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Sports | Prep
Erickson kicks top-ranked Chatfield past Caledonia and into Class AA state tournament
Chatfield, ranked No. 1 in the state in Class AA, nipped No. 8 Caledonia 10-8 in the Section 1AA football championship game on Friday.
Chatfield, including senior Sam Backer (21), celebrates after the Gophers won the Section 1AA football championship game 10-8 against Caledonia on Friday, Nov. 4, 2022, at Kasson-Mantorville High School in Kasson.
Traci Westcott / Post Bulletin
By Joe Mellenbruch
KASSON — Jeff Johnson needed him.
Chatfield's Jacob Erickson is a senior now. He entered his junior season as the team's starting quarterback, with all-world tailback Sam Backer lined up behind him. But that junior campaign was tragically cut short by a Week 2 ACL injury at Triton, putting the future of Erickson's football career in serious doubt.
But Johnson had a plan for Erickson.
"He's a great athlete. He also loves basketball and baseball. I had a talk with him last spring, and I said, 'Hey, you're still a weapon,' " said Johnson, Chatfield's 17-year head coach. "I said, 'You can punt it. You can kick it. If we're going to be a championship team, we need you.'
"And he said, 'I'll do it.' "
That decision paid huge dividends for the Gophers on Friday at KMTelecom Stadium. With ice water in his veins, Erickson drilled a 27-yard field goal midway through the fourth quarter, which eventually proved the decisive chapter in an otherwise tightly contested 10-8 victory over No. 8 Caledonia, with Section 1AA supremacy very much at stake.
The win sends No. 1 Chatfield (10-0), once again, to the state quarterfinals, where the Gophers will take on unranked Blue Earth Area on Thursday at Mayo High School.
Chatfield's Jacob Erikson makes what turned out to be the game-winning field goal during the Section 1AA football championship game against Caledonia on Friday, Nov. 4, 2022, at Kasson-Mantorville High School in Kasson. Erikson's kick lifted Chatfield past Caledonia 10-8.
"I knew I was going to come back, but I wasn't sure what my role might be," said Erickson, a three-sport star for the Gophers. "I knew that I could kick and punt for the team. I wasn't sure about quarterback, so the special teams side of things is what I ended up sticking with and that's what I've been working on this year."
That hard work has since yielded a team-wide confidence in his abilities. In practice, Erickson is typically good from 40-plus.
With that in mind, Johnson and his staff entered Friday's title-game tilt with a plan. They envisioned the exact scenario. Down 1. Second half. What kind of field-goal attempt are we comfortable with here?
They knew they had options with Erickson.
"From the 15-yard line, 20, 25, you know, in that position, we kick it with that kid," Johnson said. "We knew our field-goal range was, and the ball ended up right in that range in the end. And it worked out."
Erickson's heroics were actually set up by another moment of special-teams brilliance from Chatfield.
With Caledonia clinging to a narrow 8-7 lead early in the fourth quarter, the Gophers' defense forced a quick three-and-out, prompting a Warriors punt. The subsequent attempt was then blocked, with Caledonia senior Jackson Schild, who attempted the pooch punt, lined up just 8 yards behind his center prior to the snap. Chatfield's Kailan Schott was the one who got his hand on it, setting the Gophers up in enemy territory at the 21-yard line.
Photos: Chatfield, Caledonia Section 1AA football championship game on Nov. 4, 2022
Chatfield defeated Caledonia 10-8 in a Section 1AA football championship game on Friday, Nov. 4, 2022, at Kasson-Mantorville High School in Kasson.
By Traci Westcott
Four plays later, following a failed third-down conversion facing fourth-and-6 at the 10, it was a no-brainer for Johnson.
"I was definitely expecting the call," Erickson said. "I was watching the coaches right there, and when I saw them turn toward us on the sideline, I knew that we were going to kick it.
"I was ready to go. I didn't even have a lot of nerves, to be honest. I just knew that if I kept my head down and did my best that it'd go right through. I just kicked it up there."
Think his teammates are happy he suited up this season? You need not ask.
"That's one of my best friends. I love that kid," Chatfield senior Sam Backer said. "Honestly, we wouldn't be where we are now without him, and I hope everyone knows that, and I hope he knows that. It was a huge moment. He hits them from far out in practice and he's always clutch. I appreciate him so much."
"It feels great that I'm still worth something to this team," Erickson said. "We all work hard and do great together. It's special."
A scoreless first half brought on the drama of the second.
Chatfield got things started midway through the third quarter, but at first, it was Caledonia at the doorstep with a chance to break the 0-0 tie. But a fourth-and-goal attempt inside the 1-yard line saw the Gophers' defense hold firm, inflicting a heartbreaking turnover on downs mere inches from the goal line.
On the very next play, Backer, still climbing the state's all-time rushing standings with the record still in reach, took a first-down attempt 99 yards to the house.
"When teams play great defense it's like, yeah they're great but there's always a weakness to exploit somewhere," said Backer, who capped the night with 208 rushing yards, almost half of which came on the TD. Backer was otherwise limited to 109 yards on 20 carries, a per-carry average of 5.5. Tame by his historic standards.
"We hadn't run out of empty (formation) all game, and I saw how spread out their defense was. I knew right then, if I hit the right hole here I'm gonna be gone."
Indeed he was, but Warriors wasted no time in responding. Their very next drive went for 12 plays and seven first downs in just over five minutes, culminating in a 1-yard QB sneak touchdown from sophomore Ethan Stendel. That TD was then followed by a bruising 2-point conversion run from senior Ayden Goetzinger to make it 8-7 Caledonia.
But that was the extent of the offensive scoring. It came down to Erickson in the end.
The Gophers needed him. Johnson knew they would.
"Storybook ending. I love it. I love it for him," Johnson said. "He didn't get to finish his junior season. Baseball's probably his favorite sport. He's a pretty good basketball player, too. Missed all of that. Slipped and fell last spring and kind of re-tweaked it again, and he rehabbed it as hard as he could.
"He's still a little sore, even now, and he still comes out and punches that through for a section championship.
CHATFIELD 10, CALEDONIA 8
Caledonia 0-0-8-0 — 8
Chatfield 0-0-7-3 — 10
No scoring
CHAT — Sam Backer 99 run (Jacob Erickson kick), 6:45.
CAL — Ethan Stendel 1 run (Ayden Goetzinger run), 1:04.
CHAT — Erickson 27 field goal, 6:34.
INDIVIDUAL STATISTICS
RUSHING: Caledonia — Goetzinger 19-78, Eric Mauss 6-28, Lewis Doyle 8-17, Stendel 3-14, Tucker Ginther 2-6, Owen Denstad 1-2; Chatfield — Backer 21-208, Kailan Schott 11-32, Jackson Schild 1-5, Luke Carrier 1-minus 12, Team 1-minus 1.
PASSING: Caledonia — Doyle 3-5-0-32, Stendel 4-10-0-18, Goetzinger 0-1-0-0; Chatfield — Backer 1-5-0-9.
RECEIVING: Caledonia — Caleb Conniff 4-39, Owen Denstad 2-6, Josh Breadmore 1-5; Chatfield — Carrier 1-9.
Related Topics: FOOTBALL2022-23 FALL MSHSL TOURNAMENTS CHATFIELDCALEDONIA
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By idobi Staff | March 11, 2019 at 8:00 PM
This week: Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj, This Is Us, Deadly Class, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, For the People, Arrested Development, Turn Up Charlie, Shrill, Doom Patrol, American Gods, Now Apocalypse
"Hip-hop and Streaming"
New episodes Sunday
Photo: Cara Howe/Netflix
Hip-hop makes up "about 60%" of Hasan Minhaj's personality so it was only a matter of time before he dedicated a full episode of Patriot Act to it. He breaks down the reach and impact of the genre in the age of streaming and no Soundcloud rapper is safe from his burns—all in the name of love. This week's episode takes us on a music-fueled trip via Gucci Gang, YouTube, and the President of Turkmenistan (yup, he's a certified rap star). The long-standing use of hip-hop to fight back against regimes is still going on in places you'd probably never realized due to the lack of media coverage. By the time Minhaj gets to the politically-motivated music groups across the world you'll have an expansive knowledge of why hip-hop and rap are such important forms of expression—and why the freedom to create discourse and dissent through music must be protected.
Hip-hop has already taken over America, but streaming platforms have allowed the genre to transform into a disruptive political force around the world.
"The Waiting Room" – Season 3, Episode 15
Tues Mar 12 – 9PM
Photo by: Ron Batzdorff/NBC
**idobi rated: ❤❤**
Timing is everything. When Kate (Chrissy Metz) goes into labor too early the Pearson family gather in the hospital waiting room for more news. There won't be any of the usual This Is Us flashbacks in this episode but there's enough drama and heartache to fill an entire season. Being in such an enclosed tension-filled space means secrets and grudges are about to come out, big time. There's Randall (Sterling K. Brown) and Beth's (Susan Kelechi Watson) marital woes. Then Kevin's (Justin Hartley) alcoholism. Not to mention Rebecca's (Mandy Moore) frustration and grief. With "The Waiting Room" unfolding like a one-act play you won't be able to tear your eyes away from the screen.
New episodes of This Is Us air every Tuesday, only on NBC.
Tensions run high as the Pearsons await news about Kate's pregnancy.
"Kids of the Black Hole" – Season 1, Episode 9
Wed Mar 13 – 10PM
On SYFY
Deadly Class airs every Wednesday, only on SYFY.
From SYFY:
After discovering Chester has taken over Shabnam's house, our heroes lay down plans to raid it.
"Gintars" – Season 6, Episode 10
Thurs Mar 14 – 9PM
Head to Brooklyn Nine-Nine this Thursday on NBC.
A visitor from Latvia causes Charles and Jake to investigate Nikolaj's family. Holt and Amy bring in famed forensic scientist Dr. Yee to help close a case for Rosa.
"This is America" – Season 2, Episode 2
Thurs Mar 14 – 10pm
Photo: ABC/Mitch Haaseth
For the People has never shied away from hitting the real-life issues in America. This week it tackles immigration with a deeply moving story of a father facing deportation, leaving behind a young boy who has no idea what's going on. It's in cases like this—when the cut and dried legal system isn't enough to save the day—that individuals stand for what is right. Tina (Anna Deavere Smith) knows the repercussions she faces for protecting the young child involved but she's strong enough to face it and do everything she can. Her defiant performance makes you wish there were more people like Tina in the real world—and For the People will inspire you to follow her lead.
For the People returns to ABC on Thursday.
Tina faces legal consequences as she defiantly insists on protecting a young boy after his father, a witness in Leonard's case, has a run-in with ICE agents that could lead to his deportation. Elsewhere, Kate is determined to establish her worth to Roger and takes on a significant murder case involving a prominent New York criminal defense attorney.
Season 5, Part 2
Photo: Saeed Adyani/Netflix
We're not sure if Arrested Development is tailor-made for Netflix or if Netflix is tailor-made for Arrested Development. The show taps into the wacky humor of its audience…and is way too complicated for anyone to come in halfway through and understand the plot. The final season is no exception, wrapping up the series with as much sense as this show can allow. George (Jeffrey Tambor) and Buster (Tony Hale) are now on the run as the Inside Outside Bandits, finding more people to draw into their crazy schemes. Speaking of crazy schemes, George-Michael (Michael Cera) is realizing he's more like his family than ever… Could Maeby (Alia Shawkat) save the day? Well, maybe her alter-ego can. It turns out George-Michael's company Fakeblock has a silver lining (y'know, for a fake business) which, of course, means the entire Bluth family are going to try and take advantage. Meanwhile Tobias (David Cross) is trying to figure out a better situation for his new family…if only he could find some gummy bears. Um, yeah, we told you: Arrested Development is just as weird and wild as ever and the only way you could possibly wrap your head around it is to binge-watch it all at once. You've made it this far, after all, so say goodbye to the Bluth family with one last round of misadventures.
Stream the final episodes of
Arrested Development on Netflix on Friday.
As this Netflix (semi) original series, the Bluths are back together, and finally getting the award they think they deserve – for family of the year. A development which will help Lindsay as she begins her campaign for Congress, to become 'part of the problem'. But whatever happens, Michael will always come back to save the family. Probably.
Fri Mar 8
Photo: Nick Wall/Netflix
Idris Elba may be in the running as the next James Bond…but he's met his match in Turn Up Charlie. He plays the titular character, a one-time bigshot DJ who now struggles to pay rent. But Charlie's life takes a different path when he scores a new job: Babysitting his famous friend's kid. Gabby (Frankie Hervey) is the eleven-year-old nightmare you hope you never have to look after—she's old enough to know what she's doing but still young enough to be rude and not care. All she needs is a little love and an actual parental figure in her life—her world-famous DJ mom and actor father might need parenting too. You almost feel sorry for Gabby as much as you want to yell at her. It turns out Charlie and Gabby need each other more than either of them are willing to admit. Turn Up Charlie is another dysfunctional family comedy to add to the Netflix roster and it's definitely worth trying out. The British show is rougher around the edges than your average family comedy but has a certain charm that keeps you hitting play. If only to find out what antics Gabs will get into next…and whether Charlie's wonderful no-nonsense aunt Lydia (Jocelyn Jee Esien) will ever get to deal out justice with her wooden spoon.
Turn Up Charlie debuts on Netflix on Friday.
Turn Up Charlie centers on the titular Charlie (Idris Elba), a struggling DJ and eternal bachelor, who is given a final chance at success when he reluctantly becomes a 'manny' to his famous best friend's problem-child daughter, Gabby (Frankie Hervey). Piper Perabo and JJ Field co-star.
On Hulu
Photo by: Allyson Riggs/Hulu
Hulu's new series Shrill has the components that should make a show sing. It follows an independent journalist who takes an honest approach to life, with a good dose of female empowerment and body positivity thrown in. Annie (Aidy Bryant) is a say-it-loud fat girl who's trying her best NOT to diet (despite her mother's insistence) while ignoring the fact that her "boyfriend" is too ashamed to be seen with her. She writes her truth for the local paper…in spite of her boss' stony attitude. Through a series of events each episode focuses on, she learns to stand up for herself at work and face the problems in her relationships. And, of course, she writes about her experiences along the way…which lands her a lot of fans and more than a few trolls (online and IRL). This storyline thread in particular is real. Annie is supported every step of the way by her best friend Fran (Lolly Adefope)—because what show about female empowerment would be complete without the sisterhood of a sista? (We mean that both enthusiastically and sarcastically.) Like we said, Shrill has everything you'd expect from a show that uplifts women. Yet it left us feeling a little flat at times—those inspiring moments were brought down by choices that don't quite fit her character. But the show is one to persevere with as, for the most part, Shrill takes us on a journey to finding your truest self.
Season 1 of Hulu's Shrill drops on Friday.
From Hulu:
From Executive Producers Lorne Michaels and Elizabeth Banks comes Shrill, a comedy series starring Aidy Bryant (Saturday Night Live) as Annie, a fat young woman who wants to change her life — but not her body. Annie is trying to start her career while juggling bad boyfriends, a sick parent, and a perfectionist boss.
"Paw Patrol" – Season 1, Episode 5
On DC Universe
Photo: Bob Mahoney / 2018 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved.
There ain't nothing like an episode of Doom Patrol to give you an existential crisis. What makes us human? What makes us more? What makes any of us better than the rest? Doom Patrol might not be the kind of show you'd expect to explore such depths (unless you've read the comics) but, then again, the Apocalypse is here and that probably seems like a good time for humans to rise up and become heroes. So, while the whole world is stuck in a giant staring contest, it's up to the Doom Patrol to figure out a plan…and actually stick to it (which is the hard part). Doom Patrol breaks more than the fourth wall every week—which gets our brains just as f@#!$d up as all the ones lying around Cloverton.
Stream Doom Patrol every Friday on DC Universe.
From DC Universe:
With the Apocalypse in full swing, the Doom Patrol must work with an unlikely ally – and a very special pug – to stop the end of the world.
"The Beguiling Man" – Season 2, Episode 2
Sun Mar 17 – 8pm
Photo: Jasper Savage © 2018 Starz Entertainment
The S2 opener promised to make a believer out of you…but by episode 2 you'll wonder if these are false gods. It's almost as if as a big FU to the original creators we're back to the filler of Laura Moon's (Emily Browning) whining. It's hard to understand why this character keeps getting screen time. She's abusive mentally and physically as witnessed by her treatment of Shadow (Ricky Whittle) and then Mad Sweeney (Pablo Schreiber). Laura doesn't have a lot of charm or even the kind of nefarious antics you'd secretly cheer for yet she, not Shadow, or Easter, or Bilquis (Yetide Badaki), or Salim (Omid Abtahi), has become the star of the show. With all the focus on the least interesting of the characters, while Shadow is pushed to the margins, the show has no sense of its own true north. And no idea what story it's trying to tell. Let's hope it rediscovers its form. (read our [p]review here)
American Gods season 2 airs on Sunday, only on STARZ.
Promising vengeance for the death of a beloved old god, Mr. Wednesday begins preparation for a great battle. Meanwhile Laura and Mad Sweeney chase Shadow's diminishing light after he disappears.
Now Apocalypse
"Where Is My Mind?" – Season 1, Episode 2
Catch Now Apocalypse on STARZ every Sunday.
"Now Apocalypse" centers on Ulysses and his friends – Carly, Ford and Severine – pursuing love, sex and fame while trying to navigate the surreal and bewildering city of Los Angeles.
July 15, 2019 | By katieleclerc@idobi.com
You're Somebody to Me
Nathan Kress & Green Poop Texts
Oobat for the Kids
Questionable Question Mark
July 9, 2019 | By katieleclerc@idobi.com
Musky Beavers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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« Why Bias is Impossible to Avoid and So Hard to Detect
How to Think and Write Like an NT Scholar: Part 1 »
Writing Ignatius into History (How the Peregrinus thesis solves many problems)
by Roger Parvus
Filed under: Biblical Studies, Church Fathers
Tags: Ignatius, Ignatius of Antioch, Lucian, Parvus: Letters Ignatius, Peregrinus, Polycarp, Roger Parvus
This post is a continuation of Making Sense of the Letters and Travels of Ignatius (Peregrinus?)
TDOP = The Death of Peregrinus by Lucian. Harmon's translation here.
All posts so far in this series: Roger Parvus: Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius
So far I have called attention to the many similarities between Peregrinus and the author of the so-called Ignatians.
Failed explanations for the similarities
I have explained that, to account for the similarities, it is not enough to simply claim that Lucian, for his portrait of Peregrinus, probably borrowed from Ignatius.
Ignatius of Antiochie (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
It is not enough, for instance,
to say with William Schoedel that "Lucian (as Lightfoot and others have suggested) probably had Ignatius in mind when he wrote the following concerning Peregrinus: 'They say that he sent letters to almost all the famous cities more or less as testaments, counsels, and laws; and he appointed … certain of his companions as ambassadors. . . for the purpose, calling them messengers of the dead and couriers of the shades . . . " (Ignatius of Antioch, p. 279). . . .
Or to say with Allen Brent that "Lucian, as he describes Peregrinus, endows him with many of the characteristics of Ignatius as typical of an imprisoned Christian martyr." (Ignatius of Antioch – A Martyr Bishop and the origin of the Episcopacy, p. 50).
That explanation doesn't work. That kind of borrowing by Lucian would only have compromised his ridicule of Peregrinus. He couldn't have expected to convincingly expose Peregrinus by substituting a lot of characteristics from someone else, especially when he was writing so soon after the demise of his target. People would have noticed that his portrait was false.
More convincing explanations
But I have also now shown that the letters themselves contain puzzling features that point to a different explanation for the similarities. The similarities exist because the letters were in fact written by Peregrinus, but the puzzles exist because changes were later made to the letters to disguise his authorship.
Fortunately, with help from TDOP, enough telltale traces of the true provenance of the letters remain so that the puzzles can be solved.
Authorship by Peregrinus provides a more convincing reason for the urgency of the request that Ambassadors of God be sent from Asia to Antioch.
And that request for Asian Ambassadors matches up with the presence of Asian delegates in Syria who, according to Lucian, helped, defended and encouraged Peregrinus.
My theory also provides a more convincing reason for the request that a most God-pleasing council be convoked.
And it can plausibly reconstruct the circumstances of Peregrinus' arrest and detect the route that was originally in the letters.
It can give a definite meaning to the otherwise vague expression "May I have the joy of you."
Moreover the theory can explain, for instance, why the name of Polycarp is not found in the letter to the Smyrneans, but is found awkwardly lodged in another letter.
And why, for instance, only in the so-called letter to Rome is there no mention of a bishop, presbyters and deacons.
And it can explain the 'filtering out' that has occurred in the church addressed by that letter.
Other lesser anomalies find similarly satisfying solutions.
And, of course, since Peregrinus at some point became an apostate, there is an overall plausible reason why a later Christian would have needed to disguise the letters if he wanted to use them.
Second Century Witness — or Lack Thereof — to an Ignatius of Antioch
My theory can explain too, why the name 'Ignatius'—with a single questionable exception to be considered shortly—is nowhere to be found in any second-century Christian writings outside of the letter collection itself.
One would expect that if the scenario presented by the Ignatians in their present state was authentic, Ignatius of Antioch would receive frequent mention in the early record. After all, here supposedly was an early Christian bishop of one of the major cities in the Roman Empire who travelled to Rome itself for his martyrdom. He supposedly travelled, then, from Antioch through important cities and ports in Asia Minor, then through Philippi and the other towns and cities on the Via Egnatia, and then on to Italy and Rome.
And everywhere he went he received visits from members of the local churches. And "even those that did not lie on my actual route hastened to see me in city after city." (IgnRom. 9:3).
And everywhere he went he and his religious brethren publicized his upcoming sacrifice, by letters and by messengers: "I am writing to all the churches, and I charge them all to know that I die willingly for God…" (IgnRom. 4:1); "You will write to the churches which lie in front…" (IgnPoly. 8:1)
The letters, moreover, connect him with Polycarp, making him a friend and mentor to a figure who himself was widely known to Christians.
It is safe to say that few second-century Christians received the amount of exposure enjoyed by the author of the letter collection. And that is why there has to be something wrong with the scenario presented by the Ignatians in their present state, for Ignatius of Antioch is absent from the second-century Christian record!
My theory can explain that absence.
First, the author of the letters was not a bishop. He was a deacon.
And he was not led to Rome. He was led back to Antioch.
And he was not friends with Polycarp and did not write a letter to him. He wrote the letter to a bishop installed at Antioch after peace had been restored in the church there.
And he did not die a martyr. The governor of Syria ultimately released him.
And his name wasn't Ignatius. It was Peregrinus, and although he was well-known and very popular with his fellow Christians for a time, he ultimately became an embarrassment to them when he became an apostate.
It was only thanks to a later Christian who took up the letters and made changes to them—including changing the name of their author—that Ignatius of Antioch came into being. But those changes were only made around 200 CE . . .
The considerable publicity for his prospective execution that he generated amongst them by letters, ambassadors, couriers and a Christian gathering at Antioch all dissipated once he was released and, especially, when he abandoned Christianity to become a Cynic philosopher. It was only thanks to a later Christian who took up the letters and made changes to them—including changing the name of their author—that Ignatius of Antioch came into being. But those changes were only made around 200 CE, too late for any second-century Christian to be aware of the new creation.
To Origen, writing around 235 CE, belongs the distinction of being the first to indisputably mention Ignatius, bishop of Antioch.
Polycarp's Letter to the Philippians
I noted above that the second-century Christian record does contain one writing, outside of the letter collection itself, that arguably makes reference to Ignatius of Antioch. In chapter nine of the Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians there is a martyr named 'Ignatius:'
(9:1) Therefore I exhort you all to obey the word of righteousness and to practice all endurance, which you also saw before your eyes not only in the blessed Ignatius and Zosimus and Rufus, but also in others from among you and in Paul himself and the other apostles;
(9:2) being convinced that all these did not run in vain, but in faith and righteousness, and that they are in their due place in the presence of the Lord, with whom they also suffered.
Ignatius, Zosimus and Rufus are apparently three men who had been martyred at Philippi, for the passage asserts that they were "from among you" (i.e., from among the Philippians), suffered before their eyes, and are now in the presence of the Lord. However the passage is imprecise enough that it could conceivably be understood to mean that the Philippians saw the three men suffering—but not dying—as they passed through Philippi and that they were put to death somewhere else.
And in line with that interpretation many scholars hold that there is nothing in the passage to prevent the Ignatius who is one of the three martyrs from being the Ignatius whose name is presently is at the head of each of the Ignatian letters.
And in support of this contention they can call upon two other passages in the Philippians letter, passages however that have always posed difficult problems for scholars. One of the passages occurs at the end of the letter. Polycarp writes:
(13:1) You and Ignatius wrote to me asking that, if any one goes to Syria, he take along the letters from you. I will do so if I have an opportunity, either I myself or someone I will send to be ambassador on your behalf and mine.
(13:2) We have sent you, as you directed, the letters of Ignatius that he sent to us, and all the others we had in our possession. They accompany this letter. From them you will be able to derive great benefit, for they embrace faith and endurance and every kind of edification which pertains to our Lord. And if you have any definite news concerning Ignatius and those who are with him, let us know.
The problem with this passage that scholars openly admit has not yet been resolved is that in chapter 9 Ignatius and his companions are spoken of as if they were already dead, but in chapter 13 they are spoken of as being still alive!
How is it that Polycarp knew of the martyrdom when he wrote chapter 9, but didn't know it four chapters later?
Many solutions have been offered but nothing even close to a consensus has been reached.
Some have simply suppressed the last sentence of 13:2 (e.g., Eusebius, the Acta Romana);
some have rejected the whole Philippians letter as spurious (e.g., Schwegler, Baur, Zeller, Hilgenfeld);
some have attempted strained retranslations of the offending passage (e.g., Pearson, Zahn, Funk, Lightfoot, Bauer).
For a time a solution put forward by P.N. Harrison was very popular. He proposed that the letter was put together from what were originally two distinct letters. Someone stitched them together, he claimed, and, regrettably, they stitched them together backwards. That is to say, the earlier of the two letters was accidentally put at the end of the composite letter instead of its beginning. But gradually scholars recognized weaknesses in Harrison's solution too, and many have abandoned it and returned to single-letter solutions.
The scholars who reject the authenticity of the Ignatians (e.g., Völter, Turmel, Loisy, Weijenborg, Rius-Camps, Joly, Lechner, Hübner, Vinzent) see chapter 13 as an interpolation. It was made, they contend, at the same time and by the same person who reworked the so-called Ignatians. The interpolator's intent was apparently both to present Polycarp as the one who gathered the letters into a collection and to attach the collection to a real martyr. I agree.
Peregrinus, as it turned out, was only a would-be martyr.
It happens often enough in pseudepigraphical writing that the author attaches his fiction to a known figure from a previous generation. It adds some credibility to the work.
When the interpolator decided to disguise his letters he went looking for an actual martyr to replace him and he found one in chapter 9 of Polycarp's letter to the Philippians. It happens often enough in pseudepigraphical writing that the author attaches his fiction to a known figure from a previous generation. It adds some credibility to the work. He wants the reader to think: "I do recall that there was a martyr named Ignatius in Polycarp's letter. These must be a set of letters written by him." It was to be expected that someone disguising the letters of Peregrinus would try to attach them to another figure instead of just leaving them free-floating.
By his careless work ye shall know him!
I think too that the carelessness that caused the confusion in chapter 13 of Philippians is reminiscent of the carelessness that the interpolator displayed in his reworking of Peregrinus' letters. This is just another instance of the same.
It can be added, for example, to his careless insertion of Polycarp's name into IgnPoly. 7:2;
and to his making the prisoner into a bishop in the letter to the Romans while letting him remain a deacon in the other six letters;
and to his leaving the words "You are the passageway of those put to death for God" in the letter to the Ephesians even though the new itinerary he introduced ruled out a stop in Ephesus.
Other examples have been given. By his careless work ye shall know him!
Ignatius an interpolation in Polycarp's letter? Pro and con
Before going on I want to clarify that a few of the partisans of interpolation in the Philippians letter think that even the name 'Ignatius' in chapter 9 may be an interpolation. They suspect that Zosimus and Rufus may have been the only Philippian martyrs named in the original letter. I find that proposal tempting only for one reason. I have identified Peregrinus as the one being replaced by Ignatius, and the folk etymology of 'Ignatius' associates it with the Latin word for fire (ignis). So the 'fiery one' would be a singularly apt—and humorous!—replacement name for Peregrinus, the man who chose to die by fire. Or, to use Lucian's words, the man who "after turning into everything for the sake of notoriety and achieving any number of transformations, here at last has turned into fire." (TDOP 1, Harmon).
But I hesitate. Philippi was located on the Via Egnatia, the famous road built by and named after Gnaeus Egnatius in the second century BCE. And Ignatius is thought to be a later Latin form of Egnatius. It would not be surprising if that name was in use in the cities and towns along the Via Egnatia. Moreover, as I said above, pseudepigraphical writers often hang their creations on a real peg. So while folk etymology may be the reason the interpolator chose Ignatius for makeover instead of Zosimus or Rufus, I do not think the name 'Ignatius' in 9:1 is an interpolation.
Via Egnatia
Another problem in Polyarp's letter
There is a second problematic passage in Polycarp's letter to the Philippians, right at the beginning of the letter:
(1:1) I rejoice greatly with you in our Lord Jesus Christ [because you received the images of true love and sent on their way, as was given you, those bound in holy chains, which are diadems for those who have been truly chosen by God and our Lord, and] (1:2) because the steadfast root of your faith, renowned from earliest times, still lives on and bears fruit in our Lord Jesus Christ, who endured etc.
I have bolded and put in brackets the problematic part. The "images of true love" and "those bound in holy chains" would be Ignatius and his companions who were supposedly received and sent on their way to Rome by the Philippian Christians. And wouldn't you know it, in the Greek there is a grammatical inconsistency which occurs, as William Schoedel acknowledges, in "precisely the section that contains the allusion to Ignatius and his companions." ("Polycarp's Witness to Ignatius of Antioch," 1987, issue 41 of Vigiliae Christianae).
Far from being a witness to the existence of an Ignatius of Antioch, the letter of Polycarp to the Philippians confirms our doubts. The problem passages occur precisely where the letter refers to Ignatius.
The first reason for Polycarp's joy is introduced with a participial phrase (literally: "you having received"), while the second reason is introduced with a 'because' clause. The grammatical problem is serious enough that some kind of surgery is necessary to fix it. Schoedel discusses the possibilities and ultimately decides on the least invasive: The deletion of the "and" at the end of 1:1. He explains how easy it would have been for either Polycarp himself or a later copyist to be distracted and mistakenly put an "and" where it didn't belong. He concludes his article by saying:
Defenders of the authenticity of Polycarp's allusion to Ignatius and companions in Phil. 1:1 may regret that any emendation, however modest, is required to save the text. It may be hoped, however, that a sufficiently natural explanation of the data has been given to alleviate their distress and that it will soften the doubts of others about the witness of Polycarp to Ignatius. (p. 8)
Need I say that my distress was not alleviated nor were my doubts softened? Why should we attribute the carelessness to Polycarp or a copyist instead of an interpolator, especially in view of the corresponding problem in chapter 13?
Far from being a witness to the existence of an Ignatius of Antioch, the letter of Polycarp to the Philippians confirms our doubts. The problem passages occur precisely where the letter refers to Ignatius. And those problems would exist even if the so-called Ignatians were no longer extant and no one knew their contents. Alfred Loisy, in his The Birth of Christian Religion, writes:
"Moreover, the Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians seems to have been interpolated into the collection of the Ignatian letters, by their author or editor, for the purpose of recommending them; this alone would seem to prove them apocryphal…" (p. 32).
He's right. Authentic letters don't require bogus props.
"As one of our people said . . ."
Irenaeus (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
There is one other second-century witness of sorts that needs to be considered. It is not a witness to the existence of an Ignatius of Antioch, but to the existence of a verse from one of the letters and to the "one of our people" who said it. Irenaeus, in his Against Heresies (5,28,4) writes:
As one of our people said, when he was condemned to the wild beasts because of his testimony to God, "I am the wheat of Christ, and am ground by the teeth of wild beasts, that I may be found the pure bread of God."
The words Irenaeus is quoting are found in IgnRom. 4:1. Now what is curious here is the way that Irenaeus refers to the author of the quote as "one of our people." Irenaeus must have known who the author of this quote was. It is not the kind of quote that would just float around unaccounted for. It is very personal and memorable.
Why then did Irenaeus not indicate who its author was? If he knew it as a quote by a bishop from Syria named Ignatius why would he have withheld that information? Why not let the quote redound to the honor of Ignatius? Irenaeus honors other heroes by name. He praises, for instance, Clement of Rome. And Polycarp, of course. Why withhold praise from Ignatius?
But one could object that often Irenaeus just says: "a certain presbyter said such and such… A certain elder said such and such…" Okay. But Ignatius was supposedly a bishop. Why did Irenaeus not at least say: "A certain bishop of ours, when he was condemned to the wild beasts etc." Why does he withhold even the ecclesiastical station of the martyr?
My theory can account for Irenaeus' reticence. When Irenaeus wrote his Against Heresies the letters of Peregrinus had not yet been converted into letters of Ignatius. Irenaeus knew the words he quoted were words of Peregrinus. He liked the quote but, even though twenty years had passed since the death of Peregrinus, it would still have been embarrassing to acknowledge that the words were his. Thus Irenaeus used the quote but conveniently omitted to say who the eloquent martyr was.
Septimius Severus (reign 193–211 CE).
Irenaeus' manner of proceeding might work in an individual instance, but there were undoubtedly many more quotes from the popular and edifying Peregrinus that later Christians wanted to use. Around 200 CE, when the persecution by Septimius Severus was gaining steam, someone came up with a way to use quotes from the letters that Peregrinus wrote when he expected to die a martyr. The solution was to disguise the letters and attribute them to a martyr named Ignatius.
Peregrinus was mined for the Pauline Pastorals and the ektroma?
I suspect, by the way, that some of the quotes in the letters of Peregrinus had already been mined earlier by whoever fabricated the Pauline Pastoral letters, for example, and the interpolation in 1 Corinthians 15: 3-11.
Thus, for instance, 2 Tim. 1:16, "was not ashamed of my chains" was taken from IgnSmy. 10:2.
And 2 Tim. 4:6, "for I am already being poured out as a libation" was taken from IgnRom. 2:2.
Likewise the "premature baby" of 1 Cor. 15:8 would come from IgnRom 9:2: "But as for me, I am ashamed to be spoken of as one of them, for I am not worthy, since I am the last of them, and a preemie (child born prematurely). But I have obtained mercy to be someone, if I attain to God."
The Greek word ektroma was used for premature live births, not just for stillborns. Thus Peregrinus, with his usual rhetorical exaggeration, is humbly taking a position below Paul whose name means 'child; little one.' Peregrinus is even less significant. He is a mere preemie.
From Ignatius to the Pastorals
Regarding this, although Paul Foster dates the Pastoral and Ignatians earlier than I do, what he says about the direction of dependence is pertinent:
The question remains as to the direction of dependence. This is not as easily resolved as may at first appear to be the case. The dating of the Pastorals is notoriously difficult. Arguments about the more primitive and complex forms of parallels are often easily reversed, and discussions about theological developments fail to recognize the pluriform and non-linear evolution of Christianity. The issue cannot be treated in detail here; suffice it to note that the latest period suggested for the composition of the Pastorals, the early second century, overlaps with the traditional date of the martyrdom of Ignatius in the reign of Trajan. The dating of the Ignatian correspondence may not be as secure as is often supposed, and may itself come from a later period. Perhaps all that can be concluded is that the balance of probability is in favour of Ignatius knowing 1 and 2 Timothy, rather than vice versa. ("The Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch and the Writings that later formed the New Testament, " pp. 171-2 in The Reception of the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers, edited by Andrew Gregory and Christopher Tuckett).
I will bring this section to a close by saying that no one named Ignatius of Antioch is indisputably mentioned in the second-century record. And, in contrast, someone named Peregrinus was known both to second-century Christians (Athenagoras and Tertullian) and to non-Christians (Lucian and Aulus Gellius).
The Bearer of Godly Things
I have argued that the proto-Catholic who modified the letters of Peregrinus found him a suitable replacement name, Ignatius, in the letter of Polycarp to the Philippians. But in the letter collection as it presently stands the prisoner has a second name, Theophorus, which means 'the bearer of God.' He is 'Ignatius who is also Theophorus.' The name 'Theophorus' is very distinctive. It is unknown as a proper name until its appearance in these letters. So if it had really been adopted by Peregrinus it could not help but identify him and make all the redactor's efforts to disguise the letters a waste of time. 'Theophorus' must, then, be a replacement for some other name. And I think that, without engaging in excessive speculation, a good guess can be made as to the name it replaced.
I submit, then, that 'Ignatius who is also Theophorus' was, in reality, 'Peregrinus who is also Hagiophorus.'
When reading the letters it is hard not to miss how proud the prisoner is of the chains he bears. Maxwell Staniforth, in a note to his translation of the Ignatians, points out that "the curious pleasure which Ignatius takes in his chains recurs at nearly every mention of them in his letters." (Early Christian Writings, p. 67)
The prisoner calls them his "spiritual pearls" (IgnEph. 11:2). In IgnSmyr. 11:9 he even uses his ultimate superlative, 'most God-pleasing,' for them. Allen Brent's observation is on target:
Ignatius describes himself as 'bound in bonds that evoke tremendous awe for the divine (theoprepestatoi)'. As such, he was like a hagiophoros in a pagan procession, a bearer of a divine object invoking awe for the divine. (Ignatius of Antioch – A Martyr Bishop and the origin of the Episcopacy, p. 156).
Now in IgnMag. 1:2 the prisoner uses theoprepestatoi again—this time to describe his name—and he immediately establishes a connection between it and his chains:
"For having been deemed worthy to bear a most God-pleasing name, in the chains I bear I sing to the churches…" (my emphases).
It does not seem to be too much of a stretch, therefore, to guess that the name Peregrinus gave himself when he was arrested was Hagiophorus i.e., the bearer of godly things. The godly things were his most God-pleasing chains. The person too who interpolated 1:1 of Polycarp's Letter to the Philippians was apparently aware of the sanctity the prisoner conferred on his bonds, for the insertion describes the martyrs as
"bound in holy chains, which are diadems for those who have been truly chosen by God and our Lord."
Finally, this guess would also explain yet another unusual feature found in the letters, one that appears in the inscription to the letter to the Smyrneans:
To the church of God the Father and Jesus Christ the beloved, which has mercifully obtained every gift, which has been filled with faith and love, which is not lacking in any gift, most pleasing to God and bearing godly things, which is at Smyrna in Asia, heartiest greeting in a blameless spirit and in the word of God.
I have italicized the expression that sits oddly after the author's reference to God. I suspect but cannot prove that in the original version the Smyrneans were most pleasing to God and to the bearer of godly things i.e., to Peregrinus. The reason that the church was particularly pleasing to the prisoner was that, as Schoedel expresses it,
The Smyrneans had provided a hospitable environment for the activity of Ignatius . . . (Ignatius of Antioch, p. 219).
As I see it, when the interpolator changed the prisoner's second name from 'Hagiophorus' to 'Theophorus,' he altered this letter's inscription slightly to make the one bearing godly things refer not to Peregrinus, but to the church of Smyrna.
I submit, then, that 'Ignatius who is also Theophorus' was, in reality, 'Peregrinus who is also Hagiophorus.' And to be complete, Peregrinus went on, after his transformation from a Christian into a Cynic, to also be 'Proteus', the god of transformations. And for the four final years of his life, after announcing that he would depart in flames from this world, he was also—appropriately—Phoenix.
Proteus and Phoenix
Roger Parvus is the author of this post. Roger is the author of A New Look at the Letters of Ignatius of Antioch and Other Apellean Writings and two series of Vridar posts: Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius and A Simonian Origin for Christianity. In a previous life Roger was a Catholic priest.
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Author Roger ParvusPosted on 2013-03-17 01:00:37 GMT+0000 2019-08-13 18:24:35 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Studies, Church FathersTags Ignatius, Ignatius of Antioch, Lucian, Parvus: Letters Ignatius, Peregrinus, Polycarp, Roger Parvus
8 thoughts on "Writing Ignatius into History (How the Peregrinus thesis solves many problems)"
Bob Moore says:
Roger, thanks for all the installments of this study. They have been most helpful. I enjoyed watching your methods–like a really good detective story. I used to wonder at the Ignatius character and how awfully pretentious he was and how strained I thought his relations with the churches must have been. The man Peregrinus as portrayed by Lucian, exactly fills the bill. (It would also be interesting to see a study of the development of church hierarchy as seen in these letters, if anything can be ascertained.)
I briefly address the origin of monarchial bishops in the second half of the series. I first argue that the author of the letters (Peregrinus) belonged to a small and short-lived Christian community founded by the ex-Marcionite Apelles in the 140s. And I argue that the reason Peregrinus pushed for a monarchial type of bishop was that he saw it as the best way of insuring the survival of his small community.
Walter Bauer recognized the minority status of the communities addressed by the letters (although he did not identify them specifically as Apellean). He wrote:
Demands like these [in the letters] are typical of minorities which, through their own strong man who is clothed with a special aura and equipped with unusual power, endeavor to obtain that overriding importance with they are unable to gain by virtue of the number of their members (Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, p. 62, bracketed section mine).
And Bauer also recognized, again correctly in my opinion, that monarchial episcopacy was not yet firmly established in the communities addressed by the letter collection:
In this respect, his letters bear witness to his fervent desire [for a monarchial episcopate], but not to existing reality (p. 70, bolding and bracketing mine).
The author of the letters was trying to get the authority of the bishops of his church accepted as monarchial but, as Bauer convincingly shows on pages 66 – 70 of his book, there are many indications in the letters that an authority of that nature had not yet securely taken hold there.
My identification of the communities in question as Apellean can account for the situation described by Bauer. Apelleans would have been a newly formed community situated precariously between two more numerous and powerful Christian communities: the Marcionite church that Apelles had abandoned and the proto-orthodox church he had not yet embraced. . I can see no reason why Apelles, in breaking away from Marcionism, would not have retained the bishop-as-leader-of-the-community setup. But I expect that the bishops he put in place in his newly formed communities would have consisted of those most loyal to his interpretation of Christianity.So, as Peregrinus saw it, the most direct and immediate way to keep the other members faithful and prevent them from being led astray by the more impressive rivals was to prop up the authority of the Apellean bishops and urge obedience to them.
And this scenario would also explain why there is no impression conveyed by the letters that the communities addressed had much of a history. They are nowhere praised for fidelity to any belief that an earlier generation of members had handed on to them. And in praising the bishops of the communities (Onesimus, Damas, Polybius) the prisoner says not a word about any predecessors of theirs. In establishing their authority there is no appeal to apostolic succession. This fits my Apellean scenario. Apelleans had no continuous connection—-and claimed none—-to apostolic times. Marcion and Apelles held that the church had gone wrong almost from the start. They viewed their work as a work of restoration, but a restoration based largely on their understanding of Paul, his letters and his gospel–not on any unbroken tradition or succession of teachers in the past.
These then are some of the reasons I suspect the monarchial type of episcopacy began in the Apellean church. The hign degree of authority it conferred on its bishops was likely envied by the bishops of the other churches and laid claimed to in short order.
Thanks Roger,
You and Bauer have made the pieces of the puzzle come together for me.
Gorit Maqueda says:
I'll disclose my bias. My real name is… Ignacio (Spanish for Ignatius). I owe my name to Ignacio de Loyola who, in turn, switched his name from Íñigo to Ignacio as a homage to that bishop of Antioch. How ironic it would be if the first Jesuit paid honour to an apostate… How shocking to discover that my true name could have been Peregrinus 🙂
Roger, how have your theories been received by the 'experts'?
Ignacio who is also Gorit,
I don't know that any experts are aware of my Ignatian theory. I'm going to try to change that but I don't really expect success. My credentials (former Catholic priest with just a standard seminary education) would normally not be sufficient to be taken seriously by the scholarly community. But you never know for sure until you try. So my plans at the moment are to revise the first part of the theory (i.e., the Ignatians are reworked letters of Peregrinus) and to submit it to some scholarly journals. The aim of the revision will be to make that part of the theory able to stand alone without bringing in my views about Peregrinus' particular brand of Christianity (Apellean). I also intend to get some professional help to "unconvolute" my prose.
JaredMithrandir says:
In the Lucian says that Pereginius had lots of names, and you even proposed in another article that none of the three Lucian refers to was his given birth name. So I don't see what you want to make this theory dependent on the idea that Ignatius was not a name this person actually went by. It could be all three names Lucian used were tied to the post excommunication phase of his career.
I think this theory would be more viable if you made it less of a conspiracy theory. The Separation of these two figures into different people was more a slow process of not wanting to mention these letter were written by a figure Lucian made a fool out of.
Turing the subject to another work of Lucian, could Alexander The False Prophet be connected to The False Prophet of the Revelation?
RParvus says:
Hi Jared,
I don't think that "Ignatius" was another name that Peregrinus himself adopted. As I see it, the main motivation of whoever reworked the letters was probably just to preserve and put to good use the Christian sentiments expressed in the originals. But to gain a hearing for that inspiring material he had to distance the letters from their lapsed Christian author, Pereginus, who ended his days as a Cynic, outside of the church. Keeping the name "Ignatius" in the letters — if that was one of Peregrinus' names — would have been counterproductive.
In regard to Alexander: I'm not aware of any attempts to connect him to the False Prophet in the book of Revelation.
I think this basic theory could be true without presuming the letters changed at all.
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The first church sited here was probably established to serve the castle, and it has been substantially rebuilt and extended since its earliest days of the 11th Century. The current building dates mostly from the 13th Century, but its appearance today owes much to a substantial renovation carried out in 1872-3 by the Rev. Charles Edward Maddison-Green. He himself was a cousin of the Greens who lived at the Whittern and whose descendants still live there today. His wife was a sister of Sir Henry Rider Haggard, and during his years at the church he accomplished much. After the renovation of the church, he had a school built (now a private house immediately to the south of the church) and finally had a new vicarage built some 400 yards further up the hill to the west.
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The Church and churchyard are administered by the Church Wardens, supported by the Parochial Church Council (The PCC) who ensure that the fabric and finances are managed.


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Razan Al Mubarak Writes Foreword for Illustrated Checklist of Mammals of the World
Razan Al Mubarak has written the foreword for the 2020 edition of the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World, the most complete, stand-alone summary of the current taxonomy and distribution of every currently recognized species of mammal.
With editors from the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History and Global Wildlife Conservation, this essential resource for conservationists adds over 1,000 species discovered by science since the last edition published 15 years ago
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Razan Al Mubarak, Founding Managing Director of the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, affirmed that biodiversity conservation must receive equal priority with climate change action during Dubai Climate and Biodiversity Week on October 21, 2020. Hosted by Expo 2020 Dubai, UAE's platform for galvanizing global action, the event brought together over 40 established and emerging leaders to discuss solutions for a shared, sustainable future.
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In response to the crises, Razan Al Mubarak, the Founding Managing Director of the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (MBZ Fund), announced this week that the organization will expand its grant-making focus to include relief grants of up to $25,000. The grants can be used to cover core operating expenses, such as staff salaries, office rent, and other essential overhead costs.
"It's clear that conservation organizations cannot protect threatened species if they cannot meet basic needs like staff salaries and rent," said Ms. Al Mubarak. "Our hope is that other foundations and philanthropists join the MBZ Fund in easing restrictions so conservation organizations can make it through this challenging time and weather the economic impact of the pandemic."
Ms Al Mubarak said the Fund decided to expand its grant-making practices after conducting a survey in April 2020 of more than 300 of its grantees in 85 different countries. Aimed at gauging the effects of the pandemic on its grantees, the survey found that many conservationists were very concerned about the financial futures of their organizations. Sixty-eight percent of respondents said their organization had been negatively impacted, with 57 percent reporting their organization was experiencing financial difficulties and 22 percent reporting their organizations planned to eliminate jobs. Many grantees highlighted the loss of revenue for their organizations due to park, zoo, and aquarium closures, the decline in eco-tourism, and the reduction in student enrollment for courses and fieldwork experiences. A summary report of the survey can be viewed here.
The MBZ Fund is a philanthropic endowment providing micro-grants of up to $25,000 to support in-the-field conservation projects for the world's most threatened species. Since 2009, the Fund has provided over $20 million to more than 2,150 projects in over 160 countries, supporting more than 1,400 different species and subspecies. Many grantees have succeeded in rediscovering lost species, discovering new ones, and reducing threats to countless others.


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Diego "el Mozo" de Montemayor Esquivel (* zwischen 1550 und 1560 in Mexiko; † 1611 oder 1612, vermutlich in Monterrey, Mexiko) war ein spanischer Kolonialverwalter, der als Gouverneur der Provinz Nuevo León im Vizekönigreich Neuspanien amtierte.

Leben
Diego Montemayor war der Sohn des Konquistadors Diego de Montemayor und seiner zweiten Frau María Esquivel. Vermutlich kam er in der Bergbauregion von Zacatecas zur Welt. Als Abgrenzung zu seinem gleichnamigen Vater erhielt er den Beinamen el Mozo (der Junge).

Er siedelte sich zunächst in Llerena in Nueva Galicia an und heiratete dort Elvira Rentería, mit der er die beiden Söhne Diego Fernández und Gregorio Fernández hatte.

Sein Vater wurde 1588 zum Gouverneur von Nuevo León ernannt und gründete 1596 mit einem Treck von Siedlern die Stadt Monterrey. Diego "el Mozo" folgte ihm und erhielt den Rang eines Generalprokurators sowie umfangreiche Ländereien im Rahmen des Encomienda-Systems.

Nach dem Tode seiner Mutter heiratete sein Vater erneut,  seine dritte Frau hieß Juana Porcalla. Diese begann ein Verhältnis mit Alberto del Canto. Diego senior erfuhr von der Affäre, tötete seine Frau und schwor, auch ihren Liebhaber umzubringen. Daraufhin floh er in den unerschlossenen Norden und wurde seiner Ämter enthoben.

Diego junior folgte ihm im Amt des Gouverneurs, starb aber nach kurzer Zeit 1611 oder 1612, vermutlich in der Provinzhauptstadt Monterrey.

Quellen
 Eintrag bei geneanet.org (spanisch)

Gouverneur (Nuevo León)
Vizekönigreich Neuspanien
Monterrey
Spanier
Geboren im 16. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 17. Jahrhundert
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


up near the swampy headwaters.
My friend, Charlie, raises Bluenose Shiners from 1 inch to fully mature with fins and color in 3 months. Another friend, we will call him Leo, has kept Bluenose Shiners alive for 4 years. I had 4 males and 3 females breed their second year. Information on breeding Bluenose Shiners is available at NANFA.org, and updated information will be in the Fall 2010 NANFA American Currents magazine.
insulated shipping box, free handling.
Never float a Kordon Breathable Bag in water.
Cut open the Kordon breathable bags and pour into a small container. Add 50% more water from your tank into the container. After five minutes, again add 50% more water from your tank. After 5 more minutes, pour the fish into your tank.
That is a nice donation!
Maybe if i win you will deliver them.
Sadly, these fish died shortly after Philip made his announcement.
Would you settle for 10 melanistic gambusia?
Are you sure of these 10?
Maybe they are flavistic xanthic piebalds.
Does flavistic mean they taste good? Casper would know...I bet he's eaten them.
Thanks for the donation, Phil! Those female P. welaka sure look like one of my favorite cyprinids, Notropis chalybaeus.
Edited by blakemarkwell, 20 August 2010 - 10:52 PM.


If you search up the meaning of home, it'll say where someone lives permanently, but to me it means much more. A home isn't just a place to live in, that's a house. home is a place where people know that they can drive people crazy as quick as they can continue to love each other.
In my home I feel comfortable, safe, and loved. It is filled with funny memoires and I want to go there every day. Home is a place filled with care and joy. It isn't perfect, it has its flaws and not everyone is happy all the time in their home. A home can also be filled with sadness and anger but still ends up with people who love each other.
To me a house needs a family to become home, because someone could have a lot of things, but it would mean nothing if they have no one to share it with. A home isn't just a place it could also be a feeling. A feeling of appreciation and happiness that you share with the people you love.
A home isn't built in a day, it takes time to completely trust anyone and make good memories together. I feel free at home and know that no one is going to judge me and I'm always going to be defended. My family is going to stick with me forever. There is no place like home.
A home is a place were no matter what anyone has been through there is always someone there to take care of them. To help someone get a home would be a great privilege for me because I know how having a home feels and I want someone to feel the same.


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Home »	Articles » Album Reviews
Pete Malinverni: Autumn in New York
By DAN MCCLENAGHAN
In the piano trio format, there's no faking it. Technical prowess is necessary, but if that's all there is, the resulting sounds have a feel of sterility; the music, no matter how well-executed, sinks into the forgettable category.
Pianist Pete Malinverni has the goods in terms of experience: classical studies, a degree from the prestigious Crane School of Music, and a long term stint as a church musician in Brooklyn's Devoe Street Baptist Church, an influence that has led him to compose several suites for gospel choir and jazz quartet based on the Psalms of David.
So the credentials are there, but what's that little extra that sets him above so many of the rest? This: Pete Maliverni wears his heart and emotions and a certain spirituality on his sleeve, and it all seeps wonderfully into his music.
On the classic title tune, "Autumn in New York" and his own composition, "Elegy", the pianist deals with outcomes of 9/11, the city's darkest day in recent history. "Elegy", a solemn, melancholy prayer, was written for two friends lost in the tragedy; and his take on "Autumn in New York" is pensive, spare, wistful—that season will never be the same in the city again—but it's important to remember Pete Malinverni's observation: "...the song itself reminds us to go on. The last line of the lyric is 'Autumn in New York, it's good to live again.'".
A hopeful message. And the CD does indeed include some very upbeat sounds: "Simpatico", the Maliverni-penned tune, inspired by his thirteen year old step son, has a Monkish tone—logic, simplicity, angularity and bounce. That must be a heck of a kid. And "Little David"—for that overmatched Biblical boy—brims with a snappy, gutsy confidence. Sort of like pianist Pete Malinverni.
Track Listing: Simpatico, Too Closr for Comfort, Elegy, My Shining Hour, Contemplative, Little David, In Love in Vain, Long Ago and Far Away, Autumn in New York
Personnel: Pete Malinverni, piano; Dennis Irwin, bass; Leroy Williams, drums
Title: Autumn in New York | Year Released: 2003 | Record Label: Reservoir Music
About Pete Malinverni
Peter Malinverni CD/LP/Track Review Dan McClenaghan Reservoir Music United States New York New York City Autumn in New York
The Scottish National Jazz Orchestra
By Mark Sullivan
By Mike Jurkovic
By Don Phipps
By Chris May
By Geno Thackara
By C. Michael Bailey
By Ian Patterson


Will one, or both, be overcome?
NEW YORK— Adapted from Jane Austen's noted novel of the same name, actor/playwright Kate Hamill's version of "Pride and Prejudice" plays as a farce. It thereby loses some of the meatiness of Austen's work, which delves into, among other things, women's place in the world—their power or powerlessness.
But back to 1813, when the novel was written and set, a middle-class British family, the Bennets, are in crisis. The father, Mr. Bennet (Chris Thorn), is faced with the daunting task of finding husbands for his four daughters. (There are five, but for theatrical purposes, one has been eliminated).
Mrs. Bennet (the highly, if not frantically energetic Nance Williamson) is beside herself because she's just learned that a wealthy and thus eligible bachelor, Mr. Bingley (John Tufts), has moved in close by. To her mind, such a person must be in search of a wife. And Mr. Bennet must do something about it!
As it turns out, it's more a case of the would-be wives searching for a husband.
The road to a suitable marriage for these young ladies is a rocky one. Marriage is the only possible solution for a woman's life in Regency England days. The Bennet family's finances are so arranged that there must be a male heir. Lacking one, the family will be destitute upon Mr. Bennet's death. At least one of the daughters must marry into wealth and save the others, or all are doomed.
There were no career possibilities for women at that time. If left unmarried, the best a young woman could hope for was to become a servant in a wealthy house: a maid, perhaps, at best, or with the necessary skills, a teacher.
So Mrs. Bennet gets her wiles organized and sets out to solve the knotty problem. However, the problem may reside closer to home. One of the girls swears she will never marry. Haughty Elizabeth, called Lizzy (Kate Hamill), is put off by Mr. Bingley's friend Mr. Darcy (Jason O'Connell). It's mutual, at least at first. But underlying their meetings is a love-hate intensity. Which side will win out?
Lovely Jane (Amelia Pedlow) has feelings for Mr. Bingley. But the entire family is thrown into an uproar when independent-minded Lydia (Kimberly Chatterjee) runs off with the dashing Mr. Wickham (Mark Bedard). Is Wickham simply a vulgar cad, or are the two eloping, with marriage in mind?
Underlying the vivacious surface goings-on are burning questions: Does one marry for money, security, or hold out for love? Are women simply pawns of wealthy and powerful men or can they successfully take charge of their own lives and survive and prosper?
The co-production (Primary Stages with The Hudson Valley Shakespeare Festival) is a mix of the old with the contemporary. Some current music finds its way in, as well as brief dance numbers (choreography by Ellenore Scott).
Performances, under director Amanda Dehnert, are fine, and sometimes hilarious. There's also good chemistry between Hamill and her vis-a-vis O'Connell.
And if one isn't a stickler for the more typical interpretation of a Jane Austen work, and are in the mood, especially now at holiday time, for something really lively, then this "Pride and Prejudice" in the West Village Cherry Lane Theater, may be just your meat.


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Planet V
My little dismembered pony
By Shoka
What was your reaction to what The Guardian calls "the biggest food fraud of the 21st century," in which beef products were adulterated with horse meat in Europe? The scandal involved "drug and horse smuggling." Stateside, Congress voted to end the slaughter of horses in 2007, but the animals—including wild horses—were still being shipped to Mexico and Canada to be killed for diners overseas, including France. But now, slaughter's back on the table. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals says, "Horses are routinely given medications … that are toxic to humans and are expressly forbidden by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in animals intended for human consumption." And, "Because horses' instinctual flight response makes them ill-suited for stunning, they often endure repeated blows and sometimes remain conscious during their dismemberment." Tell your representatives to prohibit this practice by supporting the Safeguard American Food Exports Act at http://tinyurl.com/StopSlaughter.
More Dining » Planet V
Spy vs. desk job
There are job boards for vegans!
Duck tales, boohoo
Tell Amazon.com to stop selling products from Hudson Valley Foie Gras, where undercover footage reveals the ducks being treated inhumanely.
Two words: Greek yogurt
Only 2 percent of Americans identify as vegans, plus creepy facts about food.
Popping up
Chef Michael Thiemann is at Old Ironsides' kitchen on Tuesday nights with his Mother pop-up restaurant.
Zombie gnomes
This Halloween, dress up and take part in Capitol Garage's four-course (vegan!) mystery dinner.


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You are here: Home / BVFCC News / Appeal: Community support needed for Best Video Film & Cultural Center
Appeal: Community support needed for Best Video Film & Cultural Center
Without a groundswell of support, Best Video faces the very real threat of having to shut our doors.
What happens in the very near future will determine whether Best Video Film and Cultural Center will close, will limp along, or will soar.
• If you are not already a member, become a member today by signing up online or coming into our space. Programming director Hank Hoffman suggests a target of 200 additional members over the next few months in order to have enough recurring revenue to cover our current operating expenses.
• Make a donation online (or in person). General manager Richard Brown says raising $20,000 would catch us up with bills currently owed to vendors. Even better, BVFCC Board of Directors President David Margolis points out that raising $50,000 would enable us to also pay off the remaining debt to Best Video founder Hank Paper and establish a financial cushion that would facilitate expanded community programming and improvements to the physical space.
After more than a year-and-a-half of operation, BVFCC is proud of the community support that has carried us this far. We have already raised over $35,000 in donations in the fiscal year beginning October 2016. Of particular note as a marker of the value the community places on Best Video, is this year's performance in The Great Give, the May online charity marathon organized by the Community Foundation for Greater New Haven. Out of some 500 worthy nonprofits, BVFCC finished in the Top 10 in number of individual donors and in the Top 25 in total contributions.
Unfortunately, despite our successes, when it comes to bringing in enough income to cover our expenses and pay off our debts, we are falling short. We have a 2nd Anniversary Gala celebration planned for November. We had hoped to get to that event without calling on the public but a slower than expected summer necessitates this appeal.
The average monthly operational income shortfall that donations need to make up is approximately $4,700; in the past ten months, we have been averaging about $3,500 in donations. Good but not quite enough. ($2,000 of that $4,700 per month is remaining debt for the purchase of the assets; that obligation is fulfilled by June of next year.)
Presenting programming to delight and educate the community. Dr. Caterwaul's Cadre of Clairvoyant Claptraps playing music from "The Simpsons" TV show to a sold-out crowd this past July.
When we opened as a nonprofit in November 2015, we knew that the traditional video rental model was not viable. For several years leading up to Hank Paper's sale of Best Video's assets to BVFCC, rental income was decreasing by 20% a year. Anticipating that the trend would continue, we started offering annual membership plans. With membership plans starting at $10 per month, we projected that if we can reach 700-1,000 members by the end of the third year, we would be able to replace the rental income with membership revenue.
The good news is that almost 370 households have signed up for one of the three membership plans. The bad news is that—for BVFCC not to run into recurrent cash flow crises and, ultimately, face the awful decision to close—we need 200-500 more member households.
We know that we can make that happen. Approximately 5,000 households support Best Video each year by renting videos, purchasing items at our cafe, or attending our events. If just one in five sign up for a membership plan, then we will reach our goal. If just one in ten make a donation of $100 or more, then we will exceed our goal of raising an additional $50,000 this year. Many hands…
If BVFCC were just a "video store," we would have closed years ago. And perhaps deservedly so. But BVFCC is much more than that. It is a community gathering place, a performance venue, a film screening room, a national-level archive of the history of cinema, and a safe place for neighborhood children to come and hang out after school. It is a place where people, film, and music come together.
BVFCC exists bring people, film, and music together.Pre-Oscars Brunch this past February.
When you are a member of Best Video Film & Cultural Center—whether you pay on a recurring monthly basis or get a 10% discount by paying annually—BVFCC becomes your library of film. Depending on your level of membership, you get free admission to from 1-4 shows per month. Most importantly, you are part of a community dedicated to keeping BVFCC as an essential part of the cultural wealth of the greater New Haven area.
The BVFCC Board:
David Margolis, President
Scott White, Treasurer
Jean Blue, Secretary
Elin Schoen Brockman
Linda Satin Pancoast
Avi Kamrat
Richard Brown, General Manager
Hank Hoffman, Programming Director
Filed Under: BVFCC News, Featured Tagged With: benefit, community, fundraiser, membership


Abundance Presumably very rare; maximum ?
Persius Duskywing is listed as an 'Endangered' species in Massachusetts. If you find specimens of this species, please take a photograph, note your location carefully, and use Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife Vernal Pool & Rare Species reporting system to report your sighting.
More information on Persius Duskywing from Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife.
All four photos taken on 5/31/2006 are the same individual.


This week the U.S. Senate unanimously passed the House version of the bipartisan Foreign Aid Transparency and Accountability Act (H.R. 3766). This legislation, sponsored by Senators Marco Rubio (R-FL) and Ben Cardin (D-MD) and Representatives Ted Poe (R-TX) and Gerry Connolly (D-VA), would codify important reforms to ensure that U.S. agencies involved in foreign assistance are doing rigorous and consistent monitoring and evaluation, and are making comprehensive, timely, and comparable aid data publicly available.
See below for a roundup of reactions from the MFAN community to the news of Senate passage.
Senator Richard Lugar (Ret.), President and Chairman of the Board, The Lugar Center: It is with great pleasure I note Senate approval of legislation establishing greater accountability of our nation's foreign assistance programs through transparency, monitoring and evaluation. As the Senate sponsor of similar legislation in the 112th Congress, I am gratified to see the Senate's bipartisan commitment to the legislation with its unanimous approval last evening.
Carolyn Miles, MFAN Co-Chair; President and CEO, Save the Children: The U.S. is facing an unprecedented number of humanitarian and development challenges around the world today. Any effort to ensure that our limited foreign assistance is being spent effectively, like the Foreign Aid Transparency and Accountability Act, must be prioritized.
Connie Veillette, MFAN Co-Chair; Senior Fellow, The Lugar Center: It is deeply encouraging to see this legislation move once again with broad bipartisan support, as it has in the past two Congresses. We are grateful for the persistent efforts of the bill cosponsors in both the House and Senate.
David Beckmann, President, Bread for the World: Making U.S. foreign assistance more transparent and accountable will help ensure that every tax dollar is used effectively. This is especially important now that the global community has embraced new goals to end hunger and poverty by 2030.
David Saldivar, Oxfam America: The Senate unanimously approving this bipartisan legislation is a huge step in ensuring better transparency and accountability in foreign aid. We thank bill sponsors Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) and Sen. Ben Cardin (D-MD) and Reps. Ted Poe (R-TX) and Gerry Connolly (D-VA) for their continued leadership on ensuring US foreign aid supports local leaders on the front lines of the fight to end poverty.


The fourth book in the BRE Building Elements series, this book is about the gamut of fuelled, piped, ducted, wired and mechanical facilities which extend over the whole age range of the UKÂ's building stock.
The fourth book in the BRE Building Elements series, this book is about the gamut of fuelled, piped, ducted, wired and mechanical facilities which extend over the whole age range of the UKÂ's building stock. It is the quality of heating, artificial lighting and other services, such as refuse disposal which makes an other wise bare carcass habitable - even efficient and enjoyable.


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General Dynamics Corp. dividend history
Dividend history for stock GD (General Dynamics Corp.) including historic stock price, dividend growth rate predictions based on history, payout ratio history and split, spin-off and special dividends.
Aug. 9, 2019 $1.02 Upcoming dividend
May 10, 2019 $1.02 (9.68%) $171.43 $171.43
Feb. 8, 2019 $0.93 $164.72 $165.72
Nov. 9, 2018 $0.93 $203.51 $205.91
Aug. 10, 2018 $0.93 $185.65 $188.70
May 11, 2018 $0.93 (10.71%) $213.65 $218.22
Nov. 10, 2017 $0.84 $207.24 $213.45
May 5, 2017 $0.84 (10.53%) $178.97 $185.85
Feb. 10, 2017 $0.76 $168.72 $175.99
Aug. 5, 2016 $0.76 $128.82 $135.63
Dec. 11, 2015 $0.69 $128.75 $137.84
May 9, 2014 $0.62 (10.71%) $96.98 $108.04
Feb. 7, 2014 $0.56 $85.31 $95.59
Nov. 15, 2013 $0.56 $74.77 $84.28
Aug. 9, 2013 $0.56 $68.81 $78.07
May 10, 2013 $0.56 (9.80%) $60.79 $69.46
Dec. 26, 2012 $0.51 $58.58 $67.49
Nov. 9, 2012 $0.51 $57.26 $66.46
May 6, 2011 $0.47 (11.90%) $61.62 $74.74
May 8, 2009 $0.38 (8.57%) $34.18 $43.55
May 11, 2007 $0.29 (26.09%) $57.90 $76.72
May 5, 2006 $0.23 (-42.50%) $48.04 $64.50
Feb. 10, 2006 $0.4 $43.10 $58.06
Nov. 10, 2005 $0.4 $43.40 $58.88
Aug. 5, 2005 $0.4 $40.26 $54.99
May 6, 2005 $0.4 (11.11%) $39.44 $54.25
Feb. 7, 2003 $0.3 $26.08 $38.56
May 10, 2002 $0.3 (7.14%) $31.81 $48.04
May 9, 1997 $0.41 $8.59 $15.81
Feb. 14, 1997 $0.41 $9.43 $17.81
Nov. 15, 1996 $0.41 $8.91 $17.22
Aug. 9, 1996 $0.41 $7.82 $15.47
May 10, 1996 $0.41 (9.28%) $7.13 $14.50
Feb. 9, 1996 $0.3752 $7.08 $14.81
May 12, 1995 $0.3752 (7.20%) $5.23 $11.94
Aug. 12, 1994 $0.35 $4.05 $10.19
May 13, 1994 $0.35 (-41.67%) $4.07 $10.59
Feb. 11, 1994 $0.6 $4.25 $11.45
Nov. 12, 1993 $0.6 (-60%) $4.30 $12.22
Oct. 12, 1993 $1.5 Special (275%) $3.77 $11.28
Aug. 13, 1993 $0.4 (-82.22%) $3.31 $11.23
July 12, 1993 $2.25 Special (363.50%) $2.87 $10.11
May 14, 1993 $0.48544 (-80.58%) $2.78 $12.00
April 22, 1993 $2.5 Special (344.96%) $2.73 $12.28
Oct. 9, 1992 $0.56185 $2.06 $11.69
June 29, 1992 $0.56185 $1.50 $8.94
April 10, 1992 $0.56185 (59.74%) $1.25 $7.98
Jan. 13, 1992 $0.35172 $1.04 $7.16
Oct. 11, 1991 $0.35172 $0.82 $5.91
July 15, 1991 $0.35172 $0.72 $5.52
April 15, 1991 $0.35172 $0.51 $4.16
Jan. 9, 1990 $0.35172 $0.40 $5.52
Oct. 9, 1987 $0.35172 (2713.76%) $0.37 $8.33
Sept. 24, 1987 $0.0125 (-96.45%) $0.37 $8.72
Oct. 8, 1986 $0.35172 $0.34 $9.19
April 14, 1986 $0.35172 $0.38 $10.92
Jan. 14, 1986 $0.35172 (1025.50%) $0.27 $8.12
July 9, 1985 $0.03125 $0.31 $9.58
April 9, 1985 $0.03125 $0.26 $8.28
Jan. 11, 1983 $0.0225 $0.12 $3.91
July 12, 1982 $0.0225 $0.11 $3.80
April 12, 1982 $0.0225 $0.10 $3.27
Oct. 10, 1980 $0.0225 (20%) $0.12 $4.12
Nov. 17, 1980 2
Feb. 20, 1979 2.500
List: Champions
Earnings Per Share: $11.18
Sector: Capital Goods
Industry: Marine Transportation
Volume: 827480
Ebitda: 1.2 billion
DGR3: -1.97%
DGR20: 8.83%
GD on Seeking Alpha
GD on Yahoo Finance
GD on Google Finance