text:
July 14, 2022 AviationHarry Nelson Atwood, Moth, White House, Wright 1910 Vertical Four, Wright 4-40, Wright Model BBryan Swopes
Harry Nelson Atwood, 1914. (Bain News Service, Library of Congress)
14 July 1911: Three months after learning to fly at the Wright Flying School, Huffman Prairie, Ohio, Harry Nelson Atwood flew from Boston to Washington, D.C., a distance of 576 miles (927 kilometers) over 14 days, and completed the final leg from College Park, Maryland, by landing his Wright Model B airplane on the South Lawn of the White House. President William Howard Taft and his secretary, Charles Dewey Hilles (former Assistant Secretary of the Treasury), were watching from the south portico.
President Taft presented Atwood with a gold medal from the Aero Club of Washington. Atwood's mother was also present at the ceremony.
Harry Atwood and his Wright Model B over the White House south lawn, 14 July 1911. (Smithsonian Institution)
Atwood's airplane was a Wright Model B, which he had named Moth. The Wright Model B was a two-place, single-engine biplane. The elevator was at the rear, rather than in canard position as had been the earlier Wright airplanes. (This configuration was known as "headless.") Roll control was through the Wright Brother's patented wing-warping system. It was 26 feet (7.925 meters) long with a wingspan of 39 feet (11.887 meters). It weighed 800 pounds (363 kilograms) empty and had a gross weight of 1,250 pounds (567 kilograms).
The Model B was powered by a single water-cooled, fuel-injected, 240.528 cubic-inch-displacement (3.942 liter) Wright vertical overhead-valve inline four-cylinder gasoline engine with 2 valves per cylinder and a compression ratio of 4.165:1. It produced 32 horsepower at 1,310 r.p.m. During three years of production (1908–1911) Wright "4-40" engines were built that operated from 1,325 to 1,500 r.p.m. Power output ranged from 28 to 40 horsepower. These engines weighed from 160 to 180 pounds (72.6–81.6 kilograms).
Two 8½ foot (2.591 meters) diameter, two-bladed, counter-rotating propellers, driven by a chain drive, are mounted behind the wings in pusher configuration. They turned 445 r.p.m.
The Wright Model B had a maximum speed of approximately 40 miles per hour (64 kilometers per hour) and its range was 110 miles (177 kilometers).
Approximately 100 Model B aeroplanes were built by the Wrights and under license by Burgess from 1910 to 1914. Three are known to exist.
A reproduction of a Wright Model B
Harry Nelson Atwood was born in the family home at Roxbury, a suburb of Boston, Massachusetts, 15 November 1883. He was the first of two children of Samuel Shurtleff Atwood, a coal dealer, and Florence Nelson Atwood, of Nantucket.
Harry Atwood attended the Massachussetts Instititute of Technology at Cambridge, Massachussetts, from 1903 to 1908, where he studied electrical engineering and was a member of the Phi Beta Epsilon (ΦΒΕ) fraternity.
He married his first wife, Sarah Matilda Jenkins at Lynn, Mass, 7 February 1906. They would have two children, but divorced after several years. On 2 March 1914, Atwood married Ruth Satherwaite at Reading, Pennsylvania. After Ruth Atwood died in 1920, he married her sister-in-law, Helen Louise Kestner Sattherwaite, widow of Ruth's brother, 16 June 1922. They were soon divorced, and in May 1923, Helen Kestner Atwood traveled to Europe as a Red Cross social worker. Atwood next married Mary E. Dalton, who died soon after their son was born. Atwood's fifth wife was Nellie Dow. They had a daughter, and remained together until Atwood's death.
Atwood remained in the aviation industry as an inventor and research scientist. He died at District Memorial Hospital, Valleytown Township, Andrews, North Carolina, 14 July 1967, 56 years to the day after his landing on the White House lawn. Harry Nelson Atwood was buried at the Hanging Dog Baptist Church Cemetery, Murphy, North Carolina.
← 14 July 1897 Brigadier General Robin Olds (14 July 1922–14 June 2007) →
4 thoughts on "14 July 1911"
Kenneth Seals says:
In the sentence that starts: " During three years of production (1908–1911) ". Is there supposed to be a number of engines produced?
Fascinating story. It's interesting to see how the Wright aircraft transitioned from front to rear pitch control.
No. . . I could probably state that better than I did. I don't know how many were built, but that they were made in differeing operating r.p.m. and h.p.
Donald Little says:
Have to give him high marks his love of flight and his matrimonial saga. I guess he just never gave up. Great read Bryan.
Thank you, Donald. 🙂


That conversation came to mind this week while preparing the launch for my newest book, The Space Within. Whereas past launches have obsessed my thinking and monopolized both my time and that of the team of willfully invisible elves who cobble the shoe leather of my writing into beautifully presented blogs and books, this year the whole process has been remarkably low key.
For example, I'm writing this week's missive in a darkened hotel room a couple of hundred miles away from home. My teenage daughter is sleeping off ten hours or so of dance classes and competitive routines at a convention, recharging for another day of more of the same. I've already read a chapter of Cal Newport's Deep Work (more on that in a moment), and before my fingers are done for the day they'll have written this blog, a newsletter, several new pages for my website, half a dozen emails, and copy for the book launch that will go out tomorrow.
But even though I've got a lot on, I'm not feeling particularly busy – just productive. And this points to one of the key points in Cal Newport's book – busyness is a proxy for productivity. In other words, according to Professor Newport, one of the reason we spend so much time on email, social media, and "available" to interruption is because it creates the experience that we're continually engaged in activity, leading us to the false conclusion that if we're always busy, we must be being productive.
Notice this has nothing to do with our level of activity, busyness, efficiency, effort, or stress. If we consistently produce quality results over time, we are productive; if we don't, no matter how much time and effort we are putting into the job, we aren't.
One of the most interesting examples of this I have come across is the music executive and television producer Simon Cowell. In an interview where Simon was asked to share the secret of his success, he didn't point to his clearly well-developed work ethic, network, PR team, or any kind of personal genius. He simply said that he tried to make one really good decision each day. If he pulled it off even 100 days of the year, he knew that his career and companies would grow exponentially over time.
In order to cultivate his decision making ability, he tries to stay seriously underemployed when not actively engaged in the necessary activities of running multiple companies and appearing on television hundreds of times a year. So while it may appear that his productivity has led to his ability to "live the good life", living the good life is one of the keys to his astounding productivity.
Now on the off chance that chartering yachts in the South of France or taking a week off each year to think about stuff a la Bill Gates is outside of your current financial capacity, how can we mere mortals take advantage of this lower key approach to higher productivity?
When I was training people in NLP, they would often report back proudly about which techniques they had used and how cleverly they had used them. The question I always asked was "How's your client doing?" Surprisingly often, despite the coach or therapist's perfect use of technique, the client was still struggling.
In business, this translates to keeping your eye on the results you and your team are producing, not all the things you think you have to do (or even all the things you're doing) to produce them. This runs counter to the management approach that tracks activity instead of results, counting sales calls vs. sales and hours worked vs. results produced. The difficulty in tracking the intangibles that lead to high level results mean that work ethic often gets elevated above productivity. Which is kind of like rewarding the hare for running three times as many miles as the tortoise in the process of losing the race.
Focus on your to-do list and watch it grow; focus on results and watch them happen.
None of this is to say that if you want to be productive at a high level, you won't have to put in the hours. I don't know anyone who consistently produces quality results over time who doesn't. But whether those hours are experienced as hard work or even busyness is nothing more than a reflection of your state of mind.
The same teenager who struggles to focus on school work for more than ten minutes at a time can lose themselves for hours in online gaming, making music, doodling in a notebook or traveling through time and space in the pages of an epic novel. The problem is almost never in their brain but rather in the way they're using their mind.
1. Think about some times in your life where your effort was disproportionate to your results – either you put in a ton of work to no avail or you felt like you barely did anything and the results came pouring in.What do you make of that discrepancy? Were they random flukes or could there be a larger principle at work?
3. If my productivity were the result of making higher quality decisions (i.e. "one good decision a day"), how might I design my day differently? What states of mind would be of higher value to me? How can I cultivate those higher quality states of mind?


text:
package mocknetwork

import (
	reflect "reflect"

	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
	network "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/network"
	peer "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p/core/peer"
)

// MockConnManagementScope is a mock of ConnManagementScope interface.
type MockConnManagementScope struct {
	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
	recorder *MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder
}

// MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockConnManagementScope.
type MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder struct {
	mock *MockConnManagementScope
}

// NewMockConnManagementScope creates a new mock instance.
func NewMockConnManagementScope(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockConnManagementScope {
	mock := &MockConnManagementScope{ctrl: ctrl}
	mock.recorder = &MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder{mock}
	return mock
}

// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
func (m *MockConnManagementScope) EXPECT() *MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder {
	return m.recorder
}

// BeginSpan mocks base method.
func (m *MockConnManagementScope) BeginSpan() (network.ResourceScopeSpan, error) {
	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "BeginSpan")
	ret0, _ := ret[0].(network.ResourceScopeSpan)
	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
	return ret0, ret1
}

// BeginSpan indicates an expected call of BeginSpan.
func (mr *MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder) BeginSpan() *gomock.Call {
	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "BeginSpan", reflect.TypeOf((*MockConnManagementScope)(nil).BeginSpan))
}

// Done mocks base method.
func (m *MockConnManagementScope) Done() {
	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
	m.ctrl.Call(m, "Done")
}

// Done indicates an expected call of Done.
func (mr *MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder) Done() *gomock.Call {
	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Done", reflect.TypeOf((*MockConnManagementScope)(nil).Done))
}

// PeerScope mocks base method.
func (m *MockConnManagementScope) PeerScope() network.PeerScope {
	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "PeerScope")
	ret0, _ := ret[0].(network.PeerScope)
	return ret0
}

// PeerScope indicates an expected call of PeerScope.
func (mr *MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder) PeerScope() *gomock.Call {
	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "PeerScope", reflect.TypeOf((*MockConnManagementScope)(nil).PeerScope))
}

// ReleaseMemory mocks base method.
func (m *MockConnManagementScope) ReleaseMemory(arg0 int) {
	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
	m.ctrl.Call(m, "ReleaseMemory", arg0)
}

// ReleaseMemory indicates an expected call of ReleaseMemory.
func (mr *MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder) ReleaseMemory(arg0 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "ReleaseMemory", reflect.TypeOf((*MockConnManagementScope)(nil).ReleaseMemory), arg0)
}

// ReserveMemory mocks base method.
func (m *MockConnManagementScope) ReserveMemory(arg0 int, arg1 byte) error {
	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "ReserveMemory", arg0, arg1)
	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
	return ret0
}

// ReserveMemory indicates an expected call of ReserveMemory.
func (mr *MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder) ReserveMemory(arg0, arg1 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "ReserveMemory", reflect.TypeOf((*MockConnManagementScope)(nil).ReserveMemory), arg0, arg1)
}

// SetPeer mocks base method.
func (m *MockConnManagementScope) SetPeer(arg0 peer.ID) error {
	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SetPeer", arg0)
	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
	return ret0
}

// SetPeer indicates an expected call of SetPeer.
func (mr *MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder) SetPeer(arg0 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SetPeer", reflect.TypeOf((*MockConnManagementScope)(nil).SetPeer), arg0)
}

// Stat mocks base method.
func (m *MockConnManagementScope) Stat() network.ScopeStat {
	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Stat")
	ret0, _ := ret[0].(network.ScopeStat)
	return ret0
}

// Stat indicates an expected call of Stat.
func (mr *MockConnManagementScopeMockRecorder) Stat() *gomock.Call {
	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Stat", reflect.TypeOf((*MockConnManagementScope)(nil).Stat))
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Int J Infect Dis. 2016 Apr;45:123-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.006. Epub 2016 Mar 11.
Update on pulmonary disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
Stout JE1, Koh WJ2, Yew WW3.
Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102359-DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Electronic address: jason.stout@dm.duke.edu.
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging worldwide as significant causes of chronic pulmonary infection, posing a number of challenges for both clinicians and researchers. While a number of studies worldwide have described an increasing prevalence of NTM pulmonary disease over time, population-based data are relatively sparse and subject to ascertainment bias. Furthermore, the disease is geographically heterogeneous. While some species are commonly implicated worldwide (Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus), others (e.g., Mycobacterium malmoense, Mycobacterium xenopi) are regionally important. Thoracic computed tomography, microbiological testing with identification to the species level, and local epidemiology must all be taken into account to accurately diagnose NTM pulmonary disease. A diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease does not necessarily imply that treatment is required; a patient-centered approach is essential. When treatment is required, multidrug therapy based on appropriate susceptibility testing for the species in question should be used. New diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are needed to optimize the management of these complicated infections.
Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Epidemiology; Immunocompetent; Lung diseases; Non-tuberculous mycobacteria; Therapy
10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.006
Disease Susceptibility
Lung Diseases/etiology*
Lung Diseases/microbiology
Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/complications*
Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/diagnosis
Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/epidemiology
Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/immunology
Respiratory Tract Infections/etiology
Lung Diseases - MedlinePlus Health Information

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Washington D.C. – U.S. Rep. Katie Hill (D-Agua Dulce) on Friday marked 100 days since her swearing-in on Jan. 3.
"I am so proud to serve the people of my hometown in Washington and even prouder to already be delivering for our community," Hill said in a statement.
* Opened two district offices, held two town halls, attended 22 community events, and visited 16 businesses, military bases, and other key sites in the district.
"I am using my position in Washington to work on issues that our community has said time and time again are the biggest challenges they face," Hill said.
To find out more about the bills, click here and enter the bill number in the search field at top right.
Good work Katie! Especially the medicare plan b. I know more than a few people with financial problems that didn't realize there was a penalty, then couldn't afford the penalty. As a result, they skipped their meds. This led to expensive emergency room visits. It would have een far less expensive for society to waive the penalty – glad someone realized that.
But we need something to stop climate change. When will you help with that?


Blooming flowers aren't the only things that accompany the arrival of spring, so do the billions of tiny pollen particles that trigger seasonal allergic rhinitis, commonly referred to as hay fever.
Hay fever can not only affect your quality of life, it can also lead to sinus infections, disrupt your sleep and affect your ability to be productive at school or work.
If you suspect you suffer from hay fever, consult with an allergist or immunologist who can diagnose you. A specialist can also perform simple tests to determine your specific allergy triggers.
Keep track of pollen counts in your area by subscribing to the National Allergy Bureau's email alerts.
Keep windows closed (at home or in the car) to keep pollen out.
For long-term allergy relief, consider allergy shots (immunotherapy) for relief from allergic rhinitis symptoms.
Trees generally pollinate in the spring. Birch, cedar, cottonwood and pine are big allergy triggers.
Grass releases its pollen in the summer. Timothy, Johnson, and Rye grasses are examples of allergens in this category.
Weeds cause hay fever in the fall. Ragweed is the biggest offender as it can grow in nearly every environment.
This entry was posted in Partners in Health and tagged allergies, Allergy Relief, Center for Allergy and Asthma of Georgia, Dr. Eugene Hurwitz, partners in health. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Q: modify the transnational Emails for different store/store fronts? I know you do this in System -> Configuration -> Sales Emails -> Order ->
But how do I tell the system to pull the correct logo and store name? It currently pulls all this information from the main default store.
Thank you for your order from {{var store.getFrontendName()}}
or
> Call Us:  {{var
> store_phone}}

also here:

Email:  {{var
  store_email}}

and here:

{{template config_path="design/email/footer"}}

the logo:
{{template config_path="design/email/header"}}
{{inlinecss file="email-inline.css"}}

A: Upload store logo and store name for different store on system->configuration->design

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
info@niyiadesanya.com
FifthGear Plus
The Speaker Academy
Leadership Bootcamp
Business ThinkTank
ThinkTank For Professionals
Business Sanctum
Business Professionals Community
Think Tank for Pastors
The Niyi Adesanya Business Think Tank came at a point where our business was on the verge of take off to the global market, the experience and engagement has helped us redefine and strengthen both our internal and external structure required to play well in the global market. We had restructuring in our management system, Instituted a formidable HR unit and optimized internal operations, also we had full diagnosis on the overall health of business as we have always wanted a brand that will last forever. It was an amazing opportunity and all our business have begun to experience an advance turn around. Result that even COVID 19 couldn't shake. Personally, the engagement has helped to broaden my desire to building a global renowned business out of Nigeria.
Wisdom Ezekiel
Executive Director, Pertinence Group
Although our company is one of a few well-run companies around, we desired much more and decided to sign up for the Niyi Adesanya Business Think Tank in 2019. The resultant impact has been phenomenal. First, a staff audit was administered on our entire workforce by the FifthGear team and this gave us key insights into the health status of our organisation. A comprehensive report of all the functional units of our business was accompanied with smart recommendations, which has helped to reposition and restructure the business for long term growth and sustainability. We have taken very important decisions and commenced execution, some of which has brought order and progress to the organisation in few short months. I could never have asked for a better community of consultants than the NABTT. A big thank you to the Principal, Niyi Adesanya for his creative leadership and custom-based pieces of advice.
Oladipupo Clement
Founder/CEO, LIFEPAGE Group
The Niyi Adesanya Business Think Tank has avail us the opportunity to begin the strategic positioning of our organization into a sustainable entity. It has been said that if you want to go far, go with people who knows how to get there, in less than a year of partnership, we have been able to identify key areas that requires attention which we have started working on. The support we have received so far is overwhelming that we have identify the next phase of our growth and expansion as an organization, it's been a great journey so far and we're eager to progress with the NABTT.
Peter Oketola
CEO, Blue Chip Technologies
As the Group Chief Executive Officer of our organizations, I registered for the Niyi Adesanya Business Think Tank and I can say of a truth that this is one of the wisest investment we have ever made. For the records, our business had been one of the very well run enterprises in our space but we desperately longed to scale. My relationship with him gave us that leverage very quickly. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown, in the first half of this year only, we have generated turnover more than the last two years. The entire business group has been better structured for growth and scalability. We currently have 5 active divisions and subsidiaries led by different MDs. Others are gradually preparing for launch anytime soon. We now have a more professional and cohesive backend and frontend team, with each one playing their part. Engaging with Mr. Niyi Adesanya has truly been a game changer for my life and our business.
9a, Jide Ayo Cl. Omole 1, Ikeja Lagos, Nigeria.
Speaker Convention
©2020 Niyi Adesanya. All rights reserved.


text:
Luc Van Hove (født 3. februar 1957 i Wilrijk, Belgien) er en belgisk moderne klassisk komponist, professor og lærer.

Hove studerede komposition på Det kongelige Musikkonservatorium i Antwerpen hos Willem Kersters. Han fortsatte sine kompositionsstudier på Musikkonservatoriet i Salzburg og Universitetet i Surrey. Han har skrevet fem symfonier, sinfonietta, orkesterværker, koncertmusik, kammermusik, operaer, korværker, sange etc. Han har bl.a. været professor og lærer i komposition på Det Kongelige Musikkonservatorium i Antwerpen, og er æresprofessor i komposition og musikanalyse ved Luca Kunstskole og Lemmens Musikkonservatorium i Leuven. Hove har levet som freelance komponist og leveret mange værker til belgiske orkestre såsom bl.a. Antwerpen Symfoniorkester, Det Flamske Radio Orkester, Brussels Filharmoniske Orkester og Det Belgiske Nationale Orkester. Han hører til nutidens ledende belgiske komponister.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni nr. 1 (1989) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 2 (1997) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 3 (2001) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 4 (2019) - for orkester
 Kammersymfoni (2012) - for kammerorkester
 Symfonisk musik (2019) - for orkester
 Klaverkoncert (2010) - for klaver og orkester
 Largo (1984) - for orkester

Eksterne henvisninger
 om Luc Van Hove

Komponister fra Belgien
Professorer
Lærere

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
CHICAGO'S JAZZ FAMILY, THE FREEMANS, HONORED BY "THE LEGACY PROJECT"
Bruz, Von, Chico and George
Chico Freeman premieres a new work celebrating his musical journey and his family
The Legacy Project with The Chico Freeman Orchestra
Thurs, June 23, 2022, 7pm
Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts, 915 E. 60th Street
$35/$15 for 21 and under
(Chicago) In honor of the legacy set by his legendary family, Chico Freeman has composed a new extended suite, "The Legacy Project," orchestrated by John Kordalewski. Celebrating his grandmother Earle Kree Freeman, grandfather George Freeman Sr., father Von Freeman, and uncles George and Bruz Freeman, this new work will be performed by the nineteen-piece Chico Freeman Orchestra and premiere at the Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts at the University of Chicago. An all-star Chicago ensemble will feature include Dee Alexander, Ari Brown, Mike Allemana, Richard Johnson, Ernie Adams, Victor Garcia and Geof Bradfield, with special guest George Freeman.
This new work will be presented in partnership with the Logan Center, and made possible with support from Jazz Road, a national initiative of South Arts, which is funded by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation with additional support from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, The Southside Jazz Coalition, The Chicago Park District, The Jazz Institute of Chicago and the Epiphany Center for the Arts.
Heralded as one of the most important saxophonists of our
time, composer and producer Chico Freeman has perfected
an immediately recognizable approach to improvisation and
composition, blending what he has experienced from his
past and providing fluidity into a future of infinite musical
possibilities. As part of the Freeman family legacy of
Chicago—including his father, legendary NEA Jazz Master
saxophonist Von Freeman, and his uncles, guitarist George
Freeman and drummer Bruz Freeman—Chico has amassed a
diverse résumé of performing R&B to blues, hard bop and
avant-garde. Chicago has more than 30 albums as a
leader/composer and is a 2-time GRAMMY® nominee and
worked with a long list of jazz greats including Sun Ra, Sam
Rivers, Billy Hart, Roy Haynes, Wynton Marsalis, Bobby
Hutcherson, and John Hicks, as well as Latin music greats
such as Chucho Valdes, Tito Puente, and Machito. His
writing for film, television and theatre has won him awards
in Austria, Germany, Canada and Italy. His recent recordings
"Spoken into Existence," "The Essence of Silence," and "The
Arrival" are testament to his continued high level of creative
Guitarist George Freeman has been a crucial figure on the Chicago jazz scene since the 1940s when he
and his brothers Von and Bruz Freeman were the house band at the famed Pershing Hotel backing such
jazz greats as Lester Young and Charlie Parker. George has performed and toured in the groups of Jackie
Wilson, Groove Holmes, and Gene Ammons and has been leading his own projects in Chicago for several
decades.
Guitarist Michael Allemana has been performing in Chicago since the 1990s, including fifteen years with
Von Freeman at the New Apartment Lounge. In 2020, Mike earned his PhD in Ethnomusicology from the
University of Chicago with a dissertation that explores in part the contributions of the Freeman family to
Chicago cultural history. George Freeman and Mike have been performing together since 2013 with the
George Freeman/Mike Allemana Organ Quartet featuring Bernard Purdie and continue to rehearse and
develop new musical endeavors, including a new duo project.
John Kordalewski is leader, arranger, and pianist for the Boston-based Makanda Project, a 13-member
ensemble originally formed to explore the previously unrecorded compositions of Makanda Ken
McIntyre. Over the past 17 years, the group has established an important presence in the Boston scene
through regular, self-produced free concerts in community-based settings. In addition to arranging over
60 of the McIntyre compositions for this group, he has worked as an arranger with Michael Gregory
Jackson and South African musicians Feya Faku and Ndikho Xaba. He has been collaborating with Chico
Freeman since 2018. As a pianist, he currently performs with the Ricky Ford Quartet, leads a trio, and
has worked with Carl Grubbs, Webster Young, Oliver Lake, Odean Pope, Charlie Rouse, and many more.
This event is open to the public. Tickets are $35, $15 for 21 and under.
Tickets can be purchased at tickets.uchicago.edu
For more information regarding the program, please contact Leigh Fagin (lfagin@uchicago.edu)
with the Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts at the University of Chicago
(arts@uchicago.edu).
Banner image: Bruz, Chico, Von and Geo (1984). Photo by Lauren Deutsch.
Bio Image of Chico Freeman: Courtesy Thrassos Irinis.
Chico Freeman & Antonio Farao' Quartett
Upcoming Tour Dates
Chico Freeman, Chuck Lamb, Peter Mack and Harvey Sorgen
Auburn Public Theater, Auburn, NY
CNY Jazz Central, Syracuse, NY
Caffe Lena, Saratoga Springs, NY
See All Upcoming Performances »
Latest CD
"Spoken Into Existence"
Seven Steps to Heaven
Free Man
India Blue
Black Inside
Dance of Light for Luani
Nia's Quest
N'tiana's Dream
Lara's Lullaby
Erika's Reverie
Soft Pedal Blues
Ballad for Hakima
©2023, Chico Freeman
This Jazz site is part of JAZZCORNER.COM


text:
Published on February 21st, 2012 | by Zachary Shahan
Trina Solar Gets $100-Million Loan for High-Efficiency "Honey" Solar Cell Launch
February 21st, 2012 by Zachary Shahan
Back in September, Andrew wrote on Trina Solar setting a "new world record for electricity produced by a multicrystalline solar PV module" using Trina's unique "Honey" solar cell technology. Now, the company has apparently impressed Standard Chartered Bank China enough to get a $100-million, 3-year loan to launch the product. If needed, the loan could be extended for another 2 years.
"The three-year loan from Standard Chartered will support the company's East Campus project, which is expected to add about 500MW of solar cell and module production capacity," the UK's Business Green writes.
Due to greater surface area, reduced resistance, and being less reflective than traditional solar panels, Trina Solar claims its product has an efficiency of nearly 16%.
Source: Business Green
Photo Credit: Trina Solar
Tags: honey solar cells, multicrystalline solar cells, multicrystalline solar panels, multicrystalline solar PV, quickies, Trina, trina solar
Zachary Shahan is tryin' to help society help itself one word at a time. He spends most of his time here on CleanTechnica as its director, chief editor, and CEO. Zach is recognized globally as an electric vehicle, solar energy, and energy storage expert. He has presented about cleantech at conferences in India, the UAE, Ukraine, Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, the USA, Canada, and Curaçao. Zach has long-term investments in Tesla [TSLA] — after years of covering solar and EVs, he simply has a lot of faith in this company and feels like it is a good cleantech company to invest in. But he does not offer (explicitly or implicitly) investment advice of any sort on Tesla or any other company.
China × Cleantech — September 2019 →
Chinese Suppliers Report Solar Module Supply Milestones In India →
Trina Tests Half-Frame Solar Panels To Trim Cost By 2% →
DNV Rolls Out Bifacial Solar Testbed In California →


Dubai: Flydubai marks the start of the winter travel season in Russia to operate its direct airlinks to each of Makhachkala, Ufa and Voronezh with four new destinations and increased frequencies on existing routes.
The airline's first flight to Makhachkala landed on 31 October and was greeted by a traditional water cannon salute. The carrier also inaugurated flights to Voronezh, resumed services to Ufa and announced the launch of flights to Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow from 29 November.
These new routes, together with the increased frequencies from mid-December, will expand flydubai's footprint in Russia to 11 points and 52 weekly flights. The carrier continues to explore new opportunities to service the market while continuing to operate direct airlinks to the remaining points in Russia including Kazan, Krasnodar, Mineralnye Vody, Moscow (Vnukovo), Rostov-on Don, Samara and Yekaterinburg.
flydubai operates flights to more than 95 destinations in 44 countries, including popular routes among Russian travellers, such as Dubai (UAE), Bangkok (Thailand), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Kathmandu (Nepal) and Zanzibar (Tanzania). Passengers can also benefit from flydubai's interline agreements with other carriers, providing opportunities for onward travel to more than 200 destinations.


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Home / Photographs / Americana / The Bertha and William F Foster Mansion at the Corner of Riverside Drive and West 102nd Street Northeast Corner 1888 Lost New York
The Bertha and William F Foster Mansion at the Corner of Riverside Drive and West 102nd Street Northeast Corner 1888 Lost New York
This photograph looks west to the Hudson River and shows the the Foster Mansion nearing completion, where it stood on Riverside Drive from 1887 – 1922. The architect was Halstead Parker Fowler (1859 – 1911).
The Bertha and William F Foster Mansion at the Corner of Riverside Drive and West 102nd Street Northeast Corner 1888 Lost New York quantity
Categories: Americana, Photographs Tags: 102nd Street, 300 Riverside Drive, Bertha and William Foster Mansion, Halstead Parker Fowler, Lost New York, New York City History, New York History, photographs, William Foster Mansion
Foster, William F. The Bertha and William F. Foster Mansion at the Corner of Riverside Drive and West 102nd Street, Northeast Corner. Albumen photograph, image: 15.4 cm x 20.8 cm.; mount: 17.7 cm x 25.7 cm. Annotations on the back.
This photograph looks west to the Hudson River and shows the the Foster Mansion nearing completion, where it stood on Riverside Drive from 1887 – 1922. The architect was Halstead Parker Fowler (1859 – 1911). William Foster emigrated to the United States in 1856 from England. He invented the Foster Glove Fastening, which he marketed in New York in 1876, having been ruined in Chicago by the Great Fire of 1871. Foster died in his New York home on December 3, 1895. This address is now 300 Riverside Drive. Fine.
Original Photograph of Columbia College Building 1760 in Lower Manhattan Prior to Demolition in 1857
Photograph of Keller's Hotel and Diogenes' Lantern on the Merrick Road
Isaac Stern Photo Signed Inscribed1975.
Photograph of Harvard Square, circa 1870
Lotte Jacobi Portrait of Thomas Mann Writer Princeton NJ 1936
Carl Van Vechten Photographic Portrait Salvador Dali 29 November 1934


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KVH YOURlink Helps Ship Operator Communicate with Crew During COVID-19
August 26, 2020 at 3:05 AM EDT
Pacific Basin executive sends corporate video to more than 100 vessels and thousands of seafarers simultaneously using KVH YOURlink service
MIDDLETOWN, R.I., Aug. 26, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- KVH Industries, Inc., (Nasdaq: KVHI), is pleased to announce that its VSAT connectivity services continue to be used to support crew welfare and operational efficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic. KVH's YOURlinkTM service is enabling global ship owner and operator Pacific Basin to quickly and simultaneously transmit videos to seafarers aboard its 116 Handysize and Supramax bulk carriers. Having purchased a plan for a year, Pacific Basin has already transmitted two time-sensitive videos, including one on the crucial topic of crew changes.
In the video, Pacific Basin's Fleet Director Jay K. Pillai discusses the efforts being made to enable seafarers to disembark their vessels for crew changes during COVID-19's worldwide port call restrictions. The issue of seafarers being unable to leave their vessels is widespread throughout the maritime industry, with some experts calling it the most serious situation the industry has faced in decades.
Jay K. Pillai says: "For Pacific Basin, the ability to send a video quickly to all our ships and seafarers simultaneously is an effective and appealing way for our company to get an important and heartfelt message out directly to our colleagues at sea."
KVH's YOURlink service uses patented technology to multicast proprietary media files via satellite link to vessels equipped with KVH VSAT connectivity. Because the YOURlink transmission takes place by multicast protocol over unused bandwidth, it has no impact on the vessels' monthly data plans or onboard data speeds. YOURlink is part of a suite of value-added services that KVH provides, which include news, sports, and entertainment content delivered via satellite to enhance crew welfare, as well as the satellite delivery of weather, chart, and training content for operational efficiency.
At the core of KVH's VSAT connectivity solutions are the TracPhone® HTS series satellite antenna systems and the mini-VSAT Broadbandsm HTS satellite network; KVH provides connectivity services for thousands of commercial and leisure vessels worldwide.
To support crew welfare and maritime operations during the COVID-19 pandemic, KVH began offering a 50% discount on data plan upgrades in April and will continue the discount through the end of December. "We have seen hundreds of vessels opt for more bandwidth during the pandemic because communication is such a critical factor at this challenging time," notes Mark Woodhead, KVH's executive vice president for mobile connectivity.
KVH is a mobile tech innovator that provides connectivity solutions for commercial maritime, leisure marine, and land mobile applications on vessels and vehicles, including the award-winning TracPhone and TracVision® product lines, the global mini-VSAT Broadband network, and AgilePlans® Connectivity as a Service (CaaS). The company's KVH Media Group provides news, sports, and entertainment content with such brands as NEWSlink™ and SPORTSlink™.
Note to Editors: For more information about KVH's VSAT connectivity solutions, please visit KVH Maritime Solutions, kvh.com/maritimesolutions. High-resolution images of KVH products are available at the KVH Press Room Image Library, kvh.com/Press-Room/Image-Library.
KVH Industries, Inc., has used, registered, or applied to register its trademarks in the U.S.A. and other countries around the world, including but not limited to the following marks: KVH, YOURlink, TracPhone, mini-VSAT Broadband, TracVision, AgilePlans, NEWSlink, and SPORTSlink. All other trademarks are the property of their respective companies.


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Commodity and Keeping it in the Family
August 13, 2021 August 14, 2021 ~ Nathan Lauster
Co-authored with Jens von Bergmann and cross-posted at MountainMath
Commodification of housing: what does it mean? Is it a problem? Can we decommodify housing? Can we establish a baseline for often this occurs in property transactions? Here we draw upon a recent Statistics Canada data release and older Census data to walk through some of these questions.
Commodification in Property Transactions
The commodification of housing has been identified as a problem to be resisted by a wide range of analysts and commentators. How do we define it? Usually commodification refers to the degree to which housing is created for and/or distributed through market mechanisms. In some cases, commodification has been tied to specific transformations and sophisticated analyses pointing out potential problems (e.g. Forrest & Williams 1984 (unfortunately paywalled) discussing the contemporary sale of British Council Housing). In other cases, commodification seems to operate simply as shorthand for "tainted by the market," distinguishing pure untainted non-market housing (good) from impure tainted market housing (bad), regardless of the uses to which the housing is ultimately put (reminder: most of it is not empty!). Rather than wade much further into the details of commodification debates, here we simply want to look at establishing a baseline for discussion. Can we estimate the degree to which market mechanisms dominate the transfer of ownership of housing stock?
Here we consider market mechanisms as including sales made on open markets, where sellers and buyers operate and set prices at "arm's length" from one another (with the arms often belonging to real estate agents). Typically agents list properties with specified sales prices, then prospective buyers respond by either making offers (which may lowball, match, or exceed listed prices), or passing to the next property. Possible matches can launch buyers and sellers into several rounds of offers and counter-offers, each bounded by contractual protections. Alternative mechanisms (e.g. auctioning) may also work within open markets. The more buyers and sellers, the more readily markets sort out transactions and assign final sale prices. Imbalances in numbers of buyers and sellers tend to drive prices up or down accordingly. Prospective buyers with more to spend have many more choices available, and are advantaged in bidding relative to those less well off, who may find themselves with no choices at all.
Markets are only one of multiple mechanisms by which residential properties can be transferred. Indeed, the basic principle governing most private residential properties is that they are held in "fee simple" land ownership. The term is feudal, descending from "feodum simplex," and indicating that the owner operates as a landed lord with the least encumbered form of ownership. In particular, "fee simple" means the owner can transfer the land as they like, with the base assumption being that their property is inheritable by their heirs rather than returning to the King or Queen. But crucially, of course, "fee simple" property can also be put up to market. Put simply, we should probably talk about unencumbered privately owned housing as "market-able housing" rather than necessarily "market housing." In fact, historically the relevant transition was how land became marketable from its former feudal control.
But maybe this is a distinction without meaningful difference? How many privately owned dwelling units are transferred without going through open market mechanisms? As it turns out, Statistics Canada just released new data to help us answer this question! Statistics Canada's CHSP program tracked residential property transactions in 2018, following every property changing ownership in the provinces of BC, NS, and NB.
Depending upon geography, and taking 2018 as a representative year, we can estimate that somewhere between 5%-10% of residential properties change hands in any given year (with Nova Scotia on the low end, Kelowna on the high end). The data also distinguish between market transactions and non-market transactions, and we can even estimate the proportion of transactions taking place outside of an open market context by structure type and a variety of geographies.
Examining the data, it appears that market mechanisms account for the majority of transactions by which properties transfer for nearly all property types. But a substantial minority, ranging from just over 10% (e.g. for condominium apartments in Kelowna) to about 50% (e.g. for mobile homes in the Abbotsford/Mission Metro Area) occur outside of the open market. Interestingly, Vancouver stands out as the CMA with a largest share, 38% of single-detached homes being sold outside of the open market.
What does this mean in the StatCan data?
As per StatCan (footnote 5): "A "sale type" of residential property refers to whether a property was sold in a market or non-market sale. "Market sale" refers to an arm's length transaction where all parties act independently with no influence over the other. "Non-market sale" refers to non-arm's length transactions, which includes distressed sales, foreclosures, trade and forfeitures, redemptions, sales of part interest, and special interest sales." We don't get the full breakdown of non-market sale type in tables, but as described in the StatCan report, most non-market transactions appear to be between related family members. Globe & Mail coverage offers further commentary: "We see that the vast majority of non-market transactions are between relatives," said Jean-Philippe Deschamps-Laporte, head of the CHSP. "Given the value of those assets, there seems to be a significant shift of wealth between relatives in that segment of the market."
How many of these transactions are simple inheritances? We don't know, but we can break down transaction type by age of building to perhaps take a peek.
Older dwellings are far more likely to transfer through non-market means than newer dwellings. Given that older adults don't move much and often end up in older housing stock, this might provide some evidence that inheritance drives a large portion of non-market transactions. It may also help account for the lower proportion of condominium apartments (typically a newer form of housing) that transfer outside of the market.
Let's return to thinking about what this means for the commodification of housing. Non-market transactions seem to defy commodification. Indeed, we can imagine situations where housing was built by the owner (as opposed to built on spec) and passed on to her children, such that the residential property never passed through a market transaction. Similarly, for properties built for sale by developers, inheritance and other non-market transactions would seem to be a route to decommodification, removing their transfer from markets.
But inheritance is probably not the route to decommodification most commentators imagine.
A different route to decommodification arises from removing housing from market distribution. There remains a small public housing sector in Canada, though it's mostly concentrated in places like Toronto. In places like BC, public housing has largely been sold off, in many cases to non-profit societies, though BC infamously sold off some of its last remaining stock of public housing to Holborn (also the developer of Trump Tower) with the sale of Little Mountain. We can combine public housing together with subsidized non-profit housing to get a sense of the size of the housing stock that has been taken outside of markets (decommodified) in its distribution. This is housing distributed more on the basis of need, as determined by provider. That said, ideally we might need to exclude those with portable subsidies, who might still be understood as engaging in market transactions.
Overall we get figures fitting comfortably between 2% to 5%. This path to decommodifying housing remains pretty small in Canada. Perhaps it's no coincidence that our subsidized housing comes with some pretty serious waitlists. Comparing two to five per cent of housing removed from the market through public and social housing ownership and distribution mechanisms, we're left with the vast majority privately held. But private ownership does not mean market distribution or even market transfer. Indeed, even if only a quarter of properties were transferred via non-market mechanisms, the sheer size of the housing stock decommodified via inheritance is much larger than the size decommodified via public or social housing distribution.
We could, of course, take the analysis further. Distribution of housing via private rental can also occur outside of the open market, and we could go on to resurrecting our distinction between "market-able rentals" and "market rentals." Some rentals in "market-able" properties are rented out to non-arm's length tenancies, often to family members or friends. Parents regularly house their children for free! But many other relationships can also lead to distribution of housing outside of the market. A great example can be found wrapped in the story of the shooting of a prominent Vancouver bike-store owner. In principle we have data on this now in Vancouver via the city Empty Homes Tax, as well as the provincial Speculation and Vacancy Tax, where the arm's length (or non-arm's length) nature of tenancies needs to be declared. With luck we will come back to this and examine this in detail at some later point in time.
Decommodification or Bust?
On one hand, housing has always made for an uneasy fit with commodification as theory and rhetoric. After all, most critical theorizing (as with Marx) focuses on the intent of production (for market sale) as defining commodification via the labour process, as considered largely within factory settings. But housing is seldom built in factories, often involves owner labour, and is extremely durable, typically cycling through multiple transactions and owners. How much does the intent of its construction matter when public housing or owner-built housing can become sold via market mechanisms later on, just as housing produced by market-oriented developers can later become social housing or pass between family members? Flipping this logic around, the potential scope of commodification and decommodification related to housing expands enormously when we consider the contexts of all transactions and distribution of housing instead of simply production.
But examining transactions tell us something else important: Decommodification can come in multiple flavours.
The decommodification of housing can involve transitioning housing into social and public corporations, as described above, and making it available to people on the basis of need. But decommodification can also involve inheritances between family members that we see are strikingly common in private housing. Indeed, far more dwellings likely transfer through inheritance in a given year than become distributed through public and social housing.
All this can make for strange bedfellows in the fight to decommodify housing. The child of wealth set to inherit a mansion may be quite happy to line up with the Marxist-inspired activist in decrying the commodification of housing. But the child of wealth may step away from obligations to pay for any additions to the public or social housing stock. Put differently, decommodification rhetoric may seem like a worthy rallying point in the cause of establishing a Right to Housing. But that's not the only end to which it can be put, and we appear to be far closer to stepping backward toward our history of inheritance between landed lords than forward into a utopia of public housing for all.
Can we get to a Right to Housing without decommodifying all housing? Probably. An alternative is to push for housing for all, made available in an abundance of forms and through an abundance of transaction types. As argued by careful analysts, we need more "market-able housing" as well as more housing reserved or otherwise made available to people who can't or don't wish to compete within markets.
Next we want to move beyond ownership to get a more comprehensive look at how housing is distributed. The decommodification of "market" ownership properties through non-arm's length sales transaction, and the commodification of public housing via sales to private ownership have analogies on the rental side. Preliminary evidence suggests a non-trivial portion of rental tenancies are non-arm's length, often involving family members, and a striking number of tenants in private housing report paying no rent. On the flip side, many examples can be found of market transactions emerging around non-market housing (via key-money or subletting). But we will leave broader ranging coverage of housing distribution to another post.
As usual, the code for this post is available on GitHub for anyone to reproduce or adapt for their own purposes.
Posted in Family, Housing, Sociology
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2 thoughts on "Commodity and Keeping it in the Family"
Somehow I see a change of direction of Lauster (B.A. Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana) once lucrative missing youth trope
Nathan Lauster says:
Not sure I follow…?


Thanks to the UM Reporter blog I am now looking forward to a film biography of John Wesley. I've seen one before, and it may was probably this 1954 version which has the redeeming quality of at least being accurate, if not entertaining.
That's a shame, because John's life is interesting and full of good drama, so I'm hoping that this film will raise some interest in his life. I wish that it had been completed a few years ago, when the church was celebrating the 200th anniversary of his birth, but October is good too. Taking the church to see it would make a good church trip for All Saint's Day.
I was trying to do music on Fridays, but my whole blog schedule has been thrown off lately, so I'm posting this anyway.
I like Derek Webb for his singing style and his heart. That he covers great artists like Dylan and Elvis Costello is also part of his gift. It's amazing to me that in this song he makes the Nick Lowe song, (What's So Funny About) Peace, Love and Understanding? which Elvis Costello turned into a hit – sound like a Derek Webb song.
I don't watch much television, but it's not because I hate tv, it's probably more that I could sit and watch it for hours. However, there are some shows, such as Lost, that I watch and spend time looking at. It probably has to do with good writing. Battlestar Galactica has writing that appeals to me.
I was old enough to watch Battlestar Galactica, the first series, as a 10 year old fan of Star Wars. It failed to grab my attention. When the second series came out, 4 years ago, I was not interested, until some fairly interesting and intelligent people I know started saying "you have to watch this." And so I did, and now I'm a junkie. It's got a monotheism/polytheism angle, and a Christian/Jewish angle, and issues surrounding identity and sin and predestination and on and on.
Here's some great talks on the show, which are good to watch even if you haven't yet gotten into the show (and there's only a half season left, so I encourage you to get into it.) The links come courtesy of Galactica Sitrep, which is the best Galactica blog out there.


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Genetics Biology AQA Unit 4 A2
History A2 Russia UNIT
A2 Biology AQA unit 5 revision
AQA A2 Biology Unit 4 Topic 1
3.4.1 (1) Kinetics - The Basics AQA A...
3.4.2 Equilibrium - AQA A2 Chemistry ...
AQA A2 PE
A2 AQA Chemistry : Thermodynamics
(7) Carbonyl Compounds - Fats and Oil...
(5) Carbonyl Compounds - Ester Proper...
3.4.3 (5) Acids & Bases - pH Curves &...
AQA A2 history unit 3N set A
by ParisSharples, Jan. 2015
Subjects: History, A2, AQA, 3N
Causes Of The Cold War
WWII then began as the Allies felt that the spread of fascism and undemocratic practices needed to be halted. At this time, the Allies included both the Unit...
Cold War Dbq Essay
When the United States joined the allies during World War II, Franklin D Roosevelt had to work with both Winston Churchill and Josef Stalin to defeat Germany...
Misunderstandings, And Misconceptions Between The United States And Soviet Union
The Cold War began from mistrust, misunderstandings, and misconceptions between both the United States and the Soviet Union. While World War II was happening...
After the events of World War II America was almost facing another war. This time with a more familiar enemy, Stalin and the Soviet Union. The two world powe...
Questions: The Origins Of The Cold War
The fall of Dien Bien Phu in Vietnam was first on May 7th, 1954, this ended the French presence in Vietnam who were fighting against the influence of communi...
The Pros And Cons Of The Truman Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan, enacted in 1948 lasting until 1951, allotted over 17 billion US dollars to aid the struggling post-World War II struggling economies (Harr...
Communism During The Cold War
Following World War Two, the Cold War began in 1947. The war was a battle between the two super-powers of the time, Soviet Russia and the United States of Am...
Pros And Cons Of The Marshall Plan
The Soviet Union considered the Marshall Plan an attack against them and thereby instituted Cominform in September, 1947 which gathered the Eastern European ...
Difference Between War And Peace
The Information Research Department was created in 1948 as a top-secret propaganda department of the British Foreign Office. The IRD acted as a crucial instr...
Truman Domino Theory
It was announced to congress by president Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 where he promised to protect Greece and Turkey. George F. Kennan, one of U.S 's d...
6 Cards in this Set
The Grand Alliance and Tensions at Yalta & Potsdam
The Allies that defeated Nazi Germany in the second world war in Europe. USA, Great Britain and USSR/Soviet Union.
Soviet and US had 2 opposing political systems. In russian revolution, 1919 US had sent troops with French, British and Japanese sent troops in a "War of intervention". Soviets believed this showed US wanted to destroy communism.
Belief furthered when Stalin suggested a "popular front" against Nazis, which was rejected by other allies. However the war pushed these tensions to one side, Churchill, Stalin and FDR all seeemed to get along and were more concerned with the end of the war.
At Yalta(February) it was agreed after that after the war:
-Stalin would help the Americans in the war against Japan
-Stalin would try to persuade the chinese communists to end their civil war
-Free elections would be allowed in Poland (Declaration on Liberated Europe)
Truman was determined not to be seen as soft on Communism like FDR had been criticised for. Although he had inherited FDR's avisors they were divided o how to approach the Soviets; but the majority decided they should be harder on the Russians.
Truman was prominent on the platform in FULTON, MISSOURI when Churchill made his "iron curtain" speech (12 May 1945)
Historians suchas Robert McMahon have argued that the USA looked at the immediate past to understand international relations (Robert McMahon, The Cold War: A Short Introduction, 2003) In the American view appeasement of Hitler had encouraged aggression so it was essential to stand up to Stalin.
The USSR wanted to protect themsleves so felt a "buffer zone" of soviet-friendly states would help, they had been invaded twice in less than 50 years. However this was gaoing against the Atlantic Charter agreed by FDR and Churchill in 1941 so was viewed by the Americans as aggression.
The Soviets had lost 20 million people in the war, more than another country, they were weak but still had the world's largest army. The US had atomic monopoly and acted tough because they felt threatened by the Russians.
The Truman Doctrine
The Grand alliance was already disintergrating by 1946 and the Americans were worried by the spread of communism in Eastern Europe to Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania. (Czechoslovakia turned communist in 1948). The Russians also had direct control over the Baltic States.
In the Greek civil war,Britain was helping the monarchists fight against the communists but in February 1947 they told the Americans they could no longer afford to be involved. Truman beleived that the Greek communists were supported by the Soviet Union and the US had to prevent communist expansion in Greece and in Turkey where the Russians were making demands.
The US took over from Britain in Greece under Truman's direction. In a speech to congress in 1947 Truman said "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside forces." This became known as THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE. A part of Containment and the foundation for American foreign policy for the next 40 years.
Yalta and potsdam continued
What had Changed from Yalta to Potsdam
-FDR the US president who was more lenient toward USSR died in April 1945 (After Yata, before Potsdam). Truman then took his place as President who was determined to be more tough on the Soviets.
-British general eletions had been held and Churchill was replaced by Attlee and his stongly pro American foreign secretary Ernest Bevin.
-Truman received the news that the Manhattan Project was a sucess and they had a successful atomic bomb. But they kept the extent of the new weapon a secret from Stalin.
At Potsdam (July) it was agreed:
-Germany and Austria were to be temporarily divided and occupied. They were also to be deNazified.
-Territory would be taken from Germany and given to the Polish, effectively moving Germany west, USSR were awarded reparations from Germany
-The western powers would accept the soviet back government of Polandould accept the soviet back government of Poland
Trumans desire to stand up to Stalin was encouraged by the "Long Telegram" written by George Kennan who was the charge d'affaires in Moscow. The memorandum said that conflict between the two powers was inevitable give Russian history of aggression and the expasionist communist ideology. Instead he advised that the US should stand up t the USSR when they tried to expand aggressively. The next year he wrote an article in Forgeing Affairs magazine under the pseudonym "Mr X" developing his theory further. He didn't see containment as primarily military; rather he felt it would be enforced through economics and poltical influence.
Truman and many in the American government saw communism as a totalarian ideology committed to world domination. Communism and the US's capitalist democracy were incompatible; a view Stalin seemed to chare in his Bolshoi speech in 1946.
After WW1 American insisted on the repyment of the money lent out by countries that were still weak after the war. This had greatly contributed to the depression in the 1930s. For economic, moral and political reasons American gave money to European countries to ensure their recovery. This became known as MARSHALL AID. It was seen as the economic counter part of the Truman Doctrine, created by George Marshall the US Secretary of State.
The US gave out $13.5 billion to 16 countries ober 5 years through the Marshall Plan (around $100 billion today) Aid was given in cash and goods, some controlled by the US.
Marshall Aid was offered to Eastern European countries including the USSR, which they refused as the US need economic information about the country in receipt of the aid; something which the Soviets were not willing to disclose. The Americans knew that the USSR would never give out the information, so seemed clear they never wanted the USSR to get the aid.
The aim of Marshal Aid was to "combat hunger poverty, desperation and chaos." but there was an element of anti-communism about it. The US beleived communism spread through the poor, therefore strengthening the european economies would prevent the spread of communist influence.
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Emo's history is similar to all communities in the Thunder Bay-Rainy River district, one that was settled in the early 1880's by pioneers who arrived for free homesteads. The community of Emo was incorporated into a township in 1899. Its first Reeve, Alexander Luttrell, traveled from Ireland to the area in the 1880's and named Emo after a town close to his Irish birthplace. He became the town's first Reeve in 1899 and still has relatives that live in Emo to this day.
The village of Emo is located along the Rainy River in Lash Township, directly north of the state of Minnesota. The main industries in the township are agriculture and forestry and because of its geographical location, Emo serves as the main service centre for agricultural needs of the Rainy River District.
On the other front, the NDP is trying to leverage the emotions of hard working Canadians instead of providing them with any realistic vision for Canada.
The NDP offers no solution that will benefit all Canadians, or move us forward as leaders in the global, green economy. They don't understand forestry, our economy, or the real issues facing us in Northwestern Ontario. They don't want Canadians to understand that a vote for the NDP is one less vote to unseat the Harper Conservatives, and one less vote to help working Canadians.