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Are Major Winter Storms Increasing in Frequency and Intensity?
After major winter storm cycles, especially those that lead to long Interlodge periods in Little Cottonwood Canyon, I get a lot of questions about whether or not snowstorms are getting bigger due to climate change. Many people assume this is the case, but it turns out to be a difficult question to answer, especially if you are talking about a specific location like Little Cottonwood Canyon.
Let's talk first about what we know. Globally averaged temperatures have increased about 1˚C and Utah has warmed at almost double that rate. Recent studies indicate that most if not all of the warming in recent decades is due to human activities, especially greenhouse gas emissions.
Precipitation is a messier variable, however, as it exhibits greater regional variability than temperature. It is also not sampled as well, with fewer stations and often lower quality measurements. Finally, there are two questions that one might ask. First, is the frequency of extreme precipitation events changing (i.e., are they becoming more or less common). Second, is the size (or intensity) of extreme precipitation events changing (i.e., getting bigger or smaller).
The answers to these questions vary regionally. It is likely that there are more land areas where the frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased rather than decreased and it is likely that there has also been intensification of the heaviest precipitation events. For example, the total annual precipitation produced by the largest (top 1%) precipitation days has increased throughout much of contiguous United States, but has remained relatively steady over the southwest.
Source: https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/heavy-precipitation
Major winter storms are even more difficult to assess and project trends for and they have an additional confounding factor because in a warming climate, some precipitation events will feature rain instead of snow. The US National Climate Assessment released in 2017 concluded the following:
"Projections of winter storm frequency and intensity over the United States vary from increasing to decreasing depending on region, but model agreement is poor and confidence is low."
I have never felt very confident saying that winter storm intensity is increasing in northern Utah for several reasons. First, snowfall records are much more limited than temperature records, both in their historical coverage and their spatial density. This makes detecting trends in rare events even more difficult. Second, our computer models struggle more with precipitation than temperature and, if we're talking about what happens in Little Cottonwood Canyon, don't even account for topographic effects or lake influences. Additionally, those models don't exhibit a great deal of agreement in how annual average precipitation will change in northern Utah, let alone extreme events.
Some people may say that we should be able to try theoretical thinking toward this problem. The challenge with that is many factors affect winter storm intensity. In a warming climate, the water holding capacity of the atmosphere increases, so storm intensity should increase. If we are talking about global statistics, that may hold, but regionally that effect could be countered by other changes. For example, if the storm track shifts northward or ridging becomes more common, we may see fewer storms, so in our area, the frequency of big events goes down. At some elevations, the "big" storm in a warming climate could be a rainstorm instead of a snowstorm. Tough luck there.
So, I can't confidently determine if major winter storms are increasing in frequency or intensity in northern Utah or Little Cottonwood Canyon. I'm comfortable saying that we don't know, but that we have good evidence that other things are happening to our snow climate that should concern us, especially in the lower elevations where we are seeing a decrease in the fraction of cool-season precipitation that falls as snow, more frequent mid-season snow-loss events, and a decrease in the amount of wintertime precipitation retained in the snowpack at the end of the snow accumulation season. These trends are less dramatic at upper elevations, but will amplify in the coming decades, especially if greenhouse gas emissions continue.
Labels: Climate, Winter Storms
Last Storm of Winter...
Thought that headline might get your attention.
Meteorological winter covers December, January, and February and ends this Sunday, the last day of February. Thus, the last storm of meteorological winter will be this Friday night and Saturday as a broad trough moves through northern Utah from the northwest. Below is the GFS forecast for 0600 UTC 27 February (11 PM MST Friday) showing northern Utah in the moist, unstable flow.
The time-height section for Salt Lake City shows this is a storm cycle that's a bit less organized and less juicy than last week's. There's a weak trough passage late Thursday night/early Friday Morning and then another late Friday night/Saturday morning, followed by a moist post-frontal period.
The GFS generates a total of 13.5 inches for Alta between 1 AM MST Friday through 7 PM MST Saturday night, the NAM 7.7 inches. The SREF mean is around GFS levels, with about 0.75 inches of water and 12 inches of snow.
Thus, this looks more like a Goldilocks storm than last-week's monster, although it will come in pieces.
Enjoy this last storm of meteorological winter. If you haven't noticed, the sun is getting higher and the days longer.
Giving Day
The University of Utah's Annual Giving Day is this Tuesday and Wednesday, February 23-24. Yes, I know that's two days, but we try to make everything in higher education as complicated as possible. Technically, the Giving Day is an 1,850 minute fundraising effort, with 1850 being the year of the University's founding. See, it all makes sense in the end.
If you are a fan of this blog, please consider making a donation. My fellow faculty and I will match the first $3,050 in donations and once we've reached $3,000, Dave and Johanna Whiteman, who started our Mountain Meteorology Fund, will contribute an additional $5,000.
There are two options for donations. The first is our Mountain Meteorology Fund, which supports interdisciplinary research and education to improve the understanding and prediction of weather and climate processes in complex terrain. In other words, the things I write regularly about on this blog. To contribute to the Mountain Meteorology Fund, click here and follow the directions at upper left.
The second is the Atmospheric Sciences Scholarship Fund, which is more critical than ever for our undergraduates. To donate to the Atmospheric Sciences Scholarship Fund, click here and then click "give" in the upper right.
If you are reading this on Monday, just before Giving Day, no worries, your donation will still be matched!
Thanks in advance for any contributions.
Labels: Mountain Meteorology Fund
State of the Snowpack
It's pretty incredible that with all the snow we received over the past 10 days or so, we are still near or below median at most northern Utah SNOTEL stations.
Source: NRCS
I think the only site that is above median in northern Utah is Dry Fork in the Northern Oquirrh Mountains. The recovery there was pretty incredible, with a net gain of about 5 inches in our most recent storm cycle, enabling it to claw out from near the bottom to 101% of median.
The fattest snowpack in terms of total snow water equivalent is at the Ben Lomond Peak SNOTEL, which now sits at 24.1 inches, which is still only 80% of median.
The Snowbird SNOTEL is a bit behind in total SWE sitting at 22.4 inches, which at that location is 90% of median.
So, the skiing has improved immensely, but the snowpack is still below median! I'm suspect water managers are thankful for the latest storm cycle, but still hoping for more.
Comparison of the graphs above (note that the scale for Dry Fork is different than for Ben Lomond and Snowbird) shows three salient characteristics of the snow climate of northern Utah.
First, the area around Ben Lomond Peak and the North Ogden Valley is as I like to say "pound for pound the snowiest in northern Utah." For its elevation, there's no region that I'm aware of that gets more snow. Eventually, the median snowpack at Snowbird overtakes that at Ben Lomond, but this reflects elevation and aspect. The Snowbird SNOTEL is on a north aspect at 9177 feet, whereas the Ben Lomond SNOTEL is on an east aspect at 8000 feet. Thus, the snow accumulation season at Snowbird is longer, enabling the median to eventually peak higher in late April, but through April 1, the median snowpack water equivalent at Ben Lomond is greater.
Second, the snowpack in the Oquirrhs is typically about half of that in Little Cottonwood. At least that's my rule of thumb. The Dry Fork SNOTEL sits at only 10", whereas Snowbird is at 22.4. However, Dry Fork is quite a bit lower (7147 feet), so that's not really a fair comparison. Another option is the Rocky Basin Settlement SNOTEL at 8702 feet, which sits at 13.8", or about 61% of Snowbird. On the other hand, that is a skiff above Thaynes Canyon on the Wasatch Back (12.0"), which did relatively poorly in this recent storm cycle. In fact, that SNOTEL still sits well below median.
Which brings us to the third characteristic, and that is the remarkable contrast in natural snowpack between Little Cottonwood Canyon and the Wasatch Back, which we discussed in the previous post. Right now, the snowpack at Thaynes Canyon is only 54% of that at Snowbird. Usually this time of year the contrast isn't that large (the Thaynes Canyon median is 65% of the Snowbird median), so so far this year, Park City has gotten skunked even more than usual relative to Little Cottonwood.
Labels: Climate, Snow
Why There's a Huge Snowfall Contrast from Alta to Park City
The snowfall contrast between Little Cottonwood Canyon and Park City Mountain Resort over the past 24 hours is quite dramatic.
In upper Little Cottonwood Canyon, Alta reported 30 inches of snow.
In upper Big Cottonwood Canyon, Brighton reported 22 inches of snow.
On the Park City Ridgeline, Park City Mountain Resort reported only 12 inches.
The distance between Alta the top of the Jupiter chairlift at Park City Mountain Resort is less than 5 miles! That's a huge contrast in snowfall. How can this happen?
One of my late-career dreams is to have the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft flying through a storm like this one with it's world-class cloud radar. This instrument takes cat scans in storms. One thing I would like to have it do is fly directly down the northwesterly flow and examine the storm structure from northwest to southeast. Here's why.
We often generalize the western side of the Wasatch Range as the "windward" and wet side and the eastern side as the "leeward" and dry side. That, however, is an oversimplification. In reality, the terrain felt by the flow varies depending on wind direction and because the Wasatch range isn't linear, but contains complex ridges, canyons, and inflections.
For example, the late-afternoon sounding from yesterday showed that the 700-mb (crest level or 10,000 foot) flow was from 315˚. If you are in Little Cottonwood Canyon or the high terrain surrounding it, flow from this direction (i.e., along the thick black line below with the topography along that line in profile at the bottom) moves across the relatively low Salt Lake Valley and then is forced rise rapidly over the Cottonwood Ridge and Alpine Ridge. These two ridges are over 11,000 feet high and represent the highest terrain in the central Wasatch. During unstable flow, this results in persistent initiation of clouds and precipitation just upstream and over Little Cottonwood Canyon.
Source: caltopo.com
As you move northeastward to the Park City Ridgeline, the situation changes. Not only is the Park City Ridgeline lower (highest peaks 10,000 feet, it is also oriented parallel to the flow. In addition, because the Wasatch near North Salt Lake City and Bountiful just westward, the flow encounters mountains well upstream of the Park City Ridgeline. Instead of rapid ascent over about 6,000 vertical feet, the flow ascends more gradually, encountering small ridges along the way.
This is simply not a great situation for heavy snowfall on the Park City Ridgeline as the terrain-forced ascent is less intense. Indeed, snowfall reports from Bountiful are in the 10-14 inch range, comparable to that reported by Park City Mountain Resort.
There are probably some other factors involved as well, but I think these differences in the shape and scale of the terrain felt by the flow from the northwest are a contributor. Perhaps more on other factors in future posts, but I'm going to have to get some real work done soon.
Labels: Orographic Precipitation
It's Still Snowing...
Wow, what a storm cycle.
It continued to snow overnight in Little Cottonwood as well as much of northern Utah. More on the latter in a minute, but let's first take a look at Alta.
The tabular output below includes hourly observations over the 24-hour period ending 0700 MST this morning. The interval board was wiped after 0700 MST yesterday morning, when there was 15 inches on the board, and after 1600 MST yesterday afternoon, when there was 10 inches on the board. It now sits at 20 inches. Thus, the total for the 24-hour period from 0700 yesterday to 0700 today is a remarkable 30 inches.
Looking at the entire storm cycle, total snow depth since 1100 MST 11 February has increased abou 30 inches (ignore the eroneous 136" measurements). If you add up the interval board measurements at times of peak snow depth, you get a snowfall of 82".
I guess it goes without saying that everything is coming unglued from a snowpack perspective. The Town of Alta is in Maximum Security Interlodge this morning as avalanche mitigation efforts begin.
TOA Max Security Interlodge Go to low levels away from windows, If you have a protocol for your building reply with head count when ready
— Alta Central (@AltaCentral) February 17, 2021
As a meteorologist, I love extreme weather, but these are times I get a deep pit in the stomach and I hope all turns out all right. Our technology can help mitigate but not necessarily eliminate hazards and we need to remain cognizant of that fact.
In the backcountry, the Utah Avalanche Center issued, for the first time that I can remember, an extreme avalanche danger for all aspects and elevations in the central Wasatch Range.
This is essentially a red alert for all winter recreationists as avalanches in these situations can be long running and go into unusual areas.
There's a lot of talk about this being a lake-effect storm. I want to take a little time here to say that is an oversimplification.
The past 24 hours have featured remarkably moist, unstable, northwesterly flow. Precipitation features have been developing across the region, not just downstream of the lake. One example is the radar image below. Areas circled in yellow are not downstream of the Great Salt Lake. For example, you can see radar echoes over the Raft River Range northwest of the lake, over and upstream of the Wellsville Mountains, Cache Valley, and Bear River Range north and northeast of the lake, and over and upstream of the Stansbury Mountains southwest of the lake.
If there was no Great Salt Lake, it would still be snowing.
An argument can be made that the frequency and intensity of radar echoes over and downstream of the lake, in the area I've circled in red, is greater. Thus, I think if you want to say this is a lake enhanced event, that's fine. Calling it a lake-effect event is a convenient but overly simplified narrative convenience. Yes, I know these are semantics that only scientists care about, but perhaps the people in Tremonton are wondering where all this lake effect came from.
Regardless, this has been an incredible storm cycle and it's still snowing...
Labels: Forecasting, Lake Effect, Snow
It's Snowing...
Winter took a while to arrive this year in northern Utah, but it is now delivering in spades.
If I'm doing my math right, since 0600 UTC 12 February (2300 MST 11 February) the Alta-Collins interval snow stake has measured 54" of snow through 1400 UTC (0700 MST) this morning. The Utah Avalanche Center site apparently has had enough this morning as when I went to pull it up, I got the dreaded "Too Many Connections" error.
Eventually I got through to find they have hoisted the rare black flag for extreme avalanche danger in the central Wasatch and western Uintas.
Sadly that was the only page I was able to successfully load, so I will need to wait for more details.
The radar image for 1457 UTC (0757 MST) this morning shows the long anticipated unstable northwesterly flow. I didn't bother doing a loop this morning, but if I did it would show transient snow showers moving from northwest to southeast in the lowlands and more persistent stationary echoes over the mountains, consistent with orographic enhancement. You can see some of this enhancement over the Stansbury, Oquirry, and Wasatch Ranges below.
Little Cottonwood got raked overnight with 15 inches of snow since 1600 MST yesterday and overnight snowfall rates of up to 2 inches and hour. The Alta-Collins snow depth is now up to...wait for it...107 inches!
Anyone want to pick the over-under for the opening of Little Cottonwood Canyon?
Some sites that don't always do great in northwesterly flow were also blessed. For example, the automated sensor at the Snowbasin-Boardwalk site is up to 16 inches since 1030 MST yesterday. One reason for this is persistent banding that developed in that area yesterday evening, although they also did well overnight.
Overnight snowfall on the Park City Ridgeline looks to be around 10 inches as automated sensors at Jupiter and Summit at Park City Mountain Resort look to have gotten to about 10-11 inches since 1600 MST yesterday. I suspect snowfall is lower than that in town, but will let the locals comment.
When will this end? Given the scattered nature of these snow showers, there could be some breaks at times today or tonight, but snowshowers, at least in the Cottonwoods, look to continue into tomorrow. The right hand violin plots for Alta-Collins suggest odds for the the heaviest snowfall are higher this morning and overnight, with a lull later this afternoon and tapering tomorrow.
That's based on downscaling, however, rather than simulations of the processes that generate precipitation in these storms. We will see how things play out.
It looks like we'll get a break in the action on Thursday before the next storm on Friday.
Labels: Foreasting, Snow
So far so good. The Utah Avalanche Center reports that yesterday's storm produced 13" of snow and 1.36" of water in upper Little Cottonwood Canyon. Storm #2 of the cycle moved in late last night and with warm advection occurring in advance of the upper-level trough, the radar coverage is currently as widespread as it can get. The only areas without returns are areas with terrain blockage that the radar can't see.
In the central Wasatch, I expect continuous snowfall this morning. The trough at crest level is forecast to pass in the early afternoon and should be accompanied by a shift in crest-level winds from southwesterly to northwesterly. Snowfall will be heavy at times and looks to continue through evening. The Utah Avalanche Center anticipates 8-14" through early evening, and that's aligned with my thinking. The radar and model forecasts all point to a significant event.
If you are looking for something to give you a forecast ulcer, then consider the forecast for the Salt Lake Valley. My house is at 5000 feet and I'm currently seeing rain with a bit of snow mixed in at times. MesoWest observations indicate that the freezing level is around 5700-6200 feet (e.g., Mountain Dell @ 5700 ft and the Big Cottonwood S-Curves @ 6235 ft are both 32˚F). The snow level is usually a bit below the freezing level, but can fluctuate with precipitation intensity. This is why I'm sometimes seeing some flakes mixed in at my house.
Will that change? If we look at the NAM time-height for the airport, for example, the freezing level (blue line) sits at about 875 mb through 0Z Sunday (5 PM MST today), maybe a smidge lower than where it is now. The NAM generates a trough structure that "tips forward" with height, so while it produces a crest-level trough passage in the afternoon, the valley trough passage and a more dramatic cooling trend doesn't occur until evening.
The GFS generates a fairly similar forecast, with perhaps a slightly earlier surface trough passage (note that the GFS surface is lower than the NAMs and closer to reality at the airport).
On the other hand, the HRRR is a bit faster, with the valley-level trough through and northwesterly flow over the Salt Lake Valley at 2200 UTC (1600 MST) this afternoon.
Thus, I'm anticipating that the valley will see rain and the benches rain or rain mixed with snow this morning. Things will change to snow first on the benches and then in the valley later this afternoon or evening. This is in-line with official NWS forecasts and the NWS info graphic below.
As usual, snow forecasts evolve, so continue to monitor official forecasts at https://www.weather.gov/slc/.
Batten Down the Hatches!
It took me a while to dig out from the latest problems with the National Weather Service server from which we obtain most of our model data. So it wasn't until this afternoon that I took a look at the model guidance.
I hesitate to throw gas on the inferno of hype currently burning through social media, but on paper, things are looking good.
I like large-scale patterns in which the flow is progressive with "open wave" troughs, and this is what we have coming. This means the waves are lower amplitude. Think of them as ripples in the flow rather than North Shore monsters. They move quickly, but come in succession, and give us moist flow with a strong component across the Wasatch Range. Ideal for orographic snowfall generation. This is what we have coming over the next six days [defined here as 0000 UTC 12 February (5 PM MST Thursday) through 0000 UTC 18 February (5 PM MST Wednesday)].
Just look at the GFS 5-day time-height below. Lots of low level moisture, occasional deep moisture, frequent low-level instability, and long periods of southwesterly to northwesterly flow. Snowfall won't be continues, but there's a great series of storms.
Translation: STORM CYCLE.
Numbers? For Salt Lake City, the European ensemble mean precipitation (water equivalent) for the six-day period is about 1.25 inches, with a range of 0.85-2.0 inches. Those are pretty good numbers for the airport, which averages 1.27 inches for the entire month of February.
For Alta, the GFS produces 3.97" of precipitation and 71.7" of snow. The NAEFS, shown below, has a mean of almost 6" of precipitation an 100" of snow and ranges of about 3-8" and 50-140" (more on the extreme snowfall in a minute).
For some climatological context, the average precipitation and snowfall at Alta for a six-day period in February are 1.35 and 16 inches, respectively.
Let's talk about those snowfall numbers. One reason that they are so high is large snow-to-liquid ratios. In other words, low-density snow. The average snow-to-liquid ratio at Alta is about 13:1, which means 13" of snow from an inch of water. For most of this forecast period, our algorithm is going for values at or above that.
I've been worried this year about our snow-to-liquid ratios being too high. They've been too high in bigger storms. Still using an average of 13:1 gives you some big numbers.
Regardless, it appears the ingredients are in place for a major storm cycle. However, for a forecast that goes this far out, it's difficult to go all in and a look at the plumes above shows the biggest of the three forecast storms is the last. There's greater uncertainty at those lead times. Thus, a "low expectations are the key to a happy life" forecast for Alta would call for 2.5-5" of water and 33-66" of snow for the six-day period. I wouldn't be surprised if we came in above that. I would be surprised if we came in much below that.
Now is the time for me to add the caveat that forecasts change, you should monitor official forecasts from the National Weather Service, and, if you are considering venturing in the backcountry, monitor official forecasts from the Utah Avalanche Center. For backcountry recreation, this has all the hallmarks of a period during which the best options may eventually be to "cower in the trees" or watch the Alpine World Championships on Peacock. Personally, I hope this storm comes through, everyone lays low, and we get a big natural cycle to clean out some of the slide paths that have gotten choked up with pucker trees and spindly aspen in recent years.
Avalanches and Climate Change
Questions about possible linkages to climate change are bound to arise whenever something unusual or exceptional happens, and this year's weak snowpack and high number of avalanche fatalities is no exception.
Let's start with what we know and what we can say with some confidence. We are in a period of climate warming, driven by human activity, and this is changing the snow climates of the western United States. Weather and climate variability give us ups-and-downs even in a changing climate, but we are seeing a shift to warmer mean temperatures, more winter warm spells, and fewer winter cold spells.
Trends in snowfall and snowpack measures vary, however, depending on the measure, regional climate, and elevation. In northern Utah, at elevations below about 6500 feet, we are seeing declines in the fraction of wintertime precipitation that falls as snow, more frequent mid-season snow-loss events, and a decrease in the amount of wintertime precipitation retained in the snowpack at the end of the snow accumulation season.
To date, these trends weaken with elevation and are either small or non-detectable in colder, upper-elevation regions. However, as warming continues, we will see these trends continue and become more detectable and obvious at higher elevations. Continued warming appears to be unavoidable through about mid century. What happens after that is strongly dependent on future greenhouse gas emissions.
Predicting trends in future avalanche conditions is more challenging. Snowpack characteristics depend on many factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, precipitation type, precipitation frequency, precipitation amount, long-wave radiation, short-wave radiation, vegetation, terrain, aspect, yada yada yada) and weather variations during the season. There are many different types of avalanches, each of which is going to be affected differently and in different ways depending on the regional climate, terrain, aspect, etc. Hard data on past trends is limited. Current computer models do not simulate fine-scale effects of terrain on snowfall, clouds, radiation, etc., and there hasn't been a great deal of effort put into developing tools to predict how avalanche hazards will evolve in the future.
Thus, we still rely to a large degree on expert judgement. As an example, Wilbur and Kraus (2018) surveyed 240 North American avalanche practitioners, receiving 53 responses. Below is a graph summarizing the responses from experts concerning their impressions for recent and predicted trends in avalanche types, elevation-dependent avalanches, and other avalanche-relevant variables. These practitioners reported increases in wet, glide, and upper-elevation avalanches and expected to see those trends continue in the future. Any recent changes in dry and low-mid elevation avalanches were not statistically significant, although decreases were anticipated for the future.
Source: Wilbur and Kraus (2018)
Future trends in avalanche conditions are of course important. They could be considered for the design of highways and avalanche mitigation systems, buildings, development, etc. However, it is also important to consider cultural and societal trends. We are in the midst of an incredible upward trend in the number of backcountry recreationists in the Wasatch (and elsewhere). This is resulting in an increase in the diversity of backcountry recreationists and shifts in backcountry social dynamic. We are seeing many more dawn patrollers after storms, more recreationists at all times, and more competition for powder. The weather and snowpack conditions will ebb and flow, but are we trending toward a future in which accidents become more common or less common? This is a question for people smarter than me.
Labels: Snow Safety
Arctic Surge or Not?
This is my first post since Saturday's tragic avalanche in Wilson Glade. My heart goes out to the victims and their friends and family. Let me also express my gratitude to all of the first responders, rescue and recovery personnel, and Utah Avalanche Center staff for all of their efforts.
I've decided to focus on temperature for this post rather than snow. Often temperature is an "easier" forecast variable than precipitation or snowfall, but that's not the case for this weekend.
A look at the GFS forecast for 1800 UTC (1100 MST) Saturday shows northern Utah in an arctic airmass that has surged across the Continental divided, dropping 700-mb temperatures in the Salt Lake Valley and Wasatch Mountains to -20˚C or colder.
In fact, the GFS forecast 700-mb temperature for the Salt Lake City International Airport is -21.4˚C at that time.
Readers of this blog know that I get excited about 700-mb temperatures above 20˚C or below -20˚C as they are relatively unusual. The chart below shows the distribution of 700-mb temperatures observed by upper-air soundings collected at the airport. The thin blue line shows the lowest recorded each day. You will noticed these brief "tooth like" minima from time to time during the winter months. These were produced by extreme cold surges. They don't happen every year and are most common in December and January.
Source: NOAA/NWS/SPC
From 7 February to 25 February, a 700-mb temperature below -20˚C has only been observed at two sounding times, 1200 UTC 15 February and 0000 UTC 16 February. This isn't because there's anything special about mid February, it's just that these are unusual and episodic events and we just haven't seen a cold surge that extreme during this 2.5 week period.
Now that I've attracted your interest, let's take a look at the large-scale setup. Below is the GFS forecast for 1800 UTC (1100 MST) today. There is a deep upper-level (500-mb) trough centered over southern Canada with an upper-level ridge to the north in the high latitudes. This produces strong easterly flow between them with and embedded short-wave trough indicated by the red line.
This short-wave trough migrates westward in the easterly flow and reaches the coast of British Columbia at 1800 UTC (1100 MST) 11 February.
It then rotates southward and eventually southeastward around the large-scale trough reaching Utah at 1200 UTC (0500 MST) 13 February (Saturday).
A closeup with 700-mb temperatures shows the accompanying cold front (blue line) is farther downstream in southeast Utah and northeast Colorado. The coldest air at 700 mb is east of the Continental Divide, but 700-mb temperature in northern Utah are still unusually low and near -20˚C at the airport (they eventually bottom out at -21.4˚C six hours later).
This is all a wonderful story, but the GFS forecast may be one of the colder ones out there in the model suite. We don't regularly produce ensemble 700-mb temperature products at weather.utah.edu (maybe we should, but who has time...), so below is the 700-mb GEFS mean temperature and spread from eldoradoweather.com (there is a NOAA logo on this graphic, so I suspect NOAA is the original source). The average 700-mb temperature of the GEFS members is only -12˚C at the airport and the spread is quite large and maximizes near the Continental Divide region.
https://eldoradoweather.com/current/models/North-Pacific/00-GEFS/gefs-00-700mb-temp.php
All of this indicates that there is a great deal of uncertainty in the temperatures for Saturday as much depends on the characteristics and location of the upper-level trough and whether or not cold air can penetrate across the Divide.
In fact, the ECMWF IFS keeps the cold air near and east of the Divide and northern Utah in the westerly flow at 700 mb, with a 700-mb temperature of -7˚C at 1800 UTC (1100 MST) Saturday, which would be close to average for this time of year.
Source: Pivotal Weather
I'm not going to pick a winner here. Instead, I'm going to say that we are playing blackjack with a full deck for Saturday and a wide range of possibilities are possible. The GFS solution appears to be one of the colder possible outcomes. It's a possibility, but not the most likely outcome. More likely is the coldest air doesn't get here and we don't feel the full brunt force of the arctic surge. Be aware of this possibility and we'll see what time ultimately tells.
Labels: Cold Surge
Big Snow and Big Blow
Yesterday's storm delivered with Alta, Snowbird, and Brighton all apparently colluding to report 15 inches this morning. Poor Solitude reported only 10 inches.
It's a wonder anyone could measure anything yesterday given the wind. I was out during the relatively peaceful mid-morning hours and caught some beaten up snowflakes on my ski pants. Look closely and you can find a few pristine ones, but otherwise it was mostly fragments.
Later in the day, as Gordon Lightfoot once wrote about the storm that wrecked the Edmund Fitzgerald, "the wind in the wires made a tattletale song" as a few gusts of over 100 mph were recorded at one mountain top observing site. Snowfall rates also increased, maximizing in the late afternoon, resulting in the temporary closure of Little Cottonwood Canyon.
The storm persisted, however, for a few hours longer thanks to the so-called "Alta Cloud." If you ever wondered what the Alta Cloud looks like, below is a radar image showing radar returns in the post-frontal northwesterly flow concentrated over the high terrain surrounding Little Cottonwood Canyon. Sorry Park City. No soup for you.
The snow has ended and there's some blue sky out there now, but expect the wind to be a tormentor on the ridges the next couple of days. We are wedged between an upper-level ridge off the coast of California and an upper-level trough over northwest Canada, leading to strong northwesterly flow at upper levels. The NAM 300-mb (roughly jet-stream level) wind vector and wind speed forecast for 5 PM MST this afternoon (0000 UTC 7 Feb) shows very strong flow extending through the Pacific Northwest to Colorado. Maximum winds along the Montana-Idaho border are in excess of 70 meters per second (140 knots).
This morning's sounding at the airport has a peak wind speed of 120 knots at about 250 mb.
That's pretty high (9 km above the airport) and winds at mountaintop level are a more sane and reasonable 25 knots, but overall the pattern is one favoring strong ridge-top flow during the period with some waxing and waning of flow strength as weak disturbances move along the jet. The middle left panel below shows estimates of wind speeds at 11,000 feet for Little Cottonwood Canyon derived from the NAM and you can see values near 70 mph at times through Monday morning.
Conditions down in the canyons are more difficult to predict. Sometimes they are decoupled from the ridge-top winds. Other times the strong winds scour down to low levels. Add your observations from today in the comments below as I'm doing the WFH thing today.
Labels: Foreasting, Wind
A Storm About Orographics
This morning dawned as expected with grey skies and a bit of light snowfall over the Wasatch Range, providing an illustration of the orographic processes that will play a major role in the storm for today and tonight.
Orographic means related to mountains. Meteorologists use words like orography, orographic, orographics pretty regularly in places like Utah because the mountains have such a dramatic influence on our weather.
Orographic precipitation is precipitation that is generated or enhanced by the interaction of moist flow with orography. If one looks at the 24-hour GFS accumulated precipitation forecast for northern Utah through 1200 UTC (0500 MST) tomorrow, one can see to some degree the influence of the mountains with precipitation greatest along a north-south corridor that is roughly aligned along the Wasatch, with the precipitation maximum in the central Cottonwoods.
The corridor of precipitation is, however, much wider than the Wasatch Range. This is because the orography in the GFS is very smooth. The GFS uses grid cells that are approximately 13-km on a side, and there are no variations in topographic height within each of those cells. Someday we will look back on models like this and laugh, but for now constraints like this are necessary as computer resources do not allow for smaller grid cells. As a result, the mountains in the GFS are very smooth. The GFS mountains start over the Great Salt Lake with a smooth slope up all the way to the western Uintas. One of my students used to call the GFS (and NAM) mountains the "Uintasatch mountains" because they were all smoothed together.
We can, however, use statistical techniques to adjust that precipitation into something that reflects what we might expect based on climatology. This is one of the things that we do to produce the fine-scale snowfall forecasts on weatehr.utah.edu. Below provides the "downscaled" GFS precipitation forecasts for the same time period. The pattern is closer to what one might expect, with a maximum over the Wasatch Crest.
Finally, we can go a step further and use some simple approaches to determine the precipitation type and snow-to-liquid ratio and you have a high-resolution snowfall forecast from the GFS.
This storm is expected to feature a strong increase in snowfall with elevation for two reasons. First, the large-scale "dynamics" in this event is relatively weak. There is no strong front or trough moving through (there is, however, a weak one and so there are some dynamics to help with large-scale precipitation development). Second, there is strong and moist northwesterly flow, leading to flow over the topography. If one looks at the GFS precipitation for one period of the storm, it looks a lot like the GFS topography.
This is not to say that there won't be any valley precipitation. There is a weak trough moving through this afternoon that will probably produce some valley snow, but for the most part, this is a storm that should feature a strong orographic precipitation gradient, with snowfall increasing with elevation.
The downscaled GFS forecast above is the snowier of the various models I've consulted this morning. The SREF has somewhat lower numbers with precipitation heaviest this afternoon, an average snow total at Alta by 1200 UTC (0500 MST) tomorrow morning of about 15 inches, and a range of 8-22 inches.
That range reflects differences in the characteristics of the flow over northern Utah and the techniques used to simulate the fine-scale processes used in the various members of the SREF to generate snowfall.
I lean toward something in the 9-18" range for that period at Alta. This looks like a good day to go up for afternoon laps as the storm intensifies with time and probably reaches peak intensity in the afternoon.
Something I Don't Understand
There are some recurrent things that happen during storms over northern Utah that I don't understand. Here's one of them.
Early this morning in the pre-frontal southwesterly flow, precipitation developed downstream of Mount Timpanogos and the surrounding Wasatch Range in the area circled in red below.
The precipitation pattern was somewhat disorganized, but exhibited some banded structures at times. Echoes clearly were forming near and downstream of the Wasatch Crest and extended well downstream into the western Uinta Mountains.
I have seen a few examples of leeward precipitation over the years, all typically associated with strong cross-barrier flow. I have some hypotheses for how this happens, but have never been able to explore them. In this case, I think it is especially interesting that the echoes appear downstream of the range, suggesting that this is not a case of precipitation forming on the windward side and being carried into the lee by the prevailing flow. Instead, it appears that something is happening dynamically to spur ascent and precipitation growth downstream of the Wasatch Crest.
Somewhat similar features have been documented in the pre-frontal environment on the northern side of the Alps. Below is a radar image presented by Siedersleben and Gohm (2016) showing a case with southerly pre-frontal flow across the Alps with banding forming on the leeward (north) side and extending downstream over southern Germany.
Source: Siedersleben and Gohm (2016)
The generation of those bands is related to how the flow interacts with small-scale topographic features in the Alpine topography, combined with atmospheric instabilities (for brevity, I'm not going to get into those instabilities). A smooth mountain range doesn't produce these features, and even with a rough one like the Alps, these features don't form in every storm.
The precipitation pattern observed downstream of the Wasatch Range last night featured banding on a somewhat small scale than that pictured above. Further analysis is needed to evaluate this hypothesis, or to refine and come up with a better one.
Labels: Orographic Precipitation, Snow
Are Major Winter Storms Increasing in Frequency an...
Why There's a Huge Snowfall Contrast from Alta to ...
How about Another Storm?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Carl Fischer Music's best-selling 32 Rose Etudes for Clarinet has been given a fresh new look and added value with a gorgeous new cover and CD containing not only MP3 piano accompaniment tracks composed and recorded by John Walker, but also printable PDFs for all 32 piano accompaniments. This edition of the best-selling 32 Rose Etudes for clarinet students is a repackaging of the 2002 revised/corrected edition with the accompaniment CD, previously sold separately. Meticulously revised and edited by clarinetist Melvin Warner, this edition contains valuable insight into both the original author Cyrille Rose and Franz Wilhelm Ferling, on whose music the Rose studies were based. Parker's accompaniments further enhance the musical quality of these etudes while making practice and performance more meaningful. Many of these beautiful, melodic etudes are perfect for recital use as well. With this new edition, a classic and trusted method becomes all the more indispensable.


text:
Our Incomprehensibly Large Universe!
Tags: Aldebaran, Asteroid Belt, Astronomers, Astronomical Unit, Constellation Taurus, Galaxies, Heliopause, Hubble Telescope, Interstellar Medium, Jupiter, Manned Spececraft, Mars, Milky Way, Moon, Particle Measurement, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Radioisoptope, Saturn, Solar System, Space Probes, Space Travel, Speed Of Light, Universe, Voyager 1, Voyager 2
The Hubble telescope has shown us countless billions of galaxies in areas of the universe which we once thought were empty. For example, by focusing on a small speck in the sky in an area that was thought to be void of stars, astronomers soon discovered that this small speck actually contained 1,500 galaxies! And remember that each galaxy can contain untold millions of stars and some astronomers now believe that there may be as many galaxies in the sky as there are stars in our own galaxy.
In an effort to learn more about space, mankind has put men on the moon and brought them back home safely, built a space station where astronauts can stay for months at a time. But space travel carries some great risks, and is quite costly. And these adventures of man into space are merely flying hundreds of miles into the sky—they come nowhere close to probing the true depths of space!
After reaching the moon, astronomy's next goal is to put a man on Mars—a planet in our solar system about 150 million miles from Earth (compare to the moon at only 240,000 miles away). Even if this journey is successful, the trip of 150 million miles is a mere jog compared to the vastness of space. We might intrude into space, but we as humans cannot even begin to conquer it. Getting to Mars is only one planet of a vast solar system, part of an even larger galaxy—one of trillions of galaxies in this huge universe which are billions of light years away from Earth.
Light travels at over 186,000 miles per second; a light year is how far light can travel in a year moving at 186,000 miles per second, which figures out to be close to 6 trillion miles. (To travel just one light year at 100 miles per hour, it would take almost 7 million years.) Another measurement astronomers use is an au (astronomical unit). An au is the distance between the Earth and the sun—about 93 million miles.
The Giant Milky Way
All the space vehicles, manned or unmanned, still travel within our one galaxy—the Milky Way—one of millions or billions of galaxies. The Milky Way is considered a giant galaxy and contains about 400 billion stars. It is a spiral galaxy, which means that from a distance it looks like a pinwheel, or a big disc in the center with flat arms going out in all directions.
To get an idea of how vast this galaxy is, to travel the distance from the outer end of one disc to the outer end of another would take 100,000 years traveling at the speed of light.
Located on one of these discs—which is rotating around the center of the galaxy—is our solar system: the sun, moon, Earth and the planets. The star of our solar system, the sun, is located about two thirds of the way out from the center of the galaxy—roughly 28,000 light years from the center. Whereas it takes the Earth one year to orbit the sun, it takes the sun 250 million years to make just one orbit of the center of the galaxy.
Unmanned Spaced Probes
Voyagers 1 and 2 were launched in 1977 to explore where nothing from Earth had ever been before. Now they each are much farther from Earth than any space vehicle has ever been. Speeding outward at more than 38,000 miles per hour, both continue to send back scientific information about their surroundings through the Deep Space program.
Voyager 1 remains operational, currently pursuing its extended mission to locate and study the boundaries of the Solar System, including the Kuiper belt and beyond. Its original mission was to visit Jupiter and Saturn; and it was the first probe to provide detailed images of the moons of these planets.
"Voyager 1 is currently the farthest human-made object from Earth, and as of August 28, 2009, it is about 110.94 AU (16.596 billion km, or 10.312 billion miles) from the Sun, and has passed the termination shock, entering the heliosheath, with the current goal of reaching and studying the heliopause, which is the known boundary of the solar system. If Voyager 1 is still functioning when it finally completes the passage through the heliopause (effectively becoming the first human-made object to leave the solar system), scientists will get their first direct measurements of the conditions in the interstellar medium. Its primary targets were the planets Jupiter and Saturn and their associated moons and rings; its mission was the detection of the heliopause and particle measurements of solar wind and the interstellar medium. Both of the Voyager probes have far outlasted their originally-planned lifespan. Each probe gets its electrical power from three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), which are expected to continue to generate enough electric power to let the probes keep communicating with Earth at least until the year 2025." (Wikipedia)
By that time, Voyager 1 will be more than 12.4 billion miles from the sun. In some 296,000 years, if Voyager 2 was still traveling, it would pass Sirius, the brightest star in our sky, at a distance of about 4.3 light years (25 trillion miles).
Even more amazing were the Pioneer projects. Pioneers 10 and 11 were launched in 1972 and 1973—the fastest man-made objects to leave the Earth, launched at the incredible speed of 32,000 miles per hour. That is fast enough to pass the moon in 11 hours, and Mars's orbit (50 million miles away) in just 12 weeks.
"Pioneer 10 (also called Pioneer F) was the first spacecraft to travel through the asteroid belt, which it entered on July 15, 1972, and to make direct observations of Jupiter, which it passed by on December 3, 1973. By some definitions, Pioneer 10 has become the first artificial object to leave the solar system. It is the first human-built object to have been set upon a trajectory leading out of the solar system. However, it still has not passed the heliopause or Oort cloud. The last weak signal from Pioneer 10 was received on January 23, 2003, when it was 12 billion kilometers (7.5 billion miles) from Earth. It is now heading in the direction of the star Aldebaran (about 68 light years away) in the constellation Taurus at roughly 2.6 AU per year. It will take Pioneer 10 over 2 million years to reach it. (Wikipedia)
Pioneer 11 was to go on after passing Jupiter 400 million miles away. Using this giant planet as a sling shot, Pioneer 11's speed now reached 108,000 miles per hour. By 1979, Pioneer 11 flew within 13,000 miles of Saturn. In November 1995 the last communication from Pioneer 11 was received, as the Earth's motion carried Saturn out of the view of the spacecraft antenna. Pioneer 11 is now headed toward the constellation of Aquila, just northwest of the constellation of Sagittarius and may pass near one of the stars in the constellation in about 4 million years.
We can barely begin to imagine how vast our universe is by how vast our own galaxy is! Manned and unmanned spacecraft can barely cover any significant ground in the area called "space." Despite the incredible speeds of some of these vehicles, they are still millions of years away from the closest stars. The more we venture out into space, the more the immenseness of it staggers our imagination. That's why I find it amusing when scientists make definitive statements about something that is so hard to comprehend. It's better to keep the attitude humble, allow God to reveal truth to us and realize on our own, we really don't know what we are talking about.


If you are planning a visit to the Great Pyramids of Giza in Egypt, you have a few options for accommodation. You can stay in the nearby city of Cairo, or you can book a hotel that offers stunning views of the pyramids, right from your room!
We would highly recommend booking a hotel in Giza for at least one night so that you can enjoy views of the pyramids during sunrise and sunset from their beautiful terraces.
Check out our 5 favorite hotels near the Great Pyramids of Giza that you will love during your trip to Egypt!
The Marriott Mena House is the premier hotel near the Great Pyramids. With a huge pristine swimming pool, a state-of-the-art fitness center, a spa, and beautiful gardens, it's the perfect place to stay in Giza. You'll get amazing views of the pyramids from all over the property!
Rooms are spacious and incredibly comfortable. All have air conditioning, a television set, a private seating area, and plenty of other amenities including a bathrobe and slippers for lounging. It's worth spending a bit more to get a room with a pyramid view so you can witness them at sunrise and sunset without actually entering the Giza complex.
Breakfast is served in the garden with a fabulous view. It is the perfect, tranquil way to start your day in Giza! And when you are ready to enter the Giza complex, it's less than a half mile from the hotel to the entrance. You'll love being so close!
If you are seeking an immaculate pool with spectacular views of the pyramids, look no further than Le Meridien Pyramids Hotel & Spa. The hotel also has a fitness center, a hot tub, and a spa for guests to enjoy. You'll love lounging by the pool with the Great Pyramids as your backdrop!
Rooms are simple and comfortable, with a flat-screen television set and small seating area. Some offer a balcony with a view of the pyramids from the privacy of your own room.
Reviews on the hotel are mixed, mainly because the Wifi in the hotel could use an upgrade.
The Panorama Pyramids Inn is a good choice for a reasonably priced hotel in close proximity to the pyramids. The view of the Giza Complex from the rooftop terrace is incredible! In fact, it's a great place to watch the sound and light show in the evenings, without having to purchase a ticket.
Rooms are large and clean with simple decor. The hotel staff are all incredibly helpful and attentive and will assist you in booking tours or arranging transportation. Plus the breakfast that is served daily on the terrace is outstanding. For the price this hotel is hard to beat!
The Egypt Pyramids Inn is another hotel in close proximity to the pyramids with excellent views from the rooftop terrace! You'll enjoy breakfast while overlooking the Giza Complex, and you can come back in the evenings to catch the view of the light show from the roof.
Rooms are quite simple but clean and comfortable. Amenities include an electric tea pot for morning tea or coffee, air conditioning, and a flat-screen television set. All for quite a reasonable price.
The staff at the Egypt Pyramids Inn are all so helpful and kind. They can help arrange transport to and from the airport and can help you book any tours or excursions around Egypt. You'll feel right at home here!
This newly built hotel also offers stunning views of the Great Pyramids from many of the rooms as well as from the rooftop terrace. And it is also conveniently located near the entrance to the pyramids so that you can visit early in the morning to beat the crowds.
You'll love how spacious the rooms are! Every room has a nice seating area, a flat screen television set, air conditioning, and some rooms have a private balcony for you to enjoy.
Enjoy the large breakfast spread on the rooftop patio every morning while gazing upon the impressive pyramids. You'll have an amazing stay in this hotel!
Have a great stay at the Great Pyramids!
Planning a trip to Egypt? Check out our favorite guidebooks!


text:
Gilbert M. Mills	 Jan 7, 2022
Emirates News Agency – AJD Hosts Forum on "Legal System of…
Shiba Inu can be like a wild banknote, which is not a terrible thing
Enjoy the classic dice game at CryptoGames – CryptoMode
Young journalists abroad victims of false information about Turkey
Alternative currencies Currency convertibility Forex exchange market Local currencies Uncategorized
Mukesh Ambani believes blockchain will revolutionize the financial sector; calls the data…
Gilbert M. Mills	 Dec 6, 2021
Mukesh Ambani, president and CEO of Reliance Industries and Asia's richest man, said he believes blockchain technology will revolutionize the financial industry. The business mogul pointed out that India is witnessing a first digital…
Why online freedom must be preserved
Now is not the perfect time to advocate for limited government. Despite Bill Clinton's famous 1996 statement that "the era of great government is over," it never really ended. The Conservatives have failed to cancel growing social…
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STORY: THE CURSE OF SUDDEN DEATH – Journal
Gilbert M. Mills	 Nov 28, 2021
There was one thing many of us struggled to study in schools in Karachi: English grammar in high school and composition by PC Wren and H. Martin. Some hated it but others loved it. It had been part of the study program in India since 1935…
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Apple has halted sales of almost all of its products in Turkey in response to the deepening economic crisis in the country. As reported by CNBC, inflation in Turkey is nearly 20%, while the country's pound has fallen by 15%. Apple…
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Forex trading, or foreign exchange, involves exchanging one currency for another. There may be functional reasons for engaging in forex trading, such as traveling overseas and needing to exchange dollars for the currency of the country…
e-Mobility, NFT, Stablecoins, Booster Liquidstar's rural electrification plan
According to February 2021 "Unblock the African mini-grids market"Final report, 60% of the African population lives in rural areas. Only 5% of this rural population has access to modern electricity services. In most cases, these rural…


We are successfully emerged in designing and exporting Textile Blanket Fabric to our clients. Our blanket fabric is weaved by our expert team using finest quality threads that are procured fro trusted vendors. It is widely used to design blankets and stitched blankets are highly appreciated due to their beautiful prints. Available in different colors and prints, Textile Blanket Fabric is checked on various quality parameters to ensure its softness.


I setup my modem (USR5610b performance pro) in Mandriva LE 2005 on ttyS4 (com5) and it works great with minicom and wvdial. I can get a ppp connection at 49333bps. But I have two problems I did not find solutions yet.
1- KPPP : I deleted my modem setup and I created a new one but this new setup does not have the modem commands in the tab modem=>edit=>modem commands. When I try to connect, it crashes. It does not initialize. I tried to reintall KPPP but Mandriva forbids me to do it since it is already installed.
2- Even with a ppp connection (through wvdial or KPPP), I cannot use my web browsers. I tried to ping IP addresses but it did not work.
Do you have any clue on how to solve these problems ?


text:
IranPress news agency is the first and only Iranian video news agency specializing in the video on demand.
Iran Press News Agency is active on social networking sites such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter in four different languages, namely English, French, Spanish, and Arabic.
Iran Press News Agency provides a unique page for the customers and audiences that they can receive exclusive footage and videos.
From June first, 2020 Iran Press News Agency video content will only be available to clients through an access code.
If you are interested to work for Iran Press International News Agency as a volunteer reporter, contact us through [email protected]
Free access to Iran Press News Agency will be provided, from 6:30 p.m. to 3:30 a.m. GMT every day since June 21, 2020.


text:
Q: How can I include additional headers in every 401 Magento2 response? How can I include some additional headers every time server needs to send 401 responses?
I tried adding it in Magento\Framework\Controller\Result\Json render() method like:
if ($response->getHttpResponseCode() == 401)
            $response->setHeader('WWW-Authenticate','/V1/integration/admin/token', true);

But that did not worked.
So I tried adding it in Magento\Framework\App\Response\HTTP in setNoCacheHeaders(), setPrivateHeaders() and setPublicHeaders()
like:
if ($response->getHttpResponseCode() == 401)
            $response->setHeader('WWW-Authenticate','/V1/integration/admin/token', true);

But that did not worked as well. Any ideas?

A: Ok, i added this:
if ($this->getStatusCode() == 401)
        $this->setHeader('WWW-Authenticate', 'basic');

In \Magento\Framework\Webapi\Rest\Response.php class at the end of _renderMessages() and that works fine but it is not practice to directly change core functionality. So i made modul Rewriter.
Made etc/di.xml that looks like:
  <?xml version="1.0"?>
<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:ObjectManager/etc/config.xsd">
    <preference for="Magento\Framework\Webapi\Rest\Response" type="Sdu\Rewriter\Rest\Response" />
</config>

And made new Response.php class in this new module:
<?php
namespace Sdu\Rewriter\Rest;

class Response extends \Magento\Framework\Webapi\Rest\Response
{
   public function _renderMessages()
   {
       $responseHttpCode = null;
       /** @var \Exception $exception */
       foreach ($this->getException() as $exception) {
           $maskedException = $this->_errorProcessor->maskException($exception);
           $messageData = [
               'message' => $maskedException->getMessage(),
           ];
           if ($maskedException->getErrors()) {
               $messageData['errors'] = [];
               foreach ($maskedException->getErrors() as $errorMessage) {
                   $errorData['message'] = $errorMessage->getRawMessage();
                   $errorData['parameters'] = $errorMessage->getParameters();
                   $messageData['errors'][] = $errorData;
               }
           }
           if ($maskedException->getCode()) {
               $messageData['code'] = $maskedException->getCode();
           }
           if ($maskedException->getDetails()) {
               $messageData['parameters'] = $maskedException->getDetails();
           }
           if ($this->_appState->getMode() == \Magento\Framework\App\State::MODE_DEVELOPER) {
               $messageData['trace'] = $exception instanceof \Magento\Framework\Webapi\Exception
                   ? $exception->getStackTrace()
                   : $exception->getTraceAsString();
           }
           $responseHttpCode = $maskedException->getHttpCode();
       }
       // set HTTP code of the last error, Content-Type, and all rendered error messages to body
       $this->setHttpResponseCode($responseHttpCode);
       $this->setMimeType($this->_renderer->getMimeType());
       if ($this->getStatusCode() == 401)
           $this->setHeader('WWW-Authenticate', 'basic');
       $this->setBody($this->_renderer->render($messageData));
       return $this;
   }
}

You can see added to lines at the end of method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In Russia and other countries, where there are a lot of fresh water areas, the use of ground penetrating radars allows solving many problems of exploration of inert materials from the surface of bodies of water relatively inexpensively. The task of finding lenses of clay and distinguishing various fractions of gravel and sandy soils is relevant for the entire regional industry of local building materials. We have developed float-antennas that allow carrying out scanning on the surface of swamps, lakes and navigable rivers on floating facilities equipped with engines or without them. The full pulse waveform registration speed till the time delays of 1000 ns is more than 100 scans per second, which doesn't limit the speed. The obtained information is transmitted (for example, via Bluetooth) to a personal computer in real time and can be interpreted and, if required, converted during the scanning process.
A large amount of work dealt with searching hidden passages, tunnels and optimal places for water boreholes drilling, determining the status of the space around the water shafts, engineering geology, which can be used to estimate the area bearing capacity before building the house foundation, and sand and gravel mineral resources amounts estimation. GROT 12 type GPR can be used to locate the pebbles, boulders and other congestion zones. For such works GPR scanning method is indispensable.


text:
package data

import (
	"github.com/raincious/trap/trap/core/types"
)

var (
	ErrDataInvalidLengthForIP *types.Error = types.NewError(
		"Data length is invalid for an IP address bytes")
)

type ClientUnmark struct {
	Base

	Addresses []types.IP
}

func (d *ClientUnmark) Parse(msg [][]byte) *types.Throw {
	verifyErr := d.Verify(msg, 1)

	if verifyErr != nil {
		return verifyErr
	}

	for _, data := range msg {
		if len(data) != types.IP_ADDR_SLICE_LEN {
			return ErrDataInvalidLengthForIP.Throw()
		}

		newIP := types.IP{}

		copy(newIP[:], data[:])

		d.Addresses = append(d.Addresses, newIP)
	}

	return nil
}

func (d *ClientUnmark) Build() ([][]byte, *types.Throw) {
	result := [][]byte{}

	for _, addr := range d.Addresses {
		result = append(result, addr[:])
	}

	return result, nil
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Elvis is in the building for his tour, driving a 1955 Pink Cadillac. Explore on this historical tour of Las Vegas with Elvis as your personal guide. Highlights of your tour include Fremont Street, the Bellagio Fountains and the Welcome to Las Vegas Sign. Elvis will sing you a few songs and tell stories of both Las Vegas and Elvis history.
The Pink Cadillac Tour is a historical tour of Las Vegas in a vintage 1955 pink Cadillac with Elvis as your personal tour guide. Your day will begin with a private tour with Elvis picking you and your 3 friends up from your Las Vegas hotel. As you chat with Elvis he will point out all of the wonderful sights of Las Vegas.
Your first stop will be at the Bellagio Fountain where Elvis will serenade you with a song of your choice while you enjoy the scenery. You next stops will be Fremont Street, and finally the world famous Welcome to Las Vegas Sign were you can take pictures with Elvis himself.
Enjoy a fun tour of Las Vegas and be serenaded with your favorite Elvis songs. At the conclusion of the tour Elvis will bid you a fond farewell as he escorts you back to your hotel.


text:
Airbnb bill's passage is imminent, but optics war continues
Will Bredderman
Share Better/YouTube
The hotel industry and allied unions are winning handily as the clock runs out Airbnb's effort to stop approval of their City Council bill, but both sides are playing like they're behind.
The legislation—obligating the tech firm to share the names and addresses attached to each rental on its site with the Mayor's Office of Special Enforcement—is now sponsored by 44 of the City Council's 51 members, will be voted upon Wednesday and appears to enjoy the de Blasio administration's support. State law bars the rental of an apartment for fewer than 30 days unless a permanent resident remains on site, and the bill would facilitate a crackdown on violators.
Every source Crain's consulted, on both sides of the issue, believed the legislation would become law. But both Airbnb and the ShareBetter Education Fund—a group backed by the Hotel Association, the Hotel Trades Council and activist groups—have continued to ramp up their efforts to win over public opinion as the vote approaches.
ShareBetter launched yet another six-figure outreach campaign, consisting of television, radio and online ads running all week long, plus a mailer arriving Tuesday at roughly 75,000 homes in Airbnb-dense neighborhoods of Brooklyn and Manhattan. The spot hitting the airwaves is called "It's About Transparency," and reiterates arguments that Airbnb enables scofflaw landlords to take precious housing units off the market by effectively converting them to illegal hotel rooms.
In a sign of ShareBetter's political dominance, the commercial even features clips of council Speaker Corey Johnson arguing for the bill in a recent appearance on NY1's Inside City Hall. The lawmaker, who captured his perch with the hotel workers union's help and has co-sponsored the legislation, highlights a residential building in his Manhattan district that had become a rooming house for travelers booking via Airbnb. The ad's title derives from one of Johnson's quotes on the show.
The mail piece features a photo of that building on West 47th Street, headlines about the city's lawsuit against the owner and a quote from a former tenant blaming Airbnb for his displacement. Meanwhile, the advocacy group New York Communities for Change, a ShareBetter affiliate, gathered 3,000 signatures on a petition in support of the bill.
A source linked to ShareBetter insisted the effort was necessary to head off a potential Airbnb lawsuit to stop the legislation from taking effect, as well as to raise awareness about the issue more generally.
"With Airbnb already threatening to sue and spending millions to hide bad actors, it's important to continue to highlight stories of tenants being displaced from affordable housing," the insider said.
Airbnb would not comment on the possibility of a lawsuit against the city. Similar litigation against its hometown of San Francisco resulted in a settlement in which the company agreed to have its hosts register with the authorities. A source close to the company acknowledged, however, that the New York law was a fait accompli.
That has not stopped Airbnb from escalating its own public-relations efforts. On Tuesday the company had an actor dressed as a caricatured "Mr. Big Hotel Tycoon" join protesters outside council offices across the street from City Hall. They held signs highlighting donations to lawmakers from Hotel Trades and players in the traditional lodging industry. They also maintained that the majority of Airbnb users are low-income New Yorkers using the site to bring in desperately needed funds.
It also sent a letter to Johnson signed by "That '70s Show" actor Ashton Kutcher and executives from investment firms that have sunk money into Airbnb, including Y Combinator and Sequoia Capital. The missive asserts the new law would damage the city's burgeoning tech sector and discourage startups from making the five boroughs their base.
"New York has also historically been a source of innovation, creating new economic opportunity both around the world and for hard-working families who call New York home," the investors wrote. "Unfortunately, the New York City Council seems poised to strike a blow against the twin engines of innovation and entrepreneurship through Intro 981, which would force New Yorkers to consent to the disclosure of their most personal information simply for sharing their own home."
Other than the lawsuit, a source indicated the company's only remaining recourse would be to pass a bill introduced in Albany last year that would modify the state occupancy law so as to legalize most Airbnb rentals. But the proposal has remained entangled in the capital's internal divisions and failed to advance in the legislative session that ended in June.
The state Legislature is not scheduled to reconvene until January.
Brooklyn borough president, nonprofit announce $10M suit against Kushner Cos.
Jared Kushner's family firm accused of pushing out tenants
City OKs controversial tower being built on oddly shaped lot
New York sues feds over loss of tax deductions
FreshDirect's new Bronx warehouse signals plans to fight Amazon
Latch deal with UPS opens new doors for home deliveries
Moinian's Sky one of first buildings to get revived tax break
City retail rents keep sliding with Fifth Avenue taking a beating
Airbnb is financing a user's lawsuit against the city
Council votes unanimously to deflate Airbnb
City adds record number of affordable apartments
Airbnb's history of lawsuits provides clues to legal strategy
Airbnb's bookings could be cut in half by new rule


text:
Q: Cоздание формы в Laravel через класс Form Создал форму в Laravel, но не знаю как добавить класс Form  в проект
  {{Form::open()}}
                <input type="checkbox" name="task" id="task_{{$task->id}}"
                {{$task->status ? 'checked' : ''}} onclick="this.form.submit()" />
                <input type="hidden" name="task_id" value="{{$task->id}}"
                id}}">{{$task->content}}
                id}}">Х
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A: Если речь идёт о стилях и прочих параметрах которые должны добавиться в тег <form>, то все данные которые нужно передать в форму указываются первым параметром:
Form::open(['route' => ['post.update', $post->id], 'method' => 'PUT', 'name' => 'formEdit', 'class' => 'my-best-form'])


Crabtree, a prominent brand in home automation devices and switchgear, introduces the new XPRO Power series of Distribution Boards with enhanced safety, made in accordance with the International standards. The XPRO Power series distribution boards boast of many feature benefits, such as, conditional short circuit rating of 15 kA in SPN DB and 25 kA in TPN DB in accordance with IS 13032, BS EN 60439-3, shrouding on all phase/ neutral terminals together with physically isolable neutral link, clean earth kit for electronic/ IT installations, ample space for wiring and proper distribution of neutral & earth wire.
The XPRO Power series of distribution boards by Crabtree are neatly designed to discreetly blend in with both industrial and commercial premises. TPN Distribution Boards have generous wiring space of 25 mm for ease of installation. There is also a provision of Clean Earth (High Integrity Earthing) kit for electronic (IT) installations in TPN Distribution Board. There is an option of removable main busbar/ Pan Assembly in both SPN and TPN Distribution Board to aid installation. TPN Distribution Boards also feature physically isolable neutral link to carry out insulation test.
The range of XPRO Power series of distribution boards include DB TPN MCB 12 WAY, PER Phase Isolation (PPI) Vertical 4 tier 2+4 WAY, Distribution Board TPN Isolator 12 WAY, DB SPN 16 WAY, FP Vertical (with MCCB as Incomer) 4 WAY, Distribution Board TPN MCB 8 WAY, DB SPN 8 WAY, DB TPN Isolator 8 WAY, FP Vertical (with MCCB as Incomer) 12WAY, Per Phase Isolation (PPI) vertical 4 tier 2+8 WAY, Per Phase Isolation (PPI) vertical 4 tier 2+6WAY, and Distribution Board TPN MCB 4 WAY.


Fasteners, Metal Stampings, Sheet Metal Fabrication | Cal Fasteners, Inc.
parts, Standoffs, Spacers and more.
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Cal Fasteners, Inc. (CFI) supplies quality machined screw products, hardware, metal stampings, cold-headed parts, sheet metal fabrication, and all types of fasteners. We offer standard and custom, domestic as well as imported products, bringing you a higher level of quality, service, and selection. We are known for our diverse inventory, and Cal Fasteners also specializes in a number of areas. Cal Fasteners offers numerous types of fasteners; electrical products, including electrical connectors or lugs and neutral bars in aluminum and copper; meter sockets; and many hard-to-find and built-to-order items. We carry fasteners made of standard and specialty materials, with various different finishing options, and with full lines of metric sizing, as well.


How to do HTML document printer job?
hello, i am completely new to expo and create-react-native , is anybody know code for print a document from app, i just tried window.print() function , but it did't work it shows "undefined is not function (evaluating 'window.print()')".
I have been working with React-native and Expo for a month already. Despite going through in various obstacles, I have been sticking with Expo. I like XDE, the development cycle, and most specially the promised Over-The-Air update. I am almost done with a full blown app that is capable downloading a product catalog and allows user to record sales in the App, along with graphs showing daily sales.
Now I am face with the challenge which requires me to print (receipt printer bluetooth, WIFI or USB regular printer. When I search for "Print" or "printer" in the forum, there are two topics found. One of them is this, which no one answered. I wish that I do not have eject to Expo Kit.
Any input or advise will be appreciated. Thanks in advanced.
Hi Thanks for your reply. Are you using that react-native-print will work with Expo without detaching? I checked the package, it requires react-native link. So I assume that I need to detach.
Thanks for your advise. Meanwhile, I am detaching to Expo Kit.


Although off topic...why would you let your dog guard everything like that?
Here at our home, they guard it, they lose it.
Allowing unlimited resource guarding is a set up for a big fight.
We don't allow him but he is persistent. He's almost 7months and were working on correcting this. BTW this thread is 'things you didn't know about gsd's' and that's something that surprised me with him that i haven't experienced with other breeds Ive owned.
I don't know if it's something about GSDs or just my dog, but I never expected her to be so sensitive! All I have to do is tell the cats "Hey stop that!" and Bianca thinks she's in trouble and gets upset.
Chrono has the houdini gene, but he's more likely to use brute force to get where he wants to go than use fancy things like doorknobs .
^^OMG!!! My wife would have killed him right there!!!
One of the GSDs i grew up with was the most destructive dog we ever owned....he stole and ate entire bars of soap from the bathrooms, tubes of neosporin, ate the carpet, ate the walls, hotwheel cars, stole a roast off the counter, stole a large pizza......on and on. He grew up to be a great dog but my mom and i had to literally block the front door on several occasions to stop my dad from taking him to the pound.
My dad ended up loving him as much as the rest of us.
My dog isn't pb, but apparently received enough genes from mama to behave in many of the same ways!
--This velcro thing! I thought he'd grow out of it, that it was a young pup thing. At just shy of 9 months, nope. Still waits outside the bathroom door when I shower, still wants to accompany me to the potty. Still wants to be wherever I am. Curious about every single thing I'm doing.
--The intelligence and intensity! For a mutt, this guy is pretty smart! When we're "training," he is really focused on what we're doing. I'm honestly extremely surprised by this. VERY pleasantly so. I mean, he LIKES it. He LIKES to focus and earn his treat or praise. My other two, (non-GSD) just didn't hold focus like this guy can.
--The sensitive tummy stuff is the bad "surprise." His mom was fed cheap crap (not my choice, not my dog) and she never had any issues, not a single one. (Other than a whole lot more poop) Sigh.
The most destructive dog I had was a Chinese Shar-Pei I fostered for 8 months. He chewed the door to my bedroom, chewed the molding off next to the door of the other bedroom and also chewed several shoes and the handle of an umbrella. I still have a pair of shoes somewhere with his teeth marks in the heel.
That's pretty bad! My Golden was a counter surfer and she stole packages of thawing chicken several times, but never a roast. Eventually my family learned not to leave anything on the counter to thaw... She also loved bread and would steal and eat whole loaves of bread.
Oh yeah she also once stole a gingerbread house off the kitchen counter, dragged it all the way into the living room to her dog bed and ate it down to the bottoms of the walls. Surprisingly she didn't get sick at all. I thought someone had thrown it out until I found the cardboard base with the bottoms of the walls attached in her bed. She never destroyed anything, just stole food. Well, except for the time she found my bait bag with treats in it.
When I was a kid my family's 15 pound Cockapoo mix once climbed on the kitchen table and started eating the cheese off the pizza that was sitting there waiting for us to eat.
My GSD hasn't been destructive at all though and doesn't counter surf.
I had no idea how human focused GSDs can be. Not clingy but so in touch with what their owner(s) are up to and feeling. I can twitch a finger and Banjo will come over. I can smile at him and his tail will flip around some. They watch us so very closely and carefully and use that vaunted GSD mind effectively.
I also had no idea that they can be utter goofballs. Silly even. Humor in animals is debated, but I'm going to go with it exists. Mischievous maybe, he does things he knows are naughty when in the heat of play, knowing I will laugh and I SWEAR it looks like he's laughing too.
Never cook bacon while naked.


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text:
Craig Lind
Craig.Lind@stockton.edu
USC2 - 308
Website/CV:
Ph.D. Biology, University of Arkansas
Postdoctoral Training, Stetson University
M.S. Biology, California Polytechnic State University
B.S. Animal Science, University of Illinois
Physiological Ecology, Endocrinology, Reproduction, Herpetology
My research is broadly targeted at understanding the role of the endocrine system in coordinating the vertebrate response to environmental change. The endocrine system plays a key role in translating environmental cues into physiological and behavioral responses that impact fitness. My research examines both sides of this equation by quantifying how the environment impacts the endocrine system and how the endocrine system affects physiology and behavior. By elucidating the endocrine mechanisms that link environment and trait expression, my research endeavors to provide a better understanding of the capacity of individuals to respond to threats such as climate change and emerging disease and, in doing so, contributes basic foundational knowledge critical to informed and effective conservation strategies. My laboratory at Stockton is continuing to pursue this goal by examining the physiological response to an emerging fungal pathogen in snakes and describing the hormonal coordination of reproductive physiology and social behavior in reptiles. I also believe that detailed documentation of the natural and life history of populations is vital to conservation, and I continue to pursue work describing the general ecology and natural history of reptiles and amphibians.
*indicates undergraduate author
Gibbs, M., *Watson, P., *Johnson-Sapp, K., Lind, C.M. Reproduction revisited – A decade of changes in the reproductive strategies of an invasive catfish, Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber, 1991), in Volusia Blue Spring, Florida. Aquatic Invasions. In Press.
Lind, C.M., *Birky, N.K., *Porth, A.M., Farrell, T.M. 2017. Vasotocin receptor blockade disrupts maternal care of offspring in a viviparous snake, Sistrurus miliarius. Biology Open. Doi 10.1242/bio.022616
*McCoy, C.M., Lind, C.M. and Farrell, T.M. 2017. Environmental and physiological correlates of clinical signs of snake fungal disease in a population of pigmy rattlesnakes, Sistrurus miliarius. Conservation Physiology. 5. Doi 10.1093/conphys/cow077.
Lind, C.M., Flack, B., Beaupre, S.J., and D.D. Rhoads. 2016. The reproductive ecology of Female Timber Rattlesnakes, Crotalus horridus, in Northwest Arkansas. Copeia. 2016, 518-528.
*Sparks, A.M., Lind, C.M., Taylor E.N. 2016. Diet of the northern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus o. oreganus) in California. Herpetological Review. 46(2), 1-7.
Lind, C. M., and Beaupre, S. J. 2015. Male snakes allocate time and energy according to individual energetic status: Body condition, steroid hormones, and reproductive behavior in timber rattlesnakes, Crotalus horridus. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 88, 624-633.
Lind, C.M., and S.J. Beaupre. 2014. Natural variation in steroid hormone profiles of timber rattlesnakes in Northwest Arkansas. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 206, 72-79.
*Putman, B. J., Lind, C. M., E. N. Taylor. 2013. Does Size Matter? Factors influencing the spatial ecology of Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus oreganus) in Central California. Copeia, 2013, 485-492.
Lind, C. M., J.F. Husak, C. Eikenaar, I. T. Moore, E. N. Taylor. 2010. The relationship between plasma steroid hormone concentrations and the reproductive cycle of the Northern Pacific Rattlesnake, Crotalus oreganus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 166, 590-599.


Want to Make a Clove Bomb?
Ferment a hefe with WY3038 at an ambient temp of about 60F. Pretty sure you could boil this down and use it as clove extract.
I hadn't brewed one in years, but remember the one I did in the dead of summer at room temp. Wicked banana, so I decided to do one in my beer room since my fermentation chamber was occupied.
A couple weeks ago we were at a local brewery, and I had a hefeweizen there and I was certain they'd added clove to it, it was so strong. Nope. Mine is identical.
My favorite German Hefeweizen is Schneider's (not related, though I wish!) because it is more clove forward than others.
This one has actually mellowed significantly, but has little fruit ester. Just a smidge would be nice to balance it a bit, but I'm being finicky. It's quite drinkable!


Cameo has established itself as the lead destination venue, for not just Bournemouth, but the South Coast. Set across 4 rooms, featuring exquisite décor, state of the art sound and lighting systems, glamorous VIP booths and table service, with the most indulgent Champagne and Vodka, nights out in Bournemouth will never be matched!
Party hard with a thousand others in the main arena of Cameo, enjoy a sophisticated drink in the opulent surroundings of Myu Bar, check out the best urban tunes in the Basement, or groove along to the anthems in our sister venue Vinyl; this is the new breed of club that has it all.


1: AfterI bought ZOPO Speed 8, When will you ship the product? When will it be reached?
3: If the ZOPO Speed 8 had problem, can I return it?
5: After buying ZOPO Speed 8, Can be correctedif the address was wrong?
1:Will ZOPO Speed 8 work in my country with my SIM card?
2:Can I use ZOPO Speed 8 to watch YouTube videos?
4: What languages do ZOPO Speed 8 support?


text:
Reggie Miller Al Michaels Matt Millen John Lynch Michael Jordan Magic Johnson Joe Garagiola Larry Bird Troy Aikman Julius Erving Sports Sports TV Television programs Entertainment Arts and entertainment Sports media NFL football Professional football Football NBA basketball Professional basketball Basketball Men's basketball Men's sports Professional baseball Baseball MLB baseball NBA Playoffs MLB World Series NBA Finals
Dick Stockton wraps up memorable 55-year announcing career
By JOE REEDY - Mar. 26, 2021 07:40 PM EDT
In this 2001 photo provided by Fox Sports, Troy Aikman, Dick Stockton and Daryl Johnston, from left, pose for a photo, location not known. Stockton has done his final game on network television after a 55-year career that included stints with Fox, CBS and NBC. He has cut back on work in recent years, doing only NFL games for Fox and said during a telephone interview Friday, March 26, 2020, that he had been contemplating retirement for the past year. (Jason Wilheim/Fox Sports via AP)
Carlton Fisk retired from baseball in 1993 but the announcer who called his famous World Series home run has only just announced his own.
Dick Stockton is stepping away after a 55-year career that included stints with Fox, CBS and NBC. He had cut back on work in recent years — doing only NFL games for Fox — and said Friday during a telephone interview that he had been contemplating retirement for the past year.
"It's an instinctive feeling that you have that you've done what you've accomplished," he said. "I didn't think that I wanted to continue to do it and defy age and say, 'Look, I want to keep going, I want to show that I could do it.' That's not the point. I decided now was the time to do it."
The 78-year-old Stockton called at least 1,545 games on network television but the moment that stands out is Fisk's dramatic game-winning home run in the 12th inning of Game 6 of the 1975 World Series that gave the Boston Red Sox a 7-6 victory over the Cincinnati Reds.
"There it goes, a long drive, if it stays fair … home run!"
As Fisk was rounding the bases, Stockton stayed silent for 41 seconds while the pictures and ballpark sounds took over, including Fenway Park organist John Kyle playing Handel's "Hallelujah Chorus."
"When great moments in sports happen, no one says 'that is going to be one of the greatest moments or calls ever.' And only in time does this thing happen," Stockton said.
Stockton had to make a quick call because the ball was a line drive and curving foul as it was going down the left-field line. Had it been a towering shot, Stockton could have had a couple seconds to make a decision, but he didn't have that luxury.
"If I had said the wrong thing, I would have been in deep trouble," he said. "And as I've said to people, if I said the ball is foul, and it's a home run, I wouldn't be talking to you right now. And if I said the ball was a home run and it was foul, the same thing would be the case."
Stockton — who called Red Sox games from 1975-78 — was on the call because NBC had team announcers as part of the booth (that practice would end after the 1976 Fall Classic). Stockton called the first 4 1/2 innings before Joe Garagiola took over. When the game went to extra innings, the two alternated with Stockton calling the 10th and 12th.
"In television at least, nothing can match the pictures and the sounds from the field. And so that home run being replayed, that's what carried it," Stockton said. "When you think about it, it's the same as Kirk Gibson's home run (for the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1988 World Series). Those are the things that remain indelible in people's minds."
Stockton called virtually ever sport during his career, including the 1992 and '94 Winter Olympics for CBS. He was the network's lead NBA voice for nine seasons and had a front-row seat for the league's rise to prominence. When Stockton started doing NBA games on CBS, the playoff games, including the finals, were still shown on tape delay after the late local news.
It wasn't until Julius Erving, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson arrived that the league really started to boom in popularity, including all the finals games airing live beginning in 1983.
Stockton called three NBA finals matching the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers. He also had Michael Jordan's buzzer-beating shot in the first round of the 1989 playoffs when the Bulls beat the Cleveland Cavaliers.
"It was just a perfect storm. I thought it was a great era of basketball and then Michael Jordan and the Bulls come in," he said.
Stockton came to Fox in 1994 when it won the rights to broadcast the NFL. He called 714 games, with only Al Michaels calling more. While at Fox, Stockton is credited with helping mentor analysts Troy Aikman, Daryl Johnston, Charles Davis, Matt Millen, John Lynch and Pam Oliver. He also called six Super Bowls for NFL Network's international broadcast.
Stockton was a part of Fox's NHL and MLB coverage as well. He also did NBA games for Turner for 19 seasons (1995-2013) and worked with Reggie Miller and Chris Webber. The Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame gave Stockton the Curt Gowdy Electronic Media Award in 2001.
As for his retirement plans, Stockton said he plans to continue playing golf and tennis as well as traveling in the fall for the first time in nearly 50 years.
"People have asked me since it came out if it is a bittersweet thing? Absolutely not, I knew what I wanted to do, and nothing would change that," he said.
More AP sports: https://apnews.com/hub/apf-sports and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports