The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as "the Concept") is a system of views on the content, principles and main areas of the foreign policy activities of Russia.
This Concept shall supplement and develop the provisions of the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on 28June 2000.
This Concept shall be based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Laws, generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation, instruments of the Russian Federation governing the activities of the state authorities of the Russian Federation in the area of foreign policy, as well as the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation, Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation and other relevant documents.
International developments in the field of international relations in the beginning of the 21stcentury and strengthening of Russia have required reassessment of the overall situation around Russia, rethinking of the priorities of the Russian foreign policy with due account for the increased role of the country in international affairs, its greater responsibility for global developments and related possibilities to participate in the implementation of the international agenda, as well as in its development. As regards the international situation, along with a positive trend, i.e. the strengthening of the positions of the Russian Federation in international affairs, negative trends emerged that are to be considered in conducting foreign policy of Russia in specific areas.
to promote and propagate, in foreign States, the Russian language and Russian peoples' culture constituting a unique contribution to cultural and civilizational diversity of the contemporary world and to the development of an intercivilizational partnership.
The modern world is going through fundamental and dynamic changes that profoundly affect the interests of the Russian Federation and its citizens. Anew Russia, basing on a solid foundation of its national interests, has now acquired a full-fledged role in global affairs.
Differences between domestic and external means of ensuring national interests and security are gradually disappearing.
In this context, our foreign policy becomes one of major instruments of the steady national development and of ensuring its competitiveness in a globalizing world.
Russia, being a permanent member of the UN Security Council, participant in the G8 and other authoritative international and regional organizations, intergovernmental dialogue and cooperation mechanisms, and as a country possessing a major potential and significant resources in all spheres of human activities, vigorously developing relations with leading States and associations throughout the world and integrating consistently into the world economy and politics, exerts a substantial influence upon the development of a new architecture of international relations.
Drastic transformation of international relations, the end of ideological confrontation and steady overcoming of the Cold War legacy and its prejudices and stereotypes, the strengthening of Russia and its international position have all contributed to significant enhancement of global cooperation. The threat of a fullscale war, including a nuclear one, has been diminished.
Today, traditional cumbersome military and political alliances can no longer provide for counteracting the whole range of modern challenges and threats which are transnational in their nature. Bloc approaches to international problems are being replaced by a network diplomacy based on flexible forms of participation in international structures for the search of joint solutions to common tasks.
Together with the military power of States, economic, scientific and technological, environmental, demographic and informational factors are coming to the fore as major factors of influence of a state on international affairs. Ofincreasing influence are: the level of protection of interests of the individual, as well as those of society and the state; spiritual and intellectual development of citizens; improved wellbeing of people; balance of educational, scientific and production resources; general level of investments in human capital; efficient use of mechanisms governing global markets of goods and services, diversified economic relations; comparative advantages of States in integration processes. Economic interdependence of States is becoming one of key factors of international stability. Prerequisites are being created for building a more stable and crisisresistant world order.
At the same time, new challenges and threats (first of all, international terrorism, narcotraffic, organized crime, spread of weapons of mass destruction and means of their delivery, regional conflicts, demographic problems, global poverty, including energy poverty, as well as illegal migration and climate change) are global problems that require adequate response of the entire international community and solidarity efforts to overcome them. The ecological factor is playing an increasingly important role, the problem of prevention of and counteracting infectious diseases is becoming evermore urgent. The complex nature of challenges facing the international community requires development of a balanced strategy of their solution, based on the interrelationship of issues of security, social and economic development and human rights protection.
The contradictory trends determining the current state of international relations are a result of the transitional period in their development. Those trends are reflecting differences in understanding of a genuine meaning and consequences of the end of the Cold War. It is for the first time in the contemporary history that global competition is acquiring a civilizational dimension which suggests competition between different value systems and development models within the framework of universal democratic and market economy principles.
As the constraints of the bipolar confrontation are being overcome, the cultural and civilizational diversity of the modern world is increasingly in evidence. Areligious factor in shaping the system of contemporary international relations is growing, inter alia, as regards its moral foundation. This problem cannot be resolved without a common denominator that has always existed in major world religions.
The reaction to the prospect of loss by the historic West of its monopoly in global processes finds its expression, in particular, in the continued political and psychological policy of "containing" Russia, including the use of a selective approach to history, for those purposes, first of all as regards the World War Two and the postwar period.
The need for the international community to develop a common vision of our era is becoming evermore urgent, which could only be achieved through open and honest substantive discussions of the problems confronting the mankind. What is needed is to provide favorable conditions for scientists to carry out their professional work with a view to establishing the historical truth and preventing historical issues from becoming an instrument of practical policy.
The unilateral action strategy leads to destabilization of international situation, provokes tensions and arms race, exacerbates interstate differences, stirs up ethnic and religious strife, endangers security of other States and fuels tensions in intercivilizational relations. Coercive measures with the use of military force in circumvention of the UN Charter and Security Council cannot overcome deep social, economic, ethnic and other differences underlying conflicts, undermines the basic principles of international law and leads to enlargement of conflict space, including in the geopolitical area around Russia.
The UN is to play a fundamental role in developing full-fledged intercivilizational dialogue aimed at reaching agreement between representatives of various religions, confessions and cultures.
Russia will continue to seek the strengthening of principles of multilateralism in international affairs, development of an architecture of international relations that would be based on the recognition by the international community of the principles of security indivisibility in the modern world and would reflect its diversity.
ignoring by individual States and their groups of major principles of international law. Russia advocates full universality of the generally recognized norms of international law both in their understanding and application.
Strengthening of international position of Russia and solution of the tasks related to the establishment of equal mutually beneficial partnerships with all countries, successful promotion of our foreign economic interests and provision of political, economic, information and cultural influence abroad require the use of all available financial and economic tools of the state and provision of adequate resources for the Russian Federation's foreign policy.
The Russian Federation possesses real capacity to play a welldeserved role globally. In this respect, of fundamental importance are the following factors: strengthened Russian statehood, stable economic growth, further political and economic reforms, resolution of social problems, overcoming of the resource-based economy and its transition to innovations, as well as improved demographic situation. Other important factors include the strengthened civil society institutes and governmental support to national nongovernmental organizations interested in promoting Russia's foreign policy interests.
Russia pursues an open, predictable and pragmatic foreign policy determined by its national interests. Russia develops international cooperation on the basis of equality, mutual respect for interests and mutual benefit.
Balanced and multivector character of Russia's foreign policy is its distinguishing feature. This is due to a geopolitical position of Russia as the largest EuroAsian power, its status as one of the leading States of the world and a permanent member of the UN Security Council. Our national interests today make it imperative to actively promote positive agenda covering the whole spectrum of international problems.
Russia fully recognizes its responsibility for maintenance of security both globally and regionally and is prepared to take joint actions with all other States concerned aimed at finding solutions to common problems. Should our partners be unprepared for joint efforts, Russia, in order to protect its national interests, will have to act unilaterally but always on the basis of international law.
Russia is not going to get involved in a costly confrontation, including renewed arms race, destructive for its economy and disastrous for its internal development.
Diversity and complexity of international problems and crisis situations call for a timely assessment of each of them when implementing the Russian Federation's foreign policy. The use of political and diplomatic, legal, military, economic, financial and other instruments in handling foreign policy tasks should be commensurate with their real value in terms of safeguarding Russia's foreign policy interests; moreover, these instruments should be applied on the basis of adequate coordination among all branches of power as well as appropriate agencies.
Russia looks forward to emergence of a stable system of international relations based on the principles of equality, mutual respect and mutually beneficial cooperation as well as the norms of international law. Such a system aims at ensuring reliable and equal security for every member of the international community in the political, military, economic, information, humanitarian and other areas and employs multilateral diplomacy as its main tool.
further improving the effectiveness of the work of the UN Security Council, which has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and making this body more representative in the course of the reform while keeping its work as expeditious as possible. Any decisions on the enlargement of the Security Council should enjoy the widest agreement of the States Members of the United Nations. The five permanent members of the Security Council shall retain their status.
Russia attaches great importance to improving the manageability of the world development and establishing a self-regulating international system, an effort that requires collective leadership by the leading States, which should be representative in geographical and civilizational terms and fully respect the central and coordinating role of the UN. For these ends, Russia will make itself more fully engaged in such formats as the Group of Eight and its dialogue with its traditional partners, the Troika (Russia, India and China) and the BRIC Four (Brazil, Russia, India and China), as well as by more actively using other informal structures and venues for dialogue.
make efforts to complete the process of legal regulation of the State border of the Russian Federation as well as of boundaries of maritime areas over which it exercises its sovereign rights and jurisdiction.
as a multinational and multiconfessional state facilitates dialogue and partnership between cultures, religions and civilizations, consistently pursues this policy in the United Nations, UNESCO, OSCE and the Council of Europe, as well as other international and regional organizations, including in the context of cooperation with the Organization of the Islamic Conference; supports relevant initiatives of the civil society and actively interacts with the Russian Orthodox Church and other main confessions of the country.
Russia has been making a considerable contribution to the stability of the global economy and finance by its steadily high economic growth, which to a great extent is based on the increasing domestic demand, and by its natural and accumulated financial resources. Consequently, Russia proposes to contribute, including through joining the World Trade Organization and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, to shaping a just and democratic architecture of global trade, economic, monetary and financial relations with a view to becoming a fullfledged and efficient member of it.
in accordance with the norms of international law, uses all available economic leverage, resources and competitive advantages to protect its national interests.
supports international cooperation in healthcare with the leading role of the World Health Organization as one of the priorities in the global agenda and as an integral component of ensuring sustainable development.
Given the growing importance of sea areas, both from the economic point of view and in terms of strengthening security, their effective use has become a pressing task. For these purposes, the Russian Federation will try to ensure safe navigation regimes that would meet its national interests, as well as responsible fishing and research activities in the World Ocean combined with the measures to protect sea environment, fight terrorism and counter spread weapons of mass destruction. In accordance with the international law, Russia intends to establish the boundaries of its continental shelf, thus expanding opportunities for exploration and exploitation of its mineral resources.
on the basis of the above-mentioned to expand participation in international human rights conventions and agreements, and to amend the legislation of the Russian Federation accordingly.
An important part of the foreign policy activities of the Russian Federation is communicating to the broad world public full and accurate information about its stand on the main international problems, foreign policy initiatives and actions by the Russian Federation, its domestic social and economic development processes and plans, as well as on the accomplishments of Russian culture and science.
In public diplomacy, Russia will seek its objective perception in the world, develop its own effective means of information influence on public opinion abroad, strengthen the role of the Russian mass media in the international information environment providing them with essential state support, as well as actively participate in international information cooperation, and take necessary measures to repel information threats to its sovereignty and security.
Development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation with the CIS Member States constitutes a priority area of Russia's foreign policy.
Russia forges friendly relations with all the CIS Member States on the basis of equality, mutual benefit, respect and regard for the interests of each other. Strategic partnerships and alliances are developed with States that demonstrate their readiness to engage in them.
Russia approaches trade and economic relations with the CIS Member States taking into consideration the level of cooperation achieved and consistently follow market principles which is an important condition for promoting truly equal relationship and strengthening objective prerequisites for advancing modern forms of integration.
Russia actively develops interaction between the CIS Member States in the humanitarian sphere by preserving and increasing common cultural and civilizational heritage that provides an important resource for the whole of the CIS and for each of its Member States in the era of globalization. Particular attention is paid to supporting compatriots who live in the CIS Member States, as well as to negotiating mutual agreements intended to protect their educational, linguistic, social, labor, humanitarian and other rights and freedoms.
Russia will increase cooperation with the CIS Member States in ensuring mutual security, including joint efforts to combat common challenges and threats, primarily international terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking, transnational crime, and illegal migration. The priorities here include elimination of terrorist and drug trafficking threats emanating from the territory of Afghanistan and prevention of risks of destabilization of the situations in Central Asia and Transcaucasia.
promote in every possible way the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) as a key instrument to maintain stability and ensure security in the CIS area focusing on adapting the CSTO as a multifunctional integration body to the changing environment, as well as on ensuring capability of the CSTO Member States to take prompt and effective joint actions, and on transforming the CSTO into a central institution ensuring security in its area of responsibility.
Russia will continue to actively support peaceful resolution of conflicts in the CIS area based on international law, respect for earlier agreements and search for agreement between the parties involved, by fulfilling responsibly its mission of a mediator in the negotiations and peacekeeping.
Russia's attitude towards subregional entities and other bodies to which Russia is not party in the CIS area is determined by their assessed real contribution into ensuring good neighborly relations and stability, their eagerness to take into account Russia's legitimate interests in practice and to duly respect existing cooperation mechanisms, such as the CIS, CSTO, EurAsEC, and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
In the same way Russia will define its approaches to developing comprehensive practical interaction in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea regions by preserving the identity of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and strengthening the mechanism of cooperation between the Caspian States.
The main objective of the Russian foreign policy on the European track is to create a truly open, democratic system of regional collective security and cooperation ensuring the unity of the Euro-Atlantic region, from Vancouver to Vladivostok, in such a way as not to allow its new fragmentation and reproduction of bloc-based approaches which still persist in the European architecture that took shape during the Cold War period. This is precisely the essence of the initiative aimed at concluding a European security treaty, the elaboration of which could be launched at a pan-European summit.
Russia calls for building a truly unified Europe without divisive lines through equal interaction between Russia, the European Union and the United States. This would strengthen the positions of the Euro-Atlantic States in global competition. Being the biggest European State with multinational and multiconfessional society and centuries-old history, Russia stands ready to play a constructive role in ensuring a civilizational compatibility of Europe, and harmonious integration of religious minorities, including in view of various existing migration trends.
Russia advocates a strengthened role of the Council of Europe as an independent and universal European organization that determines the level of legal standards in all its Member States without applying discriminatory practices against or extending privileges to anyone, as an important instrument of eliminating dividing lines on the continent.
It is in Russia's interests that the OSCE fulfill in good faith its function of being a forum for an equitable dialogue between the OSCE participating States and for collective consensus decision-making on the basis of a comprehensive approach to military and political, economic and humanitarian aspects of security based on the balance of interests. In order to fully implement this function the whole process of OSCE functioning should be underpinned by a solid regulatory framework ensuring the supremacy of collective intergovernmental bodies' prerogatives.
In the military and political sphere Russia will seek to fix the imbalances present in the sphere of conventional arms and armed forces reduction and to adopt new confidence-building measures.
The Russian Federation will develop its relations with the European Union, which is a major trade, economic and foreign-policy partner, will promote strengthening in every possible way the interaction mechanisms, including through establishment of common spaces in economy, external and internal security, education, science and culture. From the long-term perspective, it is in the interests of Russia to agree with the European Union on a strategic partnership treaty setting special, most advanced forms of equitable and mutually beneficial cooperation with the European Union in all spheres with a view to establishing a visafree regime.
The Russian Federation is interested in the strengthening of the European Union, development of its capacity to present agreed positions in trade, economic, humanitarian, foreign policy and security areas.
The development of mutually advantageous bilateral relationships with Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Finland, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway and some other West-European States is an important resource for promoting Russia's national interests in the European and world affairs, as well as contributing to putting the Russian economy on an innovative track of development. Russia would like the potential for interaction with Great Britain to be used along the same lines.
Russia has been developing onward practical interaction with Nordic countries including the implementation within the framework of multi-lateral mechanisms of joint cooperation projects in the Barents/Euro-Arctic region and the Arctic as a whole with account of the interests of indigenous peoples.
Russia is open for further expansion of pragmatic and mutually respecting cooperation with the States of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe taking into account genuine readiness to do so on the part of each of them.
The Russian Federation is willing to interact with Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in the spirit of good-neighborliness and on the basis of reciprocal consideration of interests. Of fundamental importance for Russia are the matters relating to the rights of the Russian-language population in accordance with the principles and norms of European and international law, as well as questions of ensuring sustenance of the Kaliningrad Region.
Proceeding from a realistic assessment of the role of NATO, Russia deems it important to ensure progressive development of interaction within the format of the Russia-NATO Council in the interests of ensuring predictability and stability in the Euro-Atlantic Region, the utmost utilization of the existing potential for apolitical dialogue and practical cooperation in resolving issues relating to responses to common threats, such as terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, regional crises, drug trafficking, natural and man-made disasters.
Russia will build its relationship with NATO taking into consideration the degree of the alliance's readiness for equal partnership, unswerving compliance with the principles and standards of international law, the implementation by all its members of the obligations, assumed within the framework of the Russia-NATO Council, not to ensure one's security at the expense of security of the Russian Federation, as well as the obligation to display military restraint. Russia maintains its negative attitude towards the expansion of NATO, notably to the plans of admitting Ukraine and Georgia to the membership in the alliance, as well as to bringing the NATO military infrastructure closer to the Russian borders on the whole, which violates the principle of equal security, leads to new dividing lines in Europe and runs counter to the tasks of increasing the effectiveness of joint work in search for responses to real challenges of our time.
Russia builds its relations with the USA taking into account not only the vast potential of that country for mutually advantageous bilateral trade, economic, scientific, technological and other cooperation, but also its key influence on the state of global strategic stability and international situation as a whole. Russia is interested in making effective use of the existing broad infrastructure for interaction, including a continued dialogue on foreign policy, security and strategical stability issues, which permits to find mutually acceptable solutions on the basis of coinciding interests.
To this end, it is necessary to transform the Russian-US relations into strategic partnership, overcome the barriers of strategic principles of the past and focus on real threats, while working for the resolution of differences between Russia and the USA in the spirit of mutual respects in the areas where they persist.
Russia has been consistently favoring new agreements with the United States on disarmament and arms control in the interests of preserving continuity of this process, strengthening confidence building and transparency measures in space activity and anti-missile defense, as well as on issues of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, secure development of peaceful nuclear energy, broadening cooperation in countering terrorism and other challenges and threats as well as settlement of regional conflicts.
Russia is interested in US actions in the world stage be based on the principles and norms of international law, first of all the UN Charter.
The long-term priorities of the American track in the Russian policy consist in putting the relationship with the USA on a solid economic foundation, ensuring joint development of aculture for resolving differences on the basis of pragmatism and respect for the balance of interests, which will permit to ensure greater stability and predictability in the Russian-US relations.
The relations with Canada, which are traditionally stable and almost immune to the effects of political environment, are an important element of the North American dimension of Russia's balanced policy. Russia is interested in boosting further the dynamics of bilateral trade, economic links and investment cooperation as well as interaction in the Arctic.
In the context of the Russian Federation's multi-vector foreign policy, the Asia–Pacific Region has important and ever-increasing significance, which is due to Russia's belonging to this dynamically developing region of the world, its interest in tapping its potential for the realization of programs aimed at economic development of Siberia and the Far East, the need for strengthening regional cooperation in the field of countering terrorism, ensuring security and maintaining adialogue between civilizations. Russia will continue to actively participate in major integration mechanisms of the Asia–Pacific Region, notably the Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum, the mechanisms of partnership with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), including the ASEAN Regional Forum.
Further strengthening of the SCO, promoting its initiative for setting up a network of partner ties among all the integration associations in the Asia–Pacific Region occupy a special place.
The development of friendly relations with China and India forms an important track of Russia's foreign policy in Asia. Russia will build up the Russian–Chinese strategic partnership in all fields on the basis of common fundamental approaches to key issues of world politics as a basic constituent part of regional and global stability. Bringing the scope and quality of economic interaction in line with the high-level of political relations constitutes a major task in the field of bilateral ties.
While deepening strategic partnership with India, Russia keeps by its line of principle aimed at strengthening interaction on topical international issues and comprehensive strengthening of the mutually advantageous bilateral ties on all fronts, particularly in ensuring a substantial growth in the trade and economic sphere.
Russia shares the interest displayed by China and India in building effective foreign policy and economic interaction in a trilateral format– Russia-India-China.
The Russian Federation is in favor of good-neighborly relations and creative partnership with Japan in the interest of the peoples of both countries. The problems inherited from the past should not pose an obstacle in this way. The work for finding a mutually acceptable solution to those issues will be continued.
Russia intends to further develop its relations with Turkey, Egypt, Algeria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Libya, Pakistan and other leading regional States in bilateral and multilateral formats.
Russian's foreign policy is aimed at increasing positive momentum in its relations with South-East Asian States, primarily to develop strategic partnership with Vietnam as well as to promote multifaceted cooperation with Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore and other countries of the region.
It is of fundamental importance to Russia to bring about a peaceful and sustainable climate for Asia where there are still sources of tension and conflicts and a growing risk of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Our efforts will be focused on ensuring Russia's active participation in the search for a political solution to the nuclear problem of the Korean Peninsula, maintaining constructive relations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea, promoting dialogue between Seoul and Pyongyang and strengthening security in the North-East Asia.
Russia will fully contribute to finding political and diplomatic ways of solving the situation regarding the nuclear programme of the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the recognition of the right of all States Parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) to the peaceful use of nuclear energy as well as upon strict compliance with the requirements of nuclear non-proliferation regime.
The deepening crisis in Afghanistan poses a threat to the security of the southern CIS boundaries. Russia, in collaboration with other countries concerned, the United Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and other multilateral institutions, will make consistent efforts to prevent the export of terrorism and drugs from Afghanistan, find a just and lasting political solution to the problems of this country while respecting the rights and interests of all country's ethnic groups and achieve post-conflict rehabilitation of Afghanistan as a sovereign and peace-loving State.
Russia will be making a substantial contribution to the stabilization of the situation in the Middle East by using its status as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and a member of the Quartet of international mediators. The main goal is to channel collective efforts into achieving, on an internationally acceptable basis, a comprehensive and long-term settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict in all its aspects, including the establishment of an independent Palestinian State living in security and peace side by side with Israel. Such a settlement should be reached with the participation of all States and nations that are key actors in bringing stability to the region and taking into consideration their legitimate interests. The Russian Federation is in favor of increasing collective efforts, on the basis of mutual respect, to contribute to ending violence and to reach political settlement in Iraq through national reconciliation and full restoration of country's statehood and economy.
To enhance its interaction with the States of the Islamic world, Russia will take advantage of its participation as an observer in the work of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the League of Arab States, and play an active role in implementing the G8 Partnership with the Broader Middle East and North Africa Region. Priority attention will be paid to developing mutually beneficial economic cooperation, in particular in the energy sector, with countries of this region, which is of strategic importance to Russia's national interests.
Russia will enhance its multi–pronged interaction with African States at the multilateral and bilateral levels, including through the dialogue and cooperation within the G8, and contribute to a prompt resolution of regional conflicts and crisis situations in Africa. We will develop political dialogue with the African Union and subregional organizations taking advantage of their capabilities to involve Russia in economic projects implemented on the continent.
Russia will seek to establish a strategic partnership with Brazil, broaden its political and economic cooperation with Argentine, Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela and other Latin American and Caribbean countries and their associations relying on the progress achieved in relations with the States of this region in recent years, enhance its interaction with these States within the international organizations, promote export of Russia's high-technology products to Latin American countries and implement joint energy, infrastructure and high-tech projects, inter alia, in accordance with the plans elaborated by the regional integration associations.
The President of the Russian Federation, in conformity with his constitutional powers, directs its national foreign policy and, in his capacity of the Head of State, acts on behalf of the Russian Federation on the international stage.
The Federation Council and the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, within the framework of their constitutional powers, provide legislative support for the country's foreign policy, take measures to fulfill its international obligations as well as enhance the efficiency of parliamentary diplomacy.
The Government of the Russian Federation acts to implement the country's foreign policy.
The Security Council of the Russian Federation assesses the challenges and threats to the national interests and security of Russia in the international sphere, submits proposals to the President of the Russian Federation for his decision as the Head of State on issues of foreign policy of the Russian Federation in the field of national security, as well as on coordination of activities of federal executive bodies and executive bodies of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in the process of the implementation of the decisions taken in the area of ensuring national security, and evaluates the efficiency of those decisions.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation develops a general foreign policy strategy for the Russian Federation, submits relevant proposals to the President of the Russian Federation and implements the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in accordance with this Concept, as well as coordinates foreign policy activities of the federal executive bodies.
The Subjects of the Russian Federation develop their international relations in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal LawNo.4FZ of January4, 1999 "On Coordination of International and Foreign Economic Relations of the Subjects of the Russian Federation" and other legislative acts. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and other federal executive bodies provide assistance to the Subjects of the Russian Federation in implementing international and foreign economic cooperation in strict compliance with sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia and making use of the capacities of the Council of the Heads of the Russian Federation's Subjects and the Advisory Council for international and foreign economic relations of the Subjects of the Russian Federation, which operate under the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation. The development of cooperation in regions and border areas is an important reserve for bilateral relations with relevant countries and regions in the trade, economic, humanitarian and other fields.
In working out foreign policy decisions, the federal executive bodies cooperate, on a permanent basis, with the Chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, political parties, non-governmental organizations, the academic community and business associations of Russia encouraging their participation in international cooperation. A broader involvement of civil society in the foreign policy process is consistent with the trends of Russia's domestic development, meets the goal of maintaining agreement in the country on foreign policy issues and contributes to its efficient execution.
In financing foreign policy activities, the resources of the Federal Budget should be used more extensively, with non-budget funds being attracted through the mechanism of the State-private partnership on a voluntary basis.
The consistent execution of Russia's foreign policy is called upon to create favorable conditions for the realization of the historic choice of the peoples of the Russian Federation in favor of rule of law, a democratic society and socially-oriented market economy.


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GOBIR DONATES 20 MILLION NAIRA WORTH OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND CASH TO THE VICTIMS OF RAINSTORM IN ILORIN
D4B34DC3 C76A 48A3 9618 B6D6C72DC211
Inspired by the generous donation of roofing sheets by His Royal Highness, the Emir of Ilorin – The Waziri Hausa and Chairman of the Gobir Organization Foundation, Waziri Yakubu Gobir has donated relief materials worth 20 Million Naira to families affected by Saturday night's rainstorm in Ilorin.
Presentation of the materials which included bundles of roofing sheets, cement blocks, wood planks and cash was made to chairmen of various Community Development Associations in Ilorin for onward distribution to affected citizens.
Also Read: Border closure: Joint Border Operation Drill, Zone 3, Seize Dangote trailer, firearms, others
Waziri Gobir who was represented by Hon. Ibrahim Abubakar said the destruction caused by the rainstorm saddened his heart and that only Allah can console the affected families.
Waziri urged the committee saddled with the distribution and renovation of the affected houses to expedite action. Families who are currently displaced due to the incident, need to be able to return back to their houses, as soon as possible.
Also Read: Kwara TUC Reconciles Aggrieved Members,Swear in Akinwumi As State Chairman
Waziri Gobir expressed concern over the current living conditions of many families. He also called on the Federal Government, especially the National Emergency Management Agency to come to the aid of the people of Kwara State at this trying time.
Also Read: I received vision that I would be governor – Oyetola
Members of the public in need of assistance should please contact Gobir Foundation Office on 09048280104 or 07025350741
Waziri Yakubu Gobir
World Prison Fellowship Day: Group calls for an end to stigmatization of Ex-prisoners
Oshiomole's Irresponsible Leadership Caused Us Governorship Election Loss – Edo APC


text:
//
// Engine.cpp
//
// Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Virtual Terrain Project
// Free for all uses, see license.txt for details.
//

#include "vtlib/vtlib.h"
#include "Engine.h"
#include "Event.h"

#include <algorithm>

vtEngine::vtEngine() : vtEnabledBase()
{
	m_pWindow = NULL;
}

osg::Referenced *vtEngine::GetTarget(uint which)
{
	if (which < NumTargets())
		return m_Targets[which];
	else
		return NULL;
}

void vtEngine::RemoveTarget(osg::Referenced *ptr)
{
	std::vector<ReferencePtr>::iterator it = std::find(m_Targets.begin(), m_Targets.end(), ptr);
	if (it != m_Targets.end())
		m_Targets.erase(it);
}

void vtEngine::Eval()
{
}

void vtEngine::RemoveChild(vtEngine *pEngine)
{
	for (uint i = 0; i < NumChildren(); i++)
	{
		if (m_Children[i] == pEngine)
			m_Children.erase(m_Children.begin()+i);
	}
}

void vtEngine::AddChildrenToList(vtEngineArray &list, bool bEnabledOnly)
{
	if (bEnabledOnly && !GetEnabled())
		return;
	list.push_back(this);
	for (uint i = 0; i < NumChildren(); i++)
		GetChild(i)->AddChildrenToList(list, bEnabledOnly);
}

void vtEngine::OnMouse(vtMouseEvent &event)
{
}

void vtEngine::OnKey(int key, int flags)
{
}

void vtEngine::OnWindowSize(int width, int height)
{
}

//
// vtLastMouse
//
vtLastMouse::vtLastMouse() : vtEngine()
{
	m_buttons = VT_NONE;
	m_pos.Set(0, 0);
}

void vtLastMouse::OnMouse(vtMouseEvent &event)
{
	switch (event.type)
	{
	case VT_UP:
		m_buttons &= (~(int)event.button);
		break;
	case VT_DOWN:
		m_buttons |= (int)event.button;
		break;
	default:
		// Keep picky compilers quiet.
		break;
	}
	m_pos = event.pos;
	m_flags = event.flags;
}

// Helper for GetNormalizedMouseCoords
void apply_dead_zone(float amount, float &val)
{
	if (val > 0) {
		val -= amount;
		if (val < 0)
			val = 0;
	}
	else {
		val += amount;
		if (val > 0) val = 0;
	}
	val *= (1.0f / (1.0f - amount));
}

#define DEAD_ZONE_SIZE 0.07f

/**
 * Returns the mouse coordinates in the window, normalized such that X and Y
 * range from -1 to 1 (left to right, top to bottom across the window.
 */
void vtLastMouse::GetNormalizedMouseCoords(float &mx, float &my)
{
	vtWindow *window = m_pWindow;
	if (!window) window = vtGetScene()->GetWindow(0);

	IPoint2	WinSize = window->GetSize();
	mx = (((float) m_pos.x / WinSize.x) - 0.5f) * 2;
	my = (((float) m_pos.y / WinSize.y) - 0.5f) * 2;
	apply_dead_zone(DEAD_ZONE_SIZE, mx);
	apply_dead_zone(DEAD_ZONE_SIZE, my);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

vtSimpleBillboardEngine::vtSimpleBillboardEngine(float fAngleOffset)
{
	m_fAngleOffset = fAngleOffset;
	m_bPitch = true;
}

void vtSimpleBillboardEngine::Eval()
{
	// Potential optimization: store last camera pos and only update on change

	//get the target and it's location
	for (uint i = 0; i < NumTargets(); i++)
	{
		vtCamera *cam = vtGetScene()->GetCamera();
		vtTransform* pTarget = (vtTransform*) GetTarget(i);
		if (!pTarget)
			return;

		FPoint3 pos = pTarget->GetTrans();
		if (cam->IsOrtho())
		{
			// rotate them up to face an orthographic top-down camera
			pTarget->Identity();
			pTarget->SetTrans(pos);
			pTarget->RotateLocal(FPoint3(1,0,0), -PID2f);
		}
		else
		{
			FPoint3 camera_loc = cam->GetTrans();
			FPoint3 target_loc = pTarget->GetTrans();
			FPoint3 diff = camera_loc - target_loc;

			float angle = atan2f(-diff.z, diff.x);

			// TODO: make this more efficient!
			pTarget->Identity();
			pTarget->SetTrans(pos);
			pTarget->RotateLocal(FPoint3(0,1,0), m_fAngleOffset + angle);
		}
#if 0
		if (m_bPitch)
		{
			// also attempt to pitch (rotate around local X) toward the camera
			float diff_xz = sqrt(diff.x*diff.x+diff.z*diff.z);
			float pitch = atan2f(diff.y, diff_xz);
			pTarget->RotateLocal(FPoint3(1,0,0), pitch);
		}
#endif
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Personal Injury Lawyers in Fenton, MO
Personal Injury Lawyer in Fenton, MO. Halvorsen Klote serves injured victims and their families in the Metro St. Louis area and Southern Illinois. Our lawyers understand how difficult it is to handle a personal injury claim if a family member is hurt, if you can't go to work, and you're dealing with other financial issues at the same time. It's crucial that our team provides effective representation to each and every client. If you'd like to learn more about your claim or potential case, feel free to reach out and contact our firm to speak to Halvorsen Klote's Fenton, MO, personal injury attorneys today.
Are you in Fenton, MO, and have a personal injury case?
If you've been in an auto accident, slipped and fell at the grocery store, were mistreated, or have been harassed by debt collectors, you might have a personal injury case. It is our goal at Halvorsen Klote to represent personal injury victims and their families in the Fenton, MO, area. Our attorneys have won millions for injury victims. Learn more about Halvorsen Klote's history and success on the testimonials page.
Our firm specializes in a number of different personal injury cases in Fenton, including:
Bodily Injury — This can include scars and burns, head neck or spine injuries, sprains, strains, joints and knees, and any other injury that could happen that causes physical pain or financial damages.
Dog Bites — More common than you'd think, dog bites are a serious concern for both adults and children. A serious dog bite can lead to scarring, pain and suffering, emotional trauma, and other injuries. These are complicated based on a number of factors. Halvorsen Klote's personal injury lawyers in Fenton, MO, can help you throughout the process.
Wrongful Death — In Missouri and Illinois, statutes in place lean toward allowing a spouse or close family member to sue for wrongful death. There are several different damages you can collect in a wrongful death case.
Other Claims — ATV accidents, slip and fall, sexual assault or nursing home abuse, pedestrian accidents, and other incidents may qualify for a personal injury attorney in Fenton, MO. Contact Halvorsen Klote now to learn more.
Depending on what state you are in, you may be able to get compensation for a range of damages. Both special and general damages take into account medical expenses, pain and suffering, lost wages or losing the ability to work, and others. Halvorsen Klote also considers out-of-pocket expenses (rental cars, daycare, etc.), property damage, and any other financial loss due to negligence and injury. There's a lot of ways our firm can help.
When you're looking to win a fair reward after an injury, it's essential to reach out to our Fenton, MO, personal injury lawyers as soon as possible after an accident. Our firm will assist with any medical issues, negotiate with insurers, and help you gather police documentation if necessary. It is important to be proactive after an accident, especially if you're struggling financially or are recovering.
You can learn more about personal injury law in our FAQs. It's important to our firm that we provide a high level of professionalism and legal representation to injury victims and their families. Accidental injuries are now the 3rd leading cause of death, and hundreds of thousands of people are seriously injured at work, at home, or in vehicles and any everywhere else every year.
Contact Halvorsen Klote's Fenton, MO, Personal Injury Lawyers Now
The personal injury attorneys in Fenton, MO at Halvorsen Klote are ready and willing to fight your case. A serious injury can have lasting effects, like financial hardship, not being able to hold down a job, and other pressure on your family. It's our job at HK Law to provide top-notch legal representation to Fenton victims and their families. Don't hesitate to contact our Fenton, MO, personal injury lawyers now for a consultation.
Our practice area includes both the Greater St. Louis area and Southern Illinois. Below, you can find a full list of the major cities we serve:


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text:
Хіта́ті-На́ка (, ) — місто в Японії, в префектурі Ібаракі.

Короткі відомості
Розташоване в східній частині префектури, у гирлі річки Нака, на березі Тихого океану. Виникло на основі сільських поселень раннього нового часу. Засноване 1 листопада 1994 року шляхом об'єднання міст Кацута та Нака-Мінато. Основою економіки є виробництво електротоварів, машинобудування і рибальство. В місті розташований японський курган Торадзука 7 століття. Станом на  площа міста становила  км². Станом на  населення міста становило  осіб.

Міста-побратими
  Насу-Сіобара, Японія (1990)
  Ісіномакі, Японія (1996)

Примітки

Джерела та література

Посилання

  Офіційна сторінка міста Хітаті-Нака

Міста префектури Ібаракі

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Harvard Law School Announces Professorship in Honor of Late Antonin Scalia
Tom Ciccotta
Harvard Law School announced on Friday the establishment of new professorship named after late Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia.
New professorship established in honor of Justice Antonin Scalia '60 https://t.co/1pCbJ4gmSC
— Harvard Law School (@Harvard_Law) June 30, 2017
Scalia received an LL.B from Harvard Law School in 1960 before embarking on a career in private practice. After a stint as Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, President Ronald Reagan appointed him to the Supreme Court of the United States. On Friday, his alma mater announced a new professorship to be named after the late Supreme Court Justice.
"Justice Scalia had a singular impact on statutory analysis and legal thought. He also had a great love of learning, so it is especially meaningful that he will be honored with a professorship that will provide enduring support for teaching and scholarship at the Law School and beyond," Harvard Law School administrators said in a statement.
This announcement follows the appointment of John Manning to the Dean position at the law school. Manning clerked for Justice Scalia following his matriculation from Harvard Law School as a student in 1985.
Tom Ciccotta is a libertarian who writes about economics and higher education for Breitbart News. You can follow him on Twitter @tciccotta or email him at tciccotta@breitbart.com
EducationPoliticsTechHarvard Law SchoolHarvard UniversitySupreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia


text:
Dee Anderson 'Pure Magic'
Dee Anderson was brought up in the world of celebrity and entertainment. She is the daughter of the legendary Gerry and Sylvia Anderson, creators of Thunderbirds and Groundbreaking television. Dee has performed as a jazz singer in venues throughout europe and the uk and was voted most promising newcomer in 2007. Dee's triumphant return to The Pheasantry includes captivating musicians piano player Luca and saxophononist Alex Luz. Dee takes us on an emotional journey of classic songs and her own revered originals as she transports us back to a time when music was pure magic and an inspiration to live audiences throughout the world.
Book tickets for Dee Anderson 'Pure Magic'
02 February 2020 6:30pm 8:00pm The Pheasantry (Chelsea) Available £15.00 Book
Please choose a date 02 February 2020 - 8:00pm
Date 02 February 2020
Venue The Pheasantry (Chelsea)
Luca Uggias is an italian born, london-based pianist/composer.
As a pianist he has performed extensively in Italy – Germany – UK – France – China and Taiwan in prestigious venues such as the Shanghai Mao Livehouse and Les Invalides in Paris. He is now the piano accompanist for the Dee Anderson 'Pure Magic' performances.
Alex Luz is a brazilian saxophonist who has a special gift for sax as his second voice. He has played high profile jazz venues and concerts throughout the uk and accompanies Dee Anderson on this 'Pure Magic' performance once again at The Pheasantry on 2nd February 2020.


text:
La historia de Costa Rica en el  es aquella que abarca a partir del año 2000 en la República de Costa Rica.

2000-2006

Costa Rica inicia el  con un claro agotamiento del sistema bipartidista y del modelo neoliberal implementado tozudamente desde los años 80s. La firma del Pacto Figueres-Calderón durante la administración de José María Figueres con el expresidente y líder de la oposición Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier, ambos hijos de los caudillos de los años cuarenta y que habían llegado a ser presidentes. Irónicamente para algunos, al opuesto de sus padres como reformadores sociales, los hijos habrían implementado reformas neoliberales. En cualquier caso, el pacto entre los dos líderes políticos con las dos bancadas más grandes en el Parlamento de entonces cimentó una serie de legislaciones sumamente controversiales que incluyó una impopular reforma al sistema de pensiones del Magisterio y que motivó una huelga general de docentes, la polémica Ley 4-3 que dividía las juntas directivas públicas entre los dos partidos mayoritarios y el tercer Plan de Ajuste Estructural. El descontento con muchas de estas políticas llegaría quizás a su máxima expresión en el gobierno siguiente, de Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría durante la discusión del denominado Combo energético, un conjunto de leyes tendientes a privatizar los servicios de telecomunicaciones que generaron airadas protestas y que llevaron al archivo del proyecto.

La irrupción del Partido Acción Ciudadana en 2000 fue sintomático de este descontento. Crítico hacia el neoliberalismo y prometiendo una revolución ética en la función pública, el partido presentó al carismático Ottón Solís como candidato logrando por primera vez en la historia de la Segunda República un tercer partido con una cantidad de votos similar a los dos tradicionales y una tercera bancada de tamaño parecido. La participación de Solís en la campaña también catapultó una segunda ronda electoral por primera vez en la historia pues ningún candidato obtuvo al menos el 40% por lo que Abel Pacheco de la Espriella del PUSC debió medirse con Rolando Araya Monge del PLN en segunda ronda. Pacheco, figura popular por su programa de televisión y candidatura emergida de las bases y enfrentada a la cúpula calderonista resultó victorioso.

El descrédito del bipartidismo tradicional se acentúo aún más conforme se dan los escándalos de corrupción que impactaron la opinión pública: los casos Caja-Fischel e ICE-Alcatel, en donde préstamos irregulares y sobornos se intercambiaron entre políticos y sectores privados y que involucraron a tres expresidentes; Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría y José María Figueres Olsen. Figueres se mantendría fuera del país hasta que los cargos en su contra prescribieran, pero Calderón y Rodríguez serían enjuiciados y encarcelados. Hecho particularmente dramático en el caso de Rodríguez por ser al momento de la acusación Secretario general de la OEA, por lo que debió renunciar. Calderón fue condenado por los hechos y Rodríguez fue absuelto por un tecnicismo (la prueba en su contra recabada en Panamá no contaba con la orden judicial). En cualquier caso, el impacto mayor lo recibió el PUSC que vio reducido su apoyo electoral a niveles testimoniales.

2006-2014

El expresidente y Premio Nobel de la Paz Óscar Arias Sánchez es permitido de reelegirse cuando un controversial dictamen de la Sala Constitucional lo faculta para ello.

Durante este período surge también la discusión respecto al Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos, Centroamérica y República Dominicana que divide a la opinión pública con prácticamente la mitad de la población en contra o a favor. Esto se refleja en los resultados electorales donde el candidato más fuerte a favor, Arias Sánchez, y el más fuerte en contra, Solís Fallas, quedan virtualmente empatados, lo que llevó a un exhaustivo conteo de votos que declararía ganador a Arias. El TLC fue finalmente aprobado vía referéndum, el primero en la historia costarricense, donde gana la opción del Sí por estrecho margen. La primera mujer presidenta es electa como sucesora de Arias, Laura Chinchilla del PLN en 2010.

2014-2017

Para la campaña electoral 2013-2014 las encuestas mostraban como uno de los aspirantes más populares al candidato liberacionista y Alcalde de San José Johnny Araya, lo que habría sido la primera ocasión de un tercer gobierno consecutivo de un mismo partido desde 1949. El temor a que esto sucediera motivó a negociaciones entre la oposición para implementar una coalición que presentara una candidatura única, sin embargo las negociaciones no llegaron a puerto y los distintos partidos fueron solos a las elecciones salvo por pequeñas alianzas. Las encuestas mostraban que el principal rival de Araya e incluso en algunas el primer lugar en preferencias era el candidato de izquierda José María Villalta lo que hizo pensar que Costa Rica podía imitar a la tendencia de la región de girar a la izquierda, no obstante finalmente los electores optaron por un candidato más moderado de centroizquierda y sorpresivamente Luis Guillermo Solís del Partido Acción Ciudadana obtuvo la mayoría de los votos. Nuevamente fue necesaria una segunda ronda en la cual debía enfrentar al segundo candidato, Araya, quien inesperadamente renunció antes de la fecha de la justa electoral, sin que esto afectara la obligatoriedad de la segunda vuelta por ley. Solís obtuvo la victoria con millón trecientos mil votos, una cifra hasta entonces inaudita y rompió definitivamente con el bipartidismo al ser el primer presidente en no ser de ninguno de los dos partidos históricos.

La administración Solís Rivera se caracterizó por políticas progresistas que aminoraban los efectos del modelo neoliberal, incluyendo nuevos programas sociales y becas para los sectores más necesitados. La pobreza efectivamente logró reducirse durante la administración Solís por primera vez en décadas, sin embargo también se incrementó el ya alarmante déficit fiscal que había pasado de un superávit en la administración Pacheco a un déficit en la de Arias y de ahí adelante a engrosar cada vez más. El peligroso déficit, aunado a una alta evasión y a un estado grande y gastador amenazó al país en caer en un de-fault económico y a ser sancionado por no pagar su deuda externa. Solís intentó, sin éxito, pasar el denominado Plan Fiscal en su administración, algo que se venía intentando desde la de Rodríguez.

El 9 de septiembre de 2016 se suscribe el Convenio de Delimitación Marítima entre Colombia, Costa Rica y Ecuador creando una nueva frontera marítima con Ecuador. En noviembre de 2017 el Huracán Otto tocó tierra costarricense por primera vez en 150 años, con un saldo de tres fallecidos y miles de damnificados y daños materiales.

Durante el cuatrienio de Solís se destapa el Cementazo,  escándalo de corrupción similar al ICE-Alcatel y Caja-Fischel en donde el empresario banquero Juan Carlos Bolaños obtiene préstamos de la banca estatal irregulares gracias a compadrazgo político. Las oficinas de los diputados Otto Guevara Guth y Víctor Hugo Morales Zapata son allanadas por la Fiscalía General y figuras de los principales partidos políticos se ven afectadas. El escándalo impacta la opinión pública y a un sector del electorado que se siente defraudado al tener expectativas de que durante la administración de Solís no se darían casos de corrupción. Esto pareció incidir en el crecimiento del populismo de derecha y candidatos de extrema derecha como el polémico abogado Juan Diego Castro conocido por sus posturas radicales y quien fue puntero en las encuestas durante el inicio de la campaña.

No obstante el dictamen de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en diciembre de 2017 en que decretó que los países signatarios del Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos debían otorgarle los mismos derechos a las parejas del mismo sexo que gozaran las parejas heterosexuales incluyendo el derecho a casarse y adoptar a raíz de una consulta hecha por Costa Rica causó un estremecimiento político en el país. El dictamen tiene implicaciones hemisféricas debido a que la mayoría de países americanos reconocen la autoridad de la Corte por lo que la legalización del matrimonio igualitario en otros países puede darse gracias a las acciones de Costa Rica. El gobierno de Panamá y el Corte Suprema de Ecuador acogieron la resolución de la Corte IDH.

2018-2021

Los efectos del dictamen generaron un giro completo en la elección de 2018, pasando de lado el tema de la corrupción política (y por tanto perdiendo apoyo Castro quien concentraba su discurso en ser el candidato anticorrupción) e impulsó la candidatura del candidato evangélico conservador Fabricio Alvarado. Pero esto a su vez catapultó a la segunda ronda al candidato progresista, el exministro de Trabajo de Luis Guillermo Solís, Carlos Alvarado Quesada quien vencería en segunda ronda con más de millón trescientos mil votos por segunda vez, aunque la diferencia con su rival fue menos marcada ya que Fabricio cosechó unos ochocientos mil votos.

En noviembre de 2018 la Sala Constitucional declaró con lugar los recursos de amparo interpuestos por parejas del mismo sexo declarando inconstitucional la prohibición a los matrimonios de parejas costarricenses del mismo sexo y dando un plazo de 18 meses para su legalización o los artículos que lo impiden serán derogados automáticamente, convirtiéndose así en el primer país centroamericano y quinto latinoamericano.

La administración de Alvarado Quesada enfrenta desde el principio una serie de problemáticas, incluyendo el vencimiento de la deuda, el incremento de la delincuencia que incluyó varios homicidios de turistas lo que afectó la imagen turística del país, una recesión económica y el déficit fiscal galopante. En sus primeros meses consiguió suficiente consenso de las bancadas mayoritarias para aprobar el Plan Fiscal con los votos de los partidos PLN, PAC y PUSC, pero la oposición al proyecto, especialmente la de izquierda y de los sindicatos del sector público, convocó a una huelga general que se extendió por más de 80 días con mayor incidencia en el Magisterio, causando un caos en el año lectivo que finalizaba. La huelga no fue capaz de incidir en el voto de los diputados que, tras el refrendo del proyecto por la Sala Constitucional, mantuvieron la votación. Esto y la declaratoria de ilegalidad de la mayoría de las huelgas por Tribunales de Trabajo causó que el movimiento se disipara.

Entre 2018 y 2019 se da en Costa Rica un crecimiento de sentimientos xenofóbicos y nacionalistas y una fuerte oposición a la migración, acrecentada por la crisis política de Nicaragua y de Venezuela que provocaron flujos migratorios de refugiados, y alimentada por diversas páginas de Facebook de ideología ultranacionalista y antimigrantes. Una tríada de homicidios de mujeres turistas que se sucedieron casi simultáneamente y en dos de ellos estuvieron involucrados extranjeros, mientras que en el otro el sospechoso es un costarricense aunque originalmente se difundió el rumor de que era extranjero, atizó los sentimientos antinicaragüenses aunado a la difusión de noticias falsas por páginas de ultraderecha. Una manifestación anti-migrantes fue realizada el 19 de agosto de 2018 que terminó en disturbios violentos y la intervención de la Fuerza Pública. Posteriormente se realizó una marcha de solidaridad con los migrantes, seguida de otra marcha contra la migración pero de la que se excluyó a grupos neonazis y barras bravas que habían participado de la primera. Las páginas de ultraderecha luego concentrarían su atención en hacer llamados a golpes de estado.

Las protestas de distintos sectores incluyendo pescadores, camioneros, estudiantes de secundaria, sindicatos de educadores y opositores cristianos convergieron entre junio y julio de 2019 opuestos a temas disímiles, pero que llevaron a la salida del ministro de educación Edgar Mora. Algunos analistas incluso señalaron la extraña alianza entre grupos evangélicos conservadores y los sindicatos (que llegarían a solicitar entre su pliego de peticiones la defensa de los valores cristianos).

El 7 de julio de 2019 un grupo autodenominado Movimiento 7 de Julio hizo un llamado en redes sociales a deponer al gobierno violentamente mediante alzamiento armado con un video en que cubrían sus rostros. Los partícipes fueron rápidamente identificados y arrestados por las autoridades judiciales. El vocero del grupo Álvaro Ramón Sequeira Mendiola tenía historial como subversivo al haber sido parte del grupo terrorista Brazo Armado del Pueblo en los noventa y candidato a alcalde por un partido evangélico. La agrupación se reunía en la finca y centro cristiano La Trinidad perteneciente a un expolicía condenado por delitos violentos en el pasado. Unos meses después, un grupo similar que había colocado explosivos caseros en el Congreso y en la sede de Televisora de Costa Rica (el mayor medio privado del país) y que planeaban colocar una bomba en la siguiente celebración del 15 de septiembre fue apresado y desarticulado por el Organismo de Investigación Judicial, su líder administraba una página web xenofóbica y de extrema derecha.

Referencias

Costa Rica en el siglo XXI


Anchorage, Alaska — Providence Alaska Medical Center has achieved Magnet recognition, a reflection of its nursing professionalism, teamwork and superiority in patient care. The American Nurses Credentialing Center's Magnet Recognition Program distinguishes organizations that meet rigorous standards for nursing excellence.
With this credential, Providence Alaska Medical Center joins the global community of Magnet-recognized organizations. Just 8 percent (475) U.S. health care organizations out of more than 6,300 U.S. hospitals have achieved Magnet recognition. Providence Alaska Medical Center, also a nationally recognized trauma center, becomes the second hospital in Alaska and among 12 within Providence St. Joseph Health to achieve Magnet recognition.
Magnet recognition is the gold standard for nursing excellence and is a factor when the public judges health care organizations. U.S. News & World Report's annual showcase of "America's Best Hospitals" includes Magnet recognition in its ranking criteria for quality of inpatient care. The Magnet Model provides a framework for nursing practice, research and measurement of outcomes. Through this framework, ANCC evaluates applicants across a number of components and dimensions to gauge an organization's nursing excellence.
The foundation of this model comprises various elements deemed essential to delivering superior patient care. These include the quality of nursing leadership, collaboration across specialties, as well as processes for measuring and improving the quality and delivery of care.
To achieve Magnet recognition, organizations must pass a rigorous and lengthy process that demands widespread participation from staff and leadership. This process includes an electronic application, written patient care documentation, an on-site visit, and a review by the Commission on Magnet Recognition.
Providence Alaska Medical Center, a nationally recognized trauma center and Magnet hospital, is part of Providence St. Joseph Health, a not-for-profit network of hospitals, care centers, health plans, physicians, clinics, home health services, affiliated services and educational facilities. For more information about PAMC, visit: alaska.providence.org.


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Viola Muse Digital Edition
The Viola Muse Digital Edition is an open-access online publication of the Viola Muse Collection, on loan from the Jacksonville Historical Society. Viola Muse was a local hairdresser, salon owner, kindergarten teacher, and writer-interviewer for the Negro Writers Division of the Florida Federal Writers Project (1946-40), headquartered here in Jacksonville. The site will be launched formally in mid-2022.
Current work on this project involves finalizing the edition and making it accessible to the Jacksonville community. New features of the site will include editorial notes, a set of interactive maps of the mid- and late-nineteenth century development of Jacksonville, an interactive index of all names mentioned across the collection, and analyses of the documents and their context through a racial lens. Pedagogical materials will be created related to the Viola Muse Digital Edition. There will also be partnerships with community organizations and a community-wide study circle on the FWP and the Negro Writers Division, with participating members from Edward Waters College, the Jacksonville Public Library, FSCJ, and the city at large.
Faculty Project Leaders
Dr. Laura Heffernan is an associate professor of English at UNF. She works on nineteenth and twentieth-century literature and culture, with a particular focus on histories of reading and histories of literary criticism. She helped develop the Digital Humanities minor at UNF and, in 2019-21, she served as Director of UNF's Digital Humanities Institute.
Dr. Tru Leverette is an associate professor of English and the director of African-American/African Diaspora studies at UNF. Her areas of expertise include African-American Literature, Race and Ethnicity in American Literature, Cultural Studies, and Women's and Gender Studies. She received a Ph.D. in English (American Literature) at the University of Florida.
Dr. Clayton McCarl is the director of the International Studies Program at UNF and an associate professor of Spanish, Latin American literature and culture, and digital humanities. He leads coloniaLab, the North Florida Editorial Workshop, and Editing the Eartha M.M. White Collection. He was the founding director of the Digital Humanities Institute from 2018-2019.


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Eric New correspondence
Document | Accession Number: 2015.516.1
Correspondence illustrating the experiences of Clementine and Emil Neu, living in Offenburg, Germany, and their children Erwin, Alice and Erich. Alice and Erich immigrated to the United States in 1937 and 1939 respectively, and Erwin immigrated to France in 1933. In 1940, Emil, Clementine and Clementine's mother Nanette Wolf were deported to Camp de Gurs in Southern France. Nanette died in France in 1941. In 1942, Clementine and Emil left Gurs and lived in Eux Bonnes, France until they were passed into Switzerland, where Emil died in 1944. Letters date circa 1939-1946 and are predominately written by Neu family members.
Letters.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Eric New
Donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2015 by Wendy New.
There are no known restrictions on access to this material.
Material(s) in this collection may be protected by copyright and/or related rights. You do not require further permission from the Museum to use this material. The user is solely responsible for making a determination as to if and how the material may be used.
This page: https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn535244
Also in Neu family collection
Deutsches Reich Reisepass, passport, issued to German Jewish man, Erich Neu, Born May 8, 1912 in Strasbourg, France, first page, inside cover, stamped with red letter "J" which is dated October 14, 1938, passport dated September 5, 1938, Offenburg, Germany, in German, issued French transit visa in Karlsruhe, Germany and United States immigration visa in Stuttgart, Germany on January 12, 1939. The collection also contains correspondence illustrating the experiences of Clementine and Emil Neu, living in Offenburg, Germany and their children Erwin, Alice and Erich. Alice and Erich immigrated to the United States in 1937 and 1939 respectively and Erwin immigrated to France in 1933. In 1940, Emil, Clementine and Clementine's mother Nanette Wolf were deported to Camp de Gurs in Southern France. Nanette died in France in 1941. In 1942, Clementine and Emil left Gurs and lived in Eux Bonnes, France until they were in danger and were passed into Switzerland where Emil died in 1944. Letters date circa 1939-1946 and are predominately written by Neu family members, German.
Eric New passport
Deutsches Reich Reisepass, passport, issued to German Jewish man, Erich Neu, Born May 8, 1912 in Strasbourg, France, first page, inside cover, stamped with red letter "J" which is dated October 14, 1938, passport dated September 5, 1938, Offenburg, Germany, in German, issued French transit visa in Karlsruhe, Germany and United States immigration visa in Stuttgart, Germany on January 12, 1939.
View All 2 Items in the Collection
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Realistic and Detailed Samsung Galaxy J6 2018 Gold 3d model with TurboSmooth modifier. The main format is 3ds Max 2010, also available in many formats.
-V-Ray and Standard material files are included into individual archive. -All textures included separately for all formats into each zipped folder.
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Thailand jewelry manufacturers produce a wide range of antique look marcasite jewelry such as: silver marcasite necklaces, marcasite bracelets, silver marcasite rings and sterling silver marcasite earrings.
Marcasite is the white form of fools gold. Originally the name marcasite was given by mineralogists to an unstable form of iron sulphide crystallizing in the rhomibic system, but the marcasite found in jewelry today is crystallized in the cubic system.
Marcasite Jewelry was made popular in Victorian jewelry and remains popular today adding an old world quality to modern jewelry. Marcasite Jewelry is the combination of sterling silver and marcasite (white iron pyrite). You can find Marcasite Rings and assorted other Jewelry made with Marcasite. Jewelers usually describe marcasite as a bronze color, its designs usually resembling an "Art Deco" period. You'll generally see marcasite jewelry shining with a vintage estate look.
Bangkok Companies is a full service product sourcing company in Thailand. For All your Marcasite Jewelry needs please email bangkokcompanies@gmail.com with your requests.
Bapna International Co. Ltd, is biggest Manufacturer of Thailand and we are Manufacturing all kind of Silver Jewelry. We guarantee every piece of silver jewelry we sell meets or exceeds industry standards for sterling silver purity. Silver Source's quality control standards require that all manufacturers' products routinely submit to assay-testing for solid, consistent 925 sterling silver purity. We offer a variety of guaranteed 925 sterling purity for our wholesale jewelry resellers.
While fashion trends come and go, silver jewelry remains a classic addition to any wardrobe. Simply said, silver jewelry never goes out of style. This is why wholesale silver jewelry is such a tremendous business.
Established in 1996 is one of the forefronts Sterling Silver Jewelry Manufacturer and Exporter in Thailand. With customers from all over the world, we are well known for our high quality products and excellent services. At HB1, we work exclusively with 925 sterling silver. Our product categories include Rings, Earrings, Pendants, Bracelets, Jewelry set, Silver fashion pen and many more.
We specialize in electroforming process in sterling silver. Over 30 years of experience in silver manufacturing in Thailand. Big look but light weight and we have over 1,000 styles in earrings, pendants, bracelets, bangles etc. We sell by the gram and also by piece. Production:300-500 kilos per month.
Mitsairoong Company is a manufacturer of fine gold jewelry, sterling silver jewelry, marcasite jewelry, Gemstones jewelry, Diamond jewelry and Greek jewelry. We offer a high-quality product and most competitive price to our customer.
We would like to introduce ourselves as manufacturer and exporter of Sterling Silver 925 Jewelry from Thailand. Our product range from ring, bracelet, earring, pendant, bangles, toe rings, pill box and etc. We can manufacture products according to the designs and specifications provided to us. We accept minimum order of 25 pieces / 25 pairs. We can finish all our product in High Polish, Rhodium Plated, Anti Tarnish, Sand Blast, Oxidized, Gold Plating in 2 or 4 microns and Marcasite Jewelry.
Products: Our product range from ring, bracelet, earring, pendant, bangles, toe rings, pill box and etc. We can manufacture products according to the designs and specifications provided to us.
Oriental Arts & Crafts Ltd.
A leading Thai designer, manufacturer and exporter of sterling (925) silver jewelry for both men's & women's. Oac manufactures the most impressive diversity of styles and designs in both plain and mounted with semi-precious and precious stones-diamond, blue topaz, amethyst, garnet, peridot, marcasite, crystal, synthetic opal, MOP, pearl, amber, cz, black onyx, turquoise & etc.
We are "Pasita Ltd. Part", the supplier of all kind of 925 Sterling silver jewelry; rings, earrings, necklaces, bracelets, pendant and brooch with competitive price. We have the wide range of product with various design & styles of plain silver jewelry or jewelry which made with the design of Marcasite, Onyx, Turquoise and Mother of Pearl.
Rollings jewelry is based in Bangkok Thailand. We are manufacture and wholesale silver jewelry includes plain silver jewelry, silver ring, silver pendant, silver bead, silver earrings, silver bracelet, silver necklace, silver chain. The designs come with semi-precious stone, cz, crystal, mop, marcasite or wood.
We are 925 sterling silver jewelry manufacturer and trader from Thailand. We are in this business for over 20 years. Our major customers currently are in USA. Our product ranges mainly are covered 925 sterling silver with marcasite, cz, pearl and so on. Moreover, fashion jewelry (with leather chain, natural chain, shell, various kinds of stones, etc) is also another product group we have offered to Asian markets.
As supporters and wholesalers, we welcome any visitor inquiries to our factory and showroom. Bangles, bracelets, earrings, necklaces, pendent, purses, rings, and toe rings in finest quality of sterling silver, and marcasite, are available in various styles, designs, and collections. Modern lines and contemporary tastes, influenced by current trends in fashion, characterize these collections, which are designed in house and manufactured by machine. Our items are targeted at medium to upper level markets and distributed at the wholesale level through agents and major trade shows.
We are manufacturer & wholesaler of 925 sterling silver jewelry with cz, mop, marcasite and more in Bangkok Thailand. We make to order as customers approval at competitive price and quality.


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By Bird March 03, 2012 0 comments
My Hilarious Galah Cockatoo
It's a pet peeve of mine for people to cue their birds verbally for things like "stepping up" and telling their bird "no". Sometimes, because it's just instinctive to us, even I will end up saying no to my bird about something. But, I try REALLY hard never ever ever to tell my birds "no!" because I feel like since it's almost always said in a heightened state of emotion, that my birds will more than likely learn it and repeat it and the last things I want my birds telling me (besides cuss words) are things like "NO!" and "Step up" because I feel like that's telling me what to do, and I just really hate the way it sounds. You should always be asking your bird and giving it a choice - and those phrases do neither. So, in my video there's a lot of random noises, not really words. These are things I do in place of "no!" instead of telling Bandit "no", I make these warning sounds like something is coming and we've formed a game out of it. Now, it's not meant to actually teach him NOT to go up to the TV. There is nothing that he could hurt himself on up there (no cables down the back that he can get at or anything) so I really don't mind him being up there, we've just created a game so that he can tell me when he wants to play. Not only is "woop woop" galah language for "wanna play?" but flying up to the TV in the first place is also his way of telling me he's in a playful mood. I've taken videos in the past of him playing like this, and ending the play session by just staring at the balls I throw around him without any reaction at all. This means, play time is over. He just pretends to be scared anyway so that I keep playing. This galah is secretly fearless but he's not leading onto that in this particular video (which had to end so I could grab a paper towel...) Not that everyone else has to do it - but I prefer to teach my birds really weird sounds over words like no, don't do that, blah blah blah. The worst Bandit says is his "c'mere" which he says when he prefers YOU c'mere so he doesn't have to. Hope you enjoy the Bandit video. He sure keeps things interesting around my house and is so much fun to play with.
Article by Jamieleigh Womach. She has been working with parrots and toucans since the age of 17. She isn't homeless but is home less than she prefers to be. She travels the world with her husband, daughter, and a flockful of parrots whom she shares the stage with.
Tags: bandit, Galahs, Parrot Talk, verbal que


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Fancy a Good Death? Tune in to OZY's New Podcast
By Molly Fosco
Source	Donald Iain Smith/Getty
In the future, humans will easily live to 150 and die with less fear thanks to psychedelics.
Technology is having an increasing impact in the operating theater and beyond. Yet, as experts reveal in The Future of X: Health, patient treatment in 50 years' time won't be based entirely on robots or advanced A.I., but rather on raw human connection. In a new five-part podcast, in partnership with Providence St. Joseph Health, OZY paints a picture of health care in 2069, from the chronic diseases we don't yet recognize to a world without hospitals. Listen up on OZY.com, Spotify, Apple, Himalaya or wherever you prefer to stream your audio.
Do you think about how or when you'll die? The possibilities are endless, which can be terrifying. But more than how or when, studies show that fears of dying — often called "death anxiety" — are based not on the future, but on the past: The dying are haunted by thoughts about unfulfilled potential, or about never having told that special someone how they felt.
In a study by the California Health Care Foundation, only 7 percent of hospice patients said they benefited from talking to doctors about their end-of-life concerns. So maybe it's high time we reframe how we think about death.
"Dying is the ultimate developmental crisis," says Dr. Ira Byock, founder and chief medical officer for the Institute for Human Caring, part of Providence Health and Services. "It's not fun and it's not to be yearned for, but it is also an opportunity to grow," he says. As a palliative care specialist, Byock has spent a large part of his 40-year career thinking about what it takes to die comfortably. One of the best tools he's discovered along the way? Psychedelics.
"The psychedelic experience, when done properly, can help us to grow through this experience," says Byock, who thinks the way we currently care for people nearing the end of life is all wrong. Not to mention costly. A quarter of all Medicare spending gets poured into caring for people in their final year of living, according to AARP. That's $175 billion spent on palliative care last year alone.
We're wired to not want to die. We avoid death every day as best we can.
Tristan Edwards, co-founder and CEO of Boston-based Life Biosciences
Studies from New York University and Johns Hopkins, among others, have shown that psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin (the active ingredient in magic mushrooms) can reduce death anxiety for the terminally ill and give them a positive new outlook, with few side effects. Could it also help save money by reducing discomfort and depression in people's final weeks and months?
Today in the U.S., psilocybin and LSD are Schedule I drugs, meaning they've been classified as illegal substances with a high potential for abuse. A ballot proposal in California last year would've decriminalized possession as well as the sale and transportation of magic mushrooms, but it failed to pass. According to Byock, that should change within the next few years. "At this point in time the medical profession, my profession, must not ignore the potential for these highly promising medications," he says.
While people may learn to embrace death with the help of hallucinogens, we'll have another reality to contend with: The average human lifespan will continue ticking upward. One day soon, humans will live to 120 years or more on average.
Advances in this arena will go far beyond today's makeup creams and magic snake oils. Tristan Edwards, co-founder and CEO of Boston-based Life Biosciences, is working with some of the world's top scientists to develop drugs that he says will prolong human life. In the not-so-distant future, we'll be able to take a pill to reverse the body's aging process and increase our longevity. "I see a world where humans will age without any disease," Edwards says.
And this could all happen faster than you think. Edwards says the first round of these miracle drugs could be available in as little as three to five years. And reducing the time we spend fighting illness at the end of life means you won't live to 75 and suffer from poor health for the last five years, Edwards says. Instead, you might live to be 100, and 99 of those years would be great.
"We're wired to not want to die," says Edwards. "We avoid death every day as best we can, so I think this is just an extension of that hardwiring that's in our DNA."
But getting rid of death anxiety and slowing the aging process are just the beginning. Technology may one day become so advanced that we'll live forever. Imagine being able to easily replace ailing body parts and outsmart disease. Or maybe we'll have the ability to perpetually upgrade our bodies — when the current model gets too old or sick, we'll simply order a new one.
It sounds pretty insane, but futurist Thomas Frey thinks it could happen. One day we might be able to grow "blank bodies" from our own genetic material. Imagine this: A "body farmer" could re-create your face and features you had at age 25, enabling you to look forever young but with the wisdom gained from decades of maturity. Frey points to advances in regenerative medicine like regrowing and 3D-printing organs. "Why not entire bodies?" he asks.
Others think we'll be able to transcend death in another way. A movement called Transhumanism, from science-fiction writers such as Isaac Asimov and Julian Huxley, now has more than 10,000 members who say they are ready to alter or augment their bodies to live forever. "Radical life extension will be a combination of nanotechnology, robotics, AI and repairing the body at the cellular level," says Gennady Stolyarov, chairman of the U.S. Transhumanist Party. Stolyarov and his party suggest that even a few billion dollars from private donations, investments or government grants could dramatically accelerate progress in the life-extension field.
But that's a long way off. When it comes to living forever, we have a much better shot at preserving ourselves in digital form — achieving "digital immortality." In 2016, entrepreneur Eugenia Kuyda created an AI-powered chatbot based on her friend Roman Mazurenko, who died at age 33 after being hit by a speeding jeep in Moscow. Kuyda and other friends could "speak" with Roman by talking to the digital version of him and asking it questions. The bot's responses were based on the thousands of text messages and photos that Kuyda uploaded to the neural network controlling its artificial intelligence. While the bot's responses were fairly basic, creating it led Kuyda to develop a chatbot called Replika that anyone can talk to and feel less alone today.
Perhaps one day we'll be able to perpetually transfer our consciousness to healthy bodies, or alter and repair our current aging bodies so dramatically that we'll escape death completely. But before that, we'll be able to live longer, healthier lives and die — thanks to hallucinogens and other therapies — with less fear, greater comfort and more control.
Molly Fosco, Reporter Follow Molly Fosco on Twitter Contact Molly Fosco
For Senior Citizens, a Laptop Becomes a Lifeline
Telebehavioral health options give senior patients the ability to manage medication and mental health challenges — which can lead to a better overall quality of life, as well as a more positive health outlook.
How Recovery High Schools Give Teens a Second Chance
PEASE is one of more than 30 public recovery high schools in the U.
The Elementary School Game That Offers Lifelong Lessons
A good-behavior game that's been around for decades teaches kids how to self-regulate.
Rule-Breaking Nuns and the Future of Health Care: OZY's New Podcast Is Here
Lessons from the past can be a valuable tool in guiding the future of health care.
Want to Delete Depression From Your Brain? Listen to OZY's New Podcast
We might one day be able to erase mental illness from our brains.
Will Robots and Digi-Tattoos Replace Doctors? This Is OZY's New Podcast
As artificial intelligence gets better at diagnosing and treating our medical needs, what will become of doctors and nurses? .
When Fatal Loneliness Replaces Cancer: A Futuristic New Podcast
In 50 years, being in good health will depend upon your human connections and medicine made from your own immune system.
Moving Barriers Upstream Helps the Whole River Flow
A new health care approach looks at broader factors like food, housing and education as key to emergency prevention.
Medicaid Is a Lifeline for Americans Everywhere
Most Americans agree that Medicaid is important, but few understand just how crucial and vast its coverage really is.
School Nurses: The First Line of Treatment for Mental Health
When young students struggle with mental health issues, school nurses are making sure to step in and help.
Can You Check Out Mental Health Services at Your Local Library?
For those seeking answers, libraries now offer educational material and medical referrals.
We Need to Revolutionize End-of-Life Care — Here's Why
Palliative care experts think we deserve better health care.
What We Get Wrong About the Future of Medicine
Many predict genomics will change the way we think about medicine.
A Text Message From Inside a Panic Attack
OZY eavesdrops on an honest conversation about anxiety.
When the F Word Sparked the Greatest Disco-Era Hit
When was the last time you made millions telling someone to screw off? For Chic's Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards, it started on New Year's Eve 1977.


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Club Atlético Libertad de San Carlos - urugwajski klub piłkarski z siedzibą w mieście San Carlos leżącym w departamencie Maldonado.

Osiągnięcia
 Copa El País (2): 1998, 2006
 Torneo Mayor de Clubes Campeones del Interior (2): 1999, 2000
 Departamental de Maldonado (5): 1966, 1967, 1976, 1992, 1994
 Liga Mayor de Fútbol de Maldonado (7): 1997, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2008
 Liga Carolina de Fútbol (6): 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1967, 1994
 Torneo Sudamericano de Clubes Campeones del Interior: 2001

Historia
Klub założony został 1 marca 1931 roku i gra obecnie w lidze regionalnej Liga Mayor de Fútbol de Maldonado.

Linki zewnętrzne

Urugwajskie kluby piłkarskie
Kluby piłkarskie założone w 1931
San Carlos (Urugwaj)