text:
Scare stories about crime have been a staple of Republican campaign ads for decades. This year is the worst I've ever seen. That's a big part of the reason that fear of crime is rising, even when crime is not.
In Minnesota, lying Republican ads attack Governor Tim Walz and Attorney General Keith Ellison. Even Fox News, never a Democratic partisan, calls one of the Republican ads a "five-alarm falsehood."
Finding facts about crime rates is complicated. The most reliable numbers come from FBI and Bureau of Justice Statistics reports. Even these two sources are incomplete, though they are the best we have. FBI statistics rely on voluntary reporting by local police departments. Complicating matters further, the FBI just changed some of the ways it compiles reports.
With that caveat, the official numbers and reports are still 100 percent more reliable than political attack ads or "gut feelings" about crime. I've been reading and collecting news reports, and this post is a brief summary, with links to articles that I found most informative.
Georgia celebrated a record first-day early voting turnout of more than 131,000 on October 17. In contrast, armed and masked vigilantes intimidated voters at ballot drop boxes in Arizona.
Georgia's turnout represents the best of U.S. democracy. Arizona represents the dark future if election deniers and proponents of the Big Lie win.
Attacks on voting rights began long before the 2020 election, with moves by Congress and the Supreme Court to gut the 1965 Voting Rights Act. The attacks continue in this electoral cycle, with intimidation of voters, restrictions on absentee voting, and laws designed to make in-person voting more difficult, especially for voters of color and low-income voters.
The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1870, says: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
For nearly a century, states in the South flouted the law, denying Black people the right to vote through poll taxes, literacy tests, intimidation and assassination. After church bombings, lynchings, assassinations, and other bloody repressions of civil rights activists, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act in 1965 to protect against racial discrimination in voting.
Elections depend on loyal election officials, many of them volunteers, all committed to free and fair elections. Some are paid, full-time government employees, working year-round to make sure that elections run smoothly. Some are your neighbors, volunteering from 6 am to 9 pm in polling places on election days.
Now more than one in five U.S. election officials say they may quit because of threats and political pressure. In August, a U.S. Justice Department task force reported investigating more than 1,000 threatsagainst election workers, and said more than 11 percent could warrant criminal prosecutions because of threats of violence. Threats reported to the Justice Department are the tip of the iceberg: most go to local police or are not reported at all.
Originally published in the Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder. "This is the third of MSR's "Elections Under Attack" series that looks at four threats to our elections growing out of the Big Lie that the former president won the 2020 election. Articles in the series look at each of these threats to democratic elections in the United States, with an emphasis on Minnesota. Part I:Big Lie candidates running in November; Part II: Sabotaging the election process. Part III: Threats to election officials; Part IV: Attacking voting rights."
Election sabotage is not just something that could happen in November 2022 or in 2024: It is an ongoing crime that began with the 2020 election. This sabotage prominently included attempts to coerce state officials to "find" more votes, designation of illegal slates of electors, Congressional Republican votes against certification of election results, and the January 6 armed attack on the Capitol.
Electoral sabotage continues with the Big Lie that the former president won the election and that there was widespread election fraud. The Big Liar and other proponents of the Big Lie ignore all evidence and now prepare to attack and undermine the coming elections. They cannot overturn the 2020 election, but they can foment distrust and disgust with the electoral process that is vital to democracy.
Big Lie candidates running in November
In Minnesota, Republican Kim Crockett is running for Secretary of State on a Big Lie platform. She calls the 2020 election "lawless," "illegitimate" and "rigged." She wants to severely restrict absentee and mail voting, saying that postal workers cannot be trusted to deliver ballots.
Her lies about elections put her squarely in the ranks of Republicans running on the Big Lie platform this year—and she's running for the statewide office that has the most to do with election integrity.
Originally published in the Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder. "This is the first of MSR's "Elections Under Attack" series that looks at four threats to our elections growing out of the Big Lie that the former president won the 2020 election. Articles in the series look at each of these threats to democratic elections in the United States, with an emphasis on Minnesota. Next week: Part II: Sabotaging the election process. In coming weeks: Part III: Threats to election officials; Part IV: Attacking voting rights."
Across the country, right-wing proponents of the Big Lie have launched attacks against voting rights, election processes, and election officials. Besides these ongoing attacks, dozens of Big Lie candidates are running for key state offices that will give them control of election machinery.
More Funding for the IRS Will Help the Middle Class
Fotolia image
The Inflation Reduction Act gives the IRS $80 billion in new funding to upgrade and, among other things, to hire 87,000 new agents. The country desperately needs that investment to compensate for massive budget cuts to the IRS over the past decade, to update antiquated technology, and to enable the agency to go after über-wealthy billionaires and transnational corporations who have successfully evaded or outright refused to pay taxes for years.
Republicans in Congress falsely say that the new IRS agents will be armed and will go after low and middle-income taxpayers. These completely false claims have sparked a wave of rightwing threats of violence. A Republican candidate for the Florida legislature called for Floridians to "shoot FBI, IRS, ATF and all other feds on sight! Let freedom ring!"
The scare stories are totally false. In actual fact, the new funding follows a decade of defunding. The IRS enforcement budget was cut by more than 25 percent from 2012 to 2020, and the agency lost almost 6,000 agents.[1] With less money and fewer agents, the IRS conducted fewer audits overall, and collected far less money, only $11 billion in 2019, compared to $28 billion in 2010.
Mar-a-Lago: Eight Questions and Answers
Scales of justice with question mark. Image by Esquivalience, used under Creative Commons license.
Question #1: Did the FBI "raid" Trump's Mar-a-Lago residence?
Answer: No. The FBI executed a search warrant. A search warrant is issued by a judge. In order to get a search warrant, the prosecutor must demonstrate probable cause to believe two things: that a crime has been committed and that evidence of the crime will be found on the premises to be searched.
Trump said there was no difference between Watergate and the FBI actions. That is arrant nonsense. Watergate was a burglary committed by criminals who clandestinely broke into offices in the dead of night. At Mar-a-Lago, the FBI executed a search warrant openly and in the full light of day, pursuant to a legal court order.
June 13, 2022 · 10:20 pm
Dear Mr. President: Don't go to Saudi Arabia
I sent this email to the White House tonight:
Dear Mr. President:
Please do NOT go to Saudi Arabia. A presidential appearance there gives aId and comfort to Mohammed Bin Salman, who is implicated in the brutal murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. You have called Saudi Arabia a pariah state. It is. It should be.
Please–stand up for human rights and do not visit Saudi Arabia.
Jamal Khashoggi was a Saudi journalist living and working in the United States. He was a columnist for the Washington Post. On October 2, 2018, Khashoggi was ambushed, suffocated, and dismembered in the Saudi embassy in Turkey. His assassination by a 15-person Saudi hit squad was well-documented, his gruesome final moments on audio tape, and the connection to Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman is well-established.
Nor is that the only reason to steer clear of a visit to Saudi Arabia. Fifteen of the nineteen 9/11 hijackers were Saudis, and 9/11 families continue to call for accountability on the part of Saudi Arabia. Some families are suing Saudi Arabia for damages. Terry Strada, widow of Tom Strada, wrote to President Biden on behalf of the 9/11 Families United organization:
"Please stand where no other President since 9/11 has stood, with the September 11 community in our pursuit for justice, and prioritize a full and complete discussion of the Saudis' continued denial of their complicity in the attacks.
"We strongly suspect that you recognize the wisdom and justice in this request, and that you understand and support our efforts, but we need to see the actions, not just the words …"
I invite you to copy my letter and send, or write in your own words. This is the link to contact the President: https://www.whitehouse.gov/contact/
Racism and Anti-Semitism: Ignoring Evil Does Not Make It Go Away
Holocaust Remembrance Day was yesterday, January 27. Today, Bo Erickson of CBS News reports that there are swastikas drawn on almost every column in Union Station in Washington, DC.
In Tennessee, a school board banned the teaching of the Pulitzer Prize-winning graphic novel, Maus. That novel teaches about the Holocaust. It is based on the experience of the author's parents. They survived Auschwitz concentration camp. His mother later killed herself.
The McMinn County Board of Education thinks the novel is disturbing and too adult for high school students.
The Holocaust is an obscenity. Learning about the Holocaust SHOULD be disturbing.


text:
Home Tools & Resources Video Library Analysis of Protein Glycosylation using Protein Deglycosylation Mix
Identification and Characterization of Protein Glycosylation
Here we illustrate the use of glycosidases for the analysis of a model glycoprotein: recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin beta (hCGβ), which carries both N-glycans and O-glycans in this video. The technique requires only simple instrumentation and typical consumables, and it can be readily adapted to the analysis of multiple glycoprotein samples.
Anthony Sheets:
The overall goal of the following experiment is to illustrate the use of glycosidases for the enzymatic deglycosylation and analysis of N and O-linked glycosylation on a model glycoprotein.
This is achieved by treating a glycoprotein with PNGase F or with the Protein Deglycosylation Mix. Also, the Protein Deglycosylation Mix was supplemented with a mixture of additional exoglycosidases, which sometimes help remove otherwise resistant sugars. We illustrate this method using a model glycoprotein, recombinant human chorionic gonadotropic β or hCG β.
Next, SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie blue staining and sugar-specific staining method, Pro-Q Emerald 300, are used in order to analyze the deglycosylated hCG β sample. Results are obtained which show that hCG β is heterogeneously glycosylated and contains multiple glyco-forms based on the differences in protein migration with and without glycosidase treatment and the diminished signal on Pro-Q staining, as the glycans are successively removed.
Alicia Bielik:
The main advantage of this technique over existing methods, such as mass spectrometry analysis, is that it's simple, uses common laboratory equipment, and is good for the novice glycobiologist. This method can answer key questions in the glycobiology field such as, "Is my protein glycosylated?"
To begin enzymatic deglycosylation, thaw the supplied buffers from the protein deglycosylation kit. Mix the tubes thoroughly and keep at room temperature. Place the enzyme containing vials on ice. Dissolve the contents of the hCG β vial in 600 microliters of distilled water and keep on ice. After preparing 1 milliliter of 1x G7 buffer by diluting the 10x stock in distilled water, use 25 microliters to dilute 0.5 microliters of PNGase F. Prepare the exoglycosidase mix by combining 2 microliters each of the four exoglycosidases. Next, add hCG β and 10x glycoprotein denaturing buffer to 7 numbered PCR tubes, as indicated in the written protocol. Cap the tubes and mix gently.
Denature the proteins in the thermocycler by incubating 10 minutes at 94° Celsius, followed by a 4° Celsius hold. After removing the tubes from the thermocycler, centrifuge to remove any visible condensation. To each reaction tube, add the remaining reagents according to the written protocol. Close the PCR tubes using new caps, then mix the tubes by gently tapping four times. After spinning down the contents, place the tubes in the thermocycler. Incubate at 37° Celsius for 4 hours. Follow by cooling the samples to 4° Celsius.
To set up SDS-Page, prepare fresh 3x reducing SDS-loading buffer with DTT. Add 12.5 microliters of the prepared 3x reducing SDS-loading buffer to each sample. Close the tubes with new caps and gently tap the tubes to mix. Incubate the tubes in the thermocycler at 94° Celsius for 5 minutes and then cool to 4° Celsius. Following incubation, load 30 microliters of each sample and 10 microliters of the protein marker on a 10-20% tris-glycine gel, saving the remainder of each sample. Electrophorese the gel at 130V until the dye front is near the bottom of the gel. When the gel has finished running, remove the gel from the cast and place it in a small, plastic box with enough Coomassie blue stain to cover the gel. Stain the gel for one hour with gentle agitation.
After the gel is stained, wash three times for 30 minutes in 50 milliliters of destained solution. Record the images using a white light transilluminator or scanner. Alternatively, the gel can be dried between sheets of cellophane in a frame.
Run the remainder from each sample and a protein marker on a 10-20% tris-glycine gel. While the gel is running, dissolve the Pro-Q Emerald reagent with DMF and prepare the stock-fix, wash, and oxidizing solutions for the stain, following the product manual provided with the kit. When the electrophoresis is complete, remove the gel from the cast and place it in a plastic box. Fix the gel by adding 100 milliliters of the prepared fix solution. Leave the gel overnight at room temperature with gentle agitation. The following day, wash the gel with 100 milliliters of the prepared wash solution for 10-20 minutes at room temperature with gentle agitation, repeating the wash a second time with fresh wash solution.
Next, oxidize the carbohydrates by incubating the gel with gentle agitation for 30 minutes in 25 milliliters of the prepared oxidizing solution. Follow the incubation with two additional washes. While the gel is washing, prepare fresh Pro-Q Emerald 300 stain by adding 500 microliters of the Pro-Q Emerald 300 reagent solution to 25 milliliters of staining buffer provided in the kit. Stain the gel by incubating in the prepared stain under dark condition with gentle agitation for 90-120 minutes. Subsequent to gel staining, repeat the two wash steps as described earlier. Then, record the images with a UV transilluminator at 300 nanometers. As a final step, compare the images of the Coomassie-stained gel with the Pro-Q Emerald-stained gel.
The changes in protein migration after enzymatic deglycosylation can be seen when the control sample is compared with the PNGase F treatment to remove N-glycans and to the deglycosylation-mixed treatment to remove N and O glycans. No further reduction in size is seen after digesting with additional glycosidases. Besides a change in mass, bands become sharper as glycans are removed. A band running under the 17 kilodalton marker probably represents the fully deglycosylated hCG β polypeptide. Lanes five to seven show the bands corresponding to the glycosidases. Other bands might derive from incomplete deglycosylation or from multiple, unidentified proteins present in the hCG β sample. The Emerald green reagent oxidizes and stains all gylcans present in a protein molecule, therefore, the intensity of the signal decreases as hCG β is enzymatically deglycosylated.
The residual signal in lanes three and four indicate the presence of glycan motifs, which are resistant to the enzymes used. The additional glycosidases used in lane four remove a few extra sugar residues. The protein migration is the same, but a slight reduction in intensity in staining can be seen. Resistant sugar moieties were not present in all protein species. Some bands were not detected by Emerald green, indicating that they were extensively deglycosylated. Additional data support the conclusion that hCG β is heterogeneously glycosylated. The lower band on lane two is faint on the Emerald green image, while the upper band on lane two is bright, indicating that many glycan groups are still present. These data support the conclusion that recombinant hCG β expressed in mouse cells contains multiple glycoforms due to the inherent heterogeneity of glycosylation.
Following this procedure, other methods, such as mass spectrometry, can be performed in order to answer additional questions, such as, what is the rate of occupancy, what is the extent of glycosylation, or what is the fine structure of the glycans. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to use glycosidases for the enzymatic deglycosylation and analysis of N and O-linked glycans on glycoproteins.
The choice of detection can be difficult because protein-staining regions are useful only if the deglycosylation results in a significant shift in molecular mass. For other proteins, we have seen abnormal migrations after deglycosylation and have found that any change in migration is evidence that the protein has been deglycosylated.
Overview of Glycobiology
One-step protocol for deglycosylation with Rapid PNGase F
Two-step protocol for deglycosylation with Rapid PNGase F
Visit NEB's Video Library

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Client Highlights
tablet tabset SELECT ANOTHER AREA PUBLICATIONS EVENTS AUDIO & VIDEO
mobile tabset SELECT ANOTHER AREA PUBLICATIONS EVENTS AUDIO & VIDEO
SPO Partners Affiliate Completes Investment in Liberty Media Corporation
Affiliates of S&C client SPO Partners & Co. completed their previously announced investment in newly issued shares of Series C Liberty Media common stock. The proceeds from SPO's investment, as well as those from other third-party investors investing simultaneously, were used to finance Liberty Media Corporation's acquisition of Formula 1, the global motorsports business, which also closed on January 23.
SPO is a San Francisco-based private equity investment firm that focuses on concentrated, long-term investments in public and private companies across a wide range of industries.
Liberty Media Corporation operates and owns interests in a broad range of media, communications and entertainment businesses, which are attributed to three tracking stock groups: the Liberty SiriusXM Group, the Braves Group and the Liberty Media Group. Liberty Media's interest in Formula 1 will be attributed to the Liberty Media Group, which was renamed to the Formula One Group at closing.
The S&C Los Angeles-based team advising SPO on the transaction consisted of Patrick Brown, Rita-Anne O'Neill and Edward Xia.
Patrick S. Brown
Rita-Anne O'Neill


Bio balls in containment bags.
It is not the bio-balls in a wet/dry trickle or other type of inert biological filter that go bad. Just like with an undergravel filter, it is the "lack of proper maintenance" that turns them into a nitrate factory. If you periodically rinse them off and keep them clean, nitrate and bio-balls woes should decrease, as long as this is the sole source of the nitrate problem in the aquarium. Cleaning them requires only 30 minutes or less.
Place some new saltwater in a five gallon plastic bucket, or any other type of good sized deep plastic container. This is where you will rinse and clean the bio-balls off. If you are planning for a water change, water removed from the aquarium may be used for this as well.
Remove about 1/4 of the bio-balls from the filter chamber and place them into the container with the saltwater.
Stir and swish the bio-balls around in the saltwater to break all the gunk or organic matter loose that is stuck on them. If they are extremely dirty, you may have to repeat this step. Do not scrub the bio-balls! Just allow the saltwater to do the job, nothing more than that.
Scoop the rinsed bio-balls out and place them back into the filter bio-chamber. A plastic kitchen colander works great for this, but any type of cup or small container with drain holes in it will do. The bio-balls come out, the yucky water stays behind.
Test for the appearance of ammonia every few days for a week, then every several days over another week after that. If the tests read near zero after this time, it is ok to repeat the process. If ammonia does appear, wait until readings drop back to zero, then wait another couple of weeks after that before repeating the process with the next batch of bio-balls.
This procedure is suggested to be performed on aquariums that have been running for at least 4 months, because the nitrifying bacteria have had time to develop a strong population, and in all likelihood the bio-balls have begun to accumulate a substantial, but not overwhelming amount of DOCs (Dissolved Organic Compounds) on them.
Never use freshwater to clean the bio-balls, and never clean all the bio-balls at once, as this in all likelihood will cause your system to crash. Because this procedure strips away and weakens the nitrifying bacteria population present on the bio-balls that the aquarium relies on to keep ammonia and nitrite in check, only clean about 1/4 of the bio-balls during any one cleaning session.
If your system has been running for sometime, say longer than 6 months, with no bio-ball maintenance at all, it may take a little time to get them cleaned up first. After that you can determine when periodic cleanings need to be performed based on how your individual system is set up and functions. You'll learn to know when it needs to be done.
Test for cleaning by lightly stirring up the top layer of the bio-balls. You will see gunk break loose. The only problem here is that in most all cases the mass of the organic matter settles in the bottom layer. You can stir the bio-balls up from the bottom, but be careful doing this because you may get a bunch of gunk shot into the tank if the filter output goes directly into the tank.
This procedure can be used to clean not only bio-balls, but other types of biological filtration mediums as well.
If you just want to clean the gunk out of the bio-balls and don't care about the bacteria that is on them, just put your dirty bio-balls into an old pillow case and run it through your washing machine on the "gentle" cycle with a little laundry detergent for a few minutes.


text:
Q: Re-run imported python module Very new to Python and I have a very basic question (I fear it is so basic that I don't really know how to research this question in the archives).
I've created basic modules and can import them into Python 3.4.3 Shell. On import, the module runs once and only once. Attempts to use exec() or other functions hasn't been successful. I'm sure I'm missing something basic, but how can I re-run a module once it's been initially imported? Attempts to google this question has not been successful.

A: Normally you only define functions in modules.
myModule.py
def myFunction(myArg):
    myArg = myArg + 1
    return myArg

main.py
import myModule
myModifiedValue = myModule.myFunction(myOriginalValue)

Use the following to write tests for your modules:
module.py
if __name__ == "__main__":
    if myFunction(5) != 6:
        print("Function doesn't work correctly!")
    else:
        print("Function works for argument '5'.")

The test will only be done if you run myModule.py, not if you import myModule.py in main.py
If you really want to reload a module use the reload function.
reload was moved to imp.reload in Python 3.x.The reload function should NOT be used to execute code directly in a module! You should use it only to reload the functions of a module.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The word is finally out: Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance will launch January 9 on PC. Amazon is now taking pre-orders for this brand new version of the game, selling the game for $29.99.
The PC version will include the additional DLC missions (VR Missions, Jetstream Sam and Blade Wolf), as well as the character armors (Inferno Armor, White Armor and Commando Armor), and the Gray Fox skin. So in other words, you get the complete package.
"CUTSCENES" added to the Main Menu. Play any and all cutscenes.
"CODECS" added to the Main Menu. Play all and any codec conversation scenes.
Added to the CHAPTER Menu the Boss Stage, enabling to play only the Boss battles.
On PC, the game will only be available as a download via Steam.
So be sure to pre-order quickly starting tomorrow if you're planning to get this version.


text:
The growth of Mexican restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska
Jeremy S. Dillon, Paul R. Burger, Barbara G. Shortridge
Many studies of ethnicity focus on the attempt to preserve individual group identity through various cultural media including food. In this paper we focus on the diffusion and assimilation of one ethnic group's signature foods into areas occupied by other groups. The goal is to identify the interval of time when an ethnic food makes the transition from "exotic ethnic other" to "common ethnic American." In this study we focus on Mexican food (or more accurately, Tex-Mex food) in Omaha, Nebraska. We use a combination of U.S. Census data, restaurant listings in Omaha telephone directories, a targeted questionnaire, and interviews with Mexican restaurant owners to examine the growth and spread of Mexican restaurants from historically ethnic Mexican population centers to the mostly non-Mexican portions of the city. We suggest that, after a period of experimentation and eventual acceptance by various European ethnic immigrant groups, the restaurant market in Omaha was prepared for the diffusion of Mexican restaurants (and Tex-Mex foods) sometime between 1965 and 1975. We demonstrate that the growth and spread of Mexican restaurants was not related to Mexican or Hispanic population growth in Omaha. Hence, our data suggest diffusion and assimilation of Mexican foods across various ethnic groups, rather than simple proportionate growth.
Journal of Cultural Geography
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'The growth of Mexican restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
food Social Sciences
ethnic group Earth & Environmental Sciences
assimilation Social Sciences
ethnicity Earth & Environmental Sciences
directory Earth & Environmental Sciences
population growth Social Sciences
census Earth & Environmental Sciences
telephone Social Sciences
Dillon, J. S., Burger, P. R., & Shortridge, B. G. (2007). The growth of Mexican restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska. Journal of Cultural Geography, 24(1), 37-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873630709478216
The growth of Mexican restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska. / Dillon, Jeremy S.; Burger, Paul R.; Shortridge, Barbara G.
In: Journal of Cultural Geography, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2007, p. 37-65.
Dillon, JS, Burger, PR & Shortridge, BG 2007, 'The growth of Mexican restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska', Journal of Cultural Geography, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 37-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873630709478216
Dillon JS, Burger PR, Shortridge BG. The growth of Mexican restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska. Journal of Cultural Geography. 2007;24(1):37-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873630709478216
Dillon, Jeremy S. ; Burger, Paul R. ; Shortridge, Barbara G. / The growth of Mexican restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska. In: Journal of Cultural Geography. 2007 ; Vol. 24, No. 1. pp. 37-65.
@article{3612d8a70c1f494692fbcb912bb2786f,
title = "The growth of Mexican restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska",
abstract = "Many studies of ethnicity focus on the attempt to preserve individual group identity through various cultural media including food. In this paper we focus on the diffusion and assimilation of one ethnic group's signature foods into areas occupied by other groups. The goal is to identify the interval of time when an ethnic food makes the transition from {"}exotic ethnic other{"} to {"}common ethnic American.{"} In this study we focus on Mexican food (or more accurately, Tex-Mex food) in Omaha, Nebraska. We use a combination of U.S. Census data, restaurant listings in Omaha telephone directories, a targeted questionnaire, and interviews with Mexican restaurant owners to examine the growth and spread of Mexican restaurants from historically ethnic Mexican population centers to the mostly non-Mexican portions of the city. We suggest that, after a period of experimentation and eventual acceptance by various European ethnic immigrant groups, the restaurant market in Omaha was prepared for the diffusion of Mexican restaurants (and Tex-Mex foods) sometime between 1965 and 1975. We demonstrate that the growth and spread of Mexican restaurants was not related to Mexican or Hispanic population growth in Omaha. Hence, our data suggest diffusion and assimilation of Mexican foods across various ethnic groups, rather than simple proportionate growth.",
author = "Dillon, {Jeremy S.} and Burger, {Paul R.} and Shortridge, {Barbara G.}",
doi = "10.1080/08873630709478216",
journal = "Journal of Cultural Geography",
T1 - The growth of Mexican restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska
AU - Dillon, Jeremy S.
AU - Burger, Paul R.
AU - Shortridge, Barbara G.
N2 - Many studies of ethnicity focus on the attempt to preserve individual group identity through various cultural media including food. In this paper we focus on the diffusion and assimilation of one ethnic group's signature foods into areas occupied by other groups. The goal is to identify the interval of time when an ethnic food makes the transition from "exotic ethnic other" to "common ethnic American." In this study we focus on Mexican food (or more accurately, Tex-Mex food) in Omaha, Nebraska. We use a combination of U.S. Census data, restaurant listings in Omaha telephone directories, a targeted questionnaire, and interviews with Mexican restaurant owners to examine the growth and spread of Mexican restaurants from historically ethnic Mexican population centers to the mostly non-Mexican portions of the city. We suggest that, after a period of experimentation and eventual acceptance by various European ethnic immigrant groups, the restaurant market in Omaha was prepared for the diffusion of Mexican restaurants (and Tex-Mex foods) sometime between 1965 and 1975. We demonstrate that the growth and spread of Mexican restaurants was not related to Mexican or Hispanic population growth in Omaha. Hence, our data suggest diffusion and assimilation of Mexican foods across various ethnic groups, rather than simple proportionate growth.
AB - Many studies of ethnicity focus on the attempt to preserve individual group identity through various cultural media including food. In this paper we focus on the diffusion and assimilation of one ethnic group's signature foods into areas occupied by other groups. The goal is to identify the interval of time when an ethnic food makes the transition from "exotic ethnic other" to "common ethnic American." In this study we focus on Mexican food (or more accurately, Tex-Mex food) in Omaha, Nebraska. We use a combination of U.S. Census data, restaurant listings in Omaha telephone directories, a targeted questionnaire, and interviews with Mexican restaurant owners to examine the growth and spread of Mexican restaurants from historically ethnic Mexican population centers to the mostly non-Mexican portions of the city. We suggest that, after a period of experimentation and eventual acceptance by various European ethnic immigrant groups, the restaurant market in Omaha was prepared for the diffusion of Mexican restaurants (and Tex-Mex foods) sometime between 1965 and 1975. We demonstrate that the growth and spread of Mexican restaurants was not related to Mexican or Hispanic population growth in Omaha. Hence, our data suggest diffusion and assimilation of Mexican foods across various ethnic groups, rather than simple proportionate growth.
U2 - 10.1080/08873630709478216
DO - 10.1080/08873630709478216
JO - Journal of Cultural Geography
JF - Journal of Cultural Geography


text:
Biography: Andrew Hill
I am an Instructor of Philosophy at Northwest Vista College in San Antonio, Texas. I was born in Houston, Texas, but later attended university and married in San Antonio, Texas, where I now live with my wife and son.
Northwest vista college
The Personal Story
Mary Lynne and Andrew Hill
I am a native Texan, born in Houston and raised in Sugar Land, Texas. I attended St. Thomas More Catholic grade school and Strake Jesuit College Preparatory in Houston, before attending St. Mary's University in San Antonio, where I met my wife Dr. Mary Lynne Gasaway Hill. During college, I spent two summers doing health care field work as a volunteer for Amigos de las America, in Mexico and Costa Rica respectively. After graduation, Mary Lynne and I were married on campus in Assumption Chapel in January of 1988. In fact, we baptized our son, Andrew James "AJ" Hill, on Easter Day in 2006 in the same chapel in which we had been married eighteen years earlier.
I began work at St. Mary's University in 1988, working in Enrollment Management, and later after law school, in Student Development first as the Associate Dean of Students and then later as the Director of the Service Learning Center. During this time, I was first appointed to the Associate Faculty of the Graduate School, as a Lecturer of law and ethics, on May 1, 1998. After five years, I was promoted to Senior Lecturer "in recognition of distinguished teaching service to the University."
While at St. Mary's University, I taught courses on international law and treaties, and on international legal systems, for the International Relations program at St. Mary's. I am a member of the American Society for International Law (ASIL) & International Bar Association (IBA).
Also while at St. Mary's University, I led several international service and study-abroad trips, including a service trip with a dozen students to Coahuila, Mexico in 2004, and a semester-long study abroad trip with three dozen students to London, England in 2002.
I have lectured widely on integrating Service Learning into international education programs, including at the 2004 Conference on International Education Exchange held in November in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and at the 2004 joint conference of the National Society for Experiential Education and the International Consortium for Experiential Learning held in October in Miami, Florida.
Also during these years, my wfe Mary Lynne was a professor at St. Mary's, in the English and Communication Studies Department. Together we worked and taught for many years at the University, and also tried to advance the Catholic and Marianist identity of the university. In recognition of these and other efforts, we jointly received the Marianist Heritage Award in January of 2000.
In the following years, we continued these efforts through: teaching as faculty members for the Marianist International Institute of Language (2000); publishing articles, a book chapter in "Understanding Student Affairs at Catholic Colleges and Universities" (2002), and the book "Stories from the Wake" (2005); presenting to Marianist high schools and universities, such as "The Characteristics of Marianist Education and Leadership," at Nolan Catholic High School, Ft. Worth, Texas (2003) and at the Marianist Universities Meetings (St. Mary's 1997, Dayton 1998, Chaminade 1999, St. Mary's 2001, Dayton 2002, Chaminade 2003, St. Mary's 2004, Dayton 2005); and leading the Marianist Forum, which I did with one of the Marianist Brothers, Dr. Michael Sullivan, S.M. (2003 - 2005).
In 2006, following the birth of our son "AJ," we relocated near family in Fort Worth, Texas. Mary Lynne cared for "AJ" and kept writing as an independent scholar, and I worked at the University of Dallas until 2008, the year I began my current studies at Trinity College Dublin. For the next four years, I enjoyed the famous Marianist hospitality as a frequent visitor and guest of the Brothers at the Marianist Community in Ballybrack, Dublin, near the Marianist school there: St. Laurence College. As a postgraduate research student looking into human rights, my research took me into the field of peace practitioners, and thus to the Glencree Centre for Peace & Reconciliation in Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow, Ireland, and to the Corrymeela Peace & Reconciliation Centre in Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland. The visit to Corrymeela was a life changer, and the entire family moved to Northern Ireland, as both Mary Lynne and I began working at the Centre as volunteers and young "AJ" was enrolled into the Ballycastle Integrated Primary School.
During this time, I was part of the team that planned and executed the 2011 Irish Peace Centres International Summer School, called "Capturing and Sharing the Learning," and also the 2012 Lilly Fellows Program Summer Seminar for College and University Teachers, called "Teaching Peace and Reconciliation: Theory and Practice in Northern Ireland." The latter program was funded with a generous grant from the Lilly Foundation, which allowed 14 college professors from the United States to travel to Corrymeela to study the history of the Anglo-Irish conflict in Ireland, the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, and the resulting move to a post-conflict society. The participants also explored the on-going reconciliation efforts with world-class scholars who are shaping its theoretical framework and with seasoned practitioners who are bringing this theory to life in a still divided society.
We returned to Texas for the beginning of the academic year in fall 2011, with Mary Lynne accepting a post back "home" in the English Department at St. Mary's University, and with me teaching Philosophy and Ethics at Northwest Vista College while I write my dissertation for Trinity College Dublin. To learn more about "the course of my life," see the above sections of this website: Home, Biography, Education, Teaching Experience, Administrative Experience, Service to NVC, Development, and Contact.
The participants in the 2012 Lilly Fellows Program Summer Seminar for College and University Teachers, called "Teaching Peace and Reconciliation: Theory and Practice in Northern Ireland."
- with my sister, Elizabeth
1964, Houston, Texas
- graduation from high school
- graduation from St. Mary's
1986, San Antonio, Texas
- getting married on campus
- working and teaching with Mary Lynne at St. Mary's U.
- the family in Dublin, Ireland
2010, Dublin, Ireland
A few scenes from the family farm, featuring our young son, Andrew James Hill
forward to education


The phone case was SPOT ON! Perfect and EXACTLY what I wanted for my boyfriend! He absolutely LOVES IT! Same with the photo book I got him! I will definitely be ordering from this website again. He loves the photo book so much, same the phone case! We are so impressed with the quality as well as the thought and effort the staff puts into these things! Thank you guys so much for making AMAZING products at such an inexpensive price!


19x the memory. 1x the price.
Now Armor safes store 188,000 recorded events in memory — more than a year of history for most retailers.
Taking advantage of the vastly improved memory, we now capture 3x the number of record types to give you a clearer picture of past transactions should you ever need to conduct an audit.
Armor safes do far more than just count your cash. We offer more than 30 reports and receipts, all to make managing your cash easier than ever.
Every transaction is recorded and tracked through each user's personal identification number (PIN), providing a seamless audit trail and individual accountability.
Every business is different. Your smart safe should adapt to your business, not the other way around. We built unparalleled flexibility into our platform to meet the needs of our diverse retail customers. Almost every aspect of how the safe integrates with your business is configurable.
We make it easy to give your users different privileges. Your managers should have different privileges than your cashiers. This makes it much easier to hire or promote employees — just select a privilege class for them and they'll automatically adopt the set of privileges you intend.


Trump staffed his golf clubs with undocumented workers — now Sandra Diaz and Victorina Morales are speaking out about how they were mistreated.
President Trump and the Trump administration might take a hard line on illegal immigration, claiming to be against undocumented immigrants who they incorrectly allege drain resources like social security. But in his business, the personal Donald Trump immigration policy looks quite different from the White House policy. The Trump golf courses routinely hired undocumented workers, including Sandra Diaz and Victorina Morales who are now speaking out.
'My name is Sandra Diaz. I am from Costa Rica.
My name is Victorina Morales. I am from Guatemala.
I worked for Mr. Trump at his golf course for almost five years.
I worked for five years at Trump's club in Bedminster, New Jersey.
One of the main duties was taking care of Mr. Trump's house, the house of his daughter, Ivanka Trump, and that of a Jets player.
Everything that had to do with that, from cleaning bathrooms, to taking care of his personal needs, everything was my responsibility.
There were six undocumented workers in housekeeping.
They helped me get my fraudulent papers at the club. The supervisor took my picture inside at the laundry. Afterwards, his cousin took me to get the fake papers.
Because we didn't have papers, which they knew from the beginning, we were treated differently.
There were a lot of insults, a lot of attacks at the club. They would tell us that we were stupid immigrants, that we didn't know English, and they would compare us to dogs.
One of my other responsibilities was to rain the new people.
That was one of the biggest problems, because we would train them, and then they would leave because of the way they treated immigrants.
One day, I was putting the sheets in the washing machine, and [my supervisor] hit me and said, 'Stupid! Can't you see that doesn't fit?' And she pushed me.
If I hadn't grabbed the wall, I would've hit my forehead on the door of the washing machine.
When I worked at the Trump golf course, we were repeatedly threatened that if we kept complaining, they would get immigration to come and take us away, and that we should be grateful to even have jobs.
We have people coming into the country, trying to come in, we're stopping a lot of them. But we're taking people out of the country. You wouldn't believe how bad these people are. These aren't people. These are animals.
My supervisor would insult us a lot because she would hear how he treated us just by watching TV. She would talk about how she liked how [the president] acted, how he treated us because we were criminals and rapists, and that the president was just telling the truth.
Because of all the problems, I went to talk to the general manager of the golf course to try to stand up for my coworkers and myself about how we were treated, but there was never any change.
He tries to make immigrants out to be criminals and rapists— it's heartbreaking to hear him say those things after he has seen us working there.
We were there. We took care of his house. We had direct contact with him, with his wife, with his son, with his in-laws. I spent time with them in the same room.
He had personally seen me, he had seen my coworkers, he had seen my friends who worked in landscaping. We had served, and served with love and we served well, and we are people who are honorable and know how to work.
It's just hypocrisy because he saw us there at his club, and it wasn't just me. There were many of us that worked there in Bedminster. He even tipped me three times. He asked where I was from, and I said from Guatemala, and he said he liked Guatemalans because they're hard workers.
We share our story because it isn't just one or two working there at the golf course and resort. It isn't just one or two. There are a lot.
President Trump thinks very few undocumented immigrants pay taxes. He's wrong.


It's easy to get caught up in today's world of deadlines, decisions and deliverables. Everyone you meet is submersed in the tribulations of the day, interconnected mentally and physically by technology. Time and purpose become lost in the hurly-burly of the day.
That same technology gave me a plan and found me Regina Laska and Leon. We'd never met or spoken until I stepped onto the boat and into a different dimension. A new space with fellowship, trust, empathy and humour. Wrapped up in our world of sunshine, food and watches, all on a rolling seascape of deep blue water.
Leaving the white cliffs of England. Course WSW, rounding Bretagne and setting course SSW towards Cape Finisterre, Spain.
Biscay can be a challenge, but we had only a good breeze and, even then, sometimes not enough! But we did have time, that precious commodity. It allowed us space for banter, debate and laughter. And with this came that long slow Atlantic swell undulating across the horizon and dark dark skies with innumerable stars.
It's cathartic, for a while, to live in a different space. To see, but not to be seen. But then the signals of that other world, iMessage, Facebook, family and friends break through the calm and it ends before you know it.
The sextant was frequently used for celestial navigation.
Doing the astro-calculations is fun!
For a short while, though, there was space and time to escape. Taking our shrinking world and stretching out the horizon into nothing but companionship.
Leaving Spain to port, we continued south along the Galicien coast until we arrived in Portosin after 600+ miles of nonstop sailing.
So, thanks Regina Laska, Leon and the guys for a week of much-needed escapism.


How To Throw An Office Christmas Party On A Budget?
Office parties are a great way for people to interact and take a break from the monotonous work for a while. And, what better than the Christmas season, when everybody is all charged up, to throw an office Christmas party and boost their energy levels more.
You must have set a budget and to host a fun party. Of course, if you plan a party inside your workplace, you'll save lots of dollars. But, if you have sufficient amount to spend on hosting a fun Christmas event, then why not have it at a different venue. It will break the monotony and give your employees something to look forward to. Make sure you choose a corporate event venue quickly to ensure you get to host the event on your preferred date. You can involve employees in the process too. Planning a Christmas party will give your employees a lot of room to play with their creativity and also strengthen peer to peer relationships.
When planning an office Christmas party on a budget, you must be very careful about the day of the bash. If yours is a company that has the busiest work schedule even during the Christmas season, you might not want the party to result in loss of productivity. To make sure the productivity of your employees stays intact while at the same time you all have a great time, choose a day before the weekend or any holiday.
So, now that you've chosen a venue and a day, the next step is to decide on a theme for your Christmas party. Depending on the theme you choose, you will need various props. For a basic Christmas theme, you'll need a Christmas tree to the little bells to decorate the venue every little thing is a must. For themes like movie marathons and masquerade, you'll need masks and audio visual displays. Corporate event venues like Mirage Banquets help take care of decor as per your requirements.
Choosing the right venue that offers all facilities can help you organize a perfect office Christmas party without spending too much. Want to plan a Christmas party for your organization, contact us at Mirage Banquets today!


text:
Arab Parliament renews calls for lifting Sudan from terror list
Arab Parliament renews calls for lifting Sudan from terror list February 11, 2019 at 12:32 am | Published in: Africa , Asia & Americas , Israel , Middle East , News , Sudan , US Arab Parliament speaker, Mishaal Al-Salami [Middle East News Agency/Facebook] February 11, 2019 at 12:32 am The Arab Parliament's speaker, Mishaal Al-Salami, yesterday renewed its calls to the United States, demanding the removal of Sudan from the American terror list.
Speaking at a session held at Arab League's headquarters in the Egyptian capital of Cairo, Al-Salami said that Sudan had fulfilled the requirements agreed earlier by Washington to lift its name from the US' "State Sponsors of Terrorism" list, which the North African country has been placed on since 1993.
"The time has come to alleviate the sufferings of the Sudanese people," he added.
The session – dedicated for Sudan – was attended by the president of Sudan's National Assembly, Ibrahim Ahmed Omer, as well as a number of the Arab parliaments' representatives.
Al-Salami reiterated that the meeting was held to support what he described as "just demand of lifting Sudan from the American list of state sponsors of terrorism."
Read: Sudan to release detained journalists 'soon': Official
"In cooperation with Sudan's National Assembly and foreign ministry, the Arab Parliament has prepared a legal note, comprising all the matter's aspects and what has been achieved by the Sudanese government," Al-Salami pointed out.
The memo, which was said to have received support by Arab, regional and international governments, stipulated on Sudan's continuous efforts to combat terrorism, achieve peace in the State of Southern Sudan, promote human rights and provide humanitarian assistance in the country's conflict areas.
Lifting Sudan from the US' terror list, the Arab official noted, would help Khartoum "develop its economy, build partnerships and trade agreements with Arab and foreign countries, launch reform programmes for education, health and infrastructure, and address the issues of unemployment and poverty."
On 6 October 2017, the US President Donald Trump lifted the long-standing trade embargo against Sudan but kept the African country on the American terror list. As a result, Sudan continues to face a ban on international weapons sales as well as restrictions on US aid.
Categories Africa Asia & Americas Israel Middle East News Sudan US


Providing registry and insurance services for Southern Alberta for over 30 years.
Since opening our office in Cardston we have helped thousands of Albertans receive the registry services that they need. Our goal is to provide you with the best service possible.
You will enjoy the friendly atmosphere of our office, and our knowledgeable staff will take the time to explain to you our services and your options, as well as answer any questions you might have.


text:
1Characteristics
1.1Institutional and funder mandates
1.2Principal kinds of open-access mandates
1.3Locus of deposit
1.4Timing of deposit
1.5Timing of opening access to deposit
2Instances
2.1Canadian funding agencies
2.2United States funding agencies
2.3European funding agencies
3Effectiveness
3.1Tracking mandates
4Policies adopted by research universities
4.1.1California Institute of Technology
4.1.2Duke University
4.1.3Harvard University
4.1.4Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4.1.5Princeton University
4.1.6Stanford University
4.1.7University of California
4.1.8University of Colorado Boulder
4.1.9University of Kansas
7Sources
Open-access mandate
Policy requiring or recommending Open Access to scientific publications
"Open-access policy" redirects here. Not to be confused with Open educational resources policy.
An open-access mandate is a policy adopted by a research institution, research funder, or government which requires or recommends researchers—usually university faculty or research staff and/or research grant recipients—to make their published, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers open access (1) by self-archiving their final, peer-reviewed drafts in a freely accessible institutional repository or disciplinary repository ("Green OA") or (2) by publishing them in an open-access journal ("Gold OA")[1][2][3][4] or both.
Characteristics[edit]
Among the universities that have adopted open-access mandates for faculty are Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University College London, Queensland University of Technology, University of Minho (Portugal), University of Liège and ETH Zürich. Among the funding organizations that have adopted open-access mandates for grant recipients are National Institutes of Health (with the NIH Public Access Policy), Research Councils UK, National Fund for Scientific Research, Wellcome Trust and European Research Council. For a full index of institutional and funder open-access mandates adopted to date, see the Registry of Open Access Mandatory Archiving Policies (ROARMAP).[5]
Open-access mandates can be classified in many ways: by the type of mandating organization (employing institution or research funder), by the locus (institutional or institution-external) and timing of deposit itself (immediate, delayed), by the time (immediate, delayed) at which the deposit is made open access, and by whether or not there is a default copyright-retention contract (and whether it can be waived). Mandate types can also be compared for strength and effectiveness (in terms of the annual volume, proportion and timing of deposits, relative to total annual article output, as well as the time that access to the deposit is set as open access.[6] Mandates are classified and ranked by some of these properties in MELIBEA.[7]
Institutional and funder mandates[edit]
Universities can adopt open-access mandates for their faculty. All such mandates make allowances for special cases.[8] Tenured faculty cannot be required to publish; nor can they be required to make their publications open access.[9] However, mandates can take the form of administrative procedures, such as designating repository deposit as the official means of submitting publications for institutional research performance review, or for research grant applications or renewal.[10] Many European university mandates have taken the form of administrative requirements, whereas many U.S. university mandates have taken the form of a unanimous or near-unanimous self-imposed faculty consensus[11] consisting of a default rights-retention contract (together with a waiver option for individual special cases).[12]
Research funders such as government funding agencies or private foundations can adopt open-access mandates as contractual conditions for receiving funding.[8]
New open-access mandates are often announced during the annual Open Access Week, that takes place globally during the last full week of October. For example, the Royal Society chose Open Access Week 2011 to announce the release of the digitized backfiles of their archives, dating from 1665 to 1941.[13]
Principal kinds of open-access mandates[edit]
"Mandate" can mean either "authorize" or "oblige". Both senses are important in inducing researchers to provide OA. Open-access advocate Peter Suber has remarked that "'mandate' is not a good word..." for open-access policies, "...but neither is any other English word."[8] Other ways to describe a mandate include "shifting the default publishing practice to open access" in the case of university faculty or "putting an open-access condition" on grant recipients.[14] Mandates are stronger than policies which either request or encourage open access, because they require that authors provide open access. Some mandates allow the author to opt out if they give reasons for doing so.[14]
Encouragement policies - These are not requirements but merely recommendations to provide open access.
Loophole mandates - These require authors to provide open access if and when their publishers allow it.
Mandates may include the following clauses:
Mandates with a limited-embargo clause - These require authors to provide open access either immediately or, at the latest, after a maximal permissible embargo period (which may vary from 6 months to 12 months or more).
Mandates with an immediate-deposit clause - These require authors to deposit their refereed final drafts in their institutional repository immediately upon publication (or upon acceptance for publication) whether or not their publishing contracts allow making the deposit open access immediately: If the publisher embargoes open access, access to the deposit can be left as closed access during any permissible embargo period. (For closed-access deposits repositories have a request-a-copy Button with which users can request and authors can provide a single copy with one click each during the embargo.[15])
Mandates with a rights-retention clause - These policies typically extend to the parent institution a non-exclusive license to exercise any and all copyrights in the article. Copyright remains with the author until they transfer copyright to a publisher, at which point the non-exclusive license survives. In so doing, authors are free to publish wherever they prefer, while granting the institution the right to post a version of the article on the open web via an institutional repository. The benefit of the rights-retention clause is that neither the author, nor the institution, need negotiate open access with the publisher; the policy itself allows open access to the article. Upon acceptance or publication, the author or their representative deposits the article into their institutional repository. Waivers are generally available in cases where authors do not desire open access for a given article. Examples include Europe's Plan S and policies of Harvard University and the Wellcome Trust.[16][17]
Locus of deposit[edit]
Most institutional open-access mandates require that authors self archive their papers in their own institutional repository. Some funder mandates specify institutional deposit, some specify institution-external deposit, and some allow either.
Timing of deposit[edit]
Mandates may require deposit immediately upon publication (or acceptance for publication) or after an allowable embargo.
Timing of opening access to deposit[edit]
Mandates may require opening access to the deposit immediately upon publication (or acceptance for publication) or after an allowable embargo.
Instances[edit]
Canadian funding agencies[edit]
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) proposed a mandate in 2006 and adopted it in September 2007,[18] becoming the first North American public research funder to do so. The CIHR Policy on Access to Research Outputs[19] provides two options to researchers: publication in open access journals, and making their manuscripts available in an online central (PubMed Central Canada is recommended) or institutional repository.
In October 2013, the two other Canadian federal funding agencies, the National Science and Engineering Council (NSERC) and the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) jointly proposed the same mandate as CIHR's, and launched a two-month consultation on what will become the Tri-Agency Open Access Policy.[20]
On 27 February 2015 a Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications was announced.[21][22] Peer-reviewed journal publications arising from Agency-supported research must be made freely available within 12 months of publication, whether by depositing in an online repository or by publishing in a journal that offers immediate or delayed open access. The policy is effective for grants awarded from 1 May 2015 onward.
On 1 May 2015 the International Development Research Centre adopted a new open access policy.[23] Books and journal articles must be made freely available within 12 months of publication, whether by publishing open access and using open access journals, or by uploading to an open access repository. The policy is effective for proposals received on or after 20 July 2015.[24]
United States funding agencies[edit]
In May 2006, the US Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPAA)[25] was proposed toward improving the NIH Public Access Policy.[26] Besides points about making open access mandatory, to which the NIH complied in 2008, it argues to extend self-archiving to the full spectrum of major US-funded research. In addition, the FRPAA would no longer stipulate that the self-archiving must be central; the deposit can now be in the author's own institutional repository (IR). The new U.S. National Institutes of Health's Public Access Policy took effect in April 2008 and states that "all articles arising from NIH funds must be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication".[26] It stipulates self-archiving in PubMed Central regardless of the use of the author's own institutional repository. In 2012, the NIH announced it would enforce its Public Access Policy by blocking the renewal of grant funds to authors who don't follow the policy.[27]
In February 2013, the Fair Access to Science and Technology Research bill was introduced into both houses of Congress. It was described as a "strengthened version of FRPAA".[28]
Also in 2013, the White House issued a directive[29] requiring federal agencies "with over $100 million in annual conduct of research and development expenditures" to develop, within the next 6 months, a plan to make the peer-reviewed publications directly arising from Federal funding "publicly accessible to search, retrieve, and analyze".[30]
As a result, open-access repositories and multi-annual open access strategies have been developed by federal institutions like the Department of Agriculture[31] and the Department of Energy.[32] DOE also hosts OSTI.gov, a repository with over 3 million records for federal works of which over 700,000 have full text as of 2019.[33]
In 2019, the GAO issued a report on the implementation of the 2013 directive, with 37 recommendations to 16 agencies.[34]
On August 25, 2022 US Office of Science and Technology Policy under Biden's administration issued guidance to make all federally funded research in the USA (the first country to do so) freely available without delay,[35] [36] thus ending over 50 years of Serials crisis albeit only for the US contributions.
European funding agencies[edit]
In April 2006, the European Commission[37] recommended: "EC Recommendation A1: "Research funding agencies... should [e]stablish a European policy mandating published articles arising from EC-funded research to be available after a given time period in open access archives..." This recommendation has since been updated and strengthened by the European Research Advisory Board (EURAB).[38] The project OpenAIRE (Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe) has since been launched.
The global shift towards open access to the results of publicly funded research (publications and data) has been a core strategy in the European Commission to improve knowledge circulation and thus innovation. It is illustrated in particular by the general principle for open access to scientific publications in Horizon 2020 and the pilot for research data.[39] In 2012, via a Recommendation, the European Commission encouraged all EU Member States to put publicly funded research results in the public sphere in order to strengthen science and the knowledge-based economy.[40] In 2017 it emerged that the European Commission are looking to create its own open access publishing platform for papers that emerge from the Horizon 2020 programme.[41][42][43] The platform is likely to be similar to the one used by Wellcome Trust for Wellcome Open Research[44] and Gates Foundation's Gates Open Research.[45]
To somewhat improve on the European Commission's (and FRPAA's) allowable embargo of up to six months, EURAB has revised the mandate: all articles must be deposited immediately upon acceptance for publication; the allowable delay for complying with publisher embargoes applies only to the time when access to the deposit must be made open access rather than to the time when it must be deposited. Immediate deposit is required so that individual users can then request an immediate individual copy of any deposited eprint during the embargo period by clicking on a "RequestCopy" Button provided by the Institutional Repository software (e.g., DSPACE,[46] EPrints[47]). The Button automatically sends an email message to the author requesting an individual eprint; the author can comply with one click and the software immediately emails the eprint to the requestor.[48] This is not open access, but may cover some immediate research needs during any embargo. A related idea was later put forth as the Open Access Button for papers that have not been deposited in an Institutional Repository.
Effectiveness[edit]
Mandates triple self-archiving rates
For the four institutions with the oldest self-archiving mandates, the averaged percentage of green open-access self-archiving has been compared to the percentage for control articles from other institutions published in the same journals (for years 2002–2009, measured in 2011). Open-access mandates triple the percent Green OA (see figure below).[49][50] Respective totals are derived from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science.
Tracking mandates[edit]
As of May 2015, open-access mandates have been adopted by over 550 universities and research institutions, and over 140 research funders worldwide.[51] Examples of universities which have open-access mandates are Harvard University[52] and MIT[53] in the United States, University College London[54] in the UK and ETH Zürich[55] in Europe. Funders which require open access when their funding recipients publish include the NIH in the US and RCUK and ERC[56] in the EU. Mandate policy models and guidance have been provided by the Open Society Institute's EPrints Handbook,[57] EOS,[58] OASIS[59] and Open Access Archivangelism.[60]
ROARMAP, the searchable Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies at the University of Southampton indexes the world's institutional, funder and governmental OA mandates (and the Open Access Scholarly Information Sourcebook (OASIS)[59] as well as EnablingOpenScholarship (EOS)[58] graph the quarterly outcome). SHERPA/JULIET is a SHERPA service which lists funder mandates only.[61]
In international cross-disciplinary surveys conducted by Swan (2005),[62] the vast majority of researchers respond that they would self archive willingly if their institutions or funders mandated it. Outcome studies by Sale (2006)[63] have confirmed these survey results. Both mandated and unmandated institutional and disciplinary repositories worldwide are indexed by SHERPA's OpenDOAR[64] and their rate of growth is monitored and displayed by the University of Southampton's Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR).[65]
Recent studies have tested which mandate conditions are most effective in generating deposit. The three most important conditions identified were: (1) immediate deposit required, (2) deposit required for performance evaluation, and (3) unconditional opt-out allowed for the OA requirement but no opt-out allowed for the deposit requirement.[66][67]
Policies adopted by research universities[edit]
The information which follows relates more closely to open access policies/mandates covering open publishing of research outputs than to OER specifically. An open-access policy enacted by the Faculty of a research university can empower them in choosing how to distribute their own scholarly work. If a faculty member wishes to grant exclusive rights to a publisher, they would first need to request a waiver from their faculty governance body. Some reasons to implement this kind of policy institution-wide are to:
increase the overall impact of an institution's research contributions to the global knowledge economy,
individual faculty receive their institution's full support in a unified action to work with publishers to simplify procedures and broaden access to their scholarly work (allowing for greater possibilities for citations of their work - important for hiring, tenure and promotion decisions),
take advantage of scholarly interactions with a greater diversity of readers, not just those who can afford to purchase the information from a vendor or attend an academic conference.
This kind of blanket policy provides support to those whose research is not part of a project that requires open access to the research done. For example, since the February 2013 directive from the United States Office of Science and Technology Policy, U.S. federal agencies have been developing their own policies on making research freely available within a year of publication.
SPARC, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, led the collaborative and open effort to create an "Open Access Spectrum" that demonstrates a more sophisticated approach is needed in discussions about the concept of openness in research communications. The "HowOpenIsIt? Guide (as well as an FAQ document and slide deck) is available for download on the SPARC website.[68] Another useful guide has been developed by members of the Harvard Office for Scholarly Communication, the Harvard Open Access Project, and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society. This online guide, "Good practices for university open-access policies" is built on a wiki and is designed to evolve over time, according to the co-authors: Emily Kilcer, Stuart Shieber and Peter Suber.[69]
United States[edit]
California Institute of Technology[edit]
On June 10, 2013, the Faculty Board of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) created an institution-wide Open Access Policy.[70] The ruling[71] stated that as of January 1, 2014, all Caltech faculty must agree to grant nonexclusive rights to Caltech to disseminate their scholarly papers either via the authors' own sites or to Caltech AUTHORS, the online repository. The goal is to encourage wider distribution of their work and to simplify the copyright process when posting research on faculty or institutional Web sites. The initiative was put in place to prevent publishers of those journals from threatening legal action or issuing takedown notices to authors who have posted their content on their own sites or to CaltechAUTHORS, an online repository for research papers authored by Caltech faculty and other researchers at Caltech.
Duke University[edit]
On March 21, 2010,[72] the Duke University Academic Council voted to support the University Library's new data repository, DukeSpace, with a blanket policy to provide open access to their scholarly writings. The policy allows for faculty members to opt out at any time, and it is regularly reviewed to determine its effectiveness.
Duke also in 2010 joined the Compact for Open-Access Publishing Equity (COPE) and established a fund to help Duke faculty members to cover any author fees required to publish in open access journals.[73]
Harvard University[edit]
On February 12, 2008, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University approved their Open Access Policy, granting to the President and Fellows of Harvard to "make available his or her scholarly articles and to exercise the copyright in those articles ... in a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license..."[74] Since then, several other schools within the University now participate in the Open Access Policies supported by the Office for Scholarly Communication: the Graduate School of Design, the School of Education, the Business School, the Law School, the Kennedy School of Government, the Divinity School, and the School of Public Health.[75] The University's open-access repository is called DASH (Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard) which is where the faculty upload their scholarly articles for access by all.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology[edit]
Adopted by a unanimous vote on March 18, 2009, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Faculty adopted an open access policy. The policy applies to "all scholarly articles written while the person is a member of the Faculty except for any articles completed before the adoption of this policy and any articles for which the Faculty member entered into an incompatible licensing or assignment agreement before the adoption of this policy."[76] The MIT online repository is called DSpace@MIT and it was designed to work seamlessly with Google Scholar. The Faculty revised and updated the policy in 2010 to take into consideration the various issues associated with the MIT librarians' discussions with publishers.[77]
Princeton University[edit]
In 2010 the Dean of the Faculty of Princeton University appointed an ad-hoc committee of faculty and the University Librarian to study the question of open access to faculty publications - and in March 2011, the committee recommended several changes to the Faculty rules to allow for a blanket policy for open access to Princeton faculty scholarship.[78] The faculty approved an open access policy on September 19, 2011, which was last revised in January 2012.[79]
Stanford University[edit]
On June 26, 2008, the Stanford University Graduate School of Education (GSE) were the first in that school to grant permission to the University to make their scholarly articles publicly accessible and to exercise the copyright in a "nonexclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license ... provided that the articles are properly attributed to the authors not sold for a profit."[80] The GSE Open Archive houses and makes publicly available the GSE authors' working papers as well as published articles. Between May 21-24th, 2013, the Stanford GSE doctoral students voted in favor of a motion to enact an Open Access policy.[81] At this time, however, despite the strong case made by Professors John Willinsky and Juan Pablo Alperin,[82] no other Stanford academic units have stepped forward.
University of California[edit]
On July 24, 2013, the Academic Senate of the University of California (UC) approved the UC Open Access Policy for all 8,000 plus faculty at their ten campuses.[83] Some confusion at the local campuses led to online postings of journal articles whose copyright was already owned by publishers. For example, in December 2013, the academic publishing company Elsevier sent several UC faculty notices to take down certain journal articles posted openly on their campus webpages, e.g., on the department websites or faculty profiles.[84] The UC Open Access Policy protected those faculty who had correctly uploaded their articles to the UC eScholarship repository. In another case of misunderstanding by the faculty about open access, in March 2014 the University received a Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notice for nine articles owned by the American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE). The UC faculty authors had uploaded to eScholarship the publisher-formatted articles between 2004 and 2008, before the UC Open Access Policy had been enacted and in violation of the publisher's agreement with the authors when they gave their copyrights to the ASCE.[85]
University of Colorado Boulder[edit]
In 2014 the Faculty Assembly of the University of Colorado Boulder approved the CU Boulder Open Access Policy "in order to allow for broad dissemination of their research." They granted to The Regents of the University of Colorado "a nonexclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license to exercise any and all rights under copyright relating to their scholarly work, as long as the works are properly attributed to the authors and not used for commercial purposes"—and that the individual faculty would retain full ownership of the material. Authors at UC Boulder are expected to inform publishers about the University's policy and that they "have granted a pre-existing License."[86] The digital repository, CU Scholar, is maintained by the University Libraries and functions under a set of policies derived from the Open Access Policy. Contributions from the CU Boulder community can include working papers and technical reports, published scholarly research articles, completed manuscripts, digital art or multimedia, conference papers and proceedings, theses and dissertations, Undergraduate Honors theses, journals published on campus, faculty course-related output primarily of scholarly interest, and data sets.[87] The Chancellor's Executive Committee recently approved the new policy, following the lead of the Council of Deans and the Office of the Provost and Executive Vice Chancellor.[88]
University of Kansas[edit]
In 2005 the University of Kansas (KU) created KU ScholarWorks, a digital repository for scholarly work created by KU faculty and staff. Faculty Senate President Lisa Wolf-Wendel, professor of education leadership and policy studies, approved a new policy, "Open Access Policy for University of Kansas Scholarship" on April 30, 2009, in order to provide the broadest possible access to the journal literature authored by KU faculty."[89] In June 2009, under a faculty-initiated policy approved by Chancellor Robert Hemenway, KU became the first U.S. public university to implement an open access policy.[90] Unless a KU author sought a waiver, all articles must be submitted to KU ScholarWorks. "Processes to Implement the KU Open Access Policy" were endorsed by the Faculty Senate in February 2010. Theses and dissertations at the University of Kansas are also openly available, however in 2010 KU Graduate Studies established a policy that a student may request permission to embargo its publication for six months, one year or two years. Graduates earning the KU Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing or PhD in English (Literature and Creative Writing track) may request a permanent embargo.[91]
SHERPA/Juliet
^ Harnad, Stevan; Brody, T.; Vallieres, F.; Carr, L.; Hitchcock, S.; Gingras, Y.; Oppenheim, C.; Stamerjohanns, H.; Hilf, E. (2004). "The Access/Impact Problem and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access". Serials Review. 30 (4): 310–314. doi:10.1016/j.serrev.2004.09.013. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^ Pinfield, Stephen (2005). "A mandate to self archive? The role of open access institutional repositories". Serials. UK Serials Group. 18 (1): 30–34. doi:10.1629/1830.
^ Swan, Alma; Needham, Paul; Probets, Steve; Muir, Adrienne; Oppenheim, Charles; O'Brien, Ann; Hardy, Rachel; Rowland, Fytton; Brown, Sheridan (2005). "Developing a model for e-prints and open access journal content in UK further and higher education". Learned Publishing. 18 (1): 25–40. doi:10.1087/0953151052801479. S2CID 28137760. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
^ "RCUK Open Access Policy – Our Preference for Gold". RCUK. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
^ Registry of Open Access Mandatory Archiving Policies
^ Gargouri, Yassine; Lariviere, Vincent; Gingras, Yves; Brody, Tim; Carr, Les; Harnad, Stevan (2012). "Testing the Finch Hypothesis on Green OA Mandate Ineffectiveness". arXiv:1210.8174 [cs.DL].
^ "MELIBEA directory and comparator of institutional open-access policies". Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
^ a b c Suber 2012, pp. 87
^ Suber 2012, pp. 87, which cites
Shieber, Stuart (30 June 2009). "University open-access policies as mandates". blogs.law.harvard.edu, "The Occasional Pamphlet". Retrieved 23 December 2013.
^ Rentier, B., & Thirion, P. (2011). The Liège ORBi model: Mandatory policy without rights retention but linked to assessment processes.
^ Suber 2012, pp. 90
^ "Royal Society journal archive made permanently free to access". The Royal Society. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
^ a b Suber 2012, pp. 88
^ Sale, A., Couture, M., Rodrigues, E., Carr, L. and Harnad, S. (2012) Open Access Mandates and the "Fair Dealing" Button'. In: Dynamic Fair Dealing: Creating Canadian Culture Online Archived 24 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (Rosemary J. Coombe & Darren Wershler, Eds.)
^ Richard Van Noorden (16 July 2020), "Open-access Plan S to allow publishing in any journal", Nature, doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02134-6, PMID 32678332
^ OA Self-Archiving Policy: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Eprints.org (4 January 2007). Retrieved 2011-12-03.
^ CIHR Policy on Access to Research Outputs – CIHR. Cihr-irsc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
^ See the proposal and the description of the consultation on NSERC website.
^ "Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications". science.gc.ca. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
^ announcement of the new Tri-Agency Open Access Policy
^ "IDRC adopts new Open Access Policy". idrc.ca. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
^ "Open Access Policy for IDRC-Funded Project Outputs". idrc.ca. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2016. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b "Public Access Homepage". Publicaccess.nih.gov. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ Basken, Paul (19 November 2012). "NIH to Begin Enforcing Open-Access Policy on Research It Supports". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
^ Peter Suber (14 February 2013). "Major new bill mandating open access introduced in Congress". Archived from the original on 14 March 2019.
^ "Office of Science and Technology Policy Announces Open Access Requirement for Publications and Data | Research Data Management Service Group".
^ Holdren, John P. (22 February 2013), "Memorandum for the heads of executive departments and agencies: Increasing access to the results of federally funded scientific research" (PDF), Office of Science and Technology Policy, archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017 – via National Archives
^ "Implementation Plan to Increase Public Access to Results of USDA-funded Scientific Research" (PDF). 7 November 2014.
^ U.S. Department of Energy (24 July 2014). "Public Access Plan" (PDF).
^ "OSTI search".
^ "Federal Research: Additional Actions Needed to Improve Public Access to Research Results".
^ "OSTP Issues Guidance to Make Federally Funded Research Freely Available Without Delay".
^ {{cite news|https://www.techdirt.com/2022/08/26/huge-news-biden-administration-announces-all-publicly-funded-research-should-be-available-for-free-to-the-public/
^ Study on the Economic and Technical Evolution of the Scientific Publication Markets in Europe. Ec.europa.eu (23 February 2009). Retrieved 2011-12-03.
^ "Scientific publication: policy on open access" (PDF). European Union. December 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ "Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publications and Research Data in Horizon 2020" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
^ "COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 17 July 2012 on access to and preservation of scientific information". EUR-Lex. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
^ Banks, Michael (2017). "European Commission moves into publishing". Physics World. 30 (5): 6. Bibcode:2017PhyW...30e...6B. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/30/5/10.
^ Enserink, Martin (29 March 2017). "European Commission considering leap into open-access publishing". Science. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
^ "OpenAIRE can form the basis for a truly public European Open Access Platform". Impact of Social Sciences. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
^ "How it Works - Wellcome Open Research". wellcomeopenresearch.org. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
^ "Gates Open Research". gatesopenresearch.org. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
^ "RequestCopy". Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ "RequestCopy". Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ Sale, Arthur; Couture, Marc; Rodrigues, Eloy; Carr, Leslie; Harnad, Stevan (2010). "Open Access Mandates and the 'Fair Dealing' Button". arXiv:1002.3074 [cs.DL].
^ Poynder, Richard (2011). Open Access By Numbers Open and Shut 19 June 2011
^ Gargouri, Yassine, Larivière, Vincent & Harnad, Stevan (2013) Ten-year Analysis of University of Minho Green OA Self-Archiving Mandate (in E Rodrigues, Ed. )
^ "ROARMAP - Home". ROARMAP: Registry of Open Access Repositories Mandatory Archiving Policies. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
^ "OA Self-Archiving Policy: Harvard University: Faculty of Arts and Sciences". eprints.org. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^ "MIT Faculty Open-Access Policy". ROARMAP. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^ "OA Self-Archiving Policy: University College London (UCL)". eprints.org. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^ "OA Self-Archiving Policy: ETH Zürich". eprints.org. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^ "OA Self-Archiving Policy: European Research Council (ERC)". eprints.org. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^ "Handbook". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.
^ a b "Open Access policies for universities and research institutions". EnablingOpenScholarship. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^ a b "Institutional Policies". Open Access Scholarly Information Sourcebook. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^ "Which Green OA Mandate Is Optimal?". Open Access Archivangelism. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^ "About JULIET - Research funders' open access policies". SHERPA/JULIET. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
^ Swan, Alma; Brown, Sheridan (2005). "Open access self-archiving: An Introduction". Jisc, Hefce.
^ Sale, AHJ (2006). "The acquisition of open access research articles". First Monday. 11 (10). doi:10.5210/fm.v11i10.1409.
^ Directory of Open Access Repositories
^ "Registry of Open Access Repositories". Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
^ Vincent-Lamarre, Philippe, Boivin, Jade, Gargouri, Yassine, Larivière, Vincent and Harnad, Stevan (2014). Estimating Open Access Mandate Effectiveness: I. The MELIBEA Score..
^ Swan, Alma; Gargouri, Yassine; Hunt, Megan; & Harnad, Stevan (2015). Open Access Policy: Numbers, Analysis, Effectiveness. Pasteur4OA Workpackage 3 Report
^ Yaplee, Darlene. "HowOpenIsIt? New Guide Released". Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC). Washington D.C.: Association of Research Libraries. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
^ "Good practices for university open-access policies". Harvard Open Access Project. Cambridge, MA: Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
^ Schaffhauser, Dian (6 January 2014). "Caltech Adopts Open Access Policy for Scholarly Writing". Campus Technology. Chatsworth, CA: 1105 Media Inc, Ed-Tech Group. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ Faculty Board, California Institute of Technology. "California Institute of Technology Open Access Policy, Approved by the Caltech Faculty Board on June 10, 2013" (PDF). Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ Mock, Geoffrey (21 March 2010). "Faculty Move Forward on Open Access Policy". DukeToday. Office of News and Communications, Duke University.
^ "Open Access at Duke University". Duke University Libraries. Duke University. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences Open Access Policy, Voted February 12, 2008". Office for Scholarly Communication. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Library. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "Open Access Policies". Office for Scholarly Communication. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Library.
^ "MIT Faculty Open Access Policy". Scholarly Publishing @ MIT. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ Holton, Richard (November–December 2010). "Maintaining Our Resolutions: Implementing the MIT Faculty Open Access Policy". MIT Faculty Newsletter. XXIII (2). Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "Memo to the Faculty Advisory Committee on Policy from the Ad-hoc Faculty Committee to study Open Access" (PDF). Office of the Dean of the Faculty. Princeton University. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "Open Access Policy". Office of the Dean of the Faculty. Princeton University. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "GSE Open Access Motion". Stanford Graduate School of Education. Stanford University. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "GSE Student Open Archive Motion". Stanford Graduate School of Education. Stanford University. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ Willinsky, John; Alperin, Juan Pablo (2011). "The academic ethics of open access to research and scholarship" (PDF). Open Archive. Stanford University. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "UC Open Access Policy". Office of Scholarly Communication. University of California. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "Elsevier Takedown Notices for Faculty Articles on UC Sites". Office of Scholarly Communication. University of California. 21 December 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "ASCE Takedown Notices". Office of Scholarly Communication. University of California. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "CU Boulder Open Access Policy". CU Scholar Institutional Repository. University of Colorado Boulder. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Policies". CU Scholar Institutional Repository. University of Colorado Boulder.
^ Bolkan, Joshua. "CU Boulder Adopts Open Access". Campus Technology. 1105 Media Inc. Ed-Tech Group. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Governance Policy: Open Access Policy for University of Kansas Scholarship". KU Policy Library. The University of Kansas. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Smith, Rebecca. "KU becomes first U.S. public university to pass an open access policy". KU News. The University of Kansas. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
^ "Graduate Studies Policy: Embargo Policy for Theses and Dissertations". KU Policy Library. The University of Kansas. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
Suber, Peter (2012). Open access (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262517638. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
See especially Chapter 4, Policies and Section 4.2, Digression on the word "Mandate".
Scholia has a topic profile for Open-access mandate.
Open Access Overview Archived 19 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine by Peter Suber
Registry of Open Access Repositories Mandatory Archiving Policies (ROARMAP)
Good practices for university open-access policies, by Stuart Shieber and Peter Suber.
Gratis versus libre
Subscription business model
Subscribe to Open
Postprint
Predatory publishing
Budapest Open Access Initiative
Berlin Declaration
Bethesda Statement
Durham Statement
Geneva Declaration
Research Works Act
Open-access repository
Hybrid open-access journal
Delayed open-access journal
The Cost of Knowledge
Directory of Open Access Books [Wikidata]
Initiative for Open Citations
Plan S
Public Knowledge Project
Registry of Open Access Repositories
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
Sci-Hub
Access to knowledge movement
Access2Research
List of open-access journals
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open-access_mandate&oldid=1131388090"
Open access (publishing)
CS1 errors: requires URL


Big science doesn't always happen with a eureka! revelation. As Feng Zhang will tell you, the most life-altering technologies often have the least remarkable provenance.
The 34-year-old first heard about how certain bacteria can clip out sections of viral DNA during a run-of-the-mill lecture in 2011. The biomedical engineer had been working without success for about a year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University's Broad Institute to develop a precise way to cut and paste DNA, in order to gain unprecedented control over any living thing's genome. He quickly realized that the bacteria were on to something.
He gave himself a crash course in the mechanism, known as CRISPR, and got to work on tweaking it to "edit" cells from mammals. It was a risk, since there was no guarantee that a system that works in bacteria, which are far simpler genetically than mammals, would work on animal cells. But within two years he published his milestone report on the first use of CRISPR to snip out with unprecedented control specific parts of DNA from both mouse and human cells. His technique helped launch a CRISPR revolution, allowing scientists to splice out everything from HIV in infected cells to genetic mutations responsible for diseases like sickle-cell anemia, schizophrenia and even cancer. The right edits to plant genomes could also create new biofuel sources and more-stable crops.
It's changed everything, Zhang says—for him, and for science. "All of a sudden, having the ability to make very defined changes to DNA is having a catalyzing, accelerating effect on everything from medicine to basic biology to plant biology," he says. And it all began with a routine lecture.


text:
package com.hp.application.automation.tools.octane.tests.gherkin;

import com.hp.application.automation.tools.octane.tests.junit.TestResultStatus;
import com.hp.application.automation.tools.octane.tests.testResult.TestResult;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;

import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamWriter;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Created by franksha on 20/03/2016.
 */
public class GherkinTestResult implements TestResult {
    private Map<String, String> attributes;
    private Element contentElement;

    public GherkinTestResult(String name, Element xmlElement, long duration, TestResultStatus status) {
        this.attributes = new HashMap<>();
        this.attributes.put("name", name);
        this.attributes.put("duration", String.valueOf(duration));
        this.attributes.put("status", status.toPrettyName());
        this.contentElement = xmlElement;
    }

    public Map<String, String> getAttributes() {
        return attributes;
    }

    public Element getXmlElement() {
        return contentElement;
    }

    @Override
    public void writeXmlElement(XMLStreamWriter writer) throws XMLStreamException {
        writer.writeStartElement("gherkin_test_run");
        if (attributes != null) {
            for (String attrName : attributes.keySet()) {
                writer.writeAttribute(attrName, attributes.get(attrName));
            }
        }
        writeXmlElement(writer, contentElement);
        writer.writeEndElement();
    }

    private void writeXmlElement(XMLStreamWriter writer, Element rootElement) throws XMLStreamException {
        if (rootElement != null) {
            writer.writeStartElement(rootElement.getTagName());
            for (int a = 0; a < rootElement.getAttributes().getLength(); a++) {
                String attrName = rootElement.getAttributes().item(a).getNodeName();
                writer.writeAttribute(attrName, rootElement.getAttribute(attrName));
            }
            NodeList childNodes = rootElement.getChildNodes();
            for (int c = 0; c < childNodes.getLength(); c++) {
                Node child = childNodes.item(c);
                if (child instanceof Element) {
                    writeXmlElement(writer, (Element) child);
                } else if (child.getNodeType() == Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE) {
                    writer.writeCharacters(child.getNodeValue());
                }
            }
            writer.writeEndElement();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Audi Delhi south created quite a frenzy on the Saturday of June 4th by launching the fastest production Audi to be ever built ; "The Audi R8 V10 Plus" in Delhi NCR.
The newest version has something exciting to offer. This car comes kitted with a mid-placed engine which is a naturally-aspirated combined intake manifold 5.2l FSI (Fuel Stratified Injection) Quattro (Audi's in-house four wheel drive system) with up to 610 bhp of insane power potential which responds in an instant to throttle and propels the car and pushes you back to the seat from 0 to 100 in just an eye-popping 3.2 seconds with a top speed rated at 330 km/hr which is also electronically limited. This engine also features Audi's revolutionary "Audi Cylinder on Demand" It shrouds off five of the ten cylinders when not under full load. The lubrication process which here is dry-sump ensures supply of engine oil even with very high longitudinal and lateral acceleration.
The transmission in this car is an S-tronic transmission which can be manually operated using the paddle shifters which are placed behind the steering wheel or through the selector lever which is being offered. In the automatic mode, The modes such as Drive and Sport can be selected according to user needs. This also includes the hill-hold assist if you are planning to take it on the windy mountain roads.
Audi has even worked upon the construction and building procedures on this car. The construction is now lighter and the car is even more powerful keeping in mind the power to weigh ratio. The next generation Audi R8 V10 Plus shares around 50 percent of its parts with the Audi R8 LMS (The track racing car) which includes the technologies like the Audi Space Frame and V10 motor. The Engineers at Audi perhaps have taken the word 'motorsport' a bit too seriously because It is very evident that the Audi R8 V10 Plus has the word 'motorsport' deeply engraved in it's DNA.
It also comes with a virtual cockpit. There is a 31.24 centimeter screen with brilliant, high-resolution display as per the market standards which graces the interiors in an elegant manner. It also comes with Audi's optional Laser LED headlights which improves the visibility on the roads by a huge extent and also adding to the 'cool' factor of the car which looks striking in the night in a pitch dark scenario.
The fastest production Audi is also packed to the brim with a dynamic handling system with four standard modes and with three additional performance modes for maximum spirited performance.
The next generation Audi R8 V10 Plus's price starts from INR 2.55 crore (Ex-Showroom Delhi).