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Governor Spessard L. Holland - US Army Veteran - WWI (Posthumous)
Spessard Lindsey Holland's career in public service spanned approximately fifty years. A lifelong citizen of Florida, he held positions as County Judge, State Senator, Governor, and finally as a member of the U.S. Senate. A self-described "moderate conservative with a little liberalism in many areas" and a member of the Democratic Party, he appealed to a large number of voters in Florida and never lost an election throughout his career.
Spessard Lindsey Holland was born on July 10, 1892 in Bartow, Polk County, Florida, where he was raised and educated. His father, Benjamin F. Holland, was a citrus grower and abstractor, and his mother, Fannie Virginia (Spessard) Holland, was a school teacher. In 1912, he graduated with a Bachelor in Arts degree from Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Following graduation, he taught public school in Warrenton, Georgia, until 1914 and then returned to Florida to attend the University of Florida College of Law. An active student, he served as president of the student body and editor-in-chief of the yearbook, The Seminole. He was an outstanding athlete and attracted the attention of professional teams. He was sufficiently impressive as a pitcher for the UF baseball team that manager Connie Mack offered him a position on his ball club. Holland declined because he was not very interested in becoming a professional athlete, especially at the age of 24. He decided to complete his education as a lawyer, and earned his degree in 1916. That same year, he was admitted to the bar in Florida and commenced practice in his hometown of Bartow.
When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Holland joined the Army and the Coast Artillery Corps. He went to Europe with the 31st Artillery Brigade, and then transferred to the Air Force where he served with the 24th Flying Squadron in France. For his valor during combat flights, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. At the end of the war in 1919, he retired with the rank of Captain and returned to Bartow. He married Mary Alice Groover, whom he had met while on leave in Florida, and resumed the practice of law.
Holland served as prosecuting attorney of Polk County in 1919 and 1920. He next campaigned for and was elected to the position of county judge, a position he held from 1921 until 1929. Throughout the period, he continued to maintain his own law practice. In the early 1920s, he formed a partnership with W.F. Bevis establishing a firm that would last several decades and include partners such as Robert L. Hughes, Jr., and William A. McRae, Jr. In between those years spent in public office, Holland always returned to his practice in Bartow.
Holland was elected to the State Senate in 1932 and served two four-year terms until 1940. As a state senator, he was the author of several pieces of legislation related to citrus, including the Citrus Commission Act, the Frost and Freeze Forecast Act, and the Citrus Advertising Act. He voted against the repeal of the 18th Amendment because Polk County was voluntarily a dry county and his constituents had a negative reaction to the possible repeal of prohibition. He led opposition to a Florida Recovery Act issue seeking to eliminate chain stores, a controversial measure that he and his fellow opponents were successful in defeating. He also helped draft the Florida School Code and supported other acts intended to improve public schools and teacher benefits. He was a strong supporter of the Soil Conservation District Act, the Fair Trade Act, and several bills reducing or repealing taxes in the state.
During his second term, Holland's reputation grew when a filibuster to prevent a vote on controversial salary buying legislation led to physical violence on the floor of the Senate. Holland and other supporters of the legislation saw salary buying as little more than loan sharking and sought to define the practice as lending so that it could be regulated and the racketeers put out of business. At the end of the 1939 session, Sen. R. Lucas Black emerged as the leading opponent to the bill and threatened a filibuster in order to delay the roll call until the end of the session. During a recess after a day of argument on the Senate floor, Black engaged Sen. Joe Sharit, a proponent of the legislation, in a heated exchange. When Holland stepped over to intervene, Black struck Holland with his cane. Neither Holland nor Sharit retaliated, and Black later apologized for his behavior. As a result of the threatened filibuster the legislation was removed from consideration that session, but the episode served to enhance Holland's image around the state as an honorable politician.
Holland was hesitant to run for the governor's office because he was more interested in serving on the U.S. Senate and he was aware that the system of patronage appointments often hurt the chances of former governors to win a seat in the Senate. He believed that for every appointment made by a governor, there were several newly created enemies among those people who weren't appointed. However, he did decide to run for the position and began his campaign in 1939. He defeated Francis Whitehair in the 1940 Democratic gubernatorial primary and faced no Republican opponent in the general election later that year. In January 1941, he was sworn in as the 28th governor of Florida as a war-time governor, Holland's administration was principally concerned with Florida's defense effort during World War II. He coordinated the state's defense in close cooperation with the federal government. At his request, his brother, Frank Holland, became a principal figure in organizing the state's non-military civil defense. Under Governor Holland's leadership, the state implemented the largest road and highway construction program in its history. Primarily for defense, and built with a great deal of federal assistance, the construction greatly improved the state's transportation infrastructure and increased opportunities for development following the war.
During his four-year term, Holland led or supported several important initiatives. He established the Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission as a separate agency. A stronger ad valorem tax structure was established, thereby rescuing that system of taxation. He helped form the Minimum Foundation Program for public schools, and increased state assistance to the blind and aged. As a member of the Southern Governors' Committee on Freight Rates, he led a successful fight to reduce rates. In 1944, the deed to state lands in the Everglades was executed, paving the way for the creation of the Everglades National Park. He also served on the Executive Committee of the National Governors' Conference, providing him with the opportunity to work at the national level with several individuals he would later work with during his tenure in the U.S. Senate.
Despite Holland's hesitancy in 1940 to campaign for governor because of the patronage system, his fears proved to be unwarranted. As a result of World War II, a number of people were involved in the war effort and there was less demand for positions. When his term ended in 1945, he knew that had avoided making too many enemies around the state and had a good chance at a seat in the Senate. He had been informed earlier than most that Senator Charles O Andrews was not going to seek re-election due to poor health, thereby providing him with an opportunity in the 1946 election. He met with and received assurances from Doyle E. Carlton and J. Hardin Peterson, two prominent Florida politicians and close friends, that they would not be running in the campaign so he would not be hindering their own efforts or campaigning against them. When his term as governor ended in 1945, he returned to Bartow to practice law and begin his campaign. In the Democratic primary election in early 1940, he ran against and defeated Lex Green, Polly Rose Balfe and Henry M. Burch. In September, two months before the general election, Senator Andrews died while in office and Governor Millard Caldwell appointed Holland to complete the unexpired term. While holding this office, Holland defeated Republican J Harry Schad and officially was elected to a full Senate term beginning in 1947.
Holland considered the ratification of the 24th Amendment, officially ending the poll tax, as one of the great successes of his Senate career. From his days in the Florida Senate, he had supported efforts to abolish the tax but had seen no progress on the issue in more than ten years. He disliked the poll tax primarily because it resulted in corrupt machine politics wherein political leaders would buy the votes of those who couldn't afford to pay the tax themselves. Holland was aware that the poll tax had a significant impact on poor African Americans, but was more interested in halting corrupt politics than in passing a piece of civil rights legislation. After witnessing the defeat of anti-poll tax legislation again and again, he decided that it could not be abolished by statute because the courts would declare such legislation unconstitutional. In fact, for this very reason he debated against such a piece of legislation in 1948 even though he supported the measures of the bill.
Spessard Lindsey Holland (July 10, 1892 - November 6, 1971) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as the 28th Governor of Florida from 1941 to 1945, and as a United States Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971. A Democrat, he was a member of the conservative coalition in Congress.
1 Early life and education
Holland was born in Bartow, Florida, the son of Ben jamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland, a teacher. He attended public schools, entering the Summerlin Institute (now Bartow High School) in 1909. Holland graduated magna cum laude from Emory College (currently Emory' University') in 1912, where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. Holland would go on to teach high school in Warrenton, Georgia for four years.
In 1916, Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida. There he taught in the "sub freshman department" (high school) of the university. He also became the first elected student body president and a member of the debating society. During his time at Emory' and UF, he participated in track and field, football, basketbsill, and baseball: on one occasion, he played so well as a pitcher in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics that Connie Mack (the grand father of Connie Mack III, who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied) offered him a contract (he declined).
2 World War I service
Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar, and was already a junior partner with R.B. Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm, but his plans were interrupted by World War I. Holland volunteered for service and was com missioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps, where he was transferred to France and served in the brigade's JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant. At his request, Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero Squadron, Signal Corps of the Army Air Corps. Here he served with Lt. George E. Goldwaithe as a gunner and aerial observer, gathering information and taking photographs in reconnaissance missions behind enemy fines. At various times he took part in battles at Meuse- Argonne. Champagne, St. Mihiel, and Luneville. where he downed two enemy planes. On one mission, Holland's plane crash-landed in a crater; on December 11. 1918. Holland was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. The citation, signed by John J. Pershing, noted: First Lieutenant Spessard L. Holland. C.A.C. Observer 24th. Aero Squadron, distinguished himself by extra-ordinary heroism in con nection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United States at Bois de Banthville. France, on 15 October 1918 and in recognition of his gallant conduct I have awarded him in the name of the President the Distinguished Service Cross."
Upon resigning his commission in July 1919. Holland was promoted to captain. Once back in the U.S., he toured for the Victory Loan Drive and resumed his law practice in Bartow.
Early political career
After the war, Holland resumed his law practice in Bartow. This however, was short-lived, because Holland accepted an appointment as the Polk County prosecutor later that year. He served two years in the prosecutor's office, but left after being elected to a four-year term as a county judge in 1920. Holland was reelected in 1924, but left after the end of his second term in 1929. Holland returned to private law practice later that year, joining William F. Bevis in the law firm of Holland & Bevis. The firm grew rapidly, eventually becoming a large in ternational law firm that still exists today as Holland & Knight.
In 1932, Holland was elected to the Florida Senate, where he served eight years. During his terra, Holland was noted for his strong advocacy' for public schools; as a member of the school committee, he drafted and cosponsored the Florida School Code and supported legislation that raised teachers' pay and retirement benefits. Holland also sup ported worker's compensation, tax cuts, and unemploy ment insurance. He was strongly opposed to both the sales tax and the poll tax. which he helped repeal in 1937.
Holland was an alternate Florida delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention. He was elected governor of Florida and on January 7,1941 was sworn in for a four-year term. During his time as governor, Hol land was noted for reforming the state tax system and sup porting cigarette taxes to reduce a $4 million debt in the state budget. New property tax laws enacted during Spes- sard's term required uniform retd estate assessments and only taxed the purchase of property. Early in his term, the teachers' retirement program began, and the financing of public schools became more stable. Spessard also recom mended four amendments to the state constitution, all of which were eventually adopted. These four amendments provided for;
• New gasoline taxes to improve and build more than 1,500 miles of highway;
• New provisions for amending the state constitution in a shorter period;
• The lowering of the intangible tax: and
At a 1943 governors' conference in Denver. Colorado, Holland promoted new railroad freight prices, helping the Florida economy. Holland was also an outdoorsman and environmentalist. Holland's negotiation of the purchase of Everglades wetland and marshland in 1944 helped lead to the establishment of the Everglades National Park in 1947. Holland's term ended on January' 2. 1945, when Millard F. Caldwell took office.
As senator
Holland was elected in 1946 to the U.S. Senate seat va cated by Charles O. Andrews. Following the death of Senator Andrews in September 1946. Holland assumed his seat in the U.S. Senate. Re-elected in 1952, Holland defeated former U.S. Senator (and later U.S. Represen tative) Claude Pepper in the 1958 Democratic primary. Returned to the U.S. Senate in 1958, Holland was re elected to a fourth and final term in 1964, having defeated Republican Claude R. Kirk. Jr., who two years later was elected governor.
At the age of seventy-seven, Holland announced in November 1969 that he would not seek re-election in 1970. He subsequently campaigned for his fellow Demo
crat and Polk County resident Lawton Chiles, a state sen ator from Lakeland, who defeated in the general election the Republican U.S. Representative William C. Cramer of St. Petersburg. Cramer carried the backing of U.S. President Richard M. Nixon; in the primary he had hand ily defeated G. Harrold Carswell, a Nixon nominee to the United States Supreme Court who was rejected by the Senate. Chiles boasted that Cramer could bring Nixon, Agnew, Reagan, and anybody else he wants. ... I'll take Holland on my side against all of them."111
Along with all other senators from the former Confederate states (except Lyndon B. Johnson, Estes Kefauver, and Albert Gore, Sr.). Holland signed the "Southern Manifesto", which condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Blown v. Board of Education and promised to resist its implementation. Ten years later, in 1964, Holland sponsored the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibiting the poll tax.
The creation of the independent Game and Fresh 6 Retirement Water Commission.
When American involvement in World War II began with the attack on Pearl Harbor, Holland promoted new military bases in Florida and coordinated state defenses with the federal government.
Holland left office in January 1971. His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition. Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6. 1971 at age 79.


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Unaí é um município brasileiro no noroeste do estado de Minas Gerais. Fundada em 1873 com a denominação de Rio Preto e, em 1943 foi elevado a cidade e seu nome mudado para Unaí. Sua população, conforme estimativas do IBGE de 2018, era de  habitantes.

Etimologia
A palavra "Unaí" que designa o nome do município é uma anagrama feito a partir da palavra Tupi-Guarani "Iuna", nome dados pelos índios ao rio que corta a região, cujo significado é Água-Escura. Essa foi a solução dada pelos antigos moradores da região para evitar confusão com nomes de outra cidades da região, que já haviam utilizado o termo, como o caso de Rio Preto.

História
Em Unaí (Minas Gerais) destaca-se o sítio arqueológico Gruta do Gentio II, que registra vestígios de povos caçadores-coletores de mais de 10 000 anos, e de povos horticultores de quase 4 000 anos, que cultivavam, segundo abundantes vestígios vegetais: milho, amendoim, cabaça e abóbora. No município, se tem o registro da mais antiga cerâmica brasileira fora da Amazônia, datada de 3 500 anos.

Na época da chegada dos primeiros europeus ao território brasileiro, a porção central do Brasil era ocupada por indígenas do tronco linguístico macro-jê, como os acroás, os xacriabás, os xavantes, os caiapós, os javaés, entre outros povos.

Ao longo dos séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII, inúmeras expedições compostas por descendentes de portugueses (os chamados bandeirantes) percorreram a região em busca de ouro, pedras preciosas e mão de obra escrava indígena.

No século XIX, o fazendeiro Domingos Pinto Brochado se instalou, junto com seus familiares, numa área perto do Rio Preto chamada Capim Branco. Em 1873, esse povoado foi elevado à categoria de distrito pertencente a Paracatu, com o nome de Rio Preto. Em 1923, o distrito teve seu nome alterado para Unaí, que é uma tradução, para a língua tupi, do antigo nome do distrito, Rio Preto. Em 1943, Unaí se emancipou do município de Paracatu.

Em 28 de janeiro de 2004, três auditores fiscais do trabalho e o motorista que os conduzia foram assassinados na zona rural do município durante uma fiscalização em fazendas da região, num crime que ficou conhecido nacionalmente como a Chacina de Unaí.

Geografia
Situado na mesorregião do Noroeste de Minas Gerais e na microrregião de Unaí, tem uma área de 8 492 quilômetros quadrados, representando 1,443 por cento do estado, 0,9155 por cento da Região Sudeste do Brasil região e 0,0996 por cento de todo o território brasileiro.

Entre os principais acidentes geográficos, destacam-se:
Gruta do Tamboril, com aproximadamente 1 178 metros de desenvolvimento;
Gruta do Gentio;
Lapa do Sapezal ou Gruta da Moeda;
Cachoeira da Jiboia (140 metros de queda livre);
Cachoeira do Queimado;
Cachoeira do Rio Preto (dois quilômetros do centro do município);
Gruta do Quilombo (o nome teve origem ainda no século XIX, quando os negros descontentes com as severas condições de trabalho nas minas de ouro de Paracatu refugiavam-se na gruta);
Serra Geral do Rio Preto;
Serra do Pico;
Serra do Jataí;
Córrego do Forró;
 Pedra do Canto – Localiza-se na Fazenda Pedra. Tem o formato do chapéu de Napoleão.
 Serra Geral do Rio Preto – Divisor das micro bacias dos rios Preto e Urucuia.
 Serra do Pico e Serra do Jataí – Alongadas e paralelas, separam vertentes do Ribeirão Roncador e do Canabrava. Além da Gruta do Gentio II, destacam-se as grutas Gentio I, Gruta do Tamboril e a Gruta Sapezal ou Lapa da Moeda, de cerca de 80 metros de diâmetro com várias formações de estalactites e estalagmites, além de um lago de água azul. Dista quarenta quilômetros da cidade de Unaí e se localiza dentro de uma montanha em terras particulares.

Grande ênfase pode ser dada à Cachoeira da Jiboia, que está localizada a cerca de oitenta quilômetros de Unaí. A cachoeira é formada pelo Ribeirão Jiboia e possui aproximadamente 140 metros de queda livre.

Hidrografia

O município está localizado na bacia do rio São Francisco.

 Rio Preto
 Rio São Marcos
 Ribeirão Soberbo
 Ribeirão do Carmo
 Ribeirão Aldeia
 Ribeirão Roncador
 Ribeirão Canabrava

Em Unaí, está localizada a Usina Hidrelétrica de Queimado.

Clima
O clima é tropical úmido com temperaturas variando entre máximas de 31 °C e mínimas de 18 °C. A temperatura média compensada anual é de 24 C. O índice pluviométrico é cerca de  milímetros (mm).

Segundo dados do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), referentes ao período de 1978 a 1984, 1986 a 1989 e a partir de 1991, a menor temperatura registrada em Unaí foi de  nos dias 21 de julho de 1981, 29 de julho de 1988 e 18 de julho de 2000, e a maior atingiu  em 22 de outubro de 2015. O maior acumulado de precipitação em 24 horas foi de  em 2 de fevereiro de 2005. Outros grandes acumulados iguais ou superiores a  foram  em 15 de março de 1991,  em 24 de novembro de 2001,  em 15 de novembro de 1991,  em 2 de fevereiro de 2012,  em 4 de novembro de 1995,  em 21 de março de 1997,  em 16 de dezembro de 1987,  em 31 de dezembro de 1982,  em 4 de janeiro de 1983,  em 27 de março de 1991 e  em 1 de março de 1983. Dezembro de 1989, com , foi o mês de maior precipitação.

Demografia

Entre 2000 e 2010, a população de Unaí teve uma taxa média de crescimento anual de 1,03% Na década anterior, de 1991 a 2000, a taxa média de crescimento anual foi de 1,49%. No Estado, estas taxas foram de 1,01% entre 2000 e 2010 e 1,01% entre 1991 e 2000. No país, foram de 1,01% entre 2000 e 2010 e 1,02% entre 1991 e 2000. Nas últimas duas décadas, a taxa de urbanização cresceu 18,90%.

Bairros

Administração

Prefeitura
Inaugurado no dia 7 de setembro de 1975, foi considerado, na época, por sua beleza e funcionalidade, como uma das sedes do executivo mais bonitas do interior de Minas. O prédio é composto por três andares, um térreo e mais dois andares de 640 m² de área construída cada um. A área, em sua volta, constituída de um belo jardim. O Palácio Capim Branco fica localizada na praça JK, popularmente Praça da Prefeitura.

Câmara
A primeira Câmara Municipal de Unaí foi instalada em 23 de setembro de 1947, sobre a presidência do senhor doutor Geraldo Pinto de Sousa a câmara funciona em seu endereço no Palácio José Vieira Machado na esquina da Avenida Governador Valadares com a José Luís de Adjuto.

Esportes

A proximidade de Unaí com o Distrito Federal fez com que a cidade tivesse um clube de futebol, o Unaí Esporte Clube que disputou o Campeonato Brasiliense.

Cemitérios
Dispõe de dois cemitérios:
 Cemitério São Vicente de Paulas

Educação
Ensino Superior
Factu (Particular)
Faculdade CNEC Unaí (Particular)
Facisa (Particular)
Unimontes (Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, campi Unaí)
UFVJM (Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri)

Economia
Agricultura e pecuária

Unaí tem sua economia calcada desde o início de sua emancipação política na agricultura e pecuária, sendo um dos maiores produtores de grãos do Brasil tendo destaque ora como maior de feijão, ora como maior produtor de milho, além de um grande volume de soja, arroz, sorgo, trigo e outras culturas. É também um município com grandes áreas destinadas à plantação de hortifrúti. Possui granjas que fornecem frangos à região.

Já na pecuária, o destaque vem tanto para o gado de corte quanto para o leiteiro. No que diz respeito ao gado de corte, a região de Unaí conta com inúmeras propriedades rurais que se dedicam à criação de gados, tendo sua produção comercializada tanto nos mercados interno e externo. Já com relação à pecuária leiteira, o destaque vem para o manejo e criação de gado leiteiro, o que faz da cidade a terceira maior bacia leiteira do Brasil, atrás de Castro-PR (1° lugar) e Guaxupé-MG (2° lugar). No estado de Minas Gerais, é o 2° maior produto de leite.Unaí alcançou o 1º lugar na produção de grãos em Minas Gerais, com o registro de 798 500 toneladas.Em 2004, uma pesquisa do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística deu a Unaí o título de maior produtor de feijão do Brasil.

Turismo
Apesar de ter vários atrativos naturais como grutas e cachoeiras, o turismo ecológico em Unaí ainda não é muito explorado. Dentre esses atrativos:

Esportes de Aventura

 Pedra do Canto
 Cachoeira da Jiboia
 Cachoeira do Rosário
 Lapa do Sapezal ou Gruta da Moeda
 Gruta do Tamboril
 Cachoeira do Rio Preto
 Cachoeira do Zico Esteves
 Cachoeira do Bebedouro
 Cachoeira São Miguel
 Lapa da Foice
 Gruta do Curral
 Gruta do Gentio
 Gruta Bart Cave, entre outras do Sistema Areia
 Gruta da Ritinha do Mamoeiro
 Trilha do Zé Pauzinho
 Gruta do Sapezal

Acesso e transportes
Unaí conta com a empresa Expresso Planalto para fazer o transporte coletivo da cidade, passando por todos os bairros:
Unaí está ligada ao resto do país por três rodovias asfaltadas:
 BR-251 - (Unaí/Brasília/Brasilândia de Minas/Bonfinópolis de Minas/Dom Bosco)
 MG-188 - (Unaí/Paracatu/Cabeceira Grande)
 LMG-628 - (Unaí/Buritis/Arinos)

Ver também
 Lista dos municípios do estado de Minas Gerais

Ligações externas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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It's December, the most festive month of the year! With all of the shopping, events, and travel this time of year, my favorite holiday party recipes are ones that are delicious and fun, but also really quick and easy. And it definitely doesn't hurt if they're Instagram-able!


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Jacob Chottiner
August 26, 2012, 4:22 pm 0 Edit
CHOTTINER: On Wednesday, March 28, 2012, Jacob Chottiner; husband of (63 years) Jean Chottiner; father of Elaine Chottiner, Gary Chottiner, Sharon (Gerard) Myatt and Becki (Andrew Rosenzweig) Chottiner; son of the late Solomon and Naomi Chottiner; brother of the late Lou Chottiner, Leonard Chottiner and Hilda Wertkin; half-brother of the late Ben and the late Abe Chottiner; grandfather of Ariel Myatt and and Diana and Aaron Rosenzweig. Born in Clairton, Pa., on Aug. 2, 1922, Jacob completed his bachelor's degree in engineering after serving in Europe as a first lieutenant in the United States Army during World War II. Services and interment were held at the Pliskover Cemetery in Coraopolis. www.pliskover.com


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Home > Journals > Chemistry & Materials Science > MSA
Materials Sciences and Applications > Vol.4 No.10, October 2013
Photo-Electrochemical Studies on TiO2-Doped Ce (III/IV) Oxides Nanoparticles in Aqueous Electrolytes ()
Kasem K. Kasem, Heather Ramey, Valeed Ahmed
Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, USA.
School of Science, Indiana University Kokomo, Kokomo, USA.
DOI: 10.4236/msa.2013.410078 PDF HTML 3,915 Downloads 5,912 Views Citations
Photoelectrochemical studies on TiO2 doped with Ce2O3 or CeO2 took place in aqueous solutions of [Fe(CN)6]4- as the source of hydrated electrons. Our studies show that doping TiO2 with CeO2 gave better photocatalytic reduction of [Fe(CN)6]3- than TiO2 doped with Ce2O3. However the TiO2 assemblies doped with either Ce(III) or Ce(IV) oxides give less photochemical reduction of [Fe(CN)6]3- that the oxides of pure metals (Ti or Ce). In both cases a lowering of the band gaps of TiO2 was noticed. Immobilized TiO2 doped with Ce oxides on a FTO (Fluorine Ten Oxide) surface gave greater photocurrent with I2/I3– than that recorded for [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox systems. Our studies indicate that the TiO2 doped with Ce2O3 or CeO2 maintained photoactivity after being immobilized in thin solid sheets and can be used in all solid state photoelectron-chemical cells.
Photoelectrochemical; Doped TiO2; Ceric Oxide; Nanoparticles; Photocatalysis
K. Kasem, H. Ramey and V. Ahmed, "Photo-Electrochemical Studies on TiO2-Doped Ce (III/IV) Oxides Nanoparticles in Aqueous Electrolytes," Materials Sciences and Applications, Vol. 4 No. 10, 2013, pp. 637-643. doi: 10.4236/msa.2013.410078.
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[6] K. K. Kasem, "Hydrogen Production by Selective PhotoDissociation of Water in Aqueous Colloidal Nano-Particles of Doped Iron (III) Oxides Semiconductors," Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 26, No. 7, 2010, pp. 619-624.
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[8] S. Anandan, A. Vinu, K. L. P. S. Lovely, et al., "Photocatalytic Activity of La-Doped ZnO for the Degradation of Monocrotophos in Aqueous Suspension," Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, Vol. 266, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 149-157.
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[9] S. Anandan, Y. Ikuma and V. Murugesan, "Highly Active Rare-Earth-Metal La-Doped Photocatalysts: Fabrication, Characterization, and Their Photocatalytic Activity," International Journal of Photoenergy, Vol. 2012, 2012, Article ID: 921412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/921412
[10] D. Martel, H. N. Cong and J. Weiss, "Process for the Production of Hydrogen from an Aqueous Medium," FR 2940263 A1 20100625, Fr. Demande, 2010.
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[12] M. Kaneko, H. Ueno, R. Saito, S. Yamaguchi, Y. Fujii and J. Nemoto, "UV Light-Activated Decomposition/ Cleaning of Concentrated Biomass Wastes Involving Also Solid Suspensions with Remarkably High Quantum Efficiency," Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental, Vol. 91, No. 1-2, 2009, pp. 254-261.
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[13] K. Kasem and M. Dahn, "Photodissociation of Water Using Colloidal Nanoparticles of Doped Titanium (IV) Oxide Semiconductors for Hydrogen Production," Current Science, Vol. 99, No. 8, 2010, pp. 1068-1073.
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[16] K. Kasem, M. Dahn and N. Zia, "Photolysis of Aqueous Colloidal Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Hydrogen Production," CACS Communications, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2010, pp. 13-17.
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Books / Planet Stories®
Who Fears the Devil?—The Complete Silver John (Trade Paperback)
Paizo Inc.
(based on 7 ratings)
by Manly Wade Wellman, with an introduction by Mike Resnick
There's a traveling man that the Carolina mountain folk call Silver John for the silver strings strung on his guitar. In his wanderings, John encounters a parade of benighted forest creatures, mountain spirits, and shapeless horrors from the void of history with only his enduring spirit, playful wit, and the magic of his guitar to preserve him.
Manly Wade Wellman's Silver John is one of the most beloved figures in fantasy, a true American folk hero of the literary age. The Planet Stories edition of Who Fears the Devil? collects—for the first time—all of John's adventures published throughout Wellman's life, including two stories about John before he got his silver-stringed guitar that have never previously appeared in a Silver John collection. Lost, out-of-print, or buried in expensive hardcover editions, the seminal, unforgettable tales of Who Fears the Devil? stand ready for a new generation to continue the folk tradition of Silver John!
Introduction by Mike Resnick (Stalking the Unicorn, Starship: Mutiny).
208-page softcover trade paperback ISBN-13: 978-1-60125-188-6
Are there errors or omissions in this product information? Got corrections? Let us know at store@paizo.com.
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Interesting and Original Setting
Jhaeman — Jun 13, 2018, 10:29 pm
Who Fears the Devil? collects all of Manly Wade Wellman's short stories about a character named Silver John. The stories feature an interesting and original setting for folkloric/supernatural fantasy (contemporary Appalachia) and a character that's more memorable than the traditional swordsman/gunslinger. Silver John is a wandering collector of backwoods songs, and travels from place to place with only the shirt on his back and a silver-stringed guitar. He is more of an archetype in some ways than a character with real depth and history, but for short stories that are plot-focussed, that's okay.
The stories are well-written and avoid formula, but usually involve some sort of supernatural menace that Silver John's pure heart and guitar can banish. Unlike most stories published in SF magazines in the 1950s and 1960s, there's a degree of continuity between the Silver John stories which I noticed and appreciated. According to the editor's introduction, Wellman also published a handful of novels about Silver John, and, fascinating, there was a motion picture featuring the character (it flopped).
A real treasure
Chris Wegner 396 — Sep 30, 2014, 04:55 pm
It is fantastic that Paizo put out this collection. The Silver John stories are wonderful!
Gets two stars for names right off the bat.
Delthos — Aug 21, 2011, 08:49 pm
The author's name and his character's name are what really attracted me to this book. Something about the name Manly Wade Wellman really speaks to me. Silver John also has a very folktale like sound to it. I knew I had to read it. He gets 1 star for each name right off the bat.
It actually took me a while to read this book, but that isn't because it wasn't good. It's because of all the short stories in it. While I could read through them quickly, I always did it in spare time. So I'd fly through a story and then be able to tear myself away and do other things I needed getting done. Where as other books with one main story draw me in and don't let me tear myself away so easily. But that's alright because it let me enjoy Silver John's adventures for a longer time.
Silver John is a wise, smart, and down to earth hero. I like how he is able to outsmart the bad guys when he can, but isn't afraid to get physical when he has to. A man I'd very much like to know.
It would get 5 stars, but I found some of the stories predictable. Maybe I've just been exposed to too many things and thats why I'm able to tell what's happening. As it is I'd like to give it 4.5 stars, but the Paizo system only allows five ratings, I have to give it what wha the system will allow.
I look forward to reading more of Mr. Wellman's work.
My favourite of the line so far
Scribbling Rambler — May 31, 2011, 09:14 pm
A delightful collection of well-written stories by an author I was previously unfamiliar with.
A rarely seen niche - fantasy Americana. Really not a weak story in the collection, even with some of them being extremely short offerings.
The main reason I gave 4 stars instead of 5 is that I am still struggling with the format. While the multi-column layout is true to the pulp origins of these books, I find it annoying. The interior art is fairly well-done, and the style actually meshes well with the style of the writing, but I still find the presence of the interior art an unnecessary distraction.
Still, an enjoyable read, and highly recommended!
Add my name to the list of those interested in the Silver John novels.
Wonderful Americana folklore
sozin — May 14, 2010, 11:58 am
This book is great: it oozes the character of the American Appalachia, as its main character (Silver John, a silver-stringed guitar toting bard WWI veteran type) wanders from village to mountain, encountering various ghosts, witchfolk, other-dimensional Cthulu-esque beasties, and fantastic creatures. That Silver John manages to survive these various encounters is a testament to his rich Bardic Knowledge skills, luck, common sense, smooth talking, and Good Guy behavior.
The writing style is rich, with vivid descriptions and authentic American Appalachian dialect. The stories all vary in size, from a 1 page encounter with a woodland centaur to a 15 page encounter with a near-immortal witch survivor of the Salem witch trials, and all can be read in the "in between" (before bed, on train, in doctor's office, etc).
Overall a wonderful collection of American folklore.
Product Discussion (58)
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Jeremiah T. Nov 13, 2008, 04:07 pm
Howdy! It's me again!
I'm really delighted to see this back in print. I have the 1988 Baen collection JOHN THE BALLADEER, but I'm looking forward to acquiring the Paizo edition just for the hitherto uncollected pieces.
I know that the original edition of WHO FEARS THE DEVIL? includes a series of linking vignettes---which sort of serve to turn the whole into a picaresque "fix-up" novel. My Baen edition, however, takes these out of order and lumps them all together somewhere toward the back of the collection. Will the Paizo edition restore these linking vignettes to their original order?
Also, any chance we might one day see a Paizo reprint of the classic Wellman collection WORSE THINGS WAITING (Carcosa, 1973)? I know . . . I could just buy Night Shade's collected works of Wellman---but, dang, that runs into some dough, and especially so now that volume one is out of print and selling high!
Erik Mona Chief Creative Officer, Publisher Nov 14, 2008, 05:24 pm
Jeremiah,
I'm not sure yet about the order, but we will be putting the vignettes in between the stories as they appeared in the earlier Gnome Press edition, not lumped together as in the Baen version.
I am not aware of the collection you mention, but I have already signed one other* collection, and am tentatively putting together another. In the last case, this is material that has _never_ been collected, so I'm particularly excited about it.
--Erik
* LOL. "One Other" is the title of a Silver John story!
Kata. the ..... Dec 12, 2008, 08:23 pm
Paizo Charter Superscriber; Pathfinder Companion, Pathfinder Accessories, Starfinder Society Subscriber
I am fairly excited about this book. I had not heard of Manly Wade Wellman and Clark Ashton Smith and a number of other great horror, fantasy, scifi, etc authors until I started buying the 100 (two alliterative words) Stories that were available in the bargain racks at Barnes & Noble about a decade ago.
Evil Midnight Lurker Dec 12, 2008, 11:21 pm
...Holy CRAP. Gentlemen, you've just guaranteed yourselves another chunk of my paycheck. :)
I want American folklore monsters in Golarion! Especially the gardinel.
J. Harper Dec 29, 2008, 10:45 pm
Mr. Mona,
Out of curiosity, which versions of the older John stories are you going to reprint: the magazine/Baen/Nightshade Press versions, or the Arkham House versions? If I remember correctly, August Derleth asked Wellman to rewrite the stories a little, in order to link them together and make the collection feel more like a novel. Wellman complied, but didn't care too much for the results, preferring the more episodic feel of their original versions.
Interesting that you'll be collecting 'Frogfather' and 'Sin's Doorway' along with the core John stories. I think you'll be the first publisher of Wellman to do so. Personally, I can buy 'Frogfather' being a prequel, but the narrator in 'Sin's Doorway' doesn't really feel like John to me, put that's just my opinion.
Despite all ready owning a copy of Baen's John the Balladeer, I'll be picking up a copy of _Who Fears The Devil_. My personal opinion is that these are some of the most beautiful fantasies ever written, and Wellman deserves to be supported, and be granted a wider audience than what the small press can provide (this is not a knock on Nighshade - their Wellman Library is a truly beautiful thing, but the price point keeps it out of reach of the casual fan).
You've also mentioned that you're considering publishing more Wellman. Can you talk about it a bit? From your comments, I get the feeling that the Thunstone stories (with maybe the Pursuivant stories thrown in for good measure) are up next, and maybe after that Hok or Kardios (the latter series being one I've never read, but really would like to), since you said the third book would be something never collected before.
Hope you're having a good year.
Jeremy Harper
I just reread your announcement on the other Wellman collections, and I'm retracting my assumption on the next one being Thunstone/Pursuivant. Your comments make me think that it'll be Hok and Kardios collections up next. Hope I'm write.
Happy New Year,
Erik Mona Chief Creative Officer, Publisher Dec 29, 2008, 11:44 pm
Of the two additional Wellman books in the works, you're right about one of them. The other has NEVER been published in paperback before, to my knowledge.
Kirth Gersen Dec 30, 2008, 07:11 am
I wonder, does the tag line "collects... all of John's adventures" imply that this volume contains the longer (novella- and novel-length) Silver John stories ("The Old Gods Waken," "The Lost and the Lurking," "The Hanging Stones," et al.)? Or are the short stories only collected? (And if the latter, do you have plans to publish the former at some point, and/or to change the tag line on this volume)?
jjb1011jjb Feb 18, 2009, 10:04 pm
this looks really interesting
iv heard of Mr wellman but iv never read his work so this is definetly on my books to buy list
Eric Hinkle Feb 20, 2009, 10:50 am
Evil Midnight Lurker wrote:
And the Toller, the Bammat, the Behinder, One Other, the Raven Mockers... Really, there's an embarassment of riches in Mister Wellman's stories.
Though that one idea he frequently uses probably wouldn't work very well (the one where a giant demon or whatever tries to buy the protagonist's loyalty by throwing ginat jewels at him. Your average players would just take the jewels and then go all Belkar Bitterleaf on the monster...).
J. Harper wrote:
Well, the Hok or Kardios tales WOULD fit in better with the whole 'heroic fantasy' slant of Planet Stories. Myself, I'd prefer Kardios the Minstrel. The Hok tales are good, but (for my money) marred by the 'scientific racism' of the time they were written -- though Wellman did use good Neanderthals in a Silver John novel, The Hanging Stones (which, come to think of it, could make a good plot for an adventure set in Darkmoon Vale).
Unseelie Mar 29, 2009, 12:34 pm
How much does this overlap/not overlap with the Nightshade collections? I have all of their Wellman hardbacks and it would be nice to know what's in this that I don't already have.
Erik Mona Chief Creative Officer, Publisher Mar 29, 2009, 12:39 pm
It contains all of the stories from the Nightshade edition of "Owls Hoot in the Daytime" as well as the stories "Sin's Doorway" and "The Frogfather." I know "Sin's Doorway' was in one of the other Nightshade hardcovers, but I don't know for sure about "Frogfather".
jcfiala Jul 1, 2009, 08:54 am
Pathfinder Card Game Subscriber
Oh, I'm so there, and I've got the Nightshade editions. :) But it'll be cool to have a paperback copy I can carry around, my old paperback is all frayed.
Any chance you'll do some of his Silver John novels as well?
Snorter Sep 5, 2009, 10:15 am
Mrs Snorter just saw me tidying up my e-books, and saw 'The Devil's Asteroid', and told me she loved Mr Wellman, which was a surprise to me.I found this thread, to show her she's not alone.
She loves 'School for the Unspeakable', but I believe that is a different protagonist.
Kirth Gersen Sep 5, 2009, 10:17 am
jcfiala wrote:
Yes, please! Shipping for used copies from Amazon 3rd party sources is eating me alive!
Eric Hinkle Sep 16, 2009, 02:52 pm
Erik Mona wrote:
I think they had Frogfather in the collection titled "The Devil Is Not Mocked". And let me add another vote for reprints of the Wellman novels about John the Balladeer and John Thunstone.
bobby_5150 Oct 2, 2009, 11:27 pm
Eric is right. "The Frogfather" is in the second volume of Nightshades Wellman.
Wayne Abraham Dec 13, 2009, 11:48 pm
Silver John has long been a favorite of mine. Long meaning I first discovered Silver John 40 years ago in junior high! I'm looking forward to adding this new edition of Wellman's wonderful works to my library!
Matthew Morris RPG Superstar 2009 Top 32, 2010 Top 8 Dec 14, 2009, 05:42 am
Let me add that I am really looking forward to this, give me some Appalachian folklore.
James Sutter Contributor Dec 14, 2009, 10:59 am
This is, without doubt, my favorite Planet Stories book we've ever published. At least until Before They Were Giants comes out. :)
Mairkurion {tm} Dec 16, 2009, 01:56 pm
Placeholder art? I read through but didn't see anything one way or the other.
Mark Moreland Franchise Manager Dec 16, 2009, 02:01 pm
Mairkurion {tm} wrote:
Looks like a final image to me. That's not the picture we've been seeing for this one up to this point, and also isn't repurposed from any other Paizo source that I've seen.
I think you're right, Y8MH.
Vic Wertz Chief Technical Officer Dec 16, 2009, 02:37 pm
It's the final cover. (Usually, I put them up and leave notes, but Ross put up this one this morning.)
Ross should totally do that for Realm of the Fellnight Queen, too.
Kirth Gersen Dec 16, 2009, 02:45 pm
Wow! That final cover is like a zillion times better than the placeholder was. It not only accurately depicts the story and character, but it beautifully captures the pulp look of the time period.
Kirth Gersen wrote:
Ok, that cover alone makes me want to play a bard.
Thanks! And yeah, placeholder art is never commissioned - it's just cobbled together from other images we already have. So while you can totally judge a book by its cover, it's generally best to wait until we've shipped to the printer and the cover's been updated. ;)
Mr. Sleazoid Dec 18, 2009, 07:58 am
Oi! Devil - where in H*ll's my copy of this epic? I first tried to get a copy of this book (via Diamond Comic distributors) two summers ago. I was assured 2 weeks delivery. 2 weeks went by and I got a call that there was another week delay. No one called back. Afer a week I checked my sales agent (Chapter bookstore Toronto). Apparently the publisher had run out of copies & wasn't going to print more until demand was right - and they had forgotten to tell me. One birthday gift ruined...
This year, pre-order ads for the new version came out on Amazon Canada last fall for a Decmber 9 release. I immediately pre-ordered for Christmas. Dec. 9 became Dec. 14. Now they say it's due out in January. One Christmas gift ruined.
I've loved these stories since I first read them in High School. Admit it - this is all a conspiracy to destoy my faith in technology, right?
Mr. Sleazoid Dec 18, 2009, 02:13 pm
And since I wrote the last post (6 hrs. ago) it's turned to March 10. If it wasn't such a hassle, I'd want my money back. What gives?
James Sutter Contributor Dec 18, 2009, 02:18 pm
Mr. Sleazoid wrote:
Sorry about that - we've been waiting on final interior illustrations, which have taken a lot longer than expected, as well as some other issues with this line and the others that cost us time. It should ship to the printer any day now, which means that date's extremely unlikely to get pushed back.
All I can say is that s$&# happens, and we're doing the best we can. We want this book out as much as you do, for reasons both personal and professional. Thanks for understanding.
I'm a little bit confused here. Are you talking about a different collection from another publisher? This particular collection has never been in print, and hadn't even been announced two summers ago. We first announced this book in October 2008, with a scheduled release date of July 2009. However, that was when Planet Stories was a monthly line; when we shifted it to bimonthly, all of the announced books spread out a bit, and that moved this book to December. As James mentioned, delays with the art have since moved it back further.
jjb1011jjb Dec 22, 2009, 10:24 pm
wow awesome cover guys best book cover iv seen in a long time
Mr. Sleazoid Jan 10, 2010, 08:34 am
Hi. (Happy 2010 - sorry for the holdup). The publisher of the last collection (vs. the distributor) was Nightshade Books. It was part of the Selected Stories of Manley Wade Wellman series. I forget which volume - since I last checked, the title's apparently become unavaliable on Amazon! (Creeping Paranoi!) There's several volumes of his other Southern supernatural tales still avaliable from that publisher. However, yours looks awesome, with kind of cover you break out on the subway to impress people. ( Incidentally,more wierdness - how come there's four reviews of this book on Amazon, dating back to 1998?)
Jackanaples Jan 11, 2010, 06:26 am
The reviews on Amazon refer to previous editions of the book. In the 1960's there was a collection of some of Wellman's Silver John stories also titled WHO FEARS THE DEVIL? Then in 1988 Baen published the collection JOHN THE BALLADEER which contained all the stories of the previous collection, plus all the uncollected Silver John stories as well. The Night Shade edition OWLS HOOT IN THE DAYTIME was basically a reprint of the Baen paperback, albeit leather bound and very special.
Now the Paizo edition is due out soon, and it looks to be not only the first popular edition since Baen's but possibly the best yet. I already own the Baen and Night Shade editions, but I'll definitely be snapping this one up.
Love, love, LOVE the new cover by the way. Like your reprints of Brackett's Eric John Stark stories, this cover offers one of the best renditions of Wellman's hero I've seen.
I'd love to see Paizo reprint all five of Manly Wade Wellman's Silver John novels. Any chance in that happening? Please?
Kirth Gersen Jan 11, 2010, 07:23 am
Jackanaples wrote:
Pretty please? With sugar on top? I'd buy them for sure.
Marusaia Jan 29, 2010, 01:04 am
There's a cycle of folktales, also from the Carolina mountain country, called the "Jack Tales." They were first written down and made known outside of the oral tradition by Richard Chase, who collected them as part of a folklore project for the federal government during the New Deal. I'd be very curious to know if the Silver John stories are at all related to the old tales... the old ones certainly make for good source material!
Eric Hinkle Mar 13, 2010, 09:09 am
A question about the cover art: am I wrong, or is that scene taken directly from the Dry Bones story, where John foolishly sings a mountain gospel tune over some 'dry bones' he helps locals bury... only to find out that you really shouldn't ask, even in jest, for man-eating ogres to be restored to life?
Marusaia wrote:
There's probably a connection, as Manly Wade Wellman lived in the Ozarks for many years and was a close friend of the famed Ozark folklorist Vance Randolph.
Mairkurion {tm} Mar 13, 2010, 09:11 am
Woo-hoo! My shipment is on its way!
Jackanaples Mar 29, 2010, 09:26 am
Does anyone have this book yet? I preordered mine through Amazon months ago. The book is supposed to be out and at least Mairkurion's is en route to him. I've yet to receive mine.
Is the book actually out yet? Has there been another delay?
Matthew Morris RPG Superstar 2009 Top 32, 2010 Top 8 Mar 29, 2010, 09:41 am
Reading through it slowly but surely. I do find it enjoyable and am increasing an unusual vocabulary. Though now I need to find Old Nathan.
Yes, after a period I can only refer to as "The Great Wait," my sub copy arrived. Once I finish the last story in the first Imaro book, I'm going to start reading this, although I've decided to take the "read it slowly, one story at a time" advice.
EDIT: Is Old Nathan the Mercedes Lackey book?
Joana Mar 31, 2010, 07:09 pm
Pathfinder Companion, Maps Subscriber; Pathfinder Roleplaying Game Superscriber
Book is out, but Amazon is notoriously slow about getting new Paizo products in. Right now it lists as "Ships in 2 to 4 weeks" on Amazon, I believe.
Jackanaples Apr 1, 2010, 01:34 am
Mairkurion, OLD NATHAN is a novel by David Drake that was inspired by, and dedicated to his friend Manly Wade Wellman.
It was published by Baen, though I think it's out of print now. It's easy to find cheap in used bookstores though.
Oh, and thanks very much everyone for the response to my question. Guess I just have to wait...
Eric Hinkle Apr 3, 2010, 08:34 am
Matthew Morris wrote:
Just so you know, Old Nathan was reprinted together with a short novel and the complete Hogben stories by Kuttner by Baen a few years back. The title was something like Mountain Magic, and it's a very worthwhile purchase.
Loopy Apr 5, 2010, 06:36 pm
That's what I like about the recent Conan collection: the fact that they are presented chronologically as published rather than in-world chronological order.
Matthew Morris RPG Superstar 2009 Top 32, 2010 Top 8 Apr 6, 2010, 07:15 am
Eric Hinkle wrote:
I also found it in Baen's free library online. Good to know.
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text:
Diaz, Armando, Duke of Victory
By Alessandro Salvador
Diaz, Armando Vittorio (Duca della Vittoria)
Born 05 December 1861 in Naples, Italy
Died 29 February 1928 in Rome, Italy
Armando Diaz was an Italian officer and a general during World War I. In 1917, after the defeat of Caporetto, he replaced Luigi Cadorna as chief of general staff of the Italian army. He reformed the army and laid the foundation for the final victory at Vittorio Veneto.
1 Early Life and Career
2 From Defeat to Victory
Early Life and Career↑
An Italian of Spanish descent, Armando Diaz (1861-1928) started his military career very early. After attending the military school at Nunziatella, he became an artillery officer at the military academy in Turin in 1884. His first active service was during the war against Turkey in 1911, where he served as a lieutenant colonel and infantry commander in Libya. Promoted to major general in 1914, he was assigned to Luigi Cadorna's (1850-1928) staff when Italy joined World War I.
In 1916, he asked to serve in a combatant unit and was promoted to lieutenant general and commander of the 49th Division in the 3rd Army at the Isonzo Front. After being wounded in service, he received a silver medal for his valuable military contributions.
From Defeat to Victory↑
After the defeat at Caporetto, Diaz replaced Cadorna as general chief of staff. Younger than his predecessor, Diaz belonged to a new generation of World War I generals, able to deal with politicians and capable of bold reforms. An important improvement was made in the organization of the line of command. Diaz was not afraid to decentralize responsibilities and at the same time he reorganized the peripheral commands, giving specific and clear assignments. He worked hard together with Pietro Badoglio (1871-1956) to improve the quality of training and weaponry for the soldiers.
The most radical measures concerned the soldiers' quality of life. He shortened the periods at the front and reorganized the periodic leaves, with specific attention to the needs of the peasants. The food supply was improved in quantity and quality and the rear lines provided comfortable accommodations and recreational activities for the soldiers waiting to return to the front. Furthermore, a free insurance for soldiers and officers was introduced. Another important innovation was the creation of officials responsible for propaganda. They were not only responsible for organizing modern and efficient propaganda among the troops but also for assisting them and evaluating the moral situation, giving the commanders in the field the information they needed to better manage the soldiers. These radical changes transformed the Italian army into a more modern and efficient one and prepared the terrain for the final offensive that started on 28 October 1918 along the Piave front. On 4 November 1918, Diaz announced the Italian victory.
After the war, Diaz was portrayed as a general who cared for his soldiers and led them to the victory. In 1923, the king appointed him "First Duke of Victory". After serving as a senator, he joined Benito Mussolini's (1883-1945) government in 1922 as minister of war. He reformed the Italian army and approved the constitution of the National Fascist Militia. When he retired in 1924, he received the title "Maresciallo d'Italia" from Mussolini. With this political move, Il Duce wanted to ensure the army's loyalty. Diaz died in February 1928 in Rome.
Alessandro Salvador, Independent Scholar
Section Editor: Marco Mondini
Cervone, Pier Paolo: Vittorio Veneto. L'ultima battaglia, Milan 1994: Mursia.
Gratton, Luigi: Armando Diaz duca della Vittoria. Da Caporetto a Vittorio Veneto, Foggia 2001: Bastogi.
Mangone, Angelo: Diaz. Da Caporetto al Piave a Vittorio Veneto, Milan 1987: Frassinelli.
Pozzato, Paolo: Vittorio Veneto. La battaglia della vittoria (24 ottobre-4 novembre 1918), Treviso 2008: ISTRESCO.
Salvador, Alessandro: Diaz, Armando, Duke of Victory , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2016-03-09. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10854.
Warfare and the military > Command and control > Officers
Warfare and the military > Command and control > Civil-military relations
Warfare and the military > Military planning and recruitment > Decoration, military
Warfare and the military > Military planning and recruitment > Strategies, military
Warfare and the military > Combatants > Artillery
Warfare and the military > Battles, battlefields and campaigns > Battles, battlefields and campaigns, Italy
Vittorio Veneto; Isonzo; Caporetto; Cadorna; Italy
Alternative Name, Pseudonym
Duca della Vittoria
Diaz, Armando
Diaz, Armando, duca della Vittoria, 1861-1928
Armando Diaz (1861-1928)
Benito Mussolini's (1883-1945); Luigi Cadorna's (1850-1928); Pietro Badoglio (1871-1956)
Turin; Rome; Nunziatella Military School; Naples; Caporetto (Kobarid) (Karfreit)
Western Europe > Italy
Salvador, Alessandro


text:
The Farming of Bones
Custom «The Farming of Bones» Essay Paper Sample
The Farming of Bones focuses much on the theme of identity construction. It entails the personification of pleasure and pain, the past and the present and an individual's reality and dream and who does experience the difficulties of her national and social identity in a post-colonial culture that is characterized by unequal relations of economic and social power, inferiority, otherness experience and social clashes (Danticat, Edwidge, 1998). Presence of Ambelle, who is the book's female protagonist, is deeply complemented especially from her description of events. Ambelle experiences many brutal incidences that surround the massacre and slaughtering of the Haitians in the republic of Dominican. The massacre happened during the rule of Raphael Trujillo back in 1937. The level of poverty and the poor social and economic conditions among the Haitian people forces them to migrate to Dominican Republic to work as farm labourers (Ink, Lynn Chun, p. 801). This is due to the fact that they lack the opportunity to enjoy even the ordinary means of life. The act of migration worsens their situation.
The Farming of Bones is a survivor's story. It is mainly concerned with the story of a woman killed in the massacre. This is based on the Haitian oral tales contained in the books of history. The title 'The farming of the bones" has been used to portray the suffering these men and women faced in the fields. Attacks from the snakes and rats in the fields leaves them bruised and their sin cut through at the end of the day. It portrays a colection of several characters and their ultimate experiences from the Haiti island. Amabelle is the protagonist in the story. She desires to become a house maid in the Dominican Republic just after her parents drown in the waves of MassacreRiver which is the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
Women's national and social identity is highly valued especially with their voice and their experience memory. This is apparent on Amabelle's analytical reflection and her experiences of the massacre and also the impacts of the slaughtering driving her long for her national identity. Her construction of identity is challenged by the turmoil's and toils she undergoes through as a result of the massacre.
The book starts with Valencia and Amabelle as grown women. During the birth of Valencia's twin-babies, Amabelle is within the vicinity. Amabelle's sister is married to a Dominican army officer who is very ambitious. He is then given the task of organizing the brutal murder of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic. Amabelle has a lover called Sebastien who works sugar cane field, owned by Ignacio. This was a terrible job known to workers as ''farming the bones'' because of its killing, exhausting harshness. The relationship of Amabelle with the family she serves is very pleasant yet very distant in terms of virtues aligned therein.
The novel confronts her times with the other Haitian labourers in the cane fields within their homes in very pleasant conversations. They then gradually realize that the Dominican dictator is really against their wishes and that their entire lives are completely worthless before those who claim tobe hiring them. Such tension is escalated when a poor cane worker is accidentally murdered by a careless driver. He is however not brought to book for the mistake he commited. This shows that there is no one even the Haitians who car for them. Sebastien disappears, presumably killed when the killing is started. Amabelle flees probably to Haiti all through the mountain cliffs and trails. Those who escaped are seriously pursued, beheaded or forced to jump over the cliffs in order toprevent them from reaching Haiti. Some were beaten todeath. Amabelle dreams a lot about Sebastien, but they are indeed erotic.
Danticat brings outhow one's world which is disrupted by life's violent waywardness can be shocking. The strangeness of the survivor's plight is depicted by the gaps left by unanswered questions, the dreams, the lost time. This brings out some suspense as to the fate of Amabelle: Is she considered a failure or a survivor? Did she die along with the others at the river who were pushed from the cliffs into the abyss of death? The novel explains vividly how one survives in harsh conditions as with each stitch Amabelle sews into the piece of cloth brings her much closer to the world of survival and its entire meaning (Martin, W.Todd, p. 249).
Towards the end of the novel she listens to a Haitian tour guide's discussion on the Henry's citadel. He claims that famous men never die, but it's only the faceless and indeed nameless individuals who disappear like smoke into the thin air once they die. Amabelle decides to counteract the aftermath of the massacre which is simply to remember the facts vividly and amicably because should she forget then the stories would like a dress with no hem or a fish with no tail, a drop with no fall or even a body in the sunlight with no shadow. She must remember at least something most fundamental is the life of Sebastian.
Most Haitians crossed the border due to several reasons which could either be personal, political or even social problems (Hewett, Heather, p. 138). The women of Haiti crossed the border of the Dominican Republic in order to give birth. This entails to the pregnant women who wanted access to better health care for their unborn children at the hands of some qualified doctors at the border. The clinics were located at the borders to help in attracting both the Haitians and the citizens of the Dominican Republic. The Haitians and the Dominican citizens were very poor and could not access health care facilities which were otherwise very expensive in their home countries and even abroad. Dr. Camila Perozo chose to build his clinic in Jimani area to serve poor people on both sides of the border. Nevertheless most of the women at the hospital hailed from the Haiti country. Others escaped the enormous and frequent earth quakes experienced at their country. Haiti is frequently attacked by massive earth quakes that render most individuals homeless and due to this fact they decide to cross the border to the neighboring country.
Not only do the pregnant women cross the border, but dozens of injured Haitians also cross Dominican border for medical attention. Dominican authorities stepped up immigration controls due to the fear of the influx of illegal convicts and immigrants escaping from Port-au-Prince prison. At the GeneralMelecianoHospital, in Jimani which is about 280 kilometers west of the Dominican capital city, buses were seen with loads of injured children, women, men and the elderly. Many had fractured skulls and broken limbs from the Port au Prince.
Haitians crossed the Dominican border to escape the misery and effects of the dire abject poverty. Since they are faced with severe human needs coupled with 70% unemployment, Haitians constantly make their way to the border town of Ouanam in the seeking the promise of a better life. The individuals who have crossed the border promise their colleagues a better life once they cross the border to the other side of the land. This simply escalates the rate of migration to the Dominican Republic by the Haitians. The Haitians cross the border to attend the twice a week market days practiced across the border. This practice is believed to be of much economical importance to the Haitians who only head to the market on one market day within the week.
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Some of the social problems between Haitians and Dominicans date back to 1822. These include the tension, mistrust and prejudice. It was when Haiti became the world's first black republic. Haiti invaded the Dominican Republic in order to stop the Spanish slavery on the Island. They harshly ruled the Dominicans until Dominicans gained independence in 1844. Since then, many Dominican officials have practiced racism by warning that Haiti has intentions of taking over the whole island. In 1937, a worst conflict between the two countries erupted. Over 30,000 migrant Haitians were slaughtered along the MassacreRiver near the border as a result of an order by the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo. Problems such as high unemployment and depressed wages have been put forward to explain the influx of undocumented Haitians. Most of them have been welcomed across the border to work in low-paying jobs harvesting sugar cane or building roads. There has been an increase in the complaints over the recent years. The Dominican Republic has the highest growth rates in the Western Hemisphere which is about 7 percent. On the other hand, Haiti has been the region's poorest country. The past few years have seen unprecedented improvements in relations despite the tensions therein.
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The Dominican and Haitian presidents last year reciprocated visits. This came for the first time in six decades. The two governments took the steps in 1996 in order to strengthen diplomatic, legal, and commercial ties, paving the way last year for the countries to begin direct mail service and to stop routing their letters through Miami as they used to do it before.
The individual's personal characteristic gets lost as revealed by statistics and historical facts. The understanding of what might have occurred is evident from the rise of characters dating back from the time of the massacre (Charters, Mallay). The problems experienced by the people and the suffering they had to go through is made too real. The same problems experienced during those times of massacre are very evident in our current world today. This portrays a society that does live in misunderstanding and conflict and which is largely characterized by war.
Despite the many problems portrayed and evidenced by the author, the book also brings out the idea of hope and expectations in the middle of death. From the beginning, Amabelle has experienced internal conflicts. She is haunted by the past memories and dreams which comes as flashbacks. This is very symbolic of the fact that the author presents a life that is fragile and limited. Life can end even having the finest of circumstances; however, we can always cultivate something that we can always hold on to (Danticat, Edwidge, 1998). It presents a very hard decision of choosing to live in a world where people are brutally slaughtered and the "Farming of bones" alludes to this kind of man slaughter.
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In conclusion therefore, it is evident that The Farming of Bones brings out the significance of a society that is founded on a common experience. Danticat proposes a reconnection of both countries into one single homeland. Accepting her roots in Haiti, Amabelle's final decision of going back to the Dominican Republic symbolizes the renewal of her past hope and relations. Her entering into the river signifies a kind of "betweenness" which suggests that she is neither Dominican nor fully a Haitian and she finds her home between the two countries. This also serves as an initiative to integrate the two countries in to nation that is governed by understanding and respect of the human life which is considered precious. From the perspective presented, it is apparent that despite the colour, race and nationality disparity, it is possible to cultivate an alliance and build a peaceful community. Under any circumstance, the after effects can be severe if the immigrants are regarded as 'other' or even worse as the enemy.
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Such kind of colonial mind-set call for the urgency of building an identity which in itself independent of imperial pressures/influences. Danticat explains how the act of globalization contributes to perforation and softening of boundaries and urges people to lessen their armour of rigidity to a strong engagement with other people. He provides a practical application and a transnational perspective of our current-day living that can make us to be a step closer to universal point of view which all people can relate to. Amabelle demonstrates forgiveness to a global peaceful world which is free of colonial influences and hatred
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text:
Vince Neil confirms busy 2016 tour plans
Former Motley Crue frontman Vince Neil has confirmed plans for a busy live schedule in 2016.
"Well, I've retired from Motley Crue; that's no more," Neil tells Eyes Of The Game sports radio host Helen Yee, "but I've got 70 solo shows starting April 29th 'til the end of the year, so I'll be touring. It never gets old."
Neil has yet to announce his full schedule; with no current website and nothing listed on his Facebook page, there is one date confirmed and currently on sale via Ticketmaster – a July 29 show at the Thunder Valley Casino Resort in Lincoln, CA with Queensryche and Great White.
The singer's live band includes Slaughter members Dana Strum on bass, guitarist Jeff Blando and drummer Zoltan Chaney – all three appeared on Neil's latest album, 2010's "Tattoos & Tequila."
Neil and Motley Crue wrapped up their farewell tour at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on New Year's Eve, bringing an end to the group's 35-year career.
The singer has been filming his appearances on NBC'TV's new season of The Celebrity Apprentice, which returns to NBC this fall with new host Arnold Schwarzenegger since the network parted ways with Donald Trump last June.
The celebrity lineup also includes boxing campion Laila Ali, TV host Brooke Burke-Charvet, NFL star Eric Dickerson, Boy George from Culture Club, American Ninja Warrior host Matt Iseman, actress Carrie Keagan, stylist Carson Kressley, WNBA champion Lisa Leslie, comedian Jon Lovitz, former reality TV star Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi, actress Kyle Richards, UFC star Chael Sonnen, TV host Porsha Williams, NFL legend Ricky Williams, and singer Carnie Wilson.
Nikki Sixx reflects on end of Motley Crue
Sixx:AM release Rise lyric video
Sixx:A.M. release new single and announce US tour
Motley Crue: Vince Neil raises record $200,000 on Celebrity Apprentice
Search Motley Crue at hennemusic
Labels: Motley Crue, Vince Neil


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