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No 14 (2020) "Health and Degrowth" (Special Issue) /
Alternative ecological and social proposals for preventing the global threat of emerging infectious diseases.
Camille Besombes
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13135/2384-8677/5350
Emerging infectious diseases are a major global health threat in the human, animal and plant worlds. Zoonoses and vector borne diseases are becoming prevalent worldwide. A large part of global health funding is dedicated to the fight against Dengue, Zika, or Ebola. Until now, public health strategies have been mainly based on vaccine development, medication testing or on proposals for "acceptable" cultural changes in local population practices to limit transmission risk, without thinking about the root causes.
In this literature review, it will be argued that the current economic system, through its growth imperatives which ignore planetary limits, together with intensive agricultural practices, is related to infectious disease emergence. Monocultural practices, such as rubber/palm oil industrial plantations, through the ecological perturbation inflicted, act as a driver of vector borne and zoonotic diseases. Deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and human invasion of remote forested areas are followed by the emergence of zoonoses such as Ebola disease. Even if any emergence is always a multifactorial process, it is still fundamental to highlight the major influence of environmental drivers. The characteristics of specific ecological and social contexts within which emergence occurs should be explored.
Alternative health and environmental paradigms could help impede the emergence of infectious diseases. A true "One health" approach which takes care of ecosystems and preserves the diversity of living things and of relationships corresponds to an "EcoHealth" approach. Ecological options and environmental solutions could produce a real innovation in public health. Stopping deforestation and ecosystem destruction and fostering peasant agroecology and free evolution for certain forested areas could slowly lead to rebalanced ecosystems. Furthermore, ecological actions would be less stigmatizing than promotion of cultural changes. An alternative public health program based on "health within a healthy environment" would be more effective than a secondary struggle against emerging diseases. This suggests introducing public health as a fundamental land use issue, inaugurating peasant agroecology, land use and conservation as fundamental public health issues, and developing coherent policies.
Key words: emerging infectious diseases, EcoHealth, pathogenic environment, plantacionocene, ecological alternatives, Planetary Health, ecosystemic approach to public health
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Plowright, R. K., Parrish, C. R., McCallum, H., Hudson, P. J., Ko, A. I., Graham, A. L., & Lloyd-Smith, J. O. (2017). Pathways to zoonotic spillover. Nature reviews. Microbiology, 15(8), 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45
Porter, Dorothy (1999). Health, civilization and the state: a history ofpublic health from ancient to modern times. London and New York, Routledge, 1999, pp. vii, 376, (paperback 0-415-20036-9).
Ramos, M. M., Mohammed, H., Zielinski-Gutierrez, E., Hayden, M. H., Lopez, J. L., Fournier, M., Trujillo, A. R., Burton, R., Brunkard, J. M., Anaya-Lopez, L., Banicki, A. A., Morales, P. K., Smith, B., Muñoz, J. L., Waterman, S. H., & Dengue Serosurvey Working Group (2008). Epidemic dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever at the Texas-Mexico border: results of a household-based seroepidemiologic survey, December 2005. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 78(3), 364–369.
Rohr, J.R., Barrett, C.B., Civitello, D.J., Craft, M.E., Delius, B., DeLeo, G.A., Hudson, P.J.,
Jouanard, N., Nguyen, K.H., Ostfeld, R.S., Remais, J.V., Riveau, G., Sokolow, S.H., Tilman, D.. (2019). Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production. Nat. Sustain. 2, 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3.
Roger, F., Caron, A., Morand, S., Pedrono, M., de Garine-Wichatitsky, M., Chevalier, V., Tran, A., Gaidet, N., Figuié, M., de Visscher, M. N., & Binot, A. (2016). One Health and EcoHealth: the same wine in different bottles?. Infection ecology & epidemiology, 6, 30978. https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v6.30978
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Whitmee, S., Haines, A., Beyrer, C., Boltz, F., Capon, A. G., de Souza Dias, B. F., Ezeh, A., Frumkin, H., Gong, P., Head, P., Horton, R., Mace, G. M., Marten, R., Myers, S. S., Nishtar, S., Osofsky, S. A., Pattanayak, S. K., Pongsiri, M. J., Romanelli, C., Soucat, A., … Yach, D. (2015). Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health. Lancet (London, England), 386(10007), 1973–2028. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1Wilcox, B.A., Colwell, R.R. Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Biocomplexity as an Interdisciplinary Paradigm. EcoHealth 2, 244 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-005-8961-3
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No 14 (2020) "Health and Degrowth" (Special Issue)


Clinical research physicians develop and test drugs for safety and effectiveness. They may be physicians, scientists or pharmacists.
Some clinical research physicians are involved in research at all levels. Others are involved only after the drug is approved for human testing. They supervise the patient care.
Developing drugs is a long process involving a number of phases. Research director Christian Marsolais says researchers will run tests on about 1,000 potential new drugs to determine their strengths and weaknesses. They check for poisons and test to see how effective each of them is.
"Of those 1,000, only about 100 will be successful enough to be selected for animal testing. Of the 100 that are tested on animals, about 10 compounds will prove safe and effective enough to use in human testing," he says.
When researchers believe a drug is ready for human testing, they write a "protocol." It outlines how the drug will be used and how the tests will be run. The protocol is submitted to health authorities -- the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The FDA either approves or rules against human testing. If human testing is approved, researchers recruit volunteer patients to participate in the initial trials. This is usually done through newspaper ads. The actual testing might be done at various international sites.
Phase one is when the drug is tested on a small group of patients. This is to assess the drug's safety. Clinical research physicians supervise this step. The studies are conducted according to a set of detailed guidelines.
The data are carefully monitored and analyzed. Then the research team will make a recommendation. It can suggest that the pharmaceutical company discontinue the testing. Or it can say the company should invest funds and time in developing the compound.
If the company decides to proceed, the researchers write a report detailing everything that has been done with the drug to this point. This report is submitted to the FDA. The federal body must approve further wide-scale research.
If that passes, the researchers move to phase two. Phase two tests for efficiency. It involves several hundred patients.
Phase three involves several thousand patients. It tests for long-term efficiency and safety.
It takes 10 to 13 years to develop a drug from start to finish -- at a cost of about $500 million.
Clinical research physicians generally work in labs. They will often need to write reports of their findings and recommendations. There are no physical requirements for this job. Being wheelchair-bound should normally not prevent you from doing this job.


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When Mayor David Miller and TTC chair Adam Giambrone announced their intention not to raise transit fares this year, riders got a break. But can the commission deal with steadily rising costs without cutting back on vehicle frequency or maintenance?
Top transit watcher Steve Munro is concerned, writing recently on his influential blog: "The proposed fare freeze in 2009 looks nice on paper, but it will force the TTC to make cuts elsewhere in its budget.
He continues, "The TTC owes council a statement on the impact of the fare freeze. ... we need to understand the trade-offs involved.
The TTC's service standards outline "acceptable" levels of crowding as well as require minimum half-hour frequency on most routes.
Budget pressure eased when the price of diesel fuel dropped dramatically. Of course, labour costs continue to tick upward, and the TTC still has not resolved a major job evaluation dispute with its lead union — a conflict that affects employee morale and could add millions to the agency's bottom line.


You add widgets to the home screen by pressing on an empty area on the home screen till a widget menu appears. Scroll down in the widget till you find the Snowstorm entries. Select the size that you want to install.
A newly installed widget isn't configured, so you need to tap on it, and then configure it. The default settings are normally ok, so just press save.
The widget will then try to download a forecast for the current location. Downloading can take about a minute, or longer if the Yr servers are heavily loaded.
The widget will keep trying to download a forecast periodically if the Yr servers are down, or if there are any problems in getting your current location.
You can see a detailed forecast if you tap on an installed widget.
You can see a log of what the widget is doing by tapping on the widget, pressing menu in the forecast view, and then selecting log.
You can always change the widget settings by tapping on a widget, pressing menu, and then select settings.
Start Snowstorm, and select the search or recent tab. The search tab will let you search for a location, and you can then view a forecast for the selected location (if Yr has one). The recent tab will display a list of locations that you have retreived forecasts for, and you can also see when you last downloaded a forecast.


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Q: Scala sys.process does not seem to block I'm calling Scala's sys.process to execute an AWS file copy from within a spark application.
According to the docs, the ProcessBuilder returned by Scala's sys.process.Process (cmd) should block until the code completes when using ! or !!
However, when I execute the commands below, I see the output in the log that AWS has received the command and then the SparkContext shuts down, without the copy ever being completed.
These are the last three lines of my main() function.
val cmd = "aws s3 cp s3://bucket1/folder/ s3://bucket2/folder/ --recursive"
val aTemp = sys.process.Process(cmd)
val xCode = aTemp.!

I normally exit with, and I thought this might be the problem. However, it happens with or without this as the last line:
system.exit(0)

I feel like I'm missing something simple, but I... well, I'm missing it. :-)
Anyone know why it isn't waiting for the command to complete before shutting down Spark?
the problem is happening in two environments, both running on Amazon's EC2 instances.

Spark 1.6 with Scala 2.10
Spark 2.0 with Scala 2.11

Under potential tl;dr,

I do see in the logs that my aws command was sent but a second later
spark shuts down: 16/12/09 19:19:13 INFO amazonaws.request: Received
successful response: 200, AWS Request ID: X 16/12/09 19:19:13 INFO
spark.SparkContext: Invoking stop() from shutdown hook

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Future of NHS Highland Funding to Third Sector Groups Under Review
As some of you might be aware the level and extent of funding by NHS Highland to third sector organisations has been under review for quite some time.
In a couple of weeks David Park the chief officer of NHSH is coming up to Caithness to have a short meeting with some of the current organisations who do receive funding and hopefully explain how the review is going. Whilst this is not an open meeting I will hopefully have the opportunity to ask some questions. If any group who might want to carry out work for the NHS locally in the future have any questions then just e-mail them to me at allan@cvg.org.uk and I will see if we can get some answers! Let me know by the 13th of February 2020 if you want anything raised.
Allan Tait
Senior Development Officer
Caithness Voluntary Goup
Caithness Voluntary Group
[Community Groups]
CVG Funding update November 2020
Robertson Trust is now open for applications. The funds available are: Wee Grants For constituted community groups and charities with an annual income of less than £25,000  Funding of up to £2,000 for one year only  Could cover revenue* or capital costs to support your work.
Third Sector Master Classes - Free
HTSI are very excited to bring you a series of Monday Masterclasses, training centred around supporting community groups. Set up a new group recently? Working to support your community? Want an update on current best practice in supporting community groups? Then HTSI's FREE Monday masterclasses are for you! Julie at Caithness Voluntary Group is doing two of these classes that are open to everyone in the Highlands and are free.
Does Your Group Need Help To Hold Meetings Online?
Message From Alan Tait at Caithness Voluntary Group. Sadly it seems that the Covid -19 restrictions are going to be with us by the looks of it over the winter I know a lot of groups were in abeyance since March but were starting to think about getting activities going again.
Caithness Voluntary Group Funding Update August 2020
Thanks to Yvonne at Caithness Voluntary Group for putting together a few funding suggestions that may be of interest to local groups. Comic Relief Changemakers Fund The themes for this Fund are, Children Survive & Thrive, Gender Justice, Safe Place to Be - Homelessness, Safe Place to Be - Migration, Global Mental Health.
Caithness Voluntary Group Awarded £200,000
Eleven community organisations in the Highlands and Islands have been awarded a total of £1.5m to develop and deliver long-term solutions to tackle poverty based on local priorities and needs The Aspiring Communities Fund, which levers in European Social Funds, was launched by the Scottish Government in 2017 to help reduce poverty and enable inclusive growth in disadvantaged and fragile communities across Scotland. Regional development agency, Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE), helped community organisations in the region to apply to this recent round of funding.
Charities Active In Countering The Impact Of Covid-19
The Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR) has today published the findings of research into the impact of COVID-19 on Scotland's charities. On 05 May 2020, OSCR emailed the principal contacts of all Scottish charities to ask for their help with completing a short survey.
Caithness Help Groups Contacts
From Caithness Voluntary Group who have coordinated the process to get the map. Over the past 5 - 6 weeks I have been working with an absolutely tremendous group of individuals who are throughout the county working tirelessly to ensure everyone is looked after during this crises.
Second CVG Covid-19 Funding Update April 2020
RURAL community groups helping locals counter the effects of isolation as the coronavirus lockdown continues are now being offered financial support from The Prince's Countryside Fund. The charity is inviting applications for emergency funding of up to £2500.
Covid-19 Funding Update For Community Groups April 2020
Funding has become available for community organisations that are setting up support for vulnerable people during the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic. The National Emergencies Trust Fund is now open for applications.
A group for Third Sector managers to share information and ideas in light of COVID-19
Highland Third Sector Interface have set up a new facebook page for Managers in the Sector in Highland, the link is here: https://www.facebook.com/groups/821385825048384/about/ I appreciate that there might be a few different pages getting set up but perhaps if you want to join this one we can keep in touch both in Caithness and with what other similar organisations in the Highlands are doing. Alan Tait Caithness Voluntary Group.
245 Organisations Listed

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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McCullough promises return to champion status
By Ramon Rodriguez
Back in February, Wayne "The Pocket Rocket" McCullough lost a close decision to WBC super bantamweight champion Oscar Larios. He accomplished this after being away from boxing for two years. On July 16, McCullough fights the first rematch of his career, looking to reverse that decision on the Bernard Hopkins-Jermain Taylor "NeXt in Line" pay-per-view undercard.
McCullough (27-5, 18 KOs), a WBC bantamweight champion from 1995-1997, believes that his fight with Larios was undoubtedly close, yet very unfair to him in the scoring (110-118 (twice), 112-116). This time around, he vows to deliver a win in convincing fashion. "I know in Vegas I'll get a fair shake and that's all I want," said McCullough, who comes from Northern Ireland but is now based in Vegas. "I knew the (February) fight was close either way—a draw I would have been happy with, but when the judge only gave me two rounds, I thought it was a joke. One of the judges only gave me one round in the first six and the first half was all me. But I've worked hard to get here and I have a good promoter in Dan Goosen behind me. I'm going to be a champion for him and for myself," he said last week.
Though he was away from the ring for two years, McCullough showed no signs of slowing down against Larios. Instead, he proved that he is still a world-class fighter with a lot of mileage still left in his tank. With the fight drawing closer, McCullough has intensified his training and is anxious to step in the ring once again. "I'm sparring three days a week and I've got three guys that are bigger than me; last time I worked with guys smaller than me," said McCullough. "I've done ten, eleven rounds and I've been finishing strong even in the tenth and eleventh rounds. Last time I got a little bit tired but this time my wind's better. I'm ready to go!"
McCullough acknowledges Larios' reign as the top super bantamweight since 2002, but confidently states that he will be the one to take his spot. "This is the first rematch I've had out of my five losses. I take my hat off to Larios—he's a great fighter and I respect him for giving me the rematch but he doesn't know what he's in for. Anybody that fights me is never the same fighter and I know he won't be the same guy," said McCullough. "I'll break the man apart—I believe I can stop Larios."
Should he win, McCullough sets himself up for lucrative fights with the big names. Knowing that he can be a world champion once again after almost ten years is something McCullough aims for. "I'm looking forward to it. I think that I'm a better fighter than I was back then," he said. "I'm stronger, smarter and I think I can fight till I'm fifty years old!"


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Home » Canadian history • History and Policy • Theme Week
Waiting to Inhale: Marijuana's past and future in Canada
March 29, 2016 March 29, 2016 3 Comments on Waiting to Inhale: Marijuana's past and future in Canada
By Erika Dyck and Lucas Richert
In 2001 Health Canada approved the use of medical marijuana for a strict list of health complaints ranging from different pain applications to seizures from epilepsy. During the last federal election in 2015, Justin Trudeau boldly promised to go further down the path of legalization, suggesting that he will decriminalize possession for recreational use.
A month after this election promise, The Economist showcased the blurry future of Canadian pot and suggested, "converting a medical-marijuana industry into a recreational one will not be easy." While legalization is probable under the newly elected Trudeau Liberals, many questions will have to be addressed and the transition could be rocky. As a Colorado marijuana enforcement official told the National Post, "It's going to be a lot harder to implement than you think. It's going to take a lot longer to do it. And it's going to cost more than you think…"
The Liberal campaign promise of legalization has invited a new host of critics. John Ivison has reconceived of Canada Post as Canada Pot, the major domestic system of distribution throughout the country. Sylvain Charlebois deems marijuana a "gateway" drug with high upside. Dan Malleck has argued that liquor control boards should control recreational marijuana, whereas Ronan Levy has suggested that the recent Allard ruling will create regulatory uncertainty at a most inopportune time.
Regulating marijuana use remains highly contested and the path forward is anything but obvious, but historically there are some insights into drug regulation that may prove helpful in informing the public debates over the next chapter of 'reefer madness'. Historians have a vital role to play in these debates, particularly for their capacity to weave together a big picture narrative amongst the cacophony of players from policymakers, journalists, physicians, researchers, interest groups, recreational users and the pharmaceutical industry, each of whom have been investing in their own particular messages about the pleasures and pitfalls of pot.
A quick and cursory examination of the historical record indicates that knowledge about medicines and drug use has not only been founded upon empirically based medical evidence, but is also a reflection of cultural values, political circumstances, economic realities, available technologies and other socially-mediated and historically-contingent factors, leading to cycles and patterns of medical approbation and condemnation. This has been the case with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or cocaine or mainline pharmaceutical products.
Contemporary deliberations over marijuana have focused on which drugs should be accessible for people nearing the end-of-life. At the same time, discussions in the media have also problematized the limits of appropriate use in modern medicine and challenged us to think about the proper balance between research, access, and consumer protection. Finally, other conversations have centred on law enforcement and variability in policy across jurisdictions. Canadian historians, including Catherine Carstairs, Jacalyn Duffin, Marcel Martel, Craig Heron, Cheryl Warsh, and many others have dealt with these subjects before in their accounts of drug regulation from opium to liquor and even to marijuana.
In this series of articles, we bring some of those players into conversation with historians as we consider the tenuous balance between consumers and regulators, the Canadian physician as unwanted gatekeepers, marijuana as a measure (and potential leveler) of inequities, and the rocky emergence of the medical marijuana industry. While much of the media coverage has pitted these players off against one another, we aim to enrich the dialogue by blurring these boundaries and developing some big picture analysis of the cannabis debates.
Canadian history, History and Policy, Theme Week	WaitingToInhale
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3 thoughts on "Waiting to Inhale: Marijuana's past and future in Canada"
The Trippy Hippy May 9, 2016 at 10:56 am
It'll definitely be interesting to see how legalization plays out on a federal scale. With the U.S., its only legal in certain states so someone like Colorado is receiving an enormous amount of centralized tourism for the industry. It will be interesting to see how much it affects an entire's country GDP and financials.
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Top 5 Tasks Remaining In 2004 In War On
Top 5 Tasks Remaining in 2004 in the War on Terror
US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld worried in a memo last fall that the US lacks a "metric" or a means of measuring success in the war on terror. If he does not have one, then I certainly do not. But as someone who has studied the Middle East and the Muslim world for over thirty years, and who first lived there 38 years ago, I have a good idea of what would help.
5. The US must work harder to stabilize Pakistan and to achieve peace between India and Pakistan. A stronger Pakistani democracy will lessen US dependence on one man, Gen. Pervez Musharraf, against whom two major assassination attempts have recently been launched. The Kashmir issue is a major source of terrorism, and is now a nuclear flashpoint. The safety of all Americans is imperilled by the continued boiling of ethnic conflict there. If India and Pakistan were at real peace with one another, their borders and roads would open. Truckers could take merchandise from New Delhi to Islamabad, and thence to Kabul and Tashkent. A Central Asian cross-continental trade between Korea and China in the East, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in Central Asia, and Pakistan and India in South Asia could reinvigorate the economies of the region, benefitting Afghanistan and helping stabilize it. In contrast, allowing the Kashmir issue to remain unresolved threatens terrorism, war, and possibly even a nuclear exchange.
4. The US must invest more heavily in stabilizing and rebuilding Afghanistan. The Taliban are resurgent, the government weak and divided, and most of the country in the hands of regional clan leaders. The standard of living is among the lowest in the world. The Bush administration forgot to ask Congress for an Afghanistan appropriation for 2003, and some savvy Senators ensured it got at least $300 mn. Worried about the 2004 elections, the Bush administration has now pledged $1 bn. for reconstruction. But Bush spent $166 bn. and climbing on Iraq! Instability and extremism in Afghanistan are proven threats to the safety of Americans, whereas Iraq never directly hit the US. Letting Afghanistan fall apart or limp along as a fourth world nation is most unwise.
3. Iraq must be given a stable and united government. Allowing it to split up into three parts would guarantee future terrorism. The Sunni Arabs would be left poor and without a petroleum income, and would watch as the Kurds (1000 wellheads) and Shiite Arabs (500 wellheads) got rich. They would have every reason to try to take Kirkuk, where they are about a third of the population or more, by force, to get its 100 wellheads and its pipelines. If they failed, they would be left without a visible means of income, and would quickly become poorer than Jordanians. Their resentments would fuel massive terrorism in the Middle East that would almost certainly eventually touch the US.
2. The US must capture Osama Bin Laden, Saad Bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Saif al-Adil, and other top al-Qaeda leaders, of both the older and the younger generations. This task was far more important for the immediate security of those of us who live in the US than conquering Iraq, and it was highly irresponsible to undertake the latter before accomplishing the former.
1. The US must step in to settle the Israeli-Palestinian dispute. The festering violence in the Mideast produces anti-Americanism and anti-American violence throughout the region. Most Americans have bought Likud party propaganda about the nature of the conflict.
In fact, Israelis are gobbling up Palestinian land at an alarming rate, and have more than doubled the number of their settlers in the West Bank and Gaza since they signed the Oslo Accords (which had implied that they would give back most of the Palestinian territories and allow the Palestinians their own state). Muslims all over the world identify with the Palestinians, and feel humiliated that the Israelis can piecemeal destroy their hope of living in dignity as a people with impunity (indeed, with the de facto acquiescence of the US).
That a small number of Palestinians has replied to the Israeli assault on them with violence against Israeli civilians is both morally wrong and bad political strategy. It does not change the fact that the Israelis are the ones who are gaining territory at the Palestinians' expense. It also does not excuse a series of Israeli war crimes in the Occupied Territories, which include using US-supplied F-16s to fire missiles into a civilian, occupied apartment building in order to assassinate a Hamas leader (both the pilot and Ariel Sharon should be tried for this heinous act and others like it, which killed many civilians, including a baby).
Americans all know how much US citizens identified with the little band at the Alamo back in the 1830s, and how much they despised Mexico for opposing them. For the Muslim world, Palestine is the Alamo, and the Israelis and the US together play Santa Ana. Would it have done any good for the president of the Mexican Republic to have sent performers across the border to explain how well Americans were treated in Mexico, or to point to Mexico's progressive laws? A Public Relations campaign could never have made Santa Ana popular after he abolished states' rights and attacked San Antonio.
September 11 was deeply intertwined with the expulsion of the Palestinians from their land and the resentments it has fostered. The idea that the hijackers did not care about the Palestine issue is pure propaganda. The occupation of Jerusalem by the Israelis is a constant, recurring theme in al-Qaeda communiqués. We Americans are friends of Israel and will stand by it in the face of aggressors who want to destroy it. But Israel does not own the West Bank and Gaza. The UN never granted them to it. They are mere spoils of war, and territorial conquest is forbidden in the United Nations Charter. We don't need any more US buildings blown up because our government is coddling cuckoo settlers who are stealing other people's land to fulfill some weird religious power fantasy.


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As part of our home-school partnership we will ask the children to undertake learning activities at home. These tasks will consolidate and reinforce skills and understanding in any learning studied in school. They also encourage pupils as they get older to develop the confidence and self-discipline needed to study on their own, take pride in their work and prepare them for the requirements of secondary school. Whilst we would like to encourage learning at home, we recognise activities outside school will help develop the whole child.
The type and amount of learning at home is always being reviewed by the class teacher and is a regular topic of conversation within school and with parents and carers. Importance is given to Home Learning being motivational and relevant to the children's learning. We are always pleased when parent and carers become involved in the learning with the children and hope that the tasks help to provide quality time for the family and encourage social interaction.
Sometimes the Home Learning is a short task for one week but on other occasions it may be a project that takes over several weeks with guidance from the teacher. The tasks are differentiated to meet the needs of individuals and groups, having a clear focus and opportunities for pupils to succeed at all levels of ability. Challenges are suggested to motivate more able pupils.
Suggestions for additional Home Learning include research connected to topics, further reading of quality children's fiction, learning multiplication facts, carrying out investigations in Science such as those set out in books that are freely available in children libraries, creative writing and keeping diaries.
The school cannot stress enough the importance of sharing reading with your child, playing quality games together or role play such as shopping to help their development and social skills.


text:
Esna Boyd Robertson, avstralska tenisačica, * 21. september 1899, Melbourne, Avstralija, † 1966, Škotska.

Osemkrat je osvojila turnir za Prvenstvo Avstralije v vseh treh konkurencah. Sedemkrat zapored se je uvrstila v finale turnirja v posamični konkurenci, med letoma 1922 in 1928. Edino zmago je dosegla leta 1927, ko je premagala Sylvio Lance Harper, v ostalih finalih so jo premagale trikrat Daphne Akhurst Cozens, dvakrat Margaret Molesworth in enkrat Sylvia Lance Harper. Na turnirjih za Prvenstvo Anglije se je najdlje uvrstila v četrtfinale leta 1925, na turnirjih za Amatersko prvenstvo Francije pa v tretji krog leta 1928. V konkurenci ženskih dvojic se je šestkrat uvrstila v finale Prvenstva Avstralije in turnir osvojila štirikrat, v konkurenci mešanih dvojic pa se je petkrat uvrstila v finale in turnir osvojila trikrat.

Finali Grand Slamov

Posamično (7)

Zmage (1)

|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1927 || Prvenstvo Avstralije ||  Sylvia Lance Harper || 5–7, 6–1, 6–2
|}

Porazi (6)

|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1922 || Prvenstvo Avstralije ||  Margaret Molesworth || 3–6, 8–10
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1923 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(2) ||  Margaret Molesworth  || 1–6, 5–7
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1924 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(3) ||  Sylvia Lance Harper || 3–6, 6–3, 6–8
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1925 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(4) ||  Daphne Akhurst Cozens ||6–1, 6–8, 4–6
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1926 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(5) ||  Daphne Akhurst Cozens  || 1–6, 3–6
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1928 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(6) ||  Daphne Akhurst Cozens || 5–7, 2–6
|}

Ženske dvojice (6)

Zmage (4)

|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1922 || Prvenstvo Avstralije ||  Marjorie Mountain ||  Gwen Utz   Floris St. George || 1–6, 6–4, 7–5
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1923 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(2) ||  Sylvia Lance Harper ||  Margaret Molesworth   Beryl Turner || 6–1, 6–4
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1926 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(3) ||  Meryl O'Hara Wood ||  Daphne Akhurst   Marjorie Cox Crawford || 6–3, 6–8, 8–6
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1928 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(4) ||  Daphne Akhurst ||  Kathleen Le Messurier   Dorothy Weston || 6–3, 6–1
|}

Porazi (2)

|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1925 || Prvenstvo Avstralije ||  Kathleen Le Messurier ||  Daphne Akhurst   Sylvia Lance Harper || 4–6, 3–6
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1927 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(2) ||  Sylvia Lance Harper ||  Louise Bickerton   Meryl O'Hara Wood || 3–6, 3–6
|}

Mešane dvojice (5)

Zmage (3)

|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1922 || Prvenstvo Avstralije ||  John Hawkes ||  Gwen Utz   Harold Utz || 6–1, 6–1
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1926 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(2) ||  John Hawkes ||  Daphne Akhurst   Jim Willard || 6–1, 6–4
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1927 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(3) ||  John Hawkes ||  Youtha Anthony   Jim Willard || 6–1, 6–3
|}

Porazi (2)

|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1924 || Prvenstvo Avstralije ||  Gar Hone ||  Daphne Akhurst   Jim Willard || 3–6, 4–6
|-style="background:#ffc;"
| 1928 || Prvenstvo Avstralije <small>(2) ||  John Hawkes ||  Daphne Akhurst   Jean Borotra || b.b.
|}

Sklici

Avstralski tenisači

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Anti-Semitic hate incidents in the UK 'up 16% in 2018'
Image copyright Getty Images The number of anti-Semitic hate incidents in the UK rose by 16% in 2018, according to figures from Jewish charity the Community Security Trust. CST said it recorded 1,652 anti-Semitic incidents last year, the highest total since it began collecting data in 1984. The charity added the figures reflected "deepening divides
The number of anti-Semitic hate incidents in the UK rose by 16% in 2018, according to figures from Jewish charity the Community Security Trust.
CST said it recorded 1,652 anti-Semitic incidents last year, the highest total since it began collecting data in 1984.
The charity added the figures reflected "deepening divides in our country and our politics".
Home Secretary Sajid Javid said the government was doing all it could to "rid society of these poisonous views".
He added anti-Semitism was "utterly despicable" and had "no place in society".
These new figures are broadly in line with a Home Office report from October, which showed all forms of hate crime in England and Wales rose by 17% in 2017/18.
Of the 1,652 incidents recorded by the CST in 2018, 123 involved "potential grievous bodily harm or a threat to life", a 17% decrease from 2017.
The most common single type of incident involved verbal abuse randomly directed at Jewish people in public.
The report cited a number of cases across different categories, including a man who was walking to a synagogue when food was thrown at him from a car, a woman who was spat at in the face on a bus, a Jewish bakery that was vandalised with anti-Semitic graffiti, and a brick that was thrown at a synagogue's glass front door.
The CST report also said:
There were 384 anti-Semitic incidents involving social media last year – nearly a quarter (23%) of the overall total number of reports
A total of 148 incidents in 2018 were examples of – or related to arguments over – alleged anti-Semitism in the Labour Party
Almost 75% of all anti-Semitic incidents took place in London and Manchester – where the two largest Jewish communities in the UK are located
At least 100 incidents were recorded in every month of the year, with the highest monthly totals coming in May (182), April (151) and August (150)
Responding to the report, the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Anti-Semitism, Labour MP John Mann, said: "Sadly, these figures are not surprising, indeed they are predictable.
"If you consider the whole anti-Semitic onslaught on social media as just one incident then, in fact, the problem is bigger than the incident figures suggest."
Marie van der Zyl, president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, said the figures were "very worrying for Jews living in the UK".
"Overall, the UK remains a happy place for its Jewish community, but this reports shows that there is no room for complacency."
Assistant Chief Constable Mark Hamilton, the national policing lead for hate crime, said there were still "far too many people who act illegally, fuelled by global events, divisions in our society or historical bigotries".
AntiSemitic


Some British Chieftain Main Battle Tanks have aluminum bulldozer blades mounted on the hull front for preparing defensive positions and clearing roads. See more tank pictures.
The Chieftain Main Battle Tank (MBT) derives from a long line of tanks that began with the Mark II Matilda II in 1939.
Matilda's successors evolved from infantry support through cruiser to medium battle tank as they were made progressively faster and up-gunned -- Matilda II (40mm), Cromwell (57mm and 75mm), Comet (76mm), and Centurion (76.2mm, 83.4mm, and 105mm).
Each succeeding design also grew heavier. The Centurion weighed in at nearly 57 tons and could move at only 22 miles per hour on the road.
In the late 1940s with the threat of the Soviet T-54/T-55 and the rumored T-62 in mind, designers at Leyland had intended the Chieftain Main Battle Tank to replace both the Centurion Medium Tank and the Conqueror Heavy Tank. The resulting tank was an accommodation among firepower, speed, and agility.
The design of the Chieftain emphasized firepower and protection, but the price paid was less mobility. The Chieftain is a heavy tank at 60 tons and is considered underpowered, even with the larger 650-horsepower Leyland engine installed. The initial engine, a 585-horsepower diesel, was replaced in 1967.
The Chieftain's silhouette was two feet shorter than that of its forerunner, the Conqueror. Armor thicknesses are classified, but cast and rolled armor was used on the hull.
The turret was cast in two pieces and then welded together. Appliqué armor provided additional turret protection at the front and behind the commander's cupola.
The hull was cast in three pieces, which were welded together, and, like earlier British tanks, divided into three compartments -- driving, fighting, and engine, front to back.
The Chieftain carried a crew of four. The driver sat near the front in a reclining seat with a hatch to the right. The commander, gunner, and loader were in the turret, which contained a separate rotating cupola for the commander. The commander had full 360° vision through a variety of periscopes, which were also fitted with night vision devices.
The Chieftain Main Battle Tank was armed with the 120mm L11A5 rifled main gun, which made it one of the most heavily armed MBTs of its time.
Full nuclear-biological-chemical protection was provided through a forced-air filtering system. Two six-barreled smoke dischargers were mounted on the turret. An infrared searchlight was mounted to the right of the commander's cupola.
The Chieftain Main Battle Tank was built around the 120mm LI 1A5 rifled tank gun. When introduced in May 1963, the Chieftain was the most powerfully armed tank in the world.
The British Army decided to re-equip its Chieftains with an even more powerful L30 high-pressure rifled gun. The Chieftain was also equipped with three machine guns, a 12.7mm range-finding gun and two 7.62mm NATO machine guns, one coaxial and the other, which was mounted within reach of the commander's cupola, for antiaircraft use.
The range-finding machine gun was used to aim the main gun before the Barr and Stroud laser sight was installed. Most of the range-finding guns were removed.
All Chieftains had a fully integrated fire control system, which allowed the 120mm main gun to be fired accurately either out to 2,000 meters while moving or out to 3,000 meters while stationary.
A Chieftain Main Battle Tank belonging to the 17/21st Lancers, British Army of the Rhine.
The Chieftain has been widely used throughout the world by Great Britain as well as other nations. One of the better customers for the Chieftain was Iran prior to 1978.
Starting in 1971, Iran bought nearly 900 Chieftains, and all were delivered before the Shah's government fell in 1979. The Chieftain saw a great deal of service in the Iran-Iraq War of 1980-1988 and gave a very good account of itself against Soviet tanks.
Iraq is said to have captured more than 300 Chieftains during the fighting, a large number of which were undamaged because they were abandoned by their crews.
Chieftains were also purchased by Jordan, Oman, Iraq, and Kuwait. The refusal of Great Britain to sell Chieftain tanks to Israel during and after the 1967 Arab-Israeli war prompted Israel to develop its own MBT, the Merkava.
To learn about Chieftain Main Battle Tank specifications, continue to the next page.


text:
21 albatross eggs relocated from to Oahu
By Jessica Else The Garden Island | Friday, December 29, 2017, 12:05 a.m.
photo courtesy of DLNR
21 albatross eggs were relocated from Pacific Missile Range Facility to the Ka'ena Point albatross colony on Oahu in December.
KEKAHA — An active airstrip at Kauai's Pacific Missile Range Facility poses problems for the albatross colony that is returning to the island for nesting season, and that has been the spark for many relocations of albatross eggs from the base.
Over the past 12 years, officials estimate 600 Laysan Albatross eggs have been relocated from the missile range, and some of those eggs have found homes on private Kauai properties. Last year 48 eggs were relocated throughout the entire nesting season.
While some of those eggs are relocated to somewhere else on The Garden Island, many of them go to the Ka'ena Point albatross colony on Oahu, where surrogate parents raise them as their own.
In December 2017, 21 new eggs made their way to Ka'ena Point and are expected to start hatching in February, with the young chicks fledging about five months after hatching.
"This really is a win-win situation for the albatross here and for the Navy," said Eric Vanderwerf, director of science with Pacific Rim Conservation, which partnered with PMRF staff members on the project.
He continued: "The Navy's long-term goal is to reduce the number of albatross where they're an airstrike hazard. And the Ka'ena Point colony suffered a setback a couple of years ago because of human vandalism, so this will give a little boost to this colony and get it back to the path where it would have been headed anyway."
Team members worked together to check eggs for the presence of live embryos, since there's always a certain percentage of the eggs the birds lay which are infertile.
At Ka'ena Point, team members identified the albatross pairs that were incubating one of those infertile eggs, which the birds will do for at least the 60-day gestation period, even if there isn't a chick inside. After identifying those birds, their infertile eggs were replaced with the fertile eggs from the PMRF colony.
"By translocating eggs to more appropriate nesting areas, eventually the colony will presumably be fully ensconced elsewhere," said a press release from the state's Department of Land and Natural Resources. "The team would like to see the creation of additional foster nest locations on Kauai, so eggs removed from PMRF can remain on the island."
The island-to-island transfer isn't the first, but it is the largest number of eggs relocated in one shot, according to officials.
Report: Most sirens worked during Hawaii warning test
Honolulu officials handing out business cards to panhandlers


text:
Q: JSP form doesn't send to database. Using beans When i submit data from my form it doesnt save to the database... no error occurs...
i can retrieve from the database but not save to it...
heres the code:
test.jsp
 <%@page import="java.util.ArrayList"%>
<%@page contentType="text/html" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
<%@ page import="my.beans.StudentBean"%>

<jsp:useBean id="studentData" scope="request"
             class="my.beans.StudentDataBean"/>

        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
        <title>Words View</title>

Student List

First Name

Last Name

Comment

Email

                    <%
                        ArrayList<StudentBean> studentList = studentData.getStudentList();
                        Iterator studentListIterator = studentList.iterator();
                        StudentBean student;

                        while (studentListIterator.hasNext()){
                            student = (StudentBean) studentListIterator.next();
                    %>

                    <%= student.getFirstName()%>
                    <%= student.getLastName()%>
                    <%= student.getComment()%>
                    <%= student.getEmail()%>

                <% }
                %>

formTest.jsp
<%@taglib prefix="sql" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/sql"%>

<%@page contentType="text/html" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
    "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<jsp:useBean id = "student" scope = "page"
             class = "my.beans.StudentBean" />
<jsp:useBean id = "studentD" scope = "page"
             class = "my.beans.StudentDataBean" />

    <form method="post" action="test.jsp">

            <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
            <title>Student Login</title>

            <jsp:setProperty name = "student" property = "*" />
            <% // start scriptlet
                if (student.getFirstName() == null
                        || student.getLastName() == null
                        || student.getEmail() == null
                        || student.getComment() == null) {
            %>
            Enter forename, surname, student ID and email address to

            register.

                    First Name:

                        <input type="text" name="first" />

                    Last Name:

                        <input type="text" name="last" />

                    Email:

                        <input type="text" name="email" />

                    Comment:

                        <input type="text" name="comment" />

                        <input type="submit" value="Submit" />

    </form>
    <%            } else {
        studentD.addStudent(student);
    %>
    <jsp:forward page="test.jsp" />
    <%
        }
    %>

And then my beans...
StudentBean.java
package my.beans;

public class StudentBean {

        /***********\
         * Globals *
        \***********/

    private String firstName;
    private String lastName;
    private String comment;
    private String email;

        public StudentBean(){

        }

        // get/set for First Name
    public void setFirstName(String f) {
        firstName = f;
    }
        public String getFirstName(){
                return firstName;
        }

        // get/set for Last Name
    public void setLastName(String l) {
        lastName = l;
    }
        public String getLastName(){
                return lastName;
        }

        // get/set for comment
    public void setComment(String co) {
        comment = co;
    }
        public String getComment(){
                return comment;
        }

        // get/set for Email
    public void setEmail(String em) {
        email = em;
    }
        public String getEmail(){
                return email;
        }
}

StudentDataBean.java
package my.beans;

import java.sql.SQLException;
import javax.sql.rowset.CachedRowSet;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import com.sun.rowset.CachedRowSetImpl; // CachedRowSet implementation

public class StudentDataBean {

   private CachedRowSet rowSet;

   // construct TitlesBean object
   public StudentDataBean() throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException{
      // load the MySQL driver
      Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

      // specify properties of CachedRowSet
      rowSet = new CachedRowSetImpl();
      rowSet.setUrl("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test");
      rowSet.setUsername("root");
      rowSet.setPassword("");

      // obtain list of titles
      rowSet.setCommand("SELECT firstName, lastName, email, comment FROM guests" );
      rowSet.execute();
   } // end StudentDataBean constructor

   // return an ArrayList of StudnetBeans
   public ArrayList<StudentBean> getStudentList() throws SQLException{
      ArrayList<StudentBean> studentList = new ArrayList<StudentBean>();

      rowSet.beforeFirst(); // move cursor before the first row

      // get row data
      while (rowSet.next()){
         StudentBean student = new StudentBean();

         student.setFirstName(rowSet.getString(1));
         student.setLastName(rowSet.getString(2));
         student.setEmail(rowSet.getString(3));
         student.setComment(rowSet.getString(4));

         studentList.add( student );
      } // end while

      return studentList;
   } // end method getStudentList

   // insert a Student in student database
   public void addStudent(StudentBean student) throws SQLException
   {
      rowSet.moveToInsertRow(); // move cursor to the insert row

      // update the three columns of the insert row
      rowSet.updateString( 1, student.getFirstName() );
      rowSet.updateString( 2, student.getLastName() );
      rowSet.updateString( 3, student.getEmail() );
      rowSet.updateString( 4, student.getComment() );
      rowSet.insertRow(); // insert row to rowSet
      rowSet.moveToCurrentRow(); // move cursor to the current row
              try{
            rowSet.acceptChanges();
        }
        catch(Exception e){
            System.out.println("Exception caught at line 67: " + e);
        }
   }
}

A: Problem solved: it was an error with my java conventions not matching.


He said multilateral institutions and action came from a collection of sovereign decisions based on individual States' own interests. That was not narrow self-interest, but an expanded view of mutual interest in which there was room for all to prosper. Canada called that "enlightened sovereignty" — meaning, great things could be accomplished by working together. Collective action, however, did not mean uniformity. For example, when Canada placed strong sanctions on Syria's current regime, it had acted independently, but in close consultation and cooperation with other nations.
Canada was the seventh largest contributor to the United Nations finances, and believed that it must be a force for positive action to make the world a better place, he said. But its relevance and effectiveness was imperilled when the founding principles were observed in word but not in deed. "So it is when the presidency of the Disarmament Conference passes to a regime involved in the illicit transfers of weapons, material and technology. Or when Iran, which mocks the values of this organization through outrages such as refusing to allow entry to UN observers on human rights, is permitted to seek leadership roles, such as a vice-presidency of the General Assembly and a spot on the Commission on Population and Development," he said.
Canada consistently opposed the debasement of multilateral institutions by conduct that was inconsistent with their values. For example, this year marked the fiftieth anniversary of its principled refusal to support membership in the Commonwealth of Nations by South Africa's apartheid regime. "The greatest enemies of the United Nations are not those who publicly repudiate its actions. The greatest enemies of the United Nations are those who quietly undermine its principles and, even worse, by those who sit idly, watching its slow decline. "We cannot sit idly," he said.


text:
Children's Hospital NO's ThriveKids Program Organizes Large-Scale COVID-19 Vaccination Effort
In partnership with the Louisiana Department of Education, Children's Hospital New Orleans is serving as a resource for schools across Louisiana and to provide guidance on best practices, procedures, resources, and robust testing for COVID-19 as part of Children's ThriveKids Student Wellness Project. The list of school services available through Children's Hospital now includes much anticipated vaccination against COVID-19.
"This is an important moment in our fight against COVID-19 and a reflection of Children's Hospital's ongoing commitment to do the right thing for kids," says John R. Nickens IV, president and chief executive officer of Children's Hospital New Orleans. "Children's is dedicating significant resources toward vaccination for school team members because we know the faster we can vaccinate, the faster we can get back to normal learning environments for our children – a day we are all incredibly hopeful for."
"Children's Hospital is proud to be the vaccination solution for schools across the Greater New Orleans Area, ensuring school team members can receive the COVID-19 vaccine immediately upon the Governor's announcement of Phase 1B Tier 2 distribution," says Jonathan Brouk, chief operating officer of Children's Hospital New Orleans. "We are expecting Tier 2 distribution to begin in the next few weeks, and Children's Hospital is prepared to begin rapidly vaccinating large numbers of teachers and other school team members."
Last week, Children's Hospital initiated a large, on-campus vaccination clinic, which the hospital is currently using to vaccinate school nurses and school team members age 70 and above, under Louisiana's Phase 1B Tier 1 distribution guidelines.
"I remain inspired by the hard work our education and healthcare communities have done to ensure the health and safety of our teachers, students, and families," says Mayor LaToya Cantrell. "It is vital that our educators are included in Phase 1B Tier 2 distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine, they are essential to the
city's recovery and to the wellbeing of our children. Collaboration is critical and our city will continue to benefit from this type of partnership as we continue to recover from the pandemic."
Children's Hospital's ThriveKids team is coordinating directly with schools now, including NOLA Public Schools, private, charter, and parochial schools across the New Orleans area, to plan for widespread vaccination of all school team members as soon as Tier 2 distribution begins.
"We're excited to learn our school nurses will be among the first school team members to receive the vaccine," says NOLA Public Schools Superintendent Dr. Henderson Lewis, Jr. "Our dedicated nurses are often the first health expert children see in this pandemic. They're the healthcare workers who've been rolling up their sleeves in our schools, and they are indispensable in our fight to keep our students and staff safe. We are grateful to the state and LCMC Health for helping take care of them and, over time, our entire school community."
Children's Hospital is preparing to provide as many as 15,000 – 20,000 vaccines within the first 4-6 weeks of beginning Phase 1B Tier 2 distribution, as supplies allow.
To learn more about COVID-19 vaccine distribution for school team members, schools are asked to email thrivekids@lcmchealth.org or call (504) 894-5109.
ThriveKids, The Student Wellness Project, is a community-based program that provides school-based virtual care, mental and behavioral health services, sports medicine, chronic condition management, COVID-19 support, school nurse support, a dedicated nurse hotline for school wellness, and best practice reference materials for schools throughout Louisiana. ThriveKids involves direct collaboration with schools, and customized programs based on each school partner's specific needs.
Learn more about ThriveKids, The Student Wellness Project, at chnola.org/ThriveKids.
US HEALTHCARE JOURNALS © 2020


text:
A wafer tumbler lock is a type of lock that uses a set of flat wafers to prevent the lock from opening unless the correct key is inserted. This type of lock is similar to the pin tumbler lock and works on a similar principle. However, unlike the pin tumbler lock, where each pin consists of two or more pieces, each wafer in the lock is a single piece. The wafer tumbler lock is often incorrectly referred to as a disc tumbler lock, which uses an entirely different mechanism.

Early development

The earliest record of the wafer tumbler lock in the United States is a patent from 1868 by Philo Felter. Manufactured in Cazenovia, New York, it used a flat double-bitted key. Felter's lock was patented only three years after Linus Yale, Jr. received a patent for his revolutionary pin tumbler mortise lock, considered to be the first pin tumbler lock of the modern era. That lock featured a flat steel key, referred to as a "feather key" because of the marked contrast with the heavy bit keys of the day. Just two years later, Hiram S. Shepardson produced a different type of wafer tumbler lock, which used a single-bitted flat steel key, similar to Yale's feather key.

By 1878, Yale Lock had purchased Shepardson's company, The United States Lock Company, as well as Felter's American Lock Manufacturing Company. For the next 35 years, production of wafer tumbler locks languished in the U. S. And while Felter and Shepardson had designed their wafer tumbler locks for a variety of applications such as drawer and desk locks as well as padlocks and door locks, the wafer tumbler locks made during this era were mainly used for doors in mortise locks and night-latches.

Emil Christoph developed a wafer tumbler lock in 1913 which used a double-bitted key. His patent was assigned to King Lock of Chicago, a new lock manufacturer. By 1915 Briggs & Stratton Corporation was using King wafer tumbler locks in their ignition switches. In 1919, Briggs & Stratton applied for a switch patent using a wafer tumbler lock of their own design, which used a double-bitted key. Five years later, Edward N. Jacobi of Briggs & Stratton filed for a patent for a five-wafer, single-bitted wafer tumbler lock. The first recorded use of this lock was for an automobile, the 1924 Hupp Eight.

In the UK, this type of lock was introduced by Josiah Parkes & Sons of Willenhall in 1929, who supplied them initially to the Wilmot Breeden company.  Early units were stamped with a patent number on the keys, although it is not clear whether this referred to a U.S. patent or one taken out by JPS themselves.   Wilmot Breeden combined leaf-tumbler barrels with parallel innovations in pressure diecasting and chromium-plating and thus became the major manufacture of vehicle body hardware in the UK nearly fifty years, supplying all of the country's vehicle manufacturers apart from Rolls-Royce and Bentley who remained with pin-tumbler designs. Early WB key-types were branded 'MRA', 'NAX', and 'MRN', the latter being used universally until 1945. British competitors copied WB patterns, even duplicating the exact cut of their keys, necessitating changes to 'FA', 'FP', and 'FS', each having some variation in fluting, or key-section.  All these barrels used single-sided keys until a 'double-entry' pattern was developed for Ford in 1962, and this quickly became the standard with motor manufacturers until the advent of higher-security barrels in 1968.  The first of these was 'NH', with ten tumblers arranged five per side, which was required to meet new motor industry standards for security. Subsequently WB's more advanced 'WR' series also had ten tumblers but with an asymmetrical key.  Development ceased with the effective demise of WB in 1982.

Design

In a cylindrical wafer tumbler lock, a series of flat wafers holds a cylindrical plug in place. The wafers are fitted into vertical slots in the plug, and are spring-loaded, causing them to protrude into diametrically opposed wide grooves in the outer casing of the lock. As long as any of the wafers protrude into one of the wide grooves, rotation of the plug is blocked, as would be the case if there was no key, or if an improperly bitted key were inserted.

A rectangular hole is cut into the center of each wafer; the vertical position of the holes in the wafers vary, so a key must have notches corresponding to the height of the hole in each wafer, so that each wafer is pulled in to the point where the wafer edges are flush with the plug, clearing the way for the plug to rotate in order to open the lock. If any wafer is insufficiently raised, or raised too high, the wafer edge will be in one of the grooves, blocking rotation.

Types and wafer arrangements

Wafer tumbler lock configurations vary with manufacturer. The most common is the single-bitted, five-wafer configuration most commonly found on desk drawers, cabinets, key switches, lockers, cash boxes and electrical panels.

Some wafer tumbler locks use a stack of closely spaced wafers designed to fit a specific contour of a double-sided key and work on the principle of a carpenter's contour gauge.

Wafer tumbler locks can use single-bitted or double-bitted keys. Though wafer arrangements within the plug may vary, such as automotive locks, where the wafers are arranged in opposed sets, requiring a double-bitted key, the operating principle remains the same.

Crushable wafer tumbler lock
At one time, several manufacturers made a "crushable wafer tumbler" for these locks, the idea being to simplify the task of rekeying for locksmiths and reduce the number of different wafers that needed to be manufactured and stocked. To rekey such a lock, the locksmith simply replaced all the wafers with identical "crushable wafers", cut the new key, inserted the key into the plug, inserted the plug into a special "crushing" tool, and squeezed the handle of the tool, crushing the wafers to fit the key. It was quick and easy but had reliability problems: debris from the crushed wafers often remained in the plug causing wear and occasional jamming of wafers or the plug, and sometimes wafers crushed unevenly making them weak and causing them to break later in use. This system was eventually abandoned.

Vulnerabilities

Most wafer tumbler locks with poor tolerances can be opened with a set of jigglers or try-out keys. These sets of keys are designed with the most common patterns of key available. The key is inserted into the lock like a normal key, and a turning force is applied whilst the key is raked back and forth until the lock opens.

References

External links
How to pick wafer locks

Locks (security device)
Cazenovia, New York


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Shibuya-ku, Yoyogi 2-1-1
Shinjuku Mains Tower 28F
Feds have delivered two-thirds of COVID stimulus check money
Posted by:	Stratford Team
Category:	Business
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The feds reportedly doled about two-thirds of the money set aside for the second round of coronavirus stimulus checks in just one week.
As of Tuesday, the Treasury Department had distributed more than $112 billion worth of the $600 payments since they started going out last week, The Wall Street Journal reported. The checks were reportedly expected to cost roughly $164 billion overall.
That suggests the second checks have gotten to Americans faster than the first. The Internal Revenue Service took about three weeks to distribute a little more than half of the $293 billion set aside for the initial $1,200 checks in last spring's massive CARES Act stimulus bill.
But the process hasn't been free from glitches despite the increased speed.
For instance, taxpayers grew confused about the status of their payments after learning that tax preparers H&R Block and TurboTax had become middlemen for the money. And the IRS admitted that some checks were sent to closed or inactive accounts, forcing banks to return the money to the feds.
"While the IRS has been able to deliver the second round of Economic Impact Payments in record time, we understand there are many questions and we appreciate everyone's patience during this period," the tax agency said in a statement Tuesday.
Officials have not said how many individual payments have been distributed, but those made so far were delivered electronically to taxpayers' bank accounts, according to the Journal.
Eligible Americans who haven't received the payment may need to wait for a check or debit card to arrive in the mail, which could take as long as three to four weeks, the IRS said.
People who were unfortunate enough to have their money sent to a closed or inactive bank account won't receive a direct deposit or paper check, officials said. Instead, they'll have to claim the payment as a "Recovery Rebate Credit" when they file their 2020 tax return this year.
Taxpayers can use the IRS' "Get My Payment" tool to learn whether they're in this category. If they are, the tool will display a message that says "Payment Status #2 – Not Available."
The Treasury Department did not immediately respond to a request for comment Wednesday morning.
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The Drop Everything List
Roasting an Entire Steer, Fiddlers' Frolics, and the Moontower Comedy and Oddity Fest . . .
Michael Hoinski
https://www.texasmonthly.com/the-culture/the-drop-everything-list-41/
From the May 2012 Issue Subscribe
Photo by Joshua Martin
Throw your plans out the window. We scoured the state in search of the top events and offerings, from roasting a 900-pound cow in Wimberly and A-list comedians in Austin to a fiddle competition and a birthday bash for Johnny Cash. Here's our super select guide to the things you absolutely can't afford to miss.
[Apr 20–26]
WIMBERLY
With all the praise recently heaped on the homegrown barbecue scene, it would seem Texans would be the masters of all meats. But roasting a 900-pound cow presents a challenge to even the most seasoned pitmasters. When the Austin chefs Emmett Fox, Louis Lambert and Larry McGuire try to accomplish the feat this weekend on a private ranch as part of Vaca y Vino—a 5-hour, 300-person dinner party with live music—they will turn to the French methodologies of Francis Mallmann, the Argentine chef trained in France. Guests will arrive to find the giant steer hoisted onto a custom-made trellis, above a bunker of concrete blocks. "My biggest concern is getting that steer on that apparatus," Fox said. "It will take at least six people." A month ago, Fox and his crew did a practice run with a 350-pound half cow. This time, they intend to bring in some professional butchers to help. "Carving it up will be a big undertaking," Fox said, "but it will be a big part of the show."
Bridges Ranch, April 22, 1 p.m. vacayvino.com
Strung Along
Fiddlers' Frolics started in 1971 as a fund-raiser for the Knights of Columbus. It has evolved into the Texas state championship fiddle competition, and it is also the subject of a documentary, "The Devil's Box," which premiered at South by Southwest in 2011. "The thing that will surprise people is how young the contestants are," said the event's organizer, John Stuart Fryer, whose father, Cliff, was one of three to conceive the fund-raiser and to put up the prize money the first year. "The old guys are still playing, but they don't have the dexterity any more." Impeccable melodies and tenacious breakdowns await a judges' panel of past champions and a thousand onlookers during the weekend, paired with barbecue and new Songwriter Serenade competitions. Equally entertaining is the Anything Goes contest the night before the championship. "That's when you'll hear 'Orange Blossom Special' and other gimmicky stuff," Fryer said. "There are sisters who bow each other's fiddles and people who play behind their backs. I've even seen a guy dance on a barrel and roll."
Various locations, April 26-29, various times. fiddlersfrolics.com
Field of Green
Former President George W. Bush can be polarizing, but his wife, Laura, is largely respected. Her enrichment of Texas dates back to 1995, her first year as first lady of Texas, when she established the Texas Book Festival, noted for its literacy advocacy. Mrs. Bush has since turned her attention to the environment. She has parlayed her honorary chair on the National Park Foundation into Taking Care of Texas, the new conservation corps. Attend Earth Day Dallas, where Mrs. Bush will be a keynote speaker, and let her give you that swift boot in the pants you need to finally follow through on your community service intentions. Mrs. Bush's pitch will be one of many at this mini-city of green-tainment, where admission is free in exchange for your contribution to the environment.
Fair Park, April 21-22, 10 a.m. earthdaydallas.org
Nick Offerman and Aziz Ansari play two of television's funniest characters on the NBC comedy "Parks and Recreation." Each week millions tune in to watch Ron Swanson (Mr. Offerman) and Tom Haverford (Mr. Ansari) ham it up with the rest of the City of Pawnee staff. But like many of today's most hilarious personalities, Offerman and Ansari got their starts on the stage, left to their own devices to get a laugh. They will return to this form at the Moontower Comedy and Oddity Fest, a multiday laugh-in with an assemblage of performers that would make the Not Ready for Prime-Time Players truly look it. A-list talent including Wanda Sykes, most notably of "Curb Your Enthusiasm"; Seth Meyers, the Weekend Update anchor for "Saturday Night Live"; and Steven Wright, the mysterious man of droll, are some of the many geniuses who will make you delightfully sick with laughter.
Various locations, April 25-28, various times. moontowercomedyfestival.com
Paul Goldberger, the Pulitzer Prize-winning architecture critic for The New Yorker, and others at the David Dillon Symposium convey that critiquing buildings that have already been built is worthwhile because of its place in the discussion of buildings that have yet to be built.
Dallas Museum of Art and Nasher Sculpture Center, April 26-27, various times. uta.edu
Cashing Their Chips
Willie Nelson and Kris Kristofferson are why people will buy tickets to "We Walk the Line," the star-studded 80th birthday bash for Johnny Cash, but it will be special guest Matthew McConaughey who will have people afraid to go to the bar or bathroom for fear of missing a bongos solo.
ACL Live, April 20, 8 p.m. acl-live.com
Tags: The Culture, The Drop Everything List
By Michael Hoinski
Held for Ransom
Fairy Tale Gone Wild
Lizzo's Rise to Stardom, By the Numbers
By Cat Cardenas