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Home Computer Technology When Your Boss is an Algorithm: New Research on Computers as Leaders
When Your Boss is an Algorithm: New Research on Computers as Leaders
Lester Brock
If you work for a boss who has all the emotional intelligence of a computer, consider that someday your boss might actually be a computer. That's not a dystopic fantasy — for some workers, it's reality.
Take ridesharing. Millions of cab rides in the U.S. have started with someone pulling out their smartphone, plopping a pin on a map and waiting for a driver to show up and take them on their way. Uber started the mobile ride-hailing revolution a decade ago, and some transportation network company users have probably never called a cab the old fashioned way.
Those who have called for a cab will remember talking to a dispatcher who coordinated their pickup. The dispatcher performed a middle manager function, communicating between drivers and passengers, allocating labor resources according to the company's goals. Then Uber and Lyft came along and automated the dispatcher's job. The automation of leadership isn't likely to stop with the personal transportation revolution, according to a new paper in Computers in Human Behavior, which outlines a framework for further explorations into the changing nature of traditional human-to-human workplace hierarchies.
The paper proposes a conceptual framework of computers-as-leaders that can inform research, and a Leadership-TAM, or technology acceptance model. Researchers have used such models to predict "individual adoption and use of technology" and they have been "successfully applied to a broad range of different technologies," the authors write.
Academic theories around automated leadership can help policymakers and the public understand the real consequences of computer bosses, but those theories are lagging behind real-world implementation, according to the paper. The authors assume workers need to perceive their automated leaders as being useful and workers need to be able to interact with automated leaders in an effortless way.
"Technology philosophers say algorithms cannot be leaders because they are not legal persons and they cannot be sanctioned and they don't have inherent moral sentiments and feelings and this is, like, full stop," says social scientist Jenny Wesche, visiting professor at Humboldt University of Berlin and one of the authors. "Although I agree a computer is not a legal person, it's important to be open to this paradigm in order to see the people who are working under the leadership of algorithms. If you say machines cannot be leaders you ignore the people who are already working in such situations."
Computers: from paperweight to the corner office
Researchers typically frame this discussion around what they call "human-computer interaction." When computers first entered workplaces they were viewed as tools. They were much more sophisticated than, say, a hammer. But, like a hammer, an early computer was a mere paperweight if it didn't have a human telling it what to do. "The computer is a moron," Peter Drucker wrote in a classic McKinsey Quarterly essay in 1967.
Around the turn of the 21st century, researchers started to explore computers as team players, with computers and humans acting in cooperation, even as peers. Almost twenty years on, with exponentially greater processing capabilities and artificial learning, the algorithm-as-boss is here for many workers, particularly those in food service and the gig economy.
"Computers are becoming intelligent entities and are already making decisions that seriously influence human work and life," write Wesche and her co-author, University of Fribourg psychologist Andredas Sonderegger.
Major chains in the service sector often use automated scheduling, and so do some hospital systems. A computer, not a shift leader, might tell your favorite barista when to show up in the morning. A few years ago, reporting revealed that the scheduling algorithm Starbucks used was creating havoc for some workers, who were sent scrambling for child care in order to make shifts at odd hours.
"Even if these algorithms maybe are not fully autonomous they nevertheless have a big impact on workers' lives," Wesche says. "It is more drastic in the gig economy because, from my personal view, the workers there are quite exchangeable."
For example, Wesche says that a transportation network company may not be particularly invested in career advancement for drivers who use their smartphone application, "and this is different from most traditional companies, especially in higher-skill jobs."
What's a leader?
Organizational psychologists have examined from many angles how human leaders and subordinates interact. But when technology is added to the mix, the scholarship tends to focus on how computers can help human leaders and teams – less so the idea of computers as, "active agents in leadership and team processes," the authors write.
Some researchers put personal management styles – charismatic or inspirational, for example – at the core of being a leader. Leadership is, "a shared human process," workplace researchers Wilfred Drath and Charles Palus wrote in the mid-1990s. Other definitions of leadership, like that put forward by University of Albany psychologist Gary Yukl, are more functional and have to do with one individual guiding another in structuring activities and relationships. Workers with bosses who primarily do things that can be quantified – scheduling, establishing goals and priorities, monitoring job performance – are those seemingly likely to encounter automated leaders.
"I think we will also in traditional companies see increasingly that functions will be automated, because it is much more efficient," says Wesche. "But the question is, how do we design it?"
That design may need to account for some lost human element. Social exchange theory observes that workplace relationships can become something more than a financial transactional. Professional relationships can develop beyond an employee being productive for an organization in exchange for monetary or other compensation. Mutual trust between people builds over time, and this can play out in positive social ways. If a barista's grandmother dies their longtime boss might empathize, approve time off without a fuss, and trust the employee will be back to work when they're ready – and, perhaps, be open to taking an early shift in a pinch.
"It's important to do research on the way that humans, with their need for social contact, can interact with a computer leader so that they can in fact flourish at work, they can perform well and at the same time develop personally and experience well-being," Wesche says.
Hey Alexa, how's my TPS report?
Humans are arguably already quite comfortable interacting, at least on a basic level, with non-anthropomorphic algorithms. A growing body of research, for example, is exploring how adults and children interact with smart speakers. Alexa, the voice of the Amazon Echo, is backed by sophisticated algorithms and it reverberates from a body that has zero resemblance to the human form – but people can still form real connections with it.
"So my daughter thinks she knows Alexa's habits and she can understand Alexa even if I can't," one parent recounted in 2017 conference paper that analyzed 278,000 Alexa commands. "It's kind of creepy. As I say it out loud it's totally weird that my daughter is friends with a tower that sits on my counter."
Advanced economies are complex and some workers may never interact, at least directly, with an automated leader. For them, the concept of computers-as-bosses may be moot. But for others, like gig workers and food service staff, the future is now — and there are still a lot of unknowns as to how automated leaders might change the lives of their human charges.
"It's not the question of whether this future will come, or whether functions can be automated, or whether artificial intelligence is taking over more and more functions at work — it's a question of how it's going to happen," Wesche says. "We should be aware of that. I think it is the responsibility of scientists and journalists and politicians to guide this development and set boundaries and discuss standards and discuss development — and not so much discuss whether it is going to come or not."FacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail
SOURCE: Clark Merrefield
VIA: Journalist's Resource
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Arkansas vs. Kansas in AutoZone Liberty Bowl: Score prediction, what to know
Wynston Wilcox
Kansas (6-6) and Arkansas (6-6) will meet in the AutoZone Liberty Bowl at Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium on Dec. 28 (4:30 p.m., ESPN).
Here are three things to know and a score prediction for the matchup:
Arkansas seeking third straight Liberty Bowl win
The Razorbacks are no strangers to the Liberty Bowl, making their sixth appearance. This will be Arkansas's third bowl game since 2010.
Arkansas last won the Liberty Bowl in 2016, defeating Kansas State 45-23. Before its first win in the Liberty Bowl against East Carolina in 2010, the Razorbacks lost its first three appearances to Tennessee, Auburn and Georgia. Arkansas is looking for its second straight bowl win, defeating Penn State in the Outback Bowl on Jan. 1, 2022.
Third-year coach Sam Pittman has turned Arkansas football around, getting the Razorbacks bowl-eligible for the second straight season.
Quarterback KJ Jefferson, who is returning for another season, will be one of the stars in the game for the Razorbacks.
MEMPHIS FOOTBALL:Report: Memphis football will face Utah State in First Responder Bowl
LAST YEAR'S LIBERTY BOWL GAME:Mississippi State football turns in bleak performance in Liberty Bowl loss to Texas Tech
Kansas leads all-time series against Arkansas
This will be the third time Kansas and Arkansas will play, with Kansas winning the first two games. The two haven't played since 1906, when the Jayhawks beat the Razorbacks 37-5.
Kansas playing in first bowl game since 2008-09 season
Football has been depressing at Kansas before this season.
The Jayhawks are playing in their first bowl game since defeating Minnesota 42-21 in the Insight Bowl on Dec. 31, 2008. That was the last time Kansas football had a winning season or was bowl eligible.
This season is the first time the Jayhawks won more than five games since the 2009 season. Since taking over on April 30, 2021, second-year Kansas coach Lance Leipold has turned the Jayhawks into a more formidable opponent.
Arkansas vs. Kansas in Liberty Bowl: Score prediction
Arkansas 31, Kansas 17: KJ Jefferson, the 2022 Outback Bowl MVP last year, leads the Razorbacks to a second straight bowl win.
Reach Wynston Wilcox at wwilcox@gannett.com and on Twitter @wynstonw__.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Recommend keywords based on past keywords searched I am trying to recommend users the conferences and keywords (which each conferences have) based on what keywords he has searched for.
I am not getting as to which recommender algorithm will be useful for me.
To clarify a bit more:
- When user searches in a search bar, I am taking the search query and doing stop words removal on that, then whitespace segmentation and then on each individual word obtained, I perform stemming. Hence, I will be able to find the topics of the conferences user is interested in.
- I am thinking of creating a user vector which will have all the keywords he is interested in or he has searched for.
- Also, I have list of all the topics of the available conferences in my database.
So, my question is using this user vector what kind of recommender will be userful which will help to recommend topics the user might be interested in. The user has NOT provided any kind of ratings to his liking for the conference topics, since we are extracting the data from the search.
Any help would be highly appreciated.

A: If the only information you have is what the user searched for, then the simplest thing to do is recommend topics based on the topics that others who have searched for the same things have searched for.
For example, Joe searches for fried green tomatoes and purple gummi worms. If Sam then searches for purple gummi worms, then you might recommend he also look at fried green tomatoes.
Of course, this model doesn't work well if you only have a handful of participants. But if you have many people searching you can say, based on your analysis of previous searches, that if somebody searches for X, then there is a high probability that he'll search for Y.
This is broadly known as Collaborative filtering.

A: In absence of any other metric/rating given by the user, all you've got is the search strings submitted.
Here you could use Frequent itemset mining followed by Association rule generation which should give you a good recommendation in form of frequently co-occuring items(search strings) from all of the history.
You could read more about it here - Association rule mining

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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2011 American protest movement
This article is about the protests in New York City. For the wider movement, see Occupy movement.
Part of the Occupy movement
Protestors gathered November 15, 2011 in Duarte Square
September 17, 2011 (2011-09-17)
40°42′33″N 74°0′40″W / 40.70917°N 74.01111°W / 40.70917; -74.01111
Occupy_Wall_Street Latitude and Longitude:
Caused by
Wealth inequality, political corruption, [1] corporate influence of government
Picketing
Internet activism
Parties to the civil conflict
Occupy movement protesters
Other activity in NYC:
700+ marchers arrested
(crossing Brooklyn Bridge, October 1, 2011) [2]
2,000+ marchers
(march on police headquarters, October 2, 2011) [3]
15,000+ marchers
(Lower Manhattan solidarity march, October 5, 2011) [4]
(Times Square recruitment center march, October 15, 2011) [5]
50,000–100,000 marchers
(2012 May Day march on Wall St.) [6]
Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest movement against economic inequality and the influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Wall Street financial district, in September 2011. [7] It gave rise to the wider Occupy movement in the United States and other countries.
The Canadian anti-consumerist magazine Adbusters initiated the call for a protest. [8] The main issues raised by Occupy Wall Street were social and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the undue influence of corporations on government—particularly from the financial services sector. The OWS slogan, " We are the 99%", refers to income and wealth inequality in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population. To achieve their goals, protesters acted on consensus-based decisions made in general assemblies which emphasized redress through direct action over the petitioning to authorities. [9] [nb 1]
The protesters were forced out of Zuccotti Park on November 15, 2011. Protesters then turned their focus to occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, college and university campuses and social media.
The original protest was called for by Kalle Lasn and others of Adbusters, a Canadian anti-consumerist publication, who conceived of a September 17 occupation in Lower Manhattan. The first such proposal appeared on the Adbusters website on February 2, 2011, under the title "A Million Man March on Wall Street." [10] Lasn registered the OccupyWallStreet.org web address on June 9. [11] The website redirected to www.adbusters.org/campaigns/occupywallstreet and www.adbusters.org/occupywallstreet, but is now "Not Found". [12] In a blog post on July 13, 2011, [13] Adbusters proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest corporate influence on democracy, the lack of legal consequences for those who brought about the global crisis of monetary insolvency, and an increasing disparity in wealth. [14] The protest was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull statue. [15] [16] [17] In July, Justine Tunney registered OccupyWallSt.org which became the main online hub for the movement. [11]
The U.S. Day of Rage, a group that organized to protest "corporate influence [that] corrupts our political parties, our elections, and the institutions of government", also joined the movement. [18] [19] The protest itself began on September 17; a Facebook page for the demonstrations began two days later on September 19 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events. By mid-October, Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages. [20]
The original location for the protest was One Chase Manhattan Plaza, with Bowling Green Park (the site of the "Charging Bull") and Zuccotti Park as alternate choices. Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced off two locations; but they left Zuccotti Park, the group's third choice, open. Since the park was private property, police could not legally force protesters to leave without being requested to do so by the property owner. [21] [22] At a press conference held the same day the protests began, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, "people have a right to protest, and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it." [19]
More recent prototypes for OWS include the British student protests of 2010, 2009-2010 Iranian election protests, the Arab Spring protests, [23] and, more closely related, protests in Chile, Greece, Spain and India. Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy movement in the United States. [24] [25] [26]
Many commentators have stated that the Occupy Wall Street movement has roots in the philosophy of anarchism. [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]
"We are the 99%"
Main article: We are the 99%
The Occupy protesters' slogan "We are the 99%" referred to the income disparity in the US and economic inequality in general, which were main issues for OWS. It derives from a "We the 99%" flyer calling for OWS's second General Assembly in August 2011. The variation "We are the 99%" originated from a Tumblr page of the same name. [32] [33] Huffington Post reporter Paul Taylor said the slogan was "arguably the most successful slogan since ' Hell no, we won't go!'" of the Vietnam War era, and that the vast majority of Americans saw the income gap as causing social friction. [32] The slogan was boosted by statistics which were confirmed by a Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report released in October 2011. [34] Writing in 2022, historian Gary Gerstle says that the slogan "proved surprisingly appealing" in a nation that, during its neoliberal high point, often denounced ideas of class warfare. [35]
Income and wealth inequality
A chart showing the disparity in income distribution in the United States. [36] [37] Wealth inequality and income inequality have been central concerns among OWS protesters. [38] [39] [40]
Income inequality and wealth inequality were focal points of the Occupy Wall Street protests. [41] [42] [43] This focus by the movement was studied by Arindajit Dube and Ethan Kaplan of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, who noted that "... Only after it became increasingly clear that the political process was unable to enact serious reforms to address the causes or consequences of the economic crisis did we see the emergence of the OWS movement." [44]
Beginning on September 17, 2011, Zuccotti Park was occupied by protesters. [45]
OWS's goals included a reduction in the influence of corporations on politics, [46] more balanced distribution of income, [46] more and better jobs, [46] bank reform [26] (especially to curtail speculative trading by banks [47]), forgiveness of student loan debt [46] [48] or other relief for indebted students, [49] [50] and alleviation of the foreclosure situation. [51] Some media labeled the protests "anti-capitalist", [52] while others disputed the relevance of this label. [53]
Some protesters favored a fairly concrete set of national policy proposals. [54] [55] One OWS group that favored specific demands created a document entitled the 99 Percent Declaration, [56] but this was regarded as an attempt to "co-opt" the "Occupy" name, [57] and the document and group were rejected by the General Assemblies of Occupy Wall Street and Occupy Philadelphia. [57]
During the occupation in Liberty Square, a declaration was issued with a list of grievances. The declaration stated that the "grievances are not all-inclusive". [58] [59]
Main organization
Protesters engaging in the ' human microphone'
The assembly was the main OWS decision-making body and used a modified consensus process, where participants attempted to reach consensus and then dropped to a 9/10 vote if consensus was not reached.
Assembly meetings involved OWS working groups and affinity groups, and were open to the public for both attendance and speaking. [60] The meetings lacked formal leadership. Participants commented upon committee proposals using a process called a "stack", which is a queue of speakers that anyone can join. New York used a progressive stack, in which people from marginalized groups are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups. Facilitators and "stack-keepers" urge speakers to "step forward, or step back" based on which group they belong to, meaning that women and minorities often moved to the front of the line, while white men often had to wait for a turn to speak. [61] [62] In addition to the over 70 working groups, [63] the organizational structure also includes "spokes councils", at which every working group can participate. [64]
The People's Library
Main article: The People's Library
The People's Library at Occupy Wall Street was started a few days after the protest when a pile of books was left in a cardboard box at Zuccotti Park. The books were passed around and organized, and as time passed, it received additional books and resources from readers, private citizens, authors and corporations. [65] As of November 2011 the library had 5,554 books cataloged in LibraryThing and its collection was described as including some rare or unique articles of historical interest. [66] According to American Libraries, the library's collection had "thousands of circulating volumes", which included "holy books of every faith, books reflecting the entire political spectrum, and works for all ages on a huge range of topics." [65]
The library was largely destroyed during the November 15, 2011 raid and, in a court settlement, the City later agreed to pay $360,000 in compensation, including attorney fees. [67] [68] Similarly, the City of New York has since begun settling cases with individual participants. [69]
There were already libraries in the encampments of Spain [70] and Greece. Following the example of the OWS People's Library, protesters throughout North America and Europe formed sister libraries at their encampments. [71]
Zuccotti Park encampment
Main article: Timeline of Occupy Wall Street
Encampment at Zuccotti Park and " People's Library" with over 5,000 books, wi-fi internet, and a reference service, often staffed by professional librarians, procuring material through the interlibrary loan system.
Prior to being closed to overnight use and during the occupation of the space, somewhere between 100 and 200 people slept in Zuccotti Park. Initially tents were not allowed and protesters slept in sleeping bags or under blankets. [72] Meal service started at a total cost of about $1,000 per day. Many protesters used the bathrooms of nearby business establishments. Some supporters donated use of their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of protesters. [73]
New York City requires a permit to use "amplified sound", including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall Street did not have a permit, the protesters created the " human microphone" in which a speaker pauses while the nearby members of the audience repeat the phrase in unison. [74] [72]
Zuccotti Park, cleared and cleaned on November 15, 2011
On October 13, New York City Mayor Bloomberg and Brookfield Properties announced that the park must be vacated for cleaning the following morning at 7 am. [75] [76] [77] The next morning the property owner postponed its cleaning effort. [76] Having prepared for a confrontation with the authorities to prevent the cleaning effort from proceeding, some protesters clashed with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was canceled. [75]
Shortly after midnight on November 15, 2011, the New York City Police Department gave protesters notice from the park's owner to leave Zuccotti Park due to its purportedly unsanitary and hazardous conditions. The notice stated that they could return without sleeping bags, tarps or tents. [78] [79] About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists.
Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello playing Occupy Wall Street in New York, October 2011
On December 31, 2011, protesters started to re-occupy the park. [80] Police in riot gear started to clear out the park around 1:30 am. Sixty-eight people were arrested in connection with the event, including one accused by media of stabbing a police officer in the hand with a pair of scissors. [81]
When the Zuccotti Park encampment was closed, some former campers were allowed to sleep in local churches. [82] Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, the movement has turned its focus on occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, college and university campuses, and Wall Street itself. Since its inception, the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City have cost the city an estimated $17 million in overtime fees to provide policing of protests and encampment inside Zuccotti Park. [83] [84] [85]
On March 17, 2012, Occupy Wall Street demonstrators attempted to mark the movement's six-month anniversary by reoccupying Zuccotti Park. Protesters were soon cleared away by police, who made over 70 arrests. [86] [87] On March 24, hundreds of OWS protesters marched from Zuccotti Park to Union Square in a demonstration against police violence. [88]
On September 17, 2012, protesters returned to Zuccotti Park to mark the first anniversary of the beginning of the occupation. Protesters blocked access to the New York Stock Exchange as well as other intersections in the area. This, along with several violations of Zuccotti Park rules, led police to surround groups of protesters, at times pulling protesters from the crowds to be arrested for blocking pedestrian traffic. There were 185 arrests across the city. [89] [90] [91] [92]
Occupy media
Adbusters poster of Ms. Chelsea Elliott advertising the original protest
Occupy Wall Street activists disseminated their movement updates through variety of mediums, including social media, print magazines, newspapers, film, radio and live stream. Like much of Occupy, many of these alternative media projects were collectively managed, while autonomous from the decision-making bodies of Occupy Wall Street. [93] [94]
Arun Gupta, editor of Occupied Wall Street Journal holding a copy of the first issue, standing inside Zuccotti Park.
The Occupied Wall Street Journal (OWSJ) was a free newspaper founded in October 2011 by independent journalists Arun Gupta, Jed Brandt and Michael Levitin. [95] [96] The first issue had a total print run of 70,000 copies, along with an unspecified number in Spanish. [97] Its last article appeared in February 2012.
Occupier reading the special edition of Occupied Wall Street, with posters curated by Occuprint.
The Occuprint collective, founded by Jesse Goldstein and Josh MacPhee, formed through the curation of the fourth and special edition of The Occupied Wall Street Journal (OWSJ). [98] [99] Afterwards, it continued to collect and publish images under the Creative Commons for non commercial use license, to spread the artwork throughout the movement.
The Occupy! Gazette was founded by editors Astra Taylor, Keith Gessen of n+1 and Sarah Leonard of Dissent Magazine. It published five issues from October 2011 to September 2012, [100] with a commemorative sixth issue published in May 2014, to support OWS activist Cecily McMillan during the sentencing phase of her trial. [101] [102]
Tidal: Occupy Theory, Occupy Strategy magazine was published twice a year, with its first release in December 2011, the fourth and final issue in March 2013. It consisted of long essays, poetry and art within thirty pages. Each issue had a circulation of 12,000 to 50,000. [103]
In Front and Center: Critical Voices in the 99% was a fully-online publication managed by an editorial collective of OWS participants. It featured critical essays and reflections from within OWS, aiming to put the voices, experiences and issues of oppressed and marginalized communities in the front and center of the Occupy movement. It is still available online.
Security, crime and legal issues
OWS demonstrators complained of thefts of assorted items such as cell phones and laptops; thieves also stole $2,500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift kitchen. [104] In November, a man was arrested for breaking an EMT's leg. [105]
After several weeks of occupation, protesters had made enough allegations of rape, sexual assault, and gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set up. [106] [107] [108] [109] Occupy Wall Street organizers released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating, "As individuals and as a community, we have the responsibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a world in which survivors are respected and supported unconditionally ... We are redoubling our efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking preventive measures such as encouraging healthy relationship dynamics and consent practices that can help to limit harm." [110]
Economic Blockades and Cryptocurrency Donations
On 26 September 2011, the Internet payment intermediary PayPal suspended FeedTheProtest's donation account and froze its assets. In response, FeedTheProtest started accepting Bitcoin donations the following day to bypass the economic blockade. [111]
On 26 November 2011, occupywallst.org also started accepting bitcoin donations [112]
Government crackdowns
An internal document of the United States Department of Homeland Security showed that the U.S. government was keeping tabs on protesters
As the movement spread across the United States, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) began keeping tabs on protesters, Due fact that the protest was a potential source of violence, following this, there was a DHS report entitled "SPECIAL COVERAGE: Occupy Wall Street", dated October 2011, observed that "mass gatherings associated with public protest movements can have disruptive effects on transportation, commercial, and government services, especially when staged in major metropolitan areas." [113] The DHS keeps a file on the movement and monitors social media for information, according to leaked emails released by WikiLeaks. [114] [115]
On December 21, 2012, Partnership for Civil Justice obtained and published U.S. government documents [116] revealing that over a dozen local FBI field offices, DHS and other federal agencies monitored Occupy Wall Street, despite labeling it a peaceful movement. [117] The New York Times reported in May 2014 that declassified documents showed extensive surveillance of OWS related groups across the country. [118]
Site where the Brooklyn Bridge Arrest took place
The first person arrested was Alexander Arbuckle, a student videographer from New York University engaged in a class project. The police department alleged he was blocking the street. However, video shown at his trial showed the protesters including Arbuckle, had followed police orders and withdrew to the sidewalk. [119]
Gideon Oliver, who represented Occupy with the National Lawyers Guild in New York, said about 2,000 [protesters] had been arrested just in New York City alone. Most of these arrests in New York and elsewhere, are on charges of disorderly conduct, trespassing, and failure to disperse. [120] Nationally, a little under 8,000 Occupy affiliated arrests have been documented by tallying numbers published in local newspapers. [121]
In a report [122] that followed an eight-month study, researchers at the law schools of NYU and Fordham accuse the NYPD of deploying unnecessarily aggressive force, obstructing press freedoms and making arbitrary and baseless arrests. [123]
Brooklyn Bridge arrests
On October 1, 2011, a large group of protesters set out to walk across the Brooklyn Bridge resulting in 768 arrests, the largest number of arrests in one day at any Occupy event. [124] [125] [2] By October 2, all but 20 of the arrestees had been released with citations for disorderly conduct and a criminal court summons. [126] On October 4, a group of protesters who were arrested on the bridge filed a lawsuit against the city, alleging that officers had violated their constitutional rights by luring them into a trap and then arresting them. [127]
In June 2012, a federal judge ruled that the protesters had not received sufficient warning. [128]
Video of his arrest was convincing evidence in Alexander Arbuckle's acquittal. [119]
In 2011, eight men associated with Occupy Wall Street were found guilty of trespassing, having intended to set up a camp on property controlled by Trinity Church. One was also convicted of attempted criminal mischief and attempted criminal possession of burglar's tools for trying to slice a lock on a chain-link fence with bolt cutters, spending a month in prison. The rest were sentenced to community service. [129] [130]
In May 2012, three cases in a row were thrown out of court, the most recent one for "insufficient summons". [131]
One defendant, Michael Premo, charged with assaulting an officer, was found not guilty after the defense presented video evidence which "showed officers charging into the defendant unprovoked", contradicting the sworn testimony of NYPD officers. [132]
In April 2014, the final Occupy court case, the Trial of Cecily McMillan began. Cecily McMillan was charged with and convicted of assaulting a police officer and sentenced to 90 days in Rikers Island Penitentiary. [133] McMillan claimed the assault was an accident and a response to what she claimed to be a sexual assault at the hands of said officer. [134] The jury that found her guilty recommended no jail time. [135] She was released after serving 60 days. [136]
Notable responses
Main article: Reactions to Occupy Wall Street
October 5, 2011, in Foley Square, members of National Nurses United labor union supporting OWS
During an October 6 news conference, President Barack Obama said, "I think it expresses the frustrations the American people feel, that we had the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression, huge collateral damage all throughout the country ... and yet you're still seeing some of the same folks who acted irresponsibly trying to fight efforts to crack down on the abusive practices that got us into this in the first place." [137] [138]
On October 5, 2011, noted commentator and political satirist Jon Stewart said in his Daily Show broadcast: "If the people who were supposed to fix our financial system had actually done it, the people who have no idea how to solve these problems wouldn't be getting shit for not offering solutions." [139]
Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney said that while there were "bad actors" that needed to be "found and plucked out", he believes that targeting one industry or region of America is a mistake, and said the Occupy Wall Street protests are "dangerous" and inciting "class warfare". [140] [141] A week later, Romney expressed empathy for the movement, saying, "I look at what's happening on Wall Street and my view is, boy, I understand how those people feel." [142]
House Democratic Leader Rep. Nancy Pelosi said she supports the Occupy Wall Street movement. [143] In September, various labor unions, including the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 and the New York Metro 32BJ Service Employees International Union, pledged their support for demonstrators. [144]
In November 2011, Public Policy Polling did a national survey which found that 33% of voters supported OWS and 45% opposed it, with 22% not sure. 43% of those polled had a higher opinion of the Tea Party movement than the Occupy movement. [145] In January 2012, a survey was released by Rasmussen Reports, in which 51% of likely voters found protesters to be a public nuisance, while 39% saw it as a valid protest movement representing the people. [146]
Many notable figures joined the occupation, including David Crosby, Kanye West, Russell Simmons, Alec Baldwin, Susan Sarandon, Don King, Noam Chomsky, Jesse Jackson, Cornel West, Judith Butler, and Michael Moore. [147]
Time Magazine: Person of the Year 2011
OWS was mentioned by Time Magazine in its 2011 selection of "The Protester" as Person of the Year. [148]
A number of criticisms of Occupy Wall Street have emerged, both during the movement's most active period and subsequently after. These criticism include a lack of clear goals, false claim as the 99%, a lack of measurable change, trouble conveying its message, a failure to continue its support base, pursuing the wrong audience, and accusations of anti-Semitism.
Although the movement's primary slogan was "we are the 99%," it was criticized for not encompassing the voice of the entire 99%, specifically lower-class individuals and minorities
The Occupy Movement has been criticized for not having a set of clear demands that could be used to prompt formal policy change. This lack of agenda has been cited as the reason why the Occupy Movement fizzled before achieving any specific legislative changes. Although the lack of demands has simultaneously been argued as one of the advantages of the movement, [149] the protesters in Occupy rejected the idea of having only one demand, or a set of demands, and instead represented a host of broad demands that did not specifically allude to a desired policy agenda. [150] [151]
Although the movement's primary slogan was " We are the 99%," it was criticized for not encompassing the voice of the entire 99%, specifically lower class individuals and minorities. For example, it was characterized as being overwhelmingly white [152] and poorly representative of the needs of the immigrant population. The lack of African American presence was especially notable, with the movement being criticized in several news outlets and journal articles for its lack of inclusivity and racial diversity. [153] [154] [155] [156]
Some publications mentioned that the Occupy Wall Street Movement failed to spark any true institutional changes in banks and in Corporate America. This idea is supported by the number of scandals that continued to emerge following the financial crisis such as the London Whale incident, the LIBOR-fixing scandal, and the HSBC money laundering discovery. Furthermore, the idea of excess compensation through salaries and bonuses at Wall Street banks continued to be a contentious topic following the Occupy protests, especially as bonuses increased during a period of falling bank profits. [157] [158] [159]
The movement was also criticized for not building a sustainable base of support and instead fading quickly after its initial spark in late 2011 through early 2012. [160] This may be attributed to Occupy's lack of legislative victories, which left the protestors with a lack of measurable goals. It was also argued that the movement was too tied to its base, Zuccotti Park. Evidence of this lies in the fact that when the police evicted the protestors on November 15, the movement largely dissipated. [161] [162] While there is evidence that the movement had an enduring impact, protests and direct mentions of the Occupy movement quickly became uncommon. [163] [164] [160]
Some Occupy Wall Street protests have included anti-zionist and or anti-Semitic slogans and signage such as "Jews control Wall Street" or "Zionist Jews who are running the big banks and the Federal Reserve". As a result, the Occupy movement has been confronted with accusations of anti-Semitism by major US media outlets and US politicians. [165] [166] [167] [168] [169]
Subsequent activity
See also: Occupy movement and Occupy movement in the United States
Occupy Wall Street mounted an ambitious call for a citywide general strike and day of action on May 1, 2012. Tens of thousands of people participated in a march through New York City, demonstrating continued support for Occupy Wall Street's cause and concerns.
Occupy Sandy was an organized relief effort created to assist the victims of Hurricane Sandy in the northeastern United States, made up of former and present Occupy Wall Street protesters, other members of the Occupy movement, and former non-Occupy volunteers. [170]
To celebrate the third anniversary of the occupation of Zuccotti Park, an Occupy Wall Street campaign called " Strike Debt" announced it had wiped out almost $4 million in student loans, amounting to the indebtedness of 2,761 students. The loans were all held by students of Everest College, a for profit college that operates Corinthian Colleges, Inc. which in turn owns Everest University, Everest Institute, Heald College, and WyoTech. Strike Debt, and a successor organization, The Debt Collective, were active in organizing the Corinthian 100 students who struck against Corinthian college, a for-profit school that was shut down by the U.S. Department of Education. [171] [172]
Occupy the SEC came together during the occupation. The group seeks to represent the 99% in the regulatory process. They first attracted attention in 2012 when they submitted a 325-page comment letter on the Volcker Rule portion of Dodd Frank. [173]
Another offshoot of the Occupy Movement, calling itself the OWS Alternative Banking Group, was established during the occupation of Zuccotti Park in 2011. [174]
Influence on movement for higher wages and other influences
In 2013, commentators described Occupy Wall Street as having influenced the fast food worker strikes. [175] Occupy Wall Street organizers also contributed to a worker campaign at Hot and Crusty cafe in New York City, helping them obtain higher wages and the right to form a union by working with a worker center. [176] Occupy Wall Street has been credited with reintroducing a strong emphasis on income inequality into broad political discourse and, relatedly, for inspiring the fight for a $15 minimum wage. [177]
In 2021, on the 10th anniversary of Occupy Wall Street, The Atlantic listed several long-term influences of the protests, including "Reinventing Activism" by encouraging "a generation to take to the streets and demand systemic reforms", influencing the Green New Deal, influencing activism for higher minimum wages, and "shifting the window of what is deemed politically acceptable discourse and pulling the nation to the left." [178]
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^ Author Dan Berrett writes: "But Occupy Wall Street's most defining characteristics—its decentralized nature and its intensive process of participatory, consensus-based decision-making—are rooted in other precincts of academe and activism: in the scholarship of anarchism and, specifically, in an ethnography of central Madagascar." [9]
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Bray, Mark (2013). Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street. Zero Books. ISBN 9781782791263.
Janet Byrne, ed. (2012). The Occupy Handbook. Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-22021-7.
Gautney, Heather (2017). "The Influence of Anarchism in Occupy Wall Street". In Goyens, Tom (ed.). Radical Gotham: Anarchism in New York City from Schwab's Saloon to Occupy Wall Street. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 221–240. ISBN 978-0-252-08254-2.
Graeber, David (May 7, 2012). "Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Schneider, Nathan (2013). Thank You, Anarchy: Notes from the Occupy Apocalypse. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520276802.
Schram, Sanford F. (2015). The Return of Ordinary Capitalism: Neoliberalism, Precarity, Occupy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190253028.
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Occupy Wall Street Audio Collection, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University Special Collections
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Showing results by narrator "Joe Richman"
The series weaves together more than 50 first-person interviews with an unprecedented collection of archival sound: a rare recording of the 1964 trial that resulted in Mandela's life sentence; a visit between Mandela and his family secretly taped by a prison guard; marching songs of guerilla soldiers; government propaganda films; and pirate radio broadcasts from the African National Congress (ANC).
Laura Rothenberg is 21 years old, but, as she likes to say, she already had her mid-life crisis a couple of years ago; and even then it was a few years late. Laura has cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs. People with CF live an average of 30 years. Producer Joe Richman gave Laura a tape recorder. Laura kept an audio diary of her battle with the disease and her attempts to lead a normal life with lungs than often betrayed her. Laura died on March 20, 2003.
The arduous, often unpredictable journey to the US presidency has attracted some of the most unique characters in history. With "unusual" presidential candidates grabbing headlines for the foreseeable future, Contenders shines a welcome spotlight on individuals who felt inspired to offer their uncommon perspectives and special talents to lead the nation.
Since 1996 the Teenage Diaries series has given tape recorders to young people around the country. They conduct interviews, keep audio journals, and record the sounds of daily life - usually collecting more than 30 hours of raw tape over the course of a year, edited into documentaries airing on NPR's All Things Considered.
Gibsonton, Florida is the retirement and off-season home for hundreds of carnival and circus show people. Called "Gibtown" by many of its residents, the town was at one time considered the oddest place is America. You could walk into any restaurant and find the World's Only Living Half Girl sipping coffee with her 8 foot 4 inch husband, Giant Al. They, along with the Lobster Man, Alligator Skin Man and the Monkey Girl, among others, made their living touring with carnival sideshows.


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Articles by "Bajaj"
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Bajaj Pulsar NS160 To Be Launched
June 28, 2017 Bajaj , Business , buy , Donate , Motorcycles , Sell
It's been an eventful year till now for Bajaj Auto with the launch of the new Dominar, followed by the 2017 edition of its Pulsar range. The Indian two wheeler maker is now gearing up to introduce a much talked about offering - Pulsar NS160 - and was caught testing across the country recently. Sources close to Bajaj have told Carandbike that the Pulsar NS160 launch is scheduled to take place towards the end of July this year and will be the seventh Pulsar to go on sale from the company.
The newest Bajaj Pulsar NS160 (Naked Sport) has been on sale in a host of markets for a while now including Nepal and Turkey. The bike maker aims to position the 160 NS as a premium offering to compete against the Suzuki Gixxer, Honda CB Hornet 160R and TVS Apache RTR 160 in the segment. Do note that the Pulsar NS160 will not be a replacement to the aging Pulsar 150 in the company's line-up. The model is Bajaj's bestselling motorcycle from the Pulsar range, registering over an average of 30,000 units every month, and the demand won't be going down just yet.
In essence the Bajaj Pulsar NS160 is made to look like a smaller version of the Pulsar NS200 that was relaunched earlier this year. The 160 NS also uses a perimeter frame, while the engine is an all-new 160.3 cc oil-cooled unit. In the international markets, the motor is tuned for 15.2 bhp and 14.6 Nm of peak torque, paired to a 5-speed gearbox. Expect to see similar power figures on the Indian model as well.
In comparison, the Bajaj Pulsar 150 makes 13.8 bhp and 13.4 Nm of torque whereas the Pulsar 180 makes 17 bhp and 14.2 Nm of torque. While the new Pulsar 160 NS sits right in the middle of the older Pulsars, expect to the model to be lighter and therefore slightly more responsive. Needless to say, the motor will be BS-IV compliant while also come equipped with auto headlamp on (AHO) function. The instrument console is also derived from the NS200.
The Pulsar NS160 is a replacement to the AS150 of sorts and is expected to be priced at a slight premium over the Pulsar 150 and 180. Dealerships suggest that the NS160 will be priced around ₹ 85,000 (ex-showroom, Delhi). Expect more details on the Pulsar NS160 to unfold in the following weeks leading up to the launch. Make sure to keep watching this space for all the updates.


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A Prince Rupert Sloan Avenue house with rental units has a 2023 assessment value, as of July 1, 2022 of $711,900, according to bcassessment.ca website. (File photo: Black Press Media)
North Coast residents see double digit increases in property assessment
Port Clements homes were valued 38 per cent higher than last year
Kaitlyn Bailey, Local Journalism Initiative
Jan. 5, 2023 5:00 a.m.
Homeowners in B.C.'s North Coast may be surprised when they get this year's property assessment, as property values in all communities in the region rose by double digits.
Port Clements topped the list with the most drastic change — 38 per cent increase across the community, BC Assessment stated Jan. 3.
In the 2022 assessment year, the average value of a home for the mid-island Haida Gwaii community was $124,000. This year, for 2023, the average is $171,000.
Prince Rupert properties rose by 14 per cent for an average single-family home value of $389,000 in 2022 to $443,000 in 2023.
Residents in the neighbouring District of Port Edward will see a similar, slightly smaller increase of 11 per cent. In 2022 the typical property assessment for the municipality was $268,000 and it went up to $297,000 in 2023.
Homeowners in Masset will see an increase of 28 per cent, with the average single-family home assessed as $163,000 in 2022 and $209,000 in 2023.
In Daajing Giids, homeowners will see an average increase of 11 per cent from a value of $208,000 in 2022 to $232,000 in 2023.
"I want to emphasize that assessments are based on July 1, 2022," Teria Penner, Northern B.C. Deputy Assessor said.
"While the local real estate market has seen some shifts, it is important to compare your assessment with similar properties that sold around July 1."
Across all of northern B.C., assessments increased from $81.5 billion in 2022 to more than $90.6 billion in 2023 and include almost 250,000 properties. This signifies an 11 per cent increase for the region, close to the overall provincial increase of 12 per cent.
The most expensive property assessment for a single-family home in the north was in Prince George, with a value of $3,731,000.
Northern property owners should get their notices in the mail in early January, BC Assessment stated.
Changes in property taxes do not necessarily mean there will be a corresponding change in property taxes, Penner explained.
"As noted on your assessment notice, how your assessment changes relative to the average change in your community is what may affect your property taxes."
If an individual's property value change is lower than the average change in their community, their taxes will likely decrease. Whereas, if the same individual's property value change was greater than the average, then taxes will likely increase.
Property taxes are also dependent on how much income a municipality decides they need and this can change from year to year.
READ MORE: OPINION: B.C. Realtor's explanation how property assessment increases do not affect taxes
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