternoon games coming up on Saturday and Sunday. So that'll change our lineup in the front court. And Melo still has some soreness from Tuesday night and it's kind of catching up with him, so we'll see with him. I think he's questionable but still possible."
It wouldn't be the worst idea in the world. The Knicks are 5-22 and it doesn't look like their season is going to turn around anytime soon. A quarter of the way through the season, they're already all but out of the playoff race. The only thing they have left to play for is a high pick in 2015's draft, which could be easily accomplished if Melo sits out. The Knicks also just signed him to a five-year, $122 million contract over the summer, and further injuring himself during what has already essentially become a lost year would be unwise.


If there has always been one thing quaranteed in VW Opens it has been sunburns, unfortunately it wasn't the case this time. I really felt sorry for my buddy Jussi organizing the event, it seemed that the event was going to rain away, but some number of cars kept arriving during the day. To complete my miserable feeling I had to leave early, these shots are taken before 11:30AM.
Event organizer, Jussi Jyränkö, showed example with his new patina Split. He delivered a series of mid 13-second quartermile times with 180 km/h speeds, with wheels spinning still in 3rd gear.
Jyrki Laune putting his participant number to his '55 Oval in inspection line.
Along with Jussi's Split one of the long-awaited debuts was Kotten Tallgren's '67. Kotten in his 50s is living proof that "you don't quit Volkswagens when you got older, if you do quit you would became older".
Arto Vatja was the number #2 in CalLook.com's Top 20. While there is still slight rain and no reason to unload the trailer, there's a good opportunity to tune the pit-bike.
While I drove over in my daily driver, Luftsick president Takis arrived in style as we are used to see him.
Sebastian Vuorisalo's patina Split with detailed Rostyle wheels. I guess that this is the only set of South African Sprints in Finland.
ex-Hellman/Jyränkö/Erämaa Oval with new owner, speaking of CalLook.com ranking this car was #3 in Top20 in 2004 in Jussi's ownership.
Nice '66 Beetle waiting for the slam-hand for rear.
I have always digged the pre-impact bumper era Porsches, but I got good vibes from this one too. Maybe it is due to the fact having grown in 80's with TV series sporting rides like this one.
Juha Manninen had swapped steel rims to his 356B.
(C) Tero Virta 2006. This site has the copyright to the photos and reproducing or copying them is forbidden.


On our second day in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, we hiked the Borrego Palm Canyon Trail. There were plenty of people, and the trail was awash in desert flowers. The clouds of blooms were mainly shades of yellow and purple (desert dandelion, Parrish's poppies, phacelia), with greenery and smatterings of other colors thrown in. The trail was pretty easy for a long stretch. Mountainsides jutted up sharply on either side of us, but far away on one side. There were streams (or maybe just one stream) flowing with cold water, and we had to cross all of these, usually on stepping stones or a log bridge. Closer to the palm oasis that was the endpoint of the trail, the path grew steeper and rockier in places.
The oasis itself was a circle of California fan palms, the only native California palm tree. It was deliciously cool in the shade. Nearby, a shallow stream was flowing, and it seemed you could wade up it to find a waterfall. This sounded lovely, but a bunch of people had just arrived, so we opted to start the hike back. We stumbled upon some more ghost flowers along the trail, but alas, we didn't meet any bighorn sheep.
On the drive back from the state park, we saw along the freeway near Lake Elsinore (lately overwhelmed by superbloom seekers) the hillsides coated in orange California poppies that are the signature of this year's superbloom. The flowers do make impressive patches of color.
Back in Los Angeles, we visited the Getty Museum, where the illuminated manuscripts exhibit was Artful Words: Calligraphy in Illuminated Manuscripts. As usual, I tried to read the French texts. There was an amusing legend to an illustration in The Visions of the Knight Tondal: "The Good But Not Very Good Are Nourished by a Fountain". Sounds like Not Very Good is good enough, then? This particular exhibit featured a lot of pages from books of music, which I'm a big fan of.
We also made our usual pilgrimage to The Huntington. In the Chinese garden, there was a performance underway in my eponymous pavilion: Gao Hejia was playing the guzheng.
On the final day of our vacation, we visited the Getty Villa.
Inscription in what the exhibit called Palmyran Aramaic and what I think might be the Palmyrene alphabet–in any case, it's beautiful!
It's not my spring break yet, but my mother was in town recently, so we went on some excursions. We heard the UCLA Early Music Ensemble's winter concert, Bach? What Bach?: A Program of Early Music from Germany. They sang two selections from Carmina Burana, and one of them, "Bacche, bene," was very familiar. I knew I'd heard the melody before, and I was pretty sure it had been in a Tri Yann song, but I didn't know how I was going to figure out which one. Of course it was going to bother me until I figured it out. But it turns out Googling "Tri Yann Carmina Burana" gets you what you want! The song is "Brian Boru" from the album Portraits.
We went to the Huntington, as per tradition, and saw lots of camellias, as well as a heron, some hawks, some woodpeckers in palm trees, and other birds.
Later in the week, we stopped by the ocean on the Pacific Coast Highway and watched the waves. At our first stop, I saw what I think was a seal in the water! I may have been mistaken, but I'd rather think it was actually a seal. At our second stop, we saw lots of sandpipers.
At the beginning of August, I went to the WriteGirl workshop at the Huntington. WriteGirl is an organization that runs creative writing workshops for teenage girls in Los Angeles (that's really just a fraction of what they do–you should check them out!), and I've been a volunteer with them for almost a year now, though I've only been able to serve as a mentor at a few of their monthly workshops.
The summer workshop at the Huntington featured a private tour of the current exhibit on Octavia Butler, the celebrated black science fiction author. The promised tour was part of the reason I really wanted to make this workshop. A WriteGirl staff member gave me a ride, and we arrived bright and early to help set up. Upon our arrival, I realized that the Huntington is closed to the public on Tuesdays, meaning that we had special access to the library and gardens and that the only other people there were staff and researchers using the library.
I wound up with two mentees for the day, both rising high school seniors, and our group was the first to visit the exhibit Octavia E. Butler: Telling My Stories. We were welcomed by the exhibit's curator, Natalie Russell, who told us how she'd spent a little over three years sifting through and cataloging all of Butler's papers when they came to the Huntington after her untimely death. She'd selected about a hundred items for the exhibit.
The only novel of Octavia Butler's I've read is Parable of the Sower, on the recommendation of my friend Leland. I bought it at graduation from the Swarthmore bookstore and read it shortly after. One of the many fascinating items on display was Butler's typewritten outline for Parable of the Sower, with additional handwritten notes and highlighting in pastel colors. Some of the notes that caught my eye were: "ADD more racism"; "Add more Hispanics. …More Hispanic surnames on people…who seem ordinary blacks, or ordinary whites."; "More casual, horrible death"; "GOD IS HER OPPONENT, AND/OR HER PARTNER" (Parable of the Sower is in part about the protagonist's elaboration of a religion founded on the notion that God is change).
There was another item in the exhibit that featured Butler's brief reflection on how science fiction treats religion. She said there was a prevailing attitude among science fiction writers of "Oh, we all know this is BS," but she pointed out that no human society lives without religion (I think she acknowledged that some had tried, but she stood by this statement). This made me think about Becky Chambers's The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet and its companion, A Closed and Common Orbit, two science fiction novels I recently read. I enjoyed them (I loved Angry Planet), but I remember being struck by how despite all the exploration of different sentient species and cultures in the galaxy, there was almost no mention of religion. Shouldn't many of these cultures have religions?
Yet another item was her answer to "Why do I write about mixed-race couples?" She said it was for the same reason she wrote about egalitarian societies (in terms of gender, I believe).
One of the drafts on display was of the short story "Speech Sounds," which won the Hugo Award. I was curious about the title, since it sounded very linguisticky/phonetics-y. It's about an outbreak of a mysterious illness (hmm, sound familiar?) that strikes Los Angeles, depriving people of the ability to use language. The page of the draft that was exhibited was from a scene on a bus, and the curator's notes said that Butler would have been familiar with buses because she didn't drive! It reminded me of the bus stories at BUSted!.
The exhibit also had the manuscript of a short story called "Flash-Silver Star" that Butler wrote at age 11 in cursive on lined paper. It was about horses. It reminded me so much of how I wrote my stories around that age!
Among the most striking parts of the exhibit were the motivational notes that Butler wrote to herself, long before she came successful. There were different variations on these, but they included affirmations about her writing life: "I am a Bestselling Writer. I write Bestselling Books And Excellent Short Stories. Both Books and Short Stories Win prizes and awards. Everyday in Every way I am researching and writing My Awardwinning Best selling Books and Short Stories" as well as what she intended to do with her earnings as an author: buy her own home in a good neighborhood, obtain the best healthcare for herself and her mother, fund the educations and aspirations of young black people. It was inspiring. I have to admit I'm skeptical about this kind of motivational technique even though I've heard it touted before. I'm sure it can't hurt, and it can probably actually help.
After we'd seen the exhibit, which you can probably tell I loved, my group had lunch and did some brainstorming of speculative fiction story ideas. The workshop wrapped up with some of the girls reading pieces they'd written that day. Afterwards, I got to catch up briefly with two mentees I'd worked with at previous WriteGirl workshops, which was lovely.
The staff member I'd gotten a ride with was running a focus group for some of the girls after the workshop, so that meant I had almost two hours to wander the gardens by myself. On a day the Huntington was closed to the public. I cannot overstate how excited I was by this prospect.
I made my way to the Chinese garden, which I've visited multiple times. On those occasions, the garden was always teeming with people, but this time it was beautifully empty. For most of the hour and a half I spent there, I felt like I had the whole garden entirely to myself. It was very hot that day, around 95°F, so I sat in the 愛蓮榭, my eponymous pavilion, writing in my journal and listening to the koi splash around the lotuses.
When the sun was somewhat lower in the sky, I left the pavilion and wandered along the blissfully empty paths. It was glorious having the Chinese garden all to myself. So, thank you to WriteGirl for an amazing day at the Huntington.
It's that time of year again: spring break (ish–it's actually still finals week), the annual pilgrimage to the Huntington, and, like last year, more wildflower hunting because superbloom.
At the Huntington, we visited the Library Exhibition Hall (I'm pretty sure some of the books and documents had been switched out since the last time I was there, though the stars of the show–and some of my favorites, like the John Dowland songbook–remained) as well as the Beautiful Science exhibit, which I hadn't seen before and which featured more wonderful old books. We also hit the clivia show and the Chinese and Japanese gardens, as per usual.
The Chinese garden has a new pavilion, the 愛蓮榭 (Ài Lián Xiè–Love for the Lotus Pavilion)! I was delighted because the Chinese name I've had since the beginning of college is 愛蓮. It's my pavilion! The explanatory panel in the garden mentioned Zhou Dunyi's 11th century essay 愛蓮說 (Ài Lián Shuō–On the Love of the Lotus), which I learned about for the first time only last year, thanks to department Chinese lunch.
On Monday, my parents, Adeline, and I drove to Anza-Borrego Desert State Park to witness the superbloom. We were not the only ones, but the crowds weren't unmanageable. The park, at least the part we visited, is in a valley surrounded by mountains. After stopping at the visitors center, where I discovered thanks to some photos in the gift shop just how adorable bighorn sheep lambs are, we drove to two other destinations to see wildflowers. The first was Desert Gardens, where we'd hoped to find Parish's poppies, but instead we saw lots of ocotillos, a lot of hawksweed, chollas, blossoming prickly pear, and a couple of desert lilies. Next we went to the sunflower fields along Henderson Canyon Road. Finally, we returned to the visitors center to poke around among the labeled specimens.
After admiring prize clivias, we walked through these gardens again.
This spring break, my family managed to replicate almost exactly this day from last year's spring break, from Newport Seafood lobster to the Library Exhibition Hall, the Chinese and Japanese gardens, and the North American Clivia Society's show at the Huntington.
Look at that longitudinal variegation!
Spring break is glorious. My family came to LA to visit me, and this past weekend, we went to The Huntington, a sort of museum/botanic garden in San Marino that comprises a research library, art galleries, and extensive gardens. The place is vast, and I feel as though we only scratched the surface of everything there is to explore there. We first visited the Library Exhibition Hall and then wandered through the Chinese Garden and a bit of the Japanese Garden.
The Huntington Library has huge collections, including many rare books, and a selection of the most dazzling specimens are on display in the Exhibition Hall. The prospect of seeing these treasures was, for me, the biggest draw of The Huntington, and I was not disappointed. The first glass case I approached upon entering the dim hall contained the Ellesmere manuscript of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, believed to have been produced around 1410, and that's when I knew this visit was going to be amazing. Illuminated manuscripts make me really excited.
The Exhibition Hall contains twelve mini-exhibits, each of which is organized around one stand-out item. For instance, the contextualizing documents for the Ellesmere Chaucer included an exquisite book of hours and a legal document recording a transaction by a London widow named Emma. The next exhibit featured an original edition (I believe) of Milton's Paradise Lost, as well as a variety of documents related to the English Civil War (there were lots of cool seals attached to these). Did you know Milton held the position of Secretary for Foreign Tongues? What a fantastic title.
The trove of books, manuscripts, documents, and letters in this one room was almost too much to take in, and I couldn't possibly list every extraordinary thing I saw. There was the Gutenberg Bible, the Declaration of Independence (which, I noticed, had a note scrawled in the margin, perpendicular to the original text, saying that this copy had been found among so-and-so's possessions and could it be kept in the family, please), the Shakespeare First Folio, the letter Susan B. Anthony wrote to Elizabeth Cady Stanton right after the former voted illegally in the 1872 presidential election, the documents related to Chinese immigration to the United States in the early 20th century… But I think my favorite piece was the copy of the First Book of Songs of John Dowland, an English Renaissance composer who wrote music for voice and for lute. This book was opened to a page that showed the bass, alto, and tenor parts to a song all oriented in different directions so that musicians could crowd around the book and each read their own part.
After leaving the library, we stopped by the North American Clivia Society's show, which featured prize-winning clivias whose flowers ranged in color from green to pale yellow to peach to deep red.
We then strolled through 流芳園 (Liú Fāng Yuán), the Garden of Flowing Fragrance, which is The Huntington's Chinese Garden. It is not yet complete, but already it's very large, with a pond, several bridges, multiple pavilions… There were pink blossoms on still leafless branches, water lilies in the pond, wisteria heavy with purple flowers, and even a tree peony in full bloom!
The tree peony! In March! No wonder I never know what time of year it is in Southern California.
So that was my first visit to The Huntington. Many gardens remain to be explored, and I didn't even start on the art collections, but really, I would go back just to pore over Middle English manuscripts and Renaissance music scores!


There is a lack of population-based studies of developmental trajectories following mothers throughout the whole child-rearing phase and there are few longitudinal studies focusing on both symptoms of depression and anxiety. The aim of the current study is to identify latent trajectory groups based on counts of symptoms of anxiety and depression among mothers throughout the child-rearing phase and the relations of the latent groups to maternal socio-demographic variables.
Data is from a prospective, longitudinal study of nearly 1000 families in Norway followed from when the index children were 18 months until they were 14.5 years old (the TOPP study). The study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify latent groups of mothers with distinct trajectories across time of symptom counts. Latent group differences on socio-demographic variables were tested with one-way ANOVAs, chi-square tests and exact tests.
Six trajectories based on maternal scores from six waves of data collection of symptoms of anxiety and depression were identified; a 'No symptoms' group with mothers without symptoms; a 'Low' group with mothers reporting low symptom levels; a 'Moderate-low' group with mothers reporting moderately low symptom levels; a 'Moderate' group with mothers with moderate symptoms; a 'High-chronic' group with mothers with overall high symptom levels; and a 'Low-rising' group with mothers starting with a low symptom level that increased over time. The mothers in the High-chronic symptom group differed from the other mothers on several socio-demographic variables. They were significantly younger than the mothers in the Low group comprising the oldest mothers. The mothers in the High-chronic group had significantly lower education, were less likely to have paid work and were less likely to be living with a partner than the mothers in the other groups.
The study shows socio-demographic differences between mothers classified into six trajectory groups based on symptoms of anxiety and depression covering 13 years of the child-rearing period. Specific socio-demographic risk factors characterised mothers in the High-chronic symptom group. Identifying subgroups with enduring problems might inform more targeted preventive efforts.
Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problems among women. The whole family is often affected and the significance of prevention and adequate treatment is high. Exploring developmental trajectories of maternal symptoms over the child-rearing period is important to improve our understanding of the variation in symptoms.
Such analytic designs require data from relatively large, population-based longitudinal studies like the current study. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting results from examining the relationships between socio-demographic characteristics of mothers classified into trajectory groups based on symptom scores covering the child-rearing period from infancy to mid adolescence.
Depression, especially in women, is frequently found to be comorbid with anxiety [1–3]. For example, 43% of subjects in a community sample diagnosed with depression qualified for an anxiety disorder at the same time . The two diagnoses might share a common genetic predisposition . Nevertheless, depression and anxiety disorders are usually found to be heterogeneous conditions that vary among individuals with respect to their clinical presentations, longitudinal course, and risks of recurrence [5–7]. In this study symptoms of anxiety and depression are measured by the Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 (HSCL-25 scale) [8, 9]. The scale consists of two highly correlated symptom subscales of anxiety and depression and consequently the HSCL-25 scale is mostly used as a measure of 'emotional disorder' or 'emotional distress' comparable with studies of depression and/or anxiety.
Depression is usually found to be particularly prevalent in the life phase when women give birth and raise children [10–12], but there are conflicting results as to the developmental pathways. Some studies conclude that the prevalence of symptoms of depression amongst mothers are quite stable from childbirth and onwards [6, 13, 14]. Others have found the risk for depression to increase in the post partum period  and even to increase further as the child grows older . In contrast, others claim that the birth of a child might lead to a period with improved mental health for the mother . However, there is still a lack of population-based studies of developmental trajectories following mothers throughout the whole child-rearing phase and there are few longitudinal studies focusing on both symptoms of depression and anxiety . Studies of trajectories of psychopathology are especially useful for the investigation of transitional points in development across the life phases. Development extends throughout the entire course of life influenced by adaptive and maladaptive processes . Person-centred approaches can help elucidate why the trajectories of some individuals differ from those of others. This approach is appropriate when developmental trajectories are assumed to systematically differ across individuals or when developmental changes are assumed to carry different implications for long-term individual outcomes [19, 20]. This is often the case within the field of depression and anxiety disorders.
A recent review of population-based studies of trajectories of depression and anxiety disorders conclude that this research is in its infancy . Nandi and colleagues found 29 studies of trajectories of which only eight were on adults, including two on mothers. They further reported that only two studies used indices based on the combination of symptoms of anxiety and depression. Colman and colleagues (2007) studied trajectories of symptoms of anxiety and depression over the life course in both men and women from the age of 13 to 53 , whereas Merikangas and colleagues (2003) studied clinically diagnosed anxiety and depression of both men and women .
The trajectory studies of mothers focused only on symptoms of depression. Campbell and colleagues classified 1,261 mothers from a population-based sample into the following six trajectory groups based on seven waves of symptom scores collected when the children were from 1 month to 7 years; High-chronic, Moderate-increasing, High-decreasing, Intermittent, Moderate-stable and Low-stable .
Campbell and colleagues have more recently published results from another study of the same sample using early socio-demographic risk variables and chronicity and severity of maternal depressive symptoms from infancy to age 12 years as predictors of offspring adjustment at 15 years of age. The mothers were then classified into the following five trajectories of depressive symptoms; Non-depressed, Early and decreasing, Stable subclinical, Moderately elevated, and Chronic . They have not yet; however, identified trajectories based on maternal symptom scores gathered from when their children were infants until they are well into adolescence.
Another person-centred study of maternal depression in a clinical sample was conducted by Ashman and colleagues following mothers of children from infancy through 6,5 years . They studied maternal depression in relation to child behaviour over seven years in a sample of 133 mother-child dyads using clinical interviews. As a result, the mothers were classified into the following three trajectory groups based on their symptom scores; Decreasing, Chronic depressed, and Stable mild depressed.
These studies provide important knowledge about different maternal symptom trajectories. However, they are based on data from child-rearing periods in the US only. Challenges mothers meet in the US might differ somewhat from those of mothers in other parts of the world. The Scandinavian countries are characterised by more gender equality, reasonable social benefits for lone mothers, long term paid parental leave, and good access to childcare [26, 27], which are all important factors for parents' wellbeing. Comparisons of symptom trajectories between countries with different child-rearing conditions enlightens discussions of relationships between the effects of basic and cultural-dependent challenges on depression and anxiety disorders. Knowledge from population based studies of mothers from other countries is needed for such comparisons. Clinical studies of small groups of mothers are not able to capture the stability and change in symptoms over the child-rearing period. Population-based studies are valuable sources for informing preventive work because the majority of people suffering from mental disorders never seek professional help [7, 28].
Depressive symptoms are usually found to be associated with socio-demographic variables like gender, age, employment, education, partner status and income [10, 14, 29, 30]. However, to our knowledge no study has reported results from examining the relationships between socio-demographic characteristics of mothers classified into trajectory groups based on symptoms covering most of the child-rearing period. The relationship between socio-demographic variables and trajectories of symptoms of depression and anxiety needs to be explored further  because subgroups may be exposed to specific risk factors. It is also important to know more about symptom development throughout the child-rearing period to reveal potential vulnerable phases in order to make more targeted efforts.
The aim of the study is to identify symptom trajectories of anxiety and depression describing a population-based sample of Norwegian mothers from when their children were 18 months until they were 14.5 years old. The study will also look at the relationship between socio-demographic variables characterizing the mothers classified into the different symptom trajectory groups.
The current study used data from the Tracking opportunities and problems - from childhood through adolescence (TOPP) study. A prospective, longitudinal study of nearly 1000 families in Norway designed to investigate the influences of environmental risk and protective factors on symptoms of mental health problems and competence among children and their parents.
The study is approved by The National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (NEM) in Norway. All families from 19 geographical health care areas in eastern Norway who visited a child health clinic in 1993 for a scheduled 18 month visit were invited to complete a questionnaire (t1). More than 95% of all families in Norway with children attend the public health program eight to twelve times during the first four years of the child's life.
Of the 1081 eligible families, 913 mothers filled out questionnaires at time 1. 777 mothers (85% of t1) participated at t2 when the child was 2.5 years old, 727 (80%) at t3 (4.5 years), 505 (55%) at t4 (8.5 years), 587 (64%) at t5 (12.5 years), and 474 mothers (52%) at t6 (14.5 years). 38 mothers entered the study after time 1. Hence 951 different mothers were included at one wave or more.
More than 95% of the families were ethnic Norwegians, i.e. non-immigrants. Background information on the mothers who declined to respond at t1 was recorded at the child health clinic. Non-respondents did not differ significantly from respondents with respect to maternal age, education, employment status, number of children and marital status. The attrition rate is increasing with time as in most longitudinal studies. This study followed mothers from when the index child was 18 months (t1) until they were 14.5 years old (t6). The questionnaires were administered at the health care clinics for the first three time points and by post from time four; this partly explains the substantial decline from 80% to 55% in participation from t3 to t4. In our study we found that there were only small and non-significant differences between the mothers who filled in questionnaires at all waves and the mothers who only participated in the first wave with respect to age, education, number of children, financial status, social support, chronic stress, negative life events and maternal mental health symptoms scores. The only significant (p < .05) predictors of drop out were maternal education and workforce participation. Mothers who participated throughout the whole period had higher education and were more likely to have paid work.
HSCL: Maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured by a version of the Hopkins Symptom Check List (HSCL-25) [8, 9]. An index of maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression was computed by dividing the sum of all items by the number of items. The HSCL version we used had 23 items at t1 and t2, 24 items at t3, t4 and t6, and 10 items at t5. Two of the 25 items in the HSCL scale were excluded after a pilot study in the beginning of the TOPP study because some mothers perceived the items: "thoughts of killing yourself" and "loss of sexual interest or pleasure" as offensive. From t3 the item "thoughts of killing yourself" was included in the questionnaire and the scale has been administered with 24 items in the TOPP study since then, with the exception of the fifth wave when it was reduced to 10 items. A study of comparisons of short versions of the Symptom Checklist found that all short versions showed almost equally high internal consistency, sensitivity and specificity . Table 1 gives descriptive and reliability scores of the HSCL scores at all waves.
Characteristics of maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression (HSCL) scores at six time points.
The HSCL-25 scale is widely used for detecting psychological problems in non-psychiatric settings. The reliability and validity of the scale has been well established . HSCL-25 consists of 25 items separated into two highly correlated scales for anxiety (10 items) and depression (15 items) rated on a four-point scale ranging from 1 "not at all" to 4 "extremely" affected. The HSCL-25 scale measures symptoms and does not diagnose but it is common to use a cut-off score of 1.75 as an indication of symptoms equivalent with an anxiety or depressive disorder. A Norwegian study found that using HSCL-25 with this cut-off gave the same prevalence estimates of an anxiety and depressive disorder as a diagnostic, clinical interview (CIDI) [33, 34].
The correlation between HSCL scores was significant at the .01 level from one time to the next (.67 from t1 to t2, .66 from t2 to t3, .57 from t3 to t4, .52 from t4 to t5, and .62 from t5 to t6) and over the whole period. (.36 from t1-t6).
Maternal age: was measured at time 1 when the index child was 18 months with a mean of 30 years ranging from 19 to 46 years of age.
Maternal education: at t1 was measured on a scale from 1 (7 year/primary school, 10% of the sample) to 5 (more than 4 years at university or university college, 16%). The sample mean was 3 (high school) at time 1 when the index child was 18 months. Maternal education was only included at t1 because it is relatively stable in this sample. The correlations between maternal education were .93 from t1 to t2, .95 from t2 to t3, .90 from t3 to t4, .94 from t4 to t5, and .94 from t5 to t6. From t1-t6 the correlation was .80. All were significant at the .01 level.
Workforce participation: we coded workforce participation from the questionnaires at all six time points as whether the mothers were working full time, part time or not participating in paid work. We made a dichotomous variable where we combined working full time and part time into one category of having paid work. At t1 when the index child was 18 months 63% of the mothers worked outside the home. At time 6, when the index child was 14.5, this proportion had increased to 87%.
Childs gender: we recorded the index child's gender and used it in the analysis. At t1 51% were girls.
Cohabitation status/living with a partner: cohabitation status was measured at all six time points and was coded as whether the mothers were living with or without a partner regardless of whether they were married or not. In the Scandinavian countries cohabitation is largely indistinguishable from marriage . A large study in Norway found no difference in symptoms of anxiety and depression among cohabitants than among the married  and this was replicated in the current study. Mothers were classified as living without a partner if they either were living alone with the child/children or together with parents or friends and the child/children.
This study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify distinct trajectories of symptoms of maternal anxiety and depression. LPA is a person-centered approach which is designed to divide the population under study into a set of latent subpopulations with similar developmental pathways . We used Mplus, version 5, to compute different trajectories of maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression using HSCL sum scores. We estimated models with 2 to 7 classes (later referred to as groups) and focused on the model that minimized the Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) index as the "best" model . To avoid problems with local solutions each model was estimated using 500 different sets of starting values, where each set was randomly perturbed from Mplus default starting values . To minimize problems with singularities, within class time specific residual variance was constrained to be equal across time but classes were allowed to have different levels of time specific residual variance . After model estimation, we used estimated posterior class membership probabilities to assign individuals to pseudo-class according to the maximum probability rule where individuals are assigned to the class for which they have the highest probability of membership. Observed pseudo-class trajectories were plotted against the model fitted class trajectories as a check on the adequacy of any solution. Due to the skewness of the HSCL scores we performed two sets of analyses; one on raw scores and one on Rasch transformed scores. Both procedures gave largely similar results.
When comparing mothers in the different symptom groups we used pseudo-classes as observed groups in further analysis instead of the latent group variable. This means that individuals are assigned to the class for which they have the highest probability of membership; hence the uncertainty of latent class membership is not taken into consideration. Even though the average posterior class probabilities for trajectory membership for our six group solution ranged from .80 to .91 there are always some ambiguities regarding group membership of some individuals. In complicated statistical procedures it is possible to include predictors in the model and hence take into account the uncertainty of latent class membership and the uncertainty associated with fitting all parts of the model, the standard errors will then be more realistic. In this study we chose a simpler approach and used pseudo-class membership and tested the groups on other variables with conventional statistical methods. To protect against the potential inflation of significance we chose a more stringent p-level than .05.
The LPA analyses were done using subjects with partial data with the assumption that the missing data was missing at random (MAR). MAR is a technical term that is often misunderstood. It means that 'missingness' does not depend on unobserved variables that have not been included in the model. The MAR assumption is not testable unless the missing data can somehow be recovered and it is not invalidated if observed variables included in the model are predictive of missingness. (See Graham, 2009, for more information on modern missing data methodology ).
To test for group differences we performed one-way ANOVA's in SPSS version 14.0 and used the pseudo-class variable, i.e. the mothers are assigned to the class to which they have the highest probability of membership, as the factor. Because the sample size varied in the six groups, Games-Howell tests were used as post hoc test because it does not assume equal sample size or equal population variance (we also tested with Tukey and it produced almost identical results). We conducted Chi-square tests in cross-tabulations of trajectories and the dichotomous socio-demographic variables. In addition we conducted exact analyses of single cells in the cross-tabulations based on the Fisher four-field hypergeometric distribution test with the Exacon module in Sleipner version 2.1 . In Exacon, the procedure is fitting a model of independence and then looking at cells that depart significantly from independence.
The Exacon module was used to analyse if mothers in the different symptom groups scored significantly more often than expected on dichotomous socio-demographic variables. This analysis produces an exact test of single cells in a contingency table. Scores observed significantly more often than expected are referred to as types (observed > expected) and those observed less frequently than expected are referred to as antitypes (observed < expected). A stringent p level of .01 was chosen for the analysis of statistical types and antitypes as correction for the number of comparisons in each cross-table was not applied.
Trying several LPA analyses with different constraints produced very similar results. When we allowed for more than six trajectories, the low symptom trajectories were divided into more low groups. We thus got corresponding overall patterns with all the different analytic approaches. We used the raw HSCL symptom scores in the LPA and chose a solution of six trajectories based on model fit estimations (BIC). Model fit indexes (BIC (Entropy)) from two to seven classes were; 49.94 (.832), -662.40 (.793), -982.65 (.803), -1125.37 (.777), -1138.34 (.769), -1133.16 (.743), respectively.
Figure 1 shows fitted mean trajectories from the 6 class model. It shows one trajectory without any symptoms (No symptoms, 5% of mothers at t1), one trajectory with mothers reporting few symptoms (Low, 19% of the mothers at t1), one with moderately low symptoms (Moderate-low, 30% of t1), one trajectory characterising mothers with moderate symptoms over the time span (Moderate, 32% of t1), one trajectory classifying mothers with overall high scores (High-chronic, 10% of t1) and one trajectory classifying mothers starting with low scores that increased over time (Low-rising, 4% of t1). Around half (54%) of the mothers are included in the three low symptom groups (No symptoms, Low, and Moderate-low) with stable low symptom scores over all six time points. The largest single group is the group reporting moderate symptoms with 32% of t1. 10% of the mothers are classified into the High-chronic group. This group also had the largest variation in scores, i.e. they fluctuate around the group mean level. The only group that did not have a stable symptom level over time was the Low-rising group (4%). Mothers classified into this group started with few symptoms at the first three time points (when the child was 1.5 to 4.5 years), had a moderate symptom level at t4 (8.5 years), and were above the established clinical cut-off score at t5 and t6 (when the child was 12.5 and 14.5).
The trajectory model of maternal symptom levels. The coloured lines represents the six different trajectories of symptoms of anxiety and depression at six times points identified with LPA analysis. The dashed lines are the actual data (pseudo trajectories), and the solid lines are the estimated model trajectories. Maternal symptom scores are on the y-axis and data wave from t1 to t6 is on the x-axis. On the right side are names of the trajectory groups.
We further explored whether there are significant differences between the mothers in the six groups on the following socio-demographic variables: maternal age, education level, and participation in paid work, partner status and index child's gender. Table 2 and 3 present descriptive data of the continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively, and whether there are overall significant differences between the mean levels of scores among mothers classified into each of the trajectory groups.
One way ANOVA analyses of maternal age and education at t1. Games Howell Post Hoc Tests of continuous variables.
a = significant difference between the Low and High-Chronic group (p = .007).
b = the High-Chronic group is significantly different from all the other classes.
Relationships between trajectory groups and workforce participation, cohabitation status and child gender at 6 time points (dichotomous variables).
ANOVA analysis showed an overall group difference between the mean ages of the mothers. A Games-Howell post hoc test showed that the mothers in the Low group were significantly older than the mothers in the High-chronic group. Despite the attrition this difference was significant at all time points.
ANOVA analysis of maternal education level at t1 showed that that there were overall significant differences in education level between the mothers in the six symptom trajectories. A post-hoc test showed that the mothers in the High-chronic group had a significantly lower level of education than all the other mothers. Maternal education level was relatively stable in our sample from t1 to t6 and therefore only t1 was included.
Chi-Square tests showed that there were significant differences between the groups at t1 regarding workforce participation. The mothers in the High-chronic group were less likely to have paid work. More than half of the mothers in the High-chronic group at t1 (56%) reported not having paid work versus 31-38% of the mothers in the other groups. Analyses of single cells in the cross-tabulations showed that the proportion of mothers in the High-chronic group having paid work at t1, t4 and t5 was lower than statistically expected.
The mothers in the High-chronic group were less likely to report living with a partner. Chi-Square tests showed that there were overall significant differences between the groups in relation to partner status at t1 when the index child was 18 months. 82% of the mothers in the High-chronic group were living with a partner at t1, compared to between 91-97% in the other groups (sample mean was 92%). This trend was stable throughout the study and we found overall significant differences in partner status between the groups at all six time points. Analyses of single cells in the cross-tabulations confirmed that a lower proportion of the mothers in the High-chronic group are living with a partner than statistically expected at all six time points. In the Low group there are more mothers reporting to live with a partner than expected at t4 and t6. The percentages in the category not living together with a partner was steadily increasing from t1 to t6 both in the sample as a whole (sample mean from 8% to 17%) and for all the groups separately. Analyses of single cells in the cross-tabulations showed that a larger proportion of mothers in the High-chronic group were living without a partner than expected at all time points. In the Low group fewer than expected were living without a partner at t4 and t6.
The proportion of boys and girls in the sample was similar to the general population; 51% girls and 49% boys. The range in the groups is 41-55%. Analyses of single cells in the cross-tabulations showed that the proportion of boys is higher than expected in the Moderate-low group.
Six trajectories of symptoms of anxiety and depression were identified in a longitudinal population-based sample of mothers in Norway with latent profile analysis (LPA). We found a No symptom group, a Low, a Moderate-low, a Moderate, a High-chronic, and a Low-rising symptom group. Although 95% of the mothers have some symptoms at one time point or another, only 10% had increased symptom levels throughout the whole child-rearing period and 32% were classified into the trajectory group with a moderate symptom level. The largest differences in socio-demographic characteristics were found between mothers in the High-chronic group and the other mothers. The mothers in the High-chronic group were significantly younger than the mothers in the Low group and they had significantly lower education than all the other mothers. The mothers in the High-chronic group were also less likely to be living with a partner and less likely to have paid work than the mothers in the other groups. In the following section we will discuss our main findings.
The best fitting model gave six trajectories including proportions of mothers varying from 4% to 32%. One trajectory classifying mothers without symptoms (No symptoms, 5% of t1), one including mothers reporting few symptoms (Low, 19% of t1), one pertaining to mothers with moderately low symptoms (Moderate-low, 30% of t1), one characterising mothers with moderate symptoms (Moderate, 32% of t1), one classifying mothers with overall high scores (High-chronic, 10% of t1) and, one trajectory classifying mothers starting with low scores that increased over time to a level comparable to a clinical level (Low-rising, 4% of t1). Inspection of the raw data showed more symptoms to be reported at t5 than on other time points. To test if this was due to the different amount of items at each time point we selected the corresponding 10 items at all six time points and compared the mean values on the new summative indexes. The mean was still highest at t5; hence the mothers did report the most symptoms at time 5 when the index child was 12.5 years old. All in all, the result indicates that the majority of the mothers do endorse some of the items of the scale during the study. Only 5% of the mothers' do not report any symptoms at all six time points. Around half of the mothers are in the three trajectory groups characterized by low symptom scores. Considering that this is a longitudinal population-based sample we expected most of the mothers to be low in symptoms. In this regard it is interesting that the Moderate group is the largest single group with 32% of the mothers. This indicates that in a population-based sample there is a substantial proportion of mothers reporting mild symptoms. The High-chronic symptom group consists of 10% of the mothers which is equivalent to findings from other population-based samples.
There are few other population-based and person-oriented studies on maternal mental health. Campbell and colleagues [23, 24] have published results from two interesting person-centred studies using data from the NICHD study identifying maternal depressive symptom trajectories. They have not, however, identified trajectories using data describing the whole child-rearing period, from the early preschool years to well into adolescence. Other studies of trajectories of symptoms of depression and/or anxiety have focused on clinically depressed mothers only , special samples like adolescent mothers , or on adults in general, not mothers .
There are also interesting similarities between these studies and the current study despite differences in sample and design. Compared to our trajectory groups, the decreasing group Ashman and colleagues indentified in their data is of specific interest . They found a three-group solution with one decreasing group, one chronic depressed group and one stable mild depressed group. Their decreasing group had high level of symptoms during the child's first year of life, decreasing to a moderate level during the child's preschool years and increased again during the child's school years. This group corresponds to our Low-rising group in that we see an increase in symptoms from around the time the index child starts school. We do not have information about the symptom level of the mothers in the TOPP study during pregnancy and the first 18 months of the index child's life so we do not know whether the mothers in the Low-rising group were high or low in symptoms during their pregnancy and post partum.
One reason for the discrepancy between our findings and findings from the two other studies of maternal trajectories might be due to differences in measurement instruments and samples. Unlike the other maternal trajectory studies we used a measure combining symptoms of anxiety and depression. Our data covered a time span of 13 years. Colman and colleagues (2007) studied trajectories of symptoms of anxiety and depression over the life course in both men and women from the age of 13 to 53 . They identified six trajectories of symptoms of anxiety and depression; absence of symptoms, repeated moderate symptoms, adult-onset moderate symptoms, adolescent symptoms with good adult outcome, adult-onset severe symptoms, and repeated severe symptoms. Those with symptoms, especially in adulthood, were more likely to be women. Taking into consideration the trajectories in adulthood the trajectory pattern is quite similar to ours and for example the adult-onset severe symptoms group might be the equivalent to our low rising group.
Campbell and colleagues identified six trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms in their study from 2007 . The number of trajectories was similar to ours, but the group pattern was somewhat different. Like us, they report a chronic high group, a low symptom group and a moderate symptom group. In addition, they identified an intermittent group, a moderate increasing group, and a high decreasing. We identified two low groups and a low increasing group. The maternal trajectories they identified were based on data collected when the index child was from 1 month until 7 years. We continued collecting data until the child was 14.5 years old. This covers a time span more similar to a later study from Campbell and colleagues where they followed the mothers from when the child was 1 month until they turned 12 years of age [23, 24]. They identified the following five trajectory groups: non-depressed, early and decreasing, stable subclinical, moderately elevated, and chronic. Again the trajectory pattern is partly different from ours in that we did not identify the early and decreasing group. This might be because our study covers a different time period. The differences are not great - we started when the children were one year older and continued until they were 2 1/2 years older - but both infancy and early adolescence are likely to have substantial impact on the mothers' symptom level. The early and decreasing group identified by Campbell and colleagues had a high symptom level during the first 15 months of the index child's life, a time when we do not have data. The other groups from Campbell and colleagues' study in 2009 corresponded well with ours except for the Low-rising group that we identified [23, 24]. Campbell and colleagues identified a moderate increasing group which might be the closest to our Low-rising group. The difference is that the mothers in our Low-rising group reported a lower symptom level before the children were at the age of 4, and a steeper increase after the children reached that age.
It was mainly the mothers from the High-chronic group that differed from the rest. The mean age of the mothers in our High-chronic group was lower than in all the other groups. They were significantly younger than the mothers in the Low group comprising the oldest mothers. The mothers in the High-chronic group were also less likely to be living with a partner than the mothers in the other groups. A smaller proportion of them were living with a partner than statistically expected at all six time points. The mothers in the High-chronic group also had significantly lower education than all the other mothers. It is worth noticing that the mothers in the Low-rising group had the highest education. In addition, the High-chronic mothers were less likely to have paid work. The amount of mothers having paid work increased steadily in the sample as a whole. When the index child was 18 months 64% of the mothers had paid work compared to near 88% when the child was 14.5 years old. It is more common for mothers to join the workforce as the child grows older. Contrary to this we found a decrease in workforce participation among the mothers in the Low-rising group (with high education) parallel with the increase in symptoms of anxiety and depression. This decrease seems to be parallel and to follow after the increase in symptoms. It seems that the direction was from increase in symptoms to drop out of workforce and not from being unemployed leading to increase in symptoms. It is, however, necessary to examine this further in a full model controlling for relevant mediators.
Our findings on socio-demographic variables are in line with results reported from both studies by Susan Campbell and colleagues. In their study published in 2009 they found that women with few symptoms were more likely to be married, better educated, and in better physical health than women with more elevated symptoms. In their study from 2007, Campbell and colleagues found that women in the different trajectory groups varied widely in co-occurring socio-demographic risk. Mothers in the low-stable depression trajectory group were older, better educated, and had higher incomes than the mothers in the other five trajectory groups. Women in the moderate-stable depression group were also somewhat better-off financially and had higher educational levels than women in the chronic and high-decreasing trajectories. Women in the low-stable depression group were also more likely to be in a stable marriage .
On the contrary, Ashman and colleagues did not find significant differences between the mothers in their study on any socio-demographic variables like mother's ethnicity, partner status, education, occupation level, or hours spent working outside the home. The lack of differences between their groups and ours might partly be because the sample consisted of depressed mothers only in contrast to our study comprising a population-based sample .
In our study we found the level of symptoms measured at the six time points to be quite stable over time among mothers classified into all trajectory groups except for the Low-rising group. The Low-rising group was a small group, only 4% of our sample. However, the group had low attrition; the analysis required the mothers to be part of most data waves to be included in this particular group. It is interesting to note that this is a group with a high proportion of highly educated mothers. In the Low-rising group 24% of the mothers had more than four years of university or university college education. This was only the case for 13% of the mothers in the High-chronic group. The range was from 14-17% for the mothers in the other groups. All in all, this study found that although some variables like workforce participation and partner status changed for the mothers in the Low-rising group, this group of mothers did not differ significantly from the others on most variables included. The substantial increase in reported symptom level for this particular group of mothers can not be explained by variables included in the current study.
Our study shows that for some mothers the symptoms of anxiety and depression can be a stable problem over a substantial period of time. The results in Tables 2 and 3 imply that t1 demographics significantly discriminate the groups. The high symptom mothers were associated with specific risk factors like young age, low education, living without a partner and not having paid work. The results for maternal education specifically indicate that the high chronic group is significantly different from the other groups but the other groups do not differ among themselves. Hence it is important to pay attention to specific risk factors among mothers in order to establish effective intervention and prevention programs. Perhaps even more important, education and work force participation are malleable risk factors that can be changed through effective intervention.
There are several statistical approaches that can be used when studying person oriented trajectories. In this study a latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify trajectories of symptoms of anxiety and depression. The six groups based on maternal symptom scores gave a meaningful result, but there are also some limitations. For simplicity, we used pseudo-classes as observed groups in analysis of socio-demographic variables instead of predicting latent classes directly in the LPA model. This means that the uncertainty of latent class membership was not taken into consideration. To protect against the potential inflation of significance that comes when pseudo-class is treated as observed class a more stringent p level than .05 was applied.
The data in this study stems from a population-based sample which reduces the selection bias associated with studies of maternal depression and/or anxiety using clinical samples. Few studies of mental health have followed mother-child dyads over such a long time span as we have in this study. Despite the attrition that ordinarily is connected to the length of the study we still find that the remaining sample shows few differences on our study variables compared to the drop outs. Attrition analysis of the current study found that the only significant predictors of drop out were maternal education and workforce participation. Mothers who participated throughout the whole study period had higher education and were more likely to have paid work. In addition, modern statistical methods that assume that data are missing at random conditional on predictors included in the model (MAR assumption) and thus include subjects with partial data that we used tend to minimize attrition bias. We did not, however, include the variables that predicted attrition in the LPA analyses so this remains a potential limitation of our results.
The results would be strengthened if we had collected data through clinical diagnostic interviews of mothers instead of self reported symptoms on a symptom check-list. However, when the purpose is to gain knowledge that can be generalised to the population, self-reported symptom measures are found to be a valid indicator in population-based studies [33, 43].
This study showed that the onset of serious symptoms of depression and anxiety might appear later in the child-rearing phase, hence it is not only the post partum time that might be a vulnerable period for mothers. It is necessary to explore the symptom trajectories further to see whether classification into one of the groups is predicted by different factors, and whether risk and protective factors might affect groups of mothers differently at different times, i.e. to identify vulnerable periods and resilient outcomes.
Even though extensive research has been done on maternal depression and anxiety disorders, there are few longitudinal studies following the symptom level among mothers from the ordinary population over the whole child-rearing period. This is one of few studies that have examined the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of mothers classified into trajectory groups based on symptom scores covering the period from when they had infants until the children were well into adolescence. It is interesting that the risk factors are consistent for the high symptom group throughout the child-rearing phase, not only at one time point. This study shows that the course of symptoms of anxiety and depression is heterogeneous and that it is useful to apply person-centred analyses in order to develop preventive initiatives. In future studies it will be important to test hypotheses about early predictors that can identify high risk group membership. Such findings might have substantial implications for early intervention and prevention of mental health problems.
HJ, MS and AS performed the LPA analyses. AS performed the other statistical analyses and drafted the manuscript. KSM designed the project and collected the data. All authors contributed to the interpretation of results and helped to draft or critically revise the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


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Barry Maguire (* 27. April 1998 in Bellshill) ist ein schottischer Fußballspieler, der beim FC Motherwell unter Vertrag steht und an den FC Dundee verliehen ist.

Karriere
Barry Maguire spielte bis zum Jahr 2018 in den Jugendmannschaften des FC Motherwell. Am 7. April 2018 gab er sein Profidebüt in der Scottish Premiership gegen den FC St. Johnstone, als er in der Startelf stand und später ausgewechselt wurde. Bis zum Ende der Saison folgten zwei weitere Einsätze über 90 Minuten.

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Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (FC Motherwell)
Fußballspieler (Queen of the South)
Fußballspieler (FC Dundee)
Brite
Schotte
Geboren 1998
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On the one hand, Austria possessed all the prerequisites for industrialisation: plentiful natural resources, particularly iron ore and salt, and a long mining tradition.
The industrial revolution on the European continent began in Belgium. Before that, the country had traditionally enjoyed a vibrant trading tradition for many years.
For centuries, Croatia was squeezed between the expansionist Ottoman Empire in the southern Balkans, the Habsburg Empire in the north and the Kingdom of Hungary to the east.
Finland's rise as a prosperous industrial nation is due primarily to two very different factors: its extensive forests and its historically close relationship with Russia.
The course of industrialisation in France was so idiosyncratic that for a long time people wondered whether an industrial revolution had ever taken place in the country.
The first German textile factory was built in 1784 in Ratingen near Düsseldorf. It was called "Cromford" after its English model and was very much on its own in Germany.
For a long time, Hungary's economy was dominated by foreign powers, starting with Ottoman rule in the 16th century. Development thus followed a painful, inefficient up-and-down course.
Ireland is today widely known as the "Emerald Isle", but this successful branding hides a bitter history: until well into the 20th century, unprofitable agriculture predominated on the island.
Romania's economic history was shaped by the tensions between its extremely passionate striving toward self-sufficiency and the dominance of foreign powers.
Though Slovakia has a long mining tradition, it remained an agricultural nation until well into the 20th century. The late Middle Ages was the golden age of Slovakian mining.
Industrialisation in Spain varied geographically. Three regions were the pioneers: Basque Country, Asturias and Catalonia. In the Basque Country, the iron industry was concentrated.
Sweden's long road to becoming an industrial nation followed a common path, in that the process began with agricultural surpluses and a consequent population growth.
The Industrial Revolution, which brought so many chimney stacks and soot-ridden workers' housing settlements to Europe, began on the fields of British farmers.


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I never cared about Nancy Drew until now.
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Zack Kaplan's first two books are being optioned for TV. Port of Earth is one of them. The first 8-issue arc wraps up here, but don't worry: another 8-issue arc is coming out next year.
The first issue was an emotionally raw and compelling story made all the better by Christoper Cantwell's personal connection to the story.
I am a huge fan of Catwoman. I love the fact that she is going to not only be on her own adventures, but we get to see how the events of Batman #50 have affected her. On top of that, Joelle Jones writes and draws.
THE VILLAINS ARE ANTHROPOMORPHIC DINOSAURS. I have nothing else to say about this.
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This special issue is about the unique drama of trying to put together a couple's costume for a special summer camp ball. This standalone Lumberjanes story is sure to be cute!
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Title Braktooth Bluetooth Bugs Bite: Exploit Code, Proof-of-Concept Released
Date Sunday November 07 2021, @02:12PM
Author chromas
from the you-can't-handle-the-tooth dept.
https://soylentnews.org/article.pl?sid=21/11/07/077248
Arthur T Knackerbracket has processed the following story:
BrakTooth is a collection of flaws affecting commercial Bluetooth stacks on more than 1,400 chipsets used in billions of devices – including smartphones, PCs, toys, internet-of-things (IoT) devices and industrial equipment – that rely on Bluetooth Classic (BT) for communication.
On Thursday, CISA urged manufacturers, vendors and developers to patch or employ workarounds.
The PoC has been made available on the BrakTooth website on GitHub.
As the paper pointed out, all that attackers need to do to pick apart the BrakTooth bugs is an off-the-shelf ESP32 board that can be had for $14.80, (or as low as $4 for an alternative board on AliExpress), custom Link Manager Protocol (LMP) firmware, and a computer to run the PoC tool.
Researchers from the University of Singapore disclosed the initial group of 16 vulnerabilities (now up to 22), collectively dubbed BrakTooth, in a paper published in September. They found the bugs in the closed commercial BT stack used by 1,400+ embedded chip components and detailed a host of attack types they can cause: Mainly denial of service (DoS) via firmware crashes (the term "brak" is actually Norwegian for "crash"). One of the bugs can also lead to arbitrary code execution (ACE).
Since the paper was published, there have been a number of updates, as vendors have scrambled to patch or to figure out whether or not they will in fact patch, and as researchers have uncovered additional vulnerable devices.
"Arthur T Knackerbracket" - https://soylentnews.org/~Arthur+T+Knackerbracket/
"following story" - https://threatpost.com/braktooth-bluetooth-bugs-exploit-poc/176036/
"collection of flaws" - https://threatpost.com/bluetooth-bugs-dos-code-execution/169159/
"CISA urged" - https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/current-activity/2021/11/04/braktooth-proof-concept-tool-demonstrates-bluetooth
"website on GitHub." - https://github.com/Matheus-Garbelini/braktooth_esp32_bluetooth_classic_attacks
"disclosed" - https://threatpost.com/bluetooth-bugs-dos-code-execution/169159/
"paper" - https://asset-group.github.io/disclosures/braktooth/
"Original Submission" - https://soylentnews.org/submit.pl?op=viewsub&subid=52280
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printed from SoylentNews, Braktooth Bluetooth Bugs Bite: Exploit Code, Proof-of-Concept Released on 2023-01-30 11:48:52


GB/T 7714 X.Y. Zhang,G.S. Zhuang,J.M. Chen,et al. Heterogeneous Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide on Typical Mineral Particles[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B,2006,110(25):12588-12596.
APA X.Y. Zhang.,G.S. Zhuang.,J.M. Chen.,Y. Wang.,X. Wang.,...&P. Zhang.(2006).Heterogeneous Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide on Typical Mineral Particles.J. Phys. Chem. B,110(25),12588-12596.
MLA X.Y. Zhang,et al."Heterogeneous Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide on Typical Mineral Particles".J. Phys. Chem. B 110.25(2006):12588-12596.