text:
\section{Goal}
I will concentrate on semileptonic transitions since
I do not see any realistic hope to extract $|V(cb)|$ from
nonleptonic decays with competitive accuracy. I provide here an
Executive
Summary stating the relevant results, their theoretical
uncertainties and how the latter can be reduced in the future. The
derivations can be found in
reviews like \cite{HQT,VARENNA} and in the original
papers listed there.

\section{Theoretical Technologies}
\subsection{Fundamentals}

Heavy Quark Theory is implemented
through the operator product expansion
(OPE) in the form of a heavy quark expansion (HQE).  It allows to
evaluate inclusive transition rates as an expansion in inverse
powers of the heavy quark mass:
\begin{equation}
\Gamma (B \rightarrow l \nu X_q) =
\frac{G_F^2 m_b^5}{192 \pi ^3} |V(qb)|^2
\left[ c_3\langle B|O_3|B \rangle  + c_5
\frac{\langle B|O_5|B \rangle}{m_b^2} +
c_6\frac{\langle B|O_6|B \rangle}{m_b^3} +
{\cal O}(1/m_b^4) \right]
\label{GENERAL}
\end{equation}
where the $O_d$ denote local operators of
(scale) dimension $d$. It is basically the same cast
of operators -- albeit
with different weights --
that appears in semileptonic, radiative and nonleptonic rates
as well as distributions.

The coefficients $c_d$ are
calculated from short-distance physics; they contain the
masses of the final state quarks from phase space etc. and powers
of the strong coupling $\alpha _S$. The hadronic
expectation values (HEV) of the operators $O_d$ encode the
{\em nonperturbative} corrections. While we can identify these
operators and their dimensions which then determine the power
of $1/m_b$, in general we cannot (yet)
compute their HEV's from first
principles.

For the HEV of the leading
operator $O_3 = \bar bb$ one has
\begin{equation}
\langle B|O_3|B \rangle /2M_B = 1 + {\cal O}(1/m_b^2) \; ;
\end{equation}
it thus incorporates the parton model result which dominates
asymptotically, i.e. for $m_b \rightarrow \infty$.

The most remarkable feature of Eq.(\ref{GENERAL}) is the
{\em absence} of a contribution in order $1/m_b$.
{\em Such a term is anathema in the OPE since there is no
relevant operator of dimension four}
\footnote{The operator $\bar Q \gamma \cdot \partial Q$
can be reduced to $m_Q \bar QQ$ by the equation of motion.}!
This has an important consequence:
\begin{itemize}
\item
With the leading nonperturbative corrections emerging in order
$1/m_b^2$, they can amount to no more than typically
several percent in beauty decays. More specifically they {\em
reduce} the semileptonic $B$ width by close to 5 \%. That
also means
that evaluating the HEV's with no more than moderate accuracy
-- say 20 \% -- already limits the overall uncertainties due to
nonperturbative corrections to the 1\% level.
\end{itemize}
{\em Sum rules} \cite{OPTICAL} serve as
an important theoretical tool: they yield well-defined
relations between basic parameters of HQE and provide
insights into how quark-hadron duality comes about.

One warning should be stated explicitely:
it would be {\em illegitimate} to merely replace
{\em quark} masses in the OPE expressions by
{\em hadron} masses.
It can be shown \cite{FIVE} how sum rules lead to
the emergence of quark phase space and the OPE
nonperturbative corrections from the combination of
hadronic phase space and bound state effects.

\subsection{Determining the Size of Basic Parameters}

\subsubsection{Quark Masses}
Since the semileptonic width depends on the fifth power of the
heavy quark mass, great care has to be applied in treating
the latter. Masses like other parameters in a quantum field theory
are not constants, but vary with the energy scale
$\mu$ at which they are evaluated: $m_b(\mu )$.
In the limit $\mu \rightarrow 0$ the {\em pole} mass emerges;
since -- due to a so-called renormalon singularity --
it suffers from an {\em irreducible} uncertainty
$ \sim {\cal O}(1/m_Q)$ that is {\em larger} than the
nonperturbative contributions one is evaluating, it is
in principle inadequate for our purposes here.
Such problems are avoided if one chooses a scale
$\mu \geq 0.5$ GeV which shields $m_b(\mu )$
against renormalon
singularities. It turns out that the natural choice for this
scale is $\mu \sim m_b/5 \sim 1$ GeV.
The $\overline{\rm MS}$ mass
is ill-suited for describing {\em decay}
(though not production) processes since it treats scales
below its value in an unphysical way. Instead one
adopts a more natural definition for the low
scale running mass which leads to a {\em linear}
dependance on $\mu$:
\begin{equation}
\frac{dm_b(\mu )}{d\mu} =
-c_m \frac{\alpha _S(\mu)}{\pi} + ... \; ;
\end{equation}
the number $c_m$ specifies the concrete definition
within this general class; reasonable choices are
$c_m = 4/3$ or $16/9$.

Since $\mu \sim 1$ GeV, $m_b(\mu )$ can conveniently
be inferred from
$e^+ e^- \rightarrow b \bar b$ very close to threshold. That way one
arrives at (for $c_m = 16/9$)
\begin{equation}
\label{22}
m_b(1 \; {\rm GeV}) = \left\{\begin{array}{ll}
4.56 \pm 0.06 \; {\rm GeV} & \cite{MELNIKOV1} \\
4.57 \pm 0.04 \; {\rm GeV} & \cite{HOANG}       \\
4.59 \pm 0.08 \; {\rm GeV} & \cite{BENEKE}
                         \end{array} \right.
\label{MB}
\end{equation}

The value of the mass difference $m_b - m_c$
can be inferred
from the measured values of the spin averaged beauty
and charm mesons:
\begin{eqnarray}
m_b - m_c &=& \langle M_B\rangle - \langle M_D \rangle +
\mu _{\pi}^2 \left( \frac{1}{2m_c} - \frac{1}{2m_b} \right)
+ {\cal O}(1/m_{c,b}^2)
\nonumber
\\
&\simeq& 3.50 \; {\rm GeV}^2 + 40 \, {\rm MeV}
\cdot \frac{\mu _{\pi}^2 - 0.5 \, {\rm GeV}^2}{0.1 \, {\rm GeV}^2}
+ \Delta M_2
\label{MBMCDIFF}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
\langle M_{B[D]} \rangle = \frac{M_{B[D]} + 3 M_{B^*[D^*]}}{4}\; ,
\; \; \; |\Delta M_2| \leq 0.02 \, {\rm GeV}
\end{equation}

\subsubsection{Hadronic Expectation Values}
There are two dimension-five operators, namely the Lorentz invariant
chromomagnetic operator
$\bar b \frac{i}{2} g_s\sigma \cdot G b$
and the kinetic energy operator $\bar b (i\vec D)^2b$ where
$\vec D$ denotes the covariant derivative. The latter operator
does not form a Lorentz scalar and therefore can enter only through
the expansion of $\bar bb$.
\begin{itemize}
\item
$\mu_G^2$:

\noindent
The size of the chromomagnetic HEV can be estimated
through the hyperfine splitting
\begin{equation}
\mu _G^2 \equiv \frac{1}{2M_B}
\matel{B}{\bar b \frac{i}{2} g_s\sigma \cdot G b}{B}
\simeq \frac{3}{4} \left( M_{B^*}^2 - M_B^2 \right)
\pm 20 \%
\simeq 0.36 \; {\rm GeV^2} \pm 20 \% \; ,
\end{equation}
yet it cannot automatically be equated with it. For the equality
holds only asymptotically, namely in the limit $m_b \rightarrow
\infty$. At preasymptotic, i.e. finite values corrections of order
$1/m_b$ (and higher) will
arise. While it has been demonstrated in principle
how those can be determined through the SV sum rules
\cite{HQT}, this
program has not been performed yet in a concrete way.
This is a refinement that can be achieved in the future.

\item
$\mu _{\pi}^2$:

\noindent
The quantity
\begin{equation}
\mu _{\pi}^2 \equiv \frac{1}{2M_B}
\matel{B}{\bar b (i\vec D)^2b}{B}
\end{equation}
is related to the average kinetic energy of the $b$ quark
moving inside the $B$ meson.

While its precise value is not known yet, we can state
the following:
\begin{itemize}
\item
An analysis based on QCD sum rules yields \cite{BALL}:
\begin{equation}
\mu _{\pi}^2 \simeq (0.5 \pm 0.15) \; {\rm (GeV)^2} \; .
\end{equation}
\item
In the literature $\mu _{\pi}^2$ is often equated with the
HQET parameter $\lambda _1$ (or $-\lambda _1$). While
the two quantities look superficially the same, they
are {\em not} once quantum corrections are included. Those
are essential for a self-consistent treatment.
\item
\begin{equation}
\mu _{\pi}^2 \geq \mu _G^2
\end{equation}
holds as a field theoretical inequality
\footnote{The dedicated reader should note that the exact
definition of $\mu _{\pi}^2$ employed here is not identical
to that of Ref.\cite{BALL}.}.
\item
Since $\mu _{\pi}^2 = \langle |\vec p_b|^2 \rangle$ one
would be quite surprised if $\mu _{\pi}^2$ exceeded the
bound $\mu _G^2 \simeq (0.6 \; {\rm GeV})^2$ considerably.
\item
Altogether a fairly conservative estimate is
\begin{equation}
\mu _{\pi}^2 \simeq 0.5 \pm 0.2 \; {\rm GeV}^2
\label{MUPI}
\end{equation}

\end{itemize}
The remarks given above concerning preasymptotic
corrections apply here as well.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{On Theoretical Uncertainties}
A few general comments on estimating uncertainties might be
helpful:
\begin{itemize}
\item
The {\em conditio sine qua non} for the validity of the OPE result is quark-hadron duality.
While it is expected to hold in the decays of
beauty hadrons for $m_b \rightarrow \infty$, there is a topical debate
in the literature on its quantitative limitations for
{\em finite} values
of $m_b$ when applied to {\em nonleptonic} transitions.
Yet here we are dealing with semileptonic decays which
present a smoother dynamical stage.

These issues can be analyzed in the 't Hooft model -- QCD in 1+1 dimensions with the
number of
colours $N_C \rightarrow \infty$ -- which is an exactly soluble field theory;
i.e., the spectrum of its boundstates and their wavefunctions are
known. It automatically implements confinement. The validity
of duality can be probed by comparing the OPE based result
with the one obtained by summing over the hadronic
resonances. Perfect matching has been found for
semileptonic (as well as nonleptonic) widths. Furthermore
duality violations can be modelled and were found to be
suppressed by high powers of $1/m_Q$
\cite{THOOFT,THOOFT2,THOOFT3}.
\item
In stating a theoretical error for a quantity I mean that the real
value can lie almost anywhere in this range with basically
equal probability rather than follow a Gaussian distribution.
Furthermore my message is that I
would be quite surprised if the real value would fall
outside this range. Maybe one could call that a
90 \% confidence level, but I do not see any way to be
more quantitative.
\item
One of the most intriguing features of HQE
is that they allow us to express a host of observables --
rates of nonleptonic, semileptonic and radiative decays,
distributions etc. -- in terms of a handful of basic quantities,
namely quark masses and expectation values of the
leading operators as sketched above.
This means, though, that {\em correlations}
exist between the predictions for different observables
which have to be accounted for. However, this is not always done
in the literature.
\item
The just mentioned feature of  HQE can be exploited for
important self-consistency checks by
determining a basic quantity
in two {\em systematically distinct} ways. If such a `redundant' extraction
provides a self-consistent value, control has been established
over the theoretical uncertainty; otherwise the need for
further analysis has been revealed.
\item
For the HQE to make numerical sense, one needs
\begin{equation}
m_Q \gg {\rm "typical" \; \; hadronic \; \; scales}
\end{equation}
This requirement is certainly satisfied for {\em beauty}
quarks for any reasonable definition of
"typical" hadronic scales. Yet for {\em charm} quarks it
makes a difference whether those are, say, 0.7 or 1 or
1.2 GeV. At present we cannot decide this isssue with
certainty. I will return to this point later on and
illustrate it through an example.

\end{itemize}

\section{$\Gamma (B \rightarrow l \nu X_c)$}

The basic expression is given by
\begin{equation}
\Gamma _{SL}(B) = \frac{G_F^2m_b^5|V(cb)|^2}{192\pi ^3}
\left[ z_0\left( 1 - \frac{\mu _{\pi}^2 - \mu _G^2}{2m_b^2}\right)
- 2 \left( 1 - \frac{m_c^2}{m_b^2}\right) ^4
\frac{\mu _G^2}{m_b^2} -
\frac{2\alpha _S}{3\pi }z_0^{(1)} + ... \right]
\label{MASTER}
\end{equation}
where the omitted terms are higher-order perturbative corrections
and/or power corrections; $z_0$, $z_0^{(1)}$ are {\em known}
phase space factors depending on $m_c^2/m_b^2$.  The leading
power corrections are controlled by the HEV's
$ \mu _{\pi}^2$ and $\mu _G^2$. While the order $\alpha _S^2$
contributions have not been stated explicitely in
Eq.(\ref{MASTER}), they are relevant and have been included in
the numerical analysis.

On the {\em conceptual} level the following has to be
kept in mind:
\begin{itemize}
\item
While the expansion in Eq.(\ref{MASTER}) is formulated in
inverse powers of $m_b$, the true expansion parameter is
provided by the energy release. This is easily expressed for
two complementary cases: for light final state quarks --
$m_c \rightarrow 0$ -- the mass
dependance is given by $m_b^5$, whereas for heavy ones
-- $m_c \rightarrow m_b$ -- it is $(m_b - m_c)^5$
\footnote{HQE are expected to provide a reliable
treatment for $b\rightarrow u$ as well as
$b\rightarrow c$ since $m_b$ as well as $m_b - m_c$ exceed ordinary
hadronic scales $\bar \Lambda \sim \frac{1}{2}$ GeV.}. Intermediate
scenarios can effectively be described in terms of powers of the difference
$m_b - m_c$ and of $m_b$:
$$
\Gamma _{SL}(b) \propto G_F^2 (m_b - m_c)^{5-p} m_b^p
$$
with $p \sim 2$.

It should be noted that the energy release is quite a bit larger
for $b \rightarrow u$ than $b \rightarrow c$ transitions.
\item
Although I did not make it explicit in the expressions above,
the matrix elements depend on a normalization scale
$\mu $. It emerges in the OPE through Wilson's
prescription for separating long distance dynamics, which are
lumped into the matrix elements, and short distance dynamics
included in the c number coefficient functions of the
operators in the OPE. The observable $\Gamma _{SL}(B)$
{\em in principle}
cannot depend on this auxiliary scale since the
$\mu$ dependance of the matrix elements obviously
cancels against that of the coefficient functions in a complete
calculation. {\em In practice} though one has to
choose it judiciously for computational purposes: it has to satisfy
\begin{equation}
\Lambda _{QCD} \ll \mu  \ll m_b
\end{equation}
to enable us to evaluate both the perturbative corrections and the
HEV's. In particular that means that the (running) quark masses
that enter in the coefficient functions
have to be evaluated at the same scale $\mu $.

I use $\mu \sim 1$ GeV for the results stated below.

\item
The normalization scale $\mu $ should not be confused
with the argument in the strong coupling $\alpha _S$ entering
in the last term of Eq.(\ref{MASTER}), which is often denoted by
$\mu$ as well; yet I will refer to it as
$\tilde \mu$. While my
$\mu$ reflects the proper normalization of the various
operators including those generating the nonperturbative
contributions, the $\alpha _S(\tilde \mu )$ corrections
are generated by
the dynamics of high momenta of order
$ \tilde \mu \gg \mu$.

It turns out that the main impact of the radiative corrections
has been accounted for once the quark masses have been
evaluated at $\mu$ as stated above. The dependance
on $\tilde \mu$ then becomes a secondary one.
\footnote{
Having settled the scale at which $\alpha _S$ should be evaluated one still has to
determine its size at that scale. Extrapolating down from values for $\alpha _S$
obtained at high scales like the $Z^0$
mass might not be quite straightforward. It has been suggested --
although not established -- that the `running' of the strong coupling
is slowed down at lower scales due to nonperturbative effects.}
\end{itemize}
{\em Numerically} one can state:
\begin{itemize}
\item
The direct nonperturbative corrections of order $1/m_b^2$ are
rather small and under control.
\item
The main challenge then consists of evaluating the
{\em perturbative} expansion
$$
\Gamma (b \rightarrow l \nu c) = \frac{G_F^2m_b^5(\mu )}
{192 \pi ^3} |V(cb)|^2 \left[ a_0(m_c/m_b) +
a_1(m_c/m_b) \frac{\alpha _S(\tilde \mu )}{\pi} + \right.
$$
\begin{equation}
\left.  a_2(m_c/m_b) \left(
\frac{\alpha _S(\tilde \mu )}{\pi}\right)^2 +
{\cal O}(\alpha _S^3) \right]
\end{equation}
where the phase space corrections for $m_c \neq 0$ enter
through the coefficients $a_i$.
\item
Any change in the normalization of the mass
\begin{equation}
m_b(\mu ) \rightarrow m_b(\mu + \Delta \mu) =
m_b(\mu ) + \left[ k_1 \frac{\alpha _S}{\pi} +
k_2 \left( \frac{\alpha _S}{\pi} \right) ^2 + ... \right]
\Delta \mu
\end{equation}
greatly affects the perturbative coefficients $a_i$, in particular
because of the high power with which $m_b$ enters.

If a calculation yields a
large value for the second order coefficient
$a_2$, one certainly has to be concerned that
$a_3$ etc. could be sizeable as well. While this could signal that
the perturbative corrections introduce a considerable
uncertainty, it could also mean that these large coefficients are
an {\em artefact} of choosing an unnatural scale for evaluating
$m_b$. It has been shown \cite{FIVE} that the latter is the case
here. Adopting $\mu \sim m_b/5$ effectively sums a sequence
of higher-order contributions; the remaining coefficients are
of order unity making the uncertainty due to perturbative
corrections small.

With the size of the quark masses of obvious importance they
have to be defined properly and treated carefully, as mentioned
above.
\end{itemize}
Equating the expression in Eq.(\ref{MASTER}) with the measured
width one arrives at
\begin{eqnarray}
|V(cb)|_{\Gamma _{SL}(B)} &=&
0.0411 \sqrt{\frac{BR(B \rightarrow l \nu X)}{0.105}}
\sqrt{\frac{1.55 \, {\rm ps}}{\tau (B)}}
\nonumber \\
&\times& \left( 1 - 0.025 \cdot
\frac{\mu _{\pi}^2 - 0.5 \, {\rm GeV}^2}{0.2 \, {\rm GeV}^2} \right)
\nonumber \\
&\times& \left( 1 \pm 0.01|_{m_b} \pm 0.01|_{pert}
\pm 0.015|_{1/m_Q^3} \right)
\label{VCBIN}
\end{eqnarray}
where the second and third lines refer to the theoretical
uncertainties. I have taken into account here the
correlations alluded to in the introduction.
For the coefficient in the bracket in the second
line reflects the fact that the size of $\mu _{\pi}^2$
affects also the value of $m_b - m_c$, see
Eq.(\ref{MBMCDIFF}). The {\em remaining} sensitivity to $m_b$
enters through $\delta m_b$, where
$\delta m_b/m_b \simeq 0.01$ has been assumed. The last term
finally represents an estimate of power corrections
beyond order $1/m_b^2$, including possible deviations from
quark-hadron duality.

The central value in Eq.(\ref{VCBIN}) is lower by 2\%
than the
one given in Ref.\cite{HQT} basically due to two reasons:
(i) A value
of about 4.51 GeV had been used in Ref.\cite{HQT} for the low scale
{\em kinetic} $b$ quark mass, i.e. a number lower by
about 1\% than what now the best available
determinations yield. (ii) The non-BLM part of the
${\cal O}(\alpha _S^2)$ contributions slightly increase the width.
The final digit in the central value has to be taken with a
grain of salt for the moment while further checks are being
performed.

Adding the theoretical
uncertainties {\em linearly} rather than quadratically one
arrives at
\begin{equation}
\delta _{theor} |V(cb)|_{\Gamma _{SL}(B)}
\simeq 6\%   \; \; \; {\rm at} \; {\rm present}
\end{equation}
I view such an error estimate as prudent rather than
conservative. For there is reason for concern that our
determinations of $m_b - m_c$ and of $m_b$ suffer from
systematic short-comings.
\begin{itemize}
\item
Using Eq.(\ref{MBMCDIFF}) relies on an expansion in powers
of $1/m_c$ to be numerically reliable. Yet we cannot rest
assured of that. For the charm quark is
not truly much larger than typical hadronic
scales.
Eq.(\ref{MUPI}) implies those scales are around
$\sqrt{\mu _{\pi}^2} \sim 0.7$ GeV making an expansion
in powers of $1/m_c$ meaningful.

However this is not an
ironclad conclusion. For it is not ruled out that the
relevant hadronic scales are higher; after all we have only a
lower bound on $\mu _{\pi}^2$.
It is
conceivable that both the central value of and
the uncertainty in $m_b - m_c$ might differ significantly
from the values stated above. Combining
Eqs.(\ref{MBMCDIFF},\ref{MB}) leads to an uncomfortably small
value of the charm quark mass. The value of
$m_b - m_c$ thus contains a central theoretical
uncertainty in evaluating $\Gamma (B \rightarrow l \nu X_c)$.
\item
The difference $m_b - m_c$ can be extracted from
moments of semileptonic decay spectra through methods
that do not suffer the same
dependance on $1/m_c$.
\item
All existing studies determine $m_b$ in very much the
same way from $\Upsilon$ spectroscopy. More confidence in
its value would be gained through extracting it by a different
method.
\end{itemize}

The error estimate of Eq.(\ref{MASTER}) had been criticised in the
past as unrealistically
optimistic by authors that used pole masses or running masses
evaluated at the high scale $m_b$. It was argued that the
$m_b^5$ term suffers from a $\sim 10$\% uncertainty as do
the radiative corrections; this would
suggest an irreducible $\sim 20$\% theoretical uncertainty
in the expression for the width. The point missed in these
claims was the fact that these two sources of
uncertainties are highly correlated as explained above.

I think that reducing this error down to
\begin{equation}
\delta _{theor} |V(cb)|_{\Gamma _{SL}(B)}
\simeq 2\%
\end{equation}
is
an attainable goal over the next several years through refining our
theoretical tools and calibrating them through experimental cross
checks.

However, I see it as quite unlikely
that the uncertainties in $m_b$ and $m_b - m_c$
can be reduced to the desired level by theoretical
means alone: a {\em systematically} different way for determining
$m_b$ and $m_b - m_c$ can be obtained through a careful
analysis of {\em moments} of semileptonic decay {\em spectra}.
The necessary theoretical tool do exist and require just some
polishing; the data can be obtained.

\subsection{Criticism in the Literature}

The OPE treatment of the semileptonic decays of beauty hadrons
has been criticised by Jin in several papers
summarized in \cite{JIN} where he
claims that
\begin{enumerate}
\item
his ansatz is no less based on QCD than the OPE description;
\item
the OPE treatment misses relevant kinematical features;
\item
his reduced semileptonic width -- i.e. where the KM parameter
has been factored out -- is larger than the OPE reduced width by
a significant amount:
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{|V(qb)|^2} \Gamma ^{\rm Ref.\cite{JIN}} (B \rightarrow l \nu X_q) >
\frac{1}{|V(qb)|^2} \Gamma ^{\rm OPE} (B \rightarrow l \nu X_q) \; ;
\end{equation}
this would yield a lower value of $|V(qb)|$ obtained from the
same data.
\end{enumerate}
While the last claim is factually correct the first two are not,
which makes the last one irrelevant.

Observable spectra are described through folding
quark spectra with a (ligh cone) quark distribution  function.
The actual choice of such a wave function which
corresponds to {\em leading-}twist dynamics affects
{\em spectra};
it {\em cannot}, however, have an impact on
{\em integrated} rates as we are
discussing here.

In addition -- and probably most to the point -- his description
is not only different, but inconsistent as expanding his expression
for the semileptonic width reveals:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Gamma ^{\rm Ref.\cite{JIN}} (B \rightarrow l \nu X) &=&
\Gamma (b \rightarrow l \nu q) \cdot
\left[ 1+ \frac{35}{6} \frac{\mu _{\pi}^2}{m_b^2} + ... \right] \\
\Gamma ^{\rm OPE} (B \rightarrow l \nu X) &=& \Gamma (b \rightarrow l \nu q) \cdot
\left[ 1 - \frac{1}{2} \frac{\mu _{\pi}^2}{m_b^2} + ... \right]
\end{eqnarray}
Note the difference in sign and magnitude --
$\frac{35}{6}/\frac{1}{2} \simeq 12$  -- of the
$\mu _{\pi}^2/m_b^2$ terms in the two expressions. Without any
calculation one can immediately see that the OPE result is correct and the
other wrong. Since $\mu _{\pi}^2 = \langle |\vec p_b|^2 \rangle
\simeq \langle m_b^2 |\vec v_b|^2 \rangle$ one realizes that the
expression
\begin{equation}
1 - \frac{1}{2} \frac{\mu _{\pi}^2}{m_b^2} \simeq
1- \frac{1}{2} |\vec v_b|^2 \simeq \sqrt{1 - |\vec v_b|^2}
\end{equation}
is nothing but the Lorentz time dilation factor! This kinematical
effect has to be present. The expression of
Ref. \cite{JIN} fails
completely to reproduce the limiting case of a freely
moving $b$ quark. This makes no sense in particular for an
ansatz based on the parton model.

Lastly the 't Hooft model is QCD in 1+1 dimensions with $N_C$, the
number of colours, going to infinity. It retains many dynamical
features of real QCD like confinement etc.,
yet can be solved exactly. One finds that the semileptonic $b\rightarrow c$
as well as $b \rightarrow u$ widths indeed match the OPE results
\cite{THOOFT}.

The question of quark versus hadron kinematics in HQE has been
carefully studied since 1993 in several dedicated papers
\cite{PRL,MOTION,OPTICAL,FIVE} and others more.
It has been demonstrated how the full kinematical range can be
covered, how the quark phase space and the OPE nonperturbative
corrections emerge from the combination of hadronic phase space
and bound state effects.

\section{$B \rightarrow l \nu D^*$ at Zero Recoil}
\subsection{General Idea}
Having measured the lepton spectrum in $B \rightarrow l \nu D^*$ one can
extrapolate to the point of zero recoil to extract
$|V(cb)F_{D^*}(0)|$. This extrapolation will introduce a theoretical
uncertainty about which I have nothing new to add.

Heavy quark symmetry tells us that
\begin{equation}
{\rm lim} \, F_{D^*}(0) = 1    \; \; \; {\rm as} \; \; \; m_b \rightarrow \infty
\end{equation}
must hold; i.e., we have
$$
F_{D^*}(0) = 1 + {\cal O}(\alpha _S/\pi ) + \delta ^A_{1/m^2}
+ \delta ^A_{1/m^3} + ...
$$
\begin{equation}
\delta ^A_{1/m^2} = {\cal O}(1/m_c^2 ) + {\cal O}(1/m_cm_b )
+ {\cal O}(1/m_b^2 )
\label{FDZERO}
\end{equation}
The theoretical challenge consists of calculating the perturbative
as well as nonperturbative corrections to this exclusive process.

The absence of nonperturbative corrections of order $1/m_{b,c}$
was first noted by Shifman and Voloshin
\cite{SV}. It was later analyzed in
more detailed by Luke \cite{LUKE} and is often referred to as Luke's
theorem.

Calculating the perturbative corrections provides us with a
technical challenge where the last word has not been spoken yet;
however they do not pose a conceptual problem. The conceptual
challenge has come from the power corrections.

Till 1994 the
canonical claim had been that HQET allows to determine these
contributions reliably and that they are quite small
\begin{equation}
\delta ^A_{1/m^2} = ( -2 \pm 1)\%
\end{equation}
leading to $F_{D^*}(0) \simeq 0.97$.

 In 1994 the OPE-based heavy quark expansion was
applied to this problem
\cite{OPTICAL,FD0}. Employing a
(zero velocity) sum rule the analysis
yielded $F_{D^*}(0) \simeq 0.9$.
This value has now been widely adopted as the central value.

\subsection{Power Corrections}

Heavy quark expansions allow to calculate the inclusive width for all
channels generated by the axial current:
$B \stackrel{j_{\mu}^5}{\longrightarrow} X_A$. The hadronic
final state $X_A$ has three components, namely
\begin{itemize}
\item
$D^*$ as the lowest state;
\item
higher excitations like $D^{**}$, etc. and
\item
a quasi-continuum formed by $D+\pi 's$ configurations where
the distinction between this and the preceding component is
fluid.

\end{itemize}
Turning the argument around
$B \rightarrow D^*$ is given as the difference between the inclusive
zero recoil width
$B \rightarrow X_A$ and the higher excitations including the
continuum. The
formfactor $F_{D^*}$ can thus be expressed through three types of
contributions:
\begin{enumerate}
\item
those coming from local operators emerging in a
$1/m_Q$ expansion, as characterized by $\mu _{\pi}^2$,
$\mu _G^2$ and terms of order $1/m_Q^3$ (and higher).
One should
note here that there are three variants of $1/m^2$
terms, namely $1/m_c^2$, $1/(m_c m_b)$ and
$1/m_b^2$. Obviously the first one will usually
dominate.
\item
{\em nonlocal} contributions from higher excitations;
\item
perturbative ones.
\end{enumerate}
Combining them I obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
F_{D^*} (0) &\simeq& 0.89 -
0.026 \cdot \frac{\mu _{\pi}^2 - 0.5 \, {\rm GeV^2}}{0.2 \,
{\rm GeV^2}} \pm 0.02|_{excit} \pm 0.01 |_{pert}
\pm 0.025_{1/m^3}
\nonumber
\\
&\simeq& 0.89 \pm 0.08 |_{theor}
\label{ERROREX}
\end{eqnarray}
The central value has been lowered since a more careful
analysis of the perturbative corrections that partially
accounts for $1/m_Q^3$ terms suggests a smaller short
distance renormalization factor \cite{KOLYAPRIVATE}.

A few comments will help to gain a proper perspective
of these findings:
\begin{itemize}
\item
One should note that the impact of $\mu _{\pi}^2$
on $F_{D^*}(0)$ and on $\Gamma _{SL}(B)$ is
{\em anticorrelated}: while a larger value of $\mu _{\pi}^2$
{\em reduces} $F_{D^*}(0)$ and thus leads to a
{\em larger} value
of $|V(cb)|$ to be obtained from the observable
$|F_{D^*}(0) V(cb)|$, it {\em enhances} $\Gamma _{SL}(B)$
through a larger value for $m_b - m_c$ and thus
{\em reduces} $|V(cb)|_{\Gamma _{SL}(B)}$,
see Eqs.(\ref{VCBIN},\ref{ERROREX}).
\item
The value of
$\mu _{\pi}^2$ represents a major common source of the
uncertainty in both cases; however
the origin is very different:
\begin{itemize}
\item
In $\Gamma _{SL}(B)$ it mainly reflects how we infer the value
of $m_b - m_c$. Once the latter has been determined differently,
namely
from spectra in semileptonic decays, the
impact of $\mu _{\pi}^2$ will largely fade as far as
$\Gamma _{SL}(B)$ is concerned.
\item
For $F_{D^*}(0)$ on the other hand $\mu _{\pi}^2$ forms an
essential
part of our evaluation.
\end{itemize}
\item
The leading nonperturbative corrections
to $F_{D^*} (0)$ are controlled by a
$1/m_c^2$ term. A deviation of $F_{D^*} (0)$ from unity
by about 10\% is then much more reasonable then the
originally
claimed 2\%. Yet this raises also the legitimate concern
whether such an expansion is numerically reliable because
of the charm quark mass being only moderately large. While
I have expressed this worry also in the discussion of the
total semileptonic width, it is much more serious here:
\begin{itemize}
\item
The $1/m_c$ expansion enters the treatment of
$\Gamma _{SL}(B)$ only in a secondary way, namely as a tool
to determine $m_b - m_c$. As stated before, that mass
difference can be extracted from spectra in semileptonic
$B$ decays in ways that do {\em not} depend on a
$1/m_c$ expansion.
\item
In $F_{D^*}(0)$ on the other hand the $1/m_c$ expansion forms
an integral part of the analysis and no good way has been found
to determine these power corrections in a more reliable
way.
\end{itemize}
\item
Estimates of the uncertainties in the $1/m^3$ corrections
and of the contributions from the higher excitations do not have
a firm foundation yet.
\item
At present I see little basis for adding the
theoretical uncertainties in quadrature.
\end{itemize}
Some moderate reduction in some of the uncertainties should be
achievable, in particular concerning $\mu _{\pi}^2$;
modelling the excitations might also provide some
useful handles. Yet in contrast to the situation with the total
semileptonic $B$ width I do not see how the theoretical
uncertainty in $F_{D^*}(0)$ can be reduced significantly, i.e. be cut in
half. For that to come about
a genuine breakthrough had to happen.

\section{Using $ \tau (b)$ \& BR$(b \rightarrow l \nu X)$}
Rather than determining the lifetimes and semileptonic
branching ratios of {\em specific} beauty hadrons one can
measure these observables
{\em averaged} over the beauty hadrons
present in the sample. This pedestrian implementation
of quark-hadron duality will certainly minimize the
statistical errors. The question is how great a price one pays
in systematic uncertainties.

The average semileptonic branching ratio of
beauty hadrons in a given sample is expressed by
\begin{equation}
\langle BR_{SL}(b) \rangle =
w_{B_d} \frac{\Gamma _{SL}(B_d)}{\Gamma (B_d)} +
w_{B^+} \frac{\Gamma _{SL}(B^+)}{\Gamma (B^+)} +
w_{B_s} \frac{\Gamma _{SL}(B_s)}{\Gamma (B_s)} +
w_{\Lambda _b} \frac{\Gamma _{SL}(\Lambda _b)}
{\Gamma (\Lambda _b)}
\label{AVERAGEBR}
\end{equation}
with the $w_{H_b}$ denoting the relative weights of the various
beauty hadrons in the data sample under study; $\Lambda _b$ is
used in a generic way to
include other beauty baryons $\Xi _b^{0,-}$.

One predicts that the semileptonic widths of the
beauty {\em mesons} differ by less than a percent
\begin{equation}
\Gamma _{SL}(B_d) \simeq \Gamma _{SL}(B^+) \simeq
\Gamma _{SL}(B_s) \equiv \Gamma _{SL}(B)
\end{equation}
Using the constraint
\begin{equation}
w_{B_d} + w_{B^+} + w_{B_s} + w_{\Lambda _b}  = 1
\end{equation}
one arrives at
\begin{equation}
\langle BR_{SL}(b) \rangle \simeq \Gamma _{SL}(B)
\langle \tau (b) \rangle
\left[ 1 + w_{\Lambda _b} \cdot
\frac{\tau (\Lambda _b)}{\langle \tau (b) \rangle }
\left( \frac{\Gamma _{SL}(\Lambda _b)}{\Gamma _{SL}(B)} -1
\right) \right]
\end{equation}
where $\langle \tau (b) \rangle $ denotes the average lifetime of
beauty hadrons in the sample. It has been measured with
considerable accuracy at LEP where the `beauty cocktail'
is described by
\begin{equation}
w_{B^+} = w_{B_d} = 0.395 ^{+0.013}_{-0.014} \, , \;
w_{B_s} = 0.108 \pm 0.014 \, , \;
w_{\Lambda _b} = 0.102 ^{+0.023}_{-0.021}
\end{equation}
I do not claim a quantitative understanding of beauty baryon
lifetimes -- nor do I need to. For the second factor in the
square bracket will not amount to more than a one percent
effect or so, since $w_{\Lambda _b} \simeq 0.1 \pm 0.02$
and
$|\Gamma _{SL}(\Lambda _b)/\Gamma _{SL}(B) - 1| \leq
0.2$ represents a generous bound for {\em semileptonic}
widths.

The measurement of the average semileptonic branching ratio
and beauty lifetime thus amounts to a measurement of
$\Gamma _{SL}(B)$ with {\em no} additonal
uncertainties of numerical significance. The same is likewise
true for $\langle BR(b \rightarrow l \nu X_u)\rangle$ and
$\Gamma (B \rightarrow l \nu X_u)$.

\section{Theoretical Uncertainty in $|V(ub)/V(cb)|$}

\subsection{$|V(ub)|$}

$|V(ub)|$ can be determined from the measured value for
$\Gamma (B \rightarrow l \nu X_u)$ again using HQE technology
(see \cite{URIVUB} for a summary):
\begin{eqnarray}
|V(ub)|_{B \rightarrow l \nu X_u} = 0.00442 &\cdot &
\left(  \frac{{\rm BR}(B \rightarrow l \nu X_u)}{0.002}\right) ^{1/2}
\left( \frac{1.55 \; {\rm ps}}{\tau _B}\right) ^{1/2}
\nonumber \\
&\cdot&
\left( 1 \pm 0.01|_{pert} \pm 0.018|_{1/m_b^3} \pm 0.035|_{m_b} \right)
\label{VUB}
\end{eqnarray}

As far as the angles of the KM unitarity triangle are concerned
which control CP asymmetries in $B$ decays, one is interested
more in $|V(ub)/V(cb)|$ than $|V(ub)|$ itself. It is then quite relevant to analyze whether some theoretical uncertainties drop out from this ratio.

\subsection{$|V(ub)/V(cb)|$}

Most of the theoretical uncertainties in
$|V(cb)|_{\Gamma _{SL}(B)}$ and
$|V(ub)|_{B \rightarrow l \nu X_u}$, Eqs.(\ref{VCBIN},
\ref{VUB}), are {\em independant} or only mildly correlated:
\begin{itemize}
\item
Whereas the value of $\mu _{\pi}^2$ has great impact on
$|V(cb)|_{\Gamma _{SL}(B)}$ as
yardstick for $m_b - m_c$, it affects
$|V(ub)|_{B \rightarrow l \nu X_u}$ very
little.
\item
The probably leading effect in ${\cal O}(1/m_b^3)$, namely
the weak annihilation contribution to semileptonic
$B^+$ decays, does not affect $|V(cb)|_{\Gamma _{SL}(B)}$.
\item
While a priori the perturbative uncertainties could be highly
correlated for $b\rightarrow c$ and $b \rightarrow u$, it turns out to be otherwise.
\end{itemize}
I will add the $1/m_b^3$ uncertainty in
$|V(ub)|_{B \rightarrow l \nu X_u}$ and
$|V(cb)|_{\Gamma _{SL}(B)}$ in
quadrature; likewise for the perturbative one.

One uncertainty is significantly correlated:
\begin{itemize}
\item
The value of $m_b(1\; {\rm GeV})$ is obviously an
important input in both cases, although less so in
$b \rightarrow c$ where $\Gamma (B \rightarrow l \nu X_c)
\propto (m_b - m_c)^{5-p} m_b^p$
with $p \sim 2$ than in
$b\rightarrow u$ with
$\Gamma (B \rightarrow l \nu X_u)
\propto  m_b^5$.
\end{itemize}
Hence I infer the following theoretical uncertainties for
$|V(ub)|_{B \rightarrow l \nu X_u}/|V(cb)|_{\Gamma _{SL}(B)}$:
\begin{equation}
\delta _{theor} (|V(ub)|_{B \rightarrow l \nu X_u}/
|V(cb)|_{\Gamma _{SL}(B)})
= \pm 0.02 |_{m_b} \pm 0.025|_{\mu _{\pi}^2}
\pm 0.018|_{pert} \pm 0.03|_{1/m_b^3}
\label{VUBVCBIN}
\end{equation}
Adding these errors linearly might be overly conservative;
adding them {\em in quadrature} one
arrives at an overall uncertainty of 4 - 5\%.

The situation with respect to
$|V(ub)|_{B \rightarrow l \nu X_u}/|V(cb)|_{B\rightarrow D^*}$
is simpler in the sense that there are hardly any correlations
in the theoretical uncertainties. Adopting the same strategy
as just sketched, I estimate:
\begin{equation}
\delta _{theor} (|V(ub)|_{B \rightarrow l \nu X_u}/|V(cb)|_{B\rightarrow D^*})
= 0.025|_{\mu _{\pi}^2} \pm 0.02|_{excit}
\pm 0.035 |_{m_b}  \pm 0.04|_{1/m_b^3}
\pm 0.015|_{pert}
\end{equation}
representing an overall uncertainty of 6 - 7 \%
when added in
quadrature (adding them linearly might be even less
reasonable than for Eq.(\ref{VUBVCBIN})).

\section{Summary and Conclusions}

The significant conclusions from this discussion
can be summarized as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item
The KM parameter $|V(cb)|$ can at present
be extracted
\begin{itemize}
\item
from the total
semileptonic width,
\item
from $B \rightarrow l \nu D^*$ at zero recoil and
\item
from the `average' beauty semileptonic branching
ratio and lifetime
\end{itemize}
with about a 6\% {\em theoretical} accuracy.
\item
$|V(ub)|$ can be obtained from $\Gamma (B \rightarrow l \nu X_u)$
or $\langle {\rm BR}(b \rightarrow l \nu u)\rangle$ in conjunction with
$\langle \tau (b) \rangle$ with about a 7-8 \% theoretical
accuracy.
\item
The ratio $|V(ub)/V(cb)|$ can the be determined with an
uncertainty of better than 5\%.
\item
The very attractive fundamental feature
of Heavy Quark Theory that many different obserables
are related to each other -- sometimes in subtle ways --
means that there are numerous correlations and that any
change in one of the basic quantities implies changes in several
observables. This has to be taken into account.
\item
Presently it is prudent to combine theoretical errors
{\em linearly} as it was mostly done above:
theoretical errors in general do not follow
a Gaussian distribution; correlations are not always
manifest; expansions in $1/m_c$ might not be numerically
reliable; the value of the crucial quantity $m_b$ has so far
been inferred from a single reaction only, etc.
\item
This problem can be overcome, though. Again using the very fact
of few quantities controlling several a priori independant
observables one will be able -- in due time -- to extract
the values of these quantities in different ways. If these
redundant extractions indeed agree one has established
a new level of theoretical control and can add also theoretical
uncertainties in quadrature.
\item
We can map out the strategy for reducing the theoretical error
in $\Gamma _{SL}(B)$ to 2\%. It is hard to see how the same
improvement can be achieved for the description of
$B \rightarrow l \nu D^*$.

\end{itemize}

\vspace*{.2cm}

{\bf Acknowledgements:}

I am grateful to my collaborators M. Shifman and N. Uraltsev
for making valuable suggestions concerning this text.
I truly enjoyed the informal workshop organized by
M. Battaglia, P. Henrard and other members of the
LEP Heavy Flavour Steering Group and have benefitted
greatly from it.
This
work has been supported by the National Science
Foundation under grant number PHY96-05080.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home Hausa Nigeria Politics World Business Entertainment People Sports
Home Nigeria
Matawalle makes U-turn after rejection of Buhari's no-fly zone order in Zamfara
Thursday, March 04, 2021 at 10:50 AM by Jerrywright Ukwu Onyirioha Nnamdi
- Governor Bello Matawalle has made a U-turn on his rejection of the no-fly zone order from President Muhammadu Buhari
- The Zamfara governor on Wednesday, March 3, said the directive from the president is in order since it was given in the interest of people in the state
- This position from Matawalle contradicts an earlier report in which he was quoted to have rejected the presidential order
As an after-thought, the governor of Zamfara, Bello Matawalle, has aligned himself with the no-fly zone order of President Muhammadu Buhari over the state due to rampant cases of kidnapping.
Governor Matawalle on Wednesday, March 3, stated that he has no problem with the order because its core objective is to secure the state from more attacks by bandits, PM News reports.
Moreover, the governor stated that he supports the ban on mining in Zamfara but made the clarification that illegal activities in this regard have been before the problem of banditry arose.
After deploying 6,000 soldiers to Zamfara, Buhari gives ultimatum to bandits
"If not for my people, I will not be having sleepless nights trying to protect the lives and property of the people of Zamfara.
"How did the decision of Mr President on the no-fly zone affect me? I accept it and I agreed with that. people don't even know that Zamfara doesn't have an airport."
However, it was earlier reported that the governor rejected the National Security Council's decision to declare Zamfara state as a no-fly zone.
Daily Trust quoted him as saying:
"It seems the security council doesn't understand where the nature of the security problems in Zamfara state but if they decided to take such action let them go ahead. I'm not afraid of anybody and the problem of insecurity in the state predated my administration.
"Nigerians are waiting to see the outcome of the security council resolution to see if these bandits would be crushed. If the federal government fails to crush them after this resolution, then Nigerians will understand that they only sat and serve themselves tea, nothing more."
Insecurity: APC reacts to allegations of paying N57 million to bandits
The Zamfara state governor made the comment while playing host to the chairman of the Nigeria Governors Forum, Dr. Kayode Fayemi.
Fayemi who was accompanied by his Kebbi state counterpart, Atiku Bagudu, was in the north-west state on a sympathy visit.
Governor Matawalle has rejected the federal government's no-fly zone policy on Zamfara state. Photo credit: @Bellomatawalle1
Some Nigerians have been commenting on Matawalle's stance via social media.
Otale Gbeje wrote:
"How has the governor's non-kinetic approach stopped banditry? 72 hours after he gave amnesty to bandits, they struck again by abducting children in their school."
Sani Ladi wrote:
"Matawalle has no solution, either. He is the governor but he is more worried about re-election than destroying the bandits. Is 'negotiating' and giving money a solution? Zamfara is extremely unfortunate, honestly. It's one incompetent governor after the other."
Kabiru Amra wrote:
"How will they end this insurgency?? If the state government and the federal government are still dragging on mutual agreement."
Nigerian governor rules out negotiations with bandits, gives reasons
Auwal Gonga wrote:
"I agree with the Zamfara governor. The federal government's strategy on bandits in the northwest will fail. it is not about fire power."
Shehu Kura wrote:
"He is hiding something. Otherwise, he should be complementing the effort of the federal government. You cannot treat these terrorists with weakness. But Matawalle really is behaving like either a sponsor or a sympathizer. Let the federal government crush them."
Salihu Umar wrote:
"I don't like Gov Matawalle's opposition to every move the centre makes against these bandits. Truth is, we can't keep appeasing criminals. Whatever happened to the carrot and stick approach."
Legit.ng had earlier reported that the National Security Adviser, Major-General Babagana Monguno (rtd), on Tuesday, March 2 announced the no-fly zone policy after a National Security Council meeting.
The council also banned mining activities in the state which many say has resulted in a high level of insecurity in the state.
BREAKING: Again, gunmen abduct 60, set ablaze many houses in Zamfara
Meanwhile, security agencies in Nigeria have been asked by the Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF) to investigate Governor Matawalle.
This was disclosed in a statement issued on Tuesday, March 2, by ACF national chairman and former minister of agriculture, Chief Audu Ogbe.
Jerrywright Ukwu is an Abuja-based senior political/defence correspondent at Legit.ng. He is a graduate of the Nigerian Institute of Journalism, Lagos and the International Institute of Journalism in Abuja. He is also a member of the Nigeria Union of Journalists. He spends his leisure-time reading history books. He can be reached via email at jerrywright39@yahoo.com.
Onyirioha Nnamdi is a graduate of Literature and English Language at the University of Lagos. He is a Politics/Current Affairs Editor who writes on news and political topics for Legit.ng. He brings into his reporting a wealth of experience in creative and analytical writing. Nnamdi has a major interest in local and global politics.
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Guilty or not? Nnamdi Kanu gives response to court as FG begins fresh trial
Tears as 34-year-old National Assembly staff collapses, dies on staircase a month after wedding
Breaking: Court adjourns Nnamdi Kanu's trial again, gives reason
I wish my daddy was here: 74-yr-old woman who spent 27 years in jail for crime she didn't commit freed
Man embarrasses female coursemate who helps him with his assignments, gives her wads of cash in viral video
Woman shows off perfect moves to Portable's Zazu Zeh song during party, many focus on her in viral video
Oga Bello's wife bursts into tears of joy as he and children surprise her with new car on 70th birthday
Them lose focus: Pretty Nigerian lady in heels makes Oyinbos in eatery lose focus with hot leg moves in video

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
You are at:Home»Reviews»Earphones»Campfire Audio Jupiter In-ear Earphone Review
Campfire Audio Jupiter In-ear Earphone Review
By Ryan Soo on	 July 6, 2017 Earphones, Reviews
Introduction –
Once cable manufacturer ALO Audio, Ken moved into in-ear earphones under Campfire Audio in 2015. That was just 1 and a half years ago, but as we know, new does not mean inexperienced and Campfire has already become one of the most revered and prestigious brands on the market. One could say you pay a premium for that, $799 USD to be exact, but Campfire's fine tuning and absolutely meticulous design justify the steep entry price and B-stock models offer fantastic discounts that provide some real value to more budget-constrained buyers.
But as a consumer, not a reviewer, it can be hard to really open up to new manufacturers. It's too easy to dismiss such comments as hype, after all, some reviews are almost too positive. A few years ago, when I was less "enlightened", I held my Sennheiser ie800's in high-esteem, my buyer's ego refusing to admit that portable audio could get any better. The Jupiter was the earphone that dispelled that notion, it was also the model that introduced me to CA and I was instantly captivated in Ken's hand-made and liquid formed designs. However, since then, the Jupiter seems to have been buried behind the immense reputation of its younger brothers, the Andromeda and Vega. And it's a trend we've seen before, so many people automatically flock to the flagship forgetting that lower models may carry a more pleasing tonality for their personal preference. As Campfire's first flagship and the earphone that brought attention to the brand as a truly high-end audio manufacturer, let's see if the Jupiter still carries the spark that ignited Campfire's big bang.
I would like to thank Campfire Audio very much for their quick communication and for providing me with the Jupiter for the purpose of review. All words are my own and there is no monetary incentive for a positive review. Despite receiving the earphones free of cost, I will attempt to be as objective as possible in my evaluation.
The Jupiter comes in an intriguing box with colourful artwork and renders that provide a really unique look. The box is small and practical rather than extravagant, but I'm glad that Campfire has spent a little extra on the included carrying case that you use every day rather than opulent packaging that really amounts to little in the long run.
And opening up the box reveals the absolutely beautiful carrying case. It's a medium-small zippered hard case with a very plush, protective shearling interior that snugly holds the earphones and prevents them from chipping each other during transport. The raw leather exterior is visually striking, textured and distinctive with a fantastic texture. I was initially worried about marking up the leather, but in my experience, it has proved to be pretty hard wearing.
Underneath is a small compartment containing 3 pairs of Spinfits and 3 pairs of foam ear tips. Unfortunately, they're not authentic Comply's, they are a bit harder and return a little quicker but they provide some nice isolation and comfort. Campfire also includes a cleaning tool, basic warranty and usage instructions in addition to a nice metal badge.
Next Page: Design
Ryan Soo
Avid writer, passionate photographer and sleep-deprived medical student, Ryan has an ongoing desire to bring quality products to the regular reader.
Pinky Powers on July 10, 2017 2:35 pm
lol. Do you attract all the spam on the internet? 😀


text:
Q: How to convert rows to columns - complex pivot How to construct a data set that returns the following columns using dynamic SQL.
fed name, fed address, cfo 1 name, cfo 1 email, cfo 1 phone, cfo 2 name, cfo 2 email , cfo 2 phone, ... director 1 name, director 1 email, director 1 phone ... through 5, president 1 name etc.. All in one row.
I Have four tables in my database:
Contact:
X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c     |    Name          |    Email    |     Phone     |   Federation_ID
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1                           |    John Smith    | x9@gmail.com |  546-5464889 |     1
2                           |    David smith   | x8@gmail.com |  145-5464889 |     1
3                           |    Ellen Smith   | x9@gmail.com |  546-5464889 |     1
4                           |    Dan smith     | x8@gmail.com |  145-5464889 |     1
5                           |    Kelly Smith   | x9@gmail.com |  546-5464889 |     2
6                           |    Dori smith    | x8@gmail.com |  145-5464889 |     2
7                           |    Nir Smith     | x9@gmail.com |  546-5464889 |     2
8                           |    Victor smith  | x8@gmail.com |  145-5464889 |     2

Affiliation:
X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c     |    npe5__Role__c
-----------------------------------------------
4                           |    President
8                           |    President

Federation:
Federation_ID   |  Name    |   Address
---------------------------------------
1               |   x      |   123 hello
2               |   y      |   345 world

Constituency:
X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c     |    Constituency
-----------------------------------------------
1                           |    CFO
2                           |    CFO
3                           |    Director
7                           |    Director
5                           |    Director
6                           |    Director

Expected Result for Federation 1:
  Name    |   Address   |    CFO 1        | CFO 1 Email  | CFO 1 Phone  | CFO 2        | CFO 2 Email  | CFO 2 Phone  | Director 1  | Director 1 Email | Director 1 Phone | President 1 | President 1 Email | President 1 Phone|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   x      |   123 hello |    John Smith   | x9@gmail.com | 546-5464889  | David smith  | x8@gmail.com | 145-5464889  | Ellen Smith | x9@gmail.com     | 546-5464889      | Dan smith   | x8@gmail.com      | 145-5464889

Each federation can have multiple contacts with the same constituency and affiliation.
For example a federation 'x' can have more than one CFO and more than one director. These information comes from the constituency table. (These numbers are dynamic.)
Then the same federation can have more then one president and this info comes from the affiliation table.
Here is how I started but it is not exactly doing what I am expecting.
DECLARE @query VARCHAR(MAX)

DECLARE @pickedConstituenciesByUser varchar(MAX) = 'Chief Financial Officers,President,Executive Directors'
DECLARE @constituencies VARCHAR(MAX)
SELECT  @constituencies = STUFF (
                            (
                                SELECT DISTINCT '],[' + Constituency__c

                                FROM    Constituency

                                WHERE   Active__c = 1 AND Constituency__c IN (SELECT Value FROM fnc_Split_IDs(@pickedConstituenciesByUser, ','))

                                ORDER BY '],[' + Constituency__c

                                FOR XML PATH('')
                            ), 1, 2, ''
                          ) + ']'

--return
SET @query =
    'SELECT * FROM ' +
    '( ' +
        'SELECT  c.Name, ' +
                'f.Community, ' +
                'f.CitySize, '+
                'f.CommunityCode, ' +
                'f.BillingStreet, ' +
                'f.BillingCity, ' +
                'f.BillingState, ' +
                'f.BillingPostalCode, ' +
                'f.BillingCountry, ' +
                'ct.Constituency__c ' +

        'FROM Federation f ' +

        'JOIN Contact c ON f.Account_ID = c.AccountId ' +

        'JOIN Affiliation a ON  c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c = a.npe5__Contact__c  ' +
                                'AND ' +
                                'a.Affiliation_Type__c IN (''Professional'',''Lay'') ' +

        'JOIN Constituency ct ON ct.Contact__c = c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c AND ct.Active__c = 1 ' +

    ') AS t ' +

    'PIVOT (MAX(t.Name) ' +
           'FOR t.Constituency__c IN ('+ @constituencies +')) AS pvt ' +

    'Order BY CitySize, Community '

EXECUTE (@query)

This code returns only one CFO and one Director and no presidents.

A: This is too long for a comment. When we are looking for consumable data it should be easy for the person helping you to consume it. Here is how this information should be posted so others can query against it.
create table Contact
(
    X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c int
    , Name varchar(50)
    , Email varchar(50)
    , Phone varchar(15)
    , Federation_ID int
)

insert Contact values
(1, 'John Smith', 'x9@gmail.com', '546-5464889', 1)
, (2, 'David smith', 'x8@gmail.com', '145-5464889', 1)
, (3, 'Ellen Smith', 'x9@gmail.com', '546-5464889', 1)
, (4, 'Dan smith', 'x8@gmail.com', '145-5464889', 1)
, (5, 'Kelly Smith', 'x9@gmail.com', '546-5464889', 2)
, (6, 'Dori smith', 'x8@gmail.com', '145-5464889', 2)
, (7, 'Nir Smith', 'x9@gmail.com', '546-5464889', 2)
, (8, 'Victor smith', 'x8@gmail.com', '145-5464889', 2)

create table Affiliation
(
    X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c int
    , npe5__Role__c varchar(20)
)

insert Affiliation values
(4, 'President')
, (8, 'President')

create table Federation
(
    Federation_ID int
    , Name varchar(10)
    , Address varchar(20)
)

insert Federation values
(1, 'x', '123 hello')
, (2, 'y', '345 world')

create table Constituency
(
    X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c int
    , Constituency varchar(10)
)

insert Constituency values
(1, 'CFO')
, (2, 'CFO')
, (3, 'Director')
, (7, 'Director')
, (5, 'Director')
, (6, 'Director')

I don't have any more time to help you today. Maybe somebody else will be able to use the data I created to help.

A: Thank you guys for trying to help.
After a whole day I was able to come up with something that works for me. It might not be the best way to handle this but it works.
Hopefully this can help someone else.
    DECLARE @pickedConstituenciesByUser varchar(8000) = 'Chief Financial Officers,Executive Directors,President'
    DECLARE @query VARCHAR(8000)
    DECLARE @column_headers VARCHAR(8000)

    -- Creating the main temp table
    CREATE TABLE #Main_Tbl
    (
        [ID]                varchar(50),
        column_value        varchar(255),
        Community           varchar(255),
        CitySize            varchar(255),
        CommunityCode       varchar(255),
        BillingStreet       varchar(255),
        BillingCity         varchar(255),
        BillingState        varchar(255),
        BillingPostalCode   varchar(255),
        BillingCountry      varchar(255),
        Title               varchar(255),
        RowNum              int,
        Column_header       varchar(255)
    )

    -- Inserting intital data with constituencies and (contact names into column_value)
    INSERT INTO #Main_Tbl
    SELECT  c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c,
            c.[Name] column_value,
            f.Community,
            f.CitySize,
            f.CommunityCode,
            f.BillingStreet,
            f.BillingCity,
            f.BillingState,
            f.BillingPostalCode,
            f.BillingCountry,
            ct.Constituency__c,
            0 Rownum,
            '' [Column_header]

    FROM Federation f

    JOIN Contact c ON f.Account_ID = c.AccountId

    JOIN Constituency ct ON ct.Contact__c = c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c AND ct.Active__c = 1

    -- Inserting intital data with affiliations and (contact names into column_value)
    INSERT INTO #Main_Tbl
    SELECT  c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c,
            c.[Name] column_value,
            f.Community,
            f.CitySize,
            f.CommunityCode,
            f.BillingStreet,
            f.BillingCity,
            f.BillingState,
            f.BillingPostalCode,
            f.BillingCountry,
            a.npe5__Role__c,
            0 Rownum,
            '' [Column_header]

    FROM Federation f

    JOIN Contact c ON f.Account_ID = c.AccountId

    JOIN Affiliation a ON   c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c = a.npe5__Contact__c
                            AND
                            a.Affiliation_Type__c IN ('Professional','Lay')
                            AND
                            a.npe5__Status__c = 'Current'

    -- Updating data with row number and column headers.
    UPDATE A
    SET A.RowNum = Z.RowNum, A.Column_header = z.Column_header
    FROM #Main_Tbl A
    JOIN
    (
            SELECT  x.ID,
                    x.CommunityCode,
                    x.Community,
                    x.CitySize,
                    x.column_value,
                    x.Title,
                    ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY x.CommunityCode, x.Title ORDER BY x.column_value) RowNum,
                    x.Title + ' ' + cast(ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY x.CommunityCode, x.Title ORDER BY x.column_value) as varchar(10)) Column_header

            FROM #Main_Tbl x

            JOIN Contact c ON x.ID = c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c

            WHERE Title IN (SELECT Value FROM fnc_Split_IDs(@pickedConstituenciesByUser, ','))

    ) Z ON A.ID = Z.ID

    -- Inserting the same data - but this time replacing name with email into column_value
    INSERT INTO #Main_Tbl
    SELECT  c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c,
            c.Email column_value,
            x.Community,
            x.CitySize,
            x.CommunityCode,
            x.BillingStreet,
            x.BillingCity,
            x.BillingState,
            x.BillingPostalCode,
            x.BillingCountry,
            x.Title,
            0 Rownum,
            x.Column_header + ' Email' [Column_header]

    FROM #Main_Tbl x

    JOIN Contact c ON x.ID = c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c

    -- Inserting the same data again - but this time replacing email with phone into column_value
    INSERT INTO #Main_Tbl
    SELECT  c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c,
            c.Phone column_value,
            x.Community,
            x.CitySize,
            x.CommunityCode,
            x.BillingStreet,
            x.BillingCity,
            x.BillingState,
            x.BillingPostalCode,
            x.BillingCountry,
            x.Title,
            0 Rownum,
            x.Column_header + ' ' + 'Phone' [Column_header]

    FROM #Main_Tbl x

    JOIN Contact c ON x.ID = c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c

    WHERE Column_header NOT LIKE ('%Email%')

    -- Inserting the same data again - but this time replacing phone with title into column_value
    INSERT INTO #Main_Tbl
    SELECT  c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c,
            a.npe5__Role__c column_value,
            x.Community,
            x.CitySize,
            x.CommunityCode,
            x.BillingStreet,
            x.BillingCity,
            x.BillingState,
            x.BillingPostalCode,
            x.BillingCountry,
            x.Title,
            0 Rownum,
            x.Column_header + ' ' + 'Title' [Column_header]

    FROM #Main_Tbl x

    JOIN Contact c ON x.ID = c.X18_Digit_Contact_ID__c

    JOIN Affiliation a ON x.ID = a.npe5__Contact__c AND a.npe5__Status__c = 'Current' AND a.npe5__Role__c <> 'Constituent'

    WHERE Column_header NOT LIKE ('%Email%') AND Column_header NOT LIKE ('%Phone%')

    -- creating a string with the proper column headers
    SELECT  @column_headers = STUFF
                              (
                                (
                                    SELECT DISTINCT '],[' + TRIM([Column_header])

                                    FROM    #Main_Tbl

                                    ORDER BY '],[' + TRIM([Column_header])

                                    FOR XML PATH('')
                                ), 1, 2, ''
                              ) + ']'

    -- replacing empty headers
    SET @column_headers = Replace(@column_headers, '[],', '')

    -- replacing email
    SET @column_headers = Replace(@column_headers, '[Email],', '')

    -- replacing phone
    SET @column_headers = Replace(@column_headers, '[Phone],', '')

    -- replacing title
    SET @column_headers = Replace(@column_headers, ',[Title]', '')

    -- Build main query
    SET @query =
        'SELECT * FROM ' +
        '( ' +

                'SELECT       Community
                            , CitySize
                            , CommunityCode
                            , BillingStreet
                            , BillingCity
                            , BillingState
                            , BillingPostalCode
                            , BillingCountry
                            , column_value
                            , Column_header

                 FROM #Main_Tbl ' +

        ') AS t ' +

        'PIVOT (MAX(column_value) FOR Column_header IN ('+ @column_headers +')) AS pvt ' +

        'ORDER BY CitySize, Community'

    -- Execute query
    EXECUTE (@query)

    DROP TABLE #Main_Tbl

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Here are a few questions to see if a career in data analysis is right for you.
1. Do you rely on getting a lucky outcome? Or would you prefer to calculate how to get the highest odds of winning!
You might do this while playing card games or board games and think that this doesn't apply outside of games; but a data-minded person bases their decisions mostly on facts and calculates the most rational outcome.
If you are generally capable of understanding when analyzing the rational side of everything – and not just the emotional – is the best course of action then this is a major quality seen in good data scientists.
2. Do you enjoy stats and math?
Working with numbers, calculating relationships between data sets and rationalising real life data are all daily occurrences. So if you enjoy mathematics and statistics then you could be a perfect fit.
If you go straight to the Sudoku or crossword sections in the daily paper and enjoy solving them, then this is a good sign that you have a right mindset. Data analysts sometimes spend hours studying mathematical concepts in order to accurately model the data in an effective manner.
3. You understand the benefits of practical business.
Analysis is just the start of the work. Once you have understood the number and stats, you need to show others why they are important. The story that the data shows, the predictions it makes and most importantly in the business world, how you use that data to make more money or grow a business.
Sometimes this requires Data scientists to get a little creative and make the reports easy for others to understand. A great Lead data analyst will make the data easy to understand and make it obvious why the data matter.
Do you prefer being practical and business-minded? Then you are on the right track.
Knowing how to code is a data scientist's best friend. Being able to write scripts, automations and programs will allow you to analyse incredibly large sets of data from the comfort of your own chair.
You sit in front of your computer for hours, and type. For some people this is relaxing; for others this is boring.
If you can imagine yourself coding for hours and you can also imagine that you would actually love to do that, that's another check mark on your list.
The way most efficient companies are run is with one larger central data scientist team. Each member then liaises with a different part of the company.
This can mean that most of your time will be spent outside of the data team. And most of these people have a very different mindset that data scientist's. If you can make friends of all sorts of type of people and communicate effectively then you will be on the right track.
If you want to learn more about data analyst or have a look through some job opportunities, then check out empiric.


text:
Some Michiganders Prefer Working From Home
Wally Londo Published: March 17, 2021
I am just now back in the office after working from my home studio since November. I worked from home last spring too. I like being back around my co-workers and getting out of the house to go to the office everyday. My step kids work for the State of Michigan, which means they aren't mandated to go back until May, but they would continue working from home if allowed. They like it, just like many other people in our state who have enjoyed earning a living from home.
Governor Whitmer has formed a statewide committee whose job is to create recommendations on how to get more people back to in person working in a safe manner. However, some are saying they want to continue working from home. Dawn Atkins, a Program Assistant at the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, told WLNS that it was hard to figure out how to work from home, but that, surprisingly, she likes it more than she ever expected. Many are waiting to head back to in person work, but Dawn and her co-workers are wishing to continue working from home.
WLNS reports
"We just wait in the wings and hope that we'll all just still be home," Dawn said. But, even with some hoping to stay home, there's an initiative from the State to try and get people back into the office.
"This is a workgroup that the governor has formed," Lansing Mayor Andy Schor said.
Mayor Schor is a part of Governor Whitmer's committee to get more Michiganders back into office spaces. "She wants all of us to talk about the different pieces and the important pieces of returning people to work safely," Mayor Schor said.
He said the sooner we get people back in offices, the better. My wife worked for Delta Dental for decades, and they would never let them work from home. Now the majority of their employees are working from home, and the company has cancelled an expansion project for their facility, opting to continue to allow staff to work from home permanently, and only coming into the actual building a few times a month.
The pandemic has taught corporate America and us that much of the work we do today can be done from home, and we will see a lot more of it in the future. Unfortunately those who can't work from home are the ones who have suffered the most during this time.
LOOK: 50 photos of American life in 2020
How Many in America: From Guns to Ghost Towns
Can you take a guess as to how many public schools are in the U.S.? Do you have any clue as to how many billionaires might be residing there? Read on to find out—and learn a thing or two about each of these selection's cultural significance and legacy along the way.
Filed Under: ann arbor, Best Cities in America, Michigan proud, Wally Londo
Did You Know 2 of America's Best Cities For Coffee Are Located in Michigan
3 Michigan Bars Ranked Among 'Best Brew Pubs in America'
How Michigan Became An Eastern Time Zone State
Dog Electrocuted After Touching Downed Power Line Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor Was Just Named The Most Educated In America
Airbnb CEO Picked This Michigan Rental As His All Time Favorite
Is Grand Rapids on the List of the 150 Best Places to Live?
University of Michigan Makes Liver Cancer Breakthrough Using Sound
Why Aren't Ann Arbor Residents Mowing Their Lawns Until June?


text:
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Help is one phone call away.
Home » Blogs » Non-Substance Addictions
A Third of Indoor Tanners Are Addicted to the Sunbed
Apr 21, 2010 | by John Lee
© Whatshername
Researchers say that as many as 1 in 3 young people who use indoor tanning facilities could be addicted to tanning; and that those that show addictive symptoms are also far more likely to display symptoms of substance abuse and anxiety.
Indoor tanning is bad for you. It increases the risks of the lethal melanoma cancer. Nevertheless, millions use indoor tanning as a way to get that bronzed look, and according to researchers, a significant number of these indoor tanners may be addicted to that fake sunshine.
Researchers at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York looked closely at the behaviors of 229 college students who admitted to using indoor tanning facilities. These students were given a tanning-modified version of a questionnaire that is used to predict substance abuse (the CAGE Screening Test) and were also assessed for addiction based on the APA's DSM-IV addiction criteria.
The numbers:
39% of these indoor tanning students met the CAGE criteria for tanning addiction and 30% met the DSM-IV criteria for addiction
Students that were considered addicted to tanning were far more likely to report greater anxiety and substance abuse.
Amongst students who met the criteria for tanning addiction:
78% admitted having tried and failed to cut down on tanning
78% admitted to feeling guilty about their tanning
26% admitted wanting to tan after getting out of bed in the morning
Roughly 25% said that tanning had caused them to miss important scheduled activities
The researchers suggest that a subset of people may be using tanning for more than just appearance change, but also as a way to relax and to regulate mood, just as drugs and alcohol are sometimes used. Lead researcher Catherine Mosher commented, saying, "There might be a similar mechanism underlying substance-use behavior and tanning behavior. Both may be ways of coping with emotions. There may be similar processes in the brain involved that need to be uncovered."
While the notion of tanning addiction may sound far-fetched to the layperson, experts in the field aren't surprised by the results of Mosher's study.
University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston dermatology professor, Dr. Richard Wagner Jr. found similar rates of addiction in beach-going tanners in a study published in 2005. He commented on this latest research by explaining that the concept of addiction helps to explain why people continue to engage in an activity that is known to be harmful, saying, "A lot of times, these people don't really want to hear that tanning may be a problem. I hear this a lot from my skin-cancer patients. They are sort of in denial."
Because of the link between addictive behaviors and tanning, Mosher recommends the use of more intensive techniques, such as motivational interviewing, to help those who tan at unhealthy levels. Looking forward, she says, "Further research should evaluate the usefulness of incorporating a brief anxiety and depression screening for individuals who tan indoors. Patients with anxiety or depression could be referred to mental health professionals for diagnosis and treatment."
The full study results can be read in the journal, Archives of Dermatology
We welcome republishing of our content on condition that you credit Choose Help and the respective authors. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Helpful Reading:
Alcohol Addiction - the Straight Facts December 12, 2018 | Addictions
The difference between alcohol abuse and alcohol addiction (alcoholism), what puts you at risk of becoming an alcoholic and what to do once you've crossed that invisible line to addiction.
Read the complete article
Rebuilding a Relationship after Sobriety May 09, 2013 | Living With An Addict
Your partner's in recovery... now what? Tips on rebuilding a relationship while making your own needs a priority: building trust - one day at a time, setting measurable goals to work toward, taking care of yourself... rather than your partner.
Experts Q&A
Treatment Helpline - Call (844) 906-0608
Add a Facility
© 2020 Choose Help. Some rights reserved.
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Re: Can FICON be extended to another Fabric using FCIP?
I am looking into extending a 3594 Tape library from one fabic to another fabric using FCIP. I am able to access this tape library using fiber channel ports, but I am trying to connect a mainframe up using FICON. I am using DCX switches and have the license for FICON, but I am not sure if this will work. I downloaded the FICON Admin redbook, but would welcom any help and direction on how to implement this.
FICON extension uses FCIP for transport. FCIP interfaces and tunnels used for FICON extension must be defined prior to configuring FICON emulation. Ports should remain persistently disabled until after FICON emulation is configured. Refer to Fibre Channel over IP Administrator's Guide for information about configuring FCIP interfaces, tunnels, and circuits.


Hey Roohi - both the hospitals are worlds apart.
While Holy spirit is a basic one and seven hills is a plush one.
Does your doc deliver at these places only? if yes then I would have easily chosen Seven Hills. Holy Spirit gives me a lil sarkaari hospital feel.
3) very imp - fee charged. what all is included and exclude is what you should check while visiting these hospitals.
5) vibes from the room, condition of the rooms - we should feel at ease and shouldn't be depressing.
I have an option between Fortis Mahim and Surya @ SV Road... will be finalising one of them soon.
When are you due and where are you based?
Have a healthy pregnancy and take care.
hospital expenses and delivery charges?
Any baby events in Mumbai?


No, sorry but we have some adorable little themed ducks you can purchase for only $1.00. When you adopt your duck Advocates staff will work hard to train, coach, and condition your rubber ducks to make sure they are ready for the big day.
No, but it's a lot of FREE and FUN for the whole family!
Does it cost to attend the Duck Derby?
Absolutely not! However, you will want to bring some money for lunch and/or event merchandise.
Advocates staff will contact you immediately with the information you provided on your duck adoption paper(s).
Each duck adopted is tagged with its own unique lucky duck number.
What is Advocates for Children?
Advocates for Children is a non-profit organization committed to the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect. Through our programs, we strive to one day help create a world where all children are respected and loved, happy and thriving. Our goal is to bring hope and comfort to over 3,000 children and families every year in Bartow County, and surrounding North Georgia areas. We provide direct care to children who are victims of abuse and neglect, and offer programming that focuses on the prevention of child abuse and on crucial elements of family wellness. There are no other organizations duplicating our services in Bartow County. There is no charge for the services we provide so that is why we are so dependent upon the support of events like Duck Derby.
Our seven programs assist children from birth through age 18, and in some cases ages 19-21.
What are Advocates' sources of funding?


By 2007, the Salesian Sisters realized that the real need was for year-round child care so the residential portion of the camp was closed.They noticed that many families needed both parents to work so quality child care with a faith-based focus was primary.
Da Grossa has already noticed that in the two newly renovated cabins the heating is warmer since better insulation has been added.
Start Class is an education site that uses Graphiq's semantic technology to deliver deep insights via data-driven articles, visualizations and research tools.
Camp Auxilium, which translates as "helper" in Latin, opened up to a few girls in the summer of 1961.
Sister Fran Da Grossa, who has been an integral part of the renovations, has fond memories of being a younger camper there herself.
Next to the computer lab, a recreation hall attached to a chapel still has old paneling and dark colors, but by September, the room will have a new ceiling, wireless internet and new walls.
Everything will be renovated except the cinder block walls and floor.
"We realized that parents needed child care," Samson explained.
The facility moved away from being an overnight camp to being a year-round day care and summer day camp for boys and girls.
A filter system, nearby pavilion and diving board have also been replaced.
Da Grossa explained that an asphalt loop will be installed around the ponds so that children can be pushed in strollers or walk near the ponds.
The Salesian Sisters and maintenance staff set out to renovate everything from the pool floor to the cabin ceilings.
30 Nicosia, Cyprus webcam Nicosia is the capital of Cyprus.
Eye contact is very important; you need to show that you are confident but not arrogant.
A private road named Washington Drive NW services all parcels. This parcel is serviced a dirt private road called Dobie Lane which runs north off of a county maintained road called Kresank Road.


text:
Mavro "Moše" Frankfurter (Holešov, Češka Republika, 15. svibnja 1875. – Sabirni logor Jasenovac, 1942.), poznati hrvatski i vinkovački rabin ubijen tijekom Holokausta.

Životopis
Rabin Mavro "Moše" Frankfurter je rođen 15. svibnja 1875. u češkom gradu Holešov, tada dio Austro-Ugarske Monarhije, u židovskoj obitelji Davida i Katerine Frankfurter. Studirao je u Berlinu zajedno s rabinom Bačke Palanke Leopoldom Fišerom. Bio je oženjen za Rebekku Figel-Frankfurter s kojom je imao troje djece; Ruth, Alfonsa (po emigraciji u Izrael promijenio ime u Avraham) i Davida. Rabin Frankfurter je s obitelji živio u Daruvaru gdje je bio rabin "Židovske općine Daruvar". U predvečerje Prvog svjetskog rata preselio se s obitelji u Vinkovce gdje je bio imenovan za novog rabina "Židovske općine Vinkovci", a nešto kasnije i nadrabina. Tečno je govorio njemački, poljski, hebrejski i hrvatski jezik. U kući Frankfurterovih se govorio njemački i hebrejski. Rabin Frankfurter je tijekom gradnje Nove ulice u Vinkovcima, dao izgraditi obiteljsku kuću koja se danas nalazi u ulici Jurja Dalmatinca i Vladimira Nazora. Od 1914. do 1941. godine, uz redovite obaveze vezane za "Židovsku općinu Vinkovci" i Vinkovačku sinagogu, rabin Frankfurter je našao vremena da predaje judaizam u Gimnaziji Matije Antuna Reljkovića. 1936. godine sin rabina Frankfurter, David, je u Švicarskoj izvršio atentat na Wilhelma Gustloffa, vođu švicarskog ogranka Nacionalsocijalističke njemačke radničke stranke (NSDAP). Rabin Frankfurter je posijedio preko noći kada je čuo za atentat. Posjetio je Davida u zatvoru i upitao ga " … kome je ovo zapravo koristilo?" Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata i okupacije Vinkovaca od strane Wehrmachta 1941., njemački vojnici su prisilili rabina Frankfurtera da stoji na stolu, te mu pritom pljuvali u lice, čupali dugu bradu i tukli ga kundacima. Rabin Frankfurter je kasnije zajedno sa suprugom deportiran u sabirni logor Jasenovac gdje su oboje ubijeni od strane Ustaša 1942. godine.

Izvori

Literatura

Životopisi, Vinkovci
Židovi u Hrvatskoj
Židovski kler

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Each week I gather up the news published by those I follow on Twitter. Click here to see may Weekly Twitter Round Up.
I've created this Flipboard magazine on organisational behaviour. Click HERE to access. I'll update it regularly with links to online resources. If you have any links you think I should include please let me know.


text:
You are at:Home»Review»1092. Everest (2015)
1092. Everest (2015)
By The Mad Movie Man on	 September 17, 2015 120-129 mins, 2015, 6 - 7.9, Action, Drama, Movies Of 2015, Review, Sep 15, Survival, Thriller, United States
7.8 Exciting and emotional
Starring: Jason Clarke, Josh Brolin, Jake Gyllenhaal
Director: Baltasar Kormákur
Everest is an American film about the true story of a commercial climbing expedition up the world's tallest mountain that is devastated by an unexpected snowstorm.
This isn't a perfect film. There are some major flaws with the story and the pacing, given that it takes over forty minutes to really get going at all. However, there are periods of this movie which are absolutely astonishing. It's directed pristinely by Baltasar Kormákur, it has some incredible action, some of the performances are brilliant, and it has a hugely emotional climax that pretty much had me in tears.
But before we get into why this is such an exciting film, let's talk about the first act, lasting around 45 minutes. It's simply extremely poor. In reality, the characters only take a couple of minutes for you to get accustomed to, however this film continues to establish everyone and their emotional connections back home to pretty much no effect.
As a result, it's not an interesting watch at all for that long, with next to no mountain action, relatively dull dialogue, and no sense of peril or tension whatsoever, begging the question why it was left in this film for so long…
Anyway, once the actual climb gets underway, things start to get a bit better. The story centres mainly around Jason Clarke (who is brilliant) and Josh Brolin's characters, and although you have some sort of interest in the supporting players, there's not really much to see about them.
That said, Clarke and Brolin's characters still take a bit of a while to get more engrossing. There is a greater sense of danger at this part of the movie at least, but there's still nothing there to really thrill you, but it's still moderately entertaining.
It's the final hour of this story which is absolutely incredible. Helped hugely by the intense directing and astonishing CGI, the climax here is consistently engrossing and nail-biting to watch. The visuals are unbelievable, and if you get the chance to see this in IMAX, please take it, because it's an immersive experience like few others.
The finale isn't just a big-budget action thriller, though. Yes, there are some hugely intense and almost frightening sequences that turn this into quite a ruthless and pounding ride, but the most impressive thing about it is that it's so emotionally powerful.
Once the danger really sets in, and all hope seems to be lost, you really start caring about the characters in their various situations, and amongst the lonely backdrop of the highest mountain in the world, it becomes pretty emotional, at times having me in tears, something that I really did not expect to see going into this film.
Overall, this gets a 7.8, because it is an astonishingly exciting and brilliantly emotional thriller in the end, it's just the disappointingly dull first act that really brings it down.
3504. Inside Job (2010)
820. Wild (2014)
2528. Loro (2018)
1677. Logan (2017)
3057. Babyteeth (2020)


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Emergency! The Complete Series
Kevin Tighe (Actor), Randolph Mantooth (Actor) Rated:
Amazon's Choice for "emergency dvd"
Additional DVD options Edition Discs
$119.99 —
This item:Emergency! The Complete Series by Kevin Tighe DVD $73.11
Emergency: The Final Rescues by Randolph Mantooth DVD $13.99
Emergency! Behind the Scene by Richard Yokley Paperback $28.94
Emergency: The Final Rescues
Randolph Mantooth
Emergency! Season Three
Kevin Tighe
Emergency! Season Two
Emergency! Season One
Emergency! - Season Four
Emergency! Season Five
Emergency! Behind the Scene
Richard Yokley
Adam 12: The Final Season
CHiPs: The Complete Series DVD Collection - Seasons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 [C.H.i.P.s: Complete First, SEcond, Third, Fourth, Fifth, & Sixth Season]
Erik Estrada
Adam 12: Season 6
Ethan Wayne
Adam-12: Season 2
Hit the streets with Squad 51 in Emergency!, the pioneering series that was to portray the real-life drama of those who devote their lives to saving others. With sirens blaring, dedicated paramedics Roy DeSoto (Kevin Tighe) and John Gage (Randolph Mantooth) respond to the most desperate calls in the City of Angels. A heroic medical team, including Nurse Dixie McCall (Julie London) and doctors Kelly Brackett (Robert Fuller) and Joe Early (Bobby Troup) await them at Rampart Hospital, where life-and-death decisions are all part of a day's work. From legendary producer Jack Webb (Dragnet) come all six seasons of this gripping and suspenseful series that captivated viewers and launched a genre of television.
Hit the streets with Squad 51 in Emergency!, the pioneering series that was the first to portray the real-life drama of those who devote their lives to saving others. With sirens blaring, dedicated paramedics Roy DeSoto (Kevin Tighe) and John Gage (Randolph Mantooth) respond to the most desperate calls in the City of Angels. A heroic medical team, including Nurse Dixie McCall (Julie London) and doctors Kelly Brackett (Robert Fuller) and Joe Early (Bobby Troup) await them at Rampart Hospital, where life-and-death decisions are all part of a day's work. From legendary producer Jack Webb (Dragnet) come all six seasons of this gripping and suspenseful series that captivated viewers and launched a genre of television.
Emergency! Season Five:
Bonus Episode: Adam 12 'Lost and Found'
Aspect Ratio : 1.33:1
MPAA rating : s_medNotRated NR (Not Rated)
Product Dimensions : 7.6 x 5.4 x 4 inches; 2.45 Pounds
Media Format : Box set, Color, NTSC, Subtitled
Run time : 110 hours and 42 minutes
Release date : July 12, 2016
Actors : Kevin Tighe, Randolph Mantooth, Julie London, Joanna Kerns, Linda Gray
Subtitles: : Spanish
Language : English (Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround), English (Dolby Digital 2.0 Mono)
Studio : Universal Pictures Home Entertainment
ASIN : B01EFME9IC
Number of discs : 32
Best Sellers Rank: #1,329 in Movies & TV (See Top 100 in Movies & TV)
#195 in Action & Adventure DVDs
#250 in Drama DVDs
Psychee Mikey
5.0 out of 5 stars Don't Be A Dummy Like Me...
I thoroughly enjoyed but the actual reason I am writing this review is to warn peeps out there that if you order Emergency! The Complete Series and where it says Frequently Bought Together it has Emergency! The Final episodes DO NOT BUY!!! The Final Rescues is included in the Complete Series package so please don't be a dummy like me and inadvertently buy The Final Rescues twice, please. Amazon was cool and is allowing me to return the extra DVD without a problem.
Alan Kline
3.0 out of 5 stars Great content, shameful presentation
Emergency! is not only classic 70's TV, it's a series that literally changed how fire departments handle medical emergencies. Few people knew what a "paramedic" was before Jack Webb and his team made them famous. It's great to see the entire series in one box, including the final movies. *However*--it's marred by a shameful presentation of Season 4. Most of the episodes are from dirty, scratched 16mm syndication prints--in some case, horribly damaged film. The degradation of video and audio is what you'd expect in a 16mm reduction print. The entire series was digitized years ago from the original 35mm negatives, so why not present the best available? Also, the syndication prints carry the 5th season opening titles, not the original. So they're not only horribly damaged 16mm reduction prints, they're also mangled from the original release prints. Far below the standard that DVD series buyers have come to expect. Ironically, the final episode of season 4: "905-Wild", a "backdoor pilot" for another Webb series--is a 35mm transfer with the correct opening titles Finally, Season 5 Disc 1 starts with 5 minutes or so of commercials for other series, WHICH CANNOT BE SKIPPED! Inexcusable!
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent Tv series. The complete series with the final rescues dvd.
Awesome full series show. NOTICE: this set come with THE FINAL RESCUES dvd so dont buy the final rescues separately. Love these old 70's and 80's tv shows.
4.0 out of 5 stars don't be sure
Don't get your hopes up yet. I received the boxset of Emergency and open them. The first on i removed from the box that the set came in was season one and i been damn that season 1 was missing. There was no disc, not even the flappers were in the case. i got them all just not the first one. When i open the set taking out the first season. i thought to myself this box sure is light. So i remove the wrapper and was pist that the discs was gone. SO if you buy look in all the cases.
5.0 out of 5 stars Human Stories with a Human Touch! Has not aged at all, As Good Today is it was over 40 Years ago !
Few shows stand the test of time, advancement of technology, social attitudes, and audience maturity. Emergency is one of those shows that is as enjoyable to me now in my 50s as it was when I was less than 10 years old. Its surprising how much I missed when I was that young, and what's more surprising is how much I leaned and still remembers from over 40 Years ago when I saw this show. I do get a surprise guest star such as John Travolta and Cathy Lee Crosby and many others before they became house hold names in the near future.
Current issues at the Time related to Race, Indigenous Americans, Human Rights and Women Lib with some episodes dealing with Female Police Women, Reporters, and Doctors breaking into a "Man's World", things we take for granted now. Issues such as drugs taking and the generation gap between parents and children. My Young Teenage kids enjoy the shows and get a surprise and two on how things have changed in 40 to 50 years from the 70s to now.
The interaction between the characters is well balanced and enjoyable. Love the Show! I say bring on a similar show, no reality Gory stuff, but a Good Balanced show with deep personalities, based on true events and experiences without the Crazy Music, Wacky Characters and unbelievable stories. Keep the Human touch.
baffle Raffle
4.0 out of 5 stars remember the good old days of TV
Emergency is a TV from the 70's- 80s, which was the era of TV I grew up with a "second golden age" well at least for Me it was . The show is a little dated but a good watch and a fun one acting is not that great and the stories are dry. Most important is that it comes from a time when they were starting EMS or Paramedics, which today are a main stay in most cities. looking back is fun and a little bit of a history lesson. Enjoy this show with lots of popcorn and the family-kids ages 8 and up will enjoy it. It is not gory like to days "fact based shows" and no bed hopping or over sexy story lines. Enjoy and thank a first responders and police for all they do--Baffle Raffle over and out.
Sharon Brubaker
5.0 out of 5 stars Grandpa...Tell me about the good old days!!
I miss the days when you could sit and watch tv without worrying about what might be seen or the bad language. I feel if I can't sit and watch something with my grandchildren without worrying then I don't need to watch it!! Emergency is a fun show, and a plus is NO Commercials!! :-) But seriously, at the same time it will teach important lessons. Boys and girls both love to watch with well now, yes Pap & Grandma!! This show first aired on January 15th. 1972. Soon to celebrate its 48th, Anniversary and still going strong!! Yes I'm feeling my age, LOL but it's worth it!! I love all of the people that played on this show, at times you'll even see Adam 12 on the scene. Adam 12 may be my next purchase, they first aired on September 21st. 1968. Also a great show!! I loved Julie London, nurse Dixie and Bobby Troup, Dr. Early. Off stage she was an amazing singer, check her out on youtube sometime!! Her husband, Bobby Troup was also a musician, he was an awesome pianist!! There's videos on youtube where he's paying the piano singing and they do duets...they sound awesome!! They were a great couple. I miss them!! It's a great show when you get to know the people playing the parts and feel like you're family!! Mash is another show that fits into this category...an awesome show that could never be reproduced at the level this was was done at...Thanks for the memories!! Now go find a favorite that you enjoyed once upon a time...and tell your story!! A+ Show & Seller!! :-)
5.0 out of 5 stars Absolutely LOVE LOVE LOVE it!!!
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on June 4, 2019
Quality is lower than most streaming services, the automatic remastering has changed the sizing of the picture, essentially cutting off the frame of the picture. Colours can get weird sometimes, i.e. very red but you can counter that with television settings. I just love that I have all episodes together and also the movies in one neat box so I can binge as much as I like! Please make sure you have a DVD player which can play these DVD's since they do have the US region code 1.
Elise McCoy
5.0 out of 5 stars Emergency
It's lovely to see episodes that I haven't been able to see. If you want to watch them here in the UK, you will need a multi region dvd player, which I have got. Well worth the money for both.
j oneill
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on September 5, 2019
Love it, I enjoyed watching this in Canada as a kid .
3.0 out of 5 stars Always check when you receive the goods
Reviewed in Australia on October 1, 2018
Received the complete series but when I opened the box I was missing the first disk of the first series so unfortunately I have not been able to see the polite episode &a couple of other episodes I did send a email in regards to this but haven't heard back
JULIE FALCONER
1.0 out of 5 stars Disappointed with continually receiving non-compatible Products
Reviewed in Australia on January 24, 2020
One more Set of DVD's that are not suitable to view in Australia. This will be the 4th Set that I have received recently that I can't watch. AGAIN I AM VERY DISAPPOINTED WITH THIS SERVICE. The products should be checked are compatible to view in the Country they are being sold to.
Pages with related products. See and discover other items: emergency 51, 2018 New Movies DVDs


FM Workspace360 delves into the importance of space within a building, and the new innovation that is allowing FMs to utilise every available space and understand just how it's used. By TIFFANY PACZEK.
While we're quite blessed for liveable space in Australia, especially in comparison to other countries and cities the population numbers of which outweigh the balance of liveable space, it is becoming an increasingly debated and sought after asset. Australia's population is one of the fastest growing in the world, and with its increase comes the need to make the most and best use of the space we have. That is to say, it's vital for buildings and facilities to make use of as much of their space as physically possible.
It's this line of thought that has led global software solutions company Honeywell to develop the Vector Space Sense – "a smarter way to manage building spaces and make every square foot count".
A building's value is based on what it can provide an organisation, and how its spaces can contribute to organisational outcomes. However, it can be difficult to know exactly how building spaces are being used at any given time, or if they are being used to their full potential.
For a facility manager, knowing their building inside out and being able to utilise its full potential can and will improve the experience for the building's users, occupants, visitors and employees. Conversely, the ramifications of not knowing or understanding the full extent of a building's use (or it's underuse) are substantial. Empty office space is a silent expense for organisations, with large companies potentially overpaying millions of dollars each year for the space they do not use. And lacking the insight to realise this, and to therefore combat it, is a common feature within the building and facility management industry.
Enter the Honeywell Vector Space Sense. By leveraging the power of the Internet of Things (IoT), the Vector Space Sense shows exactly where, when and how building spaces are used at any given time, presenting actionable insights for more informed decision-making around space usage.
The Vector Space Sense is part of Honeywell's broader Connected Services portfolio, and is based on a sensor-agnostic design that accesses data gathered by occupancy sensors installed anywhere within a building. These can be any sensors, from those in lighting to desks, and can help to provide a more accurate picture of the actual utilisation of the building and the individual spaces within it. Analysis based on custom algorithms, followed by detailed, information- rich dashboards and utilisation maps, provides visibility into usage that can inform space management and planning.
utilisation trends to inform future space investments or divestments, as well as to help assess whether sufficient space is available at any given time to plan for pending headcount increases.