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Populist Disconnect and the Whittling Away of IP Rights
In Joe Allen's recent column Does Innovation Lead to Prosperity for All? he ended with a quote by Alexander Fraser Tyler from The Decline and Fall of the Athenian Republic, which suggested that a democracy cannot continue to exist once the majority realizes they can vote for candidates that promise a never ending stream of benefits. Eventually, the result of politicians handing out money and benefits for votes leads to a collapse as the result of unsustainable fiscal policy. Allen quizzically ends by stating that this couldn't ever happen in the United States, could it? Sadly, we know it is happening in America.
As of the writing of this article the U.S. national debt is over $17.6 trillion, which if you write out in long form is $17,600,000,000,000.00. To put this into perspective, if you wanted to count to 1 trillion and you counted a number ever second non-stop without sleep it would take you 31,546 years, which means that to count to 17.6 trillion would take you over 555,209 years. Explained another way, the height of a stack of 1 trillion one dollar bills measures 67,866 miles, which means that 17.6 trillion one dollar bills would be nearly 1.2 million miles. To put this into perspective the Earth is only on average 238,855 miles away from the moon.
Saying the United States has a spending problem is an extraordinary understatement, but spending continues. The public demands spending and so many people now erroneously believe that the way to improve the economy is for the government to spend ever more sums while at the same time regulating business like never before. Taking the foot off the throat of the private sector and reducing government spending has been a time tested and effective way to stimulate activity, create jobs and improve the overall economic condition of the U.S. economy. So there is an extreme disconnect between historical reality, what the people want and the policies America is pursuing.
A populist disconnect is hardly anything new. Most people will always say they want more government spending and lower taxes, which simply cannot happen while job killing policies are pursued and nothing serious is done to bring high paying manufacturing back to the U.S., which could be accomplished despite popular mythology to the contrary.
Increasingly this new brand of disconnected populism is found within the intellectual property world. Indeed, the Tyler quote above about a democracy falling when the majority realizes they can vote themselves free stuff is profound, and fits very neatly with what we are seeing play out with respect intellectual property policy. Copyrights are no longer respected at all and people believe, or convince themselves to believe, that stealing the original content of others is their god given right.
[Varsity-3]
For example, over the last several months I have had to send DMCA takedown notices to the same person repeatedly. He is under multiple mistaken beliefs, including the belief that if something is freely available to be read on the Internet it is also freely available to be copied and published by anyone. He also believes my only recourse is to send him DMCA notices and that he is somehow immune from copyright infringement liability through lawsuit as long as he takes down infringing articles when he is notified. Of course, neither views are true, nor is his belief that his business insurance will protect him against what is clearly repeated, willful copyright infringement; virtually all insurance policies exclude coverage for willful and intentional acts. Still, as utterly ridiculous as these misperceptions of copyright law are they are sadly commonplace. Either people really don't know, they are blissfully ignorant, or they have convinced themselves that what they are doing isn't a problem and/or that there will be no consequences for their actions. The indifference of the public who ostensibly wants original content is working to make it very difficult to profit from creating original content.
Stealing originally created content is extremely problematic, whether it is a blog article, a newspaper article, a book, painting, photograph or movie. If you search the Internet for practically anything you will be inundated with the same text over and over without really finding useful answers. Of course, the websites that engage in widespread plagiarism, which is just a less judgmental way to say "widespread copyright infringement," are reaping the economic rewards of their stealing while making it increasingly difficult for those who actually create original content to survive. The infringer business model is frequently to simply copy from others who don't have the means or ability to seek redress, and Congress is held hostage by protesters who don't want to have to pay for free original content.
The sad reality is that if you create original content it is not easy to police what others do with your content. The law says you don't have to do anything to prevent copying, but if you don't you will find yourself resorting to an increasingly ineffective DMCA notice campaign, hosts that refuse to terminate the accounts of repeated copyright infringers, and ultimately you have to sue. But if you didn't file for a federally registered copyright you are prohibited from suing for infringement, and if you didn't register your copyright within three months of creation or publication you cannot seek your attorneys fees from the entity that stole your work and forced you into the courtroom.
It should be simple enough for everyone to see, even the most ignorant members of the general public and clueless Members of Congress, that if we want more original creation those who are engaging in the creation of original content must be adequately protected. They system to seek redress cannot be unworkable. It is also time to realize that content creation is increasingly being done by individuals and small businesses. Furthermore, the fact that large movie studios and so-called evil corporations will benefit from an update of the copyright act cannot be relevant. Streamlining copyright laws and giving content creators of all sizes adequate rights and meaningful tools to protect the creative fruit of their labor is essential if we want to actually have original content created.
This populist duality has also fueled the academic push against patents. Some academics ignore the overwhelming evidence that supports a strong patent system (see here and here), and despite the facts that conclusively demonstrate the effectiveness of Bayh-Dole (see here, here and here) they question whether we should return to the days when universities did not own patents and that practically and realistically meant it was impossible to license innovations created by universities. How those academics can call themselves academics when they have such disdain for the truth, facts and history is beyond me, but sadly these academics who obviously have an ideological agenda are working feverishly to destroy the patent system.
These academics characterize every discovery and innovation as something that would have happened soon enough and hardly worthy of protection. Of course, the very purpose of the patent system was to prevent that "wait around, its inevitable" approach to innovation. The purpose of the patent system was initially and has been until at least recently to foster innovation, which patents undeniably do, by encouraging investment. They system is set up on capitalistic principles to provide economic incentive to achieve innovation faster than it would have happened at whatever lethargic and unpredictable pace it may have happened absent incentive. So these false academics complain about the very purpose of the patent system and then pretend that they are not challenging the system as a whole, which is extraordinarily intellectually dishonest.
Further, many academics and the liberal groups that support them, such as the ACLU, will challenge patents 10, 15 or even 20 years after the patent application was initially filed and at a time the innovation is now ubiquitous. Rather than celebrating a ubiquitous innovation, which became so widespread because it was transformationally important, they pretend that the fact that everyone uses the innovation means the innovation was inevitable and obvious. Once upon a time we actually encouraged paradigm shifting innovations that would one day become ubiquitous because that is the type of innovation we specifically and undeniably want to reward. The Supreme Court has even clamped down on the law of obviousness over the last decade with express intention on preventing minor advances from being patented. Yet, many academics argue that not only should minor advances be obvious, but important, major, paradigm shifting innovations shouldn't be patentable either. Such a position would be laughably comical if the Supreme Court weren't being duped into following this path like lemmings off a cliff.
Wouldn't it be wonderful if spending every penny you have in your bank account and maxing out your credit cards would lead you to economic prosperity! We openly laugh and mock religious cults when their leaders require cult members to turn every penny over to the "church," yet the majority of people in America seem to think that spending more and more means that things will all work out and the debt will never need to be paid.
Similarly, the average Joe and supposedly learned academics think that they can remove all useful exclusive rights and original creation, whether in the form of copyrighted creations or patented inventions, and creation will still simply happen. We know from history that countries without exclusive rights based on a capitalistic foundation experience no domestic creation of any kind. Why would anyone every think that adopting solutions that have failed everywhere they were ever implemented would lead to success in America?
Gene Quinn is a Patent Attorney and Editor and President & CEO ofIPWatchdog, Inc.. Gene founded IPWatchdog.com in 1999. Gene is also a principal lecturer in the PLI Patent Bar Review Course and Of Counsel to the law firm of Berenato & White, LLC. Gene's specialty is in the area of strategic patent consulting, patent application drafting and patent prosecution. He consults with attorneys facing peculiar procedural issues at the Patent Office, advises investors and executives on patent law changes and pending litigation matters, and works with start-up businesses throughout the United States and around the world, primarily dealing with software and computer related innovations. Gene is admitted to practice law in New Hampshire, is a Registered Patent Attorney and is also admitted to practice before the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. CLICK HERE to send Gene a message.
Tags:copyright, copyright policy, copyrights, debt, DMCA, DMCA take down, innovation policy, intellectual property, ip, national debt, patent, patents, populist, US Economy
Posted In:Copyright, IP News, IPWatchdog Articles
There are currently 25 Comments comments.
step back July 30, 2014 7:16 am
You leave out from reproach, the American journalists who have been equally culpable in creating the illusion of "inevitable innovation" without aid from individual inventors.
It's as if "the system" itself is the thing that automatically produces "innovation" by means of market forces and ordinary skill and "common sense" as SCOTUS puts it in the KSR decision.
But none of that is true. The long and arduous paths that many an individual inventor takes to go from idea to possible (but usually failed) product is not reported on by the popular press. Instead the journalists have weaved a thin-clothed story about certain corporations (i.e Apple, Google, ,,,) being "innovative" in an inevitable success kind of way with the corporate identity subsuming the existence of the individual inventors.
It's not just a "whittling down". It's death by a thousand reformist cuts.
By the time we wake up, it will be too late.
Heard an even better illustration July 30, 2014 8:02 am
I heard an even more breath taking (to me, anyway) illustration of just how big the national debt is (in an investment newsletter, of all places):
If Jes us spent $1,000,000 per day, every day, from the day he was born until today, that amount would be $7.4X10^11. Our national debt, at 1.8X10^13, is thus more than ***twenty times*** the $1,000,000/day number! Seems almost criminal/unbelievable that so much could be borrowed!
American Cowboy July 30, 2014 10:07 am
Step, I read a Lemly article about inevitable innovation, and he went through some of the star inventions of history, including the light bulb, telephone etc. and showed that there was more than one worker in the field, so there is some evidence for that argument. BUT, I wonder if the evidence really proves that invention would have taken place but for the patent system. There is also the argument that there were multiple workers in the field because of the prospect of a patent reward. That reward motivated several inventors/innovators, just like we would like. The fact that the patent system provides exclusive rights to whoever gets there first inherently means we must single out a 'winner' to get the patent and history's accolades.
The fact that there may have been a rival snipping at his heels does not mean that the inventor and rival would have been doing that without the prospect of the patent reward.
Countries that do not have a robust patent system produce very few inventions. If invention were inevitable, they would be just as inventive as the USA.
In fact, the presence of the patent system creates a culture of innovation, so folks invent and innovate because it is a cultural norm, even if they do not go the patent office to get a seal and red ribbon.
Gene Quinn July 30, 2014 10:26 am
Yes, the media has been complicit (at the very least). I wonder though whether the media failing to actually engage in original content creation and news gathering is the result of the reality that those who actually spend time and money to great and gather news first hand only have it stolen by the "aggregators" and plagiarists (i.e., copyright infringers).
I'm certainly not giving the media a pass and if they can't take the time to understand the story then they shouldn't cover the story, but I think these things are unfortunately related.
Of course, ideology also plays a big part and most members of the media are extremely liberal, which as a group means they are generally speaking not real believers in capitalism despite the historical proof.
-Gene
Anon2 July 30, 2014 10:30 am
Another very good article by Gene.
Give a right-less man a shovel and ask him to dig a ditch for you, tell him that you will thereafter give him a gold colored sticker, but that he is to retain no value from the fruits of his own labor.
Ask yourself if he will dig the ditch for you? Better yet ask yourself if he should, and finally whether you should have asked it of him in the first place.
Innovation is not an ineffable property of reality which just happens. People innovate, and innovative people choose to innovate because it serves their lives in the long run: which is the only valid reason to do anything.
Simon Elliott July 30, 2014 11:25 am
The last nation that should be whittling away at IP rights is the USA, as it only encourages weaker IP rights overseas, which hurts the USA more than other countries.
Patent person July 30, 2014 11:51 am
$ 17trillion US debt on approx. 312million US inhabitants is just over $54000 debt/person.
Still staggering if you calculate that on a Family with 2-3 children…
Daver July 30, 2014 11:56 am
Another good article, Gene. Sadly, it appears many of today's "liberals" including many in very high and influential offices, both public and corporate, desire to cause and see the USA sink. Wrecking IP protection is among the items on their agendas. And too many members of the public still don't understand the concept of IP, especially as pertains to items visible to them on the internet. Others do sufficiently understand, but choose to ignore the property rights of others. We in USA have a much wider and deeper societal problem, not just a copyright scofflaw problem.
American Cowboy July 30, 2014 12:15 pm
Daver is right that we have a wider and deeper problem.
It is the sense of entitlement that many people have: I am entitled to free health care, free education, free housing, government subsidies to buy food, free music, free blogger's text, etc.
step back July 30, 2014 12:19 pm
American Cowboy @3
The story is that Alexander Bell and Elisha Gray were neck to neck in their race to the US Patent Office with their near simultaneous ideas for the telephone.
One author (Shulman) alleges that Bell stole from Gray the details for a working telephone and he did so by bribing a crooked US patent examiner.
The patent system does not directly cause inventions to be made.
However, in fields where there are multiple workers at it and known to each other, it does become a race (winner takes all) and it does tend to hasten the pace of perfecting of invnetions.
Which is exactly what the US Constitution says: To "promote" the progress … not merely to cause progress.
Tim M. July 30, 2014 12:30 pm
Government spending is a tried and true way of getting out of a recession and the United States is just now crawling out of the deep, historical recession created by the bursting of the housing bubble. In part, that delay is a result of the government failing to spend enough money and failing to spend the money it did spend on the right projects (ask UCLA about that). The patent system has granted more patents during that time than it has during any similar time frame in history, most of them related to computers. I'm not aware of any evidence suggesting that the extraodinary number of patent grants contributed in any way to the rate of recovery of the economy as nearly all patentees tend to be sufficiently well off that the effects of the recession were relatively painless. Most people without jobs who are struggling to pay their mortgages or rent and keep their families fed are not capable of gaming the patent system.
But you'll recall that during this same period some patent attorneys devised a scheme of sending out tens of thousands of threatening letters to businesses — including many small businesses — demanding that those businesses pay for the infringement of computer system patents that most people believe shouldn't have been granted in the first place. How is that supposed to help the economy, Gene? It's that type of activity that is leading to the changes in patent law that you dislike.
I'm also not aware of any politician expressing the view that our patent system should be eliminated, by the way. It's confusing to me why you'd repeatedly suggest that there is some existential threat to the patent system when, in fact, patents are still being applied for and granted at historical levels.
Gene Quinn July 30, 2014 1:20 pm
Tim M says:
"Government spending is a tried and true way of getting out of a recession…"
That is pure hogwash. The U.S. would have been out of the Great Recession far sooner without government micromanagement and ridiculous stimulus spending that went to fund every Democrat pet project rather than investing in rebuilding U.S. infrastructure.
He also says: " In part, that delay is a result of the government failing to spend enough money…"
That statement is so ridiculous that it hardly deserves a response, but the reality is that this is just wrong. Government spending leads to more government borrowing and ever increasing entitlement spending. This requires higher than necessary taxes, which takes discretionary funds away from the private sector, both individuals and businesses, which are far more efficient. Money in the hands of individuals and businesses spurs economic activity, not ineffective, bloated, government spending. See:
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crowdingouteffect.asp
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703481004574646551469288292
He also asks me how sending out fraudulent, misleading and abusive demand letters helps the economy, as if the framing of the question puts me into a box. All I can say is obviously he doesn't know anything about me and he hasn't taken the time to read any of my writings or thoughts on abusive patent litigation. Further, only one who is truly ignorant would throw out a system entirely to fix a problem created by a small handful of bad actors. District Court Judges are as much to blame as anyone since many of them, if not most, do not take an active role, pretend they don't have the authority to do anything, and allow their courtrooms to be a part of an extortion-like shakedown. But this isn't a patent problem at all, something that Tim M seems to miss. The problem is with abusive litigation, not with the patent system, patent rights or innovation. See:
http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2013/06/24/defending-chief-judge-rader-judges-can-make-patent-trolls-pay/id=42348/
http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/05/08/reality-check-patents-foster-innovation-and-economic-activity/id=49452/
Finally, he says: "t's confusing to me why you'd repeatedly suggest that there is some existential threat to the patent system when, in fact, patents are still being applied for and granted at historical levels."
And therein lies the problem. Tim M hasn't taken the time to consider the broader ramifications of the developments of the past 10 years, which only chip away at patent rights. Because he cannot be bothered with informing himself, which could easily be accomplished just by reading IPWatchdog, he doesn't think there is a problem. So his considered opinion is that although unknowledgeable about the system I don't see any problems so there must not be any problems.
When the computer software industry relocates out of the US and takes jobs, when the biotech sector relocated out of the US and takes its jobs, it will be too late to do anything about the growing storm that is there for everyone to see.
Daver says: "We in USA have a much wider and deeper societal problem, not just a copyright scofflaw problem."
I couldn't agree more. At a time when countries all over the world are trying to become more like the former United States of America we seem to be accelerating our attempt to look like so many failed regimes from history. We are at a pivotal twilight zone moment I'm afraid.
J July 30, 2014 5:44 pm
Gene-
If you want to cite to Joe Allen's column, you should also take note his point that people who are rich have a tendency to horde. So do you believe that money in the hands of these people is always better than the government (who is more likely to spend it)?
As far as Universities owning patents… yes, the patent system encourages innovation, but not all innovation. The patent system, for example, does not lend itself to pure scientific discoveries. Universities are better suited for that research than businesses. Putting aside 101 questions and narrowing our discussion to the patent system that we have, to what extent do we want to divert resources from pure scientific discoveries to applied technology? To what extent do we want large amount of government money that is given to universities to be spent on competing with private sector in obtaining patents? Feel free to give your thoughts, they are not rhetorical questions.
MaxDrei July 30, 2014 5:59 pm
Gene, you write:
"countries all over the world are trying to become more like the former United States of America"
That much might be self-evident to you, but not to me. Would that be indiscriminately all countries of the rest of the world (ROW), or only particular ones? If the latter, which ones in particular are trying hardest?
For me, the former USA implies i) Constitution ii) Bill of Rights iii) Rule of Law iv) Democracy v) separation of powers. Wonderful ideals to aspire to. Which countries are trying hardest? Which countries are getting there? which should we admire and which should inspire us all? I should like to know.
A Rational Person July 31, 2014 11:02 am
Max Drei 14.
Some examples of things in the US of the 2nd half of the 20th century that other countries have tried and sometimes successfully imitated: near universal secondary education, significant government investments in scientific research, a large number of high-quality public and private universities, a large single market, etc.
Gene Quinn July 31, 2014 12:10 pm
So if I want to cite someone I have to cite them for every point they make in an article. Interesting. That would seem to make for exceptionally boring reading requiring the entire article to be plagiarized before one could ever get to the point they want to make.
The reality is that very few people actually hoard anything. There is a popular misconception that folks who are in the top 2 or 3% are rich, which is laughably false. People in the top 1% are rich, and even then it really may only be a subset of the top 1%. With housing prices what they are and were many people who qualify for the top 2 or 3% are hardly rich and struggle like everyone else. Until people who are in the top 10% start to feel wealthy enough to spend the economy won't turn around. The reality is that the bottom 99% don't horde, they spend.
You say: "The patent system, for example, does not lend itself to pure scientific discoveries."
The only problem with that statement is that it is completely incorrect. Please read 35 USC 101. Don't tell me what Justice Thomas says, or the Supreme Court agrees with, but read 101. You will see that Justice Thomas' statement, which you parrot, is inconsistent with the explicit language of the statute that they are charged with interpreting.
You ask: "To what extent do we want large amount of government money that is given to universities to be spent on competing with private sector in obtaining patents?"
The question shows that you simply don't understand university patenting or anything about Bayh-Dole. Universities partner with the private sector, they don't compete with the private sector. Universities do basic research and then license that research to the private sector. The private sector, alone or in combination with university partnerships, engage in commercialization research and development. Please inform yourself of the basics. Opinions such as what you hold that are based on erroneous facts and erroneous understandings of reality are wrong.
MaxDrei-
The comment that other countries are trying to become more like the former United States of America was specifically relating to intellectual property. Countries all over the world, for example, are working to adopt something identical or very similar to Bayh-Dole legislation at a time when the U.S. continually questions whether we should go back to the previous regime which resulted in nothing being licensed.
Ah-ha. So it's specifically IPR is it Gene, and even more specifically your new observation that:
"Countries all over the world, for example, are working to adopt something identical or very similar to Bayh-Dole legislation" .
I'm still curious. I have some knowledge of how Germany and the UK managed the issues of ownership of Govt funded university research through the 20th century. Do you count Germany and the UK amongst the poor benighted countries all over the world that are crawling their way towards the shining light of Bayh-Dole?
If I might ask, what are your primary sources of Information?
A Rational Person July 31, 2014 3:08 pm
J says "rich have a tendency to horde." I think he meant the word hoard, so my comment is directed to his comment as amended to use the word "hoard."
By hoard, do you mean savings? Frankly, I don't see a difference between saving and hoarding, with the possible exception of hoarding being saving to excess. What evidence is there that the rich save to excess?
And, what does it mean to save? Most of the time it means to deposit the money in a bank, invest it in stocks or bonds or tangible assets, meaning the rich person turns his money over to another. If the other is a bank the bank lends the money in accordance with banking rules. If the other is a stockholder, that stockholder is enriched by the cash and can spend it any way he/she/it pleases. If the other is a corporation receiving a new investment, the corporation spends it to build a facility to help with cash flow or whatever. If the money is spent on tangible assets, the seller of the asset has the money to spend, like the selling stockholder.
If the rich use their money to build big fancy houses, they pay laborers, material suppliers, closing attorneys, real estate brokers, etc.
The only way you can really hoard money is to take that bunch of greenbacks and stuff it in the mattress or attic or bury it in the back yard. Those are NOT the things that rich people do with their money.
This notion of the rich hoarding is another class warfare canard.
J August 1, 2014 5:08 pm
I did not say or suggest that you needed to cite every single point. But you should note every relevant point, and respond to those points that do not support your opinion.
You summarily dismissed my point as unimportant, but I disagree. 'Rich' is a relative term, but let's only take the top 1%. They hold 17% of the nation's wealth. If Allen is correct and say they tend to hoard their wealth, then that's a big chunk of money of the American economy that is not being spent. Furthermore, should we favor economic policies that give resources to the top and hope it goes down when the top tends to hold on to the money rather than inject it into the economy?
I am not parroting anything. What I am saying is that, whether one agrees or disagree with the current state of 101, the system currently does not provide an incentive for the private sector to do pure scientific research. Do you disagree with me there? Are you saying that, at the current state of the law, the patent system incentives pure scientific research?
Universities can partner with the private sector, and then compete in that sector. Read University of Pittsburgh v. Varian Medical that came out in April. The case says, on page 3 of the opinion, that the University is the assignee of the patent (your post would suggest that universities are always the assignor). Furthermore, looking at patent number 5,727,554, the first two inventors were Pitt employees. If you insist on saying that the University of Pittsburgh is not competing with the private sector, I invite you to write to Varian Medical Systems, Inc. 3100 Hansen Way Palo Alto, CA 94304-1038 and ask if they think universities compete in the private sector.
Finally, I'm so glad you like the Bayh-Dole Act… you realize that the Act authorizes the Federal Government to grant funding for patents… stupid ineffective government spending, right?
Rational Person:
I've read too much Game of Thrones. The rich "hoard" money, and the Dothraki sack cities in "hordes."
I'm simply citing Allen's column. I don't know what he means by the word. However, to try to define the word as much as I can…
Let's say a rich guy has a choice. He can invest in a firm that invests in businesses. If successful, will produce jobs and help the economy ect ect ect. The catch is, it is not certain the business will succeed. This is a venture capitalist firm. He could instead invest in a firm that uses leverage buyouts, exploits buyout clauses, asset stripping… the nearest thing to a sure bet, money-wise. However, such investment cuts businesses down rather than builds them up.
Let's say he makes an investment in one but not the other… which investment is "hoarding"? I think the answer is easy. What is not hoarding… making relative risky, but high-reward, investments. What is hoarding… making investments that will almost certainly makes money, but nothing else.
tifoso August 2, 2014 9:38 am
Gene – Interesting rant with a clear political position. Whether government spending got us out of the Depression is something that is hotly debated to this day. In most cases, the debaters come out with the conclusions with which they went in. That debate goes way beyond the scope of this blog.
However, you make claims that this undefined group you tag as "liberals" have caused all manner of evil upon the commonweal. Then you cite various SCOTUS decisions which have muddied the waters of patent rights. Take a look at who wrote those decisions. KSR, for example, was from a unanimous court. You do not seriously contend that Roberts, Scalia, Allito, and Thomas are liberals, do you?
As to the Joseph Allen citation of a bogus quote he attributes to Tyler, maybe you need to check that reference. The Scottish jurist blamed for the quote on the Athenian republic was named Tytler. The problem is that there is no record that he wrote any such thing. The content has been traced to comments of a right wing writer about the 2000 election here.
As to your comment that the press is liberal, we are sure Beck, Limbaugh, Hannity, and their Fox News ilk, along with those on the Washington Times and WSJ would be shocked to know they are liberal.
At the risk of taking a quote (without permission. Ahem.) from H. L. Mencken, "Explanations exist; they have existed for all time; there is always a well-known solution to every human problem — neat, plausible, and wrong." To blame all the ills of mankind or of the country on some group, in your case, "liberals", smacks of Germany in the Thirties. For many on the right, liberals are the present equivalent of the Jews. (The left is equally guilty.) The mess we are in took hard work by people on both sides of the aisle.
Tim M. August 2, 2014 4:54 pm
Gene: "The U.S. would have been out of the Great Recession far sooner [if it had invested] in rebuilding U.S. infrastructure."
Indeed, there were tons of "shovel-ready" projects and there still are. That's why I wrote: "Government spending is a tried and true way of getting out of a recession and the United States is just now crawling out of the deep, historical recession created by the bursting of the housing bubble. In part, that delay is a result of the government failing to spend enough money and failing to spend the money it did spend on the right projects (ask UCLA about that)." My reference to UCLA was a reference to the water main that burst earlier this week.
Of the two major political parties, Gene, can you tell everyone which was more resistant to the idea of the government helping the average person cope with the Great Recession (and its aftermath) by funding massive , important infrastructure projects (creating jobs) and, say, extending unemployment benefits?
Gene Quinn August 4, 2014 10:10 am
J says: "I did not say or suggest that you needed to cite every single point. But you should note every relevant point, and respond to those points that do not support your opinion."
Your point was irrelevant, and an article is not a thesis. That you would have preferred to have read a different article doesn't make this article defective in any way. It merely means you would have preferred me to have a different, and in fact incorrect, opinion. You would have also preferred me to chase an irrelevant tangent and turn this article into a book chapter.
J says: "'If Allen is correct and say they tend to hoard their wealth, then that's a big chunk of money of the American economy that is not being spent."
Please prove that the wealthy hoard their wealth and remove it from the American economy. You are assuming something that is simply not factually correct. Even if they keep their money in banks what happens to that money? Do you know where banks get money to loan for cars, homes and to businesses? Obviously not. Do you know what happens when someone rich invests in a start-up company as a VC or Angel? Obviously not. It is ridiculous to simply assume your position is correct because it is flat wrong.
Wayne Borean August 4, 2014 8:28 pm
I'm going to disagree with you. In Canada we ran nearly twenty years of surpluses, and in my (not so humble) opinion, Canadian democracy is far stronger than American democracy.
By your argument, we would have been voting for 'Bread and Circuses' and that didn't happen.
What did happen was a party that was heavily indebted to the corporate block eventually came into power. That party reduced corporate tax rates, which then put the country into debt. They stated argument for reducing corporate tax rates was jobs, however the expected jobs never appeared. When this was pointed out, and that the policy was a failure, the party in question refused to roll back the tax decrease.
Needless to say, that party has some severe problems, and isn't likely to win the next election.
In the United States, the 'Corporate Welfare Bums' are in control. Take the Pentagon for example. Several times the Pentagon has stated it didn't need more ships/tanks/fighters, however money was voted to buy the ships/tanks/fighters that the Pentagon said it didn't need. The Corporate lobby got what they wanted.
There are a variety of American companies that earn over 75% of their sales from the government. That's why your country is in debt.


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Quiz: How Impressive Is Your Baby Boomer Knowledge?: HowStuffWorks
By: Dustyn Deerman
Image: H. Armstrong Roberts / Retrofile RF / Getty Images
No matter what generation you belong to, there is no arguing that the baby boomers are a breed of their own. While we can look back on this era as a simpler time, those who grew up in these decades experienced major economic growth, social booms and the total upheaval of life as they knew it. This era is packed full of rich history and is a reminder of how far America has come. We can learn a lot from what the baby boomers accomplished over those years, but we can also take away the fact that we still have a lot of growing to do.
We want to know if you remember the technology and games of back then and if certain music lyrics or actors spark a little nostalgia for you. If you're younger, let's see if you can flex your history muscles and drop some knowledge on the Vietnam and Cold Wars. So much happened during this time, we honestly could have compiled a much longer quiz to fit it all in!
So, whether you lived through the booming years or you want to test your knowledge of the good ol' days, let's see how much you know about the baby boomers.
Tom Kelley Archive / Retrofile RF / Getty Images
When was the baby boomer generation born?
Between 1985 ad 1997
Most official reports and research will tell you that baby boomers were born between 1946 and 1964. One specific grouping of baby boomers is known as the "leading-edge boomers"; they were born between 1946 and 1955 and had some awareness of world affairs during the Vietnam War. For those of us who are part of the younger generations, these people are likely our grandparents or even great-grandparents.
What might a baby boomer get a mouth full of if they cursed in front of their mom?
A rag
Think back to "A Christmas Story," when Ralphie gets soap put in his mouth after dropping a bad word. While it was a funny joke in the movie, this was a very real threat — an actual punishment some parents would inflict on their kids who misspoke or cursed in front of them.
Tom Hubbard via WikiCommons
Baby boomers remember wearing these hip pants through the 1960s and 1970s. What are they?
Bell bottoms gained major popularity during the 1960s, especially after Sonny and Cher started wearing them on their TV show. Bell bottoms and flares get wider from the knee down, with some of the pants having leg openings of up to 26 inches.
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration via WikiCommons
During what years did the Vietnam War take place?
Those who grew up during this era will never forget the effects the Vietnam War had on the U.S. and the rest of the world. America was primarily involved in the war from 1965 to 1973, but the war itself lasted from 1955 to 1975, when North Vietnam forces captured the city of Saigon in the south, renaming it Ho Chi Minh City.
Island World
What classic shoe promised those who wore them that they would "Run faster, jump higher"?
Chuck Taylor All-Stars
We all remember Benny the Jet outrunning The Beast in "The Sandlot" because of his PF Flyers. These were first designed in 1935, but they became more popular by 1944, with the release of the first kids' sizes. Soon just about every kid was running around their neighborhood in them.
Tomas Rodriguez / Corbis / Getty Images
What famous beverage did astronauts drink for breakfast, to start their day in orbit?
Carnation Instant Breakfast
Astronauts are responsible for making Tang a hip drink. This breakfast beverage was used in early NASA space flights; in 1962 John Glenn conducted eating experiments in orbit, and Tang was selected for the menu. In a way, it became the "meal" of choice for astronauts, and let's face it — at the time, who was cooler than someone who had been to space?
Caltrop via WikiCommons
What tool was used to open the newly popular flat-topped beer cans?
The church key gets its name from the shape and design of the top of this tool, resembling that of a large, ornate key once used to open church doors. In 1935, with the onset of flat top beer cans, the original design gained a pointy tip so it could pierce the can. Today it can take different forms and is more commonly known as a "bottle opener."
H. Armstrong Roberts / Retrofile RF / Getty Images
Let's go dancing! What move was made famous by Chubby Checker on "American Bandstand"?
The Floss
The Jive
Even those who didn't grow up during this time know the Twist. In the early 1960s, this move became a worldwide dance craze, even though for some it was likely too provocative. This move gained unprecedented popularity, and it set the stage for other dance moves to gain similar recognition later.
ML5 via WikiCommons
What unexpected purchase were comic book readers able to make back in the day?
These novelty aquarium pets were often purchased through ads seen in comic books. Because sea monkeys were super popular with boomer kids, science teachers would even buy them to use as part of their curriculum.
Nels P Olsen via WikiCommons
Baby boomers used to be seen cruising neighborhoods on what type of bike?
The Schwinn Stingray introduced the world to the famous banana seat. These bikes were first introduced in 1963 and soon were seen in every neighborhood. You knew it was a Stringray because of its high handlebars and long banana-like seat. It was an instant hit for Schwinn.
James M Shelley via WikiCommons
The forever famous Woodstock festival took place in which mountains?
Appalachian Mountains
Sierra Nevada Mountains
Catskill Mountains
From August 15–18 of 1969, more than 400,000 people converged on the town of Bethel, New York, located in the Catskills, for Woodstock. The event was billed as "An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music." It was held on a 600-acre dairy farm. Bethel is actually about 60 miles southwest of Woodstock, but let's be real — Woodstock sounds way cooler as a festival name than Bethel.
CBS Television via WikiCommons
Who was Mr. Ed?
A rude donkey
A talking horse
A jokey mule
A sassy pony
Mr. Ed was indeed a "talking horse," voiced by the actor Allan Lane. The horse was a highly trained palomino who played opposite actor Alan Young as architect Wilbur Post. Trainers made Mr. Ed appear to be talking by placing a piece of thread in his mouth, but eventually the horse learned to move his mouth like he was talking without the thread.
Eric Stephen Jacobs via YouTube
Baby boomers remember having to do what at their schools during the Cold War?
Watching videos on bomb safety
Duck-and-cover drills
Tornado drills
An unfortunate reality of the Cold War was the constant fear of living under the threat of nuclear war. Preparing for the worst, schools across America held drills where students and teachers had to "duck and cover" under their desks. While this wouldn't help if the blast was near, the idea was that desks could help shield people from debris if the explosion was far enough away. This practice lost popularity by the 1970s.
Jamey Coles Photography / Moment / Getty Images
This groovy lamp was made popular by baby boomers. Some of you younger generations may even have one! What is it?
Magma lamp
Flow n' glow lamp
Glitter lamp
Whether you're a baby boomer or Gen X-er, there's a good chance you had one of these in your bedroom growing up. Edward Craven Walker invented the lava lamp in the 1960s. The light bulb underneath the liquid-filled lamp creates just enough heat to keep the goo moving and flowing.
Walt Cisco, Dallas Morning News via WikiCommons
Ask older baby boomers, and they'll tell you they remember where they were when this president was assassinated. Who is he?
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, while he was riding in a presidential motorcade in a Lincoln Continental. Many Americans watched the motorcade on their televisions, and they actually witnessed the assassination in their homes. Today, experts still debate what happened that day and how many gunmen were involved.
Ollie Atkins via WikiCommons
Which U.S. president left the White House as a result of the Watergate scandal?
The Watergate scandal that brought down a president began with the break-in at the DNC headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., in 1972. The Nixon administration had been involved with the break-in, but the bigger crime was the attempted cover-up of their participation. After investigation, impeachment charges were brought against Nixon, but he resigned before a real conclusion could be reached in the courts.
John Smith / Corbis / Getty Images
Before streaming services, iPods, CDs and cassette tapes, baby boomers listened to what?
A-tracks
Before the development of transistors, radios were not portable. With the introduction of the transistor radio, people were able to carry small, cordless radios with them wherever they went. They totally transformed the listening experience and were a huge hit.
A/V Geeks via YouTube
Baby boomers were some of the first to enjoy TV dinners. Which was the most popular brand?
Stouffer's
While all of these brands have had their moment, during the 1950s Swanson dominated the TV dinner market. The very first entree they ever offered consumers was a simple turkey dinner. Eating dinner in front of the television became a thing, and by 1956 Swanson was selling 13 million TV dinners a year.
U.S. Army Operations in Vietnam via WikiCommons
What chemical was used during the Vietnam War and never used again?
Mustard gas
Chlorine gas
This chemical is truly horrifying. Its effects are so terrible that after seeing what it would do to people and the environment in Vietnam, officials immediately banned it in the U.S. The remaining stocks were taken from Vietnam and destroyed by 1978. There is no agent orange anywhere in the world today.
Jacobs Stock Photography Ltd / DigitalVision / Getty Images
Thanks in big part to Nancy Sinatra, these white, just-below-the-knee boots gained major popularity in the '60s. What are they?
Disco boots
Go-go boots
"These boots are made for walkin, and that's just what they'll do!" Thanks to Nancy Sinatra, these space-agey boots were popular among hippies and high-end fashionistas alike through the 1960s and 1970s. Go-go boots have become an iconic symbol of that time.
HistoryPod via YouTube
What was unique about the original Mr. Potato Head?
He was missing his head.
He didn't have his mustache.
The potato was yellow, not brown.
It was more difficult to move pieces of his face around.
That's right — the very first Mr. Potato Head didn't actually have the plastic potato head and body we know today. When purchased, only the nose, eyes, mouth and accessories came in the box. Kids inserted the pieces into actual potatoes, or even other veggies they could find.
NBC Television via WikiCommons
Who was known on television for saying, "Live long and prosper"?
Surak
"Live long and prosper" is the Vulcan greeting made famous by Spock. Even if you're not a huge "Star Trek" fan, you still know the accompanying hand gesture that he would show as he said it. The phrase and famous gesture were suggested by the actor who played Spock, Leonard Nimoy, inspired by his Jewish faith.
Jimberg13 via WikiCommons
Which NFL team won the first ever Super Bowl in 1967?
Crazy to think that the very first Super Bowl happened in 1967, right? The very first championship featured the Green Bay Packers (NFL) going up against the Kansas City Chiefs (AFL) in Los Angeles. The Packers crushed the Chiefs with a final score of 35–10.
Unknown via WikiCommons
The "Red Scare" was the wide-spread fear of what growing in America?
Socialsm
During the Cold War, Americans didn't just have a fear of nuclear war, they also feared the spread of communism, which prevailed in the Soviet Union at the time. The term "Red Scare" came from the fact that communists often pledged their allegiance to the red Soviet flag.
BRANDONJ74 / E+ / Getty Images
Baby boomers remember when there wasn't 24-hour TV programming. What song would play to signal the end of the programming day?
"Born in the U.S.A."
"Living in America"
"America the Beautiful"
Television programming used to end around midnight every day. Footage of a waving American flag was shown while "The Star-Spangled Banner" played. After that, an image of a test pattern appeared.
The station wagon was a popular car for young baby boomers to ride around in with their parents. What was the paneling made of?
The "woody" station wagon was seen everywhere during the 1950s and 1960s. The famous paneling on its sides was made from actual wood back then, but nowadays fake wood paneling is available on a few vehicles.
20th Century Fox via WikiCommons
What movie featured the film debut of the King, Elvis Presley?
Something for Everybody
Wild in the Country
"Heartbreak Hotel" was one of Elvis' first hits to reach the No. 1 spot in the U.S. in 1956. "Love Me Tender" catapulted him into movie stardom that very same year. Just two years later Presley was drafted into the military service; then he resumed his singing and acting career upon his return.
Nobel Prize via YouTube
Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964?
Civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent resistance to racial prejudice in America. Dr. King always practiced nonviolence when he was protesting, and he inspired many to do the same after him. At the age of 35, King was the youngest person ever to receive the award.
Petey21 via WikiCommons
Who first introduced the Hula Hoop, the Frisbee and the Super Ball?
What a fun business name! Wham-O has been responsible for the creation, distribution and marketing of many popular toys for about 70 years now. Along with the toys listed above, they are also responsible for the Hacky Sack, Boogie Board, Slip 'N Slide and even Silly String.
NASA via WikiCommons
Who said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," as he took his first steps on the moon?
Neil Armstrong spoke these words; he was the first man to walk on the moon's surface. In 1969 Apollo 11 landed on the moon with Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. They were not the first men in space — Russia sent a man first, then the Russians and the U.S. sent many others as well — but Armstrong and Aldrin were the first to make it to the moon, land successfully and return home. Michael Collins was their pilot.
George Marks / Retrofile RF / Getty Images
This was a favorite Sunday pastime for many baby boomer families — what is it?
Taking a drive around town
Going to church
This is something you don't see much of anymore. Baby boomers will surely recall a time when they and their families would pile into the car and take a leisurely drive around town. We're willing to bet they couldn't have imagined the traffic we deal with today.
Olympic via YouTube
Who dominated the 1972 Olympics in Munich by winning seven gold medals?
Mark Spitz
Matt Biondi
Mark Spitz held the record for most golds won in a Summer Olympics for decades, until fellow American Michael Phelps surpassed him by winning eight golds at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Still, on top of those golds Spitz took home, he also set world records for all seven events he participated in.
Other than mail or the newspaper, what was regularly delivered to the doorstep of a baby boomer's home?
Gone are the days when the milkman would deliver milk straight to your front door. Today we have meal delivery services and the ability to order groceries through Amazon and other services, but a service dedicated to milk delivery only exists in very select areas of the country. The milkmen of yore dropped off glass bottles full of milk, then picked up the empties during the next delivery.
83d40m via WikiCommons
School dances had a special name back then — what was it?
School hops
School socials
Sock hops
The first sock hops in 1944 were actually WWII fundraisers held by the American Junior Red Cross. They later morphed into generic school dances. The term "sock hop" came from dancers removing their shoes to protect varnished wood floors in gymnasiums.
Kurt Baty via WikiCommons
Crayola dropped a number of new colors in the late 1950s — a major upgrade at the time. How many did the new boxes hold?
Upon its introduction in 1903, a Crayola box contained eight colors. Over the years more colors were added, but the 1958 selection of 64 was a bonanza! With the new colors, this was a considerable upgrade for Crayola, offering colors like aquamarine, copper and mulberry. Since then Crayola has reached 120 in its arsenal of colors, including pig pink and fuzzy wuzzy brown.
The Mirisch Company
Which actor who starred in "The Blob" captured the adoration of both women and men alike?
Steve McQueen was the quintessential man who most guys imagined themselves being and women daydreamed about. He was Hollywood's hottest leading man, a race car driver and a father. Some of his most memorable films were "The Great Escape," "The Thomas Crown Affair" and "Papillon."
Which classic variety show host brought the Beatles to American TV in 1964?
Before their appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show," the Beatles were already a sensation in the U.K. Sullivan saw that they were something special and made sure that their first televised performance in America was on his show. Needless to say, the rest is history.
Anne Helmenstine via YouTube
This jewelry was worn by many baby boomers in the 1970s. What is it?
Mood ring
Moonstone ring
Glass ring
Quartz ring
Most of us have worn a mood ring — heck, you may even be wearing one right now — but these babies go way back. They were created in 1975 and became popular very quickly. People were intrigued by the idea that a ring could indicate your mood based on color. We do of course know that the jewelry is just responding to the wearer's body temperature.
Boys who grew up during this time remember playing this classic game every summer.
Baby boomers grew up during the golden age of baseball; athletes were making gigantic names for themselves and becoming heroes in the minds of Americans everywhere. Meanwhile, young boys were taking to the diamonds in their neighborhoods and doing their best to throw and hit like the baseball stars they looked up to.
Rowland Scherman via WikiCommons
Who famously sang, "The times they are a-changin'"?
Bob Dylan sang many quotable lyrics, but this line has stood the test of time. He first sang it in the early 1960s during the hippie and civil rights movements, calling for unity and understanding.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Alexandre Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (Villers-Cotterêts, 24 de julio de 1802-Puys, cerca de Dieppe, 5 de diciembre de 1870), más conocido como Alexandre Dumas, y en los países hispanohablantes como Alejandro Dumas, fue un novelista y dramaturgo francés, al que no hay que confundir con su hijo homónimo, que fue también un escritor conocido y famoso por obras como La dama de las camelias.

Las obras de Dumas padre han sido traducidas a casi cien idiomas y es uno de los franceses más leídos. Varias de sus novelas históricas de aventuras se publicaron en formato de series, como El conde de Montecristo, Los tres mosqueteros, Veinte años después, El vizconde de Bragelonne, El tulipán negro y La Reina Margarita, entre otras, muchas de ellas fruto de su colaboración con su negro literario, el historiador Auguste Maquet, entre otros que tampoco aparecían como colaboradores. Sus novelas han sido adaptadas desde principios del  en casi doscientas películas. Escritor prolífico en diversos géneros, comenzó su carrera escribiendo piezas teatrales y escribió también artículos en revistas y libros de viaje. Sus trabajos suman casi 100.000 páginas.

Su padre, el general Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, era un mulato originario de la colonia francesa de Saint-Domingue, actual Haití, hijo del noble francés Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie y de la esclava descendiente de subsaharianos Marie-Cessette Dumas. Además de ser hijo del general Thomas Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie, lo era de Marie-Louise Elisabeth Labouret. Cuando tenía catorce años, Thomas-Alexandre fue llevado por su padre a Francia, donde se formó en una academia militar para después ingresar en el ejército francés, donde fraguó una brillante carrera.

El rango aristocrático de su padre ayudó a Alejandro Dumas a comenzar a trabajar para Luis Felipe I de Francia. Después se dedicó a la escritura, en la que triunfó muy pronto. Décadas después, con el ascenso de Luis Napoleón Bonaparte en 1851, Dumas cayó en desgracia y se marchó a Bélgica, donde vivió varios años. Viajó a Rusia, donde residió años antes de trasladarse a Italia. En 1861 fundó y publicó el periódico L'Indipendente, que apoyaba el esfuerzo de unificación de Italia. En 1864, regresó a París.

A pesar de estar casado, y en consonancia con la tradición de los franceses de clase alta de la época, Dumas tuvo decenas de amantes y al menos cuatro hijos ilegítimos. Uno de ellos, Alejandro Dumas (hijo), llegó a ser también un escritor de gran renombre gracias en parte al apoyo de su padre. El dramaturgo inglés Watts Phillips, que conoció a Dumas al final de su vida, describió al escritor francés como «el ser humano más generoso y con el corazón más grande del mundo. Era la criatura más deliciosa y egoísta sobre la faz de la Tierra: su lengua era como un molino de viento, una vez que se ponía en marcha, nunca sabías cuando iba a parar, especialmente si el tema era él mismo».

El hijo del Conde Negro
Su padre, el general Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, conocido como el conde Negro, héroe olvidado de la Revolución francesa, nació en Haití en 1762, hijo de Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie, un aristócrata del Hexágono que se fue en busca de fortuna al Caribe y terminó arruinado. Durante esos oscuros treinta años vivió en unión libre con la esclava negra Marie-Césette Dumas. Como Alexandre Antoine era dado por muerto debido a su prolongada ausencia, tuvo que regresar para recuperar su fortuna después de vender a Thomas-Alexandre como esclavo para poder obtener el dinero para ir a Francia, pero una vez recupera su herencia, libera a su hijo y se lo lleva a la metrópoli con catorce años. Allí Thomas-Alexandre recibe entrenamiento en la academia de esgrima de Versalles, convirtiéndose rápidamente en uno de los mejores espadachines del país. Entra en el ejército como soldado raso y, durante la revolución, aprovecha las vacantes de oficiales dejadas por los nobles ejecutados o exiliados y consigue en un año convertirse en el primer general mulato de un ejército occidental. Su desempeño como estratega fue tan notable que se erigió una estatua en su honor en París, destruida en 1940 por los nazis durante su ocupación de Francia; pero el nombre del general está grabado entre los de otros héroes nacionales franceses en la columna 23 del Arco de Triunfo. El general muere de cáncer a los cuarenta y tres años, cuando Alexandre Dumas tenía cuatro años.

Una investigación reciente del escritor y periodista neoyorquino Tom Reiss sobre la vida de Alejandro Dumas, compilada en su libro El Conde Negro, revela que las experiencias vividas por el padre de Dumas, el general Thomas Alexandre Dumas, fueron las que inspiraron buena parte de El conde de Montecristo y de Los tres mosqueteros.

Infancia y juventud
Dada la pensión de que disponía su madre, Dumas recibió una escasa educación escolar. Con unos estudios deficientes empezó a trabajar como mensajero, vendedor de tabaco y como pasante de un notario. Dumas tenía un carácter indómito y soñador, dedicaba su tiempo a la caza y al cortejo de las muchachas de su edad.

En 1822 realizó su primer viaje a París, financiado con el producto de la caza. Quedó fascinado por la ciudad y el teatro. Por ello, unos meses después decidió volver con algunas cartas de recomendación para los antiguos amigos de su padre, afectos casi todos ellos a los Borbones.

En 1823 se instala en París y entra al servicio del duque de Orleans como escribiente, gracias a su perfecta caligrafía y a la recomendación del general Foy. Continúa escribiendo y completando su formación de manera autodidacta. En 1825 se estrena su primer vaudeville, La caza y el amor y en 1826 publica su primera novela en prosa, Blanca de Beaulieu.

Primeras obras
Con la representación, por la Comédie française en 1830, de Enrique III y su corte, consigue gran notoriedad y, en 1831, con Antony alcanza su primer éxito. Éxito que continuará a lo largo de su carrera literaria con el género de su predilección: el drama romántico y la novela histórica. Se dice que fue el introductor del Romanticismo en el teatro francés, mostrando personajes orgullosos y rebeldes.

Repartía el tiempo entre el trabajo, el estudio y el amor, que en 1824 lo sorprendió con un hijo, Alejandro Dumas hijo, fruto de su romance con la costurera Marie-Catherine Lebay. El 5 de marzo de 1831 vino al mundo Marie-Alexandrine, fruto de su relación con la actriz Belle Krebsamer, quien lo obligó a reconocer a la recién nacida, así como a su primogénito.

En 1832 Dumas realizó su primer viaje al extranjero (Suiza). Siguieron Italia (1835), Bélgica y Alemania (1838). Así inició su producción de diarios de viajes. También en 1838 sufrió la pérdida de su madre, a quien siempre dedicó sus mayores cuidados. En 1840 se casa con la actriz Ida Ferrer y, aunque no duró mucho el matrimonio, continuó ligado a ella debido a asuntos legales y económicos.

En la cúspide
Es un autor prolífico (tragedias, dramas, melodramas, aventuras...) aunque, para atender a la creciente demanda del público, tuvo que recurrir a la ayuda, notoria, de "colaboradores" entre los que destacó Auguste Maquet (1839-1851) que intervino en varias de sus novelas, entre ellas algunas tan notables como Los tres mosqueteros y El Conde de Montecristo (1844). La discusión en torno a este tema ha concluido gracias la aparición de las papeletas en las que de manera autógrafa consta que fue él quien encontró las Memorias de D´Artagnan, obra de Gatien Courtilz de Sandras (editadas en español por Emecé en 1961), fundamento de su famosa novela. Fue Auguste Maquet quien investigó el trasfondo histórico y Alejandro Dumas quien le dio forma a la novela. Maquet publicaría poco después su propia versión, pero tanto ésta como la de Gatien son verdaderos esperpentos literarios, mientras la de Alejandro Dumas es muy ágil y divertida. Sus novelas históricas, llenas de vivacidad, gozaron del beneplácito del público, propiciadas por su publicación en baratas entregas en los periódicos.

En 1846, cuando se encontraba en la cúspide de su carrera y su fama desbordaba las fronteras de su país natal, el ministro de Instrucción Pública de Francia, Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy, invitó a Dumas a viajar a Argelia, a donde fue junto a su hijo y a un grupo de amigos. Recorrieron España, donde Salvandy situaría algunas de sus novelas y donde sería embajador, y luego tomaron el barco La Veloce en el puerto de Cádiz, que los condujo a Argelia y Túnez. Las vivencias durante esos dos viajes se recogen en sus libros De París a Cádiz y La Veloce.

Amasó una considerable fortuna que dilapidó con prodigalidad en fiestas y cenas. Se hizo construir un castillo en Le Port-Marly denominado Monte-Cristo. Para ello llevó decoradores de Argelia y compró los muebles clásicos más caros. Mantenía a sus hijos, a las madres de ellos y a varias amantes, muchas de ellas actrices. Vivía con gran lujo y derroche; y aunque llegó a ganar sumas enormes de dinero, siempre estaba endeudado.

Declive económico
Tomó parte activa en la Revolución de 1848, con lo que se vio involucrado en problemas políticos. En ese mismo año rompió su relación con Maquet, el cual le denunció por haberse aprovechado de él. El juicio dictó que tenía que pagarle 145.200 francos en diez años. Asediado por los acreedores, huyó a Bruselas en 1850, en donde terminó de escribir sus Memorias.

Regresó a París en 1853 y se embarcó en diversas empresas, cada cual más ruinosa. En 1847 había fundado el Théâtre Historique que, cuatro años más tarde, fue a la bancarrota. Fue también fundador del semanario Le Monte-Cristo (1857-1860) que también quebró.

Sus "Libros de viaje" y "Reportes de Guerra"
En 1858 fue invitado por una acaudalada familia rusa a un viaje de placer, que lo llevó a San Petersburgo, Moscú, Astracán, Bakú, Georgia y las costas del mar Negro. Ese viaje de nueve meses fue de gran provecho para su trabajo literario. A su regreso publicó varios libros sobre ese tema, así como traducciones de importantes autores rusos de esa época.

En 1859 viajó a Italia. Ahí conoció al general Giuseppe Garibaldi, a quien se une en Sicilia y ayuda con la compra de armas en Marsella, que él mismo transportaría en su buque Emma. Luego se dirigió a Tierra Santa. Camino hacia allá recibe la noticia de que Garibaldi ha desembarcado en Nápoles, por lo que se traslada a Palermo, desde donde comienza a transmitir a La Presse sus escritos sobre la situación de la guerra. (Los Garibaldinos).

Después de la victoria, Garibaldi nombra a Dumas Jefe de Excavaciones y Museos de Nápoles, donde vivió hasta 1864. De ese período es su libro La San Felice y también por esos días nació su otra hija Micaela, de su relación sentimental con Emilia Cordier. Además, en 1863 se produjo un hecho insólito: El 22 de junio los Dumas, padre e hijo, sufren ambos la condena de todas sus novelas románticas por parte de la Santa Sede y la consiguiente inclusión en el Índice de Libros Prohibidos.

Vejez y muerte
A pesar de la vejez y la enfermedad, los relatos de Dumas continuaban llenando los diarios de París. Así que hasta sus últimos días sus seguidores pudieron disfrutar de El caballero Hector de Sainte-Hermine, su última novela publicada por entregas en Le Moniteur Universal. También desde 1869 trabajó en la recopilación de recetas de cocina de varios países que había visitado, para publicarlas en un gran volumen. Ese libro se terminó póstumamente (1873), bajo el título de Gran diccionario de cocina.

En 1870 Dumas se refugia en la casa de campo de su hijo en Puys, imposibilitado de regresar a la capital, asediada por la guerra con Prusia y su estado de salud. Muere de un ataque al corazón el 5 de diciembre, el mismo día en que los prusianos entraban en el pueblo.

Publicó aproximadamente 300 obras y numerosos artículos, convirtiéndose en uno de los autores más prolíficos y populares de Francia. Sus novelas van desde la aventura a la fantasía, pasando por la historia.

Obras atribuidas a Dumas
En muchas ocasiones, con fines de ventas, se han atribuido a Dumas algunas obras que nunca fueron escritas por él. El caso más notorio es La mano del muerto, continuación de El conde de Montecristo. Esta obra no fue escrita por Dumas, sino por el escritor portugués Alfredo Hogan.

La lista de obras atribuidas a Dumas es larga,  se pueden mencionar La novela de Violeta, El hijo de Portos, Confesiones de la marquesa, Los caballeros templarios, entre otras. Algunas publicadas bajo su nombre, son solo traducciones, como Ivanhoe de Walter Scott. Otra, de fama imperecedera, es El hombre de la máscara de hierro, escrita por Emile Ladoucette, cuya versión Dumas se encuentra, a manera de ensayo, en su libro Crímenes célebres.

Reconocimiento póstumo

Sus restos estuvieron sepultados en el cementerio de su pueblo natal Villers-Cotterêts hasta el 30 de noviembre de 2002, cuando el presidente francés Jacques Chirac ordenó fuera sepultado en el Panteón de París.

Su cuerpo fue exhumado y en una ceremonia televisada fue depositado en el mausoleo, junto a otros ilustres escritores de Francia. El presidente francés reconoció que este hecho no se había llevado a cabo antes por el racismo que prevalecía en la sociedad y reconocía que Francia ha tenido muchos escritores ilustres, pero ninguno tan leído como Dumas, ya que sus libros se han traducido a más de cien idiomas.

En su alocución, el presidente Chirac dijo:

Dumas también tiene un monumento en la Plaza de Malesherbes de París, que fue inaugurado en 1883. Esta estatua fue diseñada por Gustave Doré, y junto a la imagen en bronce del escritor, aparece su personaje más destacado, el famoso mosquetero D'Artagnan.

Hay también un museo en su nombre (y de su hijo) en Villers-Cotterêts.

Obras

Novelas cortas y cuentos

 Cherubino y Celestina (1836)
 El cochero del cabriolé (1836)
 Un baile de máscaras (1836)
 Bernardo (1836)
 Don Martin de Freytas (1836)
 El cura Chambord (1836)
 Pascual Bruno (1838)
 Pedro el cruel (1839)
 Monseñor Gaston Febus (1839)
 El pájaro evasivo (1841)- Comparte la autoría con Joseph Méry.
 Praxede (1841)
 Un alma por nacer (1844)
 Erminia (1845)
 El cura de Boulogne (1851)
 Las estrellas viajantes del comercio (1854)
 Mariana (1859)
 Un viaje a la luna (1860)
 Deseo y posesión (1861)

Cuentos y novelas infantiles

 El capitán Pánfilo (1839)
 Aventuras de Lyderic (1842)
 Historia de un Cascanueces (1844)
 Las gachas de la condesa Berta (1845)
 La Juventud de Pierrot (1854)
 El rey de los topos y su hija (1858)
 Los dos hermanos (1858)
 Las manos gigantescas (1858)
 San Juan Nepomuceno y el zapatero (1858)
 El silbato encantado (1859)
 El hombre sin lágrimas (1859)
 El rey de los bolos (1860)
 La vanidosa (1861)

Novelas

 Paulina (1838)
 Actea (1839)
 Aventura de John Davys (1840)
 El maestro de armas (1840)
 Ascanio (1843)
 Georges (1843)
 El castillo de Eppstein (1843)
 Sylvandira (1843)
 Amaury (1843)
 Cecilia de Marsilly (1844)
 Los hermanos corsos (1844)
 Gabriel Lambert (1844)
 Los tres mosqueteros, trilogía D'Artagnan 1, (1844)
 El conde de Montecristo (1845)
 Veinte años después, trilogía D'Artagnan 2, (1845)
 La reina Margot, serie Guerras de religión 1, (1845). Se ha traducido con el título La reina Margarita, Margarita de Borgoña, y Margarita de Valois.
 La guerra de las mujeres (1845)
 La dama de Monsoreau, serie Guerras de religión 2, (1846) (Secuela de la Reina Margot).
 El bastardo Agenor de Mauleon (1846)
 Los cuarenta y cinco, serie Guerras de religión 3, (1847) (Secuela de la dama de Monsoreau).
 Las dos Dianas (1847)
 El vizconde de Bragelonne, trilogía D'Artagnan 3, (1848)
 El tulipán negro (1850)
 La boca del infierno (1850)
 Dios dispone (1851)
 La paloma (1851)
 Olimpia de Cleves (1852)
 El salteador (1854)
 El capitán Richard (1854)
 Los mohicanos de París (1854-59)
 El paje del duque de Saboya (1855)
 El horóscopo (1858)
 Las lobas de Manchecoul (1859)
 El tío la ruina (1860)
 Un lance de amor (1860)
 El hijo del presidiario (1860)
 Una noche en Florencia (1861)
 El conde de Moret (1865)
 El caso de la viuda Lafarge (1866)
 Creación y redención (1870)

Novelas de impresiones de viajes

 Impresiones de viaje: En Suiza (1833)
 Quince días en el Sinaí (1839)
 Impresiones de viaje: Sur de Francia (1841)
 A la orilla del Rhin (1841)
 Un año en Florencia (1841)
 El capitán Arena (1842)
 El Speronare (1842)
 El Corricolo (1843)
 La villa Palmieri (1843)
 De París a Cádiz (1847)
 La Veloce (1848)
 Un Gil Blas en California (1852)
 Impresiones de viaje: El Cáucaso (1859)
 Impresiones de viaje: En Rusia (1860)
 El camino de Varennes (1860)

Novelas de horror
Llamó Los mil y un fantasmas a un grupo de historias que incluye:

 Fontenay de las rosas (1849)
 La mujer del collar de terciopelo (1851)
 El testamento de M. de Chauvelin (1850)
 La liebre de mi abuelo (1855)
 Una comida en casa de Rossini (1849)
 Los matrimonios del tío Olifo (1849)
 Historia de un muerto contada por él mismo (1844)
 La dama pálida (1849).

Aparte, otras obras de horror:

 Crímenes Célebres (1839-41). No se trata de novelas.
 Historia maravillosa de don Bernardo de Zúñiga (1849)
 Capitán de lobos (1857). tal vez la primera novela sobre hombres lobo.
 Black (1858)
 La isla de fuego (1860)

Novela histórica

 Blanca de Beaulieu (1826)
 Galia y Francia (1833)
 Isabel de Baviera (1835)
 La condesa de Salisbury (1839)
 El caballero de Harmental (1843) También se ha traducido como "Los Conspiradores".
 Una hija del regente (1844) (Secuela del Caballero de Harmental)
 José Bálsamo, Memorias de un médico, serie Revolución Francesa 1, (1846)
 El collar de la reina, serie Revolución Francesa 2, (1849)
 La regencia (1849)
 Los dramas del mar (1851)
 Ángel Pitou, serie Revolución Francesa 3, (1853)
 La condesa de Charny, serie Revolución Francesa 4, (1853)
 El caballero de la casa roja, serie Revolución Francesa 5, (1853)
 El terror prusiano (1867)
 El hombre de la máscara de hierro (1867). Esta novela es parte de la trilogía de los Tres Mosqueteros. En el original Francés era el último tomo de la Tercera Novela, el El vizconde de Bragelonne, pero en sus versiones inglesa y española, muchas publicaciones la separaron como una novela aparte.
 La trilogía de Sainte-Hermine:
 Los compañeros de Jéhu (1857)
 Los blancos y los azules (1867)
 El caballero Hector de Sainte-Hermine (1869). Esta obra ha sido exhumada de los fondos de la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia y publicada por primera vez en 2005, gracias a la recopilación de Claude Schopp.

Novelas sobre Italia

 Memorias de Garibaldi (1860)
 Los garibaldinos (1861)
 Los Borbones de Nápoles (1862)
 La San Felice (1863-65) (3 volúmenes "La San Felice", "Emma Lyonna" y "El destino de la San Felice")

Novelas sobre episodios contemporáneos

 Montevideo o una nueva Troya (1850)

Novelas biográficas

 Napoleón (1840)
 Los Estuardos (1840)
 Juana de Arco (1842)
 Luis XIV y su siglo (1844)
 Los Médicis (1845)
 Luis XV y su corte (1849)
 Memorias de Talma (1850)
 Luis XVI y la Revolución (1850)
 El último rey de los Franceses (1852)
 Aventuras de un comediante (1854)
 Julio César (1855)
 Carlos el temerario (1857)
 Memorias de una favorita (1865)

Novelas autobiográficas

 Mis memorias (1852-55)
 Historias de mis animales (1868)
 Bric-A-Brac (1861)
 Charlas o Causeries (1860)
 Historia de un lagarto (1867)

Teatro

 Enrique III y su corte (1829)
 Cristina (1830)
 Antony (teatro) (1831)
 La torre de Nesle (1832)
 Catalina Howard (1834)
 Kean o Desorden y genio (1836)
 Don Juan de Maraña (1836)
 Piquillo (1837)
 Calígula (1837)
 Mademoiselle de Belle-Isle (1839)
 El conde de Hermann (1849)

Órdenes

Monarquía de Julio

 Caballero de la Orden Real de la Legión de Honor.

Extranjeras
 Caballero de primera clase de la Decoración del Mérito bajo el título de San Luis, (Ducado de Lucca)
 Comendador de la Orden Española y Americana de Isabel la Católica. (Reino de España)

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Balda, Mercedes y Manuel Galguera. Alejandro Dumas. Vida y obras. Editorial Balam, México, 2009. ISBN 978-987-23805-7-1
 Clouard, Henri. Alejandro Dumas (biografía). 1957
 Goñi, Roberto . Alejandro Dumas. El autor y su obra. Edición Malfenti, no 4, 2002.
 Maurois, André. Los tres Dumas (biografía). 1961.

Enlaces externos

 Obras de Alexandre Dumas: texto, concordancias y lista de frecuencia
  Audiolibros con las obras de Alejandro Dumas disponibles en la biblioteca digital gratuita de dominio público de "LibriVox"

Dramaturgos de Francia del siglo XIX
Novelistas de Francia del siglo XIX
Sepultados en el Panteón de París
Escritores de gastronomía de Francia
Escritores sobre viajes del siglo XIX
Escritores de novelas históricas de Francia
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Memorialistas de Francia
Caballeros de la Legión de Honor
Nacidos en Villers-Cotterêts
Fallecidos en Dieppe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Lieutenant-Colonel Cecil Bisshopp (25 June 1783 – c. 16 July 1813) was a British army officer and onetime Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom who came to Canada in 1812 and died in the War of 1812.

He was heir to his father Sir Cecil Bisshopp the 8th Baronet Bishopp, of Parham Park in the county of Sussex, England (later from 1815 the 12th Baron Zouche of Hayngworth).  If he had survived his father, he would have become the 9th Baronet Bisshopp and eventually the 13th Baron Zouche. His mother was Harriet Anne Southwell.

He was Cornet in the Sussex Yeomanry 1797-99 before entering the First Foot Guards as an Ensign, the most junior commissioned rank, in 1799.  He was subsequently promoted Lieutenant and Captain in 1800, and Major in 1812.

He unsuccessfully contested New Shoreham in Sussex in 1807, then served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Newport, Isle of Wight from 1811 to 1812, not seeking re-election due to his military service in Canada.

Bisshopp was designated the inspecting field officer for the militia of Upper Canada. This carried the local rank of lieutenant-colonel. He would play an important role in the early war against the Americans in the War of 1812.

Bisshopp's final action in the war was to lead an attack on Black Rock, New York (now in Buffalo) from Fort George, Ontario. The raid was successful but their departure was delayed and he was injured in a counterattack. He died from his injuries a few days later. Bishopp is buried in the Lundy's Lane Battlefield Cemetery in Niagara Falls, Ontario.

His father Baron Zouche died on 11 November 1828 at age 74 at Parham Park, West Sussex, without surviving male issue.  His younger brother Charles-Cecil, Royal Navy, had also died before his father, and was unmarried at his death in Jamaica in 1808 of yellow fever after the frigate HMS Muros was wrecked whilst endeavouring to destroy some batteries near Havana, Cuba. His father was succeeded in the Baronetcy by a cousin, while the Barony of Zouche fell into abeyance between Colonel Bisshopp's two sisters Hon. Harriet Anne Curzon and Katherine Annabella, Lady Brooke-Pechell.

References

British Army personnel of the War of 1812
Grenadier Guards officers
British military personnel killed in the War of 1812
1783 births
1813 deaths
98th Regiment of Foot officers
People from Horsham District
Sussex Yeomanry officers
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1807–1812
Younger sons of baronets


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