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Mattias Schoberg (born 16 June 1973) is a Swedish wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman 69 kg at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Swedish male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers of Sweden
Wrestlers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
People from Falkenberg
Sportspeople from Halland County

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: regex: fail whole string when part of string fails I've read through numerous posts on preg_match and can't find the answer. How to fail the whole preg_match when only one part of the haystack fails? I simply need to fail the whole preg_match, when the haystack ends with dot-anything (e.g., .html).
The groupings in here, before the problem area, are needed for other purposes and can't be changed. The portion I want to fail, when it contains a dot, is: ([^\.])* If that fails, the entire preg_match needs to fail. Note: the dot is only a "failing dot" if it occurs after the hyphen. There are dots before the hyphen that are not failing dots.
Everything on the right-hand side of the OR operator is fine. Nothing needs to be changed there.
preg_match('#^(.*)\/([0-9]+)\-([^\.])*|(.*)id_category=([0-9]+)(.*)$#', $haystack, $return_array)
Since I'm not evaluating the entire string for the dot, I have not been successful with negative lookahead. It only fails the one part, without failing the whole preg_match.

A: You can add any such condition as a (negative) lookhead at the start of the regex.
preg_match('#^(?!.*\..+$)((.*)\/([0-9]+)\-([^\.])*|(.*)id_category=([0-9]+)(.*)$)#', $haystack, $return_array)

Here it would fail when there is a '.' with at least one character afterwards. But if you are looking for fileendings, you can e.g. limit the amount of following characters:
(?!.*\..{1,4}$)

See a simple example here in regex101

A: Does anyone know off the top of their head if this is valid (start and end caret and dollar within each side of the OR)? It appears to be valid in my prelim tests:
'#^misc-stuff-and-reg-ex$|^other-stuff-and-reg-ex$#'
If it is actually valid, and not just appearing to work, then I can also solve my problem with an approach that seems less heavy on the processor, by simply doing this:
'#^(.*)\/([0-9]+)\-([^\.]*)$|^(.*)id_category=([0-9]+)(.*)$#'
It is appearing to test out as a solution. I don't want a match when a dot is after the hyphen, and it is appearing to satisfy that in tests so far, without fouling anything up because of splitting the carets/dollars apart.
What's interesting to me is that when the dollar symbol is not explicitly placed after the no-dot-here part, then the no-dot-here part is not implicitly seen as the end of the haystack (thus also giving us success in not matching if dot is present), even though it is snugged right up next to the OR operator. Or, maybe that's not very interesting, since the other side of the OR operator is simply seen as part of the string, even though it, like the left-hand side, is actually the whole string in a practical sense.

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Honmachi Saryou is a rennovated kominka (old Japanese-style house) built more than 100 years ago. They offer not only Japanese matcha and azuki [sweet red beans] sweets, but the castle town's traditional dengaku [tofu with sweet miso sauce], dango [dumplings made of rice], and cafe latte with a castle latte art! One of the popular things people do is to snap a photo holding a heart-shaped soft-serve in front of the heart-shaped water tank. There is also a Japanese-style garden.


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Judicial engagement or judicial abdication?
Chip Mellor is president and general counsel of the Institute for Justice In their quest to end so-called judicial activism - an empty term in today's political rhetoric - many liberals and conservatives have worked to limit judicial review of overreaching congressional and executive acts. While both sides of the political spectrum are working from opposite ends under opposing rationales, they are reaching exactly the same end: expanded government power.
Chip Mellor
is president and general counsel of the Institute
In their quest to end so-called judicial activism - an empty term in today's political rhetoric - many liberals and conservatives have worked to limit judicial review of overreaching congressional and executive acts. While both sides of the political spectrum are working from opposite ends under opposing rationales, they are reaching exactly the same end: expanded government power.
Liberals urge deference to Congress on matters affecting property rights or economic liberty. Conservatives, on the other hand, prefer that courts exercise restraint in reviewing national security and criminal laws. As a result, courts do not serve as the bulwarks of liberty envisioned by James Madison. Instead, they interpret the Constitution to give wide latitude to the other two branches of government, which, not surprising, grow relentlessly.
Judicial review plays a key role in our system of government and the prevention of tyranny. Yet there is an increasing tendency to present the public with a false dichotomy between improper judicial activism and supposedly laudable judicial "restraint."
Striking down unconstitutional laws and blocking illegitimate government actions are not activism; rather, they are judicial engagement - enforcing limits on government power consistent with the text and purpose of the Constitution. Allowing the government to exercise forbidden powers and trample individual rights is not restraint; it is judicial abdication.
When the legislative or executive branch exceeds its legitimate authority, the courts have the authority, indeed the duty, to declare that exercise of power unconstitutional.
With judicially enforced constitutional constraints in place, liberals, conservatives, and others can compete to establish policies through the deliberations of their elected representatives. Wishes of the majority can prevail as long as the rights of the minority are respected. The trick, of course, is to distinguish proper from improper judicial actions to uphold or overturn democratically enacted legislation.
As a starting point, judges should identify the constitutional authority for any government action and be ready to strike down those laws and government actions exceeding that authority. In doing so, judges must bear allegiance to the core principles of the Constitution - principles that require separation of powers, federalism, limited government, and individual rights.
Constitutional cases are often difficult and frequently defy bright lines or simple rules. But judges must engage the facts of every constitutional case just as they do in other cases. They must meaningfully evaluate the true basis for the government's action so they can determine, based on the evidence presented, whether it is constitutional. It may come as a shock to learn that, especially in many constitutional cases, that is not done today. Simply put, judges often don't judge.
Ignoring evidence, inventing facts, and rubber-stamping the wanton exercise of government power - which have come to be the norm in cases challenging the federal government's exercise of even unenumerated powers, along with the regulation of property and economic matters by all levels of government - represents collaboration with the other branches of government, not judgment. The result is that our liberties depend more and more on the self-restraint of government officials, which, experience shows, is no restraint at all.
Over the years, courts have effectively amended the Constitution, granting to government powers it does not possess and allowing it to restrict freedom arbitrarily. This trend must stop, and the damage it has caused must be undone by limiting or overruling cases that have transformed our Constitution from a guarantor of liberty and a restraint on the size and scope of government to a virtual blank check for the exercise of government power.
Americans are being smothered under a blanket of regulation that impedes, envelops, and exhausts us, with the government demanding an ever-larger share of our earnings and an ever-greater presence in our personal lives and private decisions. Indeed, government today spends so far beyond its means that it has saddled our children and grandchildren with debts they can never hope to repay. That is unjust and immoral, but it is the natural tendency of unchecked government.
Government actions are not entitled to "deference" simply because they result from a political process involving elected representatives. To the contrary, the Framers were acutely aware of and deeply concerned about the dangers of interest-group politics and excessive government, and the structure of the Constitution rejects reflexive deference to the other branches. It is the courts' job to check forbidden political impulses, not ratify them under the banner of majoritarian democracy.
The cure for much of this lies in our Constitution, which prescribes more freedom and less government for the body politic. But without engaged judges to enforce those principles, they are nothing more than words on an increasingly faded page.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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A clever headline to the New York Times review of Charlie's Angels read "Sleek, Tough, Frosted? Must Be Empowerment." The irony is meant to be a gentle one, as is that of the film itself, which in true postmodern style tries to make a virtue out the patent preposterousness of the kick-fighting, acrobatic babes of the 1970s TV series, now doing their obligatory turn on the big screen with (of course) new personnel—Drew Barrymore, Cameron Diaz and Lucy Liu. But you would think that feminists would be troubled. Female "empowerment" made into a joke in this fashion is really a confirmation of female disempowerment, isn't it? You can't make it look real, so instead you revel in its unreality, making it as much like kandy-kolored TV-reality as possible and hoping that everyone will "get" it. Indeed, it marks you out as a long-headed sophisticate if you can appreciate such clever ironic humor.
The trouble is that it is way too cheap an avenue to sophistication. Anyone can get it, even the dimmest of the pubescent girls to which the CA concept—where it is not merely a T-A concept for the equally dim boys—has always chiefly appealed. In fact, their knowledge that the Angels myth is related to feminist ideology and its influence on one of the cheesier chapters of TV history is almost a corollary of their knowledge that it is not related to reality. Pretending that the girls are just like the guys is so much a part of what young people today spend their time doing—at school and in their social lives as well as when they consume popular entertainment—that making fun of the pretense in an affectionate sort of way could be taken as the means by which they mute the cognitive dissonance that it must inevitably set up in them.
That is as near as I can come to an explanation of why such a spectacularly awful movie is so spectacularly popular. Its awfulness, though not productive of anything like so much unintended mirth as the best awful movies, seems to me to be not only its point but a point worth making quite emphatically in the view of those who are going back to see it again and again. Presumably it is comforting, even (dare we say it?) empowering, to be reminded so insistently that it is the action-hero stuff—the girls' effortless, acrobatic kick-fighting with and vanquishing of large and heavily armed men—which is the fantastical part of their lives and the typical-girl stuff which is the real part.
Now there's a new-womanly sentiment that young girls can understand.


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What To Avoid While Breastfeeding
Story from Mothership
What To Avoid While Breastfeeding, From Botox To Wine To Weed
Molly Longman
Photographed by Eylul Aslan.
Motherhood has a lot of rules — and moms aren't just making them, they're following them. Particularly when it comes to breast-feeding, we hear more about the "don'ts" than the "dos." Don't take allergy medicine! Don't touch that sushi! But how much science is backing these rules? What should you avoid, what's okay to have in moderation, and what rules are flat-out myths? Sharman L. Reed, MD, an OB/GYN at Kaiser Permanente, says that there are fewer things to avoid when breastfeeding than when pregnant. "While you're pregnant, you're sharing a blood supply with your baby," Reed says. But in breastfeeding, you're effectively just making a smoothie for your baby. Less is being converted over that goes in the baby's gut." The World Health Organization recommends new moms breastfeed for up to six months, but when to stop is ultimately a personal choice.
Pediatrician Natasha Burgert, MD, FAAP, National Spokesperson for the American Academy of Pediatrics and an expert for Philips Avent, explains that when doctors advise mothers to avoid certain foods, medicines, or activities during breastfeeding, there are two reasons: They either make milk production hard or they affect the quality of the milk. When it comes to quality, she says most moms think that if they indulge in something on the "avoid when breastfeeding" list, such as a glass of wine or roll of sushi, they'll need to "dump and pump" to get any toxins from the mercury or alcohol out of the milk. But that's not exactly true.
"There's a common misconception there," she says. "When they think about breast milk production, people assume that the milk is made and it just stays there until it comes out, and then more is made. But it's not like a Coke machine. Breast milk is a living dynamic organ in itself when it's still in the breast, and it's impacted by hormone fluctuations."
Basically, just because you eat or do something on the "avoid" list, it generally doesn't mean you need to totally drain your breasts and start anew with your breast milk making. Ultimately, breastfeeding is complicated. There are rules, yes, but there's more gray area than you might think.
That's why we asked experts to help us create the ultimate guide to answer your "can I have…" questions about breastfeeding.
If you've been thinking about getting your teeth whitened at the dentist, and you're breastfeeding, you may want to hold off. As of right now, no studies have been conducted regarding the safety of getting your teeth whitening during pregnancy or while you're breastfeeding. Because of this, the American Dental Association suggests that "clinicians may consider recommending that teeth whitening be deferred during pregnancy."
You can have it in moderation, but realize that if you feel drunk, your milk might have alcohol in it.
"When you have a glass of wine, your blood alcohol level goes up, and then it goes back down after an hour or so" Burgert says. "The same happens in the content in the breast milk." The milk isn't stationary. "It's not like: You have a beer, and the alcohol is going to stay in the milk until you pump and dump it," Burgert says. "It's a dynamic process." So, it's okay to drink alcohol, but if you feel drunk, you shouldn't feed your baby. Try feeding your baby before you drink, and having a supply of already pumped milk on hand so you won't have to feed your baby after a glass or two of wine.
When it comes to medicine, Burgert says most moms have issues with antihistamines. "What dries up your nose is going to dry up your boobs," she says. As such, allergy season can be rough on moms. She says you can still do nasal sprays.
Reed says it's true that some oral contraceptives, especially ones with progesterone and estrogen, can decrease milk production. "But looking at studies for moms on oral contraception, those babies gain the same amount of weight in the same amount of time," Reed says. "They think those babies maybe drink more deeply during nursing sessions. So, while production may decrease, the babies growing just as well." If you struggle with milk supply, you may want to talk to your doctor about alternative kinds of contraception.
There isn't a lot of research out there, about Botox and breastfeeding, Reed says. "The amounts they use are probably small, but Botox hangs out for three to four months in your tissues, and could potentially go to the breast milk," she says. "If you have a choice to delay using it and can look for topical alternatives, it's something we'd likely recommend waiting on."
Burgert says this one is up to the mom. Caffeine won't hurt your child, but it may have effects on them. "I have moms who will have a latte, and they swear their baby will get jittery," Burgert says. "But then there are moms who drink five Starbucks a day and they say their kids is fine. It all depends on how the baby metabolizes it. Babies can metabolize caffeine." You basically just need to watch and see if it makes your baby uncomfortable.
"I have mothers who say they're not going to nurse because they smoke cigarettes," Reed says. However, she says that she encourages mothers who smoke to still nurse, while trying to quit. There's no contraindication, and breastfeeding has been shown to protect your baby from other issues along they way.
Go forth and enjoy your yogurt. Burgert says this is fine to have, and it's even good for the baby to eat foods that people can develop allergies to "The more diverse that moms keep their diet, the more their babies will transition to eating their first foods without issues," Burgert says. "They're getting proteins and food particles from the milk. So, if you want to prevent peanut, dairy, or soy allergies, this is a good way. You want them to get exposed to all of those foods throughout the first six months of their life."
Eating your placenta
You've heard of celebrities such as Chrissy Teigen and Kim Kardashian who ate their placentas. But just because someone famous does it, it doesn't mean it's a good idea. For one thing, Reed says it slow your milk production because it has progesterone and other hormones in it. Meanwhile, the CDC did a study that linked one baby's bacterial infection with capsules the mother was taking that contained her dehydrated placenta.
Exposure to sun
When it comes to breastfeeding, Reed says hydration is a major factor. Being in the sun for too long can dehydrate you, so you just need to make sure that you're rehydrating afterwards. (And make sure your conscientious about sun exposure for you and your baby, for general reasons).
Fish & sushi
This one is similar to alcohol. Avoid it if you can, and if you are going to have a bit of fish, feed your baby first so it can get out of your system by the next feeding. Just as potentially harmful mercury found in fish can be passed from the mother to the baby during pregnancy via the placenta, the same is true with breast milk, though in smaller amounts, according to the CDC. The exposure could impact a baby's brain and nervous system. Reed notes that some fish are okay, but fish that eat other fish (like mackerel) should be avoided.
Although some outlets report that garlic makes your breast milk taste bad, Reed says that it's not harmful to your baby, and they'll usually adjust. "That's just what your diet is," she says "Newborns like to be fed. And if you've ever tasted commercial formula, that tastes fouler than any amount of garlic in milk could."
Similarly to soy, this is okay for moms to have — unless they have Celiac disease, or a gluten allergy that causes gastrointestinal inflammation and issues. Then you can avoid for your own health reasons.
There isn't tons of research out there, but the American Pregnancy Association says it's okay to dye and highlight your hair while breastfeeding. Dyes aren't highly toxic, so while some might be absorbed into your skin, it's unlikely it will make its way to the milk.
Similarly to sun exposure, you should be okay to indulge in this relaxing and sweaty activity — as long as you rehydrate.
Isotretinoin
Aka, Accutane. When it comes to this acne medication, the medical community says there's a link between the high levels of vitamin A in the medicine and how babies form early on. "We don't want you to get pregnant taking Accutane, which is why women need to be on effective contraceptives when taking it," Reed says. There's not much data regarding taking it during breastfeeding, Reed says, but topical treatments for acne are preferable.
"Having a baby is uncomfortable, no matter how you do it," Reed says. Most moms need some kind of pain medication, and Ibuprofen or Tylenol sometimes do the trick. Reed says these are fine to take when breastfeeding.
She also notes that you can take narcotic while breastfeeding. It depends on your baby, and you should consult your doctor, but usually you can also take narcotics or opioids when breastfeeding. "Even moms who are on high levels of opioids or who are on monitor programs who are recovering from a problem, we want them to be breastfeeding, there's no contraindication at all. Breastfeeding is for everybody, even with complicated things going on."
Or other super-intense workouts. Reed is based in Colorado, so a fair amount of her patients are serious athletes. She says that as long as you're replacing you're getting proper nutrition to make up for the energy you're burning during training, and staying super hydrated, you should still be able to do intense workouts. However, it's important to listen to your body, and know when you need to switch something up if you're having issues with milk production.
Usually topical treatments don't get into your tissue, so Reed and Burgert say it's usually okay to use those while breastfeeding. However, you may want to talk with your doctor before you use prescription Retinoid.
You can have it. Mayo Clinic says it's a good way to get in protein via a plant source.
"There are some myths about spicy foods and peppers and breastfeeding," Reed says. "The truth is most women in other parts of the world are living on a spicier, garlic-ier, more exciting and aromatic diet, and those women are still breastfeeding their babies, there are few types of foods not to eat, other than some fish."
This is one of the few things on the list that Reed says you shouldn't do. Because of the way marijuana is processed in the body, it stays in your system for a long time — and in the breast milk. Research is still limited, but some studies suggest that it can be passed along to the baby in the milk, and cause developmental or learning difficulties. Although there could be more research on the topic, it's better to avoid toking up while you're breastfeeding. "We don't want you to do that," Reed says. "Ever."
What To Avoid While Breastfeeding: Foods, Products, Etc
Mothership • Diet & Nutrition • The Latest • News
written by Molly Longman
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Oh yes, today's Top Men are SO much smarter than Aristotle. Also, test everything scientific materialists assert.
New Post at The Mitrailleuse!
I'm happy to report I've begun writing for that center of intelligence and graciousness, The Mitrailleuse. My first post is up, have a look, if you're mentally tough.
Photograph, 1962. "The 60s" haven't really begun yet–in the obvious ways. President Kennedy is on a cocktail of drugs, legal and illegal, and has been dropping acid with his brother Bobby.
We were living in Larchmont, had three kids, one on the way. Tim was working for the Conservative Book Club, headed by Neil McCaffery. Danny Rosenthal was the head of the sales department, and he and Neil got into some sort of disagreement, and we wound up siding with Danny, and Tim (and Dan) were fired from the CBC. All of this happened when we were just getting involved with the Discordians.
So the commercial possibilities were enormous—buttons, notepads, cards, and bumper stickers. We produced them and sold them, and formed Our People's Underworld. It kept us alive financially until Tim finally got a speech writing job in Indianapolis.
When we moved to Indiana, we had 25 acres of land, and three acres surrounding the house; that is, not under cultivation. Yes, we grew a lot of pot—it kept us afloat through those years. It was an income for us, though it simply horrifies me now to think how reckless we were. I don't know about the others, but we smoked just for the feel good. No thoughtful insights, no magical apparitions. We smoked with a couple of our conservative friends, but I don't know about others. My guess is that everybody smoked, but most people didn't gab about it.
All of these goings-on form the deep background of the book Illuminatus!, which we know that, at a minimum, Foseti and Henry Dampier have read. I don't think Foseti quite grokked the Inner Church, however.
I went to see Robert Anton Wilson at commie-outpost Reed College in 1990. I expected some kind of Mage-cross between Tim Leary, Socrates and Gandalf. Instead, he talked like a bitter old man, royally pissed off at Reagan-Bush and conservatives. He seemed to have forgotten all the cool detachment he should have learned from Leary and the relaxation that comes from smoking thousands of joints.
I remind you, fiercely, not to assume too much based on appearances.
Something is rising, something big, out of the depths it rises, but it will not look exactly like anything any of us expect. In the age of pixels as person, reflect intensely not upon the iceberg, Grasshopper, but upon the fate of Caine.
Always remember: Everybody understands Mickey Mouse. Few understand Herman Hesse. Only a handful understood Albert Einstein. And nobody understands Emperor Norton.
As Land said, "succinct perfection from Fernandez." (Again).
It will be interesting to see how it plays out. The dominant ideology of the elite is based on a paradigm that is vanishing before our very eyes. Perhaps its vanished already, but they just don't know it. The socialist systems of Europe are dying on their feet. The most amazing thing about their American admirers is their continuing belief in a socialist future rooted in the past.
The balance of probability suggests that government will become less important over the next 10 years, though many states will not surrender its prerogatives without a fight. After all, a great deal of that missing $1.5 trillion in Europe represents political corruption. But those governments which survive will focus on providing the essential state services: maintaining sovereignty, controlling borders and delivering public goods.
The states which dabble in irrelevant atheistic, 19th century social engineering are probably going to have a hard time surviving. Ironically the nation whose vision naturally conforms to this is the the United States. The "hundred year old document" which the Left habitually dismisses as irrelevant may turn out to be the key map for the future; a future in which non-state actors are dominant, where the word "God" becomes relevant again in a universe where Demons are suddenly real.
Regular, or occasional, readers here know that Neal Stephenson had a very similar picture of how things might develop, almost 20 years ago. Thus the title of this blog.
I'm working on a longer piece about how the great speculative fiction (sci-fi) authors of the 20th century already did brilliant exploration of issues that may seem new to younger portion of the NRx. Meanwhile, as Wretchard points out, there are going to be myriad opportunities to break free of centralized Cathedral government in the next few years.
We must be prepared to take them.


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Children of the 90s II: challenges for the ethics and law committee
S E Mumford
Department of Law University of Bristol Wills Memorial Building Queens Road Bristol BS8 1RJ
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fn.81.3.F228
The first article in this series of two discussed the decision to establish a separate ethics committee for ALSPAC, a major longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood, and the committee's initial role in formulating policies for ethical conduct in obtaining data from questionnaires, biological samples, and clinical and environmental tests.1 This second article considers the consequences of some of these policy decisions in light of challenging issues that have arisen in the course of the study. As in the first article, the intention is to provide strategies that others may find useful when dealing with similar dilemmas.
Questionnaire design: "Did anyone have sexual intercourse with you before you were 16?"
The methodology of the ALSPAC study was explained in the first of these papers1 2; many of the data are gleaned from a series of detailed questionnaires. In one of the early questionnaires, a team investigating the aetiology of child abuse wanted to include a series of questions to explore the nature and extent of the link between parents who abuse their children and those who were themselves abused. Researchers hoped to ask the 14000 ALSPAC mothers several questions about any childhood sexual experiences they might have had. The ethics and law committee identified two concerns with this proposal: first, that some participants might find enforced recall of, and answering questions about, unhappy experiences distressing; and secondly, that some might find the questions offensive. That in turn raised the spectre of irate or shocked participants going to the media, with potentially damaging consequences for the study as a whole.
The committee asked for additional evidence about this project and its methodology. The psychologists responsible claimed that asking these questions was the only means of obtaining accurate and reliable information. Child abuse is a serious problem and the committee was convinced that a prospective study might shed important new light on its origins. However, responsibility to participants was its primary concern. Did this merit removal of the sensitive questions?
The committee took the view that the study's existing provisions to care for participants, such as the telephone hotline,1 were probably sufficient to meet its responsibilities for the few people whose distressing childhood memories might be strongly evoked or exacerbated by this questionnaire. It was decided that the sensitive questions could be included. However, the committee followed the guidelines of the Royal College of Physicians3 which state that if research questions may cause distress or resentment, it is appropriate to seek participants' consent in advance. It was suggested that these questions be presented in a separate section at the end of the questionnaire. Before that section, participants were warned that the next set of questions would be about early sexual experience and told: "If you would rather not answer them, we quite understand. Just stop now and send the questionnaire back as usual."
ANONYMITY OR ACCESS?: THE REFUGEE'S COT
The conflict between the protection of privacy and confidentiality and the need for access to information is one of the most common ethical dilemmas in epidemiology.4 Initial statements to participants had guaranteed that their names and questionnaire answers "could not be linked." But when the committee chose that phrase, not all its members fully appreciated the computer technology involved. It was, in fact, technically possible to make links, although only one person knew how this might be done and that person was under strict instructions not to do so. It was also relatively easy for information to be requested from the computer in such a way as to identify a very small group of participants—for example, by asking for the files of all those who had said their child was blind. The possibility of making links presented new challenges to the guarantee of anonymity which had been given to participants.
The first request to "break the code" was both innocuous and emotionally compelling. A refugee mother had written a note at the bottom of her questionnaire, asking for help in finding a cot for her baby. She had not signed her name. ALSPAC might easily have helped her and the child by identifying who she was and contacting her: it could be argued that there was a moral duty to do so. Yet, this would have been a public admission that the code could— and would—be broken. If the study's duty was to breach its promise of anonymity to help this child, then what of the children whose mothers had confessed to various forms of neglect in response to ALSPAC questionnaires? There is a general problem with anonymity, in that it may lead to "missed opportunities to promote health education and care."5However, the committee had decided that a guarantee of anonymity was the best way to collect truthful information that might help child health as a whole. It chose to stand by its original policy and hoped that the refugee mother would find a cot in some other way.
A more enduring issue of anonymity arose when various research groups became interested in studying subgroups of participants, identifiable by their questionnaire answers. For example, all those who had breastfed their babies, or who smoked, or whose children had language problems might be of interest to different researchers. Some teams might wish to interview or examine the participant or child, others to search for links between answers to an assortment of questions. If the computer could be asked to generate the names of all those who had answered a question in a particular way, then these groups could be studied further.
The danger to participants' interests lay in the fact that if the computer could be asked to generate the names of breastfed children, it could also be asked to generate the names of those whose mothers had admitted taking drugs. It would also be obvious to any small group selected for a follow up study that they had been identified as a result of their questionnaire responses. On the other hand, if this sort of subsidiary study were not permitted, researchers would have to review the cases of all 14000 children to study a problem affecting perhaps only a very few. This would render many projects financially unfeasible.
The committee's solution was to permit the computer to generate names of particular groups on the basis of their answers, but only in such a way as to make individual identification virtually impossible. Target individuals selected by the computer would have to be matched by an equal number of controls in a random manner. However, in the case of a group such as blind children this might still mean a tiny number of affected children plus a tiny number of matched controls. It would still be clear that the code had been broken and anonymity would be lost. So the committee proposed a second condition: that additional "control" subjects would have to be added until the size of the group studied by anyone using this identification method reached at least 500.
There are still unanswered questions in this area: Was it necessary for the committee to guarantee anonymity as well as confidentiality? Were these guarantees important to participants? And has the committee achieved the right balance between the desire to protect parents' anonymity and their children's welfare?
Taking biological samples:"midwives are paid 10 pence for each placenta collected"
In many British hospitals the extremely modest incentive of 10 pence is provided to the midwife for each placenta she collects. Placentas are used for a variety of therapeutic, pharmaceutical, and research purposes. The matter is rarely discussed with the mother; it is assumed that most women will be sufficiently preoccupied with other matters as not to be particularly interested in what happens to the placenta. However, the recent growth of interest in the ownership of biological material has raised questions about ALSPAC's own use of umbilical cord and maternal blood.
ALSPAC requires prior written consent from the mother before any blood is used.1 As well as protecting autonomy, it was hoped that this precaution would vitiate any legal claim that material "belonging" to the mother or child had been wrongfully taken. However, when arrangements began to be made for ALSPAC's 28 000 samples of DNA to be stored and worked on by collaborators, the question of ownership needed to be re-examined. If ALSPAC is to make good its claim to provide a high level of ethical surveillance, then it requires adequate control over the use of the biological samples.
Questions of ownership are primarily matters of law rather than ethics. The recent cases of Dobson v North Tyneside Health Authority 6 and R v Kelly 7 have given authority to a previously obscure8 9 tradition in English law that there is no "property" in the human body. Once bodily tissue has been removed, it is considered to have been "abandoned." However, the courts in both the Dobson and Kelly cases accepted the proposition that, if body parts and substances have undergone some application of human skill, they can become the subject of property in the ordinary way. This strengthens ALSPAC's case for ownership of DNA samples they have extracted and prepared.
Have the participants themselves any proprietorial claim over their own bodily tissue? It scarcely seems likely that a woman would want a right in law to the possession of her blood or placenta. The question would only arise if she was unhappy about the use to which it had been put or wanted to have some share in profits in the improbable eventuality that her blood or DNA led to financial profit. For example, in the American case of Moore v Regents of the University of California,10 cells taken from a man's diseased spleen were used to make commercially valuable cell lines. When he was called back to provide more blood, he grew suspicious and took legal action against the hospital, demanding compensation for the blood removed without proper consent—and for a share in the profits. The court granted him the former but denied the latter, stating that he did not "own" his cells.
If the blood used by ALSPAC had been taken without consent to the research, an English court might rule differently and favour the mother's claim to ownership. It might hold that the mother's "abandonment" of her tissue had been conditional on its appropriate destruction. In that case, the tissue in question might be destroyed at the mother's behest. However, even then, it is highly unlikely that she would receive any more than nominal financial compensation for its unlawful taking. Any profits would probably be allocated so as to represent the proportional contribution in money or money's worth expended by the parties.11 Very little would go to the mother.
With proper consent, the biological samples used in ALSPAC are no longer simply "stolen," nor are they abandoned unthinkingly. Hence the best analogy in this context may be to describe the cord or maternal blood—as a sort of gift from the mother to ALSPAC.12 In any dispute between ALSPAC and those storing or working on the samples, it might also be held that gifts may be conditional—and the ALSPAC guarantees would likely form part of the conditions. The policy of requiring carefully informed written consent was confirmed.
Reports of clinical and environmental tests: "Your house is only mildly radioactive"
The committee chose initially to tell parents that Children of the Nineties was an anonymous research project designed to benefit children of the future; individual findings would not be passed on to them. This policy was challenged as new collaborators joined ALSPAC. For example, the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) wished to study the effects of radon gas in the home, but wanted to apply its own guidelines and tell people when the radon readings in their houses exceeded national recommended levels.
It is clearly arguable that information discovered about an individual or population should not be withheld from anyone who may be significantly affected.13 Part of the benefit to the community of a study is being informed of the results.5 14But others have questioned whether participants would really want to have their lives complicated by the intervention of researchers bringing unsolicited bad news.15 Although unexpected and unwanted findings may result from any medical investigation, those who are tested in clinical situations are at least expecting to be told something. Furthermore, the clinical significance of varying levels of radon is itself one of the questions under investigation; there is, as yet, no conclusive evidence that the NRPB recommendations actually delineate safe from unsafe.
The solution proposed by the committee was an attempt to combine truthfulness with sensitivity. In the radon project, those living in the three or four houses which, to date, have been found to have radon levels in excess of those recommended by the NRPB have been sent a letter. This informs participants that a "somewhat higher level than normal" of radon gas has been detected in their home, but explains that the precise significance of this finding is as yet unknown. It goes on to tell them that they may wish to contact the NRPB for a repeat reading and for further information about what is known about radon and what can be done to reduce the level. Thus no one is made to worry or obliged to take action, while those who do wish to make further enquiries are given the information that will enable them to do so.
The problem did not end with radon. Testing for radon shares a common ethical problem with several other analyses. Blood tests may reveal a high or low haemoglobin concentration. Those analysing the ultrasound scans and the results of cognition tests can tell when something "looks unusual." But like a high or low radon reading, the precise significance of these findings is not yet clear. Is there a responsibility for researchers to inform the participants of the bare finding—when that is all that can be provided?
One of the reasons for carrying out the study's procedures is to test the tests. What is the significance of a particular red blood count? Can the cognition test given at six months really predict later IQ scores? It is hard to know whether participants would find it helpful to be told: "Your child has a lower haemoglobin than most," and then to hear that no one knows whether this is problematic or quite innocuous. On the other hand, as it is through the courtesy of the participants that access is gained to their children and their houses, it is arguable that any information gleaned is ethically if not legally "theirs" and ought to be supplied to them or to their doctor, if only in its raw form. Doctors might not yet know how low a concentration of haemoglobin really is dangerous, but the child's general practitioner should at least be given the choice whether to intervene and be given some perspective on the information presently available on the subject.16
What is done with the information may vary with the test in question. The provision of iron supplements may follow a "low" red blood count. Intervention in the radon case is somewhat more complicated; the recommended method of reducing radon levels involves substantial building work. But with the knowledge that something might be amiss, participants could take further advice from experts and even choose to move house. In the case of cognition testing, however, there is no useful intervention available. Should parents still be told? The evidence may eventually show that the unusual finding is clinically insignificant. In the meantime, it will cause most parents concern. Many will modify their treatment of the child to conform to expectations that he or she may be cognitively impaired. And in terms of the study, this will have the same scientific effect as taking up the floor boards or giving an iron supplement. It will affect the results of the research.
That may well be ethically appropriate. It is clearly right to intervene—and abandon the research—if to do so would have a demonstrable benefit to health. And yet to intervene where there is no need to do so, to stand in the way of proper research because of an unproved hunch, would seem wrong as well. To cause unnecessary worry to parents would seem even worse. It may be ethically permissible to withhold results if they cannot benefit individuals and they cannot be harmed by not knowing.17
A different problem arose in some of the other ALSPAC projects. Although their findings might well be of some use to children and their parents, the only way to afford these projects was for the data collection to be carried out over a period of time and the samples or information analysed together at a later date. This might mean that by the time the results were analysed and a problem was detected, it would be too late to intervene to the benefit of the child in question.
Argument based on the prohibitive cost of ethical safeguards has not deterred the committee from rejecting other protocols. However, the CIOMS guidelines seem to allow for situations in which participants are told that it will not be possible to give them results.14The committee took the view that the projects could, in principle, go ahead. However, it also seemed clear that the disclosure of results to participants was increasingly recognised as a normal ethical obligation stemming from the principle of respect for autonomy.18 The committee decided that in cases of clinical testing where the abnormal findings would be immediately available—for example, in tests of vision or hearing—the policy of non-disclosure should be abandoned and the parents given access to relevant information. In any case where the research was intended to detect conditions that posed serious, reversible threats to health and these conditions might not manifest contemporaneous clinical symptoms, the research would have to be planned in such a way as to permit parents to be notified.
When ALSPAC research reaches the stage where its findings are ready to be reported to the world at large, the study follows recommendations15 19 20 that its first obligation is to present the results to those who have provided the data. ALSPAC fulfils this responsibility by sending regular newsletters to all participants with highlights of recent study findings and the opportunity to receive information on all papers making use of ALSPAC data.
At the end of the Nineties...
Nine years after its inception, the committee continues to meet regularly. As the study children become older, pressures grow to collect more and more information about them. The children themselves are reaching an age at which their own views and opinions will begin to eclipse those of their parents in importance; the committee has already revised some of its guidelines on consent. A future article will discuss these emerging issues. Members of the committee have also become aware of how little is known about participants' own perceptions of the safeguards others have selected for their protection.21 The committee's own research agenda therefore includes a study which will ask both adults and children what they think of the choices we have made on their behalf.
Of course, the essential responsibility of the ALSPAC ethics and law committee remains unchanged: to seek an appropriate balance between reaping the benefits of this important study and doing research in a way that is acceptable to the community from whom its subjects come and for whom the research is done.
The author is secretary to the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee.
I thank Professor Jean Golding and the other members of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee for their assistance with this paper. Responsibility for any errors remains my own.
Mumford SE
(1999) Children of the 90s: ethical guidance for a longitudinal study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 81:F146–FF51.
Golding J
(1996) Children of the Nineties: a resource for assessing the magnitude of long-term effects of prenatal and perinatal events. Contemporary Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 8:89–92. and the ALSPAC Study Team.
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According to Charles Ross – a respected historian, citing contemporary English and Spanish state papers – the ambassador to England of Isabella of Castile told Richard III that Isabella had been hostile to England because Richard's brother, Edward IV, had turned down her marriage proposal to marry Elizabeth Woodville. Â (The timing works; Edward married in 1464, when Isabella was 13 years old, and she married Ferdinand five years later.)
The alternative histories virtually write themselves:
No marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, no union of Aragon and Castile, no conquest of Granada, no expulsion of the Jews and the Moors, no Inquisition, no Charles V, no Habsburg empire, no Thirty Years War. Â Columbus might have sailed on behalf of England rather than Spain, or else his fellow-Genoese Giovanni Caboto ("John Cabot") might have gotten to North America before any European found the West Indies.
Author Mark KleimanPosted on January 25, 2010 Categories UncategorizedTags Medicare
12 thoughts on "Alternative history"
chris y says:
nice idea, but I don't buy it. At the time of the Woodville marriage, the English government was actively engaged in negotiating for Edward to marry a French princess, which would almost certainly have gone through if he hadn't secretly married la bourgeoise first. I don't think there was any faction in England which would have prioritised a Castillian alliance at that point.
Caboto the gem of the ocean?
I cannot follow this at all. Elizabeth Woodville? Who's that? Do you mean Edward Woodville? Who does 'her' refer to in the phrase 'her marriage proposal? Isabella? Elizabeth Woodville? Who's on first? What's on second? And don't get me started about third base.
Andrea Knutson says:
And don't forget that would be a marriage of a York and a Lancaster (Isabella).
Isabella wasn't THAT hostile to England — she allowed her daughter, Catherine of Aragon, to marry the heir to the English throne.
The real difference a marriage of Isabella and Edward might have made would have been (a) making Richard less bold after Edward's death (his actions would have had international and not just domestic repercussions) and (b) the eventual heir to the English throne might have been healthier or had a healthier wife, hence, no need for a messy divorce from the aunt of the emperor whose troops had recently sacked the city where the Pope maintains his headquarters.
Elizabeth Woodville was Edward IV's commoner wife. A point of tension between Edward and Richard as well as other aristocrats was his preferential treatment of her brothers, and the attempts of the queen and her family to gain influence or even control over the government through the regency of the minor prince (Edward V) who succeeded his father, and who along with his brother were murdered in the Tower almost certainly at Richard III's behest.
Bernard Yomtov says:
Interesting, but the anti-Semitic activities, including violence, murder, legal restrictions, and forced conversion, that led ultimately to the 1492 expulsion were rolling along pretty strongly early in the 14th century. There was no happy ending in store, even if Isabella had married Edward.
Regarding the expulsion of the Moors: It's also useful to remember that among Spaniards, as incredible as it seems, Isabella and Ferdinand were moderate — in adopting the auto-da-fes and other techniques of the inquisition, they were trying to contain anti-Jewish and Muslim sentiment. Though, I think their strategy was pretty much a complete failure it's unlikely an alternative monarch would have behaved differently and might have been a good bit worse.
The Catholic Church itself established the inquisition. Spain wanted its own version, and the Pope, against even his judgment, appointed Torquemada for the job, but ultimately lost control over the inquisition in Spain until, some years later, it yanked it back.
So perhaps Henry VIII would never have happened, but I don't see how Martin Luther, and ultimately, the 30 Years War, would have been avoided. England wasn't central and Hapsburgs weren't strictly Spanish and would presumably have emerged as a ruling power anyway threatened by breakaway Protestant fiefdoms.
Just a last thought: you seem to be proceeding from the ultimate great man view of history (or perhaps, "instrumentalist" instead of "great") which sees individual human monarchs as being indispensable to the course of history. Maybe there are some individuals who are so instrumental — maybe Henry VIII was one of them — but surely, there would have been other alliances and other princes and princesses who would have filled in for most of those who were actually there, subject to pretty much the same cultural and religious forces and predilections. If not Charles V, then his cousin.
Ralph Hitchens says:
Barbara, as a secret revisionist I favor the strong theory put forward by novelist Josephine Tey that Richard III was innocent of the murder of the princes; his Lancastrian rival & eventual successor Henry Tudor had much more to gain from the death of the legitimate heirs. Whether Isabella was indispensable in terms of the reconquista and exploitation of the new world, who knows?
Before JFK's assassination, argument over who was responsible for the murder in the tower of the young princes was the great conspiracy debate of the English speaking world! I still don't see how Henry had MORE to gain than Richard, but he certainly had A LOT to gain as well.
However, I think whoever did it, the deed, like Henry VIII's own craziness over the lack of a strong male heir, has to be seen in context of the fact that for close to 100 years, England endured civil war at its bitterest whenever a weak or minor king assumed the throne — e.g., Richard II and Henry VI.
The conquest of the Moors was probably inevitable at that point, considering the way history was going. You would have just been exchanging a unified and Christian Spain for a divided and Christian Spain.
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Discussion in 'Sequencers & Software Tools' started by caffeine, Jan 2, 2014.
OK all. I've dug a little bit under the hood and into the guts of a couple of different software packages now. On my 2014 schedule January and part of Feb are about diving further working out the core capabilities of each, as well as building add-on's, tools, helpers etc. to fill in some of the gaps I see.
I've got a ton of ideas, and will find more as I go through, but here is your opportunity to brain-storm, request, dream etc.
This can be specific: I really would like an add on to (LOR/LSP/Vixen/HLS/SuperStar/xLights) that does X.
Or it can be moonshots: I want to do sequencing via gesture control whilst using google glass in a three dimensional landscape.
Or anything really. Looking for the best utilisation of this time and for inspiration. It's easy to incrementally improve so I'll do a bit of that, but also interested in a different methodology/approach.
Fire away and I'll see what I can do. I'll leave the electronics and network stuff to the professionals, this is the area I think I can 'give back' in.
Great idea and I have a couple that I will chuck in here as I think of them.
The 1st is a simple conversion program for the lor users to make the change for LOR network to dmx. The program could parse either the channel template and/or the sequences and do an automatic change from Network 1, Contoller 1, Channel 1 to DMX universe, Raw dmx (or E1.31) and channel 1. A lot of the noobs to dmx are challenged by the change and if it was possible in a couple of clicks to change existing sequences then I'm sure many more would make the transition.
Lightshow Pro will be releasing info on how to make addon macros effects.
I'd like the ability in LSP to map your channels in 3d.
I want to do some big arches over my driveway so when you look up you can see a pattern on the arches.
Possibly using a street scape photo for your x and y axis and an aerial shot from Google maps or nearmaps for you z axis. Instead of just selecting map to stage or map to object you could select map to elevation or map to plan view.


The Pyle PWMA275BT is a wireless and portable PA speaker and karaoke system. It has support for Bluetooth which enables you to stream music wirelessly from your smartphone, tablet or other Bluetooth-enabled music devices. It also has an AUX input, which means you can connect it with an AUX-cable and stream from basically any music device.
Fancy party lights create a fun party atmosphere. They will definitely get attention if you bring it to the streets, to the park or to the beach in the dark evenings. There is a built-in FM radio, but users report that the reception is bad. The built-in rechargeable battery makes you independent from power outlets for a few hours and allows for use where other speakers could not have been used. The solid handle on top allows for easy transport, and on each side, there is a small hanger where you can attach the hooks for the included carrying strap. Underneath the handle, there is a power on/off button, a microphone input, ear mic input, line in, and audio controls for treble, volume, microphone volume and echo, and some other buttons. The USB port is also on the top, which you can use to charge your phone or tablet.
A fun feature is that you can record music or your singing and save it to a USB flash drive or an SD card. You can also use a USB flash drive or SD card to play music files from.
The Pyle PWMA275BT offers a lot of functionality. Being a large speaker, but still fairly compact, portable and powerful allows you to bring it with you everywhere you go. It is a versatile product that can be used by many people and in many different situations. Similar to other Pyle speakers, or Ion Audio, this has good sound but is also more compact and more lightweight than many alternatives. Works well for dance teams, for singing rehearsals, for aerobics instructors, for street performers, for a day at the beach, for the late night backyard get-together, or for the weekend karaoke party.
To conclude, the PWMA275BT is a compact, portable and powerful speaker system that can be used in many different situations. With its fancy DJ party lights it creates a fun party vibe. The durability and sound quality is very impressive for the price range. On Amazon, it has an average rating of 4.8 out of 5 (rating as of 23 June 2016).


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Home Community More Security Updates Planned For School Campuses
More Security Updates Planned For School Campuses
Johnston County Public Schools Chief of Staff Dolores Gill discusses security updates with the Johnston County School Board during their April 2019 monthly meeting. JoCoReport.com Photo
Bids For 39 School Security Vestibules To Be Awarded In May
The Johnston County Board of Education received an update this month on security work that has already taken place at the 43 public school campuses in the county and additional work that is underway or will soon be taking place.
Recent school shootings and acts of violence on school campuses across the nation has prompted local school leaders to improve security measures as quickly as possible.
Chief of Staff Dolores Gill told the school board that Security Assessments have been completed at all school sites in Johnston County. The assessments have been shared with principals and Chase Ferrell, the Auxiliary and Safety Officer for Johnston County Schools, to ensure all security issues have been addressed.
Gill said Johnston County Schools will be one of the first in the state to have "nearly-bulletproof glass" installed in the coming months in the entrance areas of all public schools. They are called security vestibules. Currently, only 4 of the 43 schools in the county currently have security vestibules, a secure point of access to school buildings controlled by office personnel. The school board will award bids as early as their May 2019 meeting to have security vestibules installed at the remaining 39 school campuses in the county. If the bid is approved in May as anticipated, all 39 new vestibules could be completed by December 2019.
Also, a recently-awarded grant will allow the school system to outfit all mobile units with consistent signage. The signage will benefit law enforcement, fire, EMS and first responders to quickly located these areas in the event of an emergency or crisis situation.
Smithfield Selma High recently had 61 new interior and exterior security cameras installed. Clayton High is currently receiving a complete update of interior and exterior cameras.
All middle school buildings will receive upgrades and exterior cameras beginning in August.
All high schools continue to utilize the card entrance system with students entering as freshmen having new cards enabled, Gill said. All other students no longer attending will have their cards deactivated.
In addition, Emergency Management plans for all school sites are currently being reviewed with Elementary, Middle, and High School counselors.
School board member Todd Sutton thank Gill for the report saying school safety is important on all campuses.
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