text:
\section{Results}

We treat here the range $3500 \le \Tf \le 6000$~K, which includes
atmospheres where the  molecular absorption is relevant.  In such
atmospheres the thermalization processes  increase due to the strong
absorption by atomic and molecular lines in the frequencies of
\lii\ resonance and subordinate lines.  These processes are currently
studied and  will be discussed in forthcoming papers.  Here we give a
few results, relevant for understanding the nature of non-LTE effects
in \lii\ lines in cool  atmospheres.  For this purpose it is useful
to  consider the dependence  of departure coefficients and source
functions of the absorption lines on the optical depth.

\subsection {The departure coefficients}

In  Fig.~\ref{dep} we present the departure coefficients of lithium
levels $b_i = n_i / n^{*}_i$ versus $\tau_{1\mu}$, the continuum
optical depth at $1~\mu$m, in the atmosphere of a dwarf 4000/3.0,
i.e.\ with $\Tf = 4000$\,K, $\lgg = 3.0$. Here $n^{*}_i$ and $n_i$ are
the LTE and non-LTE populations of the lithium levels, respectively.
The  model atom used was described in detail by Pavlenko (1994). We
present results of computations for abundances\footnote{Throughout this
paper $\log N({\rm Li})$ is given in the scale $\log N({\rm H}) =12$} $\log N({\rm Li}) = 0.5$
and $\log N({\rm Li}) = 3.5$, i.e. in the case of weak and strong lithium resonance
doublet, respectively.

\begin {figure}
\psfig {file=fi1.ps,height=11.3cm}
\caption [] {Departure coefficients of \lii\ levels in atmosphere of a 4000/3.0
        subgiant with  a lithium abundance $\log N({\rm Li}) = 0.5$ (a) and $\log N({\rm Li}) = 3.5$ (b)}
\label {dep}
\end {figure}

We find that:

\begin {itemize}

\item the behaviour of the departure coefficients depends on the
strength of \lii\ resonance doublet, i.e.\ on the  lithium abundance
(see also Magazz\`u \etl\ 1992);

\item properly speaking, we should use the  definition ``overionization
of lithium" to describe only the relevant process of formation of the
statistical equilibrium of lithium. In fact, the statistical
equilibrium of lithium depends on a whole set of  radiative and
collisional transitions (see Carlsson \etl\ 1994).  Still, in the
formation region  of  weak lithium $\lambda 670.8$\,nm lines ($\tau
\equiv \tau_{1\mu} \sim 10^{-2}$) overionization dominates. As a result
we have here $b_{1} < b_{2} < 1.0$ (see also Steenbock \& Holweger
1984);

\item  in the  case of saturated lithium resonance lines we have balance of the
radiative transitions (2s-2p) in a large part of the stellar
atmosphere. The population of the first lithium level is formed by
chains of transitions from upper levels and continuum. In the formation
region of strong resonance lithium lines  ($\tau \sim 10^{-5}$) we
have  $b_{1} > b_{2}$.  In the outer part of stellar atmospheres the
first level  may be even overpopulated with respect to LTE (see also
Pavlenko 1992, Carlsson et al. 1994);

\item in addition, the departure coefficients of upper levels reach
values greater than 1 in some regions of the atmosphere. These levels
are  more tied with continuum than with lower levels.

\end {itemize}

\subsection  {The source function}

The nature and intensity of the non-LTE effects depend on \SB, i.e.\ the
ratio of the source function to the Planck function at the formation
depth of a line. Here we study such a dependence for the lines
considered in this work. In  Fig.~\ref{rat} we present the ratio
\SB\ computed for the \lii\ $\lambda 670.8$~nm resonance doublet
plotted against $\tau_{1\mu}$ for several model atmospheres with
different effective temperatures and gravities.

We find that in the $\lambda 670.8$~nm line formation region:

\begin {itemize}

\item the ratio  \SB\ is lower for stars with lower $\Tf$;

\item the ratio is lower in atmospheres of lower luminosity stars;

\item the differences in \SB\ computed for $\lgg = 3.0$ and 4.5
 are  very small for $\Tf = 3500$~K.

\end {itemize}

When the effective temperature  decreases the lithium resonance lines
(for a given lithium abundance) become stronger, so their thermalization
depths shift towards the outer boundary of the atmosphere.
Note that the dependence of thermalization processes on the gravity is
less pronounced.

\begin {figure}[t]
\psfig {file=fi2.ps,height=8.8cm}
\caption []{Ratio $S_{l}/B_{\nu}$ for the \lii\ resonance doublet in
atmospheres  5000/4.5 and 5000/3.0 (1), 4000/4.5 and 4000/3.0 (2),
3500/4.5 and 3500/3.0 (3).  Solid lines correspond to $\lgg = 3.0$,
dashed ones to $\lgg = 4.5$, with a lithium abundance $\log N({\rm Li}) = 3.5$}
\label{rat}
\end {figure}

\begin {figure}
\psfig {file=fi3.ps,height=11.3cm}
\caption [] {The LTE and non-LTE profiles of the \lii\ resonance
doublet computed for a) 4000/3.0 (1) and 4000/4.5 (2) model
atmospheres; b) 3500/3.0 (1) and 3500/4.5 (2) model atmospheres.
Solid   and dashed lines show LTE and non-LTE results, respectively.
Dots indicate $\lgg = 3.0$ and open squares  $\lgg = 4.5$. Note how
the cores of non-LTE profiles do not differ for different $\lgg$'s}
\label {pro}
\end {figure}

\begin {figure}
\psfig {file=fi4.ps,height=8.8cm}
\caption [] {The difference between a LTE and a non-LTE \lii\ resonance
doublet of the same equivalent width ($W_{\lambda} = 30.1$ pm). Model
atmosphere is 4000/3.0}
\label{com}
\end {figure}

In the case of the subordinate lines we find that in the outer part of the
atmosphere $S_{l}/B_{\nu} > 1.0$, while in the formation region of these  lines
($\tau \sim 0.01$) is $S_{l}/B_{\nu} \sim  1.0$.  The ratio \SB\ for the
$\lambda 610.3$~nm line is greater than for the $\lambda 812.6$ nm
line, because in  the frequencies of the former line $\partial B/\partial
\tau$ is greater.

\subsection{The profile of the resonance doublet}

Here we compare the LTE and non-LTE profiles of the resonance doublet.
The absorption  doublet is saturated in the case of stellar atmospheres
with $\Tf \le 4000 $ and  $\log N({\rm Li}) > 2.0$. Thus,  to describe the radiation
transfer in the line core frequencies we extrapolated the Kurucz model
atmospheres  up to levels where line cores are formed, as described in
Pavlenko (1984) and Magazz\`u \etl\ (1992). In  Fig.~\ref{pro} we show
a few profiles computed for lithium abundance $\log N({\rm Li}) =
3.5$.  We see that non-LTE cores are deeper in comparison with LTE, as
found in Magazz\`u \etl\ (1992); see also Pavlenko (1992) and Carlsson
\etl\ (1994).  The \lii\ resonance line computed for model atmospheres
with larger $\lgg$ shows  stronger wings, both in LTE and non-LTE, due
to the pronounced damping. However, we see very small differences in
the non-LTE cores computed for model atmospheres with different
$\lgg$'s. In the case of unsaturated \lii\ resonance line the non-LTE
profiles are shallower than the LTE ones (see Fig.~7 in Pavlenko
\etl\ 1995).

The shape of the Li doublet becomes extremely important in some
astrophysical contexts (e.g.\ Li isotopic ratio determinations). The
difference between a LTE and a non-LTE  line profile, calculated for
the same equivalent width and for a model atmosphere 4000/3.0, is
shown  in Fig.~\ref{com}.\@  The largest differences are found in the
core and core-wing transition part of the line.  Note that these
differences are negative in the core and positive in the wings.

\begin{table*}
\caption[]{Curves of growth of the $\lambda 670.8$ nm line}
\label{tab1}
\begin{tabular} {lrrrrrrr}
\hline\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
           &$\log N({\rm Li})$ & \multicolumn {6}{c}{$W_\lambda~({\rm mA})$}      \\ \cline {3-8}
\multicolumn{2}{c} { } & \multicolumn{2}{c} {$\log g = 3.0$} & \multicolumn{2}{c}
{$\log g = 3.5$} &\multicolumn{2}{c} {$\log g = 4.5$} \\
     & & LTE   &  NLTE   &  LTE  &   NLTE   &    LTE    &  NLTE  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
 \hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
& $-1.5$ &     9.3 &     4.8&     7.6 &     4.7     &      5.6 &     3.7   \\
& $-1.0$ &    27.9 &    14.8&    23.1 &    14.4     &     16.9 &    14.7 \\
& $-0.5$ &    75.5 &    42.6&    63.9 &    42.3     &     48.1 &    42.4  \\
&  0.0 &   163.3 &   106.6&   144.3 &   105.2       &    116.0 &   106.4 \\
&  0.5 &   258.1 &   208.9&   240.8 &   210.2       &    211.6 &   210.8  \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 3500K$&  1.0 &   330.6 &   309.2& 317.3 &   310.3 &    298.6 &   326.3 \\
&  1.5 &   394.0 &   390.1&   385.3 &   408.9       &    384.6 &   440.8 \\
&  2.0 &   467.8 &   471.2&   469.9 &   492.5       &    509.6 &   589.8  \\
&  2.5 &   584.8 &   584.5&   889.9 &   929.7       &    735.9 &   839.7  \\
&  3.0 &   815.5 &   798.4&   889.3 &   914.0       &   1166.1 &  1287.7  \\
&  3.5 &  1271.5 &  1219.1&  1427.4 &  1454.1       &   1957.1 &  2087.9  \\
&  4.0 &  2121.7 &  1991.9&  2405.6 &  2371.1       &   3335.8 &  3466.8    \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
&  $-0.5$ &    16.1 &     7.4 &      15.7&      7.7&    11.5 &     7.9 \\
&   0.0 &    46.5 &    22.6 &      45.2&     23.4&    34.0 &    23.8 \\
&   0.5 &   114.4 &    62.9 &     111.8&     65.0&    88.6 &    66.1 \\
&   1.0 &   209.7 &   147.1 &     206.5&    150.8&   179.6 &   153.5  \\
&   1.5 &   289.1 &   262.3 &     286.8&    267.3&   270.5 &   274.1 \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 4000K$ & 2.0 & 353.9 & 363.1 &     355.3&    370.1&   354.4 &   393.3  \\
&   2.5 &   423.1 &   444.0 &     436.0&    461.8&   469.0 &   525.4 \\
&   3.0 &   513.8 &   530.0 &     559.3&    575.2&   669.5 &   733.3 \\
&   3.5 &   676.0 &   669.6 &     793.1&    784.4&  1049.8 &  1115.9  \\
&   4.0 &   995.8 &   944.9 &    1246.9&   1188.5&  1751.1 &  1800.3  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
&   0.0 &     8.9 &     4.2 &      8.9 &     4.4  &     8.8 &     4.9 \\
&   0.5 &    26.8 &    13.1 &     26.8 &    13.7  &    26.4 &    15.3 \\
&   1.0 &    73.1 &    38.3 &     73.0 &    40.0  &    72.3 &    44.5 \\
&   1.5 &   159.9 &    99.5 &    159.2 &   103.3  &   158.5 &   113.4  \\
&   2.0 &   255.2 &   205.0 &    253.5 &   210.6  &    254.7  &   227.7  \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 4500K$ & 2.5 &  331.3 & 318.6 &    329.6 &   325.0  & 340.3 &   350.8  \\
&   3.0 &   401.3 &   407.4 &    403.6 &   417.0  &   443.0 &   468.9 \\
&   3.5 &   474.0 &   482.3 &    490.6 &   503.6  &   604.3 &   625.5 \\
&   4.0 &   572.3 &   569.2 &    625.7 &   623.6  &   889.4 &   893.4  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
& 1.0& 17.2&  10.6&  17.8&  11.1 &  18.7&  12.4  \\
& 1.5& 48.9&  31.6&  50.5&  32.8 &  52.8&  36.4  \\
& 2.0& 117.4&  84.3&  120.3&  87.0 &  124.9&  95.5  \\
& 2.5& 209.7&  182.3&  212.6&  186.7 &  218.5&  201.1   \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 5000K$& 3.0& 288.0&  297.9&  290.5&  302.9 &  299.5&  321.7  \\
& 3.5& 355.0&  392.4&  358.7&  398.2 &  379.1&  426.2   \\
& 4.0& 420.4&  466.1&  429.1&  475.9 &  478.2&  529.1   \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
 & 1.5& 14.4&  11.8&   15.1&  12.1&   16.0&  12.9  \\
 & 2.0& 41.4&  34.7&   43.3&  35.5&   45.7&  37.9  \\
 & 2.5& 101.5&  91.1&   105.2&  92.9&   110.3&  98.6   \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 5500K$& 3.0& 186.6&  191.8&   191.1&  194.8&   198.8&  204.6 \\
 & 3.5& 261.4&  306.5&   266.2&  309.9&   277.2&  323.1  \\
 & 4.0& 324.7&  399.7&   330.8&  403.9&   350.8&  423.3 \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
& 2.0&  15.0&  15.1& 16.3&  15.7& 17.0&  16.4    \\
& 2.5&  42.8&  43.6& 46.0&  45.2& 47.9&  47.2     \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 6000K$& 3.0&  102.5&  109.8& 108.3&  113.1& 112.4&  117.7    \\
& 3.5&  183.2&  217.0& 189.8&  221.7& 195.9&  229.3     \\
& 4.0&  253.2&  328.9& 260.0&  333.5& 269.4&  343.4    \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

\begin {figure}
\psfig {file=fi5.ps,height=8.8cm}
\caption [] {The LTE and non-LTE curves of growth of the
\lii\ resonance doublet computed for  3500/3.0 (1) and 5000/4.5 (2).
Solid and dashed lines show the LTE and non-LTE results, respectively}
\label{co67}
\end {figure}

\subsection {The curves of growth}

\subsubsection {Resonance doublet}

The  LTE and non-LTE curves of growth of the resonance doublet,
computed for model atmospheres of several dwarfs and subgiants are
presented in Table~\ref{tab1}\@. In Fig.~\ref{co67} we plot some of
these curves, corresponding to the models 3500/3.0 and 5000/4.5.\@ We
see that non-LTE abundance corrections   $\Delta \log N({\rm Li}) =
\log N^{\rm NLTE}({\rm Li}) - \log N^{\rm LTE}({\rm Li})$ are positive
for unsaturated lines formed in the atmospheres of dwarfs and
subgiants.  As noted before, in that case the influence of
overionization of lithium  dominates.  The formation region of the
non-LTE doublet shifts (with respect to LTE) towards deeper layers,
where $S_{l}(\tau_{\rm nlte}=1) > B_{\nu}(\tau_{\rm lte}=1)$, being
$\tau$ the optical depth at the frequency of the resonance line. A
stronger doublet is formed where $S_{l}(\tau_{\rm  nlte}=1) <
B_{\nu}(\tau_{\rm lte}=1)$. As a result, the sign of $\Delta \log
N({\rm Li})$ changes (Magazz\`u \etl\ 1992). Again, in the case of the
subgiant 4000/3.0, when the doublet is extremely strong $\Delta \log
N({\rm Li})$ changes its sign once more. The corresponding   line
formation region moves towards the outer boundary of the atmosphere
where the overionization increases with height and wins over the source
function effect. This tendency can  be seen also in the top panels of
Figs.~16 and 17 in Carlsson \etl\ (1994) and in Fig.~4 in Pavlenko
\etl\ (1995).

Another result seems to be more interesting:  our computations show
that non-LTE curves of growth computed for dwarfs and subgiants with
$\Tf \le 4000$~K do not differ significantly in the case of unsaturated
lines. In other words, whereas in  LTE the equivalent width of the
(unsaturated) \lii\ doublet is a function of $T_{\rm eff}$, $\log g$, and
$N({\rm Li})$,  non-LTE computations give  $W_{\lambda}$   as a
function of only $T_{\rm eff}$ and $N({\rm Li})$.  This is a very
useful result, because the determination of the gravity usually is more
difficult than the assignment of an effective temperature.

\begin {figure}
\psfig {file=fi6.ps,height=8.8cm}
\caption [] {The same as in Fig.~\ref{co67},  but for subordinate line
at $\lambda 610.3$~nm}
\label {co61}
\end {figure}

\subsubsection  {Subordinate lines}

In Tables~2,\,3 and Figs.~6,\,7  we show   the case of the subordinate
\lii\ lines at $\lambda 610.3$ and $\lambda 812.6$\,nm.  These lines
are less intense than the resonance doublet and form in deeper parts of
the atmosphere (Pavlenko \etl\ 1995). In spite of this, for these
unsaturated lines we have  also determined that the equivalent width in non-LTE
practically does not depend on gravity for the model atmospheres with
$T_{\rm eff} \le 4000$K\@.

\begin{table*}
\caption[]{Curves of growth of the $\lambda 610.3$ nm line}
\label{tab3}
\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrr}
\hline
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
           &$\log N({\rm Li})$ & \multicolumn {6}{c}{$W_\lambda~({\rm mA})$}      \\ \cline {3-8}
\multicolumn{2}{c} { } & \multicolumn{2}{c} {$\log g = 3.0$} & \multicolumn{2}{c}
{$\log g = 3.5$} &\multicolumn{2}{c} {$\log g = 4.5$} \\
     & & LTE   &  NLTE   &  LTE  &   NLTE   &    LTE    &  NLTE  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               &   0.5&  2.6 &  1.7&   2.2&  1.7 &   1.7 &  1.7 \\
               &   1.0&  8.0 &  5.4&   6.7&  5.4 &   5.3 &  5.3 \\
               &   1.5& 23.7 & 16.4  &   20.2&  16.2 &   15.9 &  16.1 \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 3500K$&   2.0&  63.2&  46.1&   54.8&  45.2 &   44.2&  44.8 \\
               &   2.5&  133.4&  108.1&   120.1&  105.9 &   101.7&  105.0 \\
               &   3.0&  209.4&  193.7&   197.2&  190.9 &   179.8&  192.7 \\
               &   3.5&  274.1&  275.8&   265.6&  275.8 &   258.4&  288.0 \\
               &   4.0&  334.8&  348.3&   331.6&  354.9 &   342.7&  389.0 \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               &   1.0&  3.0&  1.8&  3.0 &  1.9 &  2.3&  1.9 \\
               &   1.5&  9.3&  5.6&  9.2&  5.8 &  7.1&  5.8   \\
               &   2.0&  27.6&  16.9&  27.3&  17.5 &  21.4&  17.6 \\
               &   2.5&  72.2&  47.2&  71.7&  48.7 &  58.1&  49.1 \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 4000K$&   3.0&  146.9&  111.1&  146.2&  114.0 &  126.8&  115.0 \\
               &   3.5&  220.4&  199.3&  220.7&  203.7 &  207.5&  208.4 \\
               &   4.0&  280.5&  282.1&  283.7&  289.1 &  284.3&  306.6 \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               &   2.0 &  9.7 &  6.1 &  9.8&  6.3&  9.9&  7.0 \\
               &   2.5 &  28.6&  18.2 &  28.9&  19.0&  29.3&  21.0 \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 4500K$&   3.0 &  74.4 &  50.5 &  75.0&  52.3&  76.2&  57.6 \\
               &   3.5 &  149.6&  116.0 &  150.5&  119.0&  153.7&  130.5 \\
               &   4.0 &  223.8&  203.2 &  224.9&  208.0&  233.1&  226.0 \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               & 2.0& 3.6 &  2.6&  3.7&  2.7&   3.9&  2.9  \\
               & 2.5& 11.0&  8.0&  11.4&  8.3&   12.0&  9.1  \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 5000K$& 3.0& 32.0&  23.6&  33.1&  24.4&   34.6&  26.8  \\
               & 3.5& 80.5&  62.7&  82.7&  64.7&   86.3&  70.7  \\
               & 4.0& 154.2&  134.2&  157.1&  137.6&  162.5  &  148.3  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               & 2.0 & 1.5&  1.3&   1.6&  1.3&   1.7 & 1.4 \\
               & 2.5 & 4.8&  4.1&   5.0&  4.2&   5.3 & 4.5 \\
               & 3.0 & 14.6&  12.5&   15.2&  12.8&   16.1 & 13.7 \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 5500K$& 3.5 & 41.0 &  35.7&   42.6&  36.4&   44.8 & 39.0 \\
               & 4.0 & 95.6&  87.3&   98.7&  89.0&   103.3 & 94.7 \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               & 2.5 &  2.3&  2.3&  2.5&  2.4 &   2.6&  2.5 \\
               & 3.0 &  7.3&  7.1&  7.9&  7.4 &   8.2&  7.7 \\
$T_{\rm eff}=6000K$& 3.5 &  21.5&  20.9&  23.2&  22.0 &   24.1&  22.8 \\
               & 4.0 &  56.8&  56.0&  60.5&  58.4 &   62.9&  60.7\\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

\begin {figure}
\psfig {file=fi7.ps,height=8.8cm}
\caption [] {The same as in Fig.~\ref{co67},  but for subordinate line at $\lambda 812.6$~nm}
\label {co81}
\end {figure}

The scarce dependence of all the considered \lii\ lines on $\lgg$  may
be explained in the following way. The statistical balance of lithium
in cool atmospheres is governed by the radiation field (Steenbock \&
Holweger 1984). The radiation field mean intensity  crucially
depends on the value of electron density ($N_{\rm e}$) in the stellar
photosphere. We found that differences of $N_{\rm e}$ in the region
$0.1 < \tau_{1\mu} < 1.0$ in the  photosphere of stars with different
$\lgg$'s are much more pronounced for $T_{\rm eff} \ge 4500$~K than for
lower $T_{\rm eff}$'s.  As a result, in the last case the intensity of
the outgoing radiation field  in the frequencies of lithium transitions
is less sensitive to $\lgg$. Moreover, the role of inelastic collisions
in the formation of statistical equilibrium decreases with lowering $T_{\rm
eff}$ due to the decrease of $N_{\rm e}$. Note that the independence
from $\lgg$ is seen only for unsaturated lines, which do not have
extended, sensitive to $\lgg$, wings.

\subsubsection {Comparison with other works}

The LTE and non-LTE curves of growth presented here agree well with
those used in the works of Mart\'\i n \etl\ (1994) and Garc\'\i a
L\'opez \etl\ (1994), the differences in equivalent width being  less
than 5 percent. There is a good agreement also  with Magazz\`u \etl's
(1992) results, except for cooler stars.  Reasons and consequences of
this disagreement at lower temperatures are discussed in Pavlenko
\etl\ (1995). Note that  in this paper we use a refined value of the
damping constant for the \lii\ resonance doublet.  We use also an
extended opacity list, that makes  the curves of growth presented here
more reliable, especially for lower effective temperatures. For these
points see also  Pavlenko \etl\ (1995).

\begin{table*}
\caption[]{Curves of growth of the $\lambda 812.6$ nm line}
\label{tab2}
\begin{tabular} {lrrrrrrr}
\hline
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
           &$\log N({\rm Li})$ & \multicolumn {6}{c}{$W_\lambda~({\rm mA})$}      \\ \cline {3-8}
\multicolumn{2}{c} { } & \multicolumn{2}{c} {$\log g = 3.0$} & \multicolumn{2}{c}
{$\log g = 3.5$} &\multicolumn{2}{c} {$\log g = 4.5$} \\
     & & LTE   &  NLTE   &  LTE  &   NLTE   &    LTE    &  NLTE  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               &   0.5&  0.6 &  0.4 &  0.5 & 0.4&  0.4 & 0.4 \\
               &   1.0&  1.8 &  1.3 &   1.5 &  1.3 &   1.2 &  1.3 \\
               &   1.5&    5.5 & 4.1 &   4.7 &  4.1 &   3.7&  4.2 \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 3500K$&   2.0&  16.8 &  13.0 &   14.5 &  12.9 &   11.5&  12.9  \\
               &   2.5&  48.1 &  38.7 &   41.8 &  38.3 &   33.8 &  38.2  \\
               &   3.0&  117.3&  101.8 &   104.7&  100.3 &   87.2&  100.0 \\
               &   3.5&  218.3&  210.8 &   203.0&  208.3 &   179.2&  207.4  \\
               &   4.0&  314.3&  333.0 &   302.4&  330.9 &   284.5&  331.5  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               &   1.0 &  0.6 & 0.4 &  0.6 & 0.4 &  0.5& 0.4 \\
               &   1.5 &  2.1 & 1.3 &   2.0 &  1.4 &   1.6&  1.4 \\
               &   2.0 &  6.4 & 4.2 &   6.3 &  4.3 &   4.9&  4.4  \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 4000K$&   2.5 &  19.6 & 13.0 &   19.3 &  13.4 &   15.2&  13.6  \\
               &   3.0 &  55.3 & 38.9 &   54.6&  40.0 &   43.9&  40.6  \\
               &   3.5 &  131.1 & 103.2 &   129.8&  105.8 &   109.4&  107.3  \\
               &   4.0 &  232.1 & 214.3 &   230.5&  218.8 &   209.8&  222.9  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               &   2.0 &  2.2 & 1.4 &   2.2 &  1.5 &  2.2&  1.6  \\
               &   2.5 &  6.8 & 4.5 &   6.8&  4.7 &  6.9&  5.1  \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 4500K$&   3.0 &  20.6 & 14.0 &   20.7&  14.5 &  20.9 &  15.9  \\
               &   3.5 &  58.0 & 41.5 &   58.3&  43.0 &  58.7&  47.1  \\
               &   4.0 &  136.3 & 108.1 &   136.7&  111.7 &  137.9&  122.4  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               & 2.0& 0.8 & 0.6&  0.8& 0.6 &  0.8& 0.7  \\
               & 2.5&  2.5 &  1.9&   2.6 &  2.0 &   2.7&  2.1  \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 5000K$& 3.0&  7.7 &  5.9&   8.0 &  6.1&   8.3&  6.7  \\
               & 3.5&  23.2 &  18.2&   24.0&  18.8 &   25.0&  20.5  \\
               & 4.0&  64.1 &  52.6&   65.9&  54.4 &    68.4& 59.4  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               & 2.5 &  1.0 & 0.9&     1.1& 1.0 &  1.2&  1.0 \\
               & 3.0 &  3.2 &  3.0&     3.4&  3.1 &  3.6&  3.3 \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 5500K$& 3.5 &  10.0 &  9.3&     10.6&  9.6 &  11.3&  10.2 \\
               & 4.0 &  29.7 &  27.9&     31.4 &  28.8 &  33.1&  30.8 \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
               & 2.5&  0.5 & 0.5 &  0.5 & 0.6 &  0.6 & 0.6 \\
               & 3.0&   1.5 &  1.6 &   1.7 &  1.7 &   1.8&  1.8  \\
$T_{\rm eff} = 6000K$& 3.5&   4.8 &  5.1 &   5.4 &  5.5 &   5.6&  5.6  \\
               & 4.0&   14.8 &  15.7 &   16.5 &  16.8 &   17.0&  17.3  \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

Carlsson \etl\ (1994) did not give the computed equivalent widths of
lithium lines, but only non-LTE abundance corrections to apply to LTE
curves of growth for the lithium resonance doublet.  In order to
compare our results with theirs, we  use  the data of Table~1 to
compute our non-NLTE corrections. In Fig.~\ref{delta} we present
$\Delta\delta$, i.e.\ the difference between our corrections ($\Delta_{\rm
us}$) and those ($\Delta_{\rm Car}$) by Carlsson \etl\ (1994) for
several models in common.

We find that the agreement of these results is fairly good  (see also
Pavlenko 1995), the differences being less than 0.1~dex.  The greater
differences are seen in strong \lii\ lines and  are caused by the
cumulative effect of different model atmospheres, opacity sources,
cross sections, model atoms.  Note that the slope of curves of growth
for strong lithium lines decreases.  We point out that the differences
in the computed non-LTE abundance corrections are smaller than the
corrections themselves. We also note that the data for weak lines
formed deep in the atmosphere agree quite well. It is evident that
these lines are formed in  regions in the deep photosphere,  where the
temperature structures of models  by different authors are practically
the same.

Our referee, Dr. Carlsson,  kindly informed us about the results of a
comparison between our equivalent widths and those computed by Carlsson
et al. (1994) for the 5000/4.5 model atmosphere (solar metallicity).
For  LTE he found an agreement better than 10\% with a difference of
5\% for most abundances. The non-LTE equivalent widths agree within
15\%, but typically within 10\%.\@

\section {Conclusions}

In this paper we give, in tabular form, the  LTE \& non-LTE curves of
growth of lithium resonance ($\lambda 670.8$~nm) and subordinate lines
($\lambda 610.3$ and 812.6~nm)  computed using the newest Kurucz (1993)
models. These data may be used  for  lithium abundance determinations
as well as for the redetermination of  abundances obtained so far in the
frame of the LTE approach. In particular, we point out the importance
of the $\lambda 812.6$~nm data. This line lies in the red part of the
spectrum and its blending is not as strong as for the other two
lithium lines. The use of this line may give more accurate results.

Our theoretical curves of growth cover a different effective
temperature range than in  Carlsson \etl\ (1994). In fact, our main
interest is shifted towards lower temperatures which were not
considered by these authors.  We note a good agreement between our
results and those obtained in other works, despite the differences in
non-LTE procedure details.

Let us note that lithium in the stellar atmospheres  considered in
this paper exists mainly in ionized form. So the relatively small
deviations from   LTE obtained in our work for the coolest models of
our grid have not to be considered as an obvious result. Indeed, with
decreasing    effective temperature we have a  dramatic drop of the
electron pressure. On the other hand,  opacities in the frequencies of
lithium  transitions increase due to the strong molecular absorption.
In the case of high lithium abundances the resonance doublet becomes
very strong with saturated core and extended wings are formed deep in
the atmosphere, very close to LTE conditions. In the case of $T_{\rm
eff} < 3500$~K   lithium exists in stellar atmospheres mainly in the
form of neutral atoms, so non-LTE effects  should not be large a
priori. This was confirmed by direct computations by Pavlenko \etl\
(1995).

For the coolest stars of our grid ($3500 \le \Tf \le  4000$~K) we find
that equivalent widths and profiles of unsaturated \lii\ lines computed
in non-LTE  show only a very weak dependence on the $\lgg$ parameter.
Instead, we note that  the corresponding LTE curves of growth show a
quite strong dependence on gravity. The use of non-LTE curves of growth
gives a chance to minimize the possible effects of errors in $\lgg$  in
lithium abundance determinations using non-saturated absorption lines.
Moreover we note  that, using LTE calculations to perform Li abundance
determinations,  the knowledge of gravity seems not crucial for $\Tf
\ge 4500$~K, but it appears important for cooler stars. However, when
using non-LTE calculations, the reverse holds.

\begin {figure}
\psfig {file=fi8.ps,height=8.8cm}
\caption [] {The difference of non-LTE abundances corrections
$\Delta\delta = \Delta_{\rm us}$ - $\Delta_{\rm Car}$, computed by us
and Carlsson et al. (1994), respectively, for dwarf model atmospheres
4500/4.5 (dots), 5000/4.5 (squares), 5500/4.5 (crosses), 6000/4.5
(stars)}
\label {delta}
\end {figure}

In this paper we have discussed results for classical model
atmospheres. The cool star spectra  often show emission lines created
in chromospheric-like features (CLF). However, as shown in Pavlenko
(1995) and Pavlenko \etl\ (1995), CLF  affect mainly   the LTE results
(both profiles and curves of growth). On the contrary, non-LTE results
show weak dependence on  CLF. Still in the case of the strongest CLF
producing {\it veiling}   the lithium lines may be severely affected.
Let us note that

\begin {itemize}

\item only the youngest and the most active stars may have such CLF producing additional continuum in the visible part of the spectrum;

\item these results may be interpreted as a weak dependence of the (non-LTE) lithium lines on the structure of the outermost layers of model atmospheres.  At the present time  we cannot be sure that we describe these layers properly in the frame of the classical one-dimensional approach.

\end {itemize}

These two reasons give additional support to the use of non-LTE results
for numerical analysis of lithium lines in stellar spectra.

\acknowledgements
We thank Dr.  M.~Carlsson, our referee, for valuable comments which improved this paper.

\begin {thebibliography}{}

\item[]{} Auer, R.H., Heasley, I.N. 1976, ApJ, 205, 165

\item[]{} Carlsson, M., Rutten, R.J., Bruls, J.H.M.J., Shchukina, N.G. 1994,
A\&A, 288, 860

\item[]{} Crane, P.  1995, (Ed.) The Light Element Abundances, ESO Astrophysics Symposia, Springer

\item []{} Duncan, D.K. 1991, ApJ, 373, 250

\item []{} Drawin, H.W. 1968, Zeits.\ f.\ Physik, 211, 404

\item []{} Drawin, H.W. 1969, Zeits.\ f.\ Physik, 225, 483

\item[]{} Garc\'\i a L\'opez, R.J., Rebolo, R., Mart\'\i n, E.L. 1994,
A\&A, 282, 518

\item[]{} Kurucz, R.L. 1979, ApJS, 40, 1

\item[]{} Kurucz, R.L. 1993, ATLAS9 Stellar Atmosphere Program and 2\,km~s$^{-1}$ grid (Kurucz CD-ROM No. 13)

\item[]{} Lambert, D.L. 1993, Physica Scripta, T47, 186

\item[]{} Magazz\`u, A., Rebolo, R., Pavlenko, Ya.V. 1992, ApJ, 392, 159

\item[]{} Magazz\`u, A., Mart\'\i n, E.L., Rebolo, R., Garc\'\i a L\'opez, R.J., Pavlenko, Ya.V. 1995, in The Light Element Abundances, ESO Astrophysics Symposia, Ed.\ P.~Crane, Springer, P. 280

\item[]{} Mart\'\i n, E.L., Rebolo, R., Magazz\`u, A., Pavlenko, Ya.V.
1994, A\&A, 282, 503

\item[]{} Pavlenko, Ya.V. 1984, Departure from LTE in atmospheres
of M-giants, Valgus, Tallinn, 1.

\item[]{} Pavlenko, Ya.V. 1989, Kinematika i Fizika Nebesnykh Tel, 5, 55

\item[]{} Pavlenko, Ya.V. 1992, SvA, 36 (6), 605

\item[]{} Pavlenko, Ya.V. 1994, Astrophys. Reports, 38, 531

\item[]{} Pavlenko, Ya.V. 1995, Mem.\ Soc.\ Astron.\ Ital.,
66, N. 2, p. 441

\item[]{} Pavlenko, Ya.V., Rebolo, R., Mart\'\i n, E.L., Garc\'\i a L\'opez, R.J. 1995, A\&A, 303, 807

\item[]{} Steenbock, W., Holweger, H. 1984, A\&A, 130, 319

\item[]{} Tsuji, T. 1994, in Molecules in the Stellar Environment, U.G. J{\o}rgensen (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, p. 79

\end {thebibliography}

\end {document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
import AutoCompleteLocationHello from "./components/Autocomplete.jsx";

export default AutoCompleteLocationHello;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
ER doctor cleared of medical malpractice
Posted on June 8, 2014 by coptermedic
From the Cortez Journal:
The plaintiff argued that an emergency room doctor's lack of care led to a patient committing suicide. The defense claimed the patient told the doctor he wasn't suicidal. A jury sided with the doctor.
After nearly three hours of deliberations on Friday, June 6, a jury of five women and one man decided the plaintiff, Renee Villelli, suffered damages, but ruled Southwest Memorial Hospital emergency room physician, Dr. Mark Turpen, was neither negligible nor caused the damages in the June 10, 2010, death of her husband, Ted Villelli.
ED patient with heroin in his pants denies knowing it was there, police say
From NJ:
Inspira Medical Center staff found heroin in the pants of a city man who was admitted into the emergency room, according to authorities.
"He later advised police that he didn't know how the items got into his pants," police said.
(Letter to the Editor) Paramedics can't take place of visiting nurses
From the Boston Globe:
THERE ARE no doubt too many patients who are transported by ambulance unnecessarily to the emergency room, driving up health costs for everyone. However, having paramedics make home visits is not the answer ("A new source for the old house call," Page A1, May 31). There is already an infrastructure in Massachusetts cities and towns that could respond to this problem. Local visiting nurse associations can provide alternative care to keep a patient out of the emergency room.
Nurses and home physical therapists are skilled in providing safety and fall-risk assessments. Paramedics are expert in providing emergent life-saving care, but an additional 300 hours of training for those who would be making home visits is inadequate for the task required of them.
5 customer service lessons to boost ED patient satisfaction
A nurse-driven, investigative approach to customer service helped nurses at Grady Memorial Hospital's emergency department boost patient satisfaction and improve interdepartmental communication, according to Advance Healthcare Network for Nurses.
Emergency room nurses, who treat approximately 10,000 patients every month at the urban safety-net academic hospital in Atlanta, created a five-step customer service initiative to act out broad scenarios while moderators gave them challenges they'd encounter in an everyday setting, according to the article.
After implementing the class in late 2012, the hospital saw noticeable increases in patient satisfaction ratings, and expanded the program to reach about 95 percent of ED nurses and more than 40 attending emergency physicians, the article said.
Strategies for ED Psych Patients
From HealthLeaders Media:
More and more patients with behavioral and mental health issues are showing up in EDs across the country because of the reductions in the number of psychiatric beds, mental health funding, and psychiatrists.
The National Alliance on Mental Illness, one of the largest nonprofit advocacy groups for people living with mental illness, estimates more than half of the states cut mental health budgets by $1.6 billion between 2009 and 2012. The Treatment Advocacy Center, another nonprofit aimed at helping mentally ill patients, released a 2012 study showing a 14% decrease in state-funded psychiatric beds from 2005 to 2010.
But as most states found out quickly, fewer beds doesn't mean fewer patients. Instead it means crowded EDs, says Jeff Klingler, CEO of the Central Ohio Hospital Council, which spearheaded an effort six years ago in central Ohio to coordinate psychiatric bed availability among competing hospitals.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


^Over Following Iowa Video Mcsorley Espn Win Emotional g7RW1q4 Church Committee; "The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank Church, concluded that '[p]rior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects.'"
^ I et Protect Do Nightclub From How My Idscan Chargebacks a b Elizabeth Nickson (October 16, 1994). "Mind Control: My Mother, the CIA and LSD". The Observer.
^Driving Licence 1 Download Apps India Entertainment Fake 1 Apk Android Faqx44wd "Bones / 2x20transcript". bonestv.pbworks.com.


text:
Home › Cyber Bullying
Cyber bullying is the name given to any form of bullying which occurs via modern forms of technology. This can include messaging via smartphones, tablets, instant messaging apps, on social media accounts, in chat rooms or via games consoles platforms.
Victims of cyber bullying can find it very difficult to escape from their tormentors, because people have online access for 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Over 50% of young people in the United Kingdom say that have seen other people being bullied online and about 40% of teenagers feel as though they have been bullied via modern means of communication.
Threatening Behaviour Online and the Law. Although you may feel powerless if you are subject to abuse online, you can report ongoing threats to the police if you feel that you are the subject of harassment. Some people in the United Kingdom have reported that the police do not take online threats seriously, however you are advised to keep pushing if you do not get a positive first response from the officers that you speak to.
Online communications may be covered by the Harassment Act of 1997, the Malicious Communications Act of 1988 or the Communications Act of 2003. Separate legislation may also apply if blackmail has been threatened or if any indecent images have been shared online without the consent of the subject. Anyone who receives threatening or bullying messages online is advised to keep a record of the communications for evidence. If you are unable to print the messages off, try to take a screencap on your phone or use the 'snipping tool' attachment on your computer.
Types of Cyber Bullying. Cyber Bullying can take on a number of different formats; some of which are very similar to the 'tactics' used by offline bullies and some of which are unique to modern communication. Types of cyber bullying include;
Harassment. Online harassment is the act of repeatedly sending abusive, insulting, offensive or rude messages to a person over the internet. Messages can also be sent via text or social apps, such as WhatsApp or Snapchat. Other tactics which constitute harassment include; being explicitly offensive towards one person in an online multi-player gaming environment, and posting humiliating content about another web user.
Flaming. Flaming is the name given to the posting of extremely hurtful or offensive comments in order to provoke a reaction from web users. Posters gain enjoyment from the distress that they cause to others and the reaction that they get from their messages. Flamers often chose to target areas where there are plenty of vulnerable people, such as memorial pages.
Outing. When an internet user shares personal information or secrets about another web user, it is known as outing. Outing prevents the wronged party from having control over their own personal data. Outing often happens when two former friends or lovers fall out, however some cyber bullies also take pleasure in getting their victims to reveal secrets before forwarding them on to others. Sharing revenge porn is a form of outing which is illegal.
Impersonation. When someone uses another person's data to create a fake social media profile for them. This profile can then be used for a variety of different things, including spreading malicious rumours and posting embarrassing fake content. Fake social media profiles can even be used as a way to bully a third party. It can be very difficult to persuade social media platforms to shut down fake profiles.
Malicious Rumours. It can be very easy for bullies to use the internet to spread malicious rumours and gossip about their victims. Once a rumour has been posted on to the internet, it can be very difficult to stop it from spreading. Even if the original poster deletes their message, there is still a digital footprint which cannot be erased. It is also impossible to reach all of the people who have seen the message in order to correct them.
Cyber Stalking. Cyber stalking is the act of using the internet to pursue a person or to give them unwanted attention. Some people may silently stalk their victims, but most will begin to contact their victims using various different types of media. The stalker may start to threaten their victim, including threats that make the victim concerned for their offline safety as well.
Exclusion. Exclusion is the act of using social media to wilfully exclude others from groups or online engagements. Exclusion online can lead to exclusion offline. This is a form of social or relational bullying which seeks to destroy the victim's relationships by preventing them from enjoying human interaction. Online exclusion can include exclusion from; online apps, group chats, online gaming and private forums. Bullies may also make sure that their victims can see that they have also been excluded from offline social events.
Advice on Bullying
Anti-Bullying Week in the UK
Common Myths about Bullying
Dealing with Cyber Bullying
Effects of Bullying in the Workplace
How Viral Trends can turn into Cyber Bullying
I am a Bully: What to do to break the cycle
Signs of Workplace Bullying
Spotting the Signs That Your Child Is Being Bullied
The Four Main Types of Bullying
What to do if You see Someone Being Bullied?
What To Do if Your Child is being Bullied
What To Do if your Son or Daughter is a Bully
© 2021 Don't Stick It


A few weeks ago, i went to the Kohl's store near my house with my mother. She was going to buy me my birthday present.
As we approached the cash register, the woman handling our purchase asked me if i wanted to receive a discount. obviously, i said yes. she then asked for my social security number. uncomfortably, i said i did not have one. she then asked if i was sure. there is a line behind me. i am angry and a bit embarrassed. i said yes i am sure and if there is a way to go about this differently.
She then says i do not qualify for said discount… and proceeds to ring up my items.
My mom and i left feeling horrible.
Almost immediately everyone was tweeting at me, including media, asking for more information on this event. folks were ready to boycott and protest Kohl's for their anti-immigrant agenda.
Spokesperson for Kohl's said social security numbers are needed for credit charge Kohl's cards. however, i was never offered a card, i was offered a discount. which is probably to meet a Kohl's internal card quota. which doesn't take into consideration the awkwardness and uncomfortable-ness this causes for undocumented folks like me. You cannot sell a charge card as 'a discount' when not everyone has a damn social.
So Kohl's Executive Office emailed me wanting to talk about my experience at one of their stores.
They apologized for my experience and stated that they did not mean to discriminate in any way. The reason a social was asked for was to run a credit check to then process a Kohl's card. That however, was not explained or mentioned to me. The executive office had a check in with the Kohl's store where I shopped to make sure this doesn't happen again and to better educate employees. The communications hand-outs have been updated so that more/accurate information is given out to customers and employees about this "discount". They genuinely seemed apologetic about the whole thing (it was either that or their fear of immigrant rights folks organizing around a boycott).
I understand quotas need to be met and sold with inviting language, but making undocumented people feel discriminated against is not the proper way to go about it. While these changes may not guarantee that incidents like these won't happen again, it's important for us to speak out when they do. No one should ever be made to feel uncomfortable, or unwelcomed, in any space, for not having a social security number.
Newer PostI wasn't raised to be "weak"


text:
Google/
Sirius XM radio coming to Google TV, to be unveiled at Google I/O
One day ahead of Google IO, Sirius XM has told Reuters that it will be offering its entire programming mix on Google TV. The Sirius XM app for Google TV will feature a pause function for live shows and "play back up to five hours of content," a feature that allows listeners to queue up any radio from up to five hours in the past
By Dieter Bohn / @backlon
Source Reuters
Jun 27, 2012, 3:51 AM UTC |
lg google tv
One day ahead of Google I/O, Sirius XM has told Reuters that it will be offering its entire programming mix on Google TV. The Sirius XM app for Google TV will feature a pause function for live shows and "play back up to five hours of content," a feature that allows listeners to queue up any radio from up to five hours in the past. Sirius XM already has iPhone and Android apps with the same feature-set, but even so that won't be enough to get the app out the door on Google TV until an undetermined point "this summer." The app will only work for current subscribers, of course.
Even though it launched apps for Google TV back in October and attempted to make a big splash at CES this year, the company has struggled to get serious adoption despite Eric Schmidt's claim that it would be on the "majority" of new televisions by the summer of 2012 (aka: now). Getting a radio network will help, but it's video partnerships that Google TV sorely lacks — perhaps we'll find out if Google has solved that problem at Google I/O tomorrow
More from this stream Google I/O 2012: everything you need to know
Android 12 public beta is now available: here's how to install it
May 18, 2021, 8:19 PM UTC
Google is teasing a big Wear OS update for smartwatches Tuesday at I/O
A closer look at Google's Android Accessory Development Kit 2.0
Jul 12, 2012, 11:01 AM UTC
Android Developer Relations team releases 28 videos from the I/O sessions
Jul 10, 2012, 10:07 PM UTC
See all 63 stories


text:
Choirs & Vocal Harmonies
Fiddle Playing
Songwriting & Composing
cathymcevoy
Official Website of Musician/Songwriter Cathy McEvoy
Repertoire for 'Real' Choirs
A few of my favourite things
You can't do that! A composer's conundrum
The never ending shutdown for the arts
A beginner's guide to dealing with session musicians
Rehearsal with Portmarnock Singers January 30, 2023 at 7:30 pm – 10:00 pm Strand Road, Strand Rd, Portmarnock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
Wordsong Group LYCS January 31, 2023 at 3:30 pm – 5:30 pm Lourdes Youth and Community Services (LYCS), James Joyce Street, Mountjoy, Dublin, Ireland
Rehearsal with Sandymount Gospel Choir January 31, 2023 at 7:30 pm – 9:30 pm
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From the front of the choir
Before the Downbeat
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the importance of being serbian
Letters to Loved Ones EP
Want to know what time I get up at? Ask me.
Posted: June 27, 2017 in working musicians
Tags: working musicians
You know how this one goes….. it's a night out, everyone's stayed up later than they intended to, sooner or later there will be a discussion as to what time everyone has to get up at the next morning. As people quiz each other as to what time their alarm will sound, it can get somewhat competitive, a bidding war as to who has the most onerous day ahead. Now here's the interesting thing; if you're a full-time musician, this question will never, ever be directed to you in these scenarios. Example:
John: I'm up at 6.30, what about you?
Michael: Oh god, even worse, I'll be up at 6. You Liza?
Eliza: I work so hard, I'm not even going to bed. It's alright for you Cathy, you don't have to get up in the morning
Don't I? How did you come up with that idea, then? If I had a dollar for every time I've simply been informed of this, I'd be a wealthy lady. Along with the equally common – and no more accurate – assumption that I'm on social welfare, it's one of the casually insulting remarks I've learned to smile through when the conversation turns to what I do for a living. Why is it insulting? Because we have a strong association between moral virtue and early rising. We've heard a lot about this here in Ireland recently, when our newly appointed Taoiseach, Leo Varadkar, said he wanted to be a leader for 'people who get up early in the morning'. So, presumably, he has no interest in representing those of us who are still working when those people are going to bed? It speaks very clearly to the belief that work happens between 9-5, Monday to Friday, and anything outside of that is a hobby. But isn't this kind of assumption about other people's work duties just bad manners? So even if it were accurate, would 'its grand for you, you're not up in the morning' be any less ignorant than my hectoring 9 to 5ers with 'it's grand for you, you're at leisure every evening'?
I get the fact that outsiders are generally surprised when they come to realise how hard professional musicians actually work, and if you're basing your ideas about musicians' lifestyles on what you've seen in the movies, I understand why. The life of an ordinary working musician is something you never see depicted in cinema or television. Screen portrayals of musicians tend to come down to one of two types; the 'rock star', seen in such films as Almost Famous, or the deadbeat/starving artist model seen in such films as Inside Llewyn Davis, with drug or alcohol abuse a prominent feature in either case. For sure, there are such people in the music business, but few working musicians recognise much of themselves in these portraits. Self-employed people in any field tend to work very hard indeed, and musicians are no exception; days and nights filled with rehearsals, directing choirs, recording sessions, teaching, weddings, performances, lugging speakers into venues at anti-social hours, and all of the communication and paperwork generated by each of those things, don't leave much time for guzzling champagne. Most of us do not lead the lives of Led Zeppelin. Why do screenwriters not concern themselves with documenting this? I imagine it's because, like so many aspects of real life, it's not very interesting to watch!
It strikes me that if this is true of musicians – that there's a gulf between the reality of the job and the way it's depicted on screen – it's probably equally true of the portrayal of other professions, such as chefs or the police force. So when I meet people who work in those areas, I try not to come with assumptions. It's just rude. Most jobs look different when you're doing them. But if you are interested – for example, if you'd like to know what time I get up at – you can always just ask.
Wedding music – the 'banned list' and other myths
The hands of a violinist
My Irrational Life
Thoughts on music, creativity, imagination, and exploring the space between the notes.
EVERYTHING YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT GENDER BUT WERE TOO AFRAID TO ASK


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CDC recommends against Thanksgiving travel as virus cases spike
New guidance says the best way to protect yourself and others is to stay home.
ByStephanie Ebbs
Catch up on the developing stories making headlines.
James Gathany/Centers for Disease Control
The Centers for Disease Control is advising Americans not to travel for Thanksgiving next week, saying Thursday that the extraordinary spike of a million new cases over the last week raises new concern that family gatherings could spread the virus among families and communities.
"Travel may increase your chance of getting and spreading COVID-19. Postponing travel and staying home is the best way to protect yourself and others this year," the new guidelines state.
Erin Sauber-Schatz, the head of CDC's community intervention and critical population task force, said the agency is asking people to consider whether their holiday plans could bring them in contact with someone at increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19.
"We are really asking people to be flexible in their plans for Thanksgiving. In the last week we've seen over a million new cases Thanksgiving is a week away. And so if you are showing any signs and symptoms of COVID-19, we are strongly recommending that you do not travel, be flexible and make those decisions, moving forward in the next week," she said.
The number of Americans diagnosed with and hospitalized for COVID-19 have skyrocketed in almost every state in recent weeks. The country reported more than 165,000 new cases on Wednesday, according to CDC, and 20 states were at the highest numbers of people hospitalized for COVID-19 than any other point in the pandemic earlier this week, according to the COVID Tracking Project.
And given increases in case numbers after previous holidays like Labor Day and Memorial Day experts are concerned traveling and gathering for Thanksgiving could increase the risk of exposure for vulnerable populations.
"We're seeing exponential growth in cases," CDC COVID-19 incident manager Dr. Henry Walke said. "The opportunity to translocate disease or infection from one part of the country to another leads to our recommendation to avoid travel at this time."
The Centers for Disease Control's Tom Harkin Global Communications Center is shown in Atlanta.
CDC officials said they concerned not just about people spending time on planes, buses, trains, or in cars but also about transportation hubs like airports where it could be difficult to maintain distance from others.
CDC's COVID=19 incident manager Henry Walke said they know canceling Thanksgiving plans is a difficult decision, saying he plans to stay home for the holiday despite not seeing his parents since January.
"With Thanksgiving approaching our hearts and minds turned to seeing families and friends as part of one of our nation's great traditions. And we all need to consider the safest way to celebrate this holiday. Amidst this critical phase of the COVID-19 pandemic CDC is recommending against travel during the Thanksgiving period," Walke said.
"These times are tough. It's been a long. It's been a long outbreak, almost 11 months now and people are tired. And we understand that and people want to see their, their relatives and their friends. And the way they've always done it. But this year, particularly we're asking people to be as safe as possible, and limit their travel," he added.
MORE: CDC issues robust new Thanksgiving guidance as cases surge in US
Sauber-Schatz said CDC's new guidance also clarifies the definition of "household," saying that just because someone is a family member, they aren't considered part of your household unless they've been living with you for 14 days - including college students.
"The safest way to celebrate Thanksgiving this year is at home with the people in your household, if people have not been actively living with you for the 14 days before you're celebrating. They are not considered a member of your household, and therefore you need to take those extra precautions, even wearing masks within your own home."
If family members are visiting or, like college students, traveling home for an extended period of time the guidance includes recommendations for "overnight guests," including providing a separate bathroom and wearing masks inside the home.
CDC recommends that if you are hosting a Thanksgiving gathering to have the meal outdoors if possible or open windows to increase circulation, limit the number of guests, be clear with guests about expectations for keeping distance and wearing masks,


Thie beverage contains 12 plant extracts, as well as aloe vera extract, that is free from sugar and alcohol, and has a natural flavour.
Take 35ml (1 cup = 4 tablespoons) once a day.
The product can be enjoyed undiluted or be enjoyed with still water.


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Esteban Farias (born 27 July 1984) is a Argentinian-born Italian paracanoeist who won nine medals (four gold) at senior level between World Championships and European Championships.

Biography
He lives in Fiorenzuola d'Arda , Piacenza but trains in Cremona. He acquired his disability in 2009 (Spinal cord injuries - lower 5), at the age of 25, when he was visiting his grandmother in Argentina, falling from a four-meter high wall.

Despite having qualified for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games (however, which took place in 2021 due to Covid-19), he was forced to give up due to an injury.

References

External links

 Esteban Farias at the Italian National Olympic Committee

1984 births
Living people
Paracanoeists of Italy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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No further extension to furlough scheme, warns Johnson
The PM says it is not 'healthy' for the state to keep on paying employees' wages, despite fears of more job losses.
by Joe Mellor
Photo: PA
Boris Johnson has warned there can be no further extension to the Government's furlough scheme despite a fresh wave of job losses across the country.
Ministers are facing calls to extend the programme – which has protected more than 9 million jobs during the Covid-19 pandemic – following the announcement this week of thousands of lay-offs in the retail and aviation sectors.
But in an interview with London's Evening Standard, the Prime Minister insisted it was not "healthy" for either the economy or the employees concerned to maintain the scheme beyond its planned end date in October.
"I've got to be very, very blunt with you. We've spent £120 billion supporting people, it's a huge commitment and we have put our arms around people," he said.
Build, build, build
"The best way forward for us now is to work together to beat the virus and get the economy back on its feet. We're going to do amazing things; we're going to build, build, build, invest massively in our country.
"But I think people need to recognise that the particular restrictions that furlough places on you are not, in the long term, healthy either for the economy or for you as an employee.
"You are keeping people in suspended animation. You are stopping them from actually working. I am being absolutely frank with you, we are pushing it out until October but in the end you have got to get the economy moving."
The furlough scheme – which has seen the state pay up to 80% of the wages of workers who would otherwise have been laid off at a cost of £25 billion so far – is due to begin unwinding from August.
The prospect that firms will have to start contributing to the pay of employees on the programme has led to fears of a fresh wave of redundancies among businesses who cannot afford the cash.
Labour has called for the continuation of targeted assistance for sectors which have been particularly hard hit as a result of the pandemic.
Boris Johnson has defended the appointment of David Frost (above) as national security adviser (Andrew Milligan/PA)
Meanwhile, Mr Johnson defended his appointment of his chief EU negotiator David Frost as the new national security adviser after it was sharply criticised by Theresa May.
In the Commons earlier this week, the former prime minister denounced the choice of a "political appointee" with "no proven expertise" in national security to such a critical position.
Mr Johnson said: "I didn't hear what she said but I have the highest admiration for David Frost, and he will do an outstanding job. And by the way you know he is a very distinguished diplomat who has served in many, many different capacities."
Related – PMQs – Johnson shut down, Leicester lock down, Country let down
Alex Lodge: Weekly Report Vol. 32
Labour caught up in a media storm….. again
In 1948 the NHS seemed like a crazy idea, but it's one that has since defined us
'Catastrophic negotiating blunder' leaves Freeport manufacturers shut out of export markets
"Outrageous" year-long wait for Andrew to speak to US authorities, says lawyer
Top 5 Reasons Why Your Marketing Strategy Depends on Instagram
Johnson pledges to take back control of immigration with Australian- style system
Review: Blacklisters – Adult
Low Interest Rates Fuel Widespread Investment Fraud
Women's Work?


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BYU Alum Brings "Brighter" Business to Beehive State - MacDonald Launches Brightway Monday
From the time he could ride a bike, Cedar Hills resident Bryan MacDonald has had an understanding of protecting what's important.
"When I was in fifth grade, I was riding my bicycle when I was struck by a car," MacDonald recalls. "All I remember was that when I regained consciousness, it was nine hours later and I was in a hospital bed. I wasn't even sure how I got there. Years later, it's now a story that always reminds me of the importance of protecting what's important to you." Next week, MacDonald will be putting the same passion to work when he launches Brightway, The Soteria Agency in the Utah Valley.
To learn what inspired MacDonald's calling will take you on a 10-hour drive through the High Desert, along the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The oldest of seven children, the 1990 graduate of Elk Grove (CA) High School would look to his father who practiced law for an example. "When I was a child, I liked to argue and figured I'd make a good lawyer," MacDonald added. "It turns out that it was more about doing what's right by others that really appealed to me. Just doing all you can to help someone in need. That's really what insurance is all about." The Brigham Young University alum will open his West Innovation Way franchise on Monday.
The 50-year-old father of four has a bachelor's degree in Business Management from BYU's Marriott School of Business. With more than 25 years of insurance and sales experience in both California and Utah, it's the business of family that motivates him to serve here in Utah.
"With the huge family we have, I easily saw just how important it was to work hard to love and look after those closest to you," MacDonald said. "Being able to work with passion and do the same thing with not only my family, but for our neighbors and friends, it truly makes it all worthwhile."
MacDonald and his wife, Shannon, relocated to the Beehive State last year to be closer to their family. They will be celebrating their 30th wedding anniversary soon, as well as celebrating their first grandchild in January.
Brightway, The Soteria Agency offers customized Home, Flood, Auto, Boat, Condo, Renters, Personal Articles, RV, Motorcycle, Umbrella, and Life insurance policies from numerous insurance companies. Hours of operation are Monday through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. (EST) and Saturday/Sunday by appointment. Visit them at their office at 1644 W. Innovation Way, Fifth Floor, in Lehi, online at BrightwaySoteria.com or call 801-471-0055.
Brightway's corporate office staff provides expertise and support in areas including customer service, technology, accounting, marketing, distribution and business analytics. In addition, Brightway handles carrier relations and appointments, as well as support with personnel hiring, licensing, onboarding, training and retention. The company's signature after-the-sale service empowers Agency Owners, like Bryan, to focus on new business sales and provide customers the personalized service they deserve.


All 3 angles! By special request.... Riley does an all-shaving cream scene! Big sloppy SC pies (some oversized) w/excellent coverage and even the infamous white slime to finish! She gets covered!
Unedited HD footage from the Closeup angle of Scene 3 of SS219.
Unedited HD footage from the Medium angle of Scene 3 of SS219.
Unedited HD footage from the Wide angle of Scene 3 of SS219.
All 3 angles plus BTS! Victoria & Angie are dueling lingerie-clad bakers in our most epic cake fight (and catfight) EVER! 12 cakes!! 14 pies! Two extremely messy girls! Probably shouldn`t have worn all white..
Unedited HD footage from the Closeup angle of Scene 1 of SS218.
Unedited HD footage from the Medium angle of Scene 1 of SS218.
Unedited HD footage from the Wide angle of Scene 1 of SS218.
All 3 angles! Taylor dons her cutest fitness gear to teach you how to stay zen. Even when getting smashed with pies, cakes & slime! Our first `yoga mess` scene w/Taylor getting slimed & pied in lots of poses & loving it! Plus tons of foot shots!
Unedited HD footage from the Closeup angle of Scene 2 of SS217.


Asia's finally becoming a prime destination for U.S. shale gas cargoes.
Nine of the 12 tankers that have left Cheniere Energy Inc.'s Sabine Pass terminal in Louisiana—the only one sending U.S. shale gas overseas—since the beginning of December are headed for Asian countries, shipping data compiled by Bloomberg show.
That's a big shift for the U.S. LNG market, which has been dominated by cargoes to Latin America since exports began in February. Asia's emerging as a bigger buyer as winter's chill stokes demand for the heating and power-plant fuel, fulfilling analysts' predictions that the region would eventually become a major importer of U.S. supply. Global demand has the U.S. on course to become a net exporter of gas this year, a turnaround from just a decade ago when it was facing shortages.
Asia is "probably the most economic destination to ship to right now," Het Shah, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance in New York, said in a phone interview Tuesday.
More than half of the 42.9 million tons a year of U.S. LNG export capacity over the next three years is contracted by Asian buyers, a July analysis by Bloomberg New Energy Finance showed.
Cheniere wasn't immediately available for comment.


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Finance & Public Service
Gov't Cuts Spending By $3.5 Billion
Reach Out Rangers For COVID-19 Mental Health Response Programme
Statement By Senator The Honourable Kamina Johnson Smith Minister Of Foreign Affairs And Foreign Trade On The Inauguration Of The Executive Leadership Of The United States Of America
Sport Minister Regrets the Passing of Danny Lyn
National Education Trust to be Established
A National Education Trust is to be established to fund the construction and maintenance of the country's education infrastructure.	Addressing yesterday's (September 27) JIS 'Think Tank' at 58A Half- Way-Tree Road, Minister of Education, Andrew Holness explained that the Trust would be incorporated in the current education transformation system that exists.
"We have to get the Trust worked into the existing framework of transformation, because the current framework did not contemplate the establishment of the Trust, but that can be easily fitted in," he assured.
In addition to becoming the body that will see to the construction and major maintenance of the education infrastructure, Minister Holness said that the Education Trust would also have a fund-raising component and would focus on Jamaicans in the Diaspora as well.
"We want it to become an institution that can accommodate a great deal of charity and voluntarism that exist in Jamaica towards education, but which does not have the framework to capitalize on," he outlined.
The Trust, he added, would be built in a similar manner to the National Housing Trust and "we hope that it will have a dedicated stream of income probable coming from discussions out of the consolidation of social taxes."
"In many respects, this will take care of us having to deal with the issue of space. It will also address the issue of quality; because, clearly the quality of the infrastructure has a lot to do with the quality of the output," the Minister reasoned. "You will have the National Education Trust developing a Trust Fund hopefully with billions of dollars that it can earn from its endowment, its stream as well as its fund-raising activities. So, we will not have to worry that a school is needed here or furniture is needed there," he pointed out.
Which Inflation Rate Does BOJ Target?


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Q: Wildfly is not recognizing variable environments for multi environment spring boot application I'm building a spring boot application that is using multiple environments. I created an application property file for each environment. When runnig the application using mvn spring-boot:run -Dspring-boot.run.profiles="live" it works fine. Same thing when building the app using -Dspring.profiles.active=live it is working fine too. It's using the configurations that i am expecting it to use.
The problem is when i build the war using WildFly it looks like it's not detecting the environment configurations that i'm expecting. It keeps on running on the default configurations even when i specify the env that i'm going to work on! Any solution ?
I tried Setting the environment inside the application main class   :
app.setDefaultProperties(Collections.singletonMap("spring.profiles.active", "test"));

I used also maven-surefire-plugin but still the same problem! everything works fine locally but when deploying on wildfly it looks like there is an issue.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Joseph G. Cruz's work is fueled by an enthusiasm towards the History and Philosophy of Science and how seemingly disparate technologies, economies and ecologies can spin connections towards social paradigm shifts. His earnestness towards the research is not as a historian, but an attempt at extracting the vestiges lost in the methodologies of knowledge exchange. Cruz received his BFA from the School of the Art Institute Chicago and is currently pursuing his MFA at the University of Notre Dame, as well as a GLOBES Certificate in Environment and Society Fellow. Notable solo exhibitions have taken place at such venues as Chicago Artist Coalition; the Comfort Station, Chicago; and EXPO Chicago. His work has also been included in group exhibitions at such spaces as the Phoenix Institute of Contemporary Art; the Soap Factory, Minneapolis; Museum of Surgical Science, Chicago; Cabinet Magazine Exhibition Space, New York; and the Chicago Cultural Center.
This work is made possible in part by support from the Nanovic Institute for European Studies at the University of Notre Dame.


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"Untreatable" Gonorrhea Is Most Definitely Becoming A Thing
A new report from 77 countries shows that the problem is becoming global in scale.
By Azeen Ghorayshi
Azeen Ghorayshi BuzzFeed News Reporter
Posted on July 7, 2017, at 12:04 p.m. ET
Gonorrhea is getting harder and harder — and sometimes even impossible — to treat worldwide, according to a World Health Organization study looking at medical surveillance data from 77 countries released on Thursday.
"The threat of 'untreatable gonorrhea' is real," Carlos del Rio, an infectious disease professor at Emory University who has worked on gonorrhea antimicrobial resistance surveillance, told BuzzFeed News. "The WHO report...highlights that this is a global problem."
Each year, 78 million people are infected with the sexually transmitted bacterium, an estimated 800,000 of whom are in the US.
Gonorrhea has already developed resistance to a slew of antibiotics, including penicillin and tetracycline. Right now, the main treatment regimen is two antibiotics at the same time: a prescription for azithromycin pills, along with a shot of ceftriaxone. But this treatment, too, is slipping in efficacy as the bacteria continues to evolve defenses to evade it.
Currently, there is no alternative treatment for gonorrhea infection.
The new report shows that 81% of the countries reported resistance to azithromycin for at least one year from 2009 to 2014, while 66% of countries reported decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone.
Doctors in three countries — France, Spain, and Japan — have also reported individual cases where the gonorrhea infections were unable to be cured altogether.
A cluster of seven cases reported in Hawaii last year showed higher levels of resistance to azithromycin than previously seen in the US, alarming health officials.
Because gonorrhea can present without symptoms, it's important to be tested regularly. If left untreated, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, scar tissue, chronic pain, and infertility. It can also increase the risk of HIV infection.
The new report represents just "the tip of the iceberg" when it comes to antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea worldwide, Teodora Wi, medical officer in the WHO's Department of Reproductive Health and Research, said in a statement. Lower-income countries — especially those in Africa, where an estimated 11.4 million cases of gonorrhea infection occur each year — have fewer resources for diagnosing and reporting untreatable infections. Most countries in Africa did not report for the WHO study.
A second report released on Thursday examined what researchers say is needed to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance; this includes diagnostic tests for clinics and hospitals to readily identify if a person's strain is resistant to the recommended treatment, and, in the longer term, a vaccine.
The other necessary component, a growing problem with many infections besides gonorrhea, is the urgent need for new drugs to treat it. While three drugs are currently in the pipeline, none have yet made it through all the clinical trials necessary for FDA approval.
"Bottom line, we need new drugs to treat gonorrhea, we need new diagnostic tests and we need a vaccine," Del Rio said.
New Gonorrhea Cases In Hawaii Are A Warning Sign For The CDC
Gonorrhea Might Get Harder To Treat And That Is Terrifying
Azeen Ghorayshi is a science editor for BuzzFeed News and is based in New York.
Contact Azeen Ghorayshi at azeen.ghorayshi@buzzfeed.com.


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Izrael Poznanski's Palace © M. Kawczyński
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› Lodz
› The Best Polish TV Series to Watch Online
The Best Polish TV Series to Watch Online
At the height of the lockdown during the Coronavirus pandemic, we got through our list of top Polish books to read and then powered through the best Polish films, so it's almost inevitable that we'd remain glued to our screens to stave off boredom and move on to watching the best Polish TV shows. As much as we've been impressed by the calibre of Polish cinematography, the last few years have seen some top Polish shows being made, all of which are available to watch online through the big name streaming services.
We've been so impressed by some of the shows we've watched recently that we dare say Scandinavian crime fiction (or Nordic noir) has now been nudged aside by the ascent of the Polish crime series. Although some of these shows seem to retread the same thematic ground, and also suffer from excessive aerial shots of forests and landscapes accompanied by eery, melancholic music (something all too common in Nordic noir), the narrative backbone of each series is unique enough to keep an audience captivated and wanting more! Below we've compiled a list of our favourite Polish series, which you can watch online in Polish, the majority accompanied by subtitles, and even one in original English audio.
A Polish high school teacher, Paweł Zawadzki (Maciej Stuhr), moves from Warsaw to a small town, and like any teacher, he needs a hobby to keep himself entertained - so he becomes a private investigator! Shortly before his arrival, a model student at his school has been murdered in mysterious circumstances (would you even watch if it wasn't shrouded in mystery?!). Zawadzki, or Belfer (a colloquial term for a teacher), feels compelled to begin his own investigation, while simultaneously having to deal with the lack of trust shown to him from the local residents. What is revealed is a web of corruption and fraud amongst the local elites. This is definitely one of the best Polish shows we've seen.
Seasons: 2 (2016, 2017)
Genre: crime, thriller, action
Viewing Platform: Canal+ Player
Wataha (The Pack)
Originally known in English as 'The Border,' HBO seems to have improved their translation for the most recent season, updating it to The Pack - as in 'wolf pack,' a more literal translation of 'Wataha.' As this is HBO, the production values are very high, the show is amazing and English subs are a given. Set on the Polish-Ukrainian border, the plot follows an elite team of Polish border guards who combat human traffickers smuggling people into the country. Celebrating in a log cabin after a successful mission, all but one border guard, Captain Victor Rebrow (Leszek Lichota), are killed in a bomb attack. Following his recovery, he returns to work to head a new 'pack' of the border guard, with his personal aim being to discover who the killers were and what their motives are. Being the sole survivor of the attack, there is immediate suspicion from the local prosecutor that Victor is somehow connected to what happened, that he may be connected to organised crime. The show is intriguing, following Victor's personal mission to discover the truth, maintain his innocence, and struggle to cope with the internal personal conflicts within his new 'wataha'.
Seasons: 3 (2014, 2017, 2019)
Viewing Platform: HBO GO
Now for something that goes beyond a simple crime thriller, moving into an alternate historical timeline. Take the idea that the Iron Curtain never came down, that Communist rule in Poland never ended, and is still going strong today. Yuck. We all know the story of Martial Law being imposed in 1981-83 and of the growing Solidarity Movement in Poland, but the makers of 1983 turned this history on its head - a series of terrorist attacks took place in Poland in 1983 which led the Soviet authorities to impose a police state that prevented the Soviet Union from falling apart. In present day [still] Communist Poland, Law student Kajetan Skowron (Maciej Musiał) and Citizens' Militia investigator Anatol Janów (Robert Więckiewicz) uncover a conspiracy that could potentially start a revolution. An interesting concept for anyone with an interest in Polish history that asks a big unnerving 'what if?'.
Seasons: 1 (2018)
No. of Episodes: 8
Viewing Platform: Netflix
The Witcher (Wiedźmiń)
And now for something completely different. Step aside crime drama, it's time for some fantasy. The Witcher, starring Superman Henry Cavill as Geralt of Rivia and the curiously-exotic Anya Chalotra as Yennefer of Vengerberg has been hugely successful and, for the binge-inclined masses, the series has filled the fantastical void that was left after the disappointing finale of HBO's Game Of Thrones. Newcomers to the franchise may not know much about what preceded Season 1: notably an equally-successful game and, of course, the book series that it's all based on by Polish author Andrzej Sapkowski. The Polish-American show follows Geralt of Rivia, a monster slayer for hire, and Princess Ciri, who possesses magical powers, as they are bound by destiny; the episodes build up various character arcs before eventually all timelines merge. Filming predominantly took place in Hungary, however, a few key Polish locations were included in the show as a homage to Sapkowski and the show's connection to Poland.
Seasons: 1 (2019) - more planned.
Kruk. Szepty słychać po zmroku (Raven. Whispers can be heard after dark)
A hotly anticipated show in 2018, and shot entirely in 4K, Kruk is the story of Łódź Crime Division officer, Adam Kruk (Michał Żurawski) with an addiction to prescription and psychotropic drugs, who returns to his hometown where he is tasked to help in the case of a young boy who has been kidnapped. As often happens in a storyline involving 'returning to your roots', Kruk has to deal with the demons of his past, focusing on themes of institutionalised abuse. In an attempt to sway from the generic crime drama genre, elements of magical realism add a fantasy element to the show as the main protagonist interacts with other characters only he can see. Are they ghosts? Personal demons? It all adds to a mysterious background story as Kruk aims to solve the kidnapping case, and deal with his own internal struggles.
Genre: Crime, Thriller, Magical Realism
Blinded by the Lights (Ślepnąc od Świateł)
Follow 7 days in the life of Warsaw cocaine dealer Kuba Nitecki (Kamil Nożyński), whose clients include everyone from politicians and businessmen to yuppies, celebs and hipsters. Well known, yet also unknown, his perfectly organised life begins to unravel and he wants out, his aim to escape to Argentina. Wouldn't you know it - his career acquaintances are gangsters (played by Janusz Chabior and Robert Więckiewicz) who may make leaving his former life more difficult, particularly when a notorious 'old school' gangster returns on the scene after release from prison. Nail biting stuff. The stunning cinematography helps build up the atmosphere, making this more than 'just another gangster series'.
Genre: Crime, Thriller, neo noir
Viewing Platform: HBO GO
Rojst (The Mire)
Filmed in and around Katowice (and Warsaw), The Mire, revolves around the brutal murders of a prostitute and her apparent boyfriend in a forest in 1984 Poland. Unsurprisingly, nothing is as it seems or easy to decipher for a crime drama, but the setting and title provide some big clues. Set during Communist-era Poland after the imposition of Martial Law (1981-83) with the Solidarity movement building momentum, the times were bleak, as depicted by the show's well-chosen colour palette. The Mire (a boggy marsh) itself implies the difficulty to manoeuvre in such a system, meaning any actions or movements taken will simply bog you down even more - the characters are victims to the unfortunate circumstances of the time. This is the backdrop to the show, which depicts two journalists - one an old staffer, Witold Wanycz (Andrzej Seweryn), and the other his young protégé Piotr Zarzycki (Dawid Ogrodnik) - as they investigate the crime, believing there is more to the case than the official police investigation concluded. What follows is the unravelling of a corrupt local system involving organised crime - and all this littered with personal stories dating back to the forced mass migrations to/from the 'recovered territories' following World War 2. There are only 5 episodes, but this mini-series is worth the binge watch.
No. of Episodes: 5
Viewing Platform: Netflix
Zasada Przyjemności (The Pleasure Principle)
Another chance to see the same scenery of the Polish-Ukrainian-Czech borderland in Poland's Bieszczady Mountains that you may have seen in Wataha (The Pack), this time going beyond the theme of human trafficking. The Pleasure Principle is a Polish-Czech-Ukrainian co-production which explores the idea of the political borders actually being a fine boundary where peoples' ethical and moral compasses become skewed. The show follows separate investigations taking place in Warsaw, Prague and Odessa after three young women are killed and mutilated in each city in a similar fashion and within a short space of time. The killings appear connected, leading to co-operation on the cases between three international police departments, and as expected, nothing is as it seems, as the story unfolds to expose a web of corrupt businessmen, politicians and organised crime.
No. of Episodes: 10
W Głębi Lasu (The Woods)
Only the 2nd Polish language production to be made for Netflix (after 1983, above), released in June 2020 and already a bit of a hit! No wonder, it's based on the 2007 book of the same name by mystery/thriller heavyweight Harlan Coben - if you're familiar with his other work, you'll know that his books and subsequent film/TV adaptions contain more twists and turns than a yoga session. The Woods is set in present day Warsaw, with frequent flashbacks to the grizzly events at a summer camp in 1994, where the main character, public prosecutor Paweł Kopiński (Grzegorz Damięcki) was a young mentor. Two teenagers were murdered, and another two went missing (one of whom was Paweł's sister), presumed dead, until years later a mysterious murder victim appears to be connected to the original case...
Pola Negri: The Polish Queen of Hollywood Famous Poles
Czesław Miłosz Famous Poles
Krzysztof Kieślowski Famous Poles


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The Fashion Pit in Emerald City
Posted on February 19, 2008 by New York News Network
Richard Renda in Fashion Pit (Photo by Maurice Pinzon)
Although the Super Bowl and Super Tuesday voting may have obscured the usual buzz that New York Fashion Week creates, photographers and video crews inside the Bryant Park tents were still rushing from venue to venue, jostling for a position on the media riser. That space is a very exclusive piece of real estate inside the fashion tents, even by Manhattan standards. It is so valuable it is measured in inches rather than square feet and it is to a great extent managed by Richard Renda, the unofficial and some would say benevolent dictator of the fashion pit.
Fashion shows are complex and tightly-timed technical operations that last no more than 20 minutes at a cost of about $250,000 a show. The make-up, the clothes, the models and even the audience must be properly synchronized. The seemingly simple task of getting a model clothed is carried out by specialized companies whose employees are experienced enough to know that properly zipping the correct model into the correct dress is everything.
Mogul media company IMG employs its fashion division to organize what is officially known as Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week. According to their website, they promise to make the fashion production possible by connecting "elite designers, top-notch sponsors, and global media with the industry's most celebrated portfolio of fashion shows and designer fashion events."
In an interview with New York News Network, Zach Eichman, Director of Communications for IMG Fashion added, "We're essentially creating a venue and these kinds of general processes to accommodate a wide variety of different shows."
Indeed, what is prepared backstage is to a great extent produced for the professional media video and still photographers in front of the runway. Fashion Week would be meaningless without the megabits of digital imagery circulating the globe in news outlets, fashion and celebrity blogs, and on the pages of newspapers and magazines.
On the ground, front and center of the media riser, is Mr. Renda, who looks like a cross between a scrappy Steven Tyler, Aerosmith's lead singer, and a rock band roadie. He always wears a hat that reads, "Totally Cool," which is the name of his website, totallycool.
If Woody Allen is correct in saying "eighty percent of success is showing up," then part of Mr. Renda's clout comes from his having been at the fashion shows since 1993, when the tents first went up in Bryant Park.
Mr. Renda walks around the different venues without reservation, as everyone associated with the fashion shows appears to know him. This reporter observed IMG staff, security guards and most photographers regularly deferring to him.
He is one of those New York characters sometimes seen at neighborhood community boards, so strongly associated with a particular issue that over time a niche of expertise is developed. These types can be exasperating but are so embedded into the fabric of the city that it would not be New York without them.
"No tripods in the front row," Mr. Renda will shout to a photographer who has never been inside the fashion pit before. And why not listen to him? He appears to be in charge.
In one exchange observed by this reporter, Mr. Renda insisted that he could see three inches of space between a heavyset photographer and a man next to him. Mr. Renda shouted at the first photographer because he would not move even though the two men were just about sitting on each other's laps.
With eyes that see inches and an imagination that envisions yards, Mr. Renda creates space where it is seemingly non-existent. He thrust his fist in-between the two men and said, ìIf I can put my fist there, I can squeeze another photographer inside.î When neither of the men budged, Mr. Renda threatened to call security, the ìenforcersî as he later recounted.
Mr. Eichman disputed Mr. Renda's apparent role when questioned by this reporter. "I think that he [Richard Renda] is very vocal and that a number of people respond to him. But like I said, he has no sort of official role for being responsible for the placement of people on the media riser."
In an interview with New York News Network, Mr. Renda explained that his 14 and a half years of videotaping the fashion shows had given him a unique perspective. He knows the regular camera crews, he has a good memory for the guys with the big egos and he can quickly pick out the inexperienced photographers. He is acquainted with the layout of the different venues. He is not shy about coaxing the photographers on the media riser – a few inches here or there in order to fit in one of the new photographers, perhaps a freelancer.
"Let us handle the pit" is Mr. Renda's refrain to security or IMG people who attempt to resolve any disputes on the riser.
Mr. Eichman qualified Mr. Renda's actions. "If we need to get involved then we usually mediate those situations. But we generally expect the photographers who have a fraternally amongst themselves to sort of work out most of the issues," he said.
Mr. Renda sees his goal as benevolent. He wants to offer a chance to everyone on the media riser so that they can take an unobstructed, if not ideal shot from the pit to the runway. So before the models begin strutting, while the camera crews are still setting up, Mr. Renda surveys the riser to make sure that the main media outlets such as the Associated Press, the New York Times, Getty Images, the large foreign press agencies, and the amorphous set of ìhouseî photographers (those shooting for the designers), are all accommodated.
If he can, Mr. Renda will then try to squeeze in a fresh face. He told this reporter that he looks for people who have been at Fashion Week every day and who have worked hard. He then advises and positions them by creating one of those slots that no one else seems to see.
Mr. Renda believes that the IMG organizers have so much on their hands that they are happy to leave the job to him.
With all the sweat that goes into managing the fashion pit, Mr. Renda still has a poetic side. He believes that being in the pit is a position of privilege – one where you are both in the present and the future because you are photographing fashion that will not be made public until the upcoming season. He sees a model walking down the runway with all the cameras focused on her as a beautiful moment that has finally converged and he knows he has had a fairly important role making it happen.
"I am the key to the magic kingdom," he said.
A place he likens to "the emerald city where," Mr. Renda said, "you walk through life and you see all different things and then you come to this place, which is a vortex. It is where everything comes together twice a year. It is like a city in a city."
"Do not be surprised if you're standing in the lobby of the tent complex and you see a horse of a different color walk past you," he added.
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Crawfish Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is a tributary to West Chickamauga Creek.

Crawfish Creek received its name from the Cherokee Indians of the area, who saw crayfish in its water. A variant name is "Crayfish Creek".

References

Rivers of Georgia (U.S. state)
Rivers of Walker County, Georgia