text:
The relation between early dental caries and iron-deficiency anaemia in children : Medical Research Journal
December 2014 - Volume 13 - Issue 2
Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Medical Research Journal.
The relation between early dental caries and iron-deficiency anaemia in children
Abed, Neveen Tawfika; Aly, Iman A.M.a; Deyab, Safeya M.b; Ramoon, Fatma M.H.c
Departments of aPediatrics
bClinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha
cPublic Medical Center, Ministry of Health in Tanta, Cairo, Egypt
Correspondence to Neveen Tawfik Abed, Department of Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, PO Box 13512, Benha, Egypt Tel: +20 111 882 1692; e-mail: [email protected]
Accepted November 15, 2014
Medical Research Journal 13(2):p 108-114, December 2014. | DOI: 10.1097/01.MJX.0000457299.68683.0b
The aim of this study was to examine the association between early dental caries and iron-deficiency anaemia in preschool children.
Patients and methods
This case–control study included 100 children with early dental caries aged 2–6 years from the outpatient dental clinic, Benha University hospitals, and 50 caries-free healthy age-matched and sex-matched children as a control group. All children were subjected to a full assessment of history, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations in the form of complete blood count, calculation of serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, serum ferritin, and serum albumin.
Children with early dental caries had significantly lower mean haemoglobin levels (10.01±0.83 g/dl) than the controls (11.80±0.91 g/dl), lower mean corpuscular volume (72.56±4.96 fl) than the controls (80.30±6.35 fl), lower mean serum iron (0.40±0.10 µg/ml) than the controls (0.73±0.23 µg/ml) and lower mean serum ferritin (31.86±18.2 ng/ml) than the controls (40.96±21.1 ng/ml). Clinical manifestations of vitamin A and B deficiency were significantly increased in the patients than in the controls. There were significant negative correlations between haemoglobin, serum iron and serum ferritin levels with the number of affected teeth.
Early dental caries had an effect on the state of iron in preschool children giving significantly greater odds of iron-deficiency anaemia.
Early dental caries is a relatively new form that describes rampant dental caries in infants and toddlers 1.
Dental caries is widely recognized as an infectious disease induced by diet. The main factors in the aetiology of the disease are (a) cariogenic bacteria, (b) fermentable carbohydrates, (c) a susceptible tooth and host and (d) time. However, in young children, bacterial flora and host defence systems are in the process of developing, tooth surfaces are newly erupted and may show hypoplastic defects, and their parents have to manage the dietary transition through breast/bottle feeding, first solids and childhood tastes 2. Recent Canadian reports suggest that the prevalence of early childhood caries may be ∼40–50%,but can be significantly higher in economically disadvantaged, first nations and emigrant populations 3. According to the WHO, iron deficiency is the most common and widespread form of nutritional deficiency worldwide 3. Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is characterized by a defect in haemoglobin synthesis, resulting in red blood cells that are abnormally small (microcytic) and contain a decreased amount of haemoglobin (hypochromic). The capacity of the blood to deliver oxygen to body cells and tissues is thus reduced 4,5.
It was supposed that dental caries and its resulting discomfort and pain can interfere with proper nutrition, including iron intake, causing IDA 6; although major efforts have been initiated worldwide to reduce IDA and dental caries, both conditions continue to be common and are considered major health problems.
Aim of the work
The aim of this study was to examine the association between early dental caries and IDA in preschool children.
This case–control study included 150 children. They were divided into two groups. The patient group included 100 children with early dental caries aged 2–6 years recruited from the outpatient dental clinic, Benha University hospitals. The control group included 50 caries-free healthy children. This study was carried out in the period from October 2012 to December 2013 after obtaining informed consents from their parents. Approval of the local ethical committee was obtained before initiating the study.
Apparently healthy 100 children aged 2–6 years with early dental caries.
Children with:
Acute or chronic illness.
Known blood disease.
Parasitic infestations by stool analysis.
Children who had received iron multivitamin supplements in the last 3 months.
All groups were subjected to the following:
Full assessment of history including personal history, history of age of first tooth eruption, family history of dental caries and IDA, nutritional habits, oral health, oral hygiene, dental habits including tooth brushing and socioeconomic status according to Fahmy and El-Sherbini 7.
General examination including the following:
Manifestation of iron deficiency; pallor, lack of concentration, pica and nail spooning 8.
Manifestation of vitamin A deficiency: xeropthalmia, dry scaly skin, increased frequency of respiratory and diarrhoeal disease, growth retardation and defective enamel.
Manifestation of vitamin B deficiency: irritability, angular stomatitis, glossitis, sleep disturbance, muscle cramps, red itchy eye and keratitis 9.
Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, BMI [BMI=weight (kg)/height (m)2], mid arm circumference and skin fold thickness using a skin fold VERNIER caliper.
Local examinations of teeth were performed by a paediatric dentist to assess dental decay, number of teeth affected, pulpal affection and gum affection.
Laboratory investigations including the following: complete blood count (CBC), haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red cell distribution width (RDW).
Measurement of serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and serum ferritin as they are key biochemical indicators of iron status.
Measurement of serum albumin as an indicator of protein status.
Stool analysis was carried out to exclude parasitic infestations.
Four millilitre samples were taken through venipuncture; 1 ml was preserved in a tube containing EDTA for CBC and analysed using Sysmex KX-21N (Japan) and 3 ml was preserved in a plain tube and left to coagulate. Then, serum was separated by centrifugation for 10 min and was stored at −20°C until the time of assay. Serum ferritin was measured using Abcam's ferritin (FTL) Human in-vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, das (Italy), plate reader A4 2006, and plate washer D1 979.
Normal laboratory reference values were adopted to determine whether each child had adequate or low concentrations of Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, serum iron, TIBC, serum ferritin and serum albumin. IDA was defined as Hb levels below 12 gm/dl, iron levels below 50 µg/dl and/or ferritin levels below 24 ng/ml. RDW more than 14.5% and MCV less than 80 fl 6. Participants were considered to be iron deficient if they had two out of three abnormal blood tests for Hb, ferritin and or MCV 10.
The collected data were analysed using the SPSS version 16 software (IBM, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Categorical data were presented as number and percentages whereas quantitative data were expressed as mean and SD. The χ2-test and the student (t) test were used as tests of significance. The level of significance in this work was set at 0.05 (P<0.05 was considered significant). Values of anthropometric measurements were converted into standardized values (Z scores) to determine the difference between the groups using the Mann–Whitney U-test for comparisons between them; P less than 0.05 was considered significant.
A total of 150 children were enrolled: 100 with early childhood caries (the patients group) and 50 caries-free children (the control group).
There were no significant differences between the patients and the controls in age (P=0.145), sex (P=0.142), age of first tooth eruption (P=0.942), residence, urban (P=0.158) and rural (0.158), and socioeconomic status (Table 1). Among the patient group, there was a significant increase in dental caries among children from urban areas than those from rural areas (P=0.047), and children from middle class families than those from low and high social class families (P=0.019) (Table 2).
Comparison between the patient and the control group in age, sex, residence and socioeconomic status
Comparison of demographic data in the patient group (N=100)
In terms of the dietetic history, there was a significant decrease in dental caries considering the history of milk formula intake (P=0.001) and plant supplementation of iron (P=0.049), but no significant differences between the studied groups for history of breast milk feeding (P=0.708), intake of animal milk (P=0.438) and animal sources as a supplement of iron (P=0.466).
For some risk factors, there was no significant difference in excess sweet intake (P=0.639) whereas there was a significant increase in the number of siblings affected (P=0.014) and a significant decrease with the use of toothpaste (P=0.015) and plaque control (P=0.001) in patients than among the controls.
There was no significant difference between patients and controls in weight, height, mid arm circumference and skin fold thickness, but a significant decrease in BMI in the patients than the controls (P=0.002) (Table 3). In terms of manifestations of iron and other vitamins deficiencies, there was a significant increase in pallor (P=0.001), lack of concentration (P=0.001) and manifestation of vitamin A (P=0.001) and vitamin B (P=0.009) deficiency among patients than the controls, but no significant differences in nail spooning and pica.
Comparison between the studied groups in Anthropometric measurements
Local examination of teeth of the studied children showed that there was a significant increase in gum affection (P=0.001) among the patients than the controls (Table 4).
Comparison between the studied groups in local examination of teeth
For CBC, there was a significant decrease in Hb (P=0.024), red blood corpuscles (P=0.050), haematocrit (P=0.042), MCV (P=0.032), MCH (P=0.049) and MCHC (P=0.049), and a significant increase in RDW (P=0.050) among the patients than the controls, whereas no significant difference in the other CBC parameters (Table 5).
Comparison between the studied groups in CBC and iron profile results
There was no significant difference between the patients and the controls in serum albumin (P=0.636) whereas there was a significant decrease in serum iron (P=0.014) and serum ferritin (P=0.001), with a significant increase in TIBC (P=0.006), in the patients than the controls (Table 5).
There were significant negative correlations between Hb (P=0.008), serum iron (P=0.006) and serum ferritin (P=0.009) with the number of teeth affected whereas there were no significant correlations between age (P=0,745), socioeconomic class (P=0.096), weight (P=0.526), BMI (P=0.635), skin fold thickness (P=0.699), serum albumin (P=0.285) and number of teeth affected (Figs 1–3).
Fig. 1:
Correlation between the number of affected teeth and Hb in the patient group.
Correlation between the number of affected teeth and serum iron in the patient group.
Correlation between the number of affected teeth and serum ferritin in the patient group.
This study was carried out to explore the relation between early dental caries and nutritional status including IDA in children.
In this study, in terms of demographic data such as age and sex, there were no significant differences between the two groups (patients and controls), which is in agreement with the results reported by Shaoul et al.6 and Schroth et al.11.
In this study, there was no significant increase in dental caries with age, in contrast to the result obtained by Schroth and Cheba 3, who reported that the prevalence of early childhood caries increases with age; this may be attributed to the fact that children who visit the dentist at later ages have more teeth for longer lengths of time, increasing their odds of developing decay.
In the patient group, there was a significant increase in dental caries in children from urban areas than those from rural areas (P=0.047); this may be attributed to excess intake of sweets and fast food in urban areas than rural areas, which is not in agreement with the results of Schroth and Cheba 3 and Mattila et al.12. They found increased incidence of early childhood caries in children from rural areas. This may be attributed to shared patterns of poor health in these communities including chronic health conditions, infant and maternal health problems, presence of communicable diseases and injury.
In terms of socioeconomic status in the patient group, there was a significant increase in the incidence of dental caries in children from middle class families than those from low and high social class families; this may be attributed to poor eating habits of intake of fast food and excess sweets. This was not in agreement with the results of Schroth and Cheba 3, Hooley et al.13, Gerdin et al.14, Hongl et al.15 and Marshall 16, who showed that lower socioeconomic status was associated with a risk of higher caries, which might be attributable to the low parental education level and limited access to services and support, associated with low socioeconomic status 3.
In this study, there was no significant difference between the two groups in weight and height and this is in agreement with Shaoul et al.6, but Acs et al.17, reported that children with early dental caries had lower mean weights than caries-free children, suggesting that children with early dental caries had inadequate caloric consumption.
In terms of BMI, in this study, there was a significant decrease in the patients than in the controls, in agreement with Shaoul et al.6, who found significantly lower BMI values in the study group. Hooley et al.13 showed three main patterns of relationships between dental caries and BMI; in 23 of their 48 studies, they found no association between BMI and dental caries, in another 17 studies, they found a positive relationship between them and in the last eight studies, they found an inverse relationship. They suggested that methodological factors including sample demographics, the sensitivity of the dental examination and the nature of the data analyses carried out influence whether or not an association is detected.
In this study, in terms of dietetic history, there was a significant decrease in dental caries in children with a history of milk formula intake and plant supplementation of iron, but no significant differences between the groups studied in history of breast milk feeding, intake of animal milk and animal source as a supplement of iron. The difference between the plant and the animal source of iron may be attributed to easy mastication of the plant source compared with difficult mastication of red meat because of pain, which affects efficiency of mastication.
In this study, in terms of some risk factors of dental caries, there was a significant increase in siblings affection and a significant decrease with the use of toothpaste and plaque control among the patients than the controls; this is in agreement with Schroth and Cheba 3, who showed that early childhood caries is prominent in children with limited access to care.
This might be attributable to the following:
Siblings share the same quality of life; also, dental caries is an infectious disease.
Frequent tooth brushing decreases fermentable carbohydrates, which is a good medium for dental caries.
Dental care by frequent visits to dental clinics enables early treatment of minor dental problems.
In this study, in terms of manifestations of iron and deficiency of other vitamins, there was a significant increase in pallor, lack of concentration and manifestations of vitamin A and vitamin B deficiency, and a non significant difference in nail spooning and pica between both groups, which is in agreement with Oliveria et al.18, who reported that children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) also have deficiency in important vitamins and nutrients.
In this study, there was a significant increase in gum affection in the patients than in the controls on local examination of teeth.
In the present study, for CBC, there was a significant decrease in Hb and MCV, and a significant increase in RDW in the patients than in the controls, but no significant difference between them in platelets and WBC; this is in agreement with Shaoul et al.6. Also, Schroth et al.11 reported that children with S-ECC had significantly lower mean Hb levels than controls.
In this study, there was a significant decrease in serum iron and serum ferritin in patients than controls, and this is in agreement with Shaoul et al.6, who reported a significant relationship between rampant caries during childhood and low ferritin level; this may be attributed to either pain during mastication and therefore decreased consumption of iron-enriched food or secondary to the inflammatory process of caries. Also, Clarke et al.10 found that the majority of S-ECC had evidence of inadequate iron and low serum ferritin, but Ramos-Gomez et al. 19 showed that there was no relation between early childhood caries and iron deficiency. This could be attributable to differences in the severity of caries.
In this study, for serum albumin, there was no significant difference between both groups; this might be attributed to the fact that malnutrition was not severe enough to affect the level of serum albumin, and this is in agreement with Shaoul et al.6, but not in agreement with Schroth et al.11.
Finally, there were significant negative correlations between Hb, serum iron and serum ferritin with the number of affected teeth, and non significant correlations between age, socioeconomic status, weight, BMI, skin fold thickness, serum albumin and number of affected teeth.
This indicates the relation between early childhood caries and iron deficiency, and may be explained as follows:
One hypothesis is that the low haemoglobin levels often observed in S-ECC children may be attributed to the body's inflammatory response, which may accompany rampant forms of dental caries (especially those involving pulpitis or abscesses) as this inflammation may trigger a series of events that ultimately lead to the production of cytokines, which may, in turn, inhibit erythropoiesis and thus reduce the level of haemoglobin in the blood 20. It is also recognized that the pain experienced by children with S-ECC may lead to altered eating habits 21 and to nutritional deficiencies such as low iron levels. In addition,differences in nutritional status between caries-free children and those with S-ECC may also be governed by household economics. Limited funds may restrict a family's ability to purchase nutritious foods. Low socioeconomic status is known to be associated with an increased risk for anaemia 21.
Early dental caries had an impact on iron status in preschool children, resulting in significantly greater odds of developing IDA.
Thus, the iron profile of children with early dental caries should be evaluated , and they should receive iron supplementations and a diet rich in animal and plant sources of iron.
Also, parents should be advised to take their children to dental clinics and encouraged to adopt hygienic measures among family members as dental caries is an infectious disease.
Finally, primary care providers and dentists should be aware of this oral–systemic relationship.
1. Brown A. Caries prevalence and treatment needs of healthy and medically compromised children at a tertiary care institution in Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J 2009; 15:378–386.
PubMed | CrossRef
2. Ramos-Gomez F, Crystal YO, Ng MW, Tinanoff N, Featherstone JD. Caries risk assessment, prevention, and management in pediatric dental care. Gen Dent 2010; 58:505–517.
3. Schroth RJ, Cheba V. Determining the prevalence and risk factors for early childhood caries in a community dental health clinic. Pediatr Dent 2007; 29:387–396.
4. Mateos Gonzalez ME, De la Cruz BJ, Lopez LE, Valdes SM, Noqales EA. Review of haematology and biochemistry parameters to identify iron deficiency. An Pediatr (Barc) 2009; 71:95–102.
Cited Here
5. Fretham SJ, Carlson ES, Georgieff MK. The role of iron in learning and memory. Adv Nutr 2011; 2:112–121.
6. Shaoul R, Gaitini L, Kharouba J, Darawshi G, Maor I, Somri M. The association of childhood iron deficiency anaemia with severe dental caries. Acta Paediatr 2012; 101:e76–e79.
View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
7. Fahmy SI, El-Sherbini AF. Determining simple parameters for social classifications for health research. Bull High Inst Public Health 1983; 235:1–14.
8. Lerner NB, Sills RKliegman RM, Stanton BF, Geme JW St. Iron-deficiency anemia. Nelson textbook of pediatrics 44919th ed.. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011; 1655–1658.
9. Zile MHKliegman RM, Stanton BF, Geme JW St. Vitamin A and B deficiencies and excess. Nelson textbook of pediatrics 4519th ed.. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011; 188–191.
10. Clarke M, Locker D, Berall G, Pencharz P, Kenny DJ, Judd P. Malnourishment in a population of young children with severe early childhood caries. Pediatr Dent 2006; 28:254–259.
11. Schroth RJ, Levi J, Kliewer E, Friel J, Moffatt MEK. Association between iron status, iron deficiency anaemia, and severe early childhood caries: a case–control study. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13:22.
12. Mattila ML, Rautava P, Sillanpää M, Paunio P. Caries in five-year-old children and associations with family-related factors. J Dent Res 2000; 79:875–881.
13. Hooley M, Skouteris H, Boganin C, Satur J, Kilpatrick N. Body mass index and dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review of literature published 2004 to 2011. Syst Rev 2012; 1:57.
14. Gerdin EW, Angbratt M, Aronsson K, Eriksson E, Johansson I. Dental caries and body mass index by socio-economic status in Swedish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2008; 36:459–465.
15. Hong L, Ahmed A, McCunniff M, Overman P, Mathew M. Obesity and dental caries in children aged 2-6 years in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. J Public Health Dent 2008; 68:227–233.
16. Marshall TA, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Broffitt BA, Warren JJ, Levy SM. Dental caries and childhood obesity: roles of diet and socioeconomic status. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35:449–458.
17. Acs G, Shulmann R, Ng MW, Chussid S. Effect of nursing caries on bodyweight in a pediatric population. Pediatr Dent 1992; 14:302–305.
18. Oliveira LB, Sheiham A, Bonecker M. Exploring the association of dental caries with social factors and nutritional status in Brazilian preschool children. Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116:37–43.
19. Ramos-Gomez FJ, Weintraub JA, Gansky SA, Hoover CI, Featherstone JD. Bacterial, behavioral and environmental factors associated with early childhood caries. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2002; 26:165–173.
20. Gaur S, Nayak R. Underweight in low socioeconomic status preschoolchildren with severe early childhood caries. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2011; 29:305–309.
21. Schroth RJ, Harrison RL, Moffatt ME. Oral health of indigenous children and the influence of early childhood caries on childhood health and well-being. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009; 56:1481–1499.
© 2014 Medical Research Journal
Medical Research Journal13(2):108-114, December 2014.
Articles in PubMed by Neveen Tawfik Abed
Articles in Google Scholar by Neveen Tawfik Abed
Other articles in this journal by Neveen Tawfik Abed


This Mystery Quilt pattern was kindly contributed by: Sara Reid of Gumnut Gear. Please contact Sara with any questions regarding this pattern.
For this quilt, I have designed it with a patchworker's stash in mind. You need a large background piece, but the rest is done scrappy. So long as your piece is larger than 4cm square you can use it somewhere. I have broken the instructions up into sessions and parts, simply follow 1 step at a time.
I recommend that all fabrics should be washed and pressed before starting. Also, you should read through all instructions for the section before starting work on that section.
3.8 metres main fabric/background. This needs to be a simple fabric, plain, marbled or with a small simple print as it needs to contrast your other fabrics.
10 - 12 fat ¼'s or a large stash for contrasts - checks, strips or any pattern will be fine so long as there is contrast from the background.


The almost 30 participants included the warden and the executive of Balassagyarmat Prison, educators, inspectors, psychologists and other staff from the prison, the educators of Tököl Juvenile Prison, social workers, civilians, teachers, etc.
Published wiothout changes from the newsletter of the MEREPS-partner European Forum for Restorative Justice.
This update is part of the monthly information provided by IARS on its UK based activities and project for the larger EU funded MEREPS.
The MEREPS Project was also invited to the Conference to hold its international seminar. The two workshops held by project representatives signaled the first personal introduction of the project towards a professional audience.
The Government of Brazil hosted the Twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Salvador, from 12 to 19 April 2010.


Welcome to the Hotel Deco Florence Photo Gallery. We have painstakingly compiled this Gallery so that you can browse through the many various views that are to be obtained both of and from the Hotel. Take your time to browse through the Gallery. You can enlarge any of the images by clicking on it with your mouse. Enjoy!
Our enchanting rooms with our Photo Gallery and note the amenities and facilities you can expect when you arrive here in Florence. Take your time to browse through the Gallery. You can enlarge any of the images by clicking.


text:
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F)
SGN, Matthias Schleuning
PD Dr. Matthias Schleuning
Senior Scientist Group
Human actions globally jeopardise natural ecosystems. We investigate how these human impacts and anthropogenic climate change modify biodiversity and ecological processes and functions. Our research primarily aims to disentangle the functional causes and consequences of global biodiversity loss. The results of our research are also used to develop potential future scenarios of ecological communities and ecosystem functions.
Our work covers three main research fields: plant-animal-interactions, experimental plant ecology and global change models. In all fields, we examine the complex networks of species interactions in ecological communities. Most of our research is centred on plant-bird interactions, which are important for the stability of ecological communities as well as for ecosystem functions, such as pollination, seed dispersal and plant regeneration.
To investigate the interactions between plants and birds, we work in a variety of ecosystems, ranging from the tropics (e.g. the Andes and Mount Kilimanjaro) over the subtropics (e.g. South African Fynbos) to temperate systems (e.g. the Alps). In our research, we combine observational and experimental approaches with comprehensive collections of functional species traits from natural-history museums. We also test and evaluate our insights into the driving factors and processes in ecological communities in meta-analyses and simulation models at large, macroecological scales.
DFG Research Unit "Environmental changes in biodiversity hotspot ecosystems of South Ecuador"
DFG Research Unit "Kilimanjaro ecosystems under global change"
DFG Project "ProteaNet"
DFG Project "Differential effects of seed dispersal interactions on plant regeneration across environmental gradients"
Albrecht et al. 2018. Plant and animal functional diversity drive mutualistic network assembly across an elevational gradient. Nature Communications, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05610-w
Bender et al. 2018. Morphological trait matching shapes plant–frugivore networks across the Andes. Ecography, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03396
Donoso et al. 2020. Downsizing of animal communities triggers stronger functional than structural decay in seed-dispersal networks. Nature Communications, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15438-y
Neuschulz et al. 2018. Biotic interactions and seed deposition rather than abiotic factors determine recruitment at elevational range limits of an alpine tree. Journal of Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12818
Schleuning et al. 2020. Trait-Based Assessments of Climate-Change Impacts on Interacting Species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.12.010
Maximilian Vollstädt
Defaunation in rainforests could have more severe consequences for ecosystems than previously reported
Tropical rainforests are emptying out due to the ongoing extinction of animal species caused by overhunting and habitat fragmentation. But not only species as such, also the number of individuals of species living in rainforests continue to decline.
Andreas Edelmann
We investigate the effects of global climate and land-use change on the biodiversity and range dynamics of vertebrates, especially of birds. We focus on ecosystem consequences of these changes at all organizational levels including geographic ranges, species diversity, community structure, and population dynamics.
K.Valentin
Human activities, including land use intensification, nitrogen enrichment and climate change are dramatically altering the Earth's ecosystems. We investigate how these drivers influence the assembly and reassembly of ecological communities and the impact of these changes upon the ecosystem functions and services that people depend upon for their well-being.
S.Fritz
We investigate and combine large-scale biogeographical, macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns to infer the underlying abiotic and biotic drivers of biodiversity, such as mountain building, climate change, and their effects on speciation and extinction.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Please enjoy a gift from Furvilla, this pair of roly-poly Easter Eggadillos!
Enjoy your new friends, and have a wonderful day! Make the coming week special for you and those around you.
All the Soup is gone... for now.
Soup related battlegrounds and explore events have left us for the year, but you may elect to take this trophy for your profile to remind you of Soup!
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April is here and that means it's time for cool new stuff!
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"Hello! In case you can't tell, I'm a bowl of soup! Welcome to Soupvilla!
My friends are eager to meet you. Why not join us in the battlegrounds for some fun, and we'll give you all sorts of soup things. If you find a magical soup sticker, you can use it to become a soup too. We will stick around for two weeks or so, and maybe next year we can bring even more friends along!
Don't forget to go exploring!
Okay, I gotta go back to doing soup things. Seeya' in the battleground!"
Heya, Quinn here! It's the first day of April!
Wow, so much to say and not that much space! I'll get to the main points.
There's a soup themed theme, available now in your user settings. Check it out if you want to fully decorate your screen in soups.
There are two soup-themed battlegrounds, an easy level and a middle one. Below is a sample of the prizes you can get. Try the harder battleground for a chance at the rarest stuff!
You may also find some of these things while exploring. Maybe you'll even find a new pet.
Yes, you got that right. Your villager will become soup!
Soup can even wear costumes, and your villager can become a steamy soup critter if they put one on. Specifically, the Aquatic, Beast, Angelic, Mythic, and Warrior costumes.
Keep in mind that unlike standard villagers made by Kiwiggle, these villagers, including the soup itself, are not to be used as bases for painties. Paint doesn't stick well to soup, you know.
We have our latest guest artist, Mary Mouse, to thank for these soup beasties! You may also recognize her artwork from the Certified Furvilla Fan badges!
And like the chicken soup said, welcome to Soupvilla!
This is a quick news post to announce that the Official Paintie Check Thread is open again! Here you can post your Painties for us to check before you submit them to the queue to see if your Paintie will be accepted or not!
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Furvilla's Folly (the battleground) will be retiring on Sunday the 31st. Shamrocks will stop dropping at this time as well.
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Finally, there may be some strangeness with doctor related items over the next few days; we'll have more information about this soon!
Please enjoy a gift from Furvilla, this pair of happy hares!
Enjoy your new fluffy friends, and have a wonderful week ahead!


text: Q: Alternative to Sending Automated Emails using RStudio and Windows Task Scheduler. RStudio Connect? I am looking for a better solution to something I am currently doing. We send out hundreds of emails a day using a combination of Windows Task Scheduler and r-scripts and the mailr package. Some issues we are running in to with this is if we try to send to many emails at once, our Microsoft Exchange Server cannot handle it and it errors out the r-script. Does anyone out there also encounter this problem, or does anyone have any better solutions? These emails that we send out are business critical so we still need to send them, but I am looking for a way to do this with some relief to our Exchange Server. Can RStudio Connect do this?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


An unspecified 0 star rated accommodation with 1 rooms spread over an unspecified number of floors. The Club Royal Wongamat 3 Bedrooms is a member of the Sunny Thailand chain. There aren't any reviews yet for this property.
2 bedrooms, pool view Minimalist style .


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What should a theme not include? Check it out | which of these does a theme not include?
A theme observes, weighs, and considers actions and ideas, but it avoids judging what people should or should not do; therefore, words like "should" and "ought" are not appropriate in a thematic statement. Also not appropriate is an order/directive such as "Be nice to elderly people" or "Love like there's no tomorrow."
What is a theme and what is not a theme?
The theme IS the central or universal message of the story. The theme IS the emotional feeling you are left with at the end of the story. What the theme isn't? The theme is NOT a single detail of the story. The theme is NOT specific to just one character.
How will you apply a theme to your presentation?
To select and apply a theme, click the thumbnail image of that theme. Unless you specify otherwise, PowerPoint applies the theme you select to the entire presentation. To apply a theme to only one or a few slides, select the slide or slides, right-click the theme you want, and select Apply to Selected Slides.
Which tab contains the option to add themes to the slide to make it look more attractive?
Create and save a custom theme
Select your first slide, and then on the Design tab, select the down arrow in the Variants group. Select Colors, Fonts, Effects, or Background Styles and choose from built-in options or customize your own.
What does a theme contain?
In contemporary literary studies, a theme is a central topic, subject, or message within a narrative. Themes can be divided into two categories: a work's thematic concept is what readers "think the work is about" and its thematic statement being "what the work says about the subject".
What is not related to a theme in a story?
Theme is not the subject, which can be related in one word; love, war, friendship, etc. Theme is not the plot. Theme is not the summary of the story. Theme is not the moral of the story which tells a moral imperative- something readers should or should not do, usually illustrated with consequences.
What is an example of a theme?
Examples of Theme Topics: Love, Justice/Injustice, Family, Struggle, the American Dream, Wealth, Inhumanity Examples of Themes: People risk their own identity to find love; Power corrupts humanity; Without empathy, there can be no justice. 2.
Which of the following is an example of theme?
Answer. Answer: Some common themes in literature are "love," "war," "revenge," "betrayal," "patriotism," "grace," "isolation," "motherhood," "forgiveness," "wartime loss," "treachery," "rich versus poor," "appearance versus reality," and "help from other-worldly powers."
How do you identify a theme?
the idea the writer wishes to convey about the subject—the writer's view of the world or a revelation about human nature. To identify the theme, be sure that you've first identified the story's plot, the way the story uses characterization, and the primary conflict in the story.
Where is theme in PowerPoint?
To find a theme to use in your presentation, click the Design tab, click a theme, and see how it previews on the slide. You can further customize the theme by changing the fonts, colors, and background colors on the Design tab.
What do you mean by theme background?
Theme: A preset group of colors, fonts, background, and layouts. Background: The picture or color behind your slide's content.
Where can you find the office theme in PowerPoint Mcq?
Click Slide Sorter in the Presentation view group on the View tab.
The default presentation theme in Microsoft PowerPoint is:
Ribbon them.White theme.Office theme.Microsoft theme.
What are the theme elements in PowerPoint presentation?
A theme is a predefined set of colors, fonts, and visual effects that you apply to your slides for a unified, professional look. Using a theme gives your presentation a harmonious appearance with minimal effort.
How many options are there in the themes group of the Design tab?
Themes group under design tab has 6 options.
What are the essential features you look for a theme?
That said, these are the essential features to consider before choosing a particular theme.
The Cost. Obviously, you have two choices here: free or paid (premium) themes. Responsiveness. Compatibility with Major Browsers. Theme Design. Plugins Compatibility. Demo Version. Security. The Settings of the Theme.
What are the things you need to consider when choosing a theme in a story?
How to Discover Your Story's Theme
Figure Out Your Why. Why are you telling this specific story in this specific way in the first place? Consider Your Story's Genre. Each literary genre has its own set of common themes. Create an Outline. It's never too late to outline. Use Motifs. Use Multiple Themes.
What are the things to be considered when customizing your theme?
The Dos and Don'ts of Choosing a WordPress Theme
Do make a list of the features you want ahead of time. Don't choose a bloated theme. Do choose a responsive theme. Do keep color in mind. Do consider buying a premium theme. Don't choose a theme with a font that's hard to read. Do test the theme thoroughly. Next Steps.
What does a theme do in a story?
The term theme can be defined as the underlying meaning of a story. It is the message the writer is trying to convey through the story. Often the theme of a story is a broad message about life. The theme of a story is important because a story's theme is part of the reason why the author wrote the story.


Queens-raised Michelle Betos has had an eventful soccer career so far in her 25 years of life. The goalkeeper has competed for teams in four different cities and in two countries so far.
Now a member of the Seattle Reign, Betos hopes the new National Women's Soccer League lasts longer and is more successful than the last two professional-women's leagues, which folded after a few years.
Raised in Flushing, Betos began playing soccer at the age of 5, though her interest in the sport had a strange origin.
From her early interest, Betos moved on to play as part of the Olympic Development Program of the Eastern New York Youth Soccer Association and Region 1 ODP Team. She was a member of both for three years. She was a member of the Albertson Fury '87 of the Long Island Junior Soccer League.
At St. Francis Preparatory School, she was named the 2005 Most Valuable Player. From there, she attended the University of Georgia where she had 316 saves by the end of her college career, the third most of all-time at the school. She also holds second place for shutout count, with 26, and win totals, with 48.
In 2009, Betos joined the Atlanta Silverbacks, helping the team to a Southeast Division title with a 10-1-1 record. For her efforts, she was named W-League Goalkeeper of the Year. Following her experience there, she joined the ranks of the New York Fury in 2012. Her biggest shift though came when she joined the Apollon Limassol team based in Cyprus for the 2012-2013 season. Despite the fact that she did not speak much Greek, the goalkeeper found a way to communicate with her teammates.
"As a goalkeeper, it's obviously very important to communicate so the Apollon players and I created our own language–– a mix of English and Greek–– that allowed our points to get across in the run of play," she said.


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SWHS Wins Awards in Speech and DeBate Competition!
This past weekend (Nov. 9th), four students from South Walton competed in Speech and Debate at Gulf Breeze High School, arguing questions of public policy or presenting creative interpretations of short stories. Special congratulations to Molly Turner, who placed 1st in Humorous Interpretation.
Pictured, left to right: Molly Turner, Santiago Botero-Echavarria, Forrest Williams (Coach), Ryan Githaiga, and Lorelai Bailey.
Walton Middle School Hosts the 47th Annual Veterans Day Ceremony
Walton Middle School gym was filled with Veterans and their families Friday morning, November 8, as the WMS band kicked off the 47th Annual WMS Veterans Day Appreciation program with "Valor March" by Larry Clark. Following a Welcome and Invocation, the Walton High School AFJROTC presented the Colors and Service Flags.
Assistant Principal Scott Hulion read out the names of attending Veterans during a special "Roll Call", with representatives from every branch of U.S. military service. They were recognized and honored with resounding applause by the students, staff and familiy members present.
The WMS Chorus, directed by Lona Robinson, performed the National Anthem and "Thank You, Soldiers", soloist Pruedance Riversa, as a tribute to the sacrifices made by our servicemen and women, and their families. "To the soldiers who have traveled on to countries far and near, in peace and war you paid the price for the cause you hold so dear!"
The Walton High School Drill Team presented a Rifle exhibition demonstration, and band students Giavani Castiglione and Jala Thorne performed "Taps" with a moment of silence as a show of remembrance and respect for those who gave their lives for their country. Walton High School JROTC Cadets presented a flag folding ceremony with a narration explaining the significance and meaning of the ceremony.
The 8th Grade Symphonic WMS band, under the direction of Kamber Rafferty, shared a "The Legacy of Heroes", an awe-inspriing work that pays tribute to fallen military heroes by Michael Story.
Principal Jason Campbell introduced guest speaker MAJ Daniel Brown, 1-153 Cavalry Regiment, Florida Army National Guard, who spoke about the importance of remembering those who have given their all for our country. "There are so many brave men and women who have served in a branch of the military, and raised their right hand to support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies foreign and domestic. The honor of doing so should not be lost on us as Americans."
Following the ceremony and closing remarks by Mr. Campbell, and the retiring of the Colors by the WHS AFJROTC, the Veterans and their families were treated to a special reception hosted by the WMS faculty and students.
Student speakers Emma Lathinghouse, Joseph Gould, Daisy Proffitt, Zayla Wilson, Ellie Clemmons, Paige Allen, Trinity Collins and Cady Robinson did a wonderful job with instroductions, sharing poems and readings, presenting a special candle lighting ceremony, and with the opening invocation and closing benediction.
All in attendance appreciated the hard work and effort on the parts of those who planned and facilitated this very meaningful program!
Maude Saunders Pays Tribute to American Veterans!
Maude Saunders Elementary School pays tribute to our American Veterans in poetry, song, and special recognitions at an awesome Veterans Day program presented by the entire 5th grade! They brought the audience to tears with their meaningful presentation!
"Thank a Vet!"
Mossy Head School Honors Veterans
Mossy Head School and guests gathered together to celebrate and show appreciation for our wonderful Veterans. Mr. Goodman and the Headliners led students and guests in patriotic songs. Two fourth grade students gave excellent speeches about the history and importance of Veteran's Day.
Staff Sergeant Justin Day, a Combat Controller in the U.S. Air Force, was the guest speaker. His story was truly touching and motivating as he shared how he has overcome his near fatal injuries. He continues his work in the Air Force and is a true inspiration.
Chickens Take the Lead in 8th Grade Science at Walton Middle School
Mrs. Greer Harvell's 8th grade science students at WMS sure aren't a bunch of chickens when it comes to their learning--even when they dress like them.
In an effort to teach how mass, density, and volume relate to each other, Mrs. Harvell got creative. On Thursday, November 7th, she introduced the lesson with a short graphic novel, turned skit. In her third period class, Rolly Benitez and Pruedance Rivera dressed as chickens, volunteering to move boxes for Dr. Birdley, played by none other than Zane Woodham. The brave chicken actors thought that smaller boxes would be easier to move for Dr. Birdley, only to realize that they have more mass packed inside them, making them much more dense and thereby heavier to move. The students acted out this struggle before their peers to reinforce this key scientific concept.
After the short skit, Mrs. Harvell briefly led the class in an inquiry discussion about what they'd just witnessed in the skit. She then led the class in a choral reading of a science text about mass, volume, and density. After reading the material, students practiced working equations to find density, volume, and mass.
Mrs. Harvell strives to make science learning engaging for her students--even if means someone has to wear a chicken hat every now and then.
FHS Bulldogs are Ready for Playoffs and Future Careers!
The Bulldogs are Football Playoff Ready for tonight and Classroom-College-Career focused for a life time! Mrs. Williams was making it happen with her students. Also, meet Riley Craig, pictured with Superintendent Hughes and Principal Donna Simmons. Riley has been accepted to Full Sail University in Orlando. EPIC3 in Motion in the Dog House!!!!
Walton High School SAC Meeting - Nov. 19
Walton High School will have a School Advisory Committee meeting on Tuesday, November 19, to discuss School Recognition Funds. The meeting will begin at 5:30 pm in the library.
Paxton Cross Country Boys' Team Head to State
This morning, the cross country boys' team was sent off to the state meet in Paxton style. The rest of the student body, faculty/staff, and administration waved off Coach Gilbert, Coach Wilson, and the rest of the team as they danced down the front drive of the school. The entire Bobcat family would like to wish the team good luck and hope that you BRING YOUR BEST! (State Qualifying Team: Eugene Hall, Kage Wibbing, Philip Anderson, Connor Gaither, Nick Johnson, Nolan Morgan, and Lawson Geoghagan.)
SWHS Girls and Boys Cross Country Teams Make it to Regionals!
South Walton High School Girls and Boys Cross Country teams, under the direction of Coach Willie Parker, made it to the Region Championship this week.
Readers Glow at MHS!
Mossy Head School held it's annual Title I meeting and Literacy Night. Mustangs came out for super fun reading activities that included "tasting" delicious books in a book tasting, reading skills with a glow-in-the-dark twist, and escape rooms in which they had to read their way out.


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Shop the Game Store
CUTTHROAT CAVERNS : THE APP
Trust No One in this faithful digital version of Cutthroat Caverns.
Cutthroat Caverns is the award-winning, semi-cooperative card game about a party of adventurers who MUST work together in order to escape the horrors of
a deadly dungeon, but who are rewarded with untold wealth and power if they alone land the killing blow on the most fell creatures. Trip or edge out your 'friends' as you position yourself for the kill – knowing that each time you do, you risk the entire party dying before any of you can escape, with no winner at all.
This digital version of Cutthroat Caverns has been optimized for solo play against 3 AI opponents, selected from a pool of 6 unique AI constructs. Each AI has their own tactics and strategies, which mirror the play styles that have emerged in the twelve years since the physical card game debuted. Players may choose a short 3 encounters, medium 5-encounter game or the traditional 9-encounter game – and may adjust the difficulty for a greater challenge. Unlock achievements as you progress through the game as you face off against the characters you know and love from the original Cutthroat Caverns.
Trust No One.
Available for iOS and GooglePlay and coming soon to Nintendo Switch, Steam ( for PC, Mac and Linux ), Microsoft Store, PlayStation 4 and XBox One.
©2022 Smirk & Dagger Games. All rights reserved.


We are intensely vulnerable when we undergo surgery. We are literally placing our lives in the hands of a surgical team, trusting in their education, experience, skill and vigilance. You have a right to expect that trust won't be betrayed.
Sadly, every year tens of thousands of Americans die as a result of avoidable medical errors, many of them in surgery. Our Georgia medical negligence attorneys are equipped to help if you were hurt as the result of a surgical error or if you lost a loved one to a surgical mistake.
You want to move quickly with these cases. Don't hesitate to contact us and arrange a free consultation.
If you live in Columbus, Decatur, or anywhere in the Atlanta, Georgia area, and you want to speak to our medical negligence attorneys, please call Watkins, Lourie, Roll & Chance, PC today at 404-760-7400 for a free consultation.
Surgery is a complicated, sensitive endeavor. It requires the utmost skill and attention, and there's a lot that can go wrong. For that reason, the law recognizes that a surgeon can do everything right and still witness a tragic outcome. These outcomes are not automatically medical malpractice.
However, a violation of a standard of care during surgery is undeniably medical negligence. And while malpractice is always dangerous, the consequences are particularly severe when the malpractice occurs during surgery.
Unfortunately, surgical errors are often fatal. Many patients are unable to survive negligence or misconduct from a surgeon. These wrongful deaths leave families devastated and wondering how such a tragedy could have happened.
At Watkins, Lourie, Roll & Chance, PC, our medical negligence lawyers are skilled at discovering the answer to that question. We have decades of experience with medical malpractice litigation, which means we possess the specialized skill and institutional knowledge required to successfully pursue a medical malpractice claim.
We understand that surgical errors are unacceptable. A legal claim won't return feeling to a numb limb or bring back a lost loved one, but compensation can help you heal and mourn in peace.
If you're a resident of Columbus, Decatur, or anywhere in the Atlanta, Georgia area and you or a family member have been victimized by a surgical error, you should speak to our medical negligence attorneys immediately. Please contact Watkins, Lourie, Roll & Chance, PC today for a free consultation.


There you are, going about your normal day and feeling pretty healthy overall, with no pressing "health concerns" or issues, and then you feel a twinge in your back.
And immediately you know something has gone seriously wrong.
At first, you try to just brush it off, thinking that you've had twinges of pain and that they've usually gone away on their own.
But this time it's different. The good night's sleep that you thought would cure your back pain didn't do the trick, and in fact your pain seems to have gotten worse overnight.
Here's an important concept you need to grasp (and quickly): when lower back pain strikes, if you don't treat it quickly, it can leave you suffering for a lot longer than necessary.
It all started one day when she was rushing to finish off a load of laundry one evening. When she bent down to pick up the basket, she experienced a sharp pain in her back that left her hunched over.
Like most of us, she figured a couple days of "taking it easy" would do the trick, and she'd be back to normal in no time. Unfortunately, her couple days of rest turned into several weeks.
Not only that, but all of the sitting and resting was actually making her back pain worse, and her pain gradually started to shoot down the back of her left buttocks and into her leg.
In Michele's case, her lower back pain and sciatica have been caused by a bulging disc in her spine. Her bulging disc is now putting some pressure on her sciatic nerve, causing pain as well as some numbness and tingling in her leg.
So what did Michele do wrong? And what can she do to cure her back and sciatic pain?
You may have already picked up on this, but Michele's biggest mistake is that she tried to ignore her pain and thought that resting would make it better. Many people compound this mistake by taking painkillers, which only mask the pain, and they often make themselves worse in the process.
You may be asking yourself this question: "Why doesn't resting help?" It seems like it should right?
In this case, Michele's resting was primarily sitting down. And while sitting can feel good for brief periods when you have a bulging disc, it's actually putting a ton of pressure on the disc. If you've ever had a bulging disc, you've probably experienced this… It feels good to sit, but then when you try to stand up…ouch, even worse than before!
Okay, so we know what Michele did wrong. What can she do to start experiencing pain relief?
Start to slowly stretch your spine backwards. Try standing with your hands on your hips, then slowly try to bend back and hold for 10 seconds. This may be a bit uncomfortable at first, but ease your way into it.
If you can follow these 3 tips, you've got a good shot at starting to reduce your disc bulge and removing the pressure from your sciatic nerve.
One word of caution before you start: these tips and principles work extremely well when you're treating sciatica pain caused by a bulging disc. If you're not sure what's causing your lower back pain and sciatica, and you'd like to figure it out before you try to treat your own pain, please read the announcement below.
If you'd like more information about how to recover from Back Pain and Sciatica, I've created an educational workshop at the clinic. Our "Low Back Pain & Sciatica" workshop is completely FREE for all of our past patients, friends and family.
To secure your seat at our next workshop, call our office at 509.892.5442. Stephanie or Serena will give you the details about our next workshop when you call.


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Moroccan protesters call for curbs on king's powers and end to corruption
Several hundred Moroccan demonstrators, some waving Tunisian and Egyptian flags, have staged a rare protest in the Moroccan capital of Rabat to demand restrictions on the king's powers and an end to corruption.
REUTERS - At least 2,000 protesters gathered in a square in Morocco's capital on Sunday to demand that King Mohammed give up some of his powers and clamp down on government corruption.
Some people in the crowd were waving Tunisian and Egyptian flags, a recognition of the popular uprisings there.
Uniformed police kept their distance from the protest, in Rabat's Bab El Ahad area, though there were plain-clothes officers mingling in the crowd with notebooks.
Analysts say Morocco, with a reformist monarch who is widely respected, and a growing economy, is one of the Arab countries least likely to succumb to the wave of protests sweeping the region.
"Things are worse than in other places in the Arab world" - Omar Mansour, Front Polisario
Slogans chanted at the protest included: "The people reject a constitution made for slaves!" and "The people want the autocracy down!"
With heavy rain falling, people used plastic sheets as improvised raincoats.
"This is a peaceful protest to push for constitutional reform, restore dignity and end graft and the plundering of public funds," said Mustapha Muchtati of the Baraka (Enough) group, which helped organise the protest.
The protest was initiated by a group calling itself the February 20 Movement for Change, which has attracted 19,000 followers on the social networking website Facebook.
On the eve of the protest, a Moroccan youth movement said it was pulling out because of disagreements with Islamists and leftists.
Demonstrations were also planned for Morocco's other main cities, including Marrakesh, the top tourist destination.
Morocco is officially a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. But the constitution empowers the king to dissolve the legislature, impose a state of emergency and have a key say in government appointments including the prime minister.
Officials say Morocco's commitment to reform has never been as palpable as under King Mohammed who -- as a member of the Alaouite dynasty that has been ruling Morocco for some 350 years and claims descent from the Prophet Mohammad -- is considered sacred by the constitution.
The call for the protest has been portrayed as a healthy sign by the authorities. The government has worked since the king came to the throne in 1999 to repair a bleak legacy of human rights abuses, poverty and illiteracy left after the 38-year rule of his father, King Hassan II.
But Finance Minister Salaheddine Mezouar urged citizens to boycott the march, warning that any "slip may in the space of few weeks cost us what we have achieved over the last 10 years".
Officials have voiced concern that Algeria and the Polisario Front, which wants independence for the disputed territory of Western Sahara, may use upheavals sweeping some Arab countries to stir unrest. Morocco annexed Western Sahara in 1975.
Popular revolt
Prince Moulay Hicham El Alaoui of Morocco, cousin of King Mohammed VI


The Beylerbeyi Palace is one of the summer palaces found in Istanbul, located in the Asian side of the city. It possesses one of the best views of the Bosphorus strait, looking out to the European side. It is filled with gorgeous grounds and terraced gardens.
The palace started as a residence for the Anatolia General Governor and was transformed by the architects Agop Balyan and Sarkis Balyan, following the examples of the Çiragan and Dolmabahce palaces. It was modeled with a new-baroque style in an Ottoman House plan during the period between 1861 and 1865. It was built under the orders of Sultan Abdulaziz.
It's located in the Cayirbasi Avenue (Cayirbasi Cad.) in the Beylerbeyi neighborhood, in Istanbul; found north of the Uskudar district, next to the 1974 intercontinental suspension bridge.


Florian and another activist, whose name is not yet published, were arrested on the 22nd of October by RWE security guards in the Hambach Forest, what actually happened there is still unclear. But one of the persons' nose got broken and they are missing several teeth, also they were refused to see a doctor.
We want to make people aware of this freakin' brutality!
We hereby invite everyone to participate in a solidarity demonstration in front of the prison in Köln-Ossendorf, on Friday, the 6th of November, at 4 PM.
Furthermore, we call out for all persons who feel connected to our struggle for solidarity actions.
Do actions in your city – prisons, buildings of RWE or other energy companies, German embassies… There are many targets!
This is not "only" about the protection of one of the oldest forests in Europe. Brown coal is the most inefficient energy carrier, and the biggest CO2 source in Europe. This massively supports climate change which has driven thousands of people from their homes and will continue to do that.
We are sick and tired of people getting abused, and put into cages, just for fighting for a world that is a little bit less fucked. We need to stand up against companies like RWE that inflicts so much violence on human and non-human animals and of course the planet. We need to stand up against a system that protects the exploiters and beat the exploited.
This struggle concerns everybody! Not only those who are imprisoned, hurt and beaten up by companies or police. We are not intimidated, and hope you are not either.
Inform yourself and others, come to the demonstrations or organize yourself, the options are unlimited and time is running out.


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Varsity baseball falls to Sacred Heart
Jocelyn Moran, Social Media TeamMarch 12, 2015Leave a Comment
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Boys varsity baseball fell to Sacred Heart 2-1 on Wed. night.
Entering the 6th inning, Carlmont was leading 1-0. They almost had it, but couldn't hold onto the lead.
The game against Sacred Heart on Wed. night started off with strong defenses from both teams with the score remaining 0-0 until the fifth inning.
Center fielder Nick Thompson started off the fifth inning with a single, followed by a bunt by designated hitter Ryan Callahan. First baseman Alex Pennes followed up with a line-drive to left field, advancing Thompson to third. With the adrenaline kicking in, Thompson attempted to steal for home, but was tagged out.
The pressure was on for catcher Connor Loucks as he stepped into the batters box. He hit a line-drive to center field, and brought in Pennes for a run batted in (RBI) single. The fifth inning ended with Carlmont leading 1-0.
Second baseman Tyler Brandenberg said, "We played well until the last two innings. We just made a couple of bad mistakes that cost us the game. Joe [Pratt] pitched great throughout the game. It was just bad mistakes behind him."
The sixth inning consisted of strong offenses from both teams. Multiple hits were made by Carlmont at the top of the sixth, but no runs were made.
Sacred Heart felt the pressure, and stepped up their game at the bottom of the sixth. Right off the bat, number 21 on Sacred Heart was walked by Pratt, followed by a hit by number four. Number 14 then got an RBI single as he hit a grounder past second base, scoring the tying and winning runs. The inning ended with Sacred Heart leading 2-1 as more hits were made.
Carlmont entered the seventh inning with motivation as they were falling behind. With the pressure on, Callahan hit a line-drive to center field, followed by a grounder to third by Pennes. Even with their determination, the Scots were not able to earn any more runs, ending the game with a loss.
"We only had one bad error, which is noticed, but it wasn't the biggest part of the game as to why we lost. We popped up too many times," said Pennes.
Although they lost, the team is optimistic about their next game.
Loucks said, "We got to know that we can't underestimate the opposing team. We have to make sure we don't come out flat. We're ready to play on our home turf."
Varsity baseball will play Sacred Heart again on Mar. 13 at 4 p.m., with the drive to come out with a win.
Jocelyn Moran, Social Media Team
Jocelyn Moran is a senior and writer for The Highlander and Scot Scoop. Jocelyn enjoys creating infographics and is an avid Giants fan.
We invite comments and responses to our content. Comments that are deemed appropriate and relevant will be published.
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This is a great choice. Trey & Matt haven't been afraid to tackle cults and religion in their comedic satire.
They turn the LDS on it's ear at 1:41 when the missionaries are told they have to return home because they failed in their North Uganda missions... the squeaky-clean, devout Elder Price.. "We are still Latter Day Saints - all of us guys - whether we change some things, break the rules, or we have complete doubt that God exists - it doesn't change who we are." LOL.
Last edited by Sponge on Wed Aug 17, 2011 7:52 pm, edited 1 time in total.
The "Squirrel Busters" came on the scene only recently, but the persistent goon squad has quickly made a big impact on Scientology watching.
We first wrote about the Busters when they showed up at the doorstep of Marty Rathbun's house with cameras strapped to their heads. They were also wearing sky blue T-shirts with an emblem of a squirrel with the head of Rathbun, crossed out. Since then, they've provided us with one bizarre episode after another as they've turned a cul-de-sac in south Texas into a battle zone, besieging Rathbun, his wife, and their neighbors.
OCMB Squirrel Busters media mega thread,..
Amy Scobee was among several longtime Scientologists who not only left the organization, but then helped change the conversation about it.
Scobee, like several other recent defectors, had worked closely with Scientology leader David Miscavige. And as a group, these former executives came forward to tell the world how bizarre and awful it was to work for a leader so irrational, impulsive, and violent. Since Scobee and others came forward in the landmark 2009 St. Pete Times series, "The Truth Rundown," a new picture of Miscavige and Scientology has emerged, one that is focused on the abuses of an organization rotting from its apex.
Last year, Jeff Hawkins sent me a copy of his book, Counterfeit Dreams, and I have to admit, I wasn't expecting much. I really didn't know about Hawkins' more than 30 years in Scientology, and had no idea what he had done for the organization.
Now, after reading the book, it's difficult to think about Scientology's amazing expansion in the 1980s without thinking of Jeff Hawkins.
In Counterfeit Dreams, Hawkins skillfully narrates his journey as he went from an eager young joiner learning how to produce church publications during Scientology's hippie days in the late '60s, to becoming Scientology's marketing architect during the greatest period of its expansion.
Marc Headley and his wife Claire come up several times in the pages of Janet Reitman's book, Inside Scientology. The young couple met while working in the Sea Org at Scientology's secretive desert headquarters near Hemet, California. They were not Even though they achieved high-ranking positions in the organization, they endured stark and primitive conditons as two of the many nameless Sea Org drones who work so very hard. Reitman captures the drama of their meeting and marriage, the dread Claire felt when she realized she was pregnant even though Sea Org members were not allowed to have children, and the devastation Claire felt as she aborted two pregnancies knowing that not to do so would mean she'd be separated from her husband.
This list keeps getting better and better. Still 14 entries to go. Who will be number 1???
Congrats ANdreas for making the list.
MitsuToo wrote: This list keeps getting better and better. Still 14 entries to go. Who will be number 1???
Who is the top person crippling Scientology? Why L. Ron Hubbard, of course!
Tory Christman was once such a dedicated Scientologist, she called herself "Queen of the OSA volunteers." She was so determined to help out the Office of Special Affairs -- Scientology's intelligence and covert operations wing -- she went online to do battle with the church's critics. But in the year 2000, the skirmishes being waged at the Usenet newsgroup alt.religion.scientology were fierce and frenetic -- how would she be able to make a dent? Her strategy was to post relentlessly, day and night, and under the moniker "Magoo." She wrote so often, defending Scientology by making vicious attacks on its critics, other users of a.r.s came to believe that Magoo was really a team of OSA employees working around the clock.
The truth finally came out in spectacular fashion, when on July 20, 2000, Tory announced to the world her real identity, and that she was abandoning Scientology. It turned out that while she was doing battle with church critics, their arguments had begun to give her doubts, and a caring overture by Andreas Heldal-Lund made her question her deepest beliefs. Tory's defection seemed to symbolize the dire threat a connected world posed to an organization built on secrecy and control.
Aaron Saxton and "The Australian 7" we're including with thanks from Aussie journalist Bryan Seymour. Saxton, Kevin Mackey, Paul Schofield, Carmel and Tim Underwood, and Anna and Dean Detheridge.
Update: Bent Corydon, David Love, and "Emma" of the ESMB have also been added to the list of mentions.
Janet Reitman didn't set out to cripple Scientology. She wanted to give it a fair shake. As she's made clear in interviews with the Voice and many other publications, she took on the assignment of learning about Scientology with more than an open mind: she was determined to see things from the church's perspective. So she walked into the New York org one day after her editors at Rolling Stone asked her to learn about it, and that first day, she wondered what all the fuss was about. These seemed like normal folks who wanted to help.
As her investigations guided her first to a Rolling Stone piece in 2006 and then, earlier this year, her book Inside Scientology, Reitman examined the controversies surrounding L. Ron Hubbard and his church, but she repeatedly looked for opportunities to show how things looked from inside the organization. She wanted her book to be the first comprehensive and really objective narration of Scientology history written by a journalist.
She succeeded beautifully. A bestseller, Inside Scientology is a compelling introduction to the unusual church, something the field of Scientology watching has desperately needed for a long time. It could be argued that no journalist has given Scientology a better portrayal, has so generously praised Hubbard for his charisma and skills as a master planner, and has worked so hard to understand young church members who are optimistic about Scientology's future.
Update: Nanette Asimov of the San Francisco Chronicle has alos been added to the list of mentions.
Scientology leader David Miscavige's iron grip on the organization has led to an exodus among Scientology's upper ranks over the last decade, greatly diminishing the pool of executives to choose from.
The leading remaining Miscavige loyalist is undoubtedly on-again-off-again spokesman Tommy Davis, who is the son of Scientologist actress Anne Archer. Scientology mouthpieces never have it easy, as they're constantly being called upon to defend or deny indefensible policies like disconnection, or handling questions about galactic overlord Xenu, whether or not they've been exposed to the Xenu material by reaching the level of OT III. Scientology spokespersons have almost always conveyed an elitist, disdainful air -- precisely the opposite most organizations want their public faces to communicate. But Davis has taken the role of disastrous public spokesman to catastrophic new levels.
Update: Karin Pouw has also been added to the list of mentions.
Nearly five years ago, Nick Xenophon, the independent federal senator from the state of South Australia, was discussing a story with Seven Network journalist Bryan Seymour when the topic turned to Scientology. Seymour says that Xenophon expressed some concern about the tax breaks given to Scientology, and said he was going to look into it further.
Boy, did he. In November, 2009, Xenophon stood up in Australia's federal Parliament at the capital, Canberra, and detailed the shocking stories of several Australian ex-Scientologists. He made a declaration that day in Parliament that is still ringing in the ears of Scientology watchers Down Under: "Scientology is not a religion. It is a criminal organization that hides behind its so-called religious beliefs." Two years later, Scientology in Australia is battered and bruised, and a government decision coming in the next couple of weeks could bankrupt the church there.


We consider the pros and cons of dogs and hardwood floors, as well as other flooring options, along with tips for protecting your wood floors.
From the best flooring for dogs to general pet-friendly flooring, keep reading for ... The harder the wood, the more likely it is to resist scratches from a dog's nails.
Which is the best flooring for pets? Learn what to expect from vinyl, laminate, and hardwood and find the most durable flooring products for pets.
Wood floors can't stand up to wear ... from young children and pets.
Sep 14, 2018 ... What are the best wood floors for dogs? Given that dogs do have claws, is there any kind of wood floor suited for them?


Shoshana Roberts is the woman who recently made a video about how she was "harassed" when she walked down the sidewalk. Much of this "harassment" consisted of people saying hi and being friendly.
The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette also wrote this article about her video and the "harassment" that she received.
However, on her online biography, she mentions that her breast size is DD.
Shoshana Roberts has every right to list her breast size on her biography. But for someone who thinks that saying hi is a form of "harassment," listing her breast size seems like an add choice.
If Shoshana Roberts is reading this, please answer this question: if you don't want men "harassing" you, why do you list your breast size on your biography?
October 29, 2014. Tags: Feminism, Pittsburgh, Political correctness, Sexism, Sexual harassment, Shoshana Roberts, Videos. Political correctness, Sexism. 20 comments.
They say that a candidate should cater to the left (or right) during the primary, and to the middle during the general election.
Hillary Clinton just made the absurd statement in this video, but if she wins the primary and runs for President, I think she'll stop saying stuff like this during the general campaign. Good thing it's on video.
October 25, 2014. Tags: Communism, Economics, Hillary Clinton, Politics. Communism, Economics, Politics. 1 comment.
Craig Spencer is a U.S. doctor who, as a participant in Doctors Without Borders, went to Guinea to treat Ebola patients.
After he got back to the U.S., he passed the so-called "enhanced screening" that the U.S. Centers for Disease Control gives to all returning travelers from West Africa.
After he passed this "enhanced screening," he rode on the New York City subway system, went to a bowling alley, and rode in a taxi.
After that, he tested positive for Ebola.
CDC Director Tom Frieden said that people with Ebola should not ride on mass transit because they might give Ebola to someone else.
October 24, 2014. Tags: Ebola, Health care, Politics. Health care, Politics. 1 comment.
However, on September 19, 2014, just three days after Obama made the above statement, the only thing that Liberian Ebola patient Thomas Eric Duncan had to do to get past these "necessary precautions," was to lie on an airport questionnaire. After Duncan lied, he was allowed to fly from Liberia to Dallas, Texas.
On September 30, 2014, during a press conference, the Obama administration refused to answer a reporter's question about whether or not an Ebola patient who traveled from Liberia to Dallas, Texas, was a U.S. citizen. Afterward, the Liberian government identified the patient as Thomas Eric Duncan, a Liberian citizen.
In October 2014, CDC Director Tom Frieden said that a travel ban on people from Ebola infected countries could make the Ebola outbreak worse. However, the first people to contract Ebola in the U.S. got it from Thomas Eric Duncan, a Liberian Ebola patient who had flown to the U.S.
In October 2014, the CDC told Amber Vinson, a nurse who had cared for Ebola patient Thomas Eric Duncan, and who had a fever, that it was OK for her to fly on a commercial flight. However, after she took the flight, she was diagnosed with Ebola, and the CDC started to monitor the 132 passengers.
In October 2014, CDC Director Tom Frieden said that you cannot get Ebola on a bus, but also said that people with Ebola should not ride on buses because they might give Ebola to someone else.
In October 2014, it was reported that the first 500 U.S. soldiers that Obama had sent to Africa to fight Ebola had been given only four hours of Ebola-related training.
October 18, 2014. Tags: Barack Obama, Ebola, Health care, News, Obama, Politics. Barack Obama, Health care, Politics. 11 comments.


Protocol veterans Maximals and up-and-comer Boothed are already preparing for festival season with their new, dual-sided EP "Up & Down." The premiere track "Up" draws heavily from electro influences with weighty basslines and grimy synths, making for a bass-heavy good time. On the flip side, "Down" employs bouncy progressive melodies and funky grooves that's sure to be a hit on the dancefloor. "Up & Down" is Maximals' sixth release on Protocol, following "Pressure" with Sam Void in fall 2018. Young Italian producer Boothed has previously released two singles on Dannic's Fonk Recordings, and Protocol is proud to welcome him to the family!


Las masas en el oído medio usualmente son encontradas como hallazgo incidental, posterior a la realización de algún estudio de imágenes por paciente con algún síntoma asociado al aparato auditivo. Usualmente las descripciones son vagas al efectuar un estudio y el diagnóstico diferencial en algunos casos puede ser difícil.
The masses in the middle ear are usually found as an incidental finding, after performing an imaging study by a patient with a symptom associated with the auditory apparatus. Usually the descriptions are vague and the differential diagnosis in some cases can be difficult.
- Prasad SC, Thada N, Pallavi, Prasad KC. Paragangliomas of the Head & Neck: the KMC experience. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Jan 2011; 63(1):62-73.
- Abadir WF, Pease WS. Salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear. J Laryngol Otol. Mar1978; 92(3):247-52.
- El-Naggar AK, Pflatz M, Ordonez NG, et al. Tumors of the middle ear and endolymphatic sac. Pathol Annu. 1994; 29 (Pt 2):199-231.
- Enoz M, Suoglu Y. Salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear. Laryngoscope. Jun 2006; 116(6):1033-4. Connor SE, Leung R, Natas S. Imaging of the petrous apex: a pictorial review. Br J Radiol. 2008;81 (965): 427-35.
- Swartz JD, Loevner LA. Imaging of the Temporal Bone. Thieme Medical Pub. (2008) ISBN:1588903451.


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Q: What is the significance to our number and degrees systems? I saw this video recently and it suggests that there is some "magical" reason that there are 360 degrees in a circle and that it is also connected with our number system.  My question is:

*

*How did we decide upon our number system (i.e. The base 10 system)?  I always believed it was because we have ten fingers to count with.

*Is our number system connected with the reason we have 360 degrees in a circle?  If so, what is that reason?  If not, what significance is there to 360?

A: Both are arbitrary, and not everyone uses the same base. I've heard of different civilizations using base 20, computer scientists use base 2 and 16 a lot. Why 10 is so popular I believe is usually said to be because we have 10 fingers.
For 360, the story I've heard is that it is due to astronomy. There are 365 days in a year, but that's kind of an ugly number, so for convenience we change it to 360 which is divisible by 2,3,4,5,6,... a lot of numbers.


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Board of Directors 2021-2023
Glenda F. McCary (Inman, SC) is a graduate of South Carolina School for the Deaf and the Blind (SCSDB) (1972). She holds a degree from Piedmont Technical College in Secretarial Science. She is currently employed with the SCSDB as an ASL instructor for the employees. She is a member of the Upstate Association of the Deaf (UAD), the South Carolina Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (SCRID), the National Association of the Deaf (NAD), and American Sign Language Teachers' Association (ASLTA). She is the former Miss Deaf SC of 1975-77. Glenda has previously served as SCAD's President. She believes SCAD should be like an insurance company: They are there for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing and will fight to protect your rights in every possible way. Glenda enjoys cooking, catering, reading, traveling and spending time with her granddaughters.
Sherry Williams (Lyman, SC) ) is currently an adjunct professor at Spartanburg Community College. She has worked at the South Carolina School for the Deaf and the Blind for several years as a counselor, transition coordinator, and teacher. She received her MA in Sign Language Education from Gallaudet University and her BSW in Social Work from the Rochester Institute of Technology. Sherry has previously served on the SC Department of Education Advisory Council on the Education of Students with Disabilities and on the SC Protection and Advocacy Board of Directors. She is a member of the Upstate Association of the Deaf (UpAD), SC Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (SCRID), National Association of the Deaf (NAD), and the SC-American Sign Language Teacher's Association (SC -ASLTA). She is the recipient of the SCAD Most Distinguished Service Award (2013) and the J. Charlie McKinney Award (2021). Sherry has been active in SCAD for several years, serving in numerous officers' positions. She sees SCAD as the primary advocacy organization for the Deaf Community in South Carolina to ensure that all Deaf people have the same rights and access as hearing people. In her spare time, Sherry enjoys hiking, gardening, quilting, and oil painting. She is married to Roger Williams and has six children, four of whom are Deaf.
Andrea Martinez-Johnson (Columbia, SC) graduated from Texas School for the Deaf. She attended Gallaudet University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in May 1991. She is currently employed as an Instructional Assistant in the Deaf and Hard of Hearing classroom with Richland District One and has been there for 19 years. In addition, Andrea is an ASL Instructor at the University of South Carolina in Columbia. She previously served as SCAD Secretary (2001-2007), SCAD President (2007), SCAD Vice President (2008), Multicultural Outreach Services Chairperson (formerly under SCAD), SC American Sign Language Teachers Association (SCASLTA) Officer and Member, SouthEast Athletic Association of the Deaf (SEAAD) Secretary (2016-2018), Deaf Women United (DWM) Committee Member, SC American Sign Language (ASL) Taskforce Committee Member, SC Black Deaf Advocate Member, and Midlands Association of the Deaf Member. Andrea volunteers for Beginning SC, for Camp Wonder Hands as Counselor and Co-head Counselor. She received several awards from National Association of the Deaf (NAD) and SC Association of the Deaf (SCAD). For 24 years she was married to her late husband, Christopher Johnson, who was well known in the South Carolina Deaf community. Andrea enjoys traveling, photography, and spending time with her cat King Jax.
Paul LeCroy-Bio Forthcoming
Member At Large-Pee Dee
Jennifer Powell (Johnsonville, SC) received her Bachelor of Science degree at Gallaudet University with a major in Homemaking. She received her Masters of Arts degree at Western Maryland College in Deaf Education. Jennifer retired as a Teacher of the Deaf after thirty years and is a strong advocate for the Deaf community. She has ten years of case manager skills and is currently a professional Science Technician. In her spare time, she enjoys traveling, sewing clothes, and reading books.
Member At Large-Midlands
Jerry Francis (Columbia, SC)
Jerry is a member of the Penobscot Nation of Maine, and currently resides in Columbia, South Carolina. His interest in disability services began in high school, where he befriended many of the deaf students who attended his high school. He acquired his initial ability to speak American Sign Language (ASL) via this socializing. After graduating high school, Jerry earned an Associate of Arts in Interpreting for the Deaf from Spartanburg Methodist College, and obtained his national certification from the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID). He subsequently earned his Bachelor's in Political Science at the College of Charleston, and his Master of Public Administration degree from the University of South Carolina/College of Charleston. He began his professional career as a VR Counselor with the SC Vocational Rehabilitation Department, before transferring to the SC Commission for the Blind, where he worked as both the agency's Deafblind Coordinator, and a Regional Director. During this time, Jerry also earned an additional eighteen graduate hours in Rehabilitation Counseling from the University of South Carolina.
In February of 2021, Jerry began his duties as the Native American Affairs Program Manager at the South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs, with a total of thirty years of experience in state government. Jerry is a fan of science fiction, and loves dining out in various ethnic restaurants. He also is lover of history, especially World War II and the Renaissance era.
Member At Large-Upstate
Cyndi Tinsley (Pauline, SC)
Bio forthcoming
Member at Large-Low Country


What constitutes having gas? If you want to build a pipeline, this is obviously one of the most crucial questions to ask. But it's not usually asked in quite that form.
The point is that it is worth considering what constitutes availability. In theory, of course, there's lots of gas that can be made available for a pipeline, as the rival stories of efforts to develop the South Stream and Southern Corridor pipelines to Europe show.
Could last year's Deepwater Horizon disaster have been anticipated months in advance?
That's a central question being asked by the US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, one of the several groups investigating last year's blowout and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that killed 11 workers.
The recent development in the US Atlantic Coast gasoline market to trade cargoes on an ex-duty basis, which excludes all import duties, has prompted Platts to propose launching several new ex-duty assessments.
The price of spot USAC gasoline cargoes traditionally has included import duties. But many non-US based companies are increasingly selling cargoes on an ex-duty basis in order to avoid the costs associated with the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) requirements.