text:
<?php

require_once 'propel/engine/database/model/XMLElement.php';

/**
 * A Class for information about foreign keys of a table.
 *
 * @author     Hans Lellelid <hans@xmpl.org>
 * @author     Fedor <fedor.karpelevitch@home.com>
 * @author     Daniel Rall <dlr@finemaltcoding.com>
 * @version    $Revision: 536 $
 * @package    propel.engine.database.model
 */
class ForeignKey extends XMLElement {

	private $foreignTableName;
	private $name;
	private $onUpdate;
	private $onDelete;
	private $parentTable;
	private $localColumns = array();
	private $foreignColumns = array();

	// the uppercase equivalent of the onDelete/onUpdate values in the dtd
	const NONE     = "";            // No "ON [ DELETE | UPDATE]" behaviour specified.
	const NOACTION  = "NO ACTION";
	const CASCADE  = "CASCADE";
	const RESTRICT = "RESTRICT";
	const SETDEFAULT  = "SET DEFAULT";
	const SETNULL  = "SET NULL";

	/**
	 * Sets up the ForeignKey object based on the attributes that were passed to loadFromXML().
	 * @see        parent::loadFromXML()
	 */
	protected function setupObject()
	{
		$this->foreignTableName = $this->getAttribute("foreignTable");
		$this->name = $this->getAttribute("name");
		$this->onUpdate = $this->normalizeFKey($this->getAttribute("onUpdate"));
		$this->onDelete = $this->normalizeFKey($this->getAttribute("onDelete"));
	}

	/**
	 * normalizes the input of onDelete, onUpdate attributes
	 */
	private function normalizeFKey($attrib)
	{
		if ($attrib === null  || strtoupper($attrib) == "NONE") {
			$attrib = self::NONE;
		}
		$attrib = strtoupper($attrib);
		if ($attrib == "SETNULL") {
			$attrib =  self::SETNULL;
		}
		return $attrib;
	}

	/**
	 * returns whether or not the onUpdate attribute is set
	 */
	public function hasOnUpdate()
	{
	   return ($this->onUpdate !== self::NONE);
	}

	/**
	 * returns whether or not the onDelete attribute is set
	 */
	public function hasOnDelete()
	{
	   return ($this->onDelete !== self::NONE);
	}

	/**
	 * returns the onUpdate attribute
	 */
	public function getOnUpdate()
	{
	   return $this->onUpdate;
	}

	/**
	 * returns the onDelete attribute
	 */
	public function getOnDelete()
	{
	   return $this->onDelete;
	}

	/**
	 * sets the onDelete attribute
	 */
	public function setOnDelete($value)
	{
	   $this->onDelete = $this->normalizeFKey($value);
	}

	/**
	 * sets the onUpdate attribute
	 */
	public function setOnUpdate($value)
	{
	   $this->onUpdate = $this->normalizeFKey($value);
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the name attribute.
	 */
	public function getName()
	{
		return $this->name;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the name attribute.
	 */
	public function setName($name)
	{
		$this->name = $name;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the foreignTableName of the FK
	 */
	public function getForeignTableName()
	{
		return $this->foreignTableName;
	}

	/**
	 * Set the foreignTableName of the FK
	 */
	public function setForeignTableName($tableName)
	{
		$this->foreignTableName = $tableName;
	}

	/**
	 * Set the parent Table of the foreign key
	 */
	public function setTable(Table $parent)
	{
		$this->parentTable = $parent;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the parent Table of the foreign key
	 */
	public function getTable()
	{
		return $this->parentTable;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the Name of the table the foreign key is in
	 */
	public function getTableName()
	{
		return $this->parentTable->getName();
	}

	/**
	 * adds a new reference entry to the foreign key
	 */
	public function addReference($p1, $p2 = null)
	{
		if (is_array($p1)) {
			$this->addReference(@$p1["local"], @$p1["foreign"]);
		} else {
			$this->localColumns[] = $p1;
			$this->foreignColumns[] = $p2;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Return a comma delimited string of local column names
	 * @deprecated because Column::makeList() is deprecated; use the array-returning getLocalColumns() and DDLBuilder->getColumnList() instead instead.
	 */
	public function getLocalColumnNames()
	{
		return Column::makeList($this->getLocalColumns(), $this->getTable()->getDatabase()->getPlatform());
	}

	/**
	 * Return a comma delimited string of foreign column names
	 * @deprecated because Column::makeList() is deprecated; use the array-returning getForeignColumns() and DDLBuilder->getColumnList() instead instead.
	 */
	public function getForeignColumnNames()
	{
		return Column::makeList($this->getForeignColumns(), $this->getTable()->getDatabase()->getPlatform());
	}

	/**
	 * Return an array of local column names.
	 * @return     array string[]
	 */
	public function getLocalColumns()
	{
		return $this->localColumns;
	}

	/**
	 * Utility method to get local column to foreign column
	 * mapping for this foreign key.
	 */
	public function getLocalForeignMapping()
	{
		$h = array();
		for ($i=0, $size=count($this->localColumns); $i < $size; $i++) {
			$h[$this->localColumns[$i]] = $this->foreignColumns[$i];
		}
		return $h;
	}

	/**
	 * Return an array of foreign column names.
	 * @return     array string[]
	 */
	public function getForeignColumns()
	{
		return $this->foreignColumns;
	}

	/**
	 * Utility method to get local column to foreign column
	 * mapping for this foreign key.
	 */
	public function getForeignLocalMapping()
	{
		$h = array();
		for ($i=0, $size=count($this->localColumns); $i < $size; $i++) {
			$h[ $this->foreignColumns[$i] ] = $this->localColumns[$i];
		}
		return $h;
	}

	/**
	 * String representation of the foreign key. This is an xml representation.
	 */
	public function toString()
	{
		$result = "    <foreign-key foreignTable=\""
			. $this->getForeignTableName()
			. "\" name=\""
			. $this->getName()
			. "\">\n";

		for ($i=0, $size=count($this->localColumns); $i < $size; $i++) {
			$result .= "        <reference local=\""
				. $this->localColumns[$i]
				. "\" foreign=\""
				. $this->foreignColumns[$i]
				. "\"/>\n";
		}
		$result .= "    </foreign-key>\n";
		return $result;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package org.anddev.amatidev.pvb.hero;

import org.anddev.amatidev.pvb.obj.Camp;
import org.anddev.amatidev.pvb.singleton.GameData;

public class PlantOrange extends Hero {

	public PlantOrange() {
		super(GameData.getInstance().mPlantOrange);
		this.setCamp(Camp.TIANZAI);
		this.mShotDouble = true;
	}

}


text:
This article exists as part of the online archive for HuffPost India, which closed in 2020. Some features are no longer enabled. If you have questions or concerns about this article, please contact indiasupport@huffpost.com.
This 27-Year-Old Got Zomato To List 'Disabled-Friendly' Restaurants
Adrija Bose
Social Media Editor
08/10/2015 04:13am EDT | Updated July 14, 2016
Nipun Malhotra/Facebook
NEW DELHI—When Nipun Malhotra, a 27-year-old, was denied entry in an upscale restaurant in Delhi in March, because he was 'disabled', he didn't know he would become the voice of many five months down the line.
The disability rights activist has been able to accomplish a rare feat. From now on, Zomato, the popular restaurant-search website, will feature an added filter: 'Disabled-friendly', thanks to Nipun's efforts.
Kudos to Zomato India for initiating work on a wheelchair access filter for their restaurants within a day of my request...
Posted by Nipun Malhotra on Thursday, 6 August 2015
In March this year, Nipun had gone out with his friends to have dinner at Keya, located in DLF Promenade Mall in Vasant Kunj. However, while his friends were allowed in, he was reportedly told by the restaurant manager that, "as a 'policy', the restaurant did not allow entry to disabled persons".
Nipun was born with arthrogryposis — a rare congenital disorder due to which the joints of a person's body does not move as normal and may even be stuck in one position and often the muscles around these joints are thin, weak, stiff or missing.
Was declined entry at Keya Delhi, DLF Promenade because they don't allow 'disabled' inside!
— Nipun Malhotra (@nipunmalhotra) March 6, 2015
The incident had sparked outrage on social media with #ShameOnKeya trending on Twitter. Protests by disability-rights groups even forced the Aam Aadmi Party government to order a magisterial inquiry into the incident.
Five months after the incident, Nipun has managed to get Zomato list the 'disabled-friendly' restaurants so that people can choose food outlets which are accessible to them.
"After the incident, a number of people came to me and shared similar experiences," Nipun told HuffPost India over a phone conversation.
"On several occasions, I was asked, if a particular restaurant would allow a disable person to enter. However, most of the times, I didn't have the answer," Nipun said.
It was on a recent visit to the US to attend a week-long course at the Kellogg School of Management that the idea of including the 'disabled-friendly' feature in the Zomato App struck him.
"Yelp that is popular in the West, had a feature to ascertain if a particular restaurant had ramps and other facilities for disabled persons. So, I thought, why not emulate this in India?," Nipun said.
He got in touch with the Zomato officials, who welcomed the move, immediately.
The disabled-friendly feature will be implemented in six metros within two weeks – in Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Chennai.
Social media has been busy congratulating Nipun. MP Shashi Tharoor had a word of praise:
Congratulations @nipunmalhotra & @zomato on making it easier to find "disabled-friendly" restaurants! http://t.co/eIr6CEknrm
— Shashi Tharoor (@ShashiTharoor) August 9, 2015
Like Us On Facebook |
Follow Us On Twitter |
Contact HuffPost India
disabled friendly restaurantin-lifestylein-newsnewsNipun Malhotra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Repating Data when fetch or duplicate data when application running in each time I facing one issue , I store data in sqlite. I have two  tablviewcontrollers. On First Tablviewcontroller will show types , & on that type selection will go to second table-view controller which shown name & date on that table-view controller, But i run application in any time it will fetch or repeat data of second table-view controller, e.g. on second tableviewcontroller have 2 rows data if i run application 2 time then it will reflect data on cell four time, same data repeat or duplicate. Using segue i pass data . Help me why this happen. Thanks.
code is : passdata
- (void)prepareForSegue:(UIStoryboardSegue *)segue sender:(id)sender
{
  if ([segue.identifier isEqualToString:@"show"])
  {
   NSIndexPath *indexPath = [self.tableview indexPathForSelectedRow];
    if (_segement.selectedSegmentIndex == 0)
    {
    EventTableViewController *destViewController = segue.destinationViewController;
    destViewController.datais = [self.dataArray objectAtIndex:indexPath.row];
    _cellValue = destViewController.datais;
    }
  }
}

Second Tablviewcontroller FetchData Code:
-(void)addEventToCalendar
{
 NSArray *dir=NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES);
 NSString *dbpath=[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@/Calendar1.sqlite",[dir lastObject]];
 sqlite3 *db;
if(sqlite3_open([dbpath UTF8String], &db)!=SQLITE_OK)
    return;
sqlite3_stmt *stmt;
NSString *select=[NSString stringWithFormat:@"select * from Events where EVENT_TYPE='%@'",cellValue];
const char *up=[select UTF8String];
if(sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, up, -1, &stmt, NULL)!=SQLITE_OK)
    return;

while (sqlite3_step(stmt)==SQLITE_ROW)
{
     NSNumber *eventsid=[NSNumber numberWithInt:(int)sqlite3_column_int(stmt,0)];
     NSString *eventname=[[NSString alloc]initWithUTF8String:(const char *)sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 1)];
     NSString *eventdate= [[NSString alloc]initWithUTF8String:(const char *)sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 2)];
     NSString *eventtype= [[NSString alloc]initWithUTF8String:(const char *)sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 3)];
     NSString *eventmonth= [[NSString alloc]initWithUTF8String:(const char *)sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 4)];
     NSString *eventstetus= [[NSString alloc]initWithUTF8String:(const char *)sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 5)];
     NSString *eid= [[NSString alloc]initWithUTF8String:(const char *)sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 6)];

    [_eventidArray addObject:eventsid];
    [_eventArray addObject:eventname];
    [_eventDateArray addObject:eventdate];
    [_eventstetusArray addObject:eventstetus];
    NSLog(@"%@ %@ %@",eventtype,eventmonth,eid);

 }

  sqlite3_finalize(stmt);
  sqlite3_close(db);

   NSLog(@"%@ name array in update",_eventArray);
   NSLog(@"%@ date array in upadte",_eventDateArray);
   NSLog(@"%@ name array in update",_eventidArray);
   NSLog(@"%@ date array in upadte",_eventstetusArray);
  }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


ALAMOGORDO, ― Imagine running a movie backwards and watching an explosion reassemble itself into one tiny package. That's just the starting point for figuring out what happened in the first years -- and trillionths of a second -- of the universe.
Join Museum Education Director Dave Dooling for the monthly free Launch Pad Lecture, Friday, Feb. 1 on the first floor of the museum. He will give you a peek at the Big Bang, its tell-tale afterglow, the unusual physics that went on, and why we had to clean up after the pigeons to be sure of it all.
In the last column we finished with the question "Are we capitalists or socialists?" This question was posed after we (at least I) concluded we are all liberals and we all want progress. We use the words capital, social, liberal, conservative, progressive and others with the "ism" attached.
Rewriting the words gives us capitalism, socialism, liberalism, conservatism, progressivism, and, if we want, communism.
China-born Yang Hengjun, 53, a prominent writer, blogger and political commentator with an Australian citizenship, disappeared Jan. 18 during a trip with his family to the southeastern Chinese city of Guangzhou.
Michelle F. Thomsen, Planetary Science Institute and Los Alamos National Laboratory, will receive the 2019 Arctowski Medal.
Over the past 40 years, Thomsen has made fundamental contributions to our understanding of the relationships between the sun and its planetary bodies, with a particular emphasis on the physics of collisionless shocks and the dynamics of the planetary magnetospheres of Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn.
COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. ― Team USA's women's foil fencers finished 1-2-3 in individual and won gold for the second time this season in team at the Zagreb Junior World Cup in Croatia over the weekend.
Chinese journalist and RSF award-winner Huang Qi, who is seriously ill and a victim of torture, was put on trial last week but no verdict was reached.
In December, after a petition filed by Reporters Without Borders (RSF), four UN experts called on China to release him.
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) calls for the immediate release of Sun Lin, Zhen Jianghua, and Ding Lingjie, three journalists whom the Chinese authorities have condemned during end of the year, to sentences ranging from 20 months to 4 years in prison.
If you live in the continental United States, tonight (Jan. 20) is a great night to take a gander at the sky.
As the clock ticks toward midnight on the East Coast, the moon will become increasingly cloaked in red shadows in the longest lunar eclipse visible from North America for years.
This eclipse has been dubbed the Super Blood Wolf Moon eclipse.
Receiving the Churchill Scholarship is an honor bestowed upon a very select cohort of college students from across the U.S.
The University of New Mexico's Esteban Abeyta, a senior biochemistry major and honors minor, can now count himself as one of the scholarship's elite.
Walk around the Capitol, and much of the talk is about an oil boom that is buoying the state's finances, providing more money for schools and whatever else.
But for an hour on Thursday, a climate scientist urged one committee of legislators to look past all of that.
"The world will be moving away from fossil fuel production," David Gutzler, a professor at the University of New Mexico and member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, told members of the House Energy, Environment and Natural Resources Committee.
In the previous column, differences between capitalism and socialism were discussed, both viewed as formal economics. The perception of both is how to operate the state or nation and the balance between economic freedom, personal choice and economic growth or social freedom and reduced business fluctuations.
In 1776, Adam Smith viewed the world as various nation-states competing economically with one another. As a member of a nation-state, the better one's country does, the better one's personal existence is. But is that true?
Titan's north pole as seen by the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer. The orange box shows the 'wet sidewalk' region, what analyses suggests is evidence of changing seasons and rain on Titan's north pole. The blue box shows the expanded region in the bottom panel.
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) and several human rights organizations demand the immediate release of citizen-journalist Ilham Tohti, who has been held in Chinese custody for five years and sentenced to life imprisonment for "separatism."
A new computational model could potentially boost efficiencies and profits in natural gas production by better predicting previously hidden fracture mechanics.
It also accurately accounts for the known amounts of gas released during the process.
"Our model is far more realistic than current models and software used in the industry," said Zdeněk Bažant, McCormick Institute Professor and Walter P.
New Year, New Goals, New Family Member!
ASSE Student Exchange Program, a highly respected, non-profit, public-benefit organization, is seeking local host families for high school boys and girls from Scandinavia, France, Germany, Italy, Thailand, China, South Korea, and the former Soviet Republics.
Students are already awaiting word on who their host families will be for the 2019-2020 academic school year. If your goal was to try something new for the new-year, this will fulfill that! Host families provide room, board, and guidance for a teenager(s) living thousands of miles from home.
Read more about New Year, New Goals, New Family Member!
Welcome to 2019 and another year on planet Earth. It is the annual time period when we look forward to either new opportunities or suffer the pessimism of not seeing any.
Where are we going as a planet (our life supporting environment) or as humanity (the order of our existence and how we work together)? For example, I believe that we all need energy to lead our lives and sustain humanity. But from where does it come? This question has led to many heated (flaming?) debates influenced by individual perspective – where you are and what you need.
Although the North Korean nuclear crisis took a bit of a breather in 2018, the rest of the world turned more dangerous.
Dr. Siegfried Hecker will review developments around the world and look ahead at 2019 during the Second Annual Alice and Lawry Mann Lecture at 7 p.m. Saturday at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at 1967 18th St. in Los Alamos.
Novel colloidal quantum dots are formed of an emitting cadmium/selenium (Cd/Se) core enclosed into a compositionally graded CdxZn1-xSe shell wherein the fraction of zinc versus cadmium increases towards the dot's periphery. Due to a directionally asymmetric lattice mismatch between CdSe and ZnSe, the core, at top right, is compressed more strongly perpendicular to the crystal axis than along it. This leads to modifications of the electronic structure of the CdSe core, which beneficially affects its light-emission properties.
Join local scientist Joyce Guzik at 7 p.m. Friday, Jan. 11 in the Los Alamos Nature Center's planetarium to explore the discoveries of the NASA Kepler Mission.
The spacecraft was officially retired in October 2018, and Guzik will highlight a few of the many discoveries of the mission and preview first results from the follow-up TESS spacecraft, which launched in April 2018.


Looking for a classic design that will make you feel elegant? Then you must add our Faith's exquisite sapphire blue cubic zirconia three stone ring to your jewelry box. This is one design that will take your breath away when you see it in person. This sterling silver jewelry design has been set with high quality clear and sapphire blue stones. Because of the stones in our jewelry, everyone will assume that these are real sapphires and diamonds. All of the stones have a round shape and a brilliant cut. We really love how the clear stone and silver backdrop make the blue stone pop so beautifully. Three stone rings not only make for wonderful accessories, but they are great anniversary rings as well. The stones can represent the past, present and future that you have with a loved one in your life. Snag this stunning design for yourself today and you will be so happy that you did.


text:
Q: How to send an email that has html and css in php when I am sending an email via PHP mail functon (I put this html code in one line and add it to the message), lets say this what I want to send:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

        <title></title>
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">

            שלום,

                אנא לחץ על הקישור המצורף ע"מ לאשר את התחברותך לאתרץ

                הלינק הוא:

                תודה מראש,

                צוות האתר

I want to send it via php. When I send this email I am getting the email with it tags and not styled as I wanted.
Thanks

A: email clients don't support css..
You have to right inline styles..

A: HTML emails that appear to the receiver as you intended them to appear are not simple.  They are more like late '90s html.  Styles should be inlined, and you should use tables for layout.  Backgrounds don't work reliably on many clients, and for sure you test on a variety of clients because html will vary WILDLY between various clients.
Bonus: forget about javascript / jQuery and the like....
Also, don't count on being able to display CSS3 and html5 elements etc.  MANY clients have no support.  Outlook doesn't even support margins very well, let alone all the css we have gotten used to.  So keep it very simple, use tables for layout, test widely and don't think you will even get close to pixel-perfect.....
here is some help on universally supported html/css

A: As you have the CSS and HTML already, you can make use of this website to convert the CSS style into inline CSS style for HTML emails.
http://inlinestyler.torchboxapps.com/

A: Email client doesn't support CSS. So try to write inline CSS as below:

<title></title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">

This is heading 3

שלום,

אנא לחץ על הקישור המצורף ע"מ לאשר את התחברותך לאתרץ

הלינק הוא:

תודה מראש,

צוות האתר


text:
Home Tags Maggie Gyllenhaal
Tag: Maggie Gyllenhaal
Bonnie He's A TERRIBLE SHOW FOR TERRIBLE PEOPLE: Raunchy Comedy at...
Jim Gilles - June 17, 2022 0
By Jim Gilles The annual Hollywood Fringe Festival of small theater performances has its surprises and its quirks. There are some amazing performances and then there...
THE LOST DAUGHTER: Maggie Gyllenhaal interprets Elena Ferrante's troubling novel
Jim Gilles - December 21, 2021 0
By Jim Gilles Los Angeles, CA (The Hollywood Times) 12/21/21 - It might be an understatement to say how challenging are the novels of Elena...
78th VENICE FILM FESTIVAL: Award Winners
Jim Gilles - September 14, 2021 0
By Jim Gilles Los Angeles, CA (The Hollywood Times) 9/13/21 - Yesterday, September 12, the award winners at the 78th Venice International Film Festival were...
CANNES 2021: Coming Attractions
TheHollywoodTimes.today - July 21, 2021 0
By Valerie Milano Los Angeles, CA (The Hollywood Times) 7/21/21 - The 74th Cannes Film Festival came to a close this evening of July 17,...


text:
How do masons identify each other?
Question: How do masons identify each other?
Can a girl be a Mason?
What are the core beliefs of the Freemasons?
What is 33rd degree Mason?
What does the G stand for in the Masonic symbol?
What are Freemasons called?
What does the G in Mason mean?
Historically, Freemasons used various signs (hand gestures), grips or tokens (handshakes), and passwords to identify legitimate Masonic visitors from non-Masons who might wish to gain admission to meetings.
In North America, neither mainstream Freemasonry nor Prince Hall Freemasonry accept women, but rather have associated separate bodies, some of which are mentioned above, which are Masonic in character, but not Masonic in their content. These bodies, together with co-freemasonry, remain anathema to UGLE.
To become a Freemason, the applicant has to be an adult male and must believe in the existence of a supreme being and in the immortality of the soul. The teachings of Freemasonry enjoin morality, charity, and obedience to the law of the land.
A 33° Mason is a Master Mason who has exhibited knowledge, passion and sacrifice to his craft. The Supreme Council awards the 33° as a way of honoring outstanding and selfless work performed in the Rite or in public life. At its annual session the Supreme Council elects members of the Rite to receive the degree.
Geometry With a G Another is that it stands for Geometry, and is to remind Masons that Geometry and Freemasonry are synonymous terms described as being the noblest of sciences, and the basis upon which the superstructure of Freemasonry and everything in existence in the entire universe is erected.
Ancient Free and Accepted Masons Freemasonry is an organization of people who believe in brotherhood and helping others. Its members are known as Freemasons (in full: Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, or simply Masons).


text:
Karilys González Nieves (15 de diciembre de 1981, San Juan, Puerto Rico) es una científica, profesora y mentora puertorriqueña. Es directora del Departamento de Ciencias Naturales e investigadora en la Universidad de Puerto Rico, recinto de Carolina, su investigación se dirige al campo de la química inorgánica.

Trayectoria
En el 1999 obtuvo un grado asociado en Ciencias Naturales en la Universidad de Puerto Rico, después se trasladó al campus de Río Piedras para continuar con el grado de bachillerato concentrado en Química.

Al graduarse del bachillerato, obtuvo un doctorado en el área de Química Inorgánica con la investigación La separación de una mezcl a racémica de un complejo metálico de hierro con ligandos de pirazolato.  El proyecto consistió en separar una mezcla racémica para el estudio de sus propiedades con el propósito de obtener un agente de contraste y realizar estudios de resonancia magnética.

Su carrera profesional comenzó como profesora de Enfermería y Farmacia en el National University College (NUC), recinto de Río Grande. Más tarde fue profesora de Química en la Universidad del Este (UNE) Después se trasladó a la Universidad de Puerto Rico, recinto de Carolina (UPRC).

En el 2017 obtuvo el puesto de directora de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Además ayudó implementar el bachillerato de Ciencias Forenses en la UPRC, el cual fue aprobado en el 2018.

Investigaciones
En su grado asociado, inició la investigación en el campo de bioquímica mediante un internado de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. En el 2015, fundó un laboratorio de investigación en la Universidad de Puerto Rico, recinto de Carolina. Es un trabajo colaborativo con la Universidad de Puerto Rico, recinto Rio Piedras y la Dra. Dalice Piñero.

Referencias

Científicas de Puerto Rico
Profesores de la Universidad de Puerto Rico

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Sick And Destroy
Your personal metal Encyclopaedia!
Sick And Destroy on Facebook RSS Feed
BRET MICHAELS Reveals Skin Cancer Scare
GUNS N' ROSES To Be Supported By Rapper SNOOP DOGG At Miami's BUD LIGHT SUPER BOWL MUSIC FEST
MEGADETH Begins Rehearsing For First Live Shows Since DAVE MUSTAINE's Cancer Diagnosis (Photos)
NECROPHOBIC: 'Pesta' Video Released
PEARL JAM Releases New Song 'Can't Deny Me' To Fan-Club Members
DEATH ANGEL Singer: How METALLICA's KIRK HAMMETT Ended Up Producing Our First Demo
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GEOFF TATE Says Current Tour 'Might Be The Last Time' He Will Perform QUEENSRŸCHE's Entire 'Operation: Mindcrime' Album
Israeli female fronted thrash-death metal band CHUGUN signs to Sliptrick records
Track Premiere: Druid Lord – 'Last Drop of Blood'
JUDAS PRIEST Bassist: GLENN TIPTON 'Made The Bravest Decision Anybody Will Ever Make' By Bowing Out Of Tour
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SLASH Guests On NIKKI SIXX's 'My Favorite Riff' Series (Video)
GUNS N' ROSES guitarist Slash is featured in the latest episode of MÖTLEY CRÜE bassist Nikki Sixx's new original video series, "My Favorite Riff With Nikki Sixx". In the episode, which can be viewed below, Slash and Nikki talk about their shared love for AEROSMITH, learning LED ZEPPELIN riffs, and the joy of being a musician.
In other news, Slash recently purchased a new home in Encino, California for $6.25 million, according to The Pulse Of Radio. The 9,400-square-foot residence is located in a suburban enclave where many celebrities have houses. The house is completely walled and gated, with two driveways, a wraparound motorcourt and three-car garage.
The home contains 10 bathrooms and six bedrooms, including a master suite with an outdoor balcony, a living room with high ceilings and fireplace, a family room, a screening room, a game room, a home office and library, and a covered area for outdoor lounging.
Slash picked up the place shortly after selling his old home, in which he lived with ex-wife Perla Hudson, to rapper Big Sean for $8.7 million. The GUNS N' ROSES guitarist had originally put the Beverly Hills estate on the market for $11 million in 2015, cutting the price to $9.5 million in 2016 and again this year. He bought it for $7.3 million in 2009.
Perla Hudson, meanwhile, has moved into her own $3.5 million, 6,113-square-foot mansion, also in Encino. Slash reportedly purchased that one as well, perhaps to make sure his two sons with Perla were nearby.
GUNS N' ROSES just finished an 18-month world tour that begin in April 2016 and ended last month, earning the reunited band more than $400 million.
The group will return to Europe next summer, although the rest of its future plans are shrouded in secrecy for now.
Source: News
Tags: A.M.S.G.
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Se7en Worst Online Dating Methods
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Published 12/02/2021 By Karolin
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Early fall semester start impacts Oxford businesses
High Street in Oxford, center of the town's business district, is mostly deserted since students left in mid-March. The early start of fall semesters means to street could soon be crowded with potential customers. Observer file photo
By Casey Brosokas and Morgan Schneider
Oxford's annual influx of temporary residents will happen a little earlier this year.
Last Friday, June 5, Miami University President Gregory Crawford announced via email that the university was moving the start date of its fall semester up by one week, to Aug. 17.
The change was made due to the pandemic. Crawford announced in the email that the university is looking to eliminate travel back to the university after students have scattered across the country for Thanksgiving break. The schedule change also means classes will be completed the week before Thanksgiving, and all exams will be conducted remotely the week after.
The spring semester of 2021 is scheduled to begin Jan. 25.
With classes starting a week earlier, Oxford gains an extra week of summer business with thousands of potential student customers in town. But it also means the local businesses lose those same customers, who would have begun the Christmas shopping season in town.
Businesses have suffered more than two months of hardship because students left town and most businesses were ordered to close by the state in mid-March because of COVID-19 restrictions. Businesses are now reopened, with some social distancing restrictions and having the students back in town a week early may take some of the pain away.
"We went from having a nine-month year with the students to six months with the students," said Kelli Riggs, president of the Oxford Chamber of Commerce. "With the students coming a week early, that's going to bring a lot of upperclassmen back even earlier than that," she said. Upperclassmen traditionally have returned to campus early to move into off-campus apartments.
Riggs said the early return will have a huge impact on the local economy. As move in day is normally the Thursday before classes start, which will be Aug. 13 this year, the town can expect to start seeing students back in Oxford as early as the first week of August.
"It's been a long hard couple of months, I truly miss my students," said Ann Kamphaus, owner of Books & Brews, 107 E. Church St. Kamphaus has opened a patio at the restaurant and said she hopes that and other improvements will draw students to her business come August.
Riggs said the extended winter term will end up hurting local businesses again, however. She said this year there will not be too much Christmas shopping in the area by the students. "That's a big thing that our small businesses count on," she said.
Andrew Amarantos, owner of Skippers Pub and Top Deck, 121 E High St., is more than excited for students to be back a week early, but still worries about the early end to the semester, "It looks like no December or January for Oxford. We don't know what we're going to do," he said. Second to summer break, winter break is another tough time for businesses in town, now that it will be extended it may make the break even worse.
Amarantos normally closes up shop for two weeks during the winter break as business is much slower with students out of town, but this year it may have to be longer for the pub to survive, "There's got to be a method to your madness when running a business in a college town," he said.
Nonetheless, Riggs believes that the small businesses in town will be able to weather the storm and succeed, but only with the help of the community and students, "We as a community just have to come together and come out more and continue to support our small businesses, to keep them thriving," she said.
Normally, there's "definitely a resurgence of energy" that comes with the students, said Jessica Greene, assistant city manager. The week of move-in sees "a really important shift in (the) economy," as business ramps up for not just restaurants and hotels, but stores such as Kroger and ACE Hardware as well. With the week moved up, everyone "will be able to adapt really quickly,", said Greene.
To help ease the burden of the past few months, Oxford City Council recently announced a two-part business stimulus plan: selling gift cards for local businesses, as a way to get cash into their hands quickly, and the implementation of a zero-interest loan program, to help businesses retain staff. The package is being handled through the city of Oxford Community Improvement Corporation.
It was "a relief" to know students were coming back, said Kim Daggy, executive director of Enjoy Oxford, the city's visitors bureau. The university is a huge draw for tourism in the city, and the population drops down to about seven or eight thousand in the off months. Enjoy Oxford had a whole list of events planned for the summer, and while most of them can be moved online, such as some acts for the summer concert series, others have had to be canceled entirely, such as a soccer tournament.
A new event they've come up with is the Enjoy Oxford Summer Photo Challenge: participants can take photos, upload them to Facebook or Instagram, and tag Enjoy Oxford on both platforms. Two names will be randomly selected and receive a prize. Each month will have a different theme and categories; June's is "the outdoors" and participants can snap shots of their backyards, sidewalk chalk art, or favorite student house name sign, for example.
For many students, the Oxford community is just as integral a part of their college experience as which classes they take or what clubs they join. Whether it be going to Bagel & Deli with friends, or hitting Top Deck for a fun Friday night out, "You definitely tie these traditions with your experience," said Daggy. Now, students will have seven fewer days to experience these traditions once again.
Morgan Schneider
State awards medical marijuana dispensary licenses in Oxford
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National labor shortage reaches Oxford
Oxford couple creates coffee roasting company
Biden's OSHA vaccine proposal stirs community conversations
Uptown businesses adapt to new 'normal;' see hope on the horizon
Miami grads get funding from 'Shark Tank'
Oxford resident creates Andyman Services for maintenance
New app allows consumers to save money through coupons and deals


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Q: match and replace cell values from 1 sheet to another i have two excel sheets i.e. sheet1 sheet2 and both has more then 10000 rows, sheet1 F has numeric values.If last three digit of these values match from sheet2 A, replace the complete value of that cell from the sheet2 D data.

A: To actually replace cell values would require a VBA macro. Alternatively, you could create a new column and use a lookup formula to compare the last three digits and populate with either the original value from column F or a replacement value from Sheet 2. This would then become your new column F.
To get the last three digits you can use
    =right($F1, 3)
which will give you the last three characters from F1.
Use an IF statement to compare the two values
    =IF(right($F1, 3)=Sheet2!$A1, Sheet2!$D1, $F1)
This compares the last three digits of F1 with Sheet2 A1 and returns Sheet2 D1 if they match or the original F1 if they don't.
I am assuming that you are matching row for row, as three digits would repeat over a 10000 row range.


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Biodiversity Counts
What is Biodiversity?
Drawing as a Way of Looking at the Natural World
Keeping a Field Journal 1: Eleanor Sterling
Keeping a Field Journal 2: Brian Boom
Selecting a Site for Field Study
List of Recommended Field Guides
How to Select a Site to Study
Helpful Hints for Field Sketching
How to Identify Plants in the Field
Who Are the Plants?
Responsible Collecting
Collecting Plants
How to Press and Preserve Plants
How To Mount Dried Plants
Plant Inventory
Plant Morphology
Tips to Identify Poison Ivy
How to Calculate a Biodiversity Index
Arthropod Identification
Describing and Understanding Organisms
Collecting Arthropod Specimens
Sorting Arthropods for Identification
Maintaining an Arthropod Collection
How to Set up Guest Quarters for Visiting Arthropods
Arthropod Morphology
Types of Antennae
Front View of an Insect (Grasshopper) Head
Parts of an Insect (Grasshopper)
Parts of a Spider: Dorsal View of a Male Spider
Parts of a Spider: Ventral View of Female Spider
Metamorphosis in Arthropods
What are the Connections?
Investigating Plant-Arthropod Interactions
Plant/Arthropod Interactions
Saving El Imposible: A Biodiversity Puzzle
Tips to Identify Poison Ivy Part of the Biodiversity Counts Curriculum Collection
Become a Member » Buy Tickets »
Part of the Biodiversity Counts Curriculum Collection.
More in Biodiversity Counts
POISON IVY (Toxicodendron radicans)
WESTERN POISON IVY (Toxicodendron rydbergii)
Poison ivy belongs to the family Anacardiaceae (the Sumac family). It grows primarily in temperate climates in the Americas and Asia. There are about 30 species, and the majority are Asian. Some authors include Toxicondendron in the genus Rhus (Sumac), and you may see the scientific name written Rhus radicans
LEAF TYPE:
Compound leaves with three leaflets (leading to the saying "leaves of three, let it be")
The stalk of the middle leaflet is much longer than the stalks of the two side leaflets
The edges can be smooth or coarsely toothed
Surface can be glossy or dull
LEAF ARRANGEMENT:
GROWTH FORM:
Climbing or straggling vine (poison ivy)
Sprawling shrub (western poison ivy)
Inconspicuous greenish flowers with five petals, about 3 mm in diameter
Flowers in loose branching clusters arising from the leaf axil (where the branch or leaf attaches to the stem)
FRUITS:
Fruits in loose drooping clusters
Berry-like fruits containing a single seed (drupes) are hard and whitish
Poison oak (Toxicodendron pubescens) is a low shrub bearing compound leaves with three leaflets, but the leaflet edges have rounded lobes and resemble oak leaves. The young twigs, petioles, and sometimes the leaves are covered with hairs.
Poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) is a tall shrub (to 5 meters) usually found in swamps. The leaves are (compound), odd pinnate. The 7-13 leaflets have smooth edges and pointed tips.
Some well-known tropical relatives are mango (Mangifera indica) and cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale).
Poison ivy is number one on our list of plants to avoid, because it contains a resin that can induce a very unpleasant skin rash if you touch it. Most plants have some sort of chemical defense system that helps protect them against predators, and the chemicals produced by poison ivy and its relatives are particularly effective. The resin contains a mixture of compounds that can bind to skin proteins upon direct contact. These complexes are then recognized by the human immune system (T-cells), resulting in a hypersensitivity reaction. The reaction, characterized by skin eruptions that itch and burn, can develop 12 hours to 5 days after exposure. Most people do not experience skin rashes the first time they touch poison ivy, but subsequent contact can trigger the reaction. Other lucky people do not seem to be susceptible, even after repeated exposures.
There is one trick you can try right in the field if you think someone has touched poison ivy. See if you can find some jewelweed (touch-me-not, Impatiens spp.) growing in the area. Jewelweed has a very succulent stem, and the sap is reputed to be an effective remedy for poison ivy. It has a soothing effect on mosquito bites, too! Break off a stem, and rub the sap on the affected area. When you return to the classroom, anyone that even thinks they might have touched poison ivy should wash thoroughly with soap and water. Any clothes that have been in direct contact with poison ivy should be carefully removed and laundered, because you can even get dermatitis from touching a bit of resin picked up on clothes! The unpleasant itching of poison ivy can be relieved by applying calamine lotion or a paste made of baking soda. In the case of a severe reaction, or if the dermatitis affects a particularly sensitive area (face or eyes), a visit to the doctor is in order.
The best remedy is, of course, prevention. Learn to recognize and avoid poison ivy.


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Category: Bird of the Week
Once a week, I will post the Bird of the Week, featuring a favourite East African species.
Bird of the Week, Bird Photography, Bird watching
Photo by Jan F.L Van Duinen
Samburu national reserve is one of the most impressive site to go birding in Kenya. Its proximity to Buffalo springs and Shaba national reserve makes it a nice base to explore the entire area extensively.
Whats give this country side life is the Ewaso Nyiro river that flows through the park. In the mid-mornings and afternoons, driving along the river on either side of the park will yield remarkable results from the stunning Kirk's Dik dik, elegant Grevy's zebra, reserved leopard to the gigantic elephants quenching their thirst.
African Orange-bellied Parrot is a star in this ecosystem that is hard to ignore because its high pitch call betrays its presence. They like to feed on the fruits of Kigelea africana trees that grows a long the river. This species is diamorphic in nature, with the orange belly being restricted to the males only!, females tend to have a uniformly green colour on their bellies.
Other than Samburu game reserve, this species can also be seen in Meru, Amboseli, Tsavo West and Tsavo East national park.
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Photo by Joe Aengwo
Longclaws are birds of African plains. They are easy to pick up when you are at the right location and habitat. Rosy-breasted (shown above) and Yellow-throated Longclaw are found in mid-altitude elevations. They are easily seen in Masai Mara game reserve and central Kenya grassland .
Pangani Longlaw is found in low altitude elevations and you have a great chance of seeing them in Nairobi, Amboseli and the Tsavos national park. However, it is important to note that I have seen on several occasion the Rosy-breasted, Yellow-throated and Pangani Longclaw in Amboseli national park.
Lastly the endemic Sharpe's Longclaw is restricted to the high altitudes grassland of Kinangop.
August 3, 2020 August 3, 2020 About Birding in Kenya, Best Bird Guide in Nairobi, Birding city park, Birding information about Nairobi, Birding Kereita forest, Birding Nairobi city area, Birding Ngong Forest, Birding sites in Nairobi, Birding tips about Kenya, Day Trip Birding Nairobi, Navigating birding routes in Kenya, out there birding, Resident Bird Guide of Nairobi City, Resident ornithologist in Nairobi CityLeave a comment
The Fishing Flotillas of Lake Nakuru National Park
Great White Pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus are floating fishnets.The sack of membrane slug between the rims of the lower jaw inflates to an enormous ten-litre capacity when dragged under water.How the bird can even swim with it distended and full of water is a mystery.But clearly the system works.Odd bills seem to run in the family:DNA affinity testing reveals that the pelican's cousin is the Shoebill Stork.
Photo by Hans Aeschlimann
They fish in flotillas of up to 20 birds swim along in a oblique formation.That is the reason why you always see white pelicans in groups swimming at Lake Nakuru.
June 23, 2020 Bird Guides, Bird photography, birding, Birding holidays in Kenya, Birding safaris, Birding tours, Birdwatching, Guided birding trips to Kenya, Resident Bird Guide, Resident guide1 Comment
Great Views of White-fronted Bee-eater at Hell's Gate National Park.
photos by Hans Aeschlimann
Bee-eaters are known chiefly for their graceful aerial pursuit of large insect. They birds that inhabit warm,sunny lowland grassland, dry woodland or forest edges. Bee-eaters are closely related to kingfishers and motmot.
Hans Aeschlimann
Kenya's impressive bird life offers plenty to interest both ornithologists and people who simply want to enjoy the diversity and colours, and for this alone, White-fronted Bee-eater is up there! The colored plumage is just a sight to behold!. These birds are also photogenic and very active and engaging mostly in the early hours of the morning or late afternoon.
Bee-eaters are social birds, occurring in pairs, small groups, or large foraging and breeding colonies.They forage from high vintage points including tree-tops,roadside wire, and telegraph poles,where they intently watch the area around and above them and dash out on swooping,gliding flights to grab passing insects.
In savannas where there are few high perches,several species, especially Carmine Bee-eater, sit on the backs of Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) and occasionally antelopes or larger animals, which also undoubtedly assist with flushing insects.
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Bird of the Week, Bird Photography, Bird watching, Conservation, Uncategorized
"The Crimson Winged"
The tall, pink flamingos are an instantly recognizable group of birds, which have been known from earliest times and often celebrated in popular stories. They belong to one of the bird families, dating back at least 30 millions years, when their range extended to North America and Australia.
All species have a long, slender neck and tall, spindy legs, a fairly small body, and large, specially adopted, drooping bill. Their plumage varies between pale and deep rose-pink, with crimson and black wings.
Flamingos are extremely sociable and usually occur in large flocks. At times, they form the biggest concentration of non-passerine birds: on occasions, more than a million gather at feeding sites. The birds forage by wading knee-deep at the edges of alkaline or saline lakes and lagoons.
They turn their head upside down and sweep the bill through the water, sucking in mouthfuls. As they squeeze out excess water with their tongue, comb like structures called lamellae trap tiny particles of food.
Flamingos breed in large colonies at the edge of lakes or on island. In East Africa, the only reliable breeding site is Lake Natron in Northern Tanzania. The nest is circular mound of mud baked hard by the sun, into which the female lays on white egg. The chicks look like fluffy duck-lings on hatching, and are fed on a milky mash regurgitated by their parents.
After a few days, they join a large group of youngsters within the colony, but continue to be fed by their parents for about 10 weeks longer, until they can fly and become fully independent.
April 17, 2020 April 17, 2020 Bird photography safaris, Lake Bogoria, Lesser Flamingos, Navigating birding routes in Kenya, Places to watch flamingos in Kenya, Reliable resident ornithologist in Kenya, The crimson winged of East Africa1 Comment
Bird of the Week, Bird Photography, Bird watching, Uncategorized
Red-headed Weaver(Anaplectes rubriceps) breeding at the base of Tugen Hills.
Photo@joe.aengwo
The photo appearing above is an adult male red-headed weaver, Anaplectes rubriceps, also known as the red-headed Anaplectes or the red-winged weaver, photographed at the bases of Tugen Hills, 14 kilometers from Lake Baringo.
The Red-headed Weaver Anaplectes rubriceps, a striking weaver bird with bright red head in the breeding plumage of males. In East Africa the male has a black mask (leuconotus); one race in East Africa has a red plumage (jubaensis). The female is yellowish or brownish. Both sexes have a distinctive thin pinkish orange bill.
In Kenya it is easily seen in Amboseli national park, Tsavo west and East, Samburu national reserve, Lake Baringo and kerio Valley.
December 23, 2019 December 23, 2019 Red-headed Weaver1 Comment
Verreaux's Eagle, also known as Black Eagle (Aquila verreaux's).
Photo@Joe Aengwo
Verreaux's Eagle is a large bird of prey that is highly specialised, with its life history and distribution revolving around its main prey of rock hyraxes and preferred habitat of hilly and mountainous terrain. It is wide spread throughout Kenya, especially around Samburu game reserve, Lake Baringo, Lake Magadi and Tsavo West national park. It feeds primarily on rock hyraxes but it also preys on other animals such as small mammals, birds and reptiles. Its populations are stable and have been less impacted by human encroachment due to the isolation and the inaccessible terrain of its habitat.
When perched or at rest adult Verreaux's Eagles are entirely black in appearance, except for a white 'V' above the wings on the back and yellow feet (talons) and cere. In flight, the unfolded wings expose a white rump and whitish panels on the outer wings. The wings have a distinctive shape that is broad in the middle and tapering at the tips. Sexes are similar, but females are slightly larger than males. Juveniles have a yellow-brown plumage and the head and back of the neck have a distinctive reddish-brown colour. The face and throat are black. Juveniles achieve adult plumage in 4 years. The photos appearing here were all taken in western cliffs of Lake Baringo.
October 3, 2019 Bird photography, Bird spotter in Kenya, Black Eagle, Eagle Watching in Kenya, Organised birding trips in Kenya, Raptors indentification in Kenya2 Comments
Bird of the Week, Bird Photography, Conservation
The elegant Long-crested Eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis)
Photo@Jan F. Van Duinen
Widespread and locally common in higher rainfall areas up to 3000m, though generally uncommon above 2000m. Long-crested Eagle is an adaptable woodland and forest edge species which is especially common in areas partially cleared for agriculture, even when heavily settled. It takes large numbers of rodents and his generally considered beneficial to man.
Long-crested Eagle adult is dark brown or black. It has long white patches at the joint of the wings, visible when perched, forming white lines on each side of the breast. Underwing coverts are white, with black spots. It has broad dark tail strongly barred of white. Tarsi are whitish. Wings are long and broad.
Hooked bill is yellow with dark tip. Eyes are golden or reddish-brown. Feet are yellow with slender talons.
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Bird of the Week, Bird watching, Conservation, Uncategorized
The Cryptic Slender-tailed Nightjar at the Rocky Cliffs of Lake Baringo!
Nightjars are largely nocturnal family. They look like owls, with large heads and eyes and a cryptic plumage. The family name caprimulgidae was given to them after some superstitious belief that because of their wide mouths, the birds suckled goats.
In Kenya we have 13 different species of Nightjars, wide spread in different habitats across the country. The photo appearing above was taken at a rocky countryside of Lake Baringo. Most species are nocturnal or active at dusk, and are solitary and retiring . They concentrate their foraging bouts during twilight hours.
Photo@ Joe Aengwo
By day, they roots on exposed grounds or rocks, in leaf litter, or on branches. When roosting , they adopt a horizontal posture, in contrast to owls.
Nightjars have very large eyes, adopted to low light condition. They eye have a tapetum, a reflective membrane that increases the amount of light entering the eyeball. Its presence causes reflective "eye-shine" when the eye are illuminated by artificial light.
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Bird of the Week, Bird Photography, Bird watching, Conservation
"The Leopard of the Sky"Crowned Hawk-eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus)
African Crowned-Eagle gliding the African Skies. Photo by Juhani Vilpo
Although not the biggest eagle in Africa, the Crowned Eagle is considered the most powerful and ferocious eagle based on the size of its prey. Weighing in at 2.5 – 4.5 kg, it regularly kills prey heavier than itself. Forest mammals like Vervet monkeys and duiker (25kg) are never safe when this eagle is near. Africa's biggest eagle is the Martial Eagle which can weigh over 6kg but prefers to prey on animals like Guineafowl and reptiles.
Also known as the Leopard of the Sky for its hunting abilities, the Crowned Eagle is well camouflaged with bars and blotches on the chest and a slate grey upper side. This colouring makes it disappear in a forest environment, especially because it tends to sit inside the tree canopy instead of on top like most other eagles.
A breeding pair of African Crowned Eagle at Kakamega forest. Photo by Juhani Vilpo
To adapt to the forest environment, the Crowned Eagle has a long tail and broad, rounded wings. The combination of these two makes it extremely agile and fast which is one of the main reasons why it is the only eagle that preys on monkeys actively. Monkeys are very alert and quick, making them difficult to hunt, especially in a group. The male and female Crowned Eagle often hunt as a pair, while one eagle distracts the monkeys, the other makes the kill. With powerful feet and massive talons it can kill a monkey in one blow. This is essential because monkeys have strong hands and can easily damage an eye or a wing of the eagle.
During breeding time crowned eagles become much more visible and vocal as they make undulating areal displays at heights of up to 1km. They can be noisy during these times with a loud 'kewee kewee kewee' call from the male. This ritual is normally associated with breeding, but could also be an act of territorial domination.
The nest of a Crowned Eagle is a huge structure of sticks which is repaired and enlarged every breeding season, making the nests grow bigger and bigger. Some nests grow to be about 2.3 metres across making them the biggest nests of all the eagle species.
You have a chance of seeing this species in Kenya if you are touring Mt.Kenya Forest Reser, Nairobi National Park, Aberdare National Park, Kakamega tropical rain forest and Mau Forest.
March 11, 2019 March 11, 2019 African Crowned Eagle, Aquila watching in Kenya, Birds of Prey of Africa, Conservation of Birds of Prey in Kenya, Specialist Guide for Bird of Prey in Kenya, Watching Birds of Prey in KenyaLeave a comment


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How Does Dynamic Range Compression Change Audio?
YatriTrivedi
@yatritrivedi
Sep 28, 2016, 11:13 am EST | 8 min read
Dynamic Range Compression is used in everything. Most audio editors have a "compressor effect," and mastering it can mean the difference between an amateur and pro-level mix. To understand how it works, we need to see what exactly it does.
Dynamic Range Compression
First of all, this should not be confused with general "audio compression," which is data compression and covers things like MP3 conversion. We're most definitely NOT talking about compression of quality for space-saving reasons. If that's what you're looking for, check out HTG Explains: What Are the Differences Between All Those Audio Formats?
We are talking about compression of the dynamic range of sound in an audio track. If you record a pin-drop followed by a TNT explosion, you'll notice that there's a very large difference in the intensities of those two sounds. That's what we refer to as dynamic range. Now, our ears are pretty good at working with large differences like that, but audio equipment isn't. If you ever watched a war movie where the actors' dialogue was drowned out by gunfire, then you know what I'm talking about. Granted, that would be difficult to hear in real life as well, but the audio equipment involved in the process makes it pretty unintelligible. That's where a compressor comes in.
The image above shows a rack-mounted compressor, which will take an audio signal and adjust it based on several parameters. It's a lot like having a personal audio engineer that will constantly adjust the signal to where it "should" be, as it's running through the system. Compressors are usually physical devices that process signals that can be chained to other effects and processors, but the effect can also be applied via software. You can adjust the levels he starts to turn the knobs at, how quickly he acts, and how much compression is applied over what time period, but that's what his focus is limited to. This reduces the dynamic range in predetermined ways so that the result is uniform audio, or at least audio whose loud and soft ends are much closer to each other.
As an Effect
Compressors can be used for artistic effect, too. It can enable singers to whisper just as loud as the distorted guitar. This result that wouldn't really work as well by just adjusting the volume, especially if the singer suddenly switched from whisper to all out scream. Let's take a look at some examples.
Listen at around 0:43 for the bass drum; you'll heard the rest of the track's volume drop.
For the Killers' benefit, I'll assume the effect here is intentional. You can hear when the bass drum kicks starting around 43 seconds in that the volume of everything else drops a bit. This particular use is often heard in the various techno-subgenres to accent beats. Though its use can be deliberate, this "pumping" is most often a sign of a badly- or over-compressed song
Listen for the lead singer's high-powered vocal at 0:22, and a low-powered one at 1:29.
At 22 seconds in, you can hear Amy Lee push a high-powered vocal that's close to a scream, but it sounds muted. At 1:29, you can hear the layered background vocals being whispered, but the volume is normal. And, of course, you can hear that pumping effect while the audience is clapping throughout the video.
Both of these examples show what DRC can do in isolated circumstances, i.e. as an effect on a particular clip. It's somewhat harder to illustrate how compression is utilized in its more mainstream usage.
Constant Volume
Image illustrating various compressor configurations to limit volume (from Wikimedia Commons)
DRC works well as a more advanced volume limiter that prevents the signal from clipping, which can distort the sound quality and damage sensitive equipment. It's universally used to smooth out an audio track so that when an equalizer is applied afterwards, you reap more of the benefits. DRC is also used in movies so that in loud scenes, you can still hear the actors' dialogue, or so that the dying whisper of a victim is still loud and clear after the gunshot that ended him. It can still preserve some of the dynamic effects, however. Let's take the example of a band.
The drums are a really dynamic and overall loud part of a band. If the drum track is uneven, it's pretty noticeable. Say the drummer's tired or makes some slight mistakes throughout the track. Some parts of the track will have louder bass kicks than others. Using a compressor will even that out so that the lighter kicks will be just as loud as the normal ones, and the harder kicks will be toned down a bit. Snares can also by toned down by dampening the initial strike, thus allowing the "crack" that follows to become more prominent.
On a bass guitar, the higher notes will be louder and punchier than the lower ones. A compressor will keep the low tones loud and higher ones soft. On the other hand, when you use slaps to accent, you can keep them from spiking too high and being distracting, but still keep them sharper than the normal bass notes. You can also increase how long the note is sustained at a higher volume.
Guitarists often can get carried away with their playing. Compressors can make sure that the lightly plucked or strummed notes stay light and the heavier ones stay loud. After a certain point, heavy strumming starts to distort the audio. Setting the compressor's threshold — more on that later — to less than that will prevent entranced guitarists from messing up the track. You can also alter the sustain.
In the same vein as the bass guitar, singers tend to sing louder at higher pitches and softer at lower pitches, depending on their range. You can keep the singer's pitches even without requiring the singer to put more or less power behind them.
In these ways, dynamic range compression can be used to smooth out smaller fluctuations in performance by artists. This allows a more uniform sound but still allows musicians to deliberately emphasize certain notes and cadences. It doesn't get rid of the dynamic range of sounds completely, it just makes it so that the musician has to put more effort into it. All of this is especially important at live shows where performances are highly variable and much more sensitive to the performers' stamina and frame of mind.
Listen to the first 20 seconds, focusing on the change between the intro and the rest of the song.
In this example, the Cancer Bats decided to compress the dynamic range over the whole song, not one particular track. Pay close attention to the end of the intro, at around 14 seconds in. The guitar is loud when it's in focus, but as the rest of the instruments kick in, it drops down and mixes in. The overall volume of the song doesn't change through the transition. You'll hear a bit of pumping, too, but not as much as in the other songs. Unless this is the specific effect you're going for, this is often considered a "poor" use of compression.
Listen to the end of the solo intro at about 0:07.
Here, Daath used DRC over individual instrument tracks. You can tell because the guitar in the first few seconds of the song is a particular volume, and it's maintained through the rest of the song. Unlike the Cancer Bats' song above, Daath's song gets louder when the other instruments come in by a more noticeable amount. This is good example of "good" compression; as the Futurama quote goes, "When you do things right, people won't be sure you've done anything at all."
Ultimately, it depends on what you want. Professionals say that compression should be used on each individual track, then if needed, over the final track as a whole. Dynamic range is good because it adds flair, nuance, and color to audio. Compression is used to illustrate that where musicians want it to be, and that's done by reducing variation elsewhere. On the other hand, compression can add its own effect to audio. Several artists and even the majority of some genres use this for a specific feel, as an artistic effect.
Compression Parameters
Compressors are built in different ways. Some use tubes, others use valves, some use light sensors and LEDs, and the cheaper ones use solid state parts. Different types of DRCs will "color" the sound differently, albeit slightly. The goal isn't to change the sound itself, of course, but having an expensive tube compressor that makes the audio sound warmer certainly won't hurt. Whether cheap or expensive and regardless of the mechanism, they all work to see the signal and adjust the volume. Compressor effects essentially mimic hardware compressors; above you can see the pane for the compressor effect in Audacity. Both focus on a handful of parameters.
Threshold: This is the level at which the compressor will act. This can be set to the minimum or maximum volume, but it's more commonly used as a guide post at which the compressor enacts changes. After this point, increases (or decreases, if used to bump upwards) in volume are significantly dampened.
Ratio: This is ratio by which the exceeding output is reduced. A 20:1 ratio will reduce whatever exceeds the threshold by that much, so 20db over the threshold will come out of the compressor as 1db over. Because the decibel system is logarithmic, this is has a much more pronounced effect on the volume. Really high ratios, like 20:1, 60:1, or infinity:1, effectively hard limit the volume.
Attack: The signal isn't altered by the compressor immediately; there's a slight delay. Attack allows you to control this delay. It's measured usually in milliseconds, so higher values will allow spikes of volume through the threshold before behind compressed, making guitars sound more punchy. Lower values will help with hard limiting.
Image diagramming a compressed signal in comparison to its original signal (from Wikimedia Commons)
Release: Compressed sound can be immediately returned to their actual volume or they can held at the threshold for longer. Using a higher value for release will help increase the "sustain" of a guitar or bass, allowing for notes to be held out much longer.
Knee: The Attack dictates how quickly the compressor will act on a signal that exceeds the threshold. Knee dictates how quickly the compression is applied to that signal. A "hard" knee means that as soon as the compressor acts, it fully compresses the signal. This works well when using the compressor as a volume limiter. A "soft" knee will gradually build to using full compression. This keeps vocals sounding natural despite using compression.
Output: This is the output level, which can be modified. After compressing a track or signal, it can be brought back up to its full volume or cut to a lower one.
Different instruments sound more "natural" with specific settings, of course. Do some research online and use your ear to experiment until you find the sound you want. You have to ask yourself "What does my track need?" Now that you know how dynamic range compression works, you can tinker with the sound for yourself.
If you're looking for more info, there's a great post on the Seven Strings guitar forum on DRC.
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Yoda, the 2011 winner of the Sonoma-Marin World's Ugliest Dog Contest has died according to reports. Apparently the 15 year old Chihuahua-Chinese Crested mutt mix died in her sleep 10 March 2012.
Her owner found her as a stray behind an apartment building though at first she believed she was looking at a rat, not a tiny, future World's Ugliest Dog champion.
Like many aging Chinese Crested dogs, Yoda was sporting a face with a tongue flopped out way behind her tiny mouth. Rest in peace Yoda and our sympathies to your owner.


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