text:
Current Position:Research / Articles / Text
Can De-coupling from the US Dollar De-fang US Secondary Sanctions?
Date:2021/8/24
US Extra-territorial Jurisdiction Hinges on the Dominance of the US Dollar,
So US Global Leverage Will Persist Until the US Dollar Is De-throned
This is the third in a series
The power to print a nation's currency is one of the greatest powers of any government, but the power to print to the dominant global currency is perhaps the greatest power any government can possess. [1] This immense power is currently in the hands of the US, and it has weaponized the dominance of the US dollar to enforce key elements of its geopolitical policy preferences on the rest of the world.
The aggressive use by the US of unilateral secondary sanctions has spurred the adoption of a range of counter-measures by US friends and foes alike in an attempt to blunt the extra-territorial impact of these secondary sanctions. To be effective, however, such counter-measures must be able to shield non-US companies from the severe penalties that the US may impose for non-compliance.
As we have seen,[2] blocking statutes alone have generally proven to be paper tigers, more political posturing than an effective defense. China may be in a better position to use counter-measures in a more holistic manner to push back against US perceived overuse of sanctions, but this will require a high degree of tactical finesse in order not to have a chilling effect on foreign investment or give rise to other unintended consequences.
More fundamentally, unless the dominance of the US dollar in international transactions is eroded, the US will be able maintain its current stranglehold on the global financial system, rendering all counter-measures ineffective. All currencies eventually die or due, but the US dollar remains dominant with no signs of faltering any time soon.
However, the US position is not impervious to attack, and governments and experts around the world are actively exploring a range of options to restore more balance to the current asymmetrical global financial system which currently works disproportionately to the unilateral advantage of the US.
Neutralizing the Threat of the "Nuclear Option"
One of the areas of potential vulnerability in the current US position of dominance, which various US trading partners are assessing, relates to shoring up the independence of the existing global payment infrastructure to remove or reduce the severity of the threat of US deployment of the equivalent of weapons of mass economic destruction.
The massive power of the US arsenal of economic sanctions can be illustrated by the case of Macau-based Banco Delta Asia (BDA). In 2005 US Treasury officials designated BDA as a "primary money laundering concern" under the US Patriot Act based on suspicions that BDA had engaged in money laundering and counterfeiting on behalf of North Korea. [3] By being so designated, the bank was cut off from the US and global financial systems.
The fallout was immediate and dramatic. The move sparked a run on the bank, and other regional banks halted dealings with BDA, worried that they too could be come targets of US sanctions and be barred from the international banking system. Finally, Macau authorities took control of the bank to conduct its own investigation. [4]
Over the last 20 years, the US Treasury has designated more than a dozen banks, as well as the banking systems of Myanmar, Nauru and Ukraine, as being "primary money-laundering concerns" and has ordered US banks to sever ties to such foreign banks or banking systems on five occasions. [5] One such instance involved the Bank of Dandong and two other smaller Chinese banks, also for allegedly facilitating transactions with North Korea. In each case, this action was viewed as the financial equivalent of a corporate "death penalty."
To date all of the banks so sanctioned have been relatively small, but that does not tell the entire story. US courts have found three large Chinese banks, the Bank off Communications, China Minsheng Bank and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, in contempt for failure to comply fully with subpoenas in connection with a US Treasury investigation into transactions conducted by Minzheng International Trading Limited, which could put the banks at risk of being barred from access to the US financial system. [6]
Moreover, as recounted in Part 2 in this series, the US cut Iranian banks off from access to SWIFT, and has aggressively pursued criminal actions against numerous global banks for sanctions violations, all with the implicit threat that if the banks failed to agree to a plea deal or deferred prosecution agreement (DPA), they too could be cut off from the US and global financial systems.
More ominously, in 2014 and 2015 the US and its European allies threatened to disconnect Russia from SWIFT, [7] and in 2017, US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin made a similar threat to cut China off from the global financial system if it did not follow through with respect to UN sanctions against North Korea. [8] More recently, the European Parliament passed a resolution to the effect that Russia should be cut off from SWIFT if it invaded Ukraine. [9]
If disconnecting small banks from the US and international financial system can be deemed to be a financial "death penalty," then denying access to SWIFT to a major country like Russia or China can only be considered to the economic equivalent of "going nuclear." Russian officials have repeatedly stated that they would consider being barred from SWIFT as a "declaration of war" [10] that would have severe consequences.
Strengthening the Independence of SWIFT
The EU's threat to weaponize access to the SWIFT network is somewhat ironic. In the wake of the Trump administration's reimposing secondary sanctions on EU companies in respect of deals with Iran, the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) identified that the disproportionate influence of the US over SWIFT was a key area of risk exposure for EU companies and proposed that the EU Member States should take coordinated action to protect the independence of SWIFT. [11]
Given SWIFT's background and governance, it is doubly ironic that EU officials would feel the need to take steps to reduce US control over the global payment network. SWIFT (full name, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) is a cooperative company organized under Belgian law and is overseen by the G-10 central banks (Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States, Switzerland, and Sweden), as well as the European Central Bank, with its lead overseer being the National Bank of Belgium. [12]
SWIFT dominates global payment messaging to such an extent that there is no viable alternative in place. Similarly, notwithstanding the decline in the US share of global trade, the US dollar continues to dominate cross-border transactions, which are facilitated over the SWIFT network. But at the same time. SWIFT is so fully integrated into the US banking network, through which all US dollar payments ultimately are processed, that if the US cuts off SWIFT from US dollar transaction processing, then SWIFT in large measure shuts down.
To date, the US has used its dominant market and political position to compel SWIFT to do its bidding, but the ECFR proposes to have the EU Member States call on SWIFT to turn the tables on the US and use the leverage of the mutual interdependence of SWIFT and the US banking system against the US. One approach floated by the ECFR is for the EU to adopt a stronger version of the current EU Blocking Statute specifically directed at preventing SWIFT or other financial institutions or mechanisms from complying with US secondary sanctions to ensure that individual banks and entire banking systems cannot be disconnected from SWIFT. By taking such a "defiant" position, the EU could test the resolve of the US to press ahead with draconian secondary sanctions involving denial of access to SWIFT. [13]
The ECFR also suggested two other more aggressive approaches. The first would be to nationalize SWIFT, or at least threaten to do so. Alternatively, the EU could go to the IMF to seek to protect SWIFT against unilateral interference.
But all of these proposals are raised by the ECFR in the context of reducing EU vulnerability to US abuse of its leverage over SWIFT in ways deemed detrimental to the EU. Now that the EU is once again promoting the use of SWIFT to penalize its geopolitical adversaries, it is not clear that any of these ECFR proposals will garner support as a practical matter.
Establishing Alternatives to SWIFT and the US banking System
Promoting the independence of SWIFT is only a first step in the effort to minimize the extra-territorial impact of US secondary sanctions. SWIFT is a financial information messaging service that facilitates international payments, but it does not handle the currency settlement and clearance aspects of the transactions.
Because payment transactions outside of the US are predominantly denominated in US dollars, the currency clearance will still typically be completed through correspondent banks in the US, thereby triggering US assertion of jurisdiction. Consequently, in order to reduce the risk that US dollar international payments may be subject to the potential impact of US sanctions, the connection to the US banking system must be severed.
One alternative is to use the Clearing House Automated Transfer System (CHATS) in Hong Kong. CHATS was set up in 2000 to settle transactions in Hong Kong dollars, US dollars, Euros and Yuan, and is used by more than 200 participating financial institutions. Through correspondent bank relationships, transaction settlement in the four supported currencies can be performed for the entire Asia region and beyond.
The US dollar settlement system is the oldest and most important of the four currency settlement systems operated by CHATS. Parties in Asia can use CHATS to complete payment transactions in real time without potential delays due to different time zones, and at the same time clearing US dollar payments through CHATS insulates the non-US parties from US long-arm jurisdiction since the payments are settled in Hong Kong and thus do not touch the US banking system.
The CHATS US dollar clearance system has proven to be quite popular. In 2019, the system on average settled more than 570,000 transactions per month with an average monthly value of nearly US$855 billion. These figures represent growth of 16.3% in terms of average monthly transaction volumes and 20.5% in terms of average monthly values compared to 2017.
However, the US dollar transaction volume on the CHATS platform still represents only a miniscule share of the total US dollar settlement volume in the US. Consequently, in order to more fully hedge against the potentially devastating economic fallout from potential disconnection from SWIFT, and from the over-dependence on the US dollar and US dollar clearance in the US, Russia and China have been developing their own alternative payment systems, and are looking at ways to integrate these platforms globally.
The Russian payment platform is SPFS (the acronym is taken from the Russian name, which can be translated as System for Transfer of Financial Messages), which has been in development since 2014, after the US first threatened to disconnect Russia from the SWIFT system. Russian officials have suggested that SPFS is now robust enough to insulate it from disruptions should it in fact be banned from SWIFT, boasting in 2018 that "The number of users of our internal financial messages' transfer system is now greater than that of those using SWIFT." [14]
Notwithstanding Russian officials' public optimism, the SPFS system faces significant challenges: Transaction costs on SPFS originally were much higher than for SWIFT (although SPFS fees were reduced in 2018), but more importantly the system can be used primarily only in Russia. In the last couple of years Russia has reached agreements to link SPFS to other countries payment systems in China, India, Iran, as well as the countries inside the Eurasian Economic Union, which plan to use SPFS directly. At the end of 2020, 23 foreign banks from Armenia, Belarus, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Switzerland had connected to the SPFS.
By comparison, more than 11,000 SWIFT member institutions in more than 200 countries and territories sent over 35 million transactions per day through the SWIFT network in 2020. [15] Consequently, the SPFS system is seen by many observers as a last resort, rather than as a replacement for the SWIFT network. [16]
Although China started to build its own payment system at roughly the same time as Russia did, China is much further along. China introduced the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) platform in 2015. CIPS is the international complement to China's domestic payment network, China National Advanced Payment System (CNAPS). Both are backed by the People's Bank of China.
Unlike SWIFT, CIPS focuses on providing payment clearance and settlement services, and CIPS works together with SWIFT to provide financial information messaging services to facilitate cross-border payments. However, in order to reduce China's exposure to US sanctions risk, CIPS has simultaneously been developing an independent payment messaging system as an alternative to SWIFT as well, which would allow China to bypass SWIFT if necessary. [17]
Eswar Prasad, Cornell international trade policy expert, observed that China is "astute enough not to challenge SWIFT until the CIPS has matured, but no doubt one day the challenge will come."[18] SWIFT has taken note of CIPS intentions, and the China head for SWIFT has tried to persuade China not to invest in an alternative payment messaging network, arguing as early as 2016 that there is no need for China to build their own financial information messaging "highway" since the SWIFT "highway" already exists. [19]
Of course, the fact that the SWIFT highway exists does China no good if the US can order SWIFT to block the highway on-ramps. Since SWIFT has not yet demonstrated that it is willing to rebuff US (or now even EU) directives to cut off access for geopolitical adversaries, China clearly is of the view that establishment of an independent alternative payment infrastructure platform is a necessary investment, no matter the cost.
CIPS has made tremendous strides in developing its global footprint as a new start-up platform. Over the last six years, CIPS has grown from a starting position of zero to more than 1100 participants in nearly 100 countries, principally located in Asia (867 in total, 522 of which are in China), but also based in Europe (147), Africa (39), North America (26), Oceania (20), and South America (17). [20] Overall, the CIPS global network is much stronger than Russia's SPFS platform, but compared to the SWIFT network, its coverage is still extremely limited, with only one-tenth the number of participants as SWIFT.
With respect to its core business of clearance and settlement services, CIPS has also experienced explosive growth, posting nearly 700% increases in both the number of transactions and aggregate value from 2016 to 2019. However, again, transaction values are still quite modest, at just under US$5 trillion for all of 2019. By comparison, the Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS) in New York does an equivalent value in about three working days. Even the US dollar CHATS system in Hong Kong more than doubles up the transaction value of CIPS.
Can the Euro and the Yuan Erode the Dominance of the US Dollar?
As can be seen from these figures, at present CIPS remains a minor player in cross-border payments, but this also reflects the fact that CIPS is designed to promote and facilitate the internationalization of the Yuan, so the development of CIPS and the internationalization of the Yuan mutually interdependent. Because the Yuan has not yet made a meaningful dent in the dominance of the US dollar in international trade, this has stunted the growth of the geographic footprint and transaction volume and values of the CIPS platform.
Even though China is the world's leading exporter with a staggering 13.2% share of total global exports, [21] the Yuan comprises less than 2% of all international payments made via the SWIFT network, ranking sixth behind the US dollar, Euro, Pound Sterling, Japanese Yen and Canadian dallor.[22]The US ranks second in global exports with an 8.7% share, but as previously noted, 50 to 80 percent of international trade is invoiced in US dollars.
In fact, only 20% of China's cross-border trade payments are settled in Yuan, [23] which means that China has not been able to effectively promote the Yuan even in connection with China-related cross-border payment transactions, where it should have an advantage, while the US dollar is used not only for US-related transactions but also is used extensively internationally in transactions with no US-based counterparty.
Another point of reference: In 1960, the US share of global economic output peaked at 40% but by 2019, that percentage had been cut nearly in half, to 24%. Over that same period, China's share of global GDP quadrupled from 4% to 16%.[24] The fact that the US dollar has retained its disproportionate dominance internationally notwithstanding the marked decline of the US position in the global economy demonstrates that the power of a dominant global currency is not quickly or easily eroded. The converse is also true �C an increasing share of global GDP on the part of China does not automatically result in a corresponding increase in acceptance or influence of the Yuan in global trade transactions.
For China, this cuts both ways. Given the continuing strong position of the US dollar globally, China (and everyone else around the world) remains subject to US long-arm jurisdiction. At the same time, given the weak position of the Yuan internationally, calls by influential voices in China for China to adopt more long-arm statutes to push back against perceived US over-reach in terms of extra-territorial enforcement of US unilateral secondary sanctions, will carry no threat as a practical because China cannot use the Yuan in the same way the US uses the US dollar to extend its reach.
The US dollar will likely retain its position of dominance until such time as it is weakened through external events or possibly self-inflicted damage. Some commentators saw the economic upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the massive stimulus spending by the Trump and Biden administrations to try to dig the US out of the economic hole caused by the pandemic, as a potential threat to the dollar's pre-eminence. [25] However, prior predictions of the decline or collapse of the US dollar, including after the 2008 financial crisis, have not come to pass as yet.
According to renowned economist and currency historian Barry Eichengreen of UC Berkeley, the resiliency of the US dollar can be attributed to the advantages the dollar enjoys as the world's reserve currency. But it is also due to the "Tina" principle famously espoused by Margaret Thatcher: there is no alternative. [26]
The two leading contenders to the global currency throne are the Euro and the Yuan, but each has its problems:
• The Euro is the second most widely adopted reserve currency, comprising approximately 20 percent of global foreign exchange reserves. However, there is no common EU treasury, so control of Euro assets is fragmented across the various EU Member States, and there is no unified Euro bond market.
• The Yuan is not fully convertible for the capital account, and so is not open or liquid enough for financial markets. There are also concerns that full convertibility may be incompatible with the levels of control currently asserted by Chinese officials over the currency. The Yuan accounts for only 2% of global reserves, again far below China's share of global economic output, reflecting hesitancy in some quarters to hold more Yuan arising out of the relative opaqueness of China's financial policies and controls.
The primacy of the US dollar in international trade and finance makes it the safest and most attractive currency for countries to hold as a reserve currency, and until there is a tipping point resulting in a major erosion in confidence in the US dollar, and either the Euro or the Yuan have proven to be an equal or superior alternative, the US dollar will be difficult to supplant.
Great powers have great currencies, [27] and China is positioning the Yuan to assume a much more important role. Most commentators agree that the low-hanging fruit for the Yuan is regionally within Asia and the Belt and Road countries, where it has the greatest economic and cultural influence.
Morgan Stanley analysts project that given the growing assets held in China by foreign investors, by 2030 the Yuan will comprise up to 10% of global reserves, putting it in third place behind the US dollar and the Euro. [28] If China can persuade more of its trading partners to denominate China import/export transactions in Yuan, it may be able to grow international use of the Yuan to similar double-digit levels over the same time period.
In such a scenario, we may be on track towards the multipolar, multiple reserve currency world projected by Eichengreen more than ten years ago, where he envisioned the US dollar, Euro and Yuan all being "consequential international and reserve currencies." Such an environment would undoubtedly accelerate the development of the CIPS payment infrastructure to more closely rival SWIFT, and the increased use of the Euro and the Yuan would draw more trade transaction payment settlement away from the US banking system.
In such a multiple-currency, multipolar world, absent a further black swan event which resulted in the complete erosion of confidence in the US fiscal condition, the US dollar would likely still hold a leading position among the three currencies.[29] Theoretically this could permit it to continue to threaten "financial excommunication" from the US and global financial system, but US dollar dominance would be severely undermined by the increased ease of circumvention of the US banking system by the use of credible alternative transaction currencies.
In fact, under such conditions, the continued overuse of unilateral secondary sanctions and threats of long-arm enforcement would merely serve to further drive down use of the US dollar, potentially accelerating the decline in its importance. In practical terms, such a multipolar world would likely de-fang US sanctions without resulting in the rise of a new currency hegemon to replace the US dollar.
Digital Disruption as an International Currency Game Changer?
One additional alternative scenario may develop over the coming decade in parallel with the projected rise of the Yuan and the rebalancing of global currencies. This relates to the rise of digital currencies �C and in this case the agent of digital disruption may not be bitcoin or its erstwhile private competitors, but rather Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). In the CBDC space, China is in the lead.
China launched trials of its digital Yuan in multiple cities in China in 2020, and has expanded those trials to additional cities in the last few months, putting China at the cutting edge of CBDC development. Scores of other central banks are looking at development of their own CBDCs. [30] Japan and South Korea reportedly are not far behind China, and the EU projects that it will roll out its own CBDC in four to five years. [31] The US, on the other hand, originally appeared not to have a sense of urgency, but is now actively studying the issue. [32]
Governments' interest in CBDCs is understandable �C it allows them to retain control of their currencies in a new, more powerful digital form, while at the same time pushing back against decentralized finance (DeFi) digital currencies like bitcoin which are outside of government control. CBDCs are true national currencies issued and managed by the country's central bank, just like tradition currency but in digital form. But that digital form allows governments to track the money and transactions to combat money laundering, tax evasion and other illicit transactions.
China's e-CNY is initially being rolled out for consumer use in parallel with existing digital payment platforms such as Alipay and WeChat Pay, which already have much higher adoption rates in China than similar systems do in the West. The expectation, however, is that the e-CNY will eventually be deployed in cross-border trade, particularly in the ASEAN and Belt and Road regions.
Because CBDC-based transactions run completely independently from the existing banking system, CBDCs constitute an alternative means to challenge the hegemony of the US dollar �C no SWIFT messaging system is required; there is no need to transact through US commercial banks; and with the potential for multiple CBDCs (and with the US currently lagging behind in CBDC research and development), US dollar denominated transactions could become less dominant in global trade.
Many leading commentators have suggested that the e-CNY is being developed primarily for the purpose of circumvention of US sanctions. [33] But that is a feature common to all CBDCs, not just the e-CNY. It is a new form of technology disruption driven by a host of motivations on the part of central banks, with an important side benefit of neutering US secondary sanctions. This is a result that will be welcomed not just by countries targeted by US sanctions but also all third countries currently caught up in the wide net of US secondary sanctions, including many of the US' closest allies.
However, the timeline and scale of adoption of e-CNY and other CBDCs by individuals and corporations are still uncertain, and the deployment of the e-CNY in international trade will be subject to many of the same dynamics as the Yuan currently is. Much will depend on payment terms and hedging and swap options to manage related exchange rate risks.
But there is another critical element to consider �C the potential for integration of the e-CNY with a more comprehensive digital platform for international trade. Richard Turrin, author of Cashless, China's Digital Currency Revolution, sees the e-RMB as an entry token into an entirely new digital ecosystem �C a China-centric cross-border intelligent logistics system combining 5G, blockchain and e-CNY, which will allow purchasers from across the ASEAN and Belt and Road regions to place purchase orders, secure trade finance, clear customs, and track shipments door to door, all digitally. [34]
Managing the Present Conflicts
In such a multipolar, multi-CBDC world, the US no longer has its hands on all the levers in the global financial system. Countries are no longer at risk of being cut off from SWIFT because SWIFT will no longer be relevant and eventually may fade away entirely unless it can re-invent itself to adapt to the brand new CBDC world in a way that adds value. In this environment, financial sanctions lose their bite. The markets with the best integrated payment and delivery platforms will be the winners.
But this inexorable march of innovation on the payments side will not heal the potential technology divide between the China-based and US/Western-based standards that is threatened by the current technology bans implemented by the US and now potentially posed by China by way of retaliation. Moreover, the transition away from the current US dollar-dominated global financial system will take time.
In the interim, the threat of conflicts-of-law stalemates presents a real and present danger for multi-national companies, as blocking rules and other counter-measures force MNCs to decide what laws they will obey and which they will intentionally choose to violate. And over this same interim period of time, while global banks continue to pursue policies of over-compliance with the requirements of US sanctions laws, MNCs will need to examine their relationships with their bankers and assess related risks.
The truth of the matter is that government countermeasures to US secondary sanctions are intended to re-assert sovereignty under the banner of protecting their companies. But just as the costs of enforcing US foreign policy through the imposition of direct and secondary sanctions are borne by corporations and individuals through loss of business and compliance management costs, the deployment of countermeasures only adds further to the risks and costs of MNCs, without always conveying the promised protections.
How to manage these continuing practical risks will be the focus of our next instalments in this series.
By Robert Lewis with contributions by Li Li
[1] Ray Dalio interview, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZY-BzPDj868.
[2] [Link to Art 2 in series]
[3] https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/js2720.aspx
[4] https://www.ft.com/content/c1b4ead8-d261-11db-a7c0-000b5df10621; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/13/tisdallbriefing.northkorea
[5] https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117374251156034710; see also https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/js1874.aspx
[6] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-banks-idUSKCN1UQ03U
[7] https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/01/27/russia-to-retaliate-if-banks-given-swift-kick/?sh=40c79b51652e
[8] http://themillenniumreport.com/2017/09/us-threatens-to-cut-off-china-from-swift-if-it-violates-north-korea-sanctions/
[9] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-9-2021-0236_EN.html
[10] https://www.rt.com/russia/525271-swift-cut-spiral-sanctions/
[11] https://ecfr.eu/publication/meeting_the_challenge_of_secondary_sanctions/
[12] https://www.swift.com/about-us/legal/compliance-0/swift-and-sanctions
[14] https://www.rt.com/business/442946-russias-analogue-of-swift/
[15] https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/050515/how-swift-system-works.asp
[16] https://www.forbes.ru/finansy-i-investicii/358573-natyanutaya-struna-vozmozhno-li-otklyuchenie-rossii-ot-swift
[17] https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-ten-year-struggle-against-u-s-financial-power/
[18] Eswar S. Prasad, Gaining Currency: The Rise of the Renminbi (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 116
[19] https://www.thebanker.com/Global-Transaction-Banking/Swift-dips-into-China-with-CIPS?ct=true
[20] https://www.cips.com.cn/cipsen/7068/7047/48084/index.html
[21] https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2020_e/wts2020chapter06_e.pdf
[22] https://www.swift.com/sites/default/files/documents/swift_bi_currency_evolution_infopaper_57128.pdf
[23] https://timesofaddu.com/2021/02/15/are-global-economies-de-dollarizing/
[24] https://www.visualcapitalist.com/u-s-share-of-global-economy-over-time/
[25] https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/dollar-worlds-currency
[26] https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/aug/13/forget-doom-laden-headlines-the-dollar-has-not-gone-into-terminal-decline
[28] https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/04/chinas-yuan-rmb-to-become-third-largest-reserve-currency-by-2030-morgan-stanley.html]
[29] https://aric.adb.org/grs/papers/Eichengreen.pdf
[30] https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2021/02/20/bitcoin-crosses-50000
[31] https://theconversation.com/chinas-digital-currency-could-be-the-future-of-money-but-does-it-threaten-global-stability-160560
[32] https://beincrypto.com/fed-chairman-powell-on-cbdc-its-better-to-get-it-right-than-be-first/
[33] http://www.niallferguson.com/journalism/finance-economics/dont-let-china-mint-the-money-of-the-future; https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2021/02/carrie-lams-problem-and-ours-chinas-state-backed-digital-currency/
[34] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cHQFCCkR2bg
China Updates Negative Lists for Foreign Investment
UK NATIONAL SECURITY AND INVESTMENT ACT 2021


"Sweet, we perform under tents all the time, the stretch tent was rad, and it gets the job done!
Founder of Fitzgerald's Bicycles, Victor Chamber, and Mountain Bike the Tetons.
We would love to hear and share you're experience with Peak Stretch Tents!


Crosman Model 1377 Pellet Pistol .177 Cal., 600 FPS, NICE! PENNY Start!
Crosman 600 Air Pistol, .22 Pellet, NICE! PENNY Start!
Vintage Crosman "SHILOH" .177cal BB & Pellet CO2 Pistol - excellent !
Crosman Model C41 BB Pistol, CO2, 495 FPS, NICE! PENNY Start!
Crosman E9A CO2 Pellet Pistol, .22 Cal., NICE! PENNY Start!
Air pistol /barrel thingee/spacer for Crosman 13XX series.


The founder of Reliance Group is also a college dropout.Dhirubhai Ambani was only 16 when he left for Aden to work as a clerk owing to financial issues in family. He had to drop his studies for his family, but it was never a loss. Due to it he could develop an empire. His legacy is carried out by his 2 sons Mukesh and Anil Ambanis.
At a young age, Michael Dell is already an entrepreneur. At the age of 15, he earned $18,000 selling subscriptions of the newspaper Houston Post. While a pre-med student at the University of Texas Austin, he started an informal business upgrading computers. He dropped out of college to concentrate on his company, "Dell Computer Corporation," whose business model was to sell PCs directly to customers rather than indirect retail channels. In 1992 at the age of 27, Dell became the youngest CEO to have his company ranked in the Fortune 500 list of the top corporations.
Woods dropped out of Stanford University after two years to start a sports career as a professional golfer.
Zuckerberg dropped out of Harvard University and moved to Palo Alto, Calif. to encourage the world to "share" through his revolutionary social network.
Jobs dropped out of Reed College in Portland, Oregon only after 6 months, but he did continue to audit classes. He was co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc.
Gates dropped out of Harvard after two years to found Microsoft with Paul Allen.
Lauren dropped out of Baruch College in New York after two semesters and served in the United States Army. Though he never attended fashion school, his brand is among the most visible in the world.
David Karp dropped out of the elite Bronx High School of Science when he was 15. After two more years of homeschooling, he moved to Tokyo.Karp went on to found Tumblr, the blog hosting and social network company.
After attending Worcester Polytechnic Institute for a couple of years, Dean Kamen dropped out before graduating.Kamen holds more than 80 US patents, and is the inventor of the Segway.
Larry Ellison is a two-time drop out. He went to both the University of Illinois and the University of Chicago. But he never got a degree. Ellison put up $2,000 in 1977 to start what would become Oracle Corporation, the world's second-largest software company.
Born July 18, 1950, in Surrey, England, Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson struggled in school and dropped out at age 16, a decision that ultimately lead to the creation of Virgin Records. His entrepreneurial projects started in the music industry and expanded into other sectors making Branson a billionaire. His Virgin Group holds more than 200 companies, including the recent Virgin Galactic.
This high school dropout bloomed into a Silicon Valley legend, founding the likes of Silicon Graphics, Netscape, Healtheon and Shutterfly. In recent years he started a real estate company in South Florida with Tom Jermoluk, another Shutterfly investor. Today Clark is worth nearly $900 million.
The only way to overcome the college bias will be the widespread perception that many of our society's most successful people do not have a college degree and don't care about those who do. We also understand how family and work obligations can interrupt an education.
Unfortunately, our culture continues to place a huge premium on a college degree. Parents and teachers can seldom imagine other possibilities, especially for the intelligent. Employers lazily use college degrees as a cheap way of screening job candidates. Socially, people who don't go to college are often regarded as weirdos, buying into the myth that graduating from college equals educational success.
Being a graduate gives you the confidence to move to the next level.We also understand how family and work obligations can interrupt an education. We work with students every day who need a flexible, affordable way to earn a diploma. That's why we offer a program that has adult students in mind. Dropouts were operationally defined as individuals who did not finish high school in the traditional four year track and/or did not earn a Degree. The people who dropped out didnt quit learning. They adopted the Non-Traditional route supported by their work experience.
Some people take advice from millionaires, others take advice from people who want to be millionaires.Talk to any of the success stories narrated here to know the sometimes uncomfortable truth of success from real millionaires. Non-Traditional Learning. Know from them, their subsequent drive that makes them successful. A degree is a piece of paper. Knowledge in and of its self is worthless. Applied knowledge is power ! We see plenty of people with bachelor's degrees struggling just as much (if not more) than the dropouts/high school graduates; it all depends on the lifelong learning which needs a flexible, affordable way to earn a Qualification.


text:
/*    */ package com.hundsun.network.gates.houchao.biz.manager.pojo;
/*    */
/*    */ import com.hundsun.network.gates.houchao.biz.manager.FundTransFactory;
/*    */ import com.hundsun.network.gates.houchao.biz.services.FundCoreTrans;
/*    */ import java.util.Map;
/*    */ import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
/*    */ import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
/*    */
/*    */ public class FundTransFactoryImpl
/*    */   implements FundTransFactory
/*    */ {
/* 24 */   protected Log log = LogFactory.getLog(FundTransFactoryImpl.class);
/*    */   private Map<String, FundCoreTrans> serviceMap;
/*    */
/*    */   public FundCoreTrans getFundCoreTrans(String transCode)
/*    */   {
/* 36 */     if (transCode == null) {
/* 37 */       return null;
/*    */     }
/* 39 */     if (this.serviceMap == null) {
/* 40 */       this.log.error("serviceMap为空,初始化失败");
/* 41 */       return null;
/*    */     }
/*    */
/* 44 */     return (FundCoreTrans)this.serviceMap.get(transCode);
/*    */   }
/*    */
/*    */   public void setServiceMap(Map<String, FundCoreTrans> serviceMap)
/*    */   {
/* 49 */     this.serviceMap = serviceMap;
/*    */   }
/*    */ }

/* Location:           E:\__安装归档\linquan-20161112\deploy16\houchao\webroot\WEB-INF\classes\
 * Qualified Name:     com.hundsun.network.gates.houchao.biz.manager.pojo.FundTransFactoryImpl
 * JD-Core Version:    0.6.0
 */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: irreducible polynomial over finite field. I'm working on the following problem:

Let $K$ be the splitting field of $f(x)=x^{6}+x^{3}+1$ over $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$, and let $\alpha$ be a root of $f(x)$.
(1) Show that $\alpha^{9}=1$ but $\alpha^{3}\neq1$.
(2) Show that $f(x)$ is irreducible over $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$.
(3) Find the order of the Galois group $G(K/\mathbb{Z}_{2})$ of $K$ over $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$, and describe all intermediate fields between $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ and $K$ in the form $\mathbb{Z}_{2}(\beta)$, where $\beta\notin\mathbb{Z}_{2}$.

I have tried so far:
(1) Since $x^{9}-1=(x^{3}-1)(x^{6}+x^{3}+1)$ and $\alpha^{6}+\alpha^{3}+1=0$, we have $\alpha^{9}=1$, and $\alpha^{3}\neq1$ because if not, we would have $\alpha^{6}+\alpha^{3}+1=1$ in $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$, which yields a contradiction.
(2) Put $p(x)=\text{irr}(\alpha,\mathbb{Z}_{2})$. Then, we have $p(x)\mid f(x)$.
I was stuck here.
First, is it solving problem 2 using the result of problem 1? or independent?
Second, since $K$ is an extension of $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$, $K$ is of order $2^{m}$. Thus, $9\mid 2^{m}-1$ since $\alpha^{9}=1$.
Then, the only possible $k$ is 6? If so, does that imply $K=\mathbb{Z}_{2}(\alpha)$?
In (2), it seems to be $p(x)=f(x)$, but i'm not sure about that.
How to show that (2) and find the order of $G(K/\mathbb{Z}_{2})$.
Give some advice! Thank you!

A: $f(x) = x^6+x^3+1$ is indeed the $9$th cyclotomic polynomial. This means that the roots $r$ of $f(x)$ are primitive $9$th roots of unity. This means that for any integer $k < 9$, $r^k\neq1$, and $9$ is the smallest integer $k$ such that $r^k=1$, answering your first question. $2$ is a primitive root $\pmod 9$, so $f(x)$ over $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ is therefore irreducible, reference here. For (3), I am not sure what you mean, if you are asking about the multiplicative order of $2 \pmod 9$, well it is $6$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
You are here: Home / Featured / Senator Manny Pacquaio's Good Deed – Mamang Sorbetero, Nakatanggap ng House and Lot mula kay Pacman
Senator Manny Pacquiao is a proof that until this modern time there's still a "good Samaritan". Who would expect that by selling ice cream to a group of people including Sen. Manny Pacquaio an ice cream vendor will instantly own a house and lot?
This good deed of Senator Pacquiao has been trending not only in the headlines of the news but also in the social media.
A big change happened to the family of Marcelino Entia, a 62-year-old ice cream vendor who was met by Senator Manny Pacquiao. He was surprised when the senator fulfilled his promise to give the vendor a house and lot in one of his housing projects.
The house is fully furnished with appliances such as television, electric fan, kitchen set, and bed. It also has water and electric supply. The senator said that he was touched on how Mr. Entia has been working hard to make both ends meet for his family. In spite of the fact that he already suffered from stroke, he continuously selling ice cream just to earn a living. Due to financial constraints his children are not yet enrolled.
Aside from the house and lot, Senator Pacquiao also granted scholarship to the children of Mang Marcelino. He also wants the ice cream vendor to retire selling ice cream in the streets that's why he gave a small business to the family and Php30,000 cash.
The family of Mr. Entia was invited in the Pacquiao's mansion for a lunch. While having a dinner, Aling Dionisia the mother of Manny Pacquiao reminded the family of Mang Marcelino to preserve and maintain the blessing they've received. Senator Manny Pacquiao also reminded the family to keep the faith to God.
The housing projects have been beneficial to hundreds of families. It started several years to present and the fund came from the pocket of Senator Manny Pacquiao as his own way of sharing his blessings.
Video of GMA KMJS: Mamang sorbetero, nakatanggap ng house and lot mula kay Pacman

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ivy (Ashleigh Brewer) gets busy on The Bold and the Beautiful. She catches Quinn (Rena Sofer) and Ridge (Thorsten Kaye) in a steamy kiss. Now she's on a mission to right the wrongs of the world. How much information will she share with Ridge's bride-to-be-again Brooke (Katherine Kelly Lang)?
Meanwhile, Bill (Don Diamont) wants to put the kibosh on fashion's latest upstart, Sally Spectra (Courtney Hope).
See what's coming up on this week's B&B!


text:
Q: How to make a single roll scroll on overflow over multiple grid row I wrote some linea of HTML/CSS code that span four books images in a row, the overflow is enabled to auto when the screen becomes responsive. The challenge is how to make just a single row scroll at a time but other rows keep scrolling alongside when it overflows.
Below is my code snippet

.book-section-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  grid-column-gap: 3rem;
  grid-row-gap: 5.5rem;
  width: 90%;
  margin: auto;
  overflow: auto;
}

.book-section-grid>div img {
  width: 100%;
}

Photographer's trouble shooter

    by Michael Freeman

Photographer's trouble shooter

    by Michael Freeman

Photographer's trouble shooter

    by Michael Freeman

Photographer's trouble shooter

    by Michael Freeman

Photographer's trouble shooter

    by Michael Freeman

Photographer's trouble shooter

    by Michael Freeman

Photographer's trouble shooter

    by Michael Freeman

Photographer's trouble shooter

    by Michael Freeman

Can I make use of JavaScript in this case?

A: Since you mentioned angular you could use an array in an array. This way you have control and have as many horizontal scrollable divs as you want. Since you will be working in rows you would be better of using flexbox instead of a grid. But I will ignore that in my code.
stackblitz
https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-38myfi
app.component.ts
import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'my-app',
  templateUrl: './app.component.html',
  styleUrls: [ './app.component.css' ]
})
export class AppComponent  {
  name = 'Angular';
  data = [ ['Photographer #1', 'Photographer #2', 'Photographer #3', 'Photographer #4'], ['Photographer #5', 'Photographer #6']];
}

app.component.html

{{item}}

    by Michael Freeman

app.component.css
.book-section-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  grid-column-gap: 3rem;
  grid-row-gap: 5.5rem;
  width: 90%;
  margin: auto;
  overflow: auto;
}

.book-section-grid>div img {
  width: 100%;
}


text:
Eolas faoin Roinn
Na hEalaíona
Oidhreacht
An Ghaeltacht
Ionad Nuachta
09/05/2014 Infra –Éireann – Ireland's entry at Venice Architectural Biennale 2014
Friday, 9th May, 2014: The Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Jimmy Deenihan T.D., today announced details of Ireland's participation at the 14th International Architecture Biennale Exhibition in Venice this June.
Busáras, Dublin was chosen as the location for this announcement as it is an iconic building of the past century and honours the memory of the recently deceased artist Patrick Scott, who worked on this build as a young architect and is generally accredited with the design of the mosaics on the cantilever style roof terrace.
Ireland's entry for the 2014 exhibition has been commissioned and curated by John McLaughlin and Gary Boyd. The theme of La Biennale 2014 'Absorbing Modernism' invites countries to look at the interaction between global modernisation on the one hand and local architectural cultures on the other.
Ireland's presentation 'Infra Éireann – Making Ireland Modern 1914 – 2014′ chronicles the iconic and landmark structures which have formed the backdrop to an emerging, and developing Irish nation. Presenting landmark infrastructure in Ireland, on a decade by decade basis over the last one hundred years, it simultaneously captures the story of the Irish nation-building.
Speaking at the launch, Minster Deenihan said:
"Contemporary Irish architecture has a global identity and reach. This exhibition, 'Infra – Éireann', provides a wonderful overview of the last 100 years of architectural development within Ireland. By highlighting iconic buildings such as the Ronald Tallon designed RTÉ Studios at Donnybrook, the Roseleven Telephone Exchange in Athlone by Noel Dowley, and the designing of bridges, interchanges and roads by Grafton architects, this exhibition tells the story of an Ireland emerging from the past and the foundation of the State, to the present day."
The International Architecture Exhibition – La Biennale di Venezia – is the world's most important international showcase for architecture and represents a unique opportunity to present and promote the strength of Irish architecture to a world-wide audience.
Ireland at Venice, an initiative of Culture Ireland of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht in partnership with the Arts Council, aims to extend a worldwide awareness of the best of Irish architecture and increase opportunities for Irish architects abroad.
As well as serving as a global showcase for architecture, the Biennale allows Irish architects engage with international audiences, showcase their work, and influence future trends. Recent figures for the architectural biennale show that in excess of 178,000 visitors, including thousands of students from around the world visit the Biennale. The Biennale runs from 7th June 2014 to 23rd November, 2014.
John McLaughlin added:
"Infra-Éireann looks back at the role of Irish architects in the design of everyday infrastructures such as hospitals, schools, roads and bus stations. It highlights the way that these architects contributed to the making of the cultural identity of modern Ireland, and it looks forward to the emerging field of data and the role that the profession can play in the ongoing absorption of modernity under globalisation."
Ireland at Venice exhibition will be presented in the Arsenale in an area which attracts a high footfall and is a strategic location for visitors. The presentation will also be available online through Irelandvenice.ie in order to access the widest possible audiences.
Audiences at home will have the chance to experience this informative and exciting exhibition – Infra Éireann when it undertakes a national tour in 2015 on its return from Venice. The Irish tour of Ireland at Venice 2014 will be supported by the Arts Council as part of its commitment to promote architecture to Irish audiences.
ENDS/
About Ireland at Venice
The Venice Biennale has for over a century been one of the most prestigious cultural institutions in the world. The Biennale dates back from 1895, when the first International Art Exhibition was organized. In the 1930s new festivals were born: Music, Cinema, and Theatre (the Venice Film Festival in 1932 was the first film festival ever organised). In 1980 the first Architecture Exhibition took place, and in 1999 Dance made its debut at the Venice Biennale.
The Venice Biennale remains the most important international showcase for contemporary arts. The biennial International Art and Architecture Exhibitions offer a unique opportunity for Ireland to showcase Irish imaginations to the world. The Biennale is a vital platform for Irish artists, curators and commissioners to gain international profile and to generate opportunities for them to present their work outside of Ireland. Irish artists Norah McGuinness and Nano Reid, were the first of many Irish artists to exhibit at the Venice Biennale in 1950. The late Patrick Scott represented Ireland at Venice Art Exhibition in 1960.
Since 2005, national representation at the Venice Biennale has been an initiative of Culture Ireland, in partnership with the Arts Council. Both partners consider the Venice Biennale to be an important opportunity for artists' development and for Irish curators to work in an international context.
Previous Irish Representation at the Venice Architecture Biennale
Heneghan peng
deBlacam and Meagher
Ms. Nathalie Weadick, Director of the Irish Architecture Foundation, and Dr. Hugh Campbell, Senior Lecturer in Architecture at UCD
Grainne Hassett.
Gerry Cahill
O'Donnell + Tuomey
Patrick Lynch and Simon Walker
McCullough Mulvin
Dara McGrath in association with Robinson McIlwaine
De Paor Architects
Cian Deegan and Alice Casey from TAKA
Grafton Architects
Biographical Note:
John McLaughlin: Co-Commissioner/Curator
John McLaughlin is a practicing architect whose work covers a range of scales integrating architecture with urbanism, landscape and art. He is interested in exploring an expanded field for architecture through interdisciplinary work and has collaborated in this with other architects, engineers, landscape designers and visual artists.
He actively engages with opportunities for research projects and exhibitions. In 2012 he curated the Irish Pavilion at the Venice International Architecture Biennale, under the title Shifting Ground (www.shiftingground.ie) which was very well received both nationally and internationally. He has participated in many other international architecture exhibitions including: Architectures of Protest – Third Lisbon Architecture Triennale (2013); New Urbanity – Deutsches Architekturmuseum Frankfurt (2009); The Flood – Second Architecture Biennale Rotterdam (2005); 43 Schools of Architecture – Fifth Venice Architecture Biennale 1991 (college thesis project).
He is a graduate of UCD. After college he worked in Paris and London for over a decade on major cultural and civic projects before returning to settle in Dublin. He was director of architecture with Dublin Docklands Authority where he directed many ground breaking projects including the Grand Canal Square development before starting private practice. He is currently Senior Lecturer (part-time) in Queens University Belfast School of Architecture and a Visiting Lecturer in both UCD School of Architecture and Cork Centre for Architectural Education.
www.johnmclaughlin.ie
Gary A. Boyd: Co-Commissioner/Curator
Gary A. Boyd has a long established record of communicating architecture through teaching, publications and other means. He has been involved in teaching both history and theory and architectural design in schools of architecture since 1998, initially as college lecturer in UCD before embarking to UCC as senior lecturer at the inception of the new school there in 2006. Earlier this year he took up the post of Reader in architecture at Queens University Belfast.
Having graduated from the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow in 1997, he took a PhD from University College Dublin in 2002. He was one of the founding members of GLAS: Glasgow Letters on Architecture and Space (www.glaspaper.com) and edited building material: the Journal of the Architectural Association of Ireland between 2004 and 2006. Other publications include Hospitals, Spectacle and Vice: Dublin 1745-1922(Four Courts Press, 2002) which looked at the influence of institutions on the spatial and cultural development of early modern Dublin and, more recently, (with Denis Linehan) he co-edited Ordnance: War + Architecture & Space (Ashgate Press, 2013) which investigates the relationship between militarism and the production of the built environment. Current projects include co-curating (with Fiona Kearney) Folly: Art after Architecture, an exhibition at the Glucksman Gallery, Cork.
Óráidí
Polasaí maidir le Twitter
Deán Teagmháil Linn
Na hAirí
Struchtúr na hEagraíochta
Straitéis
Tionscnaimh Speisialta
Airgeadas & Meastóireacht
Iarratais ar Fhaisnéis
Foilseacháin Chorparáideacha
Príomhshonraí teagmhála na Roinne
Na hEalaíona Cruthaitheacha
Reachtaíocht
An Polasaí Oidhreachta Tógtha agus Ailtireachta
Seirbhís na Séadchomharthaí Náisiúnta
An tSeirbhís Páirceanna Náisiúnta agus Fiadhúlra
Oidhreacht Éireann 2030
Grúpa Comhairliúcháin Shráid an Mhúraigh
An Ghaeilge
An Straitéis 20 Bliain
Na hOileáin
Earcaíocht
Fógraí Dlíthiúla
Cosaint Sonraí
Fógra Príobháideachta & Fianán
Sholáthraithe, Íocaithe & Deontaithe
Ceart Rochtana
Fógra Cóipchirt & Séanta
Athúsáid Faisnéis ón Earnáil Phoiblí
Seirbhís do Chustaiméirí
Úsáidimid cuacha chun an t-eispéireas is fearr a thabhairt ar ár suíomh gréasáin, agus sinn ag cloí le riachtanais AE maidir le Cosaint Sonraí. Tríd an suíomh gréasáin seo a úsáid, aontaíonn tú leis an tslí a úsáidimid cuacha. Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise, féach ar ár Ráiteas Príobháideachais. Ok
An Roinn Cultúir, Oidhreachta agus Gaeltachta, 23 Sráid Chill Dara,Baile Átha Cliath - D02 TD30 (01) 631 3800 / Íosghlao: 1890 383 000
Dearadh & Forbairt ag Fusio


text:
Paul Rozin (born 1936) is a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania.  He teaches two Benjamin Franklin Scholars (BFS) honors courses and graduate level seminars. He is also a faculty member in the Master of Applied Positive Psychology program started by Martin Seligman. He is described as the world's leading expert on disgust. His work focuses on the psychological, cultural, and biological determinants of human food choice.

Rozin earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Chicago in 1956, and doctoral degrees in biology and psychology from Harvard University in 1961. In 1963, he joined the psychology department at the University of Pennsylvania, where in 1997 he was named the Edmund J. and Louise W. Kahn Professor. He also served as co-director of the school's Solomon Asch Center for the Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict (which has now moved to Bryn Mawr College).

His teaching and research interests include: acquisition of likes and dislikes for foods, nature and development of the magical belief in contagion, cultural evolution of disgust, ambivalence to animal foods, lay conception of risk of infection and toxic effects of foods, interaction of moral and health factors in concerns about risks, relation between people's desires to have desires and their actual desires (including the problem of internalization), acquisition of culture, nature of cuisine and cultural evolution, and psychological responses to recycled water.

Bibliography
Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C.R. (1993). Disgust. In M. Lewis and J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions, pp. 575–594. New York: Guilford.
Rozin, P., & Nemeroff, C.J. (1990). The laws of sympathetic magic: A psychological analysis of similarity and contagion. In J. Stigler, G. Herdt & R.A. Shweder (Eds.), Cultural Psychology: Essays on comparative human development (pp. 205–232). Cambridge, England: Cambridge.
Rozin, P., Fischler, C., Imada, S., Sarubin, A., & Wrzesniewski, A.  (1999).  Attitudes to food and the role of food in life: Comparisons of Flemish Belgium, France, Japan and the United States.  Appetite,  33, 163-180.
Rozin, P. (1999).   Food is fundamental, fun, frightening, and far-reaching.  Social Research, 66, 9-30.
Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J.  (1999).  The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity).  Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 76, 574-586.

References

External links
Paul Rozin's homepage at the University of Pennsylvania
Lecture on Food and Culture
Penn Arts and Science A biographical interview with Rozin.
Ad Research Copymetrics.com Cognitive Science research in Advertising with participation of Rozin

1936 births
Living people
University of Chicago alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
American moral psychologists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Cardi-B postpones concert due to effects of plastic surgery
HipHop star, Cardi-B has cancelled the rest of her concerts for this month as a result of her plastic surgery procedures that is taking a toll on her health because. However, she will be back on stage in June.
Her publicist in a statement said,
"Cardi was overzealous in getting back to work. She didn't take the time necessary to fully recover. Her strenuous schedule has taken a toll on her body and now has been given strict doctors orders to pull out the rest of her performances in May."
According to TMZ, the rapper backed out of Baltimore's 92Q Spring Bling Festival this Friday because of some serious fallout from her recent cosmetic surgeries.
Earlier this month, she confessed to getting liposuction after daughter Kulture's birth, and told fans during a show in Memphis at the time, "I shouldn't really be performing because moving too much is gonna f—k up my lipo."
She also admitted to getting a second breast augmentation and said sometimes she doesn't feel her best. "I just got my boobs redone," Cardi told "Entertainment Tonight" on May 1. "I feel good, but then sometimes I feel like not, you know? [When] your skin is stretched out."
Cardi B,Plastic surgery,effects of plastic surgery


Klout team members are in talks with major news labels and media companies to use Klout scores as a way of spreading brand messaging and information, says CEO Joe Fernandez.
message is something we found they are interested in and we are interested in.
But it is still early days and sometimes for the data obsessive and score weary, a Klout score doesn't seem to pinpoint exactly where a person stands in the social matrix.
We may have all experienced this frustration of looking at the Klout score and wondered, why does it go up one day and then down the next?
How can you game it? How can you make it consistently rise? What the hell does it even mean?
Fernandez says they are soon going to be making more of that data and the explanation of that data more prevalent on the blog in something called Score Insights. That should be out in early June, says Fernandez.
He stressed that the company is spending more money in making this stuff easier to understand.
should they care, and how they can access the data.
Score Insights should help companies and individuals better determine how they can boost their brands and their Klout scores using the tools available on the web.
The algorithm runs on a 30-day open window. If you have a really big day on the tenth of May, by the time that window passes over, you may have not garnered that much attention in subsequent days to keep that score up.
So, should a person be at the computer or on his mobile all day pumping out great links?
It seems the company is still playing around with exactly how to measure this behind-the-scenes.
like. it's a combination of very data driven and what feels right.
comes back to me with data.


Core routine, oftentimes additionally referred to as core exercises, is an integral a part of any exercise or fitness program. This set of workout routines builds up the energy of your core muscle tissue which consists of those in your stomach, pelvis, hips and low back. Some of the common errors that folks make is complicated core workouts with ab routines that help create a flat abdomen and a 6 pack abs. The core is more than just great abs.
While the ab routine is a crucial part of the core routine, it is just part of the large picture. "Core" pertains to the entire package deal: the teams of muscle groups that serve as your body's base, stabilizing your pelvis, shoulders as well as your spine.
Core routines additionally enhances your purposeful health, meaning health that you are able to use in your on a regular basis life equivalent to in walking, running, carrying or lifting objects, or maybe just sitting on a desk all-day lengthy with out straining your back.
Energy transfers from the center of the body outwards, never originating out of your extremities alone. So, before your limbs can create powerful moves, not to mention avoiding injury, the spine and other muscle groups surrounding your midsection should be stable enough to resist the load. This might be achieved by using the proper core workout routines in your exercise program.
What is nice about core training is that you do not necessarily want specialised equipment to do it. Stomach or entrance planks are a basic instance of a core exercise for beginners that do not require utilizing gym equipment and even weights. Another simple, simple-to-do instance is push-ups. If finished correctly, the push-up strengthens arm, chest, back, torso and leg muscles.
Having a powerful set of back muscle mass along with nice belly strength could make decrease back pain a thing of the past.
Growing a robust core will improve energy needed for actions outside of your common exercise regimen. You will have enhanced agility not solely in running, but possibly in the distance that you would be able to cover on a hike. You'll not only stop injury while lifting weights, but also while you move furniture around the house. You may even have better posture!
As with every other fitness routine, it is best to consult with an expert earlier than embarking on your training, to maximize outcomes and to avoid injury. Do not forget that completely different types of training are suited for various capabilities, so an advanced routine might not necessarily be the most effective for a novice.
Having a strong core routine is more than just having washboard abs. It is about having more strength to do everyday actions, and having more endurance to your favourite sports or just plain monkey-ing around together with your kids.


It's the end of June and for the some 175,000 ticket holders and millions of viewers around the world that means only one thing – The Glastonbury Festival. As the music fans started to arrive at the site pictures of the "Glastonbury uniform" of cut off jeans, green wellies and anorak were beamed around the world.
However, as an article in the Guardian recently highlighted, in reality there is no one single dress code for Glastonbury. With Glastonbury bringing festival goers a vast range of music, clothing styles are equally as varied, as is the age range of festival attendees. In fact as we delve down below the headline acts and signature dress we find a complete mix of people, all bringing their own unique style to enhance the Glastonbury experience.
It's a lesson that we can draw on in business. When we talk about hiring for cultural fit, it can be all too easy to be drawn into the trap of thinking that everyone has to conform to a norm. But if we are truly hiring for cultural fit whilst we may be looking for individuals who share the same deep values of the organisation we are also looking for people who can add to the organisation, who can bring their own unique talents to the mix and in the process enrich it.


text:
An insightful look at state constitutional law
By Arthur Gilbert Ben Armistead | Jun. 3, 2019
Judges and Judiciary,
I recently attended a talk by Judge Jeffrey Sutton who sits on the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. The subject was a book he recently wrote, "51 Imperfect Solutions: States and the Making of American Constitutional Law." Oxford University Press, 2018.
2nd Appellate District, Division 6
Arthur Gilbert
Presiding Justice, 2nd District Court of Appeal, Division 6
UC Berkeley School of Law, 1963
Arthur's previous columns are available on gilbertsubmits.blogspot.com.
A few months ago, my colleague Justice Kenneth Yegan and I gave a talk at a Center for Judicial Education and Research institute for appellate research attorneys. We discussed our opinions about opinion writing. Not easy to present without being opinionated. Of course, the justices for whom the research attorneys work have the final word (pardon the expression). Therefore the success with which we impressed or depressed the audience is difficult to assess. I leave to the readers of appellate opinions the judgment (again pardon the expression) about how successful we were in subverting from within.
Now a well-earned plug. These institutes and programs designed by CJER staff, judges and justices, and those of the California Judges Association, are significant factors contributing to California's premier judiciary. Justice Yegan and I attended one of the valuable programs at the institute. It featured a talk by Judge Jeffrey Sutton who sits on the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. The subject was a book he recently wrote, "51 Imperfect Solutions: States and the Making of American Constitutional Law." Oxford University Press, 2018.
Judge Sutton is an engaging speaker, warm, self-effacing and down to earth. He clerked for Supreme Court Justices Lewis Powell and Antonin Scalia. He is an expert on state constitutional law and has written and lectured extensively about this and other subjects at Harvard and other law schools. I found it interesting that at his senate confirmation hearing in 2003, he was confirmed by a vote of 52 to 41. Perhaps the more liberal senators anticipated conservative rulings. They were partially wrong and partially right. In Thomas More Law Ctr. v. Obama, 651 F.3d 529 (6th Cir. 2011), he ruled in favor of the Affordable Health Care Act. But in Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S.Ct. 2584 (2015), the Supreme Court reversed his majority opinion upholding legislation to ban same-sex marriages.
Judge Sutton spoke highly of our own state Supreme Court Justice Goodwin Liu who wrote in the Yale Law Journal 2019 an engrossing review of Sutton's book. I knew of Liu's interest in the subject. In 2017 he delivered the William J. Brennan Lecture on state courts and social justice at N.Y.U. School of Law. Justice Liu's lecture can be found in the New York University Law Review, Vol. 92, Nov. 2017, No. 5.
Many judges bristle when labeled liberal or conservative, me included. The opinions we write are the product of our best efforts to explain our reason for a decision that we think comports with the law. We leave it up to commentators and others to characterize our opinions as they perceive them. Yet, with apologies to Judge Sutton and Justice Liu, I was at first surprised by their mutual interest in the value of state constitutional law. But in the abstract of his article, Liu praises Sutton for inviting us "to understand state constitutionalism not solely or primarily as a liberal ratchet, but instead as a structural feature of our governmental system that modulates the timing, process and substance of individual rights enforcement."
However Judge Sutton may have decided certain cases, Justice Liu points out that "Sutton's account of state constitutionalism is neither liberal nor conservative." "Judge Sutton treats state constitutional debate in a diverse democracy and mitigating the risks of winner-take-all decision-making by the U.S. Supreme Court."
This calls to mind an article a few months ago in the Los Angeles Times by Jonathan Turley, a constitutional law professor at George Washington University. The article "Don't Pack the Supreme Court, Unpack It" argues in favor of an expansion of the U.S. Supreme Court to 19 members. Turley's scheme involves, among other things, limiting a president's appointment to the high court until the 19 number is achieved. Turley's legitimate concern is that under the present system a single "swing vote" decides a case that may have a profound and lasting effect on our nation. That one crucial vote for a particular case makes our high court a "court of one." I agree. No single judge should have that power. You can quote me on that.
While I am not holding my breath that Professor Turley's thesis will come to fruition in the immediate future, Justice Liu's illuminating analysis of Judge Sutton's thesis helps alleviate some of my concerns about an undue concentration of judicial power.
I hope to discuss in future columns Judge Sutton's and Justice Liu's analysis of state constitutional law. But what I particularly commend for your attention is Liu's discussion in part III of his piece in the Yale Law Journal, "State Courts and School Segregation." Liu discusses a recurring theme in federal constitutional law that the states through their legislatures, governors and courts are also the policy villains in the area of segregation. Liu illustrates that this is not always the case.
Justice Liu then offers an insightful discussion concerning what Judge Sutton might have said had his book included a narrative on school segregation. Liu gives examples of a "significant body of state decisions rejecting the legality of segregation when the Supreme Court decided Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896." Sutton's admiration for Liu's incisive analysis indicates he concurs.
Despite the added insights we may achieve through what Justice Liu tells us the core of Sutton's book: "the richness of judicial federalism is most evident when state and federal courts are engaging in a single discourse, interpreting similar texts or principles in their respective constitutions within a common historical tradition or common framework of constitutional reasoning." This approach gives all courts a richer storehouse from which to draw in deciding constitutional questions.
Nevertheless, however a court arrives at a decision, and whatever series of prior decisions and mores influence that decision, we seldom achieve a comfortable degree of certainty about how a court will rule.
I cannot resist the temptation to speculate how the redoubtable Judge Richard Posner would look upon the thesis advanced by Judge Sutton and Justice Liu. In an interview with Adam Liptak in the New York Times on his retirement in 2017, Posner seemed to have repudiated his earlier emphasis on social utility and economics as principles of his jurisprudence in favor of a more liberal, free-wheeling "pragmatic" jurisprudence.
Judge Posner stated that over the years his views changed, and in deciding cases he came to forget about the law and instead asked what is a sensible resolution of the dispute. If there is a legal obstacle in the way of a sensible resolution, Posner argues it is often easy to avoid.
This view of the law drives my colleague Justice Steven Perren nuts. But I think Judge Posner's current hypothesis is not as radical as it seems. In fact, judges may unconsciously decide difficult cases in this fashion. They all must write a coherent opinion in which they make a rational and plausible argument to support their point of view. Despite his outspoken views, Posner is not "lawless." And I think Posner would applaud Judge Sutton and Justice Liu. Their approach to constitutional issues gives Posner and all judges more tools to craft "a sensible resolution." Justice Perren and I briefly discuss Judge Posner's approach in an interview I conducted about him in an oral history of Court of Appeal justices. Soon to be seen on YouTube.
Daily appellate report
Fourteenth Amendment compels states to treat same-sex couples equally, requiring all states to license and recognize same-sex marriages.


The CMCA (motorhome club) rally at Whyalla was a huge success. I think that almost everyone who attended (750 motorhomes) would agree that it was one of the best. I guess we are not really qualified to make that comment given that it was only our third rally - but I can tell you that it was much better organised that the Broken Hill rally that we attended this time last year.
We met a number of fellow motorhomers that we hadn't seen for quite a while and made a few new friends. It is interesting to see the club (that has an average membership age of around 67) move to more modern entertainment. Our first rally experience was at Casino (NSW) in 2003. The entertainment was not at all to our liking - music from the 40's! The Whyalla rally had some very good modern music and a fairly raunchy stand-up comedian. Well done CMCA!
The rally officially finished on the Sunday evening and most motorhomes were gone from the site by Monday morning. We too pulled out on Monday but moved just around the corner to the local football club grounds and parked with Frits and Riet from the motorhome "The Bleep" - Dave and Shirl from "Tru Blue" were also there.
While at the rally we met a couple (Bruce and Julie) who invited us to come and stay at their shack at Lucky Bay - just down the coast a bit. We left Whyalla on Good Friday and parked up on the sand at Lucky Bay. Bruce and Julie arrived back from a few hours fishing with a huge bag of whiting and we all enjoyed fish for dinner.
The following day Tracey joined the team on the boat and came back to the bus a few hours later with a few fish to show for the effort. The shallow sandy bottom of this gulf makes this an ideal place for catching whiting and yesterday Tracey and I joined Bruce and Julie at the local whiting spot.
I have never seen fishing like this before. We walked out from the beach about 600m to thigh deep water and cast a line. Less than 10 seconds after the bait hit the water, Tracey had a fish on each of the two hooks and I also had a fish hooked. Now this is my idea of fishing! While fish did not continue to bite at that rate, we still managed to come back to the bus with enough fish to freeze and keep us fed for a number of weeks.
After collecting a half a ton of mail from the post office (one of the issues of having no fixed address), we headed out of Port Lincoln, south towards the tip of the Eyre Peninsular. The last 10km (called Whalers Way) is on private land and so there is a $25 entry fee and a $5 per night camping fee.
Last time we were down here we choked on the entry fee and did not venture past the public road. This time we decided to splash out! The road is not bad, but parts of it required the use of the joey box (some steep rocky tracks). After exploring many of the side tracks on the way to the camping area, we were quite surprised to find that we had the place all to ourselves. This is a fantastic bit of coast line, very rugged with clear blue water and huge waves smashing against red cliffs. The knowledge of the breeding grounds of the Great White Shark, just a few km off shore, is the only thing keeping us out of the water.
Yesterday we packed a lunch and walked the cliff top walk for about 7km. It is a great place for a walk and we enjoyed eating our lunch watching the huge swells creating great towers of spray as they hit the rocks. It turned out that the $25 entry fee was well worth the price. Unfortunately the entry fee was not the most expensive part of the time in here... as I was standing on a large rock taking a photo, I heard the sound of something hitting the rock. I watched in horror as my 77mm polarizing filter ever so slowly rolled towards a 3 meter drop (having un-screwed from the front of the lens).
It of course got to the drop-off 3 microseconds before I did. It then rolled much more quickly the next 20 meters down a smooth rock and into the pounding sea. Bye bye $140 filter!
Farm beach used to be well known for the many caravans that perched on the sand dunes during the summer months. This has now been stopped and there are very threatening signs warning of large fines for anyone camping on the beach. This is of course not too much of an issue for Hobohome - we are well aware of the issues that sand and a 12 ton vehicle raise.
Not far from the beach (about 3km) there is a wonderful cliff-top area that is ideal for camping, it even has a pathway to a secluded beach. Last time we were down this way, we drove the Moke to this area and had quite some success with the spear gun. At one end of the beach we found a rocky outcrop that was just teaming with fish. The freezer is now packed with fish.
After a fantastic few days of fishing in amazingly clear water a significant wind arrived and put an end to the spear fishing. We moved on towards the eastern end of the Nullarbor Plains and camped for the night at a beach near Streaky Bay (Speeds Point). After dark the wind got up - now when I say the wind got up, I mean it REALLY GOT UP. At one point I was really fearful that the wind might rip the solar panels right off the roof. Despite parking with the back of the bus to the wind, the bus rocked and rolled like the King himself - we are now very aware of how clothing feels when put in a washing machine (and not on the delicate cycle)! Neither of us got much sleep that night.
The morning revealed no damage to the bus - but the sea was a foaming mass. There will be no spear fishing along this coast for a week or more.
We entered the Nullarbor Plains on Sunday the 25th (ANZAC day) and drove to Fowlers Bay. Now a small word of warning - if you every go to Fowlers Bay in a heavy vehicle, and it has been raining ... don't leave the road to turn around. Yes, we got stuck again. In fact we are still stuck as I write this - we have decided to wait until it stops raining before attempting to free ourselves from the mud (tomorrow).


We like pretty and practical things. They help make life that much more enjoyable. And setting a beautiful table is part of that joy. We like to share some of our favorite finds here. If you sell or find beautiful tableware let us know. You can contact us through our contact.


text:
Q: gcc assembly string representation char a[] = "abc";   // movl    $6513249, -12(%rbp)
char ab[] = "ab";  // movw    $25185, -11(%rbp)
char abc[] = "a"; // movw    $97, -10(%rbp)

The C code above is represented in assembly (gcc -S code.c) as:
movl    $6513249, -12(%rbp)
movw    $25185, -15(%rbp)
movw    $97, -17(%rbp)

97 is 'a' in decimal, but why "ab" is 25185 and "abc" is 6513249?

A: let's take the hex value of the 32-bit integer of the first line:
>>> hex(6513249)
'0x636261'

which is cba
As the processor is little-endian, it's just an optimized way to initialize a small string with just a 32-bit move instead of a tedious byte-by-byte copy.
The nul-termination is not handled for all strings here (movw    $25185, -15(%rbp) sets a and b but doesn't nul-terminate), and it's done elsewhere in code you're not showing (note that there's room for the nul-termination byte: first string is at offset -12, second string is at offset -15, which makes it 3 bytes long, and same for the last one)


Hello! Happy Saturday! I hope you've all had a fantastic week. Mine's been so hectic that i've barely had time to blog, so i do apologize! Over the past few days i've been unwell with all kinds of sicknesses so it was nice to get out of the house this morning and dress up a little, in something comfy and a little cute. Wearing all black with the exception of these high waisted MinkPink pants. I am loving all variations of trousers at the moment, especially the baggy kind. Teamed with one of my staple winter items- the turtle neck made for just the right amount of warmth needed for a sunny winter day. I'm forecasting a plethora of turtle neck posts in the next few months!


text:
The CFO Program
For Council Rings
Leader Directory
2017 CFO VideoFest
West, Wayne
Wayne West and his wife, Ruth, share how Jesus revealed Himself to them in a very special way while they were in the midst of personal trials and tribulations that seemed insurmountable. This began a whole new life for them as a family and as ministers within the Body of Christ. Wayne believes in the sanctity of the family as God's chief institution. He also travels widely as a Bible teacher. A former Spanish teacher, Wayne now has many open doors to minister throughout Latin America, training pastors and leaders. Of his ministry, Wayne says, "The focal point from which I minister is the all-sufficiency of the indwelling Christ and the believers' completeness in Him. The Holy Spirit leads us in the adventure of aligning our daily experience with Heaven's reality." Besides speaking, Wayne also leads singing and rhythms, and is a talented piano accompanist.
Leadership Info
Rostered:
Rostered Position(s):
All Position(s):
Send us a note via the contact form
Read the CFO@Home blog
Contact the ACFO North America Office


Home Octavio Medellin - Works of Art and Art Processes Japanese haniwa terra cotta. Mrs. Bromberg collect. Dallas, Tex.
Japanese haniwa terra cotta. Mrs. Bromberg collect. Dallas, Tex.
Title Japanese haniwa terra cotta. Mrs. Bromberg collect. Dallas, Tex.
Notes Recto: [handwritten on slide frame] Japanese hanowa [sic] terra cotta. Mrs. Bromberg collect. Dallas, Tex.
Add tags for Japanese haniwa terra cotta. Mrs. Bromberg collect. Dallas, Tex.


David C. Hunter - Litigation Lawyer - Pierce Davis & Perritano LLP.
David C. Hunter is a Partner with Pierce Davis & Perritano LLP.
Mr. Hunter has successfully tried cases to verdict in both Superior and District Courts throughout Massachusetts. In addition, as a practical advocate, he has successfully worked with his clients to favorably obtain the desired result through mediation and other alternative resolution mechanisms.
His practice is centered on the defense and litigation of a wide variety of civil actions in State court, including products liability, toxic torts, and municipal liability. Mr. Hunter also has experience representing corporations in breach of contract actions, and has represented insurance companies in subrogation claims.
Mr. Hunter also acts as National Coordinating Counsel for an equipment manufacturer. In this role, he is responsible for developing litigation strategies for cases nationwide. He supervises and manages cases, and is responsible for expert development and trial related activities in both State and Federal courts around the country.
He has also offered his time representing indigent plaintiffs through the volunteer Lawyer's Program and is an active volunteer for his children's youth sports organizations. (Baseball, Basketball, Football, Softball).


text:
Jessica Lynch returns home to hero's welcome
by Gavin McCormick
ELIZABETH -- Former POW Jessica Lynch returned home to a flag-waving hero's welcome Tuesday, saying "It's great to be home" in her first public words since being rescued.
"I'd like to say thank you to everyone who helped and prayed for my return," said Lynch, who was brought to the podium in a wheelchair wearing a beret and green Army dress uniform.
Lynch received a standing ovation as she entered a media tent and made her brief remarks against the backdrop of a large American flag. Outside, friends and family waved flags and "Welcome Home Jessica" signs, while a marching band warmed up for a parade trumpeting Lynch's return home.
The 20-year-old former POW said she did not realize for "a long time" that her ordeal had captured the hearts of millions around the globe.
"But I'm beginning to understand because I've read thousands of cards and letters -- many of them from children -- that offer messages of hope and faith," she said.
Lynch said she had read "thousands of stories" recounting that when she was rescued, she told U.S. Special Forces that she was an American soldier.
"Those stories were right. Those were my words. I'm an American soldier, too," she said.
Lynch's 507th Maintenance Company convoy was ambushed March 23 near the Iraqi city of Nasiriyah in an attack that killed 11 soldiers. U.S. forces rescued Lynch at a Nasiriyah hospital April 1, while five other captured 507th soldiers, held apart from Lynch, were released April 13.
Lynch's rescue quickly made an American hero out of the petite blonde who joined the Army to get an education and become a kindergarten teacher.
"I'm proud to be a soldier in the Army. I'm proud to have served with the 507th. I'm happy that some soldiers I served with made it home alive. It hurts that some of my company didn't," Lynch said.
Lynch also said she was "thankful to several Iraqi citizens who helped save my life while I was in their hospital."
Lynch said she missed Pfc. Lori Piestewa 23, who was her roommate, best friend and a member of the 507th. Piestewa died of injuries suffered in the ambush.
"She fought beside me, and it was an honor to have served with her," Lynch said.
Suffering from multiple broken bones and other injuries, she had arrived at Walter Reed in the nation's capital on April 12. Lynch is able to walk with the aid of a walker but still has trouble standing.
She spent more than 100 days at Walter Reed before she was released Tuesday morning. She boarded a Black Hawk helicopter for the trip to Wirt County and arrived in Elizabeth at 1:56 p.m.
After her remarks, Lynch rode in a convertible in a military motorcade through Elizabeth and then to her newly remodeled home in Palestine, a community of about 300 about five miles away. Her home has been renovated to make it handicapped-accessible to accommodate Lynch during her recovery.
Traci Lancaster, 28, came out to the parade to see her neighbor.
"I feel all the men and women over there are fighting for the future of my children. I'd do anything I could to honor them. If that means standing for five hours to see Jessi, that's just fine."
The short appearance was enough for Natasha Flowers, 16, from Spencer. "It was pretty brief, but it was worth it just to be able to see her. I'm glad she's home," she said.
The Wirt County High School band waited, decked out in new uniforms, to serenade her.
Lynch smiled and waved to the crowd. Her brother rode in the back seat with her. Four State Police troopers, two on each side, walked beside the car to keep onlookers away.
About 2,000 people lined the motorcade route along State Route 14.
"We're here to see history," said Mary Elder, 52, of St. Marys.
On Monday, Lynch was awarded the Bronze Star, Purple Heart and Prisoner of War medals. The Bronze Star is given for meritorious combat service, a Purple Heart is most often awarded to those wounded in combat, and the POW for being held captive during wartime.


Inlet tail is threaded 1/2 in. BSP, The outlet brass tube is coupled to the tap standard by means of a sleeve nut allowing the neck to swivel or to be locked in any desired direction, leakproof operation, designed for pressures upto 80 psi finished in hard chrome plating.
Made of selected material, heavy construction, made to ensure leak proof performance. Each piece is tested for pressure. Lever handle is spring loaded and has locking arrangement to ensure that rotation does not go beyond 90°, standard nozzles have 1 mm bore, inlet 1/4 in. BSP, flange dia. 54 mm with three holes to screw on bench or any other surface. Designed to operate pressure upto 2 psi (0.14 Kg/cm2), suitable for coal gas, natural gas or bottled LPG, supplied complete with adaptor.


Termites are sneaky pests that often go undetected for a period of time. They are capable of hiding out in hollow areas of any wooden structure. Before termites shed their wings, they are likely to swarm around windows or doors. These small insects can often be confused with flying ants. One main difference is that flying ants keep their wings, but termites will shed theirs. These pests will shed wings in various areas of a home. Finding insect wings in window sills or doorways are a sign of termite presence. Here are some other facts that will help with termite identification and methods of control.
Few individuals realize that a termite is one of the most destructive pests to have in a home. Termite Identification can be difficult because they tend to stay away from lighted areas and open air. They are more likely to be found burrowed in their underground colonies or inside wood. Their presence may not be noticed until extensive damage is done. Homeowners should routinely inspect the wood structures within the home and ensure there are no signs of damage. Termites inhabit moist areas. Look for any damp or moist areas that may be caused by leaky pipes or other plumbing issues.
Another definite sign of termite invasion would be the detection of mud tunnels in or around the foundation of a home. These tunnels allow termites to navigate from the nest into the home. This keeps them from being exposed to air or light. If these mud tunnels are discovered, it's time to look for additional signs such as sawdust around the walls and window sills in the home. Ignoring the signs of termite presence will give these pests the perfect opportunity to destroy parts of a home. This will result in costly repairs. Termite infestation can be controlled and finally eliminated by hiring a professional pest control technician.
Preventative care and maintenance are essential to keeping termites out of a home. This is done by contacting a professional pest control technician who can assist in making a positive identification. They use proven termite control products and guarantee their work. Effective pest protection is essential in keeping a home from suffering extensive damage. A pest control technician can also eliminate other pests such as ants, bedbugs, roaches, fleas, scorpions, crickets, and more. You can obtain more information about identification and control by visiting Championtermiteandpestcontrol.com.