text:
Making Aliyah
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What will Neve Chabad community life be like?
What will Neve Chabad community life be like? Neve Chabad 2015-07-15T14:33:08+00:00
Chabad-Lubavitch Values
The name Chabad comes from the three words "Chochma, Bina, Daat – wisdom, comprehension, knowledge." These allude to the thought process that brings people to powerful action. The teachings of Chabad are all about using wisdom and comprehension to come to a proper understanding of life, and ultimately to make the correct life choices.
At the start of the Chabad movement, it was centred in the city of Lubavitch, which translates as "city of brotherly love." The movement has a huge focus on the unconditional love and care for every single Jew, no matter their background. Many of its teachings focus solely on how to love a fellow Jew, even when one's heart says otherwise.
Community life in Neve Chabad will be centred around Chabad-Lubavitch values, as was the historic village of Lubavitch. While the community will have a large focus on outreach, it will also have a strong core of education and love towards fellow yishuv members.
Happy communities need solid leadership. Neve Chabad will have respected leaders to guide the community towards the right goals.
The Rav of Neve Chabad will be someone who is in touch with both religious and secular aspects of the world, understands human struggle, and how to lead with powerful kindness.
There will also be community leaders whose job is to look out for the needs of individual community members and ensure that no one falls through the cracks. They will keep an eye out for communal challenges and organise solutions to keep everything going in a positive direction.
Most families arriving at the yishuv will be coming from far away with no family, and very little knowledge of Israel and yishuv life. They will have many questions on all the details of living in Israel, and bringing up children in Israel. Some questions might be embarrassing to ask the public, and some people may be too shy to ask for help. Even as time passes and the family adjusts to the new life, they may still have the challenge of being far away from their parents or whatever guides they turned to previously. To help make things smoother, we will have the adopted family program.
When a new family arrives at the yishuv, they will be greeted by a senior family and welcomed as if they were "adopted family". The senior family will be there to help the new family adjust properly into the yishuv. They will invite them for meals, introduce them to friends, help them get to know yishuv life, and be open for any questions and guidance needed.
At the start of Neve Chabad, most school children will commute to the Chabad schools in Be'er Sheva. The Chabad schools in Be'er Sheva are known to be successful at education and catering to the individual child.
As the yishuv grows, schools will be built up starting from daycare. Yishuv schools will be built slowly with care to ensure only the best for our children. Teachers in the schools will all be accredited and highly respected by students and parents alike.
The schooling system in Neve Chabad will be completely different from the standard religious school of today. The focus from the start will be on preparing the children for life with the skills needed in this modern world. Classes will address the individual kid, rather than the average. Studies will be filled with hands-on experiences from around the yishuv.
Parents on the yishuv need to be open-minded and excited about creating a new school system that brings out the best in their child. Teachers will also provide weekly classes to parents, to keep them in touch with their children's education.
Farbrengens
A farbrengen is a time for a group of friends to gather together and inspire each other with heart-to-heart conversation. It gives a powerful recharge for people to continue moving in a positive direction, even through difficult times. The community will have weekly farbrengens (with different times for men and women) leading to positive individual and social growth.
Learning never ends, and definitely not in Neve Chabad. There will always be classes covering all topics in Torah, Chassidut, Parenting, Health, and other topics practical to life. It will be strongly encouraged that every community member attend at least one weekly Torah session.
The youth are the driving inspiration behind Neve Chabad, and the most worthy investment. Children will all be enrolled in a well-planned Tzivos Hashem club. The club is designed to instil strong leadership skills and kindness into every child. The children will have weekly meetings to plan projects that train in different life skills. Teen graduates of Tzivos Hashem will become the counsellors for the next generation of the club.
While the Tzivos Hashem is meant for children, the club will also bring real life influence to the Yishuv as a whole. The projects of the children will often be ones that inspire and affect everyone around. Thus, children from Neve Chabad will grow into adults who know how to take charge of a situation and bring positive change.
It's important that every member of Neve Chabad feels like they are a contributing part of a bigger picture. Every member, no matter how affluent, will have at least one volunteer job around the yishuv. Volunteer opportunities come in a large variety so that everyone can pick something that utilises a real talent. Some examples include gardening, partner learning with visitors, setting up classes, beautifying the yishuv, security, and hosting guests for meals.
From the setup, Neve Chabad will be very nature oriented. There will be lots of outdoor play space for children, outdoor seating for adults, and efforts to keep the outdoors clean and beautiful. Families will be encouraged to keep gardens in front of their homes to help make the outdoor scene beautiful.
There will also be many outdoor events, including bonfires, community picnics, and Torah classes.
There are many small aspects of community life that are important, but often get overlooked in the face of larger projects. In order to ensure that important details are taken care of, Neve Chabad will have small committees entrusted with long term missions. Below is a list of some of the committees for community life:
Community – to keep an overall lookout on the needs and peace of the community, and address any challenges that may arise.
Welcoming – to make sure that every new Yishuv member gets a nice welcoming, including a guide booklet, basic house-warming kit, and whatever else it takes to settle in well.
Self Sufficiency – this committee will create a ten year plan to make the yishuv self-sufficient. They will focus on green energy and other environmentally friendly methods.
Jobs – while it's a prerequisite to have a profession in order to join the yishuv, employment is never a guarantee in life. The job committee will be there to help people find jobs, create jobs on the yishuv, and encourage the hiring of yishuv members. They will also be there to give guidance to yishuv small businesses.
Women's – often women, especially busy mothers, push their own needs to the back. This committee is to make sure that the women get their share of inspiration as well as times to relax with friends.
Men's – to arrange the programs and ongoing classes for men to attend.
Children's – in charge of the Tzivos Hashem club program, and in general ensuring that the children have adequate guidance and programs.
Neve Chabad Plan
We are young families from around the world who embrace the ways of Chabad Chassidus, and love the land of Israel.
We want to create a Yishuv that will be a model of a warm, non-judgmental, and loving Judaism. A place that will welcome in groups of all types, from Israel and abroad, to experience a sample of what a Jewish community can be.
Who will join Neve Chabad?
Due to the recent rise in Aliyah amongst the Chabad community, there will be a strong demand to join our yishuv. We will have a committee to ensure that our yishuv grows at a healthy rate, with a good balance of personalities.
We seek members who are peaceful folk devoted to a life of Chabad Chassidus; always striving to grow in a positive way, and with a healthy open-mindedness. We also require of new families to be able to support themselves financially, and hold a strong work-ethic.
How will Neve Chabad contribute to Israel?
The Neve Chabad community will be structured to bring up children who believe in giving back to our country and fellow citizens. Several programs and institutions will be run by the Yishuv members which will encourage this further, including:
Agricultural farming to bring out the land's potential.
Jewish learning resort for people from all over the world.
Gap year volunteer and learning program for international students.
Steady absorption of many new olim.
Our Yishuv will strive to apply original Chabad Chassidic values to modern needs. These will be encouraged by our community programs:
Weekly community gatherings for personal and social growth.
Community guides who ensure that every individual family is included and cared for.
Children's leadership programs to guide children in a positive direction.
Volunteer roles for every yishuv member.
Affordable living committee devoted to using eco-friendly and agricultural methods.
Where will Neve Chabad be?
The area around Arad and Be'er Sheva, holds a promising and prosperous future. Neve Chabad is the perfect asset to the area, and we look forward to making the potential bloom.
Email: info@nevechabad.com
© 2019 Neve Chabad · In partnership with the OR Movement


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A: Try this
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The problem with your code was that you were applying transition to the element whose styles were not getting changed by the code you wrote. The transition will work only if there is some change in css on the element where you are applying the transition.

A: Transition animates the process of changing state1 to state1.
First of all you should set property transition and set which parameter to animate, how long. Then optional - type of animation(ease, ease-in-out so on), delay and more you can find here https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css3_pr_transition.asp.
Then you need to change that property which you want to animate. For example

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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axisandallies.wikia.com » Gate of Worlds
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en.wikiversity.org » Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War/Meetings/2008-March-01

 Black Death - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 archived 23 Apr 2016 04:41:31 UTC
{{cite web | title = Black Death - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death | date = 2016-04-23 | archiveurl = http://archive.today/bX7GA | archivedate = 2016-04-23 }}
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For other uses, see Black Death (disambiguation).
Spread of the Black Death in Europe (1346–53)
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 1346–53.[1][2][3] Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe published in 2010 and 2011 indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium, probably causing several forms of plague.[4][5]
The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343.[6] From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population.[7] In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century.[8] The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.
The plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history.
1.1 Origins of the disease
1.2 European outbreak
1.3 Middle Eastern outbreak
2 Symptoms
4 Causes
4.1 DNA evidence
4.2 Alternative explanations
5 Consequences
5.1 Death toll
5.2 Persecutions
5.3 Recurrence
5.4 Third plague pandemic
Origins of the disease
Main article: Black Death migration
The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda.[9] Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India.[10] In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China.[11] In China, the 13th century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after.[12] Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.[13][14]
The disease may have travelled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders or it could have come via ship.[15] By the end of 1346, reports of plague had reached the seaports of Europe: "India was depopulated, Tartary, Mesopotamia, Syria, Armenia were covered with dead bodies".[16]
Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north.[17] Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death.
European outbreak
The seventh year after it began, it came to England and first began in the towns and ports joining on the seacoasts, in Dorsetshire, where, as in other counties, it made the country quite void of inhabitants so that there were almost none left alive.
... But at length it came to Gloucester, yea even to Oxford and to London, and finally it spread over all England and so wasted the people that scarce the tenth person of any sort was left alive.
Geoffrey the Baker, Chronicon Angliae
There appear to have been several introductions into Europe. The plague reached Sicily in October 1347, carried by twelve Genoese galleys,[18] and rapidly spread all over the island. Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348, but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy. Towards the end of January, one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseille.[19]
From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland.[20] Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent.[21][22]
Modern researchers do not think that the plague ever became endemic in Europe or its rat population. The disease repeatedly wiped out the rodent carriers so that the fleas died out until a new outbreak from Central Asia repeated the process. The outbreaks have been shown to occur roughly 15 years after a warmer and wetter period in areas where plague is endemic in other species such as gerbils.[23][24]
Middle Eastern outbreak
The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread to western Europe, the disease entered the region from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, probably through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea. During 1347, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza, and north along the eastern coast to cities in Lebanon, Syria and Palestine, including Ashkelon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon, Damascus, Homs, and Aleppo. In 1348–49, the disease reached Antioch. The city's residents fled to the north, most of them dying during the journey, but the infection had been spread to the people of Asia Minor.[citation needed]
Mecca became infected in 1349. During the same year, records show the city of Mawsil (Mosul) suffered a massive epidemic, and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease. In 1351 Yemen experienced an outbreak of the plague, coinciding with the return of Sultan al-Mujahid Ali of Yemen from imprisonment in Cairo. His party may have brought the disease with them from Egypt.[citation needed]
A hand showing how acral gangrene of the fingers due to bubonic plague causes the skin and flesh to die and turn black
An inguinal bubo on the upper thigh of a person infected with bubonic plague. Swollen lymph glands (buboes) often occur in the neck, armpit and groin (inguinal) regions of plague victims
Contemporary accounts of the plague are often varied or imprecise. The most commonly noted symptom was the appearance of buboes (or gavocciolos) in the groin, the neck and armpits, which oozed pus and bled when opened.[25] Boccaccio's description is graphic:
In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg...From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous. As the gavocciolo had been and still was an infallible token of approaching death, such also were these spots on whomsoever they showed themselves.[26]
The only medical detail that is questionable is the infallibility of approaching death, as if the bubo discharges, recovery is possible.[27]
This was followed by acute fever and vomiting of blood. Most victims died two to seven days after initial infection. Freckle-like spots and rashes,[28] which could have been caused by flea-bites, were identified as another potential sign of the plague.
Some accounts, like that of Louis Heyligen, a musician in Avignon who died of the plague in 1348, noted a distinct form of the disease that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems[25] and is identified with pneumonic plague.
It is said that the plague takes three forms. In the first people suffer an infection of the lungs, which leads to breathing difficulties. Whoever has this corruption or contamination to any extent cannot escape but will die within two days. Another form...in which boils erupt under the armpits,...a third form in which people of both sexes are attacked in the groin.[29]
The 12th-century French physician Gilles de Corbeil in his De signis et sinthomatibus egritudinum (On the signs and symptoms of diseases) used the phrase atra mors to refer to a pestilential fever (febris pestilentialis) [30]
Writers contemporary to the plague referred to the event as the "Great Mortality",[31][citation needed] or the "Great Plague".[32][clarification needed] The phrase "Black Death" (mors nigra) was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino (or Couvin), a Belgian astronomer, who wrote the poem "De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni" (On the judgment of the Sun at a feast of Saturn) in which he attributed the plague to a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn.[33]
Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death").[34] The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany, gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name.[35] In England, it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the Black Death.[36]
The Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) engorged with blood. This species of flea is the primary vector for the transmission of Yersinia pestis, the organism responsible for bubonic plague in most plague epidemics. Both male and female fleas feed on blood and can transmit the infection.
Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) infected with the Yersinia pestis bacterium which appears as a dark mass in the gut. The foregut (proventriculus) of this flea is blocked by a Y. pestis biofilm; when the flea attempts to feed on an uninfected host Y. pestis is regurgitated into the wound, causing infection.
Yersinia pestis (200x magnification). The bacterium which causes bubonic plague.[37]
Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air".[38] This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory. Today, this is known as the Miasma theory. The word 'plague' had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term.
The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century; until then it was common that the streets were filthy, with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding. A transmissible disease will spread easily in such conditions. One development as a result of the Black Death was the establishment of the idea of quarantine in Dubrovnik in 1377 after continuing outbreaks.[39]
The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis.[40] The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic.[40]
The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893[41] and suggested that "it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the process, and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.[40]
Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 percent die within eight days.[42] Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent. Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free flowing and bright red. Septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%. Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation). In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes.[43]
Skeletons in a mass grave from 1720–1721 in Martigues, France, yielded molecular evidence of the orientalis strain of Yersinia pestis, the organism responsible for bubonic plague. The second pandemic of bubonic plague was active in Europe from AD 1347, the beginning of the Black Death, until 1750.
In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany,[44] ". . . ends the debate about the etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".[45]
The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site.[45]
The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist."[46] A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.[5]
DNA taken from 25 skeletons from the 14th century found in London have shown the plague is a strain of Y. pestis that is almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013.[47][48]
Alternative explanations
Main article: Theories of the Black Death
The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations.[40] In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly, and his doubts about the identity of the Black Death have been taken up by a number of authors, including Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. (2002), David Herlihy (1997), and Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan (2001).[40]
It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100% as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377.[49] Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy.
In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance; and that the DNA results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere, despite extensive samples from other mass graves.[40] Other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries; temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas; that, despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague; that mortality rates of the Black Death appear to be very high; that, while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease, the Black Death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas; and that the pattern of the Black Death, with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years, differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups.[40]
Walløe complains that all of these authors "take it for granted that Simond's infection model, black rat → rat flea → human, which was developed to explain the spread of plague in India, is the only way an epidemic of Yersinia pestis infection could spread", whilst pointing to several other possibilities.[50]
Anthrax skin lesion
A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person.[51][52] However, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance.[40] Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections. In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms.[25] In 2014, scientists with Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis.[47]
Main article: Consequences of the Black Death
Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims.
There are no exact figures for the death toll; the rate varied widely by locality. In urban centers, the greater the population before the outbreak, the longer the duration of the period of abnormal mortality.[53] It killed some 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia.[1][2][3] According to medieval historian Philip Daileader in 2007:
The trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45–50% of the European population dying during a four-year period. There is a fair amount of geographic variation. In Mediterranean Europe, areas such as Italy, the south of France and Spain, where plague ran for about four years consecutively, it was probably closer to 75–80% of the population. In Germany and England ... it was probably closer to 20%.[54]
The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third.[55] The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population.[56] Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand inhabitants in 1338 down to 50 thousand in 1351. At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished,[57] and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well.[47] Interestingly while contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead, recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in Central London found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves, suggesting at least some pre-planning and Christian burials at this time.[58] Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450.[59] In 1348, the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished. In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die.[40] The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion. Monks and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the Black Death.[60]
Persecutions
See also: Black Death Jewish persecutions
Inspired by the Black Death, The Dance of Death or Danse Macabre, an allegory on the universality of death, was a common painting motif in the late medieval period.
Renewed religious fervor and fanaticism bloomed in the wake of the Black Death. Some Europeans targeted "various groups such as Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims",[61] lepers,[61][62] and Romani, thinking that they were to blame for the crisis. Lepers, and other individuals with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis, were singled out and exterminated throughout Europe.
Because 14th-century healers were at a loss to explain the cause, Europeans turned to astrological forces, earthquakes, and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for the plague's emergence.[32] The governments of Europe had no apparent response to the crisis because no one knew its cause or how it spread. The mechanism of infection and transmission of diseases was little understood in the 14th century; many people believed only God's anger could produce such horrific displays.
There were many attacks against Jewish communities.[63] In February 1349, the citizens of Strasbourg murdered 2,000 Jews.[63] In August 1349, the Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne were exterminated. By 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed.[64]
Main article: Second plague pandemic
The Great Plague of London, in 1665, killed up to 100,000 people
The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries.[65] According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.[66] The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57; 1464–66; 1481–85; 1500–03; 1518–31; 1544–48; 1563–66; 1573–88; 1596–99; 1602–11; 1623–40; 1644–54; and 1664–67. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century).[67] According to Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31."[68]
In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300,[69] and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million.[70] By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the next few hundred years, further outbreaks occurred in 1361–62, 1369, 1379–83, 1389–93, and throughout the first half of the 15th century.[71] An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20%.[72] The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England seem to have begun in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, 1603, 1625, and 1636, and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665.[73]
Plague Riot in Moscow in 1771: During the course of the city's plague, between 50 and 100 thousand people died, 1⁄6 to 1⁄3 of its population.
In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris.[74] During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time.[75] The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490.[76] Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665,[77] reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years.[78] Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664.[79] Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528.[80] The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population.[81] Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50.[82] The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.[83]
In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population.[84] In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants.[85] More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain.[86] The plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of Seville by half.[87] In 1709–13, a plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War (1700–21, Sweden v. Russia and allies)[88] killed about 100,000 in Sweden,[89] and 300,000 in Prussia.[87] The plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki,[90] and claimed a third of Stockholm's population.[91] Europe's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in Marseille.[82]
Worldwide distribution of plague-infected animals 1998
The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world.[92] Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850.[93] Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42.[94] Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800.[95] Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.[96]
Third plague pandemic
Main article: Third plague pandemic
The Third plague pandemic (1855–1859) started in China in the middle of the 19th century, spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone.[97] Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia in 1900–25 resulted in well over 1,000 deaths, chiefly in Sydney. This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading-edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus Yersinia pestis.[98]
The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–04, followed by another outbreak in 1907–08.[99] From 1944 through 1993, 362 cases of human plague were reported in the United States; approximately 90% occurred in four western states: Arizona, California, Colorado, and New Mexico.[100]
Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine. The plague bacterium could develop drug-resistance and again become a major health threat. One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995.[101] A further outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014.[102]
Black Death (film)
Black Death in England
CCR5, a human gene hypothesised to be associated with the plague
Cronaca fiorentina (Chronicle of Florence); a literary history of the plague, and of Florence up to 1386, by Baldassarre Bonaiuti
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Four thieves vinegar; a popular French legend says this recipe provided immunity to the plague.
Geisslerlieder
Globalization and disease
Plague doctor
Plague doctor costume
Ring a Ring o' Roses
The Seventh Seal, a film directed by Ingmar Bergman
^ Jump up to: a b ABC/Reuters (29 January 2008). "Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Health. De-coding the Black Death". BBC. 3 October 2001. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Black Death's Gene Code Cracked". Wired. 3 October 2001. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Haensch S, Bianucci R, Signoli M, Rajerison M, Schultz M, Kacki S, Vermunt M, Weston DA, Hurst D, Achtman M, Carniel E, Bramanti B (2010). Besansky, Nora J, ed. "Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death". PLoS Pathog. 6 (10): e1001134. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001134. PMC: 2951374. PMID 20949072. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Bos KI, Schuenemann VJ, Golding GB, Burbano HA, Waglechner N, Coombes BK, McPhee JB, DeWitte SN, Meyer M, Schmedes S, Wood J, Earn DJ, Herring DA, Bauer P, Poinar HN, Krause J (12 October 2011). "A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death". Nature 478 (7370): 506–10. doi:10.1038/nature10549. PMC: 3690193. PMID 21993626. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "BBC – History – Black Death". BBC. 17 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8263-2871-7.
Jump up ^ Wheeler, Dr. L. Kip. "The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know". Dr. Wheeler's website. Dr. L. Kip Wheeler. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Ziegler 1998, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Raoult; Drancourt (2008). "Paleomicrobiology: Past Human Infections". Springer: 152.
Jump up ^ Nicholas Wade (31 October 2010). "Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, p.585
Jump up ^ Kohn, George C. (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 0-8160-6935-2.
Jump up ^ Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the history of medicine 85 (3): 319–55. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795.
Jump up ^ "Black Death may have originated in China". The Daily Telegraph. 1 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Hecker 1859, p. 21 cited by Ziegler, p. 15.
Jump up ^ "Channel 4 – History – The Black Death". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Michael of Piazza (Platiensis) Bibliotheca scriptorum qui res in Sicilia gestas retulere Vol 1, p. 562, cited in Ziegler, 1998, p. 40.
Jump up ^ De Smet, Vol II, Breve Chronicon, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Gunnar Karlsson (2000). Iceland's 1100 years: the history of a marginal society. London:C. Hurst. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-85065-420-9.
Jump up ^ Zuchora-Walske, Christine, Poland, North Mankato: ABDO Publishing, 2013
Jump up ^ Welford, Mark, and Brian H. Bossak. "Revisiting the Medieval Black Death of 1347–1351: Spatiotemporal Dynamics Suggestive of an Alternate Causation." Geography Compass 4.6 (2010): 561-575
Jump up ^ Baggaley, Kate (24 Feb 2015). "Bubonic plague was a serial visitor in European Middle Ages". Science News. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Schmid, Boris V. (2015). "Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: 3020–3025. doi:10.1073/pnas.1412887112. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Byrne 2004, pp. 21–9
Jump up ^ Giovanni Boccaccio (1351). "Decameron".
Jump up ^ Ziegler 1998, p. 18,19.
Jump up ^ D. Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1997), p. 29.
Jump up ^ Horrox, Rosemary (1994). Black Death. ISBN 978-0-7190-3498-5.
Jump up ^ See: Stephen d'Irsay (May 1926) "Notes to the origin of the expression: atra mors," Isis, 8 (2) : 328-332.
Jump up ^ As seen in John of Fordun's Scotichronicon, where he writes "there was a great pestilence and mortality of men". Horrox, Rosemary (1994). Black Death. ISBN 978-0-7190-3498-5.
^ Jump up to: a b J. M. Bennett and C. W. Hollister, Medieval Europe: A Short History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006), p. 326.
Jump up ^
On page 22 of the manuscript in Gallica, Simon mentions the phrase "mors nigra" (Black Death): "Cum rex finisset oracula judiciorum / Mors nigra surrexit, et gentes reddidit illi;" (When the king ended the oracles of judgment / Black Death arose, and the nations surrendered to him;).
A more legible copy of the poem appears in: Emile Littré (1841) "Opuscule relatif à la peste de 1348, composé par un contemporain" (Work concerning the plague of 1348, composed by a contemporary), Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 2 (2) : 201-243; see especially page 228.
See also: Joseph Patrick Byrne, The Black Death (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004), page 1.
Jump up ^ Francis Aidan Gasquet, The Black Death of 1348 and 1349, 2nd ed. (London, England: George Bell and Sons, 1908), page 7. Johan Isaksson Pontanus, Rerum Danicarum Historia ... (Amsterdam (Netherlands): Johann Jansson, 1631), page 476.
Jump up ^ The German physician Justus Hecker (1795–1850) cited the phrase in Icelandic (Svartur Daudi), Danish (den sorte Dod), etc. See: J.F.C. Hecker, Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert [The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century] (Berlin, (Germany): Friedr. Aug. Herbig, 1832), page 3.
Jump up ^ The name "Black Death" first appeared in English in:
"Mrs. Markham" (pen name of Elizabeth Penrose (née Cartwright)), A History of England ... (Edinburgh, Scotland: Archibald Constable, 1823). In the 1829 edition, the relevant text appeared on pages 249-250, where, about the English king Edward III, she wrote: "Edward's successes in France were interrupted during the next six years by a most terrible pestilence — so terrible as to be called the black death — which raged throughout Europe, and proved a greater scourge to the people than even the calamities of war." (For further information about this book and Mrs. Penrose, see: Wikisource and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography).
See also: J. L. Bolton, "Looking for Yersinia pestis: Scientists, Historians and the Black Death" in: Linda Clark and Carole Rawcliffe, ed.s, The Fifteenth Century XII: Society in an Age of Plague (Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press, 2013), page 15.
The name "Black Death" was spread more widely when in 1833, Benjamin Guy Babington published an English translation of J.F.C. Hecker's book Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert as: J.F.C. Hecker with Benjamin Guy Babington, trans., The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century (London, England: A. Schloss, 1833).
Jump up ^ "Plague Backgrounder". Avma.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Horrox 1994, p. 159.
Jump up ^ Sehdev PS (2002). "The Origin of Quarantine". Clinical Infectious Diseases 35 (9): 1071–1072. doi:10.1086/344062. PMID 12398064.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Christakos, George; Olea, Ricardo A.; Serre, Marc L.; Yu, Hwa-Lung; Wang, Lin-Lin (2005). Interdisciplinary Public Health Reasoning and Epidemic Modelling: the Case of Black Death. Springer. pp. 110–14. ISBN 3-540-25794-2.
Jump up ^ Gasquet 1893.
Jump up ^ R. Totaro, Suffering in Paradise: The Bubonic Plague in English Literature from More to Milton (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 2005), p. 26.
Jump up ^ Byrne 2004, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Drancourt M, Aboudharam G, Signoli M, Dutour O, Raoult D (1998). "Detection of 400-year-old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: an approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (21): 12637–12640. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.21.12637. PMC: 22883. PMID 9770538. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) see also Michel Drancourt; Didier Raoult (2004). "Molecular detection of Yersinia pestis in dental pulp". Microbiology 150 (2): 263–264. doi:10.1099/mic.0.26885-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Haensch S, Bianucci R, Signoli M, Rajerison M, Schultz M, Kacki S, Vermunt M, Weston DA, Hurst D, Achtman M, Carniel E, Bramanti B (2010). Besansky, Nora J, ed. "Distinct Clones of Yersinia pestis Caused the Black Death". PLoS Pathogens 6 (10): e1001134. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001134. PMC: 2951374. PMID 20949072. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Schuenemann VJ, Bos K, DeWitte S, Schmedes S, Jamieson J, Mittnik A, Forrest S, Coombes BK, Wood JW, Earn DJD, White W, Krause J, Poinar H (2011): Targeted enrichment of ancient pathogens yielding the pPCP1 plasmid of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death. PNAS 2011; published ahead of print 29 August 2011, doi:10.1073/pnas.1105107108
^ Jump up to: a b c Thorpe, Vanessa (29 March 2014). "Black death was not spread by rat fleas, say researchers". theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Black Death skeletons unearthed by Crossrail project". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Ziegler 1998, p. 233.
Jump up ^ Walloe, Lars (2008). Vivian Nutton, ed. Medieval and Modern Bubonic Plague: some clinical continuities. Pestilential Complexities: Understanding Medieval Plague. Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. p. 69.
Jump up ^ M. Kennedy. "Black Death study lets rats off the hook". The Guardian (London: The History Press Ltd). ISBN 0-7524-2829-2. .
Jump up ^ B. Slone. The Black Death in London. London: The History Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-2829-2. .
Jump up ^ Olea Ricardo A., Christakos G. (2005). "Duration assessment of urban mortality for the 14th century Black Death epidemic". Human Biology 77 (3): 291–303. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0051.
Jump up ^ Philip Daileader, The Late Middle Ages, audio/video course produced by The Teaching Company, (2007) ISBN 978-1-59803-345-8.
Jump up ^ Q&A by Kathryn Jean Lopez (14 September 2005). "Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online". Nationalreview.com. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Egypt – Major Cities, U.S. Library of Congress
Jump up ^ Snell, Melissa (2006). "The Great Mortality". Historymedren.about.com. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Dick, HC; Pringle, JK; Sloane, B; Carver, J; Wisneiwski, KD; Haffenden, A; Porter, S; Roberts, D; Cassidy, NJ (2015). "Detection and characterisation of Black Death burials by multi-proxy geophysical methods". Journal of Archaeological Sciences 59: 132–141. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.04.010.
Jump up ^ Richard Wunderli (1992). Peasant Fires: The Drummer of Niklashausen. Indiana University Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-253-36725-5.
Jump up ^ J. M. Bennett and C. W. Hollister, Medieval Europe: A Short History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006), p. 329.
^ Jump up to: a b David Nirenberg, Communities of Violence, 1998, ISBN 0-691-05889-X.
Jump up ^ R.I. Moore The Formation of a Persecuting Society, Oxford, 1987 ISBN 0-631-17145-2
^ Jump up to: a b Black Death, Jewishencyclopedia.com
Jump up ^ "Jewish History 1340–1349".
Jump up ^ "The Great Plague". Stephen Porter (2009). Amberley Publishing. p.25. ISBN 1-84868-087-2
Jump up ^ J. N. Hays (1998). "The burdens of disease: epidemics and human response in western history.". p 58. ISBN 0-8135-2528-4
Jump up ^ "Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history". J. N. Hays (2005). p.46. ISBN 1-85109-658-2
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker (2001). "Europe in crisis, 1598–1648". Wiley-Blackwell. p.7. ISBN 0-631-22028-3
Jump up ^ The Black Death in Egypt and England: A Comparative Study, Stuart J. Borsch, Austin: University of Texas
Jump up ^ Secondary sources such as the Cambridge History of Medieval England often contain discussions of methodology in reaching these figures that are necessary reading for anyone wishing to understand this controversial episode in more detail.
Jump up ^ "BBC – History – Black Death". BBC. p. 131. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Gottfried, Robert S. (1983). The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe. London: Hale. ISBN 0-7090-1299-3.
Jump up ^ "BBC – Radio 4 Voices of the Powerless – 29 August 2002 Plague in Tudor and Stuart Britain". BBC. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Plague, 1911 Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
Jump up ^ Vanessa Harding (2002). "The dead and the living in Paris and London, 1500–1670.". p.25. ISBN 0-521-81126-0
Jump up ^ Byrne 2004, p. 62.
Jump up ^ "Plague in London: spatial and temporal aspects of mortality", J. A. I. Champion, Epidemic Disease in London, Centre for Metropolitan History Working Papers Series, No. 1 (1993).
Jump up ^ Geography, climate, population, economy, society. J.P.Sommerville.
Jump up ^ "Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". Brian Pullan. (2006). p.151. ISBN 0-415-37700-5
Jump up ^ "Medicine and society in early modern Europe". Mary Lindemann (1999). Cambridge University Press. p.41. ISBN 0-521-42354-6
^ Jump up to: a b Harald Aastorp (1 August 2004). "Svartedauden enda verre enn antatt". Forskning.no. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Øivind Larsen. "DNMS.NO : Michael: 2005 : 03/2005 : Book review: Black Death and hard facts". Dnms.no. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Karl Julius Beloch, Bevölkerungsgeschichte Italiens, volume 3, pp. 359–360.
Jump up ^ "Naples in the 1600s". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ The Seventeenth-Century Decline, S. G. Payne, A History of Spain and Portugal
^ Jump up to: a b "Armies of pestilence: the effects of pandemics on history". James Clarke & Co. (2004). p.72. ISBN 0-227-17240-X
Jump up ^ "Kathy McDonough, Empire of Poland". Depts.washington.edu. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bubonic plague in early modern Russia: public health and urban disaster". John T. Alexander (2002). Oxford University Press US. p.21. ISBN 0-19-515818-0
Jump up ^ "Ruttopuisto – Plague Park". Tabblo.com. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Stockholm: A Cultural History". Tony Griffiths (2009). Oxford University Press US. p.9. ISBN 0-19-538638-8
Jump up ^ "The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)". Ucalgary.ca. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M. ABC-CLIO. p. 519. ISBN 0-313-34102-8.
Jump up ^ "Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800". Robert Davis (2004) ISBN 1-4039-4551-9.
Jump up ^ Université de Strasbourg. Institut de turcologie, Université de Strasbourg. Institut d'études turques, Association pour le développement des études turques. (1998). Turcica. Éditions Klincksieck. p. 198. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: a documentary economic history". Charles Philip Issawi (1988). Oxford University Press US. p.99. ISBN 0-19-504951-9
Jump up ^ Infectious Diseases: Plague Through History, sciencemag.org
Jump up ^ Bubonic Plague comes to Sydney in 1900, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School
Jump up ^ Chase, Marilyn (2004). The Barbary Plague: The Black Death in Victorian San Francisco. Random House Digital. ISBN 0-375-75708-2.
Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901. Sacramento: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-2232-6.
Kraut, Alan M. (1995). Silent travelers: germs, genes, and the "immigrant menace". JHU Press. ISBN 0-8018-5096-7.
Markel, Howard (2005). When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America And the Fears They Have Unleashed. Random House Digital. ISBN 0-375-72602-0.
Kalisch, Philip A. (Summer 1972). "The Black Death in Chinatown: Plague and Politics in San Francisco 1900–1904". Arizona and the West (Journal of the Southwest) 14 (2): 113–136. JSTOR 40168068.
Risse, Guenter B. (2012). "Bubonic Plague Visits San Francisco's Chinatown". Plague, Fear, and Politics in San Francisco's Chinatown. JHU Press. ISBN 1-4214-0510-5.
Shah, Nayan (2001). Contagious divides: Epidemics and race in San Francisco's Chinatown. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22629-1.
Jump up ^ Human Plague – United States, 1993–1994, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Jump up ^ Drug-resistant plague a 'major threat', say scientists, SciDev.Net.
Jump up ^ "Plague - Madagascar". World Health Organisation. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Benedictow, Ole Jørgen (2004). Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History. ISBN 978-1-84383-214-0.
Byrne, J. P. (2004). The Black Death. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32492-1.
Cantor, Norman F. (2001), In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made, New York, Free Press.
Cohn, Samuel K. Jr., (2002), The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe, London: Arnold.
Gasquet, Francis Aidan (1893). The Great Pestilence AD 1348 to 1349: Now Commonly Known As the Black Death. ISBN 978-1-4179-7113-8.
Hecker, J.F.C. (1859). B.G. Babington(trans), ed. Epidemics of the Middle Ages. London, Trübner.
Herlihy, D., (1997), The Black Death and the Transformation of the West, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
McNeill, William H. (1976). Plagues and Peoples. Anchor/Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-11256-4.
Scott, S., and Duncan, C. J., (2001), Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shrewsbury, J. F. D., (1970), A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles, London: Cambridge University Press
Twigg, G., (1984), The Black Death: A Biological Reappraisal, London: Batsford.
Ziegler, Philip (1998). The Black Death. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-027524-7. 1st editions 1969.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Death.
Black Death on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
Black Death at BBC
Migration ·
Causes ·
Consequences ·
Persecutions ·
Notable deaths ·
In medieval culture ·
In England ·
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&oldid=715348223"
Plague pandemics
14th-century health disasters
14th century in Asia
14th century in Europe
Eurasian history
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Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015
Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
9 Depictions Of The Devil In Literature
By Charlotte Ahlin
What is it about the Devil that makes him so very appealing? Don't get me wrong, I know that enjoying a literary depiction of the Devil is a far cry from being a Satanist. But there must be something intriguing about the personification of ultimate evil, because the Devil appears in a wide variety of books, TV shows, movies, comics, and songs about going down to Georgia. He goes by different names, and he wears different clothes, but he still crops up all too often. So here are some of the best depictions of the devil in literature.
The "fun" thing about the Devil (as much as the Devil can be fun) is that every writer has a different take on him. Is he your classic red-skinned monster man with horns and a pitchfork and a goatee? Is he a slimy business man with slicked back hair and a tailored suit and a goatee? Or is he a slobbering demon, or a talking serpent, or a beautiful angel damned to Hell? It's all fair game. Over the centuries we've seen charming Devils and grotesque Devils, sympathetic Devils, fiddle-playing Devils, and skin-crawlingly plausible Devils. So take your pick of these literary Lucifers (and maybe reconsider befriending anyone with a goatee):
1. Satan, Paradise Lost by John Milton
If you're looking to blame a particular author for making Satan seem sexy and misunderstood, blame Milton. Paradise Lost is an epic retelling of the Adam and Eve story, with a charismatic Satan at its center. He's a classically tragic figure: beautiful, arrogant, and instrumental in his own downfall. Milton's Lucifer is the one who gives us the quote, "Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven." He's dedicated to his comrades, but he leads a rebellion of the angels and winds up cast out of Heaven and damned for all time (but you knew that was coming).
Click here to buy.
2. Dis, Inferno by Dante Alighieri
Dante's Devil, "Dis," is the classic Monster Devil. Think the demon from Disney's Fantasia, times a thousand. He's not running Hell so much as trapped there in a frozen lake. And he's giant monster, forever weeping blood and pus, with three faces and six wings. He spends eternity gnawing on Judas Iscariot's head (the apostle who betrayed Jesus in the Bible). Luckily, Dante's Devil is so gross and huge and preoccupied with eating people, that our two heroes are able to climb down his fur and escape without him even noticing.
3. Mephistopheles, Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Mephistopheles is a trickster Devil in most versions of Faust. Goethe's play starts off in Heaven, where our pal Mephistopheles makes a bet with God: he thinks he can lure God's favorite dude, Faust, away from righteous pursuits and make him a terrible person. Why does Mephistopheles want to do this? Because he's the freakin' Devil who even cares. So he follows Faust home in the guise of poodle and proceeds to draw up a contract and muck up Faust's entire life, because why not?
4. Lucifer Morningstar, The Sandman by Neil Gaiman and Lucifer by Mike Carey
Lucifer Morningstar from Neil Gaiman's Sandman series (and later his own spin-off, Lucifer) owes a lot to Milton's depiction. He's got the angelic beauty, the arrogance, and the tragedy. But his story begins when he's decided enough is enough: he's tired of running Hell, and he's over all the cliches that mortals believe about the Devil. So he closes Hell, expels all the demons, and moves to L.A. He's charming and powerful, but never quite able to escape the Hell of his own mind.
Click here to buy. (and here!)
5. Our Father Below, The Screwtape Letters by C.S. Lewis
Satan doesn't strictly appear in The Screwtape Letters, but he's a strong presence. The letters in question are between Screwtape, a senior demon, and his nephew Wormwood, who's a "Junior Tempter". Screwtape gives him advice on how to secure souls for Our Father Below (the Devil), but neither of them are really up to the task. It's a very British satire, painting Hell as a bureaucracy and demons as administrators working under Satan. If any of them ever speak a positive word about God, they are punished by the Infernal Police (or possibly turned into centipedes).
6. Woland, The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov
Woland is a lot of fun, as far as Devils go. He's arrived in Moscow in the guise of a foreign professor. He promises black magic, but spends most of the novel exposing the greed and corruption of the Moscow elite. He also has a killer entourage: a fanged assassin, an ex-choirmaster capable of creating any illusion, a beautiful vampiric succubus, the black-goggled angel of death, and Behemoth, a giant black cat with a passion for vodka and chess.
7. Memnoch, Memnoch the Devil by Anne Rice
Memnoch is the Devil, sure, but he's not like those other Devils! He's a cool Devil (according to him, at least). He's not evil, it's just that "reforming" lost souls is his job. That's the story Memnoch gives Lestat, the vampire from Anne Rice's Vampire Chronicles, as he takes him on a whirlwind tour of Heaven and Hell. Memnoch wants Lestat to join him, but Lestat is on the fence. On the one hand, Memnoch seems cool. On the other hand, he is the Devil.
8. Satan or No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger by Mark Twain
If you're not attached to the idea of ever sleeping again, I encourage you to watch the claymation adaption of The Mysterious Stranger (which was banned from television for being too creepy). Mark Twain is known as a humorist, but The Mysterious Stranger is far, far darker than his previous work. He died before the story was completely finished, leaving behind several weird drafts. The Satan of this novel (inexplicably named No. 44 in some versions) claims to be an angel, and the nephew of the famous Satan. Satan, or No. 44, doesn't seem outright evil so much as convinced of mankind's futility, and the book as a whole is pretty bleak.
9. Arnold Friend, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? by Joyce Carol Oates
I'm going to assert right now that Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? is hands down the creepiest short story every written. Joyce Carol Oates was inspired by a string of actual murders in Arizona, but there's no explicit murder in the story. And it's left unclear whether Arnold Friend is meant to be your garden variety serial killer, or Satan himself. All that's clear is that Arnold Friend is a smooth talking, dangerous man. And he wants young Connie to get into his car. Not a story to be read while home alone.
Images: Gustave Doré/Wikipedia Commons, Giphy (1)


text:
Q: Extracting "lastname,firstname middle names" from a combined field This is a more complicate version of a question I see asked on here. I have a dataset where the forth field contacts a combined "lastname,firstname middlename(s)" and I need to use sed to break that into "lastname" "firstname" "middlenames"
Field are tab separated and the data looks like this:
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Johnson,Robert S    09  etc

Output should look like this (tabs between the last, first, middle names):
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Johnson Robert  S   09  etc

Lastname is between the fourth tab and the comma so pretty easy to grab. First and middle names are bundled together, sadly, and must be busted apart as a space, and some name fields contain no middle initials or spaces. Even then it's not that simple — some names may contain punctuation and some have leading intials. My goal is to output firstnames, middle names like this:
Name:
Adam,John
Beta,Sara X
Cruise,Jack A B
Derp,E John A
Egbert,Mary-Lu

Lname:  Fname:  Mname:
Adam    John
Beta    Sara    X
Cruise  Jack    A B
Derp    E John  A
Egbert  Mary-Lu

I used http://regexpal.com/ to build up a regex that worked great! But the same regex failed on my Mac, possible because Mac regex is a little different. And then it failed on my linux host (sed: -e expression #1, char 79: Invalid preceding regular expression). Here's the regex that worked in regexpal:
^([^\t]*\t){4}([^,]*)[,]{0,1}((.( )*([^[ \t]*]*))[ ]{0,1}([^\t]*)\t

UPDATE: Someone pointed me to the must better testing site regexr.com, and that helped me refine the regex considerably. I haven't tested it yet, but I see part of my problem is that a negated class match is still a match and that character is considered "found." So my bit about ([^,]*), failed to find any commas because the commas were already found by the negated set before it.
(^(?:.*?\t){4})([^,]*),(.[ ]*(?:[^[ |\t]*]*))[ ]{0,1}([^\t]*)\t?

Here's the failed sed:
$ sed -r 's/^(?:[^\t]*\t){4}([^,]*)[,]{0,1}(.( )*([^[ \t]*]*))[ ]{0,1}([^\t]*)/foo/g' *
sed: -e expression #1, char 74: Invalid preceding regular expression

I'm trying to break it down piece-by-piece and try each in grep, but even that fails.
$ grep -or '^[^\t]*\t' *

Works ok, but
$ grep -or '^([^\t]*\t){4}' *

Finds nothing. This appears to be proper syntax and works at the tester site, but clearly I am clueless on some basic concept. Any advice or pointers would be appreciated.
UPDATE 2: I've discovered \t is not matching tabs in my regex, extended or otherwise. It matches "t" no matter what I do to it. Other special characters work fine; \w matches word character, \s matches spaces. \t matches t.

A: If your file is \t delimited, then you can use awk to format. This might not be the complete answer, but should be enough to get you started.
$ cat file
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Johnson,Robert S    09  etc

The following is not an answer, just a test to show that what awk understood as your fields.
$ awk -F'\t' '{ for(i=1;i<=NF;i++) print "$"i" is "$i}' file
$1 is 01/31/2014
$2 is Teaching/Grad Ass
$3 is 12345
$4 is Johnson,Robert S
$5 is 09
$6 is etc

So let's start to form our answer. We start of by stating that you want input and output field separator to be \t. The BEGIN block does that for you.
Using the above test, you know your name (complete) resides on 4th column. Since you have , and space between the first, last and middle name, we call awk's split function and pass those as identifiers for splitting. You can add more here based on your input data.
You then re-organize your 4th field in the order you want.
$ awk '
BEGIN { FS = OFS = "\t" }
{
    split($4, name, /[ ,]/)
    $4 = name[1] FS name[2] FS name[3]
}1' file
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Johnson Robert  S   09  etc

Since we can never tell how many middle name initial one would have, a little flexibility on iterating over them would be nice. Good thing about split function is it can tell us how many substitution it made. Using that to our advantage, we can do:

$ cat file
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Johnson,Robert S    09  etc
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Cruise,Jack A B 09  etc
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Derp,E John A   09  etc
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Egbert,Mary-Lu  09  etc
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Adam,John   09  etc

awk '
BEGIN { FS = OFS = "\t" }
{
    n = split($4,name,/[ ,]/)
    $4 = name[1] FS name[2]
    for(i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        $4 = (i==3) ? $4 FS name[i] : $4" "name[i]
    }
}1' file
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Johnson Robert  S   09  etc
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Cruise  Jack    A B 09  etc
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Derp    E   John A  09  etc
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Egbert  Mary-Lu 09  etc
01/31/2014  Teaching/Grad Ass   12345   Adam    John    09  etc

Caveat:
We hard coded $4 = name[1] FS name[2] since we know person would have his Lastname and Firstname in those two arrays and we then iterate through n number of middle initials. This currently breaks with the name  Derp E John A since we told awk that Lastname is Derp and Firstname is E and push the middle name John and A.

A: This is much simpler to write without using regular expressions at all.
#!/bin/bash
printf '%-20s %-20s %-20s\n' "First" "Middle" "Last"
while IFS=$'\t' read -r date position number name _; do
  read -r -a name_pieces <<<"$name" # split name into an array
  if (( ${#name_pieces[@]} == 2 )); then
    # no middle name
    printf '%-20s %-20s %-20s\n' "${name_pieces[0]}" "" "${name_pieces[1]}"
  else
    printf '%-20s %-20s %-20s\n' \
      "${name_pieces[0]}" \
      "${name_pieces[*]:1:${#name_pieces[@]}-2}" \
      "${name_pieces[${#name_pieces}]}"
  fi
done

Invoked like so (with literal tab characters rather than spaces where appropriate):
./split_names <<'EOF'
123     foo     123     Joe William Jay Barker  Foo
123     foo     123     Jim Barker      Bar
EOF

...the above yields the output:
First                Middle               Last
Joe                  William Jay          Barker
Jim                                       Barker

A: Step 1 : Replace (,) with ([space])
Step 2 : Split the string in array using ([space])
Step 3 : Check whether the char in a[1] is 1, if yes then concatenate with a[2].
Step 4 : same way, Check whether the char in a[4]. if yes then concatenate.
I have managed to write the regex for First and Last name. Hope It will help
Regex to get the Last Name : ([^\s|^,]+)
Regex to get the First Name : \s\S(\s\w*\s+|\w*\s+)


In The Right Spot! This 1 bedroom apartment is located on the first floor of a quiet, older-style complex which is set back from the street. The property features carpets, an laminate kitchen with gas appliances, spacious bedroom with a built-in wardrobe, a sun-filled, open plan living area which leads to a sunny balcony, a shared laundry and a lock-up garage. Dulwich Hill train station and the new light rail are literally around the corner for your convenience, offering a short commute to the CBD. Also, the Cooks River and surrounding parklands are just a short stroll away. Ideal for the busy single person.


text:
Saturday July 31st 2021
Come to Coochiemudlo in sparkling July and join us in celebrating the mangroves of Moreton Bay. Explore our mangrove forest. It's vitally important to the Bay's marine diversity and the well-being of our planet. Mangroves capture more carbon than terrestrial trees.
A low-cost ticket gives you informative printed guides to the walks, entry to the mangrove art exhibition and Indigenous presentation at the Community Hall, and access to the minibus shuttle.
The Two Mangrove Walks
On arrival at the island jetty our volunteers will greet you with your illustrated guides to two easy walks in the mangrove forest. Your ticket also lets you ride for free on the minibus during the day. It runs between the jetty, barge ramp, hall and both mangrove walks.
Walk #1 starts on Morwong Beach and proceeds through rocky outcrops to the island's North-West Point. This walk can only be taken in the morning while the tide's low. Most of Moreton Bay's mangrove species can be seen on either walk.
Walk #2 begins at the Community Hall and leads via a sea lagoon
to pioneer farmer Doug Morton's jetty, deep within the mangroves.
This walk can be taken any time throughout the day.
On both walks you'll need closed in shoes that don't mind a little mud. Wear a hat and carry drinking water.
Community Hall Events
Entry to 'Vision through Mangroves' and the 'Quandamooka Cultural Experience' (to be held outside) is included in the cost of your ticket.
'Vision through Mangroves' revisits Coochiemudlo artist Narelle Renn's very successful 2015 art exhibition. The Heritage Society with the assistance of Narelle and some of the owners of her art, have recreated and added to the works on display.
A Quandamooka Cultural Experience
An immersive sharing of traditional Quandamooka stories and knowledge with their Indigenous Culture Manager, Matthew Burns.
2021 Mangrove Festival Launch, Address & Q&A.
Because the Community Hall is restricted to 100 patrons, entry to this event is by registration only. You'll be asked if you want to register after you've purchased your ticket, unless the 100 limit has been reached. So if you want to attend, please get in early!
The inaugural Coochiemudlo Island Mangrove Festival will be launched by Emeritus Professor John Pearn, who's been writing and publishing books about the island's heritage for nearly 30 years.
Our guest speaker Dr Norm Duke, a mangrove ecologist for more than 40 years, will then deliver the inaugural Festival address.
Norm will then be joined by ecologists and Coochiemudlo Island residents, Dr Mark Pillsworth and Ms Toni Cannard, for a Q&A session with the audience.
More great things to do and see...
There are many heritage sites within easy walking distance of the jetty. You can see traces of many millennia of Indigenous connection with Coochiemudlo in the red ochre cliffs on the south-west that give the island its name (Kutchi means red earth and Mudlo means stone in the language of the Coobenpil people) and in shell middens and a scarred tree at Morwong Beach.
You can walk around the island's heritage listed Emerald Fringe, an esplanade reserve that has its origins in Directions issued by the Queensland Surveyor General in 1878. On the way, you can stop at Matthew Flinders' landing site on Norfolk Beach and Pioneer farmer, Doug Morton's steps and jetty on the Western side. The Community Hall, where many of our events will be held, is also listed on the local heritage register.
Artisans' Gallery and Alley
This delightful gallery, behind the Curlew Café, is holding a special exhibition of art inspired by mangroves from 10am-2pm. Free entry.
The island's talented artisans will also be selling art and craft in the Alley next to the Curlew Café from 10am-2pm. Free entry.
Mangroves By Boat
Coochie Boat Hire is running excursions from the Barge Ramp to the volcanic red cliffs, then along the mangroves on the island's western side. Tours will be limited by the tide and will run at 1.30, 2.30 & 3.30. Be at the Barge Ramp 10 minutes before departure. Tickets, sold at the ramp, are $20.00 per person, cash or card.
Food and coffee can be bought from the Curlew Café or Oasis on Coochiemudlo. The Island's Men's Shed will be holding an all day sausage sizzle outdoors at the Community Hall. Bringing your own food? There are picnic tables and barbecues at all beaches.
Getting to Coochiemudlo
It's a 10 minute trip on the passenger ferry from Victoria Point Jetty, departing on the hour and half-hour. A vehicle barge leaves next to the jetty. Regular buses run from Carindale and Cleveland station.
Take the Ferry
Take the Barge
Take the bus
Tickets and Conditions
Coochiemudlo is a small, fragile island and we have to protect the mangroves from excessive foot traffic. As well, our Community Hall and art galleries cannot accommodate large numbers. So we are issuing a maximum of 200 tickets for the Festival.
A single ticket is $10. The family ticket is $20. The family ticket is for school age children and their parent/s. Younger children free.
You can cancel your ticket, for a full refund, until 9am on Friday 30th July 2021. If the Festival's postponed, your ticket will remain valid, or you can get a full refund if the new event date doesn't suit.
Tickets must be pre-purchased here on the website. You can change the quantity of tickets you want to buy when the form opens.
Buy a single ticket for $10
Buy a family ticket for $20
The Coochiemudlo Island Mangrove Festival is proudly sponsored by Redland City Council
www.visitredlandscoast.com.au


text:
package org.xtuml.bp.ui.properties.test;
//=====================================================================
//
//File:      $RCSfile: PropertiesRenameTests.java,v $
//Version:   $Revision: 1.3 $
//Modified:  $Date: 2013/05/10 05:34:58 $
//
//(c) Copyright 2013-2014 by Mentor Graphics Corp. All rights reserved.
//
//=====================================================================
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
// use this file except in compliance with the License.  You may obtain a copy
// of the License at
//
//       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.   See the
// License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
// the License.
//=====================================================================
import org.eclipse.core.runtime.Platform;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.ICellEditorValidator;

import org.xtuml.bp.core.BridgeParameter_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.Bridge_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.Component_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.CorePlugin;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.Enumerator_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.FunctionParameter_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.Function_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.InterfaceOperation_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.InterfaceSignal_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.Interface_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.LiteralSymbolicConstant_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.MessageArgument_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.ModelClass_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.Ooaofooa;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.OperationParameter_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.Operation_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.Package_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.StateMachineEventDataItem_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.StructureMember_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.common.ClassQueryInterface_c;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.common.NonRootModelElement;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.ui.Selection;
import org.xtuml.bp.core.ui.cells.editors.ModelElementNameValidator;
import org.xtuml.bp.test.common.BaseTest;
import org.xtuml.bp.test.common.TestingUtilities;
import org.xtuml.bp.ui.properties.ComponentNameValidator;
import org.xtuml.bp.ui.properties.InterfaceNameValidator;
import org.xtuml.bp.ui.properties.ModelClassNameValidator;
import org.xtuml.bp.ui.properties.PackageNameValidator;

public class PropertiesRenameTests extends BaseTest {

	@Override
	public void initialSetup() {
		// load test model
		TestingUtilities
				.importTestingProjectIntoWorkspace("PropertiesRenameTests");
		BaseTest.dispatchEvents(0);
		m_sys = getSystemModel("PropertiesRenameTests");
		modelRoot = (Ooaofooa) Package_c.getOneEP_PKGOnR1401(m_sys,
				new ClassQueryInterface_c() {

					@Override
					public boolean evaluate(Object candidate) {
						return ((Package_c) candidate).getName().equals(
								"testPackage");
					}
				}).getModelRoot();
	}

	public void testRenameFunctionParameter() {
		FunctionParameter_c uut = FunctionParameter_c
				.FunctionParameterInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameOperationParameter() {
		OperationParameter_c uut = OperationParameter_c
				.OperationParameterInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameBridgeParameter() {
		BridgeParameter_c uut = BridgeParameter_c
				.BridgeParameterInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameFunction() {
		Function_c uut = Function_c.FunctionInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameOperation() {
		Operation_c uut = Operation_c.OperationInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameBridge() {
		Bridge_c uut = Bridge_c.BridgeInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameStateMachineEventDataItem() {
		StateMachineEventDataItem_c uut = StateMachineEventDataItem_c
				.StateMachineEventDataItemInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameEnumerator() {
		Enumerator_c uut = Enumerator_c.EnumeratorInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameLiteralSymbolicConstant() {
		LiteralSymbolicConstant_c uut = LiteralSymbolicConstant_c
				.LiteralSymbolicConstantInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameStructureMember() {
		StructureMember_c uut = StructureMember_c
				.StructureMemberInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameInterfaceOperation() {
		InterfaceOperation_c uut = InterfaceOperation_c
				.InterfaceOperationInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameInterfaceSignal() {
		InterfaceSignal_c uut = InterfaceSignal_c
				.InterfaceSignalInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenameMessageArgument() {
		MessageArgument_c uut = MessageArgument_c
				.MessageArgumentInstance(modelRoot);
		doRenameTestSpaces(uut, new ModelElementNameValidator(uut),
				CorePlugin.INVALID_NAME_SPACES);
	}

	public void testRenamePackageInvalidOSChar() {
		Package_c uut = Package_c.PackageInstance(modelRoot);
		if (Platform.getOS().contains("win")) {
			doRenameTestInvalidChar(uut, new PackageNameValidator(), "* is an invalid character in resource name '*'.", "*");
		}
		else {
			doRenameTestInvalidChar(uut, new PackageNameValidator(), "/ is an invalid character in resource name '/'.", "/");
		}
	}

	public void testRenameClassInvalidOSChar() {
		ModelClass_c uut = ModelClass_c.ModelClassInstance(modelRoot);
		if (Platform.getOS().contains("win")) {
			doRenameTestInvalidChar(uut, new ModelClassNameValidator(), "* is an invalid character in resource name '*'.", "*");
		}
		else {
			doRenameTestInvalidChar(uut, new ModelClassNameValidator(), "/ is an invalid character in resource name '/'.", "/");
		}
	}

	public void testRenameComponentInvalidOSChar() {
		Component_c uut = Component_c.ComponentInstance(modelRoot);
		if (Platform.getOS().contains("win")) {
			doRenameTestInvalidChar(uut, new ComponentNameValidator(), "* is an invalid character in resource name '*'.", "*");
		}
		else {
			doRenameTestInvalidChar(uut, new ComponentNameValidator(), "/ is an invalid character in resource name '/'.", "/");
		}
	}

	public void testRenameInterfaceInvalidOSChar() {
		Interface_c uut = Interface_c.InterfaceInstance(modelRoot);
		if (Platform.getOS().contains("win")) {
			doRenameTestInvalidChar(uut, new InterfaceNameValidator(), "* is an invalid character in resource name '*'.", "*");
		}
		else {
			doRenameTestInvalidChar(uut, new InterfaceNameValidator(), "/ is an invalid character in resource name '/'.", "/");
		}
	}

	private void doRenameTestInvalidChar(NonRootModelElement uut,
			ICellEditorValidator validator, String expected, String value) {
		Selection.getInstance().clear();
		Selection.getInstance().addToSelection(uut);
		assertEquals(expected, validator.isValid(value));
	}

	private void doRenameTestSpaces(NonRootModelElement uut,
			ICellEditorValidator validator, String expected) {
		Selection.getInstance().clear();
		Selection.getInstance().addToSelection(uut);
		assertEquals(expected, validator.isValid("name with spaces"));
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Customers Benefit from Record Reliability Generated by ComEd
Smart Grid, Infrastructure Upgrades Credited with Historic Service Performance CHICAGO (March 27, 2014) – ComEd today announced that its power system reliability in 2013 was the best in company history with the fewest customer interruptions, benefitting hundreds of thousands of residents and businesses throughout northern Illinois. Improvements stem largely from the utility's substantial investments in building a "smart grid," implementing vast power infrastructure upgrades and delivering exceptional performance by the ComEd workforce – from frontline first responders to backroom engineers and technicians. Under the Energy Infrastructure and Modernization Act (EIMA) passed by the Illinois General Assembly, ComEd is investing $2.6 billion over 10 years to modernize the power system with digital technology and to replace, refurbish and upgrade electric equipment across a northern Illinois territory that spans from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River. ComEd's investments in a "smart grid" – an electricity delivery system that uses digital technology to provide customers with more information and control over energy consumption and costs — are also key to improving service reliability. These investments include expanded use of distribution automation devices or "smart switches" that automatically isolate and re-route power around problem areas. ComEd's EIMA investments resulted in approximately 300,000 fewer customer interruptions in 2013, creating customer savings of approximately $48 million. "The long-term investments that we have been making are already producing very positive returns for our customers and will continue to do so," said Terence R. Donnelly, executive vice president and chief operating officer, ComEd. "A fortified and more reliable power system improves the customer experience, saves money and helps attract, retain and expand businesses across the region." "Investing in next-generation infrastructure, such as modern smart grid electricity, is a key component of Mayor Emanuel's Plan for Economic Growth and Jobs, currently being implemented by World Business Chicago," said Jeff Malehorn, president and CEO, World Business Chicago. "We're pleased to see ComEd's strong reliability performance for 2013, an attribute that helps us attract and retain 21st century jobs and business in the region." ComEd's reliability performance is among the best in the Midwest, ranking in the top decile for 2013 compared to 2012 performance of peer utilities and in the top quartile in four of the past five years. Power reliability and Illinois' competitive electricity supply market are key reasons why businesses such as Airgas, DuPont Fabros Technology, and aeronautical and energy technology company Woodward have committed to building new facilities in ComEd's northern Illinois service territory.
"Our reliability is proof of ComEd's commitment to providing all of our residential and business customers with high-quality, dependable service to power their lives," said Anne Pramaggiore, president and CEO of ComEd. "We also recognize that our investments in the smart grid will be a key contributing factor in helping establish this region as the Silicon Prairie and in creating competitive advantage, energy innovations and new jobs in northern Illinois." Further to its economic impact, work under the smart grid expansion legislation supported an estimated 2,800 full-time equivalent jobs in 2013; fostered the development of innovative technology through the Energy Foundry, a private nonprofit venture fund established to support smart grid-related start-up businesses; drove business partnerships with a multitude of minority- and women-owned businesses; and helped tens of thousands of individuals facing financial hardship to pay their utility bills. ### Commonwealth Edison Company (ComEd) is a unit of Chicago-based Exelon Corporation (NYSE: EXC), the nation's leading competitive energy provider, with approximately 6.6 million customers. ComEd provides service to approximately 3.8 million customers across northern Illinois, or 70 percent of the state's population.
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