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If you have purchased a new house recently or moved to a different town, you might want to rent out your existing house. This decision is especially sensible now as the real estate prices in India have remained stagnant or even reduced in some cities. Also, there are no signs of a future possibility of capital appreciation in the value of the residential property.
In the present market situation, it is wise to rent out one's house but the decision to do so should be made by the owner depending on their needs and ideas about the house. The rent that you will earn could fetch you some 2 to 3 percent of the value of the house every year and also help you pay off any EMIs that you may have. You may also choose to reinvest these earnings elsewhere.
Once you decide to rent out the house, you need to make sure that the condition of the house and its infrastructure is good and liveable. The owner will have to repaint and renovate, if needed, to accommodate the needs of the tenants and make it attractive to a potential tenant. Apart from the repairs and maintenance, the owner will also have to be reachable for the tenant's needs and for making rent payments.
If you choose to live away from the house you own, you will have to make arrangements with someone you can trust and close to the house for collecting rent and for dealing with emergencies.
Before you set the rent to be charged, you have to look at the rental rate trends in the locality for the type of property you own. The cost of renovation and a potential increase in the rent with time should also be weighed in.
The type of tenant you desire will depend on whether the house was purchased for investment or for the purpose of letting out. Usually, with houses that are attached to the one that the owner already lives in, the owners look for long-term tenants. This is also the case where the home is purchased for the purposes of making a steady income through house rent.
When one buys a house for investment purposes, they prefer letting it out to students or working professionals so that the tenancy is short and the house can be easily sold when there is an appreciation in value.
On finding a suitable tenant, draft a rental agreement after clear discussion with them on the terms and conditions. With a help of a good lawyer, construct a robust agreement that includes all the clauses you want and gets it registered with the local authority.
Usually, house owners are skeptical of renting out to strangers. You can conduct a background check on the potential tenants to get assurance. In cases where the tenant does not pay the rent or disagrees to vacate the house, the agreement will act as a valid legal document that you can present in the court against them.
Apart from the rental agreement, the owner should collect a security deposit as per the rent charged on the house.
If you live away from the house that you are planning to rent out, it is a good idea to visit the house once in a while to check on the condition or to engage with the neighbors and tenants about any concerns. Whether or not the tenant is paying the utility bills on time should also be tracked.
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text:
У́лица Баграмя́на, У́лица Ма́ршала Баграмя́на — улица в различных населённых пунктах государств бывшего СССР, названная в честь И. Х. Баграмяна.

Россия
 Улица Баграмяна — улица в Брянске.
 Улица Маршала Баграмяна — улица в Калининграде.
 Улица Маршала Баграмяна — улица в Москве.
 Улица Баграмяна — улица в Новокузнецке.
 Улица Баграмяна — улица в Новороссийске.
 Улица Баграмяна — улица в Орле.
 Улица Маршала Баграмяна — улица в Пятигорске.
 Улица Баграмяна — улица в Ростове-на-Дону.

Армения / НКР
 Проспект Маршала Баграмяна — проспект в Ереване.
 Улица Баграмяна — улица в Артике.
 Улица Маршала Баграмяна — улица в Степанакерте.

Белоруссия
 Улица Баграмяна — улица в Витебске.
 Улица Баграмяна — улица в Полоцке.

См. также
 Проспект Маршала Баграмяна

Маршала Баграмяна

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Saturn (latinsko: Sāturnus [saːˈtʊrnʊs]) je bil bog v starorimski religiji in lik v rimski mitologiji. Opisovali so ga kot boga rodu, razuzdanosti, obilja, bogastva, kmetijstva, občasne prenove in osvoboditve. Saturnova mitološka vladavina je bila upodobljena kot zlata doba obilja in miru. Po rimski osvojitvi Grčije je bil povezan z grškim Titanom Kronosom, ki je postal znan kot bog časa. Saturnova soproga je bila njegova sestra Ops, s katero je rodil Jupitra, Neptuna, Plutona, Junono, Cerero in Vesto.

Saturna so še posebej praznovali med festivalom Saturnalij vsak december, morda najbolj znani izmed rimskih festivalov, čas pogostitve, zamenjave vlog, svobode govora, obdarovanja in veseljačenja. V Saturnovem templju na Rimskem forumu je bila državna zakladnica in arhiv (aerarium) Rimske republike in zgodnjega Rimskega cesarstva. Po njem sta poimenovana planet Saturn in dan v tednu sobota.

Mitologija
Rimska dežela je ohranila spomin na zelo oddaljen čas, v katerem sta Saturn in Janus kraljevala mestu pred ustanovitvijo: Kapitol se je imenoval mons Saturnius.

Rimljani so Saturn poistovetili z grškim Kronosom, katerega miti so bili prilagojeni latinski literaturi in rimski umetnosti. Kronosova vloga v rodoslovju grških bogov je bila prenesena na Saturn. Že v času Livija Andronika (3. stoletje pr. n. št.) so Jupitra imenovali Saturnov sin.

Saturn je imel dve ljubici, ki sta predstavljali različne vidike boga. Ime njegove žene Ops, rimski ekvivalent grška Rea, pomeni »bogastvo, obilje, viri«. Povezava z Ops pa se šteje za poznejši razvoj, saj je bila ta boginja prvotno seznanjena s Consusom. Prej so Saturna povezovali z boginjo Lua (uničenje, razpustitev, rahljanje), boginjo, ki je prejela krvavo orožje sovražnikov, uničenih v vojni.

Pod Saturnovo vladavino so ljudje v 'zlati dobi', ki sta jo opisala Heziod in Ovid, uživali spontano blagodat zemlje brez dela. Postal je znan kot bog časa.

Etimologija in vzdevki
Po Varrovih besedah Saturnovo ime izhaja iz satus, ki pomeni 'sejanje'. Čeprav se zdi ta etimologija z jezikovnih razlogov neverjetna (zaradi dolgega ā v Sāturnus in tudi zaradi epigrafsko potrjene oblike Saeturnus) , kljub temu odraža prvotno lastnost boga. Verjetnejša etimologija povezuje ime z etruščanskim bogom Satrejem in krajevnimi imeni, kot sta Satria, starodavno mesto Latium, in Saturae palus, močvirje tudi v Laciju. Ta koren je lahko povezan z latinskim fitonimom Satureia.

Drugi vzdevek, spremenljivo Sterculius, Stercutus in Sterces, se je skliceval na njegove kmetijske funkcije; ta izhaja iz stercus, 'iztrebek' ali 'gnoja', ki se nanaša na ponovni vzpon iz smrti v življenje.<ref>Frederick Kaufman in Harper's Magazine, February 2008: Wasteland. A journey through the American cloaca.</ref> Kmetijstvo je bilo pomembno za rimsko identiteto, Saturn pa del arhaične rimske religije in etnične identitete. Njegovo ime se pojavlja v starodavni himni salijskih duhovnikov, njegov tempelj pa je bil najstarejši, ki so ga zabeležili pontifiki.

Kvint Lucilij Balb daje ločeno etimologijo v Cicerovem De Natura Deorum (O naravi bogov). V tej razlagi bi bil kmetijski vidik Saturna sekundarni glede na njegovo primarno razmerje s časom in letnimi časi. Ker Čas vse porabi, Balb trdi, da ime Saturn izhaja iz latinske besede satis; Saturn je antropomorfna predstavitev časa, ki ga napolnijo ali nasičijo vse stvari ali vse generacije. Ker je kmetijstvo tako tesno povezano z letnimi časi in zato razumevanje cikličnega poteka časa, iz tega izhaja, da bi bilo kmetijstvo potem povezano z božanstvom Saturnom.

 Tempelj
Saturnov tempelj je stal ob vznožju Kapitolskega griča, po tradiciji, ki jo je zapisal Varro, prej znan kot Saturnius Mons, vrsta stebrov iz zadnje obnove templja pa še vedno stoji. Tempelj je bil posvečen leta 497 pred našim štetjem, vendar je območje Saturni zgradil kralj Tul Hostilij, kar potrjujejo arheološke študije E. Gjerstada. V njej je bila skozi rimsko zgodovino državna zakladnica (aerarium).

 Praznovanja
Položaj Saturnovega festivala v rimskem koledarju je privedel do njegovega povezovanja s koncepti časa, zlasti s časovnim prehodom novega leta. V grški tradiciji so Kronosa (grško Κρόνος, Krónoς) včasih pomešali s Kronosom (grško: Χρόνος, [kʰrónos], novogrško [ˈxronos]); pomen - 'čas') kot bogom "časa" in njegovo požiranje svojih otrok je bilo sprejeto kot alegorija za minevanje generacij. Srp ali kosa Očeta časa je ostanek kmetijskega orodja Kronos-Saturn, njegov ostareli videz predstavlja upadanje starega leta z rojstvom novega, v antiki včasih utelešenega Ajona. V pozni antiki se Saturn sinkretizira s številnimi božanstvi in ga začnejo upodabljati s krili, tako kot Kairos (grško καιρός, Kairós -  bog srečnega trenutka, najmlajši Zevsov sin).

 V rimski religiji
 Teologija in bogoslužje

Lik Saturna je eden najbolj zapletenih v rimski religiji. Georges Dumézil se je vzdržal razprave o Saturnu v svojem delu o rimski religiji zaradi nezadostnega znanja. Nasprotno pa je njegov privrženec Dominique Briquel poskušal temeljito interpretirati Saturna, pri čemer je uporabil Dumézilovo trifunkcionalno teorijo indoevropske religije, pri čemer je za osnovo vzel starodavna pričevanja in dela A. Brelicha in G. Piccaluge.

Glavna težava, ki jo znanstveniki najdejo pri preučevanju Saturna, je pri oceni, kaj je izvirno iz njegove postave in kaj je posledica poznejših helenizirajočih vplivov. Poleg tega so nekatere značilnosti boga morda skupne Kronosu, vendar so kljub temu zelo prastare in se lahko štejejo za lastne rimskemu bogu, druge pa so poznejše in so prispele po letu 217 pr. n. št., letu, ko so bili grški običaji Kronia  (starogrško: Κρόνια - je bil atenski festival, ki je potekal v čast Kronu (Kronosu) 12. dneva Hekatombaiona, prvega meseca atiškega koledarja in približno enakovrednega drugemu delu julija in prvemu delu avgusta) spremenjeni v Saturnalije.

 Briquelova analiza
Med značilnostmi, ki so vsekakor verodostojne za rimskega boga, Briquel opredeljuje:
 čas njegovega praznika v koledarju, ki ustreza datumu posvečenja njegovega templja (grška Kronia je bila junija in julija);
 njegovo sodelovanje z Lua Mater in
 lokacija njegovega kulta na Kapitolu, ki sega v daljne čase.

Ti trije elementi po mnenju Briquela kažejo, da je Saturn suvereni bog. Božji strogi odnos s kulti na Kapitolskem griču in zlasti z Jupitrom poudarjajo legende o zavrnitvi boginje Juventus in boga Termina, da bi zapustila svoje bivališče v svetiščih na Kapitolu, ko naj bi bil zgrajen Jupitrov tempelj. Ti dve božanstvi ustrezata bogovom pomočnikom suverena v vedski religiji (Briquel se sklicuje na Dhritaraštra in Vidura, liki Mahabharate) ter na Kiklope in Hekatonhejre v Heziodu. Medtem ko bogovi pomočniki pripadajo drugi božanski generaciji, postanejo aktivni šele na ravni tretjega v vsakem od treh primerov Indije, Grčije in Rima, kjer postanejo nekakšno nadaljevanje Jupitra. [22])

 Rimske kultne prakse

Žrtvovanja Saturnu so bila opravljena po 'grškem obredu' (ritus graecus), z odkrito glavo, v nasprotju s tistimi drugih večjih rimskih božanstev, ki so jih izvajali capite velato, 's pokrito glavo' z zavitkom toge, ki je bila na hrbtu. Sam Saturn pa je bil predstavljen kot zakrit (''involutus''), kot na primer na stenski sliki iz Pompejev, ki prikazuje, da drži srp in je pokrit z belo tančico. Ta lastnost se popolnoma ujema z značajem suverenega boga varunskega tipa in je skupna nemškemu bogu Odinu. Briquel pripomni, da je Servij že videl, da je bila izbira grškega obreda posledica dejstva, da si boga predstavljajo in ga predstavljajo zastrtega, zato njegove žrtve ne more opraviti zastrti moški: to je primer preobrata trenutni red stvari, značilnih za naravo božanstva, kot je prikazan na njegovem festivalu. Plutarh piše, da je njegova figura zastrta, ker je oče resnice.

Plinij starejši ugotavlja, da je bil kultni kip Saturna napolnjen z oljem; natančen pomen tega ni jasen. Noge so bile vezane na volno, ki so jo odstranili šele v času Saturnalij. Dejstvo, da je bil kip napolnjen z oljem, noge pa so bile vezane z volno, se lahko nanaša na mit o 'kastraciji Urana'. V tem mitu Rea da Kronosu kamen, ki ga poje namesto Zevsa, s čimer prevara Kronosa. Ko je Zevs zmagal nad Kronosom, postavi ta kamen v Delfih in ga nenehno mažejo z oljem in nanj polagajo pramene netkane volne. Kamen je bil oblečen v rdeč plašč, iz templja pa so ga prinesli, da je sodeloval v obrednih procesijah (pompa circensis) in lectisternium'', banketih, na katerih so bile slike bogov postavljene kot gostje na kavčih. Vse te slovesne podrobnosti označujejo suvereno figuro.

Kult zunaj Rima
V Italiji obstaja malo dokazov za kult Saturna izven Rima, vendar je njegovo ime podobno imenu etruščanskega boga Satra. Potencialno okrutnost Saturna je povečala njegova identifikacija s Kronosom, ki je znan po tem, da je požrl lastne otroke. Tako so ga v prevodu uporabljali pri bogovih iz drugih kultur, ki so jih Rimljani razumeli kot hude; izenačili so ga s kartažanskim bogom Ba'alom Hammonom, ki so mu žrtvovali otroke in z Jahvejem, čigar soboto so imenovali Saturni dies, 'Saturnov dan', v pesmi Tibula, ki je pisal v času Avgustove vladavine; sčasoma je iz tega nastala beseda Saturday v angleščini. Identifikacija z Ba'alom Hammonom je kasneje povzročila afriški Saturn, kult, ki je užival veliko popularnost do 4. stoletja. Poleg tega, da je bil priljubljen kult, je imel tudi značaj skrivnostne religije in je zahteval otroške žrtve. Šteje se tudi, da se nagiba k monoteizmu. V slovesnosti iniciacije je miste (inicirani) intrat sub iugum ('vstopi pod jarem'), ritual, ki ga Leglay primerja z rimskim Sororium Tigillum. Čeprav se izvor in teologija popolnoma razlikujeta, sta italski in afriški bog suverena in gospodar časa in smrti, kar je omogočilo njuno srečanje. Poleg tega afriški Saturn ne izhaja neposredno iz italskega boga, temveč iz njegovega grškega kolega Kronosa.

Saturnalija

Saturn je povezan z velikim verskim praznikom v rimskem koledarju, Saturnalijami. Na Saturnalijah so praznovali letino in setev in so potekale od 17. do 23. decembra. V času Saturnalij so bile socialne omejitve Rima sproščene. Lik Saturna, ki so ga med letom ščitili z nogami, zavezanimi v volno, je bil v času festivala izpuščen iz vezi. Saturnalij naj bi odražale razmere izgubljene 'zlate dobe' pred strmoglavljenjem vladavine Saturna, ki pa niso vsa zaželena, razen kot začasno izpustitev iz civiliziranih omejitev. Grški ekvivalent je bil festival Kronia.

Macrobij (5. stoletje n. št.) predstavlja interpretacijo Saturnalij kot praznika svetlobe, ki vodi v zimski solsticij. Obnovo svetlobe in prihod novega leta so v poznejšem rimskem cesarstvu 25. decembra praznovali pri Dies Natalis of Sol Invictus, 'rojstnem dnevu neosvojljivega sonca'.

Gladiatorska munera
Htonična narava Saturna ga je povezala s podzemljem in njegovim vladarjem Dis Paterjem (bog podzemlja), rimskim ekvivalentom grškega Plutona, ki je bil tudi bog skritega bogastva. V virih iz 3. stoletja našega štetja in kasneje je Saturn zapisan kot prejemnik gladiatorskih daritev (munera) med ali blizu Saturnalij. Te borbe z gladiatorji, ki so jih ves december izvajali deset dni, so kvestorji predstavili in sponzorirali s sredstvi iz Saturnove zakladnice.

Krščanski apologeti so prakso gladiatorskih munera kritizirali kot obliko človeškega žrtvovanja. [56] Čeprav v republikanski dobi ni dokazov o tej praksi, je daritev gladiatorjev privedla do poznejše teorije, da je prvotni Saturn zahteval človeške žrtve. Macrobij pravi, da je bil Dis Pater pomirjen s človeškimi glavami, Saturn pa z žrtvovanimi žrtvami, sestavljenimi iz moških (virorum Victimis). Figurice, ki so si jih v času Saturnalij zamenjali za darila (sigillaria), so morda predstavljale nadomestke žetonov.

Na kovancih

Leta 104 pred našim štetjem je plebejski tribun Lucij Apulej Saturnin izdal denarij, na katerem je prikazan Saturn, ki vozi štirikolesno kočijo (kvadriga), vozilo, povezano z vladarji, zmagoslavnimi generali in bogovi sonca. Saturnin je bil priljubljeni politik, ki je predlagal razdeljevanje žita po znižani ceni revnim. Na sprednji strani je prikazana glava boginje Rome. Saturninovi posnetki, igrani na tribunovem imenu in njegovem namenu spremeniti družbeno hierarhijo v svojo korist, tako da je svojo politično podporo opiral na navadne ljudi (plebs) in ne na senatsko elito.

Sklici

Literatura
 Georges Dumézil La religion romaine archaïque Paris Payot 1974 2nd; Italian translation (expanded version) La religione romana arcaica Milano Rizzoli 1977. Edizione e traduzione a cura di Furio Jesi.
 Dominique Briquel "Jupiter, Saturn et le Capitol. Essai de comparaison indoeuropéenne" in Revue de l' histoire des religions 198 2. 1981 pp. 131–162.
 Marcel Leglay Saturn africain. Histoire BEFAR Paris de Boccard 1966.
 H.S. Versnel, "Saturnus and the Saturnalia," in Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (Brill, 1993, 1994), pp. 144–145.
 Guirand, Felix (Editor); Aldington, Richard (Translator); Ames, Delano (Translator); & Graves, Robert (Introduction). New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology.

Zunanje povezave

Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (c. 300 images of Saturn)
Flowers of Abu Ma'shar  by Ja'far ibn Muḥammad al-Balkhī depicts and discusses Saturn and his role within astrology, dating from the 9th century.

Rimski bogovi
Bogovi kmetijstva
Bogovi časa in usode
Kanibalizem


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NationBuilder is a Los Angeles based technology start-up that develops content management and customer relationship management (CRM) software. Although the company initially targeted political campaigns and nonprofit organizations, it later expanded its marketing efforts to include other people and organizations trying to build an online following, such as artists, musicians and restaurants. The software uses voter data such as names, addresses and other information, such as previous voting records in the case of political campaigns, to allow users to centralize, build and manage campaigns by integrating various communication tools like websites, newsletters, text messaging and social media channels under one platform.

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History
NationBuilder was founded in 2009 in Los Angeles by Jim Gilliam and launched in 2011. In 2012 Joe Green joined NationBuilder as co-founder and president. He left that role 11 months later in February 2013.

Gilliam was previously a movie-maker who co-founded Brave New Films with Robert Greenwald and had sought funding for his films through crowd-sourcing. Green, who studied organizing at Harvard and was Mark Zuckerberg's roommate, is also the co-founder of the Causes Facebook app; he left NationBuilder in 2013.

Since its founding, the company has helped campaigns raise $1.2 billion. In 2012, NationBuilder announced that 1,000 subscribers have used its software to amass 2.5 million supporters and raise $12 million in campaign donations. In 2015 it has helped raise $264 million, recruit over one million volunteers and coordinate some 129,000 events.

By 2016, the company said its software was used by about 40 percent of all contested elections at the state and national level in the U.S., which included 3,000 political campaigns. Using such software is easier in the U.S. than Europe, where comprehensive data protection and privacy laws are in effect since 2018.

Scottish National Party was the first political party to use NationBuilder, harvesting vast amounts of data pertaining to voter activity via websites such as Facebook and Twitter. This revelation prompted outrage over privacy concerns. Guy Herbert of the No2ID campaign called the use of such data harvesting tools by the SNP "utterly hypocritical".

Funding
Investors in NationBuilder include Chris Hughes - the Facebook co-founder, Sean Parker - first president of Facebook and co-founder of Napster and Causes, Dan Senor - the former Republican foreign-policy adviser and Ben Horowitz, co-founder of Andreessen Horowitz. In 2012, it has raised $6.3 million in funding from a number of investors.

Notable use cases
The software is reported to have played a role in some public elections in Europe, the US and New Zealand, as well as non-profit initiatives, and political parties in Australia. Notable users include Bernie Sanders, Mitch McConnell, Andrew Yang, Theresa May, Amnesty International, the NAACP and Donald Trump.

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New Zealand
NationBuilder's services were used in the campaigns of both the National and Labour parties in the 2017 New Zealand general election.

United Kingdom
Despite better data protection and privacy laws in the UK and EU, NationBuilder was used to significant impact in a number of UK elections, most notably in the 2016 campaign for withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. The company later made a public announcement that both sides in the Brexit campaign have used its software.

United States
NationBuilder was used in the Donald Trump presidential campaign to advance his election efforts and eventually win the 2016 presidential race. Jill Stein of the Green Party, Republican Rick Santorum, and independent supporters of various candidates all used NationBuilder during their 2016 runs for president.

During the 2018 US election cycle, political entities paid more than $1 million for the use of NationBuilder. Among the entities paying the most are Donald J. Trump for President, Prosperity Action and the Republican Party of Tennessee.

References

External links
 Official website

Political software
2009 establishments in California
Companies based in Los Angeles
Web applications
Software companies of the United States


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NIGERIA has built strong framework for Environmental Protection… Minister
July 11th, 2018 Posted In: Environmental Education, Environmental Protection, News
Nigeria has strengthened its capacity to achieve environmental governance in the country, so says the Minister of State for Environment, Alhaji Ibrahim Usman Jibril.
The Minister who made the disclosure while addressing the 6th Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in Da Nang, Vietnam said, "The Federal Government of Nigeria has put in place relevant institutional arrangements and mechanisms, including legal framework, to address various environmental problems facing our country."
He also said the Nigerian government was working with the private sector as well as promoting innovation in the environment sector to achieve the desired goals, emphasizing that, "We are providing enabling environment for private sector participation and partnership in environmental sustainability. We are promoting circular economy and clean technologies that will drive research, eco-innovation and actions in various areas, including climate change mitigation and adaption measures. We have initiated the Sovereign Green Bond to raise funds to address environmental problems."
He further stated that Nigeria was focused on programmes and initiatives that will not only protect the environment but also create wealth. "The Government has initiated the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) programme to encourage industry to shift to closed-cycle manufacturing and efficient take-back schemes for remanufacturing and recycling. This is in line with the tenets of green economy and circular economy in which the use of materials and generations of waste are minimized, and waste is recycled or reused as raw material, and any remaining waste treated in a way that causes minimal damage to the human health and the environment," he said.
On the clean up of Ogoni land, the minister had this to say, "Let me use this opportunity to reiterate government's commitment to the clean-up of Ogoniland and the rest of Niger Delta in the South-South Zone of Nigeria following decades of negative environmental impacts due to oil exploration and exploitation activities. We have established the Hydrocarbon Pollution and Remediation Project (HYPREP), appointed a coordinator, and put in place a Governing Council (GC) and the Board of Trustees (BoT). In addition, free medical services and potable water are being provided to the communities. It is expected that the actual clean-up exercise will commence between August and September 2018 after the conclusion of the on-going procurement process."
While thanking GEF for its support in the efforts to tackle environmental crimes in the country, the minister urged the international body to increase its grant to the West Africa Coastal Constituency of GEF, which Nigeria belongs to.
NESREA As
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


IDX Broker is always improving. Here are some of our latest features. Bookmark this page and check back often for news about our most recent improvements and features.
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Sold Data is now available for only $9.99 and has been upgraded to a Platinum Only feature. Visit our Sold Data coverage page to see if it's available for your MLS.
Our new Access Code system lets clients gain earlier entry to their accounts while MLS approval is still pending.
A new version of the API has been released. Version 1.6.0 added pagination and count to the lead endpoints.
Version 1.6.0 added Sold Data endpoints so clients can get search field values, city/county/zip, prices, and property counts for sold listings.
Mobile First Templates are now neutrally colored by default as to not conflict with client website themes and colors.
Partner Custom Templates allow Developer Partners to modify and customize several types of templates including Search, Map, Results, Details, and Roster Pages.
SMS messaging is now enabled, which allows users to receive messages to their phone whenever a new lead signs up.
IDX Broker provides an app to display your featured listings on any Apple TV enabled device.
Facebook ad creation has never been easier. We can prepare your listings and send them to Facebook Dynamic Ads for Real Estate creation.
The Facebook app is now updated with a more modern and easier to use interface.
The message center now shows you emails that have failed delivery and you can tell from a glance whether or not your emails are opened and which leads are clicking links in those emails.
Our updated, mobile friendly My Listings Manager is much more user friendly for your leads.
We continue to improve our SPAM prevention for the detection of malicious actors, ensuring you don't waste your time on fake leads.
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If sold data is available for your MLS, you may now add this to your account right from within IDX Broker.
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Our knowledgebase article will show you how to activate Social Logins.
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Save your time by creating a widget or saved link once and then duplicate the content and adjust minute parameters to fit your need.
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This soft fleece blanket features the Bad Ape and the film logo from the film, War for the Planet of the Apes.
This soft fleece blanket features the Bad Ape and the film logo from the film, War for the Planet of the Apes. With a design on each side, this soft fleece blanket is perfect for the couch, car, or an outdoor activity. It's machine washable and the printing won't run or distress. The cozy blanket measures approximately 50" X 60". Fabric is 100% polyester fleece.


National-Socialist Worldview: Anti-Gentiles Deny the 5 Million!
Anti-Gentiles Deny the 5 Million!
There are two fundamental versions of the Holocaust, one that was created for war-propaganda, which is not primarily about Jews, and a very different version that was created for Zionist propaganda, which is all about Jews.
The Trump Administration issued a statement on International Holocaust Remembrance Day that did not mention any particular ethnic group as the victims of the Holocaust. Representatives of Jewish organizations immediately demanded that the presumed oversight be corrected, but the Trump Administration refused to do this, stating that they did not wish to commemorate Jewish deaths to the exclusion of the many non-Jewish deaths in the Holocaust.
Deborah Lipstadt and others stated that the Holocaust was by definition about Jews exclusively, because that is how they define it. Yehuda Bauer of Israel's Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum even repudiated the proposition that there were several million non-Jewish deaths in German concentration-camps, pinning the blame for the legend of the "5 million" on Simon Wiesenthal.
In fact the claim of millions of non-Jewish victims dates from the war itself. In early propaganda about concentration-camps, Jews sometimes were not mentioned at all. What has happened is that the original story of German atrocities, which emphasized a diversity of victims in order to convince non-Jews that the war was necessary, has gradually been overshadowed by Zionist propaganda that essentially has no use for non-Jewish victimhood.
The conflict between Trump and the Defenders of the Holocaust Faith is based on the fact that Trump has adhered to something more or less resembling the original war-propaganda (which continues to exert influence because it was never authoritatively repudiated) instead of embracing the currently prevalent Zionist propaganda. By attacking Trump over this, they have called attention to an enormous change in the Holocaust narrative, which provides obvious justification for questioning other elements of the story.


Drones require infrastructure to function. You've got to launch them from somewhere, and if you want them back, you have to land them somewhere, too. And infrastructure, as a general rule, is not secretive or stealthy, which can cause problems for the military, since they like being stealthy. As far as the U.S. Navy goes, nothing is stealthier than a submarine, so turning one of those into a mobile drone launcher like the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) just did makes perfect sense.
Submarines are already equipped with ways of sending stuff to the surface from depth. By "stuff," we're generally talking about missiles, ranging from Tomahawks all the way up to ballistic missiles. So all you really have to do to launch a drone from underwater is replace one of those Tomahawks with a drone in a tube, fire it off, and then instead of engaging some sort of rocket motor, let the tube surface and then gently send the drone on its way. Easy!
The drone that the NRL used for this test was an XFC UAS (that would be, "eXperimental Fuel Cell Unmanned Aerial System"), fired from a Los Angeles class (i.e. very big, nuclear powered) submarine from some unspecified depth. Once the launch tube hit the surface, it stabilized floating upright, and an electric launch assist system helped the drone get airborne. Six hours later, the drone landed at the Naval Sea Systems Command Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center in the Bahamas.
It's just a mockup, but that's a reasonably significant step for a DARPA-funded concept to get to. Cormorant was sadly canceled in 2008 due to budget cuts, but we still think it's one of the most innovative (and coolest looking) submarine/drone hybrids we've ever seen.


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Although dehumanization research first emerged following the overt and conscious denials of humanity present during war and genocide, modern dehumanization research largely examines more subtle and implicit forms of dehumanization in more everyday settings. We argue for the need to reorient the research agenda toward understanding when and why individuals blatantly dehumanize others. We review recent research in a range of contexts suggesting that blatant dehumanization is surprisingly prevalent and potent, uniquely predicting aggressive intergroup attitudes and behavior beyond subtle forms of dehumanization and outgroup dislike, and promoting vicious cycles of conflict.
Kteily, N.S. & Bruneau, E., Darker Demons of Our Nature: The Need to (Re)Focus Attention on Blatant Forms of Dehumanization, Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 6: pp. 487-494. Copyright © 2017 Association for Psychological Science. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.


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James Pearson Shaw (January 24, 1867 – December 9, 1946) was a political figure in British Columbia. He represented Kamloops in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1909 to 1916 as a Conservative.

He was born in Glanbrook Township, Ontario, the son of Thomas Shaw and Mary Jane Choate, and was educated in Brant County and in Brantford. He taught school for two years in Brant County. Shaw came to British Columbia in 1888. In 1890, he married Nellie Wilson. Shaw moved to Shuswap in 1894. He was a justice of the peace, served as secretary-treasurer for the Shuswap school board and was president of the Kamloops Agricultural Association from 1903 to 1904. Shaw was defeated by Frederick William Anderson when he ran for reelection to the assembly in 1916. He was named by the province to the Royal Commission on Indian Affairs that was formed in 1913. He died in Kamloops at the age of 79.

References

1867 births
1937 deaths
British Columbia Conservative Party MLAs


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the john muir exhibit - collectibles - sticker
John Muir Sticker
This sticker commemorates John Muir's connection with Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks
The front contains the title referring to Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks followed by a very nice John Muir quote:
"In every walk with Nature one receives far more than he seeks." - John Muir
On the reverse side, the sticker includes a brief biography of John Muir:
"Born in Scoland on April 21, 1838, Muir devoted his life to the study of the natural environment and teaching others to protect nature. His efforts helped create Sequia and Yosemite National Parks and inspired the expansion of America's national parks. In 1892, Muir and several supporters created the Sierra Club. Muir served as its president until his death in 1914."
Sequoia Natural History Assoc.
http://sequoiahistory.org
Sticker John Muir $1.25
4972 © SNHA"
The sticker measures 2 5/8 X 4 inches. It is available from the Sequoia Natural History Association.


text:
Nick Bridwell, Writer
Resume & Bibliography
Tour & Book Signings
Marketing & Social Media Services
The Renaissance Blog
Mon Amie, Midcentury!
Two of my favorite interior design elements are the "anti-decor" elements of French design and the warmth and subtle experimentation of midcentury modern design. Let's take a look at a few examples of both of these styles.
Anti-decor
""The whole idea is anti-decor. To make it look like the owner did it himself — to make it look natural. Which is, of course, very French." - Jean-Louis Deniot
Photo: Elle Decor
Anti-decor is a stylistic approach that you will find in the most tres chic of Parisian apartments. The idea is to embrace a hybrid of tradition and personality, which in turn creates a natural, though thoughtfully curated, aesthetic.
Notice in the above photograph that the arrangement appears to be not so much as designed as it is "collected". In anti-decor, the elements should combine in such a way that those who visit the room feel the owner placed the elements him/herself. It is also a sale that can be tastefully emulated.
"The architectural style is known for its use of expanses of glass, flat planes, and a strong connection to nature." - Sara Tardiff, Architectural Digest
What I most love about midcentury design is the combination of the Japanese minimalist and naturalistic tendencies and the stylistic statement pieces that are allowed to speak for themselves due to sparse surroundings.
My favorite midcentury home, Schaffer House, was designed by architect John Lautner. You might have fallen in love with Schaffer House while watching the Tom Ford masterpiece A Single Man.
There is an interactive openness that accompanies the greatest midcentury homes. Schaffer House, which is relatively small with 2 bedrooms and 1.5 bathrooms, showcases the benefit of glass walls. The home appears infinitely spacious as the design opens itself up to nature.
Do you see a common thread between "anti-decor" and midcentury design? I believe that both concepts embrace personality. There is a certain juxtaposition of curating for the purpose of appearing "effortless". There is also a noticeable victory.
Nick Bridwell
Writer, journalist, and total renaissance man.


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Health Tech Awards 2021: First group of judges revealed
Health Tech Awards 2021 Finalists: Excellence in Cyber Security
As we continue our countdown to the Health Tech Awards 2021, which takes place on 7 October, we'll keep showcasing the very best of all of our finalists and their potentially award-winning work.
We've already shared the solutions of entrants in categories on digital in primary care and cloud technologies, and now it's time to shift the focus to finalists that have shown 'Excellence in Cyber Security'.
A hugely topical and relevant area for health tech professionals, this category features three programmes and solutions that show how some trusts have been addressing and tackling issues to ensure a digitally safe and secure environment for all.
Ashford and St Peter's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Cloud21
Ashford and St Peter's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust has implemented a cyber security programme to meet national requirements, provide board assurance and save on employment costs.
After purchasing scanner software to get a full 360 view of its IT estate and cyber security across all systems and hardware, and to show the board of directors why investment in more resource for the cyber security team was needed, the trust found that it had a lot of work to do in this area.
With only a small team, the trust found it "hardly made a dent in what was required" and didn't have time to monitor new threats or review its endpoint protection every day, so needed some additional support to achieve its aims. With recruitment for a Head of Cyber Security and Cyber Security Engineers from within the NHS deemed potentially too expensive and time consuming, the trust came across Cloud21's Vulnerability Management Service, which helps NHS organisations to assess and prioritise the vulnerabilities highlighted by scanners. It also implements and manages processes to approve and deploy patches and fixes; and provides reports and audit trails to help ensure compliance with requirements such as NHS Cyber Alerts and DSPT.
By employing Cloud21, the trust also realised it could avoid spending more than £200,000 in salaries, plus further costs associated with recruitment. Cloud21 brought a team of cyber security experts to work with the trust's IT team, remediate the risks highlighted by the vulnerability scanner and to work to secure the IT estate. A cyber team was also available 24/7 and the service agreement included a commitment to have someone available, regardless of annual leave or sickness.
"Cloud21 clearly understand the changing nature of working in the NHS. We're in an ever-changing cyber environment – you think you've hit the nail on the head, then you have to change due to changing priorities. The service is really flexible and we're not tied into everything that has been agreed on day one," said the trust. It also added that it now reports regularly on its cyber progress and provides assurance to the board.
Qolcom and HPE Aruba
In response to the pandemic, the NHS Nightingale Hospital Exeter opened to provide additional capacity to care for COVID-19 patients. While it was purpose-built in just eight weeks, it required a 'robust, scalable and reliable network' to support IT and healthcare teams. A secure Wi-Fi network that was flexible and could be tailored was considered a top priority to ensure 'operational efficiency' and to create a simpler user experience for staff, patients, and visitors, with state-of-the-art wireless and wired medical equipment also posing a challenge for network designers.
The solution had to meet the needs of many different users, from medical staff using Wi-Fi enabled medical equipment to families talking to their loved ones by video, and allow for fast, easy access, as well as a high level of cyber security across the network.
Tasked with helping to supply this within weeks were the trusted IT partners Qolcom, which provides service and support expertise, and HPE Aruba, which specialises in network technology. The Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust selected the two companies, which were already providing services to surrounding hospitals. Central services were rapidly extended to the Nightingale Exeter for authentication through Aruba ClearPass and for management, via Aruba Airwave, while Qolcom's experience helped with devising a network strategy.
The network solution had four defining features: granular security for both the wi-fi and wired network, with Aruba ClearPass, providing the robust cyber security features of a wired network in a wireless environment; dependable hardware, intelligent design – every aspect of the solution designed to ensure a secure, reliable network; wireless connectivity, centralised control provided by Aruba 515 series access points throughout the hospital, including where ambulances bring in patients; collaborative delivery and 24/7 support.
After delivering the 'fast, reliable and secure IT network' solution across a 'very tight timescale and on budget', the hospital's network management is now 'greatly simplified, across a wide mix of users and devices', so that healthcare workers can quickly locate critical equipment through Wi-Fi enabled tracking, whilst patients are benefiting from a home-from-home experience.
"The ability to deploy this major IT solution so quickly has potentially been life saving and a simple, secure experience, across a wide spectrum of users, will continue to be at the heart of Nightingale Exeter", said Paul Hopkins, Programme Director, NHS England.
Alder Hey Children's Hospital
Alder Hey Children's Hospital says it has spent "the last year responding to the very real risks faced in the cyber security space" by implementing a significant programme of 'cyber work' to ensure the trust is protected from threats and vulnerabilities.
Staff across the organisation have joined the journey with the digital team, engaging in cyber-related activities and demonstrating an understanding of the importance of the work in protecting the staff, patients and families.
The trust notes that the online working environment is becoming more complicated due to the increase in this way of working during the COVID-19 pandemic, and as cybercriminals and hackers become more sophisticated.
Over the last 12 months, Alder Hey has addressed the issue through investment, allowing the digital team to implement a number of initiatives, including a Specialist Trust Collaboration across Cheshire and Merseyside. Thanks to reciprocal arrangements with two other specialist trusts in the area, they strengthened the reliance of core infrastructure, network architecture and mission critical systems. A Cyber Security Manager was recruited to work closely with the Digital Operations and Information Governance teams to champion the cyber security agenda and links to the Cyber Associates Network and local Cheshire and Merseyside Cyber Group.
Monitoring and control systems have also been strengthened by implementing additional software tools including an Intrusion Detection System and, most recently, in-house vulnerability scanning capabilities. Messages on the topic have been shared with the workforce through Cyber Awareness events and presentations at board level, with cyber training now part of the Mandatory Training cycle for all staff and targeted training for others. Many digital staff have attended courses and conferences and also have access to a library of training resources.
The portfolio of work culminated in the trust achieving its Cyber Essentials Certification in 2020 and the team is now embarking on the next stage of its cyber journey, with the goal of receiving Cyber Essentials Plus accreditation. Cyber is now embedded into the culture of the trust, with regular schedules of tests and internal checks supported by staff throughout the organisation.
Case Study: Northampton General Hospital Trust rolls out virtual wards for asthma patients
Feature: Inhealthcare leads the way in remote monitoring with patients and clinicians voicing support for digital health technologies in the NHS
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This entry is our analysis of a study considered particularly relevant to improving outcomes from drug or alcohol interventions in the UK. The original study was not published by Findings; click Title to order a copy. Free reprints may be available from the authors – click prepared e-mail. The summary conveys the findings and views expressed in the study. Below is a commentary from Drug and Alcohol Findings.
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Can needle and syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy achieve substantial reductions in hepatitis C virus prevalence?
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Vickerman P., Martin N., Turner K. et al.
Addiction: 2012, 107, p. 1984–1995.
Unable to obtain a copy by clicking title? Try asking the author for a reprint by adapting this prepared e-mail or by writing to Dr Vickerman at peter.vickerman@lshtm.ac.uk.
Among the messages of this simulation model for the UK and other countries is the resilience of hepatitis C in the face of considerable investment in methadone and needle exchange services, that these have nevertheless helped and need to be maintained and if possible expanded, but also that further measures are required to substantially curtail the virus.
Summary A simulation model for the UK and other countries was used to estimate the impact on the spread of hepatitis C virus of scaling-up opiate substitution therapy Prescribing opiate-type drugs to people addicted to illegally obtained heroin or allied drugs as the basis of a programme to treat or mitigate the consequences of their addiction. and high coverage needle and syringe programmes. Offering sterile injecting equipment to injectors to prevent the spread of infection due to the re-use of equipment previously used by another injector who may be infected. Used equipment is often returned to the service, hence the term 'needle exchange'.
Data which fed in to the simulation derived from a synthesis of results from UK studies published since the year 2000 which related use of these services to hepatitis C infection among injectors outside prison. Six studies were found. From Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, Leeds, London and Wales. Two directly assessed the incidence of new infections by retesting To test whether they were HCV antibody-negative or positive. injectors a year later. The other four took measurements at a single point in time, but used a laboratory test Individuals who tested HCV RNA-positive among those who tested HCV antibody-negative were considered newly infected. to identify which injectors were relatively newly infected. In the repeat-test studies, injectors were considered to have been in opiate substitution treatment if this occupied at least six of the 12 months of the follow-up period. For the remaining studies the definition was being in treatment at the time of the test for infection. Injectors were considered to be 'highly covered' by needle and syringe programmes if these had supplied Over what was usually the last four weeks. them at least enough injecting equipment to have used a fresh set for each injection.
The conclusion was that when injectors were protected by one or other type of service to the degree set by the synthesis study, the chances of their becoming infected were halved relative to the risk faced by injectors who had not adequately participated in either type of service. When injectors were protected by both, their risk of infection was just a fifth of that faced by injectors who had used neither to the degree set by the study, and this time the risk reduction was statistically significant.
These values were incorporated in the featured simulation study as the risk reduction effect of being in substitute prescribing and/or receiving enough sterile equipment for each injection in the past month. Data from GPs supported the assumption that on average patients stayed in treatment for eight months. In the absence of adequate data, the same assumption was made for high-coverage needle and syringe provision. The simulation was run for the UK specifically and for countries in general, varying the proportion of injectors engaged in either or both types of programmes. At issue was the effect of increasing these proportions, simulating the impact of scaling up service provision.
The all-countries simulation assumed a baseline of no injectors receiving either type of service, and either 20%, 40% or 60% chronically infected with hepatitis C. As long as sustained for at least 15 years, recruiting 6 in 10 injectors in to adequate injecting equipment provision and substitute prescribing treatment was calculated to reduce the proportion infected with hepatitis C by a third. If just 4 in 10 were recruited, this degree of reduction would take 20 years. In the short-term the starting proportion infected made little difference, but over 20 years the interventions had less impact if introduced when a very high proportion of injectors were already infected. Varying assumptions about the effectiveness of the interventions was calculated to make a big difference to their impacts on the epidemics.
For the UK, data supported the assumed baseline of 40% of injectors chronically infected with hepatitis C and half of all injectors engaged in either opiate substitute prescribing programmes or high-coverage needle and syringe provision. The simulation extrapolated back to a hypothetical zero access to substitute prescribing and adequate needle exchange, leading to an estimate that assumed current service coverage of 50% may have reduced what would have been a 65% infection rate among injectors to 40%.
It was calculated that over the long term, recruiting just another 10% (up from 50% to 60%) of UK injectors to these programmes would result in modest further reductions in infection rate, but that substantial progress would require scaling up these interventions so that both reach not half the injectors, but at least 8 in 10. This level sustained for 10 years meant the infection rate would drop from 40% to 30%, and for 20 years, to about 20%. Achieving increased coverage means recruiting more injectors to these programmes and/or retaining those who do use them for longer. Without increased retention, the recruitment rate has to be much higher. For example, at eight months retention, to get 8 in 10 injectors in to these programmes requires over half those not yet attending to join each month. If retention doubles to 16 months, then just under 30% need to join each month – still over twice the assumed 12.5% baseline, but a more achievable figure.
Again, varying assumptions about the effectiveness of the interventions was calculated to make a big difference to their impacts on the infection rate. Even more influential was varying assumptions about what proportion of injectors stop injecting each year from 5% up to 20%; interventions have greater impact the shorter the typical injecting career.
The authors' conclusions
This analysis suggests that opiate substitution therapy and high coverage needle and syringe programmes can reduce the prevalence of hepatitis C among injectors, but also that reductions are frequently modest and require many years of sustained intervention coverage. For instance, cutting prevalence by a third over 10 years would usually require over 60% of injectors to be engaged in these programmes. Projections for countries which already have sustained high coverage (such as the UK and Australia) suggest that many infections have been averted. For example, without such interventions 65% of UK injectors would have been chronically infected with hepatitis C, amounting to 50,000 extra infections in England and Wales. But further substantial reductions (down by over half) are unlikely unless both interventions can be scaled-up to reach not 50%, but over 80% of injectors for at least 20 years.
In the face of inadequate progress in curtailing hepatitis C, broadly one may recommend extending existing interventions to more injectors, or argue that this will not be enough and other interventions are required. Among these may be vaccination if this becomes available, treating infection, promoting ways to take drugs other than injecting, or distributing less transmission-prone equipment such as low dead space syringes.
Where conventional substitute and equipment supply programmes already reach a high proportion of injectors, the featured simulation suggests that additional alternative measures are indeed required to make substantial further progress. Only a very ambitious programme, for example recruiting 30% of injectors per month to these interventions and typically retaining them for 16 months, would see hepatitis C prevalence in nations such as the United Kingdom halved within 20 years. Such an expansion is unlikely to be sustained or funded. In contrast, where substitute prescribing and equipment supply programmes currently reach few injectors, initial efforts Ways to do this for substitute prescribing include psychosocial therapies, individualised treatment, providing free treatment and transport, other incentives, and flexible and higher dosing. Ways to do this for equipment supply include removing limitations on what and how much can be supplied, allowing injectors to supply each other with sterile equipment, and more and varied supply points. Other components could also be important for maximising behaviour change while in contact with these interventions. should focus on scaling up both interventions. In the long term, however, even in these areas other interventions such as treating infected patients will also be needed to substantially reduce the prevalence of hepatitis C.
commentary The simulation illustrates why a country such as the UK which started with a high level of hepatitis C infection still has high levels despite considerable investment in needle exchange and methadone and buprenorphine maintenance. Without this investment, tens of thousands more people would have had their lives blighted by infection, but reducing this number by much more still would require a degree of commitment on the part both of injectors and health service funders which seems unlikely.
Sustaining and if possible increasing engagement in needle exchange and methadone and buprenorphine maintenance programmes is essential not just to contain hepatitis C, but also HIV, and for reasons not to do with infection control at all, but more will be needed. One clue to what comes from the study's finding that decreasing the length of injecting careers – which in itself would reduce the number of infections – also augments the impact of the interventions. If recovery-oriented national polices in Britain do work, the result should indeed be to curtail drug use and injecting careers. It has also recently become apparent that injecting is falling out of favour, another way in which infection could be reduced and service coverage increased without extra resources. These comments are expanded on below.
Sophisticated as they are, the calculations made by the featured analysis depend on an association between infection rates and adequate needle exchange and substitute prescribing which could have been due to other factors. Conceivably, for example, injectors concerned and stable enough to stay in treatment and to make regular use of needle exchanges would have found other ways to avoid infection, even if exchanges and treatment were unavailable. In this scenario, it would not be the services which were active ingredients, but the characteristics of the injectors who tended to use them most. It should also be remembered that one half of the intervention duo modelled in the study – opiate substitute prescribing – is applicable only to patients addicted to these types of drugs. If sustained over many years, injecting crack increased the infection rate in the featured model, and the more primary crack injectors there are, the lower the proportion of injectors who might be attracted in to, accepted by, and retained by opiate substitute prescribing programmes.
High coverage is the key but can it be achieved?
An important finding from the study is that the effectiveness of maintenance and needle exchange in preventing infection is a major influence on how many injectors become infected. Not just sustaining and extending but also optimising both services is important. As emphasised by Findings in a series of reviews on hepatitis C and needle exchange, this and other bodies of work stress that the best way to curb the spread of HIV and hepatitis C among injectors is high coverage supply of injecting equipment, enough and sufficiently easily available for a fresh set to be used each time, allied with high coverage substitute prescribing.
However, complete coverage in terms of the supply of injecting equipment is very far from the norm in Britain, with the result that at the end of the first decade of the 2000s hepatitis C was spreading more rapidly than in the early 2000s, infecting a quarter of injectors within three years of their starting to inject.
Given funding constraints and the current policy emphasis on recovery from addiction and abstinence rather than harm reduction, it may be unrealistic to expect a further major contribution to stemming the hepatitis C epidemic from services intended to ameliorate damage from continued injecting. What would help is if their workload could be reduced because (aided or not by treatment) drug users themselves turn away from injecting, by far the most important route for infection. From population estimates and trends in the treatment caseload, it seems this may be happening, an estimated 137,000 injecting drug users in England in 2004–05 falling to 117,000 in 2006–07.
NICE's verdict and other studies
The type of models exemplified by the featured analysis make estimates based on what ought to happen given current knowledge and best guesses, rather than what has actually happened. They have large margins for error in themselves and also because what they predict may not happen in reality. Also they form a limited basis for determining health policy because they do not extend to estimating whether spending on syringe distribution and prescribing programmes might save/improve more lives if used in another health sector entirely. However, within the limited remit of preventing infections among injectors, these programmes take pride of place, especially when opiate-type drugs account for a major part of injecting.
Despite the uncertainties, the results of such simulations, and those of studies of what actually happens, were enough to convince Britain's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) that commissioners should aim to provide every injector with all the equipment they need to use a sterile set each time, the definition of high coverage in the featured analysis. The NICE committee reached these conclusions partly on the basis of a cost-effectiveness analysis. It concluded that extending adequate needle exchange to a higher proportion of injectors would usually save and improve lives at well below the cost to the health service normally considered to justify the expenditure. Also like the featured analysis, this work suggested that while increasing the coverage of syringe distribution and substitute prescribing programmes is sufficient to control HIV, it will not on its own substantially reduce hepatitis C infection; this requires a multi-faceted programme, including for example these interventions plus treatment of patients already infected with hepatitis C.
The featured study's results for Britain are likely to be broadly applicable to countries such as Australia with similar policies, services, drug use patterns and rates of HIV and hepatitis C infection, and vice versa. As in the featured analysis for Britain and hepatitis C, a recent simulation for Australia estimated that without needle and syringe distribution programmes, in 2000–2010 there would have been many more HIV and hepatitis C infections. Distribution programmes had it was calculated prevented 192–873 HIV infections (34–70% of what would have been the total) and 19,000–77,000 hepatitis C infections (15–43% of what would have been the total).
Unlike the featured analysis, the Australian study went on to estimate that needle and syringe distribution programmes were a highly cost-effective way to extend and improve lives by preventing infection-related illnesses including AIDS and liver disease. Also, cumulative costs savings over the life of injectors who would otherwise have been infected was estimated to mean that eventually each dollar spent on these programmes in 2000–2010 would have saved from 1.3 to 5.5 times as much in averted healthcare costs.
Turning to opioid substitute prescribing, a systematic review of its impact on HIV concluded that this treatment reduces drug-related behaviours with a high risk of HIV transmission. Four studies assessed relationships between the proportions of people who actually became HIV positive (seroconversion) and their participation in methadone treatment. All found that participation as such, or more extended or continuous participation, was associated with a lower rate of seroconversion. However, impacts on hepatitis C are much less well established.
Last revised 29 October 2012. First uploaded 24 October 2012
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You are here: Home / The Hunski Experience / Are the Woods That You Use Really Salvaged? How Do You Know?
Are the Woods That You Use Really Salvaged? How Do You Know?
How do you know for sure that the live edge wood slabs or lumber that you are using are truly salvaged material? If the companies that you get your wood from aren't the actual people who take down the trees, then there is no way to know for sure if the tree truly needed to be taken down. With the terms "salvaged" and "urban lumber" being so popular right now, you will be hard pressed to find a company that says that their would products are anything but that. In reality, just in the Sacramento area there are lots of people who take out healthy living trees because they know that they can mill them into slabs and sell them as salvaged or sell them to companies in the area, down south, up north or back east who will label the wood as "salvaged".
We at Hunski Hardwoods pride ourselves in offering truly salvaged wood products. We ensure this by being the actual people who talk to the tree owners, harvest the trees, mill them in house on our sawmills and dry and sell the wood. Most of the time we have pictures of the tree and removal process with the story behind the tree, so you can know for sure that the wood came from a tree that truly needed to come. We specialize in salvaging dead, dying, hazardous and unwanted trees.
If you are looking at purchasing wood ask the questions: Why did the tree need to be taken down? What was the story behind the tree? Do you have pictures of the tree while it was still standing? If their answers are short and brief like the tree was dead or it came from a retired orchard and they can not expand on it or have pictures then there is a good chance that they were not the ones who took the tree down and there is no guarantee that it is truly salvaged.


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Injury to the head may occur as a result of traffic accidents, sports injuries, falls, assault, accidents at work and at home, or bullet wounds. Most people suffer a minor head injury at least once in their lives, but very few of the injuries are severe enough to require treatment. A head injury can damage the scalp, skull, or brain. Minor injuries usually cause no damage to the underlying brain. Even when there is a skull fracture, or the scalp is split, the brain may not be damaged. However, a blow to the head may severely shake the brain, and this can sometimes cause brain damage even when there are no external signs of injury.
A blow often bruises the brain tissue, causing death of some of the brain cells in the injured area. When an object actually penetrates the skull, foreign material and dirt may be implanted into the brain and lead to infection. A blow or a penetrating injury may also tear blood vessels causing brain haemorrhage (bleeding in or around the brain). Head injury may cause swelling of the brain; this is particularly evident after bullet wounds because their high velocity causes extensive damage. If the skull is fractured, bone may be driven into the underlying brain.
If the head injury is mild, there may be no symptoms other than a slight headache. In some cases there is concussion, which may cause confusion, dizziness, and blurred vision (sometimes persisting for several days). More severe head injuries, particularly blows to the head, may result in unconsciousness that lasts longer than a few minutes, or coma (a state of unconsciousness and unresponsiveness to stimuli), which may be fatal.
Post-concussive amnesia (loss of memory of events that occurred after an accident) may occur, especially if the skull has been fractured. This amnesia usually lasts more than an hour after consciousness is regained. There may also be pretraumatic amnesia (loss of memory of events that occurred before the accident). The more serious the injury to the brain, the longer unconsciousness and amnesia are likely to last.
After a severe brain injury, a person may suffer some muscular weakness or paralysis and loss of sensation.
Symptoms such as persistent vomiting, pupils of unequal size, double vision, or a deteriorating level of consciousness suggest progressive brain damage.
Investigations may include skull X-rays and MRI or CT scanning (techniques that produce cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of body structures). A blood clot inside the skull may be life-threatening and requires surgical removal. Severe skull fractures may also require surgery.
Recovery from concussion may take several days. There may be permanent physical or mental disability if the brain has been damaged. Recovery from a major head injury can be a very slow process and there may be signs of progressive improvement for several years after the injury.
Injury to the head may damage the scalp, skull, or brain. The most important consequence of head trauma is traumatic brain injury. Head injury may occur either as a closed head injury, such as the head hitting a car's windshield, or as a penetrating head injury, as when a bullet pierces the skull. Both may cause damage that ranges from mild to profound. Very severe injury can be fatal because of profound brain damage.
Each year about two million people in the US have a serious head injury and up to 750,000 of them are severe enough to require hospitalization. Brain injury is most likely to occur inmales between ages 15 and 24, usually as a result of car and motorcycle accidents. About 70% of all accidental deaths are due to head injuries, as are most of the disabilities that occur after trauma.
Epilepsy occurs in 2–5% of people who have had a head injury; it is much more common in people who have had severe or penetrating injuries. Most cases of epilepsy appear right after the accident or within the first year and become less likely with increased time following the accident.
Closed head injury refers to brain injury without any penetrating injury to the brain. It may be the result of a direct blow to the head; of the moving head being rapidly stopped, such as when a person's head hits a windshield in a car accident; or by the sudden deceleration of the head without its striking another object. The kind of injury the brain receives in a closed head injury is determined by whether or not the head was unrestrained upon impact and the direction, force, and velocity of the blow. If the head is resting on impact, the maximum damage will be found at the impact site. A moving head will cause a ''contrecoup injury'' where the brain damage occurs on the side opposite the point of impact, as a result of the brain slamming into that side of the skull. A closed head injury also may occur without the head being struck, such as when a person experiences whiplash. This type of injury occurs because the brain is of a different density than the skull and can be injured when delicate brain tissues hit against the rough, jagged inner surface of the skull.
If the head injury ismild, theremay be no symptoms other than a slight headache. There also may be confusion, dizziness, and blurred vision. While the head injury may seem to have been quite mild, in many cases symptoms persist for days or weeks.Up to 60%of patients who sustain a mild brain injury continue to experience a range of symptoms called ''post-concussion syndrome,'' as long as six months or a year after the injury.
Doctors use the Glasgow Coma Scale to evaluate the extent of brain damage based on observing a patient's ability to open his or her eyes, respond verbally, and respond to stimulation by moving (motor response). Patients can score from 3 to 15 points on this scale. People who score below eight when they are admitted usually have suffered a severe brain injury and will need rehabilitative therapy as they recover. In general, higher scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale indicate less severe brain injury and a better prognosis for recovery.
Patients with a mild head injury who experience symptoms are advisedtoseek out the care of a specialist; unless a family physician is thoroughly familiar with medical literature in this newly emerging area, experts warn that there is a good chance that patient complaints after a mild head injury will be downplayed or dismissed. In the case of mild head injury or post-concussion syndrome, CT and MRI scans, electroencephalograms (EEG), and routine neurological evaluations all may be normal because the damage is so subtle. In many cases, these tests cannot detect the microscopic damage that occurs when fibers are stretched in a mild, diffuse injury. In this type of injury, the axons lose some of their covering and become less efficient. This mild injury to the white matter reduces the quality of communication between different parts or the brain. A PET scan, which evaluates cerebral blood flow and brain metabolism, may be of help in diagnosing mild head injury.
If a concussion, bleeding inside the skull, or skull fracture is suspected, the patient should be kept quiet in a darkened room, with head and shoulders raised slightly on a pillow or blanket.
After initial emergency treatment, a team of specialists may be needed to evaluate and treat the problems that result. A penetrating wound may require surgery. Those with severe injuries or with a deteriorating level of consciousness may be kept hospitalized for observation. If there is bleeding inside the skull, the blood may need to be surgically drained; if a clot has formed, it may need to be removed. Severe skull fractures also require surgery.
Supportive care and specific treatments may be required if the patient experiences further complications. People who experience seizures, for example, may be given anticonvulsant drugs, and people who develop fluid on the brain (hydrocephalus) may have a shunt inserted to drain the fluid.
Prompt, proper diagnosis and treatment can help alleviate some of the problems after a head injury. It usually is difficult to predict the outcome of a brain injury in the first few hours or days; a patient's prognosismay not be knownformanymonths or even years.
The outlook for someone with a minor head injury generally is good, although recovery may be delayed and symptoms such as headache, dizziness, and cognitive problems can persist for up to a year or longer after an accident. This can limit a person's ability to work and cause strain in personal relationships.
As researchers learn more about the long-term effects of head injuries, they have started to uncover links to later conditions. A 2003 report found that mild brain injury during childhood could speed up expression of schizophrenia in those who were already likely to get the disorder because of genetics. Those with a history of a childhood brain injury, even a minor one, were more likely to get familial schizophrenia than a sibling and to have earlier onset. Another study in 2003 found that people who had a history of a severe head injury were four times more likely to develop Parkinson's disease than the average population. Those requiring hospitalization for their head injuries were 11 times as likely. The risk did not increase for people receiving mild head injuries.
Many severe head injuries could be prevented by wearing protective helmets during certain sports or when riding a bike or motorcycle. Seat belts and airbags can prevent many head injuries that result from car accidents. Appropriate protective headgear always should be worn on the job where head injuries are a possibility.