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Cultural Distance
Global Strategy I: How The Global Economy Works
イリノイ大学アーバナ・シャンペーン校(University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Global Challenges in Business 専門講座 における 7 の 3 コース
Starting in the late 1990s, "globalization" became a buzzword to describe the apparent integration of markets in the world economy. Many authors and pundits claimed that the world was converging towards a market-friendly democratic place, while gurus and consulting firms were not short of formulae and advice on how to make profits out of the global economy. Decades later, new realities show that globalization does not mean political, cultural, and economic convergence and that forces against it are strong. This course seeks to help you understand the forces of globalization and how cross-cultural management and the relationship of a multinational organization to various host countries is becoming more and more critical in today's global economy. This course begins with the discussion of these issues and global relationships and delves into a deeper understanding of business strategy in today's global business marketplace. Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to: •	Understand how we got here and why it matters •	Understand the complexities of the current globalization (not all countries are the same) •	Evaluate the effects of international trade regulations on international business •	Evaluate when and why should we operate as multinationals This course is part of the iMBA offered by the University of Illinois, a flexible, fully-accredited online MBA at an incredibly competitive price. For more information, please see the Resource page in this course and onlinemba.illinois.edu.
دورة قيمة جدا تساعد علي معرفة الالية التي يعمل بها الاقتصاد العالمي والتجارة ال
Great course with a world view on how economies work
Module 2: The Big Disappointment: The World Did Not Converge
During the 1990s, many analysts forecasted a global cultural, economic, and political convergence. Reality shows that this did not happen. Business people engaged in global activities need to understand how to analyze the differences between countries. This module provides tools for this type of analysis and ways to determine how they affect businesses.
Cultural Distance30:20
Marcelo Bucheli
言語を選択アラビア語英語
[SOUND] The first element in cultural distance that we're going to study here is language. [MUSIC] Language, certainly, can generate barriers and distance in between countries, some between companies and countries. Again, with the current globalization and the widespread learning of English all over the world, it was widely believed that language was going to stop being such a barrier because of so many people learning English. No convergence or not at least in the way it was calculated was presented here. It is being said that there are around 7,000 languages in the world. China alone has 56 languages, 56 major languages, India has 122 major languages and 1,600 minor languages. So we have this, I'm just talking about two countries, and we can go over and over with places like Africa or Europe. Few areas are as homogeneous as the Western world, the Western hemisphere, think about the Americas, in which we have just three major languages but the rest of the world has all these great diversity of languages. So this distance can create obvious problems, obvious obstacles, and there, have some firms that, despite the fact that they know, and they have conducted their research, in terms of languages. There are sometimes some problems that can emerge out of the said barrier because languages, as we know, are subtle things. You just cannot take a translator from a particular software and translate what you want to say without something funny or weird into the other language. Let's take a few examples here, just as an illustration. The sports drink Pocari Sweat produced in Japan was marketed in the United States also as sweat. It's a bottle with clear liquid inside, that the word sweat, of course was not appealing for somebody, particularly after doing exercise, to drink from. So this is something, again something that was missing in the research. And of course, this can cost a lot of money. Another example, there is this big corporation in Mexico, a bread company that has expanded all over Latin America, called Bimbo Bread. Now, given that Mexican diaspora exists in the United States. Bimbo also expanded in the United states territory, but in the american-english the word bimbo has a very different connotation from a piece of bread, and it made the name of the firm sound funny. Another problem also in other areas of the world, the American firm Ford Motor Company tried to promote a model in the all over the world known as the Pinto Ford. Now Pinto in Brazilian Portuguese has very strong sexual connotations. That I cannot mention here. But the point was that it made the name of the car sound funny as soon as people heard it. And it became the laughing stock for the Brazilian people. So this is something like a name like Pinto, Sounds attractive in American English but it does not in Portuguese and in Brazilian Portuguese. A name like Bimbo in Mexico is an attractive name for biscuits and bread, but in the United States has the connotation of an attractive not very smart woman. And this again created all sorts of problems for these corporations. Stories like these ones abound. And this happens also for lets say Chinese corporations. They're trying to market their products to english speakers and so on. So this is something that this barrier, and this idea, that the barrier was broken because of the widespread learning of English, and the existence of software, that helps us with that was going to help us to overcome this barrier. As many people have said already, probably the most widely spoken language in the world is bad English, and that this is something that still exist and needs to be taken into consideration. Probably more important than language an element really dividing societies or defining how people behave in their everyday life is religion. Despite of secular reasons from the 18th century, religion has not disappeared and actually in some places has become stronger. There are approximately 4200 religions in the world, major religions, I mean I'm not counting minor religions. And the most important ones, or the most popular one at this point, is Christianity which represents 33% of the world's population. Now for those living in Christian countries watching this video, we know that Christianity is not homogeneous. There are lots of subdivisions, hard to count, and sometimes the differences between them are extremely radical, and sometimes they really dislike each other inside. So we have this 33% of the population following certain general rules around religion with other important subdivisions. After Christianity comes Islam, which is followed by 20% of the world's population. As with Christianity, there are also subdivisions in Islam, within Islam. Let's say, such as Sunnis versus Shias, which again sometimes have their own tensions. And as with Christianity, Islam is not practiced in the same way all over the Islamic world. It's very different the way an Islamic person from Lebanon is going to relate to that religion, if you compare them to Islamic people from Yemen, for instance. So, this is something that creates, Islam has always been, since the 7th century, a very powerful religion. And it's becoming more and more influential in the world economy and world powers. The following major religion is Hinduism followed by 13% of the population most of them located in southeast Asia. Hinduism has been in that area of the world for a long time and certainly affects the way people behave as it happens with the other religions. And finally, the fourth major religion in the world is Buddhism, also followed in many parts of Asia in the western world there is an increasing number of people following it, but it's still certainly not a major religion. Now, each of these religions, again, determine what people consider Right or wrong, and the norms and values that they follow, not only in their business lives, but also in their everyday lives. So this is something that corporations need to take into consideration when operating in other countries. We're going to explore some examples now. As I was mentioning before religion when measuring distance based on religion you can have another type of understanding of the world. Let's say Mexico and Germany, the distance in terms of norms and values between a German person and a Mexican one might be closer than the norms and values believed by a German an Iraqi. Even though Iraq geographically closer to Germany, culturally speaking in terms of norms and values because of that fact that they belong to the Christian world, Germany and Mexico might be closer than Germany and Iraq or Mexico and Iraq. Now this certainly does not mean that Germans and Mexicans are going to be the same but its this foundation of beliefs of what is right or what is wrong, this despite of secularism. Both countries have had very strong secular movements, but despite of that, the very foundations of their behavior are still going to be more determined by their belonging to the Christian world than to many other aspects. Given that religion affects every day behavior of people, corporations sometimes have faced certain challenges that they need to overcome when operating in other countries. Let's take the United States-based multinational corporation McDonald's, that operates through a franchise system of restaurants all over the world. And this corporation became famous originally for selling hamburgers as fast food, burgers made out of beef and meat. When McDonald's started expanding in other areas of the world that had other types of religions, different from the United States, they faced certain challenges, and it adapted to it. For example, in India Hinduism leads many people to be vegetarian. So you can just not sell burgers in the way you sell them in the United States or the western hemisphere or western Europe. So McDonald's had to adapt by including vegetarian food in its menu. The kind of vegetarian food that it did not even offer in the American, in it's original place of origin, the United States, but they offered it in India otherwise people were not going to consume these cow beef made burgers. Similar thing to allow meat in other places of the Muslim world. I mean, this is something that If McDonald's had not adapted to it, well, it would not have sold these burgers. And these are basically based on religion. Now, McDonald's also had to adapt to different lifestyles in different countries. For example, it could not afford not to sell wine in France. And that this is something that might not have relation with religion but it's also this part of like adaptation to lifestyle. Taco Bell has been successful in expanding into India but again this is an American chain that created a chain of restaurants selling Mexican American food within the United States. At some point, interestingly, it expanded into Mexico but also when expanding into India, again, vegetarianism had to be included, as well as certain spices that are not used by Americans nor by Mexicans, but that had to be included there. But going back to the religion point, vegetarianism certainly shaped the way these corporations offer their meals. Religion does not only affect the kind of products that are from sells. As mention before, like not being able to sell beef in countries with a large percentage of the population that practice vegetarianism resulting from the religion. It also affects how you sell things. By this I mean how the products or services are advertised. In some societies, lets say partial nudity in advertisement or total nudity, is acceptable while in others, that could create big troubles. And this is something that also includes how you portray a particular gender in a particular advertisement. In some places, it is okay to have an advertisement with some people giving a kiss on the cheek. In others this might be considered immoral. So these differences are usually based on religious differences. And this is something that also affects the kind of message that is used. In certain countries you can even mention the word of God at advertising something. In some other nations, you cannot use the word of God. God is only used for religious purposes. So, in the United States you can put in an advertisement my god, I love this, I don't know, sandwich. But in an Islamic country, you cannot just use the word of God in such a liberal way. So this is something for corporations to take into account as well when advertising and marketing products. How this can offend the traditions of different peoples in different places of the world. Religious differences even affect industries like the financial sector. For instance, if you read the sacred books of Christianity and Islam, in both religions, interest rates are condemned and even for forbidden. One difference is that in the Christian world, this condemnation in the Bible, against interest rates, was eventually forgotten or overcome and that allowed the rise of a financial sector. The Bible says do not charge interest rates but, in the Christian world, banks still charge interest rates. The Koran also has a condemnation against interest rates. The difference is, that in the Islamic world, this condemnation was taken seriously in the long term. So, what are the consequences of this? For a long time in most Islamic countries, banks could not charge interest rates. So if you go as a multinational corporation from the financial sector into these countries, these tools cannot be used this in the same way as in the Christian world. Now we know many Islamic countries are the centers of big stock markets, of big financial operations and are even the home countries of big banks. However, they have gone around this condemnation Of the Koran against interest rates, by doing something like charging higher fees for the operation of your account. It's not an interest rate, it's a fee. Or allowing the bank to gain stock in the corporation it's giving a loan to. So that is a way this loan can be repaid without going against the principles of their sacred book. So this has forced both financial corporations in the Islamic world. As well as non-corporations coming from non-Islamic countries, going to the Islamic world to be very creative, and develop ways, by which they don't go against these rules that are based on religion. I mean, their financial law is based on religion and this is something that happens in most societies. I mean in the Christian world it is forbidden to steal, partially because of some faraway religious roots. So again religion, even for things like loans and financial operations, can play a very important role for corporations to always take into consideration. Some people have interpreted some perceived problems of some societies also as resulting from religion. Let's take what is considered the rampant copyright infringement in China. A constant element of complaint by Western countries, that believe that in countries like China the copyrights are not being respected. There is this academic named William Alford who wrote a very interesting book titled To Steal a Book is an Elegant Offense. In which he makes a case by saying that Confucianism usually encouraged copying as a way to show your admiration towards a particular piece of work. So therefore, he said this is why it's not considered in the Chinese culture immoral to copy something. Because when I copy you I mean, I'm praising how good what you're doing is. There are being some challenges to this interpretation. The most recent one is by University of Texas and Dallas professor Mike Peng who has said, look it's actually not necessarily based on religion. Because if it was because of religion we would not be able to explain why the United States in the 19th century was a place of rampant copyright infringement of inventions created in the United Kingdom. In the 19th century, the British saw the Americans as this new country that was not creating much new. But was just copying and copying all the patents of the Brits and create a whole industry around copyright infringement. According to Mike Pang, the Americans became interested in punishing that when they started creating inventions themselves. But one way to create inventions themselves was by first copying whatever the British were doing. Mike Pang's interpretation is, China is just going through this stage and at some point it will become like the United States. But every economic historian knows, the early industrialization of the United States was based a lot on just bringing inventions from Britain into the United States and not paying for the patents or copyrights. But again, the point here is that it's been pointed, Confucianism, by some as the source of this copyright infringement practiced by the Chinese until very recent times. Another element of Buddhist and Confucianism religions is the respect for elders. This is something that is encouraged by the societies in which it is believed widely that those who are old are going to be wiser and are going to have to be respected. This is something that explains, for example in the case of Japan, why the promotion of an employee is based more on seniority than on a curriculum vitae. So in Japan, contrary to let's say the United States, you can not just appoint a 26 year old MBA to be the boss of a 47 year old guy who has been working at the firm for 20 years. That is almost like the biggest insult that you can do against the older person. Because the older person teaches the young one, and not the other way around. So, this has implications also for promotion practices. Hierarchies might be based many times in far away religious beliefs that were created far away in time. And therefore this is why Western firms have been widely criticized by many people for the rigidity of their promotion policies. While they believe that it's just that they're showing respect to the elders and that the eldest person, of course, should be the one guiding the young one and not the other way around. And the older person should make a better wage than the young one, and not the other way around. So, not taking into account these sensitivities can generate problems for a multinational corporation. Another important element in terms of the cultural distance is how social relations are established between individuals. This goes back, again, to the element of hierarchies. In some places, for example, particularly many merging and underdeveloped economies, it is not well seen for, let's say, a professional person to engage in manual work. You have somebody else that will do that for you, particularly when we're talking about more inequalitarian societies. So let's take some examples of how this has affected some multinational corporations. And again, ignoring these aspects can cost a lot of money. Let's take Home Depot. Home Depot is an American corporation specialized on selling materials and tools for people to work at improving their homes. So it's not necessarily that yeah, they might sell some furniture but they also sell some other things for people to repair their homes, etc, etc. Home Depot succeeded in the United States by promoting what they call do it yourself system. Selling things for people to work at their homes and build, let's say, a fence in their yard or these kinds of things. Something that, let's say, in the United States some people take as a hobby, even professional people. And it makes them feel good about themselves because they feel that they're engaged in more manual work rather than just being a white collar person, for example. So Home Depot, based on the success that it had in the United States, exported this model into China. And the reasoning was, China now has a large middle class population. And the erroneous reading of this middle class should have the same interests, and should even follow the same hobbies as the American middle class. It was a big failure, because the Chinese middle class They had been. For them, doing manual work was not something to look forward to. After decades of horrible hostility, in which, for example, during the cultural revolution, a doctor could be sent to a mine and work for 14 hours at a minus 20 degrees Celsius, well, doing manual work was not an attractive idea. So, and again, the point was, like now I'm middle class. I was doing manual work for a long time. I don't want my kids to the manual work because this was hell and there's nothing romantic around that. So this is something that led to this big failure of Home Depot in China, and it took them a while to realize that these cultural differences, in terms of social relations and social hierarchies, the distance was very strong, or very big, between the United States and China. Let's take another example of another American big multi national corporation. Starbucks, a firm that has grown around the idea of establishing coffeehouses in different places of the world. Now, the model of Starbucks developed originally in the United States while the following one. There was a person attending a barista, preparing your coffee. People come, request their coffee, buy it, and take it with them either out or they go and sit down and drink the coffee at that place. It's a simple model, but given the way social hierarchies work in different places, it was not going to work all over the world. For example, let's say a place like Somalia. When Starbucks arrived there, people did not want to go and do the work of going and requesting their coffee. I want to have a good time, so I go and sit down and Starbucks had to bring into their model, waiters, bringing and asking people what they wanted and then bringing the coffee to their customers. Because it was seen as a, again, if I'm upper middle class, I should not be the one bringing the coffee to my table, I'm paying for somebody to bring the coffee to my table. This is not a problem in a place like the United States. Coffee shops, in a place like France or Italy, have a waiter coming here, even though the social differences are not as big as in other places. But in other countries of the world, particularly the most poor countries of the world, they had this idea of the waiter. And we could go on and on about other examples of these hierarchies that shocked that many particular American multi national corporations faced when moving abroad. Again, let's take another look at a firm like Pizza Hut, a chain developed in the United States that was targeted, basically, towards people who did not want to spend much in their pizzas, and most of them took their pizzas home. Taking my pizza home, in many cultures is, you're making me work for you. I'm saving you money and I just want to enjoy my time. So in many places of the world, let's say Asia or Latin America, Pizza Hut had to reinvent itself into a more upscale place, in which there is a host that takes to the table, and will bring you the pizza to the table. So again, this is partially of these very differences in social hierarchies. And let's take another big example of a firm that could not calculate this element of social distances, which is the case of Walmart. Walmart initially expanded, the first country in the world it went to was Mexico and it copied the American system of customer relations, customer service [COUGH] to Mexico. And it worked. And then, Walmart thought okay, this has worked in the US, it worked in a different place like Mexico, let's go to another developed western country, if it worked in the US, it should work there. And they went to Germany. Then, they started developing things that the Germans really disliked, for instance, one of the things about Walmart is to have a person at the door telling people, smiling and telling them, welcome to Walmart. It works in Mexico, because in many aspects the cultural distance between Mexico and the United States is shorter than the cultural distance between US and Germany. How did the Germans react? For the Germans, smiling, or even calling you by your name, means a level of intimacy that you only achieve after a long period of developing relationships with people. It's very rare for a German to start calling you by your first name in the workplace. Going back to Starbucks, for example, it offended many Germans when the Starbucks barista asked them what is your name in order to call you. And they were like call me Mr. Schmidt rather than Hans. I mean, this was showing too much of an invasion of my private space for the Germans. The Walmart experience was so bad that eventually they had to leave Germany. And partially because of these customer service relations and these elements of people feeling invaded in their private space. Americans think that they respect private space a lot in comparison to other cultures, which might be true, but it was different in Germany. So it succeeded in Mexico because many things that are practiced in the US are practiced in Mexico. But Mexico, again, as I mentioned before, in those suspects, might be more similar to the US than Germany, and the German experiment eventually failed. [MUSIC]


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JF-17 Vs LCA Tejas
International Military Forums > Military Hardware, Gear and Technology Forums > General Military Hardware, Gear and Technology Discussions
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Topic: JF-17 Vs LCA Tejas
Would appreciate a comparision between the capabilities of the the two jets. I understand that the LCA would probably only start entering service with the Indian AF in 2007(?) whereas the JF-17 would enter service as soon as next year.
SwordFish_13
So it happned here ........... I don't think many here know about both planes ....... many People would have not even heard about them .... .
Both Planes haven't benn Produced as yet so it would be hard to compare them as yet .
For those who have heard the names for the First time LCA Tejas is a Indian Fighter Aircraft and JF-17 Thunder or FC-1 ( Fighter China -1 ) is a Chinese Fighter Aircraft.
JF-17 in my view is a Glorified Mig 21 ......
Source:Globalsecurity
Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)
The Indian Light Combat Aircraft (LCA -- sometimes called Last Chance Aircraft) is the world's smallest, light weight, multi-role combat aircraft. The LCA is designed to meet the requirements of Indian Air Force as its frontline multi-mission single-seat tactical aircraft to replace the MiG-21 series of aircraft. The delta wing configuration, with no tailplanes or foreplanes, features a single vertical fin. The LCA is constructed of aluminium-lithium alloys, carbon-fibre composites, and titanium. LCA integrates modern design concepts and the state-of-art technologies such as relaxed static stability, flyby-wire Flight Control System, Advanced Digital Cockpit, Multi-Mode Radar, Integrated Digital Avionics System, Advanced Composite Material Structures and a Flat Rated Engine.
The combat force level of the Air Force was expected to decline sharply in the 1990s and beyond due to phasing out of the existing ageing aircraft. The Long Term Re-Equipment Plan 1981 projected a shortage of 11.4 per cent squadrons in 1990-91 and 40 per cent squadrons in 1994-95. The position beyond 1995 was expected to be even worse. This deficiency in combat force level and the gap in indigenous design and development capability in the aeronautical field was proposed to be met through the development of an advanced multirole LCA.
The LCA program was launched in 1985. The development effort for the LCA is spearheaded by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the Department of Defence Research & Development. ADA's responsibilities include project design, project monitoring and promoting the development of advanced aeronautic technologies of relevance to the LCA.
The LCA design has been configured to match the demands of modern combat scenario such as speed, acceleration, maneuverability and agility. Short takeoff and landing, excellent flight performance, safety, reliability and maintainability, are salient features of LCA design. The LCA integrates modern design concepts like static instability, digital fly-by-wire flight control system, integrated avionics, glass cockpit, primary composite structure, multi-mode radar, microprocessor based utility and brake management systems.
The avionics system enhances the role of Light Combat Aircraft as an effective weapon platform. The glass cockpit and hands on throttle and stick (HOTAS) controls reduce pilot workload. Accurate navigation and weapon aiming information on the head up display helps the pilot achieve his mission effectively. The multifunction displays provide information on engine, hydraulics, electrical, flight control and environmental control system on a need-to-know basis along with basic flight and tactical information. Dual redundant display processors (DP) generate computer-generated imagery on these displays. The pilot interacts with the complex avionics systems through a simple multifunction keyboard, and function and sensor selection panels. A state-of-the-art multi-mode radar (MMR), laser designator pod (LDP), forward looking infra-red (FLIR) and other opto-electronic sensors provide accurate target information to enhance kill probabilities. A ring laser gyro (RLG)-based inertial navigation system (INS), provides accurate navigation guidance to the pilot. An advanced electronic warfare (EW) suite enhances the aircraft survivability during deep penetration and combat. Secure and jam-resistant communication systems, such as IFF, VHF/UHF and air-to-air/air-to-ground data link are provided as a part of the avionics suite. All these systems are integrated on three 1553B buses by a centralised 32-bit mission computer (MC) with high throughput which performs weapon computations and flight management, and reconfiguration/redundancy management. Reversionary mission functions are provided by a control and coding unit (CCU). Most of these subsystems have been developed indigenously.
The digital FBW system of the LCA is built around a quadruplex redundant architecture to give it a fail op-fail op-fail safe capability. It employs a powerful digital flight control computer (DFCC) comprising four computing channels, each powered by an independent power supply and all housed in a single line replaceable unit (LRU). The system is designed to meet a probability of loss of control of better than 1x10-7 per flight hour. The DFCC channels are built around 32-bit microprocessors and use a safe subset of Ada language for the implementation of software. The DFCC receives signals from quad rate, acceleration sensors, pilot control stick, rudder pedal, triplex air data system, dual air flow angle sensors, etc. The DFCC channels excite and control the elevon, rudder and leading edge slat hydraulic actuators. The computer interfaces with pilot display elements like multifunction displays through MIL-STD-1553B avionics bus and RS 422 serial link. The digital FBW system of the LCA is built around a quadruplex redundant architecture to give it a fail op-fail op-fail safe capability. It employs a powerful digital flight control computer (DFCC) comprising four computing channels, each powered by an independent power supply and all housed in a single line replaceable unit (LRU). The system is designed to meet a probability of loss of control of better than 1x107 per flight hour. The DFCC channels are built around 32-bit microprocessors and use a safe subset of Ada language for the implementation of software. The DFCC receives signals from quad rate, acceleration sensors, pilot control stick, rudder pedal, triplex air data system, dual air flow angle sensors, etc. The DFCC channels excite and control the elevon, rudder and leading edge slat hydraulic actuators. The computer interfaces with pilot display elements like multifunction displays through MIL-STD-1553B avionics bus and RS 422 serial link.
Multi-mode radar (MMR), the primary mission sensor of the LCA in its air defence role, will be a key determinant of the operational effectiveness of the fighter. This is an X-band, pulse Doppler radar with air-to-air, air-to-ground and air-to-sea modes. Its track-while-scan capability caters to radar functions under multiple target environment. The antenna is a light weight (< 5 kg), low profile slotted waveguide array with a multilayer feed network for broad band operation. The salient technical features are: two plane monopulse signals, low side lobe levels and integrated IFF, and GUARD and BITE channels. The heart of MMR is the signal processor, which is built around VLSI-ASICs and i960 processors to meet the functional needs of MMR in different modes of its operation. Its role is to process the radar receiver output, detect and locate targets, create ground map, and provide contour map when selected. Post-detection processor resolves range and Doppler ambiguities and forms plots for subsequent data processor. The special feature of signal processor is its real-time configurability to adapt to requirements depending on selected mode of operation.
Seven weapon stations provided on LCA offer flexibility in the choice of weapons LCA can carry in various mission roles. Provision of drop tanks and inflight refueling probe ensure extended range and flight endurance of demanding missions. Provisions for the growth of hardware and software in the avionics and flight control system, available in LCA, ensure to maintain its effectiveness and advantages as a frontline fighter throughout its service life. For maintenance the aircraft has more than five hundred Line Replaceable Units (LRSs), each tested for performance and capability to meet the severe operational conditions to be encountered.
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is the Principal Partner in the design and fabrication of LCA and its integration leading to flight testing. The LCA has been designed and developed by a consortium of five aircraft research, design, production and product support organizations pooled by the Bangalore-based Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), under Department of Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO). Various international aircraft and system manufacturers are also participating in the program with supply of specific equipment, design consultancy and support. For example, GE Aircraft Engines provides the propulsion.
The Ministry had stated, in December 1994, that the LCA was expected to enter into squadron services with Initial Operational Clearance by 2002 and with Final Operational Clearance by 2005 provided Government approved Phase-II of FSED in 1995 and accorded clearance for production in 1997. Since proposal for approval of Phase-II of FSED was yet to be submitted to the Government, the chances of meeting the induction schedule of LCA by 2002/2005 were remote.
The first prototype of LCA rolled out on 17 November 1995. Two aircraft technology demonstrators are powered by single GE F404/F2J3 augmented turbofan engines. Regular flights with the state-of-the-art "Kaveri" engine, being developed by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) in Bangalore, are planned by 2002, although by mid-1999 the Kaveri engine had yet to achieve the required thrust-to-weight ratio.
The LCA is India's second attempt at an indigenous jet fighter design, following the somewhat unsatisfactory HF-24 Marut Ground Attack Fighter built in limited numbers by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in the 1950s. Conceived in 1983, the LCA will serve as the Indian air force's frontline tactical plane through the year 2020.
Following India's nuclear weapons tests in early 1998, the United States placed an embargo on the sale of General Electric 404 jet engines which are to power the LCA. The US also denied the fly-by-wire system for the aircraft sold by the US firm Lockheed-Martin. As of June 1998 the first flight of the LCA had been delayed due to systems integration tests. The first flight awaits completion of the Digital Flight Control Systems, being developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE).
The Ministry explained, in February 1999, that delay in conducting first flight of first technology demonstrator was the main reason for not seeking sanction for Phase-II of FSED. However, clearance for an interim Phase-II from the Government was underway and Phase-II would be concurrently undertaken with the last two years of Phase-I. With this arrangement, Initial Operational Clearance in 2003 and Final Operational Clearance in 2005 would be realised.
On 04 January 2001, India's Light Combat Aircraft LCA flew for the first time. The LCA completed its first batch of tests in 12 flights instead of 15 - ahead of schedule - on June 2, 2001. There has been some delay in Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Project which is mainly due to lack of development experience, non-availability of ready infrastructure, foreign exchange crunch of 1992, sanctions imposed by USA in 1998 and technological complexities. The first technology demonstrator has flown on January 04, 2001 and successfully demonstrated to international experts during Aero India 2001. Further development is in progress for its timely induction in Indian Air Force.
The maiden flight of the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Technology Demonstrator II was carried out at 1147 hrs in Bangalore June 6, 2002. The flight was successful and met all test parameters set for the flight. The flight lasted 28 minutes and was a significant landmark in the LCA project and marks its entry into the Flight Test Programme. The purpose of flight test program is to validate a number of advanced technologies incorporated in the LCA. These include unstable configuration, Quadruplex fly-by-wire Digital Flight Control System, Integrated Avionics with glass cockpit, advanced composite materials for primary structure and a novel Utility Systems Mangement System.
The LCA can be inducted into the Indian Air Force (IAF) in limited numbers starting in 2008, though 'full-scale' induction won't happen anytime before 2010. Further delays are expected. Most critics put the date of induction between 2012 and 2015, if it is inducted at all. Apart from the MiG-21, LCA will also replace MiG-23 and MiG-27, also in service with the IAF.
Wing Span	8.20 m
Empty Weight	5500 kg
Engine	Prototype - GE F404-F2J3 turbofan rated at 18,097 lbst
Production - Kaveri GTX-35VS turbofan rated at 20,200 lbst
Fuel Capacity	Internal fuel capacity - 3000 liters
Centerline and the two-inner hardpoints under each wing can carry five 800 liters fuel tanks
also has an in-flight refuelling probe
Maximum Range	?
Maximum Speed	Mach 1.7
Service Ceiling	50,000 feet.
G Limits	+9/-3.5
Armament	internally mounted GSh-23mm twin barrel gun with 220 rounds of ammunition Seven external hardpoints, can carry air-to-air missiles, air-to-surface missiles, anti-ship missiles, rocket launchers and ECM pods
Maximum External Stores Load	4000kg (8818 lbs.)
Self Defence	RWR system, jammer and chaff& flare dispensers.
LCA Tejas
Source:globalsecurity.org
FC-1 "Chao Qi" / JF-17 Thunder
The FC-1 "Chao Qi" is an all-weather, multipurpose light fighter aircraft. The aircraft is equipped with advanced avionics and armed with medium-range missiles. It is capable of carrying out both air-to-air and air-to-groud missions.
By 2004 this new multi-role fighter had been redesignated the Xialon (Fierce Dragon), and for Pakistan as JF-17 "Thunder". It might be designated J-9 when it becomes operational.
Super-7 (Chao Qi)
In 1986, China signed a $550 million agreement with Grumman to modernize 55 of its fleet of J-7 fighters under the so-called "Super-7" upgrade, but this agreement was canceled in early 1990, in the wake of the cooling of political relations with the West, as well as in response to a 40% increase in the cost of the project.
The "SUPER-7" was the first fighter jet completely designed and manufactured by China. Super-7 (Chao Qi) fighter is China's new generation fighter and the first of its kind of the nation's own intellectual property rights. The third-generation fighter plane, which can carry 3.8 tons of missiles, also has improved systems for attacking ground targets. Its advanced radar positioning and operating systems give the plane greater flexibility and better close-range manoeuvrability.
Development of the "Super 7" upgrade was slowed with the end of American technical assistance following the Tienanmen repression of 1989. Pakistan and China foreclosed the option of producing F-Super 7 Aircraft due to non-availability of Engines. It had been planned around MiG 27 Engine which the Russians refused to supply.
FC-1 (Fighter China 1)
As a substitute for the Super-7, China is developing the FC-1 (Fighter China 1) lightweight multipurpose fighter based on the design for the MiG-33, which was rejected by the Soviet Air Force. The FC-1 is being developed with a total investment in excess of $500 million, including support from the China National Aero-Technology Import and Export Corporation (CATIC), mainly for export to replace the 120 F-7M/P fighters currently in service in the Pakistani Air Force, though it is possible that the Chinese Air Force will use this aircraft as well. The deal to manufacture 150 FC-1 (Fighter China) jets was struck when General Musharraf visited China just before the Kargil war in 1998.
Chengdu Aircraft Industry Company [CAIC], based in Sichuan Province, is China's second-largest fighter production base, and the enterprise is cooperating with Pakistan's Aviation Integrated Company and Russia's Mikoyan Aero-Science Production Group [MASPG] in the development of the FC-1. Israel and several European countries are being considered as suppliers for the plane's avionics. The first flight was planned for 1997 with delivery to the Pakistani Air Force scheduled for 1999.
Initially it was anticipated that the FC-1 would be a high- performance, low-cost fighter plane to supplement the F-10 air superiority fighters developed for the Chinese Air Force. These planes will be fitted with a single Klimov Design Bureau RD-93 engines. They are a more powerful version of RD-33 engines, two of which are fitted in MIG-29.
It is widely reported that the FC-1 is a continuation of the "MiG-33 [R33]" program developed in the 1980s. The Russian company Mikoyan OKB Design Bureau, which designs all MIG series of aircraft, sold the design of MIG-33 to the China and Pakistan. This report is the source of considerable confusion, and indeed some rather fanciful speculation. The so-called MiG-33 design used in conjunction with the FC-1 program was apparently a the poorly attested "Product 33" lightweight single-engine project of the mid-1980s. A decade later, the MiG-33 nomenclature was briefly associated with the much larger twin-engine Mig-29M. This confused history has led to observations that the "FC-1 features air inlets on the lateral sides of the fuselage rather than the ventral inlets of the MiG-33. ... the most apparent modifications to the MiG-33 design is the repositioning of the ventral fins from the engine compartment..." These supposed modifications to the mid-90s MiG-33 design actually reflect the fact that the FC-1 is an entirely difference airplane with no design relationship to the MiG-33 [MiG-29M].
These improvement in performance have affected the program's costs, and if the final production order if fewer than 300 aircraft the unit price will rise from the original $10 million to $15 million.
The China National Aero-Technology Import and Export Corporation (CATIC) is trying to persuade the Chinese Air Force to use the FC-1 so as to increase the production run and reduce the unit cost. But the Chinese military has resisted, being of the view that equiping the Air Force with two types of fighter planes with similar performance within the same time period would both consume limited financial resources and complicate logistical support for dissimilar aircraft.
The FC-1 was to make it's first flight in 1996, but the project was delayed when Pakistan sought to upgrade the performance characteristics of the FC-1 to respond to India's acquisition of Su-30MKIs. After several years of stagnation, the Pakistani Prime Minister's February 1998 trip to China resulted in an agreement to continue development of the fighter. Currently Pakistan is interested in acquiring at least 150 fighters, with the Chinese contemplating acquiring over 200.
The JF-17 Thunder project has been completed in a record period of four years. China National Aviation Corp officially signed the development contract for the FC-1 airplane in 1999. The project initially suffered a setback due to imposition of sanctions in 1999, which hindered acquisition of avionics and weaponry for the aircraft. The avionics had to be delinked from airframe development in 2001. China National Aviation Corp completes the detailed preliminary design in 2001 and in 2002 the company completed the detailed design structure and the system charts.
Formal production work began September 16, 2002, on the FC-1 aircraft in Chengdu, capital of southwest China's Sichuan Province.
The FC-1 made its formal debut at China's Fourth International Air Show scheduled November 4 to 7, 2002, in Zhuhai, the nearest mainland city to Macao. China Aviation Industry Corporation I (AVIC I ) made fresh progress in 2003, with 5 planes having passed evaluation and seven new planes completed their maiden flight. "Xiaolong/FC-1", or fierce dragon, produced by the corporation last year was applauded as one of the "Ten Major National Scientific Events in 2003"
In July 2003 it was reported that the "SUPER-7" fighter jet was ready to take its maiden flight, although a detailed timetable was not released. China's Super-7 Fighter completed its taxiing test on July 03, 2003 at a test ground of Chengdu Aircraft Industrial Corporation (CAC). As one of the eight major ground tests that must be completed before test flight, the taxiing test is aimed at trying the correctness of the design of electricity supply system, as well as signal connections between the electricity supply system and other external systems so as to provide important data to guarantee a successful first fly. Leiqiang, deputy director of the Chengdu Flight Group's trial flight department under the Chinese Air Force, said on Tuesday he will carry out the maiden flight task. On the day of the first flight, China Central Television (CCTV) will dispatch a special report group to broadcast the whole flight live. Leiqiang, also a "SUPER-7" pilot, and Yangwei, the jet's designer, who is also regarded as the father of "SUPER-7," will be featured on the CCTV program "Face to Face."
On 25 August 2003 the "owlet dragon" FC-1 airplane carried on the initial flight. It flews 17 minutes before it returned to the airport.
The serial production of the aircraft will begin by January 2006. The aircraft will replace the Mirage, F-16 and F-7 aircraft with the latest technology and it will meet professional requirements of the Pakistan Air Force.
The JF-17 Thunder, whose performance is matched only by F-16s in the Pakistan Air Force's current inventory, would be replacing the aging fleet of Mirage, F-7s and A-5s. The aircraft is being considered as a match for the Indian Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), which is expected to form the backbone of the Indian Air Force in future. There are, however, some features like advanced and futuristic avionics and cost effectiveness that give the JF-17 an edge over the LCA.
The JF-17 is a light weight, all weather, multi-role aircraft having a capability to fly at a speed of Mach 1.6 and a high thrust to weight ratio. The aircraft has the ability to engage targets at all speeds and altitudes within the conventional flying envelope. In the surface attack and interdiction role, the aircraft can strike at long distances. The combat jet has been installed with an advanced flight control system, which is a mix of conventional and fly-by-wire controls, making it highly agile and manoeuvrable.
The aircraft would be capable of carrying short-range, beyond visual range, anti-ship as well as anti-radiation missiles. Additionally, the carriage of high and low drag bombs, laser guided bombs, run away penetration bombs and cluster bombs would be catered for. However, the air chief parried a question regarding the aircraft's ability to carry nukes.
This machines has prominent maneuver cabability, greater range, airborne period and combat radius, fine short distance take off and landing characteristic and stronger weapon carrying capacity. The prominent center low altitude and the high subsonic maneuver operational capacity, has a better interception and to the place attack capability, all-weather, single shot, single-seat. This machine uses nearby the medium aspect ratio the strip wing normal arrangement, entire machine has 7 outside viewpoints, may be hanging many kinds of empty, the open area weapon, and may outside hang 3 auxiliary oil tanks, outside hangs the ability 3,600 kilograms.
This machine has used the advanced air operated contour and the big thrust force, the low consumption turbofan engine, as well as the advanced digital fax flies controls the system, the integrated aviation electron and the armament system, has in the launch to be apart from the ball, to realize the multi- goals beyond line of sight attack ability, has many kinds of advanced precise function and so on navigation, battlefield situation sensation, target detection and recognition, operational attack as well as electronic warfare.
Because has used the contemporary advanced design and the manufacture technology, the owlet dragon/FC-1 airplane had achieved the third generation fighter aircraft synthesis fighting efficiency, can contend with with now the advanced fighter aircraft, simultaneously has the low cost the characteristic, completely adapts the modern warfare request and the military airplane market demand.
The Pak Tribune reported on April 29, 2004 that the first eight of these aircraft would be delivered to the PLAAF in 2006.
The J-9 designation was apparently initially applied to an unbuilt single engined development of the J-8 aircraft that was cancelled in development around 1979. The F-9 FANTAN designation was at one time applied to the Q-5 FANTAN attack aircraft. Should the FC-1 enter PLAAF service, it might carry the J-9 designation.
Contractors Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group (CAIG)
Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC)
Projected [1999]	Actual [2004]
LENGTH 13.95 meters	14.9679 m
HEIGHT 5.02 meters 4.77485 m
WING SPAN 9.5 meters	9.4646 m
MAX T-O WEIGHT 12,500 kilograms	12,474 kg
Empty weight 6,411 kg
Normal takeoff weight 9,072 kg
Maximum landing weight 7,802 kg
Fuel weight 2,268 kg
Weapons load 3,629 kg
Thrust/weight ratio >=0.9
MAX LEVEL SPEED 1031 knots	Mach 1.6
MAX RANGE / Ferry range 864 nautical miles	2,037 km
SERVICE CEILING 16,000 meters	15,240 m
T-O RUN 500 meters	609 m
LANDING RUN 700 meters	823 m
* 23 mm GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon
* 6 - PL-7 AAM
* 6 - PL-10 AAMs
* ASMs, bombs
-=SF_13=-
Thanks swordfish. I agree...the JF 17 does look kinds like the mig 21....with a nose cone and semi bubble cockpit.!!
The FC-1 was originall called the Super F-7, ie J-7, the Chinese version of the MiG-21 ........... The Chinese never had access to advance Russian airframes. The original FC-1 was based upon the MiG-21 airframe ........ as conterarly reported in some Articles as Mig 33 Airframe ............ Later PLA/PLAN/PLAAF Lost interest in the Fighter and refused to buy it ..........so it is Currently being Developed for Pakistan and for Export to other countries.
bushpig1998
My money is on the LCA. It just seems like a less complicated, versatile machine.
I've long been wondering why air forces spend so much money on a single aircraft with horrible fuel consumption, high operating costs and armed to the point where they could barely take off - why not design a fighter that is much lighter, lighter armed, faster and cheaper to operate and manufacture? Seems India got the idea! Good job guys!
I think the LCA will win due to numerical superiority - it is also faster and less complicated to operate.
I got my money on the FIM-92A Stinger Weapons System. No matter what, some grunt on the ground (like myself) is going to try and shoot down the bastard that's trying to bomb me.
TBA_PAKI
Let me clear a few things!
The JF-17 Thunder is the output of the "Super-7 project", which is a joint venture of Pakistan and China and not just China.
It started in 1992 and served as the first major opportunity to stimulate the aviation industry in Pakistan.
The project is concieved with Chineese airframe and Western avionics and weapons package. Those who think that it is a modified MIG 21 are living in fools paradise.
Lots of technical aspects of F-16 Jet has been worked upon and implemented on JF-17's avionics and not to forget that its design is very flexible for future upgrades.
The first successful test flight involving various kinds of stunts, performance, firing capabilities and working of avionics was conducted on 2 september 2003, which involved experts from both Pakistan and China. This was actually a 2nd level prototype Jet.
Thus the project concluded in to a successful venture for both the countries in expanding the capabilities of their avonics industries despite of the sanctions imposed by WEST which have been removed by now due to Pakistan's role in FAT (Fight Against Terror).
A fourth prototype is under trails and lots of improvements have been made to it.
In short words the JF-17 Thunder is a Light Weight Multi-role and all weather capable fighter.
Note: The airframe of this aircraft is closely related to MIG 29 and not MIG 21, which is an obsolete design. And even the engine of this aircraft is similar in every aspect to that of MIG 29.
The JF-17 Thunder variant that will be inducted in PAF will carry European Avionics Suite with multi-mode Pulse Doppler Radar, a mission computer, INS and multi-functional display system. The weapons package include SRAAM and MRAAM.
The chineese variant is called FC-1 and they will induct 200 of these jets with some enhancements. Those who say that this Jet has been scrapped by China should provide a fair source to back their claims.
PAF will induct 150 of these aircraft and will replace its old fleet of Mirage III's and F7-PG's. The induction process will commense from 2006.
A single unit costs about $15 million. (Quiet cheap compared to others)
Planned ARMAMENT:
- Internal 23 mm GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon, one centreline attachment; two attachments under each wing and one at each wingtip.
- SRAAM
- Beyond Visual Range (BVR)
- Anti-ship as well as anti-radiation missiles.
- Additionally, the carriage of different types of bombs such as LGBs would be catered for.
no offence meant by referring to the jf 7 as a mig 21 lookalike. but i really doubt that the airframe is based on that of the mig 29...i mean...it looks nothing like the mig does it and thats not even considering major structural differences between the two aircraft...
Let me Further Clear a Few things
It started in 1980 when China agreed with Grumman to upgrade a number of its F-7s in what was called the Super-7 Project. But in the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and in light of increasing costs, the program was cancelled.
After this, China began to develop this aircraft on its own........ The Pakistan got involved Much later looking for a modern aircraft to add to its aging fleet...........It's not Only Pakistan and China But Russians are also involved in this Project ......... The Russian Mikoyan Aero-Science Production Group is also involved in FC-1 Project.
Mig-21 Design is a Excelent Design and it's airframe is a damned good sturdy airframe that can take a hell of alot of abuse.
The Fuselodge of JF-17 is a dead giveaway, essentially a simple housing for the engine....... Which are the Features of Mig 21 not Mig 29
Project 33 or Mig 33... a rejected Russian Design that didn't see light beyound the Planning Tabels............ Some people Do Mix these two projects.
The FC-1/Super-7 was originally defined as a low-cost third-generation air-superiority fighter aircraft to replace the MiG-21/F-7 Fishbed and Northrop F-5 series...........The original FC-1 was based upon the MiG-21 airframe.......
It was later re-branded as a lightweight, high-performance, multirole attack fighter aircraft featuring fly-by-wire (FBW) flight-control, beyond-vision-range (BVR) combat capability and much improved aerodynamic performance.......... These has also steered the unit price of the aircraft up by 50% ...........
But at later stages you can't change the Airframe........ there is no way for the FC-1 to change airframes and still keep to the original schedule..............Changing airframes would mean a brand new aircraft starting from scratch which didn't happenned.
I know Some Pakistanis get a Little Hyper when they Hear JF-17 is on Mig21 Airframe but there is nothig wrong in that Airframe .
Apart from a few Pakistani News Agencies that reported that China is interested in 150 of them ......... there are no Credatable reports that China will buy FC-1............ PLAAF has so far resisted the FC-1 due to the availability of the more capable J-10......... FC-1 is Mostly being developed By China for Export Purpose.
Note: The airframe of this aircraft is closely related to MIG 29
Mig 29 is a Twin Seater and Twin Engine Plane .......... from which angle JF-17 looks like Mig 29
This is Mig 29
Mig 29 Picture Click here
This is Mig 21 Design
This is JF-17
Now compare Yourself ........... Even a Layman can see this let alone Aeronautics Students i am surrounded with ...... .
There is nothign Wrong with Mig 21 Airframe ......... I don't know why people get So Exicted when Someone says it's on Mig21 Airframe ......... It's a Simple Design no Complications involved good for Developing Countries needs .
Well SwordFish_13! I can safely say that your professionalism is commendable!
I am not in the aero-nautics industry so I rely more on Military related media sources for PAF.
The engine of JF-17 Thunder is similar in every aspect to that of MIG 29 and it is being acquired from Russia by China. But the Airframe seems to be based on MIG 21 design with F-16A type modifications.
But it does not matters as the capabilities of this aircraft is more important for us and its design is flexible enough for future upgrades.
And the purchase price of this aircraft even after major enhancements has reached $15 million a unit. The other aircrafts of similar capabilties cost over $20 million a unit. This looks good for export purposes and PAF has plans to do that after it gets the license to manufacture this Jet Fighter in Pakistan.
Apart from this I like that MIG-29 and I would definately like to hijack one!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
B 17 interior colors
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This includes the entire fuselage interior (except for the flight deck), wheel wells, cowling interiors, bomb bays, bomb racks, landing gear (on uncamouflaged aircraft) and the inside surface of the bomb bay doors. The cockpit area should be Bronze Green (FS 14058 but a little darker) or Dull Dark Green (FS 34092)
Colours - Colours Restposte
Many B-17s had the interior areas done with Chromate Green while others were done in dark drab green, some with natural metal bomb bays and even one with an all black interior decorated with messages from the construction crew in white chalk There was a great article in FSM back in October 1997 about aircraft interior colors during WWII by Dana Bell. According to the article, bronze green was specified for prewar bombers, including all B-17Es. The article mentions Humbrol No. 9 as a close approximation
Hi guys, what would the interior colour be aft of the radio room to the tail on a F model B-17. I have painted my one green from the nose to the radio room and was wondering if the centre and tail sections are aluminium or green my 17 will be 229472 from the 99th BG if that helps. Thanks. Graham. The interior of the B-17 has been the subject of. Below are two very detailed color photos of Lt. Bob Welty inside a B-17 taken by his father while Bob was in Pittsburgh after the war. The photos are unusual as they are in color and thus represent a better feel for the various colors of the uniforms and the interior colors of the B-17 during the period 1944-45 Koster B-17C/D conversion Kit#4 = only indicates that the inside of the crew door should be yellow zinc-chromate. The Official Monogram US Army Air Service & Air Corps Aircraft Color Guide Vol.1 1908-1941 [Pg.48] = Floors and sides to the tops o Mostly, it's a collection of photos --both black and white and color-- of various types of military aircraft under construction in factories around the country. Lots of fuselage interior shots of B-17s. These photos seem to add to the weight of evidence that interiors were natural aluminum throughout Dec 14, 2012 #6. 2012-12-14T15:08. The unpainted aft sections (recognizable by the blue-stamped aluminum grade markings) can be seen on B-17Es. Boeing had the same waiver as NAA (see the Mustang post below). Douglas- and Vega-built fortresses appear to have been primed in the aft sections
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Interior Colors Part I - Inch
Manuals B-17 B-29 Pilot`s Notes << 5 6 7 >> Interior of the Airplane. PILOT`S COMPARTMENT. Between the nose section and the bomb bay is the flight deck, or pilot's compartment. This elevated enclosure contains the pilot's and copilot's stations with all the essential flight controls, instruments, etc., (See pp. 34-39.
B-17 Pilot and Co-Pilot Seats Resin2Detail. B-17F/G Engines Eduard. B-17G Bombardier Section True Details. B-17G Cockpit Set True Details. B-17G Waist Gunner Section True Details. Detail Set Reviews - 1/72. B-17 Machine Gun Barrel Set Resin2Detail. B-17F Transparencies Pavla. Reference Reviews
The Worldu Best Photos of b17 and interior - Flickr Hive Mind source. b17 interior photos - WWII Modeller source. Goleta Air and Space Museum: Collings Foundation Bombers at... source. B-17 Interior source. Lt. Bob Welty inside B-17 - 1945 source
ium lacquer
Dec 2, 2019 - Explore Manie Cruz's board B-17 Interior on Pinterest. See more ideas about wwii aircraft, wwii bomber, ww2 aircraft
The interior of a B-24 was treated differently than that of the B-17. Northrop, ignoring all specs, didn't prime the P-61 because it was in financial trouble. B-25s built at one facility were primed, and at another not primed because of absence of sufficient paint facility
B-17 interior colors - FineScale Modeler - Essential
Well, I will be shouted down for this but existing photographs of B-17G's in the various manuals, books, and websites show the interior of most aircraft to be unpainted. There were SOME that were painted but to date I have only found two photos, one of the radio room and one of the waist that show paint, most likely Dull Dark Green
Good WW2 video of B-17 Flying Fortress crew and interior. From an old Air Force documentary about Operation Titanic
The B-17 Flying Fortress shaped the air war over Western Europe like no other World War II aircraft.From the outset of fighting, it provided a strategic bombing capability that the Axis could never match. Its heavy payload, defensive armament, and rugged construction allowed the Army Air Forces to bomb heavily defended targets in Western Europe, unescorted, in daylight
Evening all! I've got a Revell B-17F Memphis Belle to build. I'm a bit worried after having read some negative views on the model. So i'll have some hard work ahead of me. Anyway, i was wondering if someone could tell me what the interior colour of the B-17 was. Thanks in advance. Paul..
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Interior Colors July 21, 2020 July 21, 2020 Pierre Lagacé Since I am not building anything during the summer months, I am revisiting Jeff's older post
Hence, from my research, I found that the interior colours of the period B-17 were: Dull Dark Green (Model Master Euro 1 Dark Green FS34092 is a good match) in the cockpit, nose compartment, and radio room Bare metal in the waist area, and Bombay may be either bare metal finish or possibly neutral gre
Nov 18, 2019 - I am an inspirational novelist with three-book series, Promise For Tomorrow, featuring B-17 navigators and the 381st Bomb Group. See more ideas about warbirds, fortress, wwii aircraft
What are the colors used for WWII Army Air Force Aircraft during World War II? In all, during World War II the U.S. Aircorps and the U.S. Army Air Force incorporated a variety of over 65 individual colors, serving as different exterior and interior finishes, camouflage designs, markings, and individual aircraft identification This is the third and last part in the reference series about interior finishes of US-produced aircraft of the World War II era. Please refer to part one for general information on the development and the variety of finishes used. Part two covered interiour finishes of the US Army Air Corps / Air Force aircraft. This part three is devoted to Navy aircraft types
B-17 of 303rd Bomb Group Over England . 452nd Bomb Group B-17 Bombers Heading To Swinemunde 1945 . Boeing B-17G-15-BO Flying Fortress 42-31367 Chow Hound code LG-R of 91st Bomb Group 322nd Bomb Squadron over Berlin on March 8, 1944 . B-17E 41-9141 and 41-9131 . Rear Aerial View of Trio of B-17 Bombers Heading To Targe There were no standardized requirements for painting exposed interior spaces but typical USN practice was for most carrier-based aircraft to have their landing gear spaces and components (wheel wells, covers, landing gear, and wheel hubs) painted in the same color as the lower fuselage, with the only notable exception being the S2BC Helldiver which painted them in GZC / IG Color. B-25 interior photos. Search photo: You are interested in: B-25 interior photos. (Here are selected photos on this topic, but full relevance is not guaranteed.) B-17 interior photos (B-17 interior photos). D-70 interior photography (D-70 interior photography) The following is an extensive catalogue of the variants and specific unique elements of each variant and/or design stage of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber. For a broader article on the history of the B-17, see B-17 Flying Fortress
Revell/Monogram 1/48 B-17G. November 12, 2019. in Aviation. 1/48 B-17 Fortress Monogram Revell. 44 Comments. Let me prelude this by saying this is an older build- from 2005, in fact. It's spent the last 14 years in a box under the stairs, but this weekend I dug it out and decided to shoot some new photos of it Kostenlose Lieferung möglic Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Interior Colors Part II. Jeff Groves Reference September 18, 2019. June 30, 2020. During the war B-17 Flying Fortresses were produced at three locations. The Boeing plant at Seattle, Washington was assigned production code BO; Douglas at Long Beach, California was DL; and Lockheed Vega at Burbank, California was VE 4. Interior surfaces of engine cowlings shall not be painted. 5. Bomb rack parts shall not be painted. Exterior metal surfaces of the airplane shall be finished with one coat of camouflage paint with color combinations in accordance with AAF Specification No. 24114. No primer coat shall be required The interior takes up most of the build time, with loads of detail in every compartment. These were followed by patchy applications of lightened versions of both colors on the entire airframe, along with faded olive drab on the fabric-covered ailerons, elevators, and rudder. HK's B-17 is a huge canvas for creative weathering and.
Take a walk through a restored B-17. This page is a picture walk-around and a walk-through a B-17. The plane is a restored B-17G owned by the Confederate Air Force. The first few pictures are of the exterior and focus on the more prominent features of this bomber. The interior photos begin at the front compartment of the plane and work back to. Color photos and actual B-17's I've seen have this bronze green as the interior color. I love the idea of a 1/32nd scale B-17, but doubt I'll ever own one. I'll probably not have room after I finish with my Trumpeter Warthog, and Dauntless, Academy F16C, and various Fokker triplanes
B-17F interior colours? - HyperScale Forum
Here is our World War II photo gallery of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Home What's New Features & Reviews Model Kit Top Gun Subject & Color Refs Search About Us. PROUDLY SPONSORED BY: NOTICE: The appearance of U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Defense, or NASA imagery or art does not. Dana Bell - World War II US Aircraft Interior Colors, Fine Scale Modeler October 1997; Dana Bell - Air Force Colors, vol. 1-3; Robert D. Archer - The Official Monogram US Army Air Service & Air Corps Aircraft Color Guide; John M. Elliot - The Official Monogram US Navy and Marine Corps Aircraft Color Guid B-17 Flying Fortress Interior Colors Part II. Loading... 3 bloggers like this Top turret B-17 Summary Drawing shows a gunner, from behind, standing in the turret of an airplane bomber during World War II. He is visible from the shoulders down and nude from the waist up. Howard Brodie was the staff artist for Yank magazine during the Battle of Guadalcanal in 1942 and 1943. Contributor Name b-17 flying fortress bomber - b 17 flying fortress stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. Bombers make their way to England to aid the British in World War II in April 1942. In this handout image provided by the U.S. Air Force, the Sally B B-17 Flying Fortress performs fly-bys during the Memorial Day ceremony held at..
WWII in color: Rare photos from 1942 show Flying Fortress bombers and their heroic crews in The Mighty 8th Command . By Snejana Farberov. Published: 01:40 EDT, 16 March 2013 | Updated: 11:11 EDT. As I built this model I found many useful links to reference material on the B-17 and I include the best ones here: 360° Photos of the B-17 Crew Positions; Interior Colours of US Aircraft, 1941-45; Accessories used in this build: Eduard - Paint Mask for B-17G (EDJX155 Bomb Bay. While the B-17 was occasionally used for VIP transport and reconnaissance, it was designed first and foremost as a bomber. In other words, every design decision was made to maximize how.
Dig around in earlier postings here for the address for IPMSstockholm.org who've done a whole lengthly article on interior paint and colors. B-17 cockpits were sort of a darkish metalic green and most B-17 aft fuselages away from the flight deck, were bare metal because it provided better free lighting in areas where your attention better be on. Boeing B-17F Memphis Belle The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress flew in every combat zone during World War II, but its most significant service was over Europe. Along with the B-24 Liberator, the B-17 formed the backbone of the USAAF strategic bombing force,
Revell/Monogram 1/48 B-17G. November 12, 2019. in Aviation. 1/48 B-17 Fortress Monogram Revell. 44 Comments. Let me prelude this by saying this is an older build- from 2005, in fact. It's spent the last 14 years in a box under the stairs, but this weekend I dug it out and decided to shoot some new photos of it Historic color footage of the Memphis Belle B-17 bomber with her famous flight crew and other B-17s during WWII. Memphis Belle is the nickname of the Boeing. 15 Things You Never Knew About The B-17 Flying Fortress. It was strong, reliable, and feared by its enemies. This is the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. 1) In 1940, one B-17 bomber cost a little over $200,000 to produce. That's over $3 million in today's currency Perhaps the most famous member of the B-17 family was the B-17F nicknamed Memphis Belle, which has completed 25 combat missions and was later used in a war bonds campaign in the US. Enough of history, for now, let's have a look at the best plastic model kits of the B-17 which are available on the market
A B-17 bomber on a runway. B-17 Bomber engine. A B-17 Flying Fortress motor, a Wright R-1820-97, resting in front of a log house. Car Park in a Underground Parking Lot,Parking lot number B 17 sign. Car Park in Underground Parking Lot,Parking lot number B 17 sign. B-17 flying fortress on fire The B-17 Flying Fortress Memphis Belle was the most famous bomber, because she was the first heavy bomber in Hitler's European war theater to complete 25 combat missions and keep her entire crew alive. The Memphis Belle was named for pilot Capt. Robert K. Morgan's wartime sweetheart, Ms. Margaret Polk B-17, also called Flying Fortress, U.S. heavy bomber used during World War II.The B-17 was designed by the Boeing Aircraft Company in response to a 1934 Army Air Corps specification that called for a four-engined bomber at a time when two engines were the norm.. The bomber was intended from the outset to attack strategic targets by precision daylight bombing, penetrating deep into enemy. After the interior was done, I painted most of the visible surfaces silver to simulate a natural metal interior - which most B-17s had at that date - then did the same in the main wheel wells. After gluing the fuselage and wing halves together, I sanded all the seams B-17G cockpit interior 1/48. 24,95 US$. IN STOCK > 10 pcs. Can be found in Galleries Specification Accessories Customer who bought this product also bought: Write Product Review. This product can be found in. B-17G 1/48 Cat.No.: BIG4873 IN STOCK 5-10 pcs. Advantageous set of photo-etched and mask sets. For kit
Lt. Bob Welty inside B-17 - 194
Bf109E interior color (s) by Amos Terrel » Thu, 02 Jan 2003 13:15:20. Hi all; I need the relevant RLM # for the dorrect interior colors for the. Bf109E-3 and Bf109E-4 variants. I am planning on doing two of these. beasts - one on Battle Of Britain scheme and one in North Africa, JG26 Includes guides for recreating uniforms of various aliens. 1 Krenim Uniforms 1.1 Enlisted and Junior Officers 1.2 Officer 1.3 Senior Officer 1.4 Command 1.5 Noye's Variant 2 Xindi Uniforms 2.1 Xindi-Reptilian Soldier 2.2 Xindi-Reptilian Officer 2.3 Xindi-Primate These are recreations of the uniforms worn by Krenim NPCs. Utilizing this guide requires the player to own the Krenim uniform from. BS 2660 is an old colour standard for building and decorating, now largely superseded by BS 4800 (below this site). The colours depicted on the chart are for guidance only. The displayed colour will depend on your monitor and browser. Pearl, metallic and finished colours cannot be shown adequately. Paris / Vir. Green The best reference source for a more in depth study on Navy and Marine Corps aircraft markings and color schemes is Mr. John M. Elliott's set of four volumes on the subject. It is the most authorative and in-depth study on the subject. The four books are: The Official Monogram U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Aircraft Color Guide, Volume 1, 1911-1939 B-17 Flying Fortress Sally B at Duxford, England in 1998. This aircraft doubled as the Memphis Belle when making the World War II movie Memphis Belle in 1991. A trick of movie makers is to paint one side of the aircraft with one set of markings, and paint the other side completely different
B-17 interior colours/colors? - Found Collectio
B-17G rear interior 1/48 Cat.No.: 49362. Color photo-etched accessories. For kit: MONOGRAM, REVELL. IN STOCK 5-10 pcs. 24,95 US$. Regular retail price. For 15% discount and many other advantages become a BFC member. If you're already a BFC member, please sign in to see your prices
B-17G Nose Interior Color Detail Set. Other products to consider: (13) B-17F/G Engines Brassin Eduard $74.95 $54.79. B-17g Flying Fortress Cockpit Interior Eduard $24.95 $18.29. Browning M2 .50cal Waist Mounted Aires $22.99 $16.59. Applicable Products: B-17G Flying Fortress Revell Monogra
Epiglass 22 B 17 Greyfriars precisely matched in house paint, spray paint, brush in cap bottles, paint pens, and other sizes for painting applications. FREE SHIPPING on orders over $199 *Excludes spray paint. Paint Colors and Brands Paint Colors and Brands
B-17G interior colors? - LSP Discussion - Large Scale Plane
Some people have criticized the Revell Fs for their smooth interior but early B-17 F's had insulation in the nose compartment at least so this is actually fairly accurate. The kit features plenty of raised panel lines that have come under fire from model purists in the past however the real airplane was rife with overlapping panels and raised.
B-17G Rear Interior Color Detail Set Photo-etch detailing set . Other products to consider: (15) B-17F Bomb Bay Details Eduard $34.95 $25.19. B-17g Bomb Bay Eduard $34.95 $25.19. B-17G Front Interior Color Self Adhesive Detail Set Eduard $29.95 $21.59. Don't forget building supplies! Paints
In this post, I'll list the best B-17 model kits, categorized by brand. While I personally think that Revell offers the highest quality B-17 models, it's a matter of personal preference, and you should go with the brand/kit that makes sense for YOU
The RGB values for Kilz B17 Peanut Brittle are 228, 176, 107 and the HEX code is #E4B06B. The LRV for Kilz B17 Peanut Brittle is 48.57. The LRV stands for Light Reflectance Value and measures the percentage of light that a color reflects. Learn more about Light Reflectance Values and using RGB and Hex codes for paint
Browse 477 b 24 liberator stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Consolidated B-24J Librator named 'Golden Girl - Schlitz' banking. The The B-17 Flying Fortress Nine O Nine, on display as plane enthusiast flock to Centennial Airport to get a view of some rare airplanes July 12,..
Note: The B-17G Shoo Shoo Shoo Baby has been moved to the museum's restoration area where it will be placed in storage until it is transferred to the Smithsonian's National Air & Space Museum. The Flying Fortress is one of the most famous airplanes ever built. The B-17 prototype first flew on July 28, 1935. Although few B-17s were in service on Dec. 7, 1941, production quickly accelerated.
B-17G interior colours - HyperScale Forum
Much of the interior of the Memphis Belle was left bare metal when it left the Boeing plant - and throughout the time it was in combat. Some interior components are a darker green referred to as Boeing green. For many years after the war the aircraft was painted with a mid-green interior for preservation protection purposes I have a (fairly simple) VSTO Excel project that is just about complete. It imports 2 tab-delimited text files into 2 worksheets and creates a few formulas in other cells. The last tasks I need to perform are conditional formatting and turning on filtering. I have done these tasks with macros · I'm using excel.Extentions here to get the range. and. Florida Memory is funded under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act from the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Florida's LSTA program is administered by the Department of State's Division of Library and Information Services.. For FY2020-21, the percentage of total costs for the Florida Memory program financed with federal money is 66%; the federal dollar amount to.
B-17G. Interior of the Airplane
Detailed specs and features for the Used 2015 Nissan Sentra including dimensions, horsepower, engine, capacity, fuel economy, transmission, engine type, cylinders, drivetrain and more Color. B-24 interior photos. Search photo: You are interested in: B-24 interior photos. (Here are selected photos on this topic, but full relevance is not guaranteed.) B-17 interior photos (B-17 interior photos). D-70 interior photography (D-70 interior photography) See the used 2019 Lexus ES 350 priced at $34,789. The ES 350 with a VIN of 58ABZ1B17KU014729 is located in Grand Prairie, TX, has 29,388 miles, is Atomic Silver with a 3.5L V6 24V PDI DOHC engine and Automatic transmission
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Modeler's Online Referenc
Interior Wood Finish. Yes. Standard Package. Ironwood Interior Decor. Canadian Standards. White / Gray Exterior Color. LT Deluxe Package. Spare Tire and Carrier. 2021 Dutchmen Coleman Lantern LT Brochure
Introduction. This is a 1/72 scale Boeing B-17G from Academy. The subject I chose was a plane that served in Luftwaffe's secret unit, KG200. Among ordinary German aircraft, this unit operated many different type of captured allied planes such as P-51 Mustangs, P-38 Lightnings, P-47 T-Bolts, etc. and some B-17s as well
I spent a couple of weeks looking at what interior greens were available and decided to just bite the bullet and dive right in with the colors I had on hand. If I spent so much time worrying about getting it 100% perfect it would never get finished. HK Models 1/32 B-17 Build
IPMS Color Cross-Reference Guide by David H. Klaus Meteor Productions Inc., 1992 Oberflächenschutzverfahren und Anstrichstoffe der deutschen Luftfahrtindustrie und Luftwaffe 1935 - 1945 by Michael Ullmann Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-7637-6201-9 Federal Standard 595b Colors Fan Deck (July 1994), 7690-01-162-221
Here, the interior of the Sentimental Journey. Aviation geeks, others love to fly aboard a B-17 B-17, P-51, and B-24 planes regularly fly to airports around the country for air shows, tours or.
Our RLM colors for the Luftwaffe, for example, were matched from the color chips provided in the Monogram Publication The Official Monogram Painting Guide to German Aircraft 1935-1945, while our USA camouflage colors were match from an official set of metal plates, circa 1943 as well as documented Federal Standard colors
The B-17 Flyting Fortress - 381st Bomb Group, Ridgewell England Station 167. The B-17 Flying Fortress was designed, developed, and built by the Boeing Aircraft Corporation of Seattle, Washington in the late 1930s and early 1940s for the U.S. Army to be used in strategic heavy bombardment combat missions against enemy military targets during WWII American women working in the interior of the tail section of a B-17 Flying Fortress bomber at the Douglas Aircraft Company plant, Long Beach, California, United States, Oct 1942: Female employee of Douglas Aircraft Company working on the nose of a B-17F bomber, Long Beach, California, United States, Oct 194 Repair with confidence: Dupli-Color is the only brand with colors tested and approved by vehicle manufacturers for a perfect match to your original factory finish. learn more Keep late-model, domestic and import cars, trucks, vans and SUV's looking new longer with Dupli-Color® Scratch Fix 2in1™ Premium Touch-Up Paint Interior set for ACA Nationality: USA Producer: CMK Out of stock. 29.80 EU Today: B-17 E/F Flying Fortress Build Guide Pt VI - Those Brassin Engines & Props Before I express my feeling about the final choice of either kit or resin replacement engines that I ended up using on this kit let me quickly show you how I painted the most important parts attached to them - the propellers The HKM B-17 has this excellent feature that the wings and horizontal stabilator, can be removed, a must for me! Additionally, I made the props, tail cone, nose glass, gun barrels, antennas and gun turrets also removable for transport. It takes few hours to re-assemble the scene. Once all elements are in place, the last bit to be added is the B-17
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Harleen Quinzel was a gymnastic prodigy and used her talent to get a sports scholarship to Gotham State University. However, Quinzel was set on obtaining a degree from GSU's prestigious Psychology Department. Despite her failing grades, Quinzel used her feminine charm to garner a doctorate degree.
Quinzel opted to intern at Arkham Asylum for the Criminally Insane under the supervision of Dr. Joan Leland. Leland quickly assumed that Quinzel planned to cash in as a pop psychologist and publish a tell all book on the Asylum's high profile inmates.
Things changed when the Joker manipulated her into beginning a series of sessions. It was in these sessions that the Joker began spinning heart crushing tales of being abused by his father and disguising himself as the victim. Quinzel became captivated to say the least, perhaps of her own choice to repress her desire for personal entertainment in turn to become a career oriented woman. Nonetheless, when the Joker was returned to Arkham after a showdown with Batman beaten, something snapped inside Quinzel. She donned a clown costume reminiscent of her new alter-ego, Harley Quinn, a classical literary character, Harlequin who represented frivolity. Harley Quinn busted the Joker out and she has been at his side ever since.
Harley Quinn is completely dedicated to the Joker, however the Joker's own egotistic drive to kill Batman is a barrier in itself that prevents any of her 'love' to be returned. If anything, Harley Quinn's presence humanizes the Joker and more or less keeps him in check. Harley's lack of humor jilts Joker enough for him to beat her and throw her onto the street. When Quinn commits crimes without the Joker, she teams up with Poison Ivy whom she formed a dysfunctional friendship with.
Harley Quinn and Poison Ivy planned to steal an upcoming federal gold transport but needed extra muscle. They set up a fake Bang Baby outreach, to lure in a metahuman having trouble with their power. In order to mask her identity, Quinn posed as Thalia, the Greek muse of comedy. Allie Langford, their victim, sided with Batman and Static then willingly spared their lives after being reasoned with.
When the Joker briefly held Las Vegas in a state of panic with several high explosives, prompting the Justice League to intervene, Harley Quinn was charged with reporting on the League's progress and their encounters with the Royal Flush Gang. However, Batman managed to convince Harley that she was a patsy and that the Joker only cared about Ace. Batman followed Harley's trail straight to the Joker. After knocking her aside, the Joker and Batman fought once again.
Years later, Harley Quinn aided the Joker in the torture and brainwashing of Tim Drake, the second Robin. Batgirl faced off against Quinn who saw little severity in the steps taken by the Joker. Harley fell to her apparent death. However, she survived, permanently injured. With the Joker dead, she started a new life. Unfortunately, fate is not without some irony. Harley's twin grand-daughters became members of the Jokerz, costumed delinquents that terrorize Gothamites with their gag weapons, under the moniker of Dee Dee.


text:
A Bit Of An Old Boy's Club
The U.K.'s Serious Fraud Office was created in 1988 with the mission to investigate and prosecute big-time fraud and corruption — the misdeeds, as Teddy Roosevelt would have said, of the wealthy criminal class. But things at the SFO haven't gone well, and Britain's Sunday Times is reporting that dozens of lawyers, accountants and investigators are being offered up to three times their annual salaries to leave their jobs.
The SFO has often been in hot water because of blown prosecutions. But the worst trouble came after its 2006 decision to stop investigating BAE Systems for bribery. It said it had to drop the case because Saudi Arabia threatened not to buy Typhoon aircraft or continue sharing anti-terrorism intelligence. The High Court called the episode an outrage, an abject surrender to threats, and a capitulation.
After the BAE debacle, the U.K.'s then-attorney general, Lord Goldsmith, hired a former New York City prosecutor to find out why the SFO couldn't get it right. Jessica de Grazia had been an assistant district attorney in Manhattan for 13 years before she took the job. As the Times said, her arrival at the SFO sparked panic.
What de Grazia found, among other things, was that in 2007, the Serious Fraud Office had about three times more lawyers than the Frauds Bureau at the Manhattan District Attorneys Office. The New York DA's 19 lawyers, with virtually no outside help, managed to conclude the prosecution of 124 white collar defendants from 2003 to 2007. During the same period, however, the SFO's 56 staff lawyers concluded 166 prosecutions, even though the SFO spent more than £4 million on external counsel, ranging from newly qualified barristers to Queen's Counsel. In other words, the per-lawyer prosecution rate in the New York DA's office was at least double and maybe triple that of the SFO.
De Grazia also found huge discrepancies in conviction rates. During the 2003-2007 period, the SFO's average conviction rate for serious and complex white collar crimes was just 61%; the Frauds Bureau in New York had a 92% conviction rate for the same type of offenses. And at the federal prosecutor's office in New York City, the conviction rate was a nearly perfect 97%.
What's the problem in the SFO? De Grazia cited "a commingling of external and internal factors." External factors, she said, were the laws, government policy, and legal professional rules and practices. The big problem within the SFO's control, she said, was "insufficient innovation." The Times newspaper wasn't so polite. Cronyism and incompetence, it said, and "a bit of an old boy's club."
Former SFO director Robert Wardle left his post in April 2008, two months before de Grazia released her report. "She caused chaos," one of her eventual victims recalled last week. The Times report said, "She called meetings of case controllers and asked them to identify the crap assistant directors. Then she went to the investigators and asked them who was a crap case controller."
More changes at the SFO are probably ahead. The Times says de Grazia has just delivered another report — this one highly confidential — to Britain's new attorney general, Baroness Scotland. The new report, the Times says, is far more blunt than the June '08 version released to the public. It calls the SFO "a demoralised and underperforming agency" where the work of many dedicated and competent employees was " blocked by inadequate management and leadership."
Our thanks to a friend, now in Paris, for sending us the Times stories this weekend.
Download a copy of Jessica de Grazia's June 2008 report here.
Listen to this podcast here.
Founder of the FCPA Blog and currently Editor at Large. He has been named multiple times as one of the 100 Most Influential People In Business Ethics by Ethisphere Magazine and is a Trust Across America Top Thought Leader. His articles have appeared in many leading news and professional publications. He was a senior partner in a major international law firm and led its FCPA practice.
Post Tags: BAE Systems, Saudi Arabia, Serious Fraud Office, United Kingdom
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