Aiden is a youth worker, dedicating his life to supporting young people who have experienced homelessness to find pathways toward safe and stable accommodation. He currently works between Samaritans Youth Accommodations in Newcastle and Maitland.
In his second year of a Social Work degree at the University of Newcastle, Aiden says that the experience he has gained across the youth refuges has been invaluable toward informing his career direction.
"I completed an apprenticeship through TAFE and realised that I wanted more for myself. I completed a bridging program to study at the University of Newcastle and started a Bachelor of Arts but wanted to help people more practically and make a difference, so I transferred into the Social Work program. I wanted to see my own personal experience empower and help others," Aiden said.
As a 16 year old, Aiden had experienced more than most young people his age.
Aiden was couch surfing with friends after finding it unsuitable to continue living at home with family.
"I stayed at both the Maitland and Newcastle refuges when I was facing my own crises. I was then one of the first residents to gain a place at Samaritans Student Accommodation service when it opened. That was a life-changing experience for me – to slowly find my feet, have my own place and adjust to life as an independent teen." Aiden said.
Aiden stayed at Samaritans Student Accommodation for 3 years during which time he progressed through his TAFE qualifications and decide to move onto shared accommodation and complete his apprenticeship.
Aiden says that having lived experienced has its positives but also its challenges.
"My personal experiences definitely make it easier to empathise with the young people I support- to really understand how it feels to be young with nowhere to go and to have to develop incredible independence and resilience. Sometimes having been there yourself can also make the work challenging because understanding the experience can hit home of how difficult it can be." Aiden said.
"I know the support I was given at the time helped me to find the change that I wanted in my life. I hope through my experiences I can help others to find a positive pathway in their life too, and I greatly appreciate the opportunity Samaritans has given me to do so" Aiden said.


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Rich & Powerful
Math & Statistics
Business Leaders Math & Statistics
Homoskedastic
By Will Kenton
What Is Homoskedastic?
Homoskedastic (also spelled "homoscedastic") refers to a condition in which the variance of the residual, or error term, in a regression model is constant. That is, the error term does not vary much as the value of the predictor variable changes. However, the lack of homoskedasticity may suggest that the regression model may need to include additional predictor variables to explain the performance of the dependent variable.
Homoskedasticity occurs when the variance of the error term in a regression model is constant.
If the variance of the error term is homoskedastic, the model was well-defined. If there is too much variance, the model may not be defined well.
Adding additional predictor variables can help explain the performance of the dependent variable.
Oppositely, heteroskedasticity occurs when the variance of the error term is not constant.
How Homoskedastic Works
Homoskedasticity is one assumption of linear regression modeling. If the variance of the errors around the regression line varies much, the regression model may be poorly defined. The opposite of homoskedasticity is heteroskedasticity just as the opposite of "homogenous" is "heterogeneous." Heteroskedasticity (also spelled "heteroscedasticity") refers to a condition in which the variance of the error term in a regression equation is not constant.
When considering that variance is the measured difference between the predicted outcome and the actual outcome of a given situation, determining homoskedasticity can help to determine which factors need to be adjusted for accuracy.
A simple regression model, or equation, consists of four terms. On the left side is the dependent variable. It represents the phenomenon the model seeks to "explain." On the right side are a constant, a predictor variable, and a residual, or error, term. The error term shows the amount of variability in the dependent variable that is not explained by the predictor variable.
Example of Homoskedastic
For example, suppose you wanted to explain student test scores using the amount of time each student spent studying. In this case, the test scores would be the dependent variable and the time spent studying would be the predictor variable.
The error term would show the amount of variance in the test scores that was not explained by the amount of time studying. If that variance is uniform, or homoskedastic, then that would suggest the model may be an adequate explanation for test performance—explaining it in terms of time spent studying.
But the variance may be heteroskedastic. A plot of the error term data may show a large amount of study time corresponded very closely with high test scores but that low study time test scores varied widely and even included some very high scores. So the variance of scores would not be well-explained simply by one predictor variable—the amount of time studying. In this case, some other factor is probably at work, and the model may need to be enhanced in order to identify it or them. Further investigation may reveal that some students had seen the answers to the test ahead of time or that they had previously taken a similar test, and therefore didn't need to study for this particular test.
To improve on the regression model, the researcher would, therefore, add another explanatory variable indicating whether a student had seen the answers prior to the test. The regression model would then have two explanatory variables—time studying and whether the student had prior knowledge of the answers. With these two variables, more of the variance of the test scores would be explained and the variance of the error term might then be homoskedastic, suggesting that the model was well-defined.
Heteroskedasticity
In statistics, heteroskedasticity happens when the standard deviations of a variable, monitored over a specific amount of time, are nonconstant.
Heteroskedastic
Heteroskedastic refers to a condition in which the variance of the residual term, or error term, in a regression model varies widely.
How Residual Sum of Squares (RSS) Works
A residual sum of squares is a statistical technique used to measure the variance in a data set that is not explained by the regression model.
What Is an Error Term?
An error term is defined as a variable in a statistical model, which is created when the model does not fully represent the actual relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
How Multiple Linear Regression Works
Multiple linear regression (MLR) is a statistical technique that uses several explanatory variables to predict the outcome of a response variable.
R-squared is a statistical measure that represents the proportion of the variance for a dependent variable that's explained by an independent variable.
Creating a Linear Regression Model in Excel
Regression Basics for Business Analysis
Technical Analysis Basic Education
The Linear Regression of Time and Price
How to Calculate Beta in Excel
Do Adaptive Moving Averages Lead To Better Results?
Planning Retirement Using the Monte Carlo Simulation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
FUTBOL CLUB STL
July 30, 2020 by Jazmin
The 5-a-side in the USA is now a booming national phenomenon. José Trujillo, owner of the new FUTBOL CLUB STL in St. Louis felt there was a need for a venue entirely dedicated to Soccer, a club where you could play in quality indoor facilities even in the harsh winters of Missouri. His basic idea was to include 5-a-side in all its variations to offer users the most complete experience possible.
The project was developed inside an industrial shed using a total area of about 43,400 sq ft to build three 5-a-side fields (100'x 48′-5″), two soccer fields (105'x49′-6″) and one futsal field (97'x39′).
For the 5 a side and soccer fields we used latest-generation very high-density non-infill turf with 27,500 stitches per m2. Thanks to its double filament and reinforced backing, it's the optimal product for highly stressed fields considering the high number of players in limited playing surfaces. Underneath the synthetic lawn, in contact with the cement base, we placed a 10 mm shock pad of expanded polyethylene with 60 kg/m2 density in order to get the elastic response that the rubber less product does not have. The futsal field instead was treated with grey polypropylene plates.
The 5m high 5-a-side fields, were entirely covered with the WSBSPORT system of nylon nets so that the ball can never leave the area or interfere with other activities.
The club house was configured as a single open space and the whole area was air conditioned. The open space allowed us to create interesting leisure spaces and limit construction cost.
Fortunately, the Covid epidemic did not interfere with the work in progress and the center was opened on July 13th 2020.
From this day, St. Louis will not only be "First in booze and first in shoes", but also First in 5-a-side!
FUTBOL CLUB STL IS NOW OPEN!
Official website: https://futbolclubstl.com/
https://wsbsport.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/stlouis_nowopen.mp4
News COVID-19, Indoor soccer, Indoor soccer center, Partnerships, Club Design, Consultancy, New Trends, Pitches & Outfits
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Learn what really matters when planning to start a 5 a side soccer facility.


If you have any problems about the Hamlet Modem drivers, let us know! We are the Hi-Tech Lovers. Single-chip, dual-port, 1Gb Ethernet adapter designed for performance and energy savings. Custom Bundle see all. The play likely was one of Shakespeare's most popular works during his lifetime, and still ranks among his most performed, topping the performance list of the Royal Shakespeare Company and its predecessors in Stratford-upon-Avon since We do not have any influence or responsibility on your national laws! There are 31 users have downloaded and installed the lastest version dirvers.
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Up to 56K data download,48K data upload,and More refinements More refinements Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle, Claudius, by the ghost of Hamlet's father, King Hamlet.


Oh that is going to be awesome! I would say I would definitely like to build one-although I do not currently have a programmer for the GAL/PAL chips. I hear they can be acquired inexpensively from AliBangoodBay these days.
Mr.Toast wrote: Oh that is going to be awesome! I would say I would definitely like to build one-although I do not currently have a programmer for the GAL/PAL chips. I hear they can be acquired inexpensively from AliBangoodBay these days.
Me neither. But I'm so excited about this, I'd buy it all!


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Home Free to Play League of Angels First Impressions
MMOs
League of Angels First Impressions
Kyt Dotson
League of Angels is a fantasy MMORPG published by NGames. As expected, the story line of the game leads players to companion with angels and fight back the agents of darkness in an adventure-filled fantasy world. Like most browser-based games it runs on almost anything and provides a quick, easy way to jump into the game—and it's published
LoA is a free-to-play 2D browser-based MMORPG with strong fantasy styling and works with a turn-based combat mechanic. Its ease-of-play makes the game extremely casual friendly, and it appears to use a stamina-based system to make certain players can only spend a certain amount of time playing a day like many games of its type. Not to mention, the stamina-system also lengths the time it takes players to go from starters to endgame and provides a reason to access the premium cash shop to get more stamina.
The ogrish reviewers from GameOgre spent several days playing LoA and here's what they found.
Graphics and sound: Generic fantasy with angels
Graphically, League of Angels is quite well painted, using the 2D MMORPG affect as much as possible to produce interesting looking maps with carefully designed animations. Players will find themselves traversing styled vistas with lush landscapes, cityscapes, and other paradisiacal locales filled with fantastic and horrible monsters.
Animations on NPCs are minimal as are FX during battles, and they're mostly sprite-based or layer-based effects. Most attacks are either rushing across the painted battlefield to slash, or throwing bolts of magical energy; early angels have giant Area of Effect (AoE) attacks that throw down a carpet of lightning that blinks across the screen. Often attacks are followed by a transparent, giant figure of the attacker.
Although pretty much all battles are automatic, they are not without a little bit of drama as the FX unfold—as early on without following proper level-ups with equipment and skills, it is possible to lose a fight.
A lot of the game is directed towards young men—with the female characters dressed in fantasyesque skimpy clothing, large breasts, and beautiful features and the men strapped into bulky armor displaying rippling muscles beneath piles of clothing. The list of angels who can be brought along are a pin-up board of nicely painted exotically dressed women. If nothing else, the game could be pleasing to look at for the expected stereotypical adolescent male audience.
When it comes to the UI, the game is very hard to follow. The UI elements are tiny, all over the place, and constantly trying to grab attention. Most of them push players towards the cash shop and for the most part the design is loud and obnoxious. There are scrolling words rolling around every which way—mostly talking about the achievements of others. Altogether once a player gets used to the UI, however, the superfluous elements become easy to ignore except for when they're relevant and it doesn't do much to detract from the game.
As for much of the sound comes from the UI and in battles.
Battle sounds are fairly generic with swishes, swoops, thumps, and crunches as blows land. There's bright noises from casting spells and electrical zaps as lightning flies. All of it lends to a fairly generic fantasy expectations but doesn't really stand out from the crowd.
In fact, I found myself flipping away from battles to read (or write this review) and listening to the battle in the background I could rather tell somewhat of the goings on.
The in-game music sounds like a simple, two-part melody with a plucked string instrument (like a harp) harmonized with a synthesized violin. It's on a short loop in the beginning, but it's not distinct enough that the short loop is frustrating. In the next zone there is a drum-loop with a wordless vocal, since the area is desert-based it feels more or less like a bit of a Middle-Eastern song feel. Further into the game
The battle music is appropriately exciting and filled with horns and triumphant melody—and when the battle is won there's a fanfare reminiscent of the Final Fantasy "we won!" music.
Gameplay: Autopilot, autopilot everywhere
League of Angels is a browser-based MMORPG that does a lot of the work for the player. In many ways this can allow players to soak up the graphical and narrative atmosphere of the world; but it also means that much of the game feels like it's on autopilot.
From the start, players are introduced to an angel and given a short series of dialogue to read through. Then choose a class from a short list of common fantasy tropes: Warrior or Mage—and male or female of either. The type of class chosen changes combat a little bit, but since the game is mostly played automatically it doesn't modify gameplay altogether that much.
Quests are all tracked on the sidebar and accessed via a mouse-click. No need to worry about discovering the next target or quest-giver because simply clicking on a quest name (or target) will autopilot the player straight there. From there it's all about following UI tutorials or clicking through dialogue to get quests completed or head off to do battle against the forces of darkness.
Combat is turn-based and very similar to tactics-styled games such as Warlords and Final Fantasy Tactics. The user has very little input, and battles essentially auto-resolve themselves with the AI playing both sides. In fact, much of this game plays itself—from auto-tracking the next quest, walking there, and engaging the enemy by itself; mostly players just level up, buy skills, upgrade equipment, read narrative, and then watch things unfold.
As enemies die, gold coins fall from their dead bodies during the turn-based combat and the mouse can be used to pick them up (hitting the spacebar as well works.) It's about as interactive as battles get in LoA.
As with most browser-based 2D MMORPGs, LoA is relatively hands-off.
There are a couple minigames, including watching dragons fly through the air carrying crates. Although the dragon racing minigame feels more like something to waste time to earn more in-game gold than it is anything interactive or interesting.
Towards the mid- and end-game LoA also has a PvP structure that pits players vs. players and guilds vs. guilds. It has an automatching and levelling system that gives players a fairly good fighting chance with the hands-off system.
Freemium: Fairly standard free-to-play freemium modeled game with a cash shop and currency
League of Angels follows a freemium model with a cash shop designed to get players to buy into the game.
The premium currency for LoA is Diamonds starting at $4.99 for 500. Most of the game things cost gold (the in-game freemium currency) but they can also be bought out with diamonds at various costs. For example, right now there is an Easter event that involves smashing eggs—for extremely nice rewards—the lowest cost egg is smashed with a hammer bought for 50 Diamonds (approximately $0.50) the next up is 5 hammers (250 Diamonds, $2.50) and the highest value egg costs 25 hammers (1,250 Diamonds, $6.25.)
It is possible to buy Diamonds in bulk, but it doesn't seem to confer a bulk discount—Diamonds sell from 50 for $4.99 to 30,000 for $299.99.
The game also sells a VIP subscription at $6.99 a month. This subscription affords players instant rewards (called VIP tiers), a daily pack of useful items and gold, and 500,000 gold outright.
Conclusion: League of Angels makes up for the pitfalls of browser-based MMORPGs with community
The stand out element of League of Angels is not the gameplay or the graphics—I've seen similar through my time reviewing MMORPGs for GameOgre and all of that I've seen is common to 2D browser-based games. Instead, it's the high population of players who continually come back to the game. The community in LoA is noticeable, there's always people chatting, and they're not unhelpful.
As a result, LoA is a bit of a social game. In fact, an early mission had me randomly reach out and make friends with people who were online. As a result, I met several people who chose to play different minigames with me and tried to pull me into boss encounters and other in-game events.
People who play LoA don't play alone, unless they choose to just let the game run in the background automatically. The result here is that the automated effect of the game leads to a more potentially social experience with LoA being a sort of background atmosphere that hosts the chat and a sense of competition against other players or just the game environment itself.
Players may not find anything that has League of Angels stand out from the crowd when it comes to browser-based 2D MMORPGs in the free-to-play market, but it's a solid game of its type. Not too buggy, easy to run on almost any system (that can run a browser and Flash.) With the social aspect being up front and center it'll give enough entertainment to keep people playing if they're into this sort of game.
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Aaddron April 19, 2014 at 2:58 pm
I played a few minutes while testing a code and came away impressed for a browser game, the art direction will likely keep me away from it but that's just me, on a whole though it seemed like a nice browser based game. Was curious how it holds up with more time, thanks for writing this..
Aaddron did not rate this post.
Gavra10 April 19, 2014 at 3:43 pm
League of Angels is the best game for browser .. In 2030 they will make that you can play every game online … I cant untherstand where are we going ! 😀
Gavra10 did not rate this post.
dmt_2000 April 19, 2014 at 5:20 pm
one of the best browser games ive seen in a long time
dmt_2000 did not rate this post.
BorisBox April 19, 2014 at 9:17 pm
Im impressed with the game actually. I've sincerly never played browser MMO game for longer then 20 minutes, but im playing LoA for days now. As you said they rocked the game even with 2D graphics, i can't even express all my impresions to the game. 10/10 !
Would pay-to-play if it was required :3
BorisBox did not rate this post.
nikiwild April 20, 2014 at 4:09 am
Its a pretty good game
nikiwild did not rate this post.
ivekvv256 April 23, 2014 at 5:59 am
Game is good and graphics are nice aswell, nice writeup by the way. 🙂 I enjoyed reading it.
ivekvv256 did not rate this post.
gavra10 April 23, 2014 at 12:08 pm
Game is awesome for a browser .. Thank you for the story 😀
doca8 April 25, 2014 at 3:42 pm
good game 🙂
doca8 did not rate this post.
ank1sha122 June 6, 2014 at 1:56 am
I've played it on facebook and it's really fun 🙂
ank1sha122 did not rate this post.
htsUNL1MITED June 10, 2014 at 3:02 pm
Game is awesome to play i recomended it…. 😀
htsUNL1MITED did not rate this post.
bloga99 June 11, 2014 at 4:56 am
Its a pretty good game 🙂
bloga99 did not rate this post.
Velimir June 19, 2014 at 4:30 am
I must say that is started playing this game few months ago. I dont think this game will be some big hit. For me this game is just not really good .
Velimir did not rate this post.
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Each year, U.S. News and World Report assesses more than 5,000 hospitals across the nation in order to rank what they believe to be the best and for the 20th time, Long Beach Memorial sits among the top 3% of the nation's hospitals for its 2014-15 rankings.
Joining 144 other hospitals in the top 3% recognition, Long Beach Memorial was also ranked 37th in the nation for their Diabetes and Endocrinology program in addition to being marked as "high performing" in ten other categories: Cancer; Ear, Nose and Throat; Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Surgery; Geriatrics; Gynecology; Nephrology; Neurology and Neurosurgery; Orthopedics; Pulmonary; and Urology.
The only clinical category it failed to claim "high performance" in was Cardiology and Heart Surgery.
The 2014-15 Honor Roll, the publication's top hospitals which have very high scores in at least six specialities, had 17 hospitals make the list.
For the first time, the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota was ranked as the best hospital in the nation. Massachusetts General Hospital sat at #2, ahead of John Hopkins who lost its 21-year first-place reign in 2012.
For the full list of rankings, click here.


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Dragon Age 4 Could Be Announced at the Game Awards and Is Expected to Be Released in 2021
December 5, 2018 Frances D. Cooper Games, News 0
Based on some recent statements, we might expect the next Dragon Age game to be revealed at the Game Awards this week. However, according to a new report, it looks like Dragon Age 4 will not come out until 2021.
The fourth Dragon Age just isn't ready yet
Even though Dragon Age 4 is being developed for at least one year, its development has been postponed, since BioWare is focusing on Anthem at the moment. We know from a post by VentureBeat that, due to the fact that not much work was done on the game, Dragon Age 4 will most likely not be out for the next three years.
What about a Game Awards announcement?
We aware of the fact that it might be too early to hear about Dragon Age at the Game Awards event this week, given the stage at which the game currently is. Nevertheless, it is likely to have at least a little bit of news from BioWare at the award show.
Looking forward to Dragon Age 4
Earlier this year we've had some tweets from BioWare's bosses, Casey Hudson and Mark Darrah, which indicated that a new Dragon Age game is in the works. We may count those posts as an official confirmation of the game, even though the messages were not very clear about it.
Last week we also saw a blog post written by Hudson, mentioning that the studio is "working on some secret Dragon Age stuff […] Look for more on this in the coming month (though I won't tell you where to look)". So, for now, we just have to wait and see what happens next, and we're definitely looking forward to The Game Awards 2018, which happens on Friday. We know for a fact that the fans of Dragon Age cannot wait to see what will be announced during the event.
Game Awards 2018
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Der Name Dietkirchen Bonn steht für mehrere Begriffe, die in der Geschichte der heutigen Bundesstadt Bonn und ihrer Region eine bedeutende Rolle hatten. So war Dietkirche (= Volkskirche) nicht nur der Name einer ersten christlichen Kirche, sondern auch der Namensursprung einer früh entstandenen Ansiedlung, die sich um das Gotteshaus gebildet hatte. Dietkirchen wurde auch der Name des späteren Pfarrbezirkes (Sprengel) und gleichfalls der Name eines bei der Kirche gegründeten Klosters, aus dem später das freiadelige Stift St. Petrus in Dietkirchen hervorging. Das Kloster Dietkirchen gehörte neben den klösterlichen Gründungen in Vilich (978) und Schwarzrheindorf (1151) zu den ersten religiös-weiblichen Konventen im Raum Bonn. Das Stift Dietkirchen wurde 1802 unter der französischen Verwaltung aufgehoben und sein Besitz beschlagnahmt.

Geschichte

Römisch-fränkische Zeit

In der nachrömischen Zeit bildete sich aus dem oppidum castrum Bonna – an der Südwestecke des ehemaligen Römerlagers – eine ubisch-römisch gemischte Wohnsiedlung. In dieser hatte sich – seit der Abkehr vom heidnischen Glauben – in fränkischer Zeit eine christliche Gemeinde gebildet, die sich als Volkskirche (= Dietkirche) verstand. Im Gegensatz zu weiteren früh entstandenen Kirchen war die Dietkirche vorerst die einzige Pfarrkirche mit Taufrecht und wird als Urpfarrei des Bonner Raumes angesehen.

Freilegung der Ur-Kirche in der Bonner Nordstadt

Zu den frühen Geschichtsabläufen fehlen allerdings Urkunden. Ein der heutigen Wissenschaft zu verdankender Ersatz sind die archäologischen Befunde, die in den 1970er-Jahren im Umfeld der ehemaligen Dietkirche durch die Grabungskampagne "Loëkaserne" (Rheindorfer Str., später BMF) mit den dort freigelegten Grundmauerresten festgestellt werden konnten.

Die im Boden der Grünanlage einer Neubausiedlung (Graurheindorfer Straße/Am Römerkastell/Drususstraße) festgestellten fassbaren Spuren eines wohl aus dem 6. Jahrhundert stammenden Gotteshauses werden einer sehr frühen Christengemeinde in der Region zugeschrieben. In welches Jahr die freigelegten Fundamente der Kirchbauten exakt einzuordnen sind, bleibt derzeit unbeantwortet. Die in spätrömischer, spätestens jedoch in frühfränkischer Zeit entstandene, kleine, rechteckige Steinkirche, deren erste Nachfolgerin Reste einer halbrunden Apsis hinterließ, war bis zu ihrem Ruin Kern einer wachsenden Ansiedlung.

Diese wurde zwischen 1002/21 als Kirche des hl. Petrus in Thiedenkireca bezeichnet, deren Nonnen des dortigen Klosters Kaiser Heinrich II. sein Kammergut zu Bibern (Engers, heute Neuwied) schenkte und die später, am 10. August 1021, als "de monasterio sancti Petri Thietkircha dicto in suborbio Bvnae sito, ad altare predicti Sancti Petri apostuli" angeführt wurde. Zu dieser Zeit leitet Äbtissin Bertswindis den Konvent, in der Schenkung wurde sie als "abatissa[e] de monasterio s. Petri Thietkiricha dicto in suburbio Bvnnae sito" bezeichnet.

Chronologie

Frühmittelalter
795 (wahrscheinlich aber früher) soll in der Nähe des verfallenen römischen Castrums eine christliche Kirche gestanden haben, die als "mit eigenem Grundbesitz ausgestattete Kirche" urkundlich belegt werden konnte.

Mit Gunthar, der von 850 bis 863 als erster Erzbischof des Erzbistums Köln amtierte, begannen massive Umbrüche in der bisherigen Kirchengeschichte. 866 war durch Erzbischof Gunthar die Entwicklung zur Verselbstständigung einzelner Kirchen anerkannt worden, sodass auch Stifte und Klöster Dotationen von Kirchen vergeben oder auch annehmen konnten. Danach waren und wurden auch die meisten Bonner Kirchen zu Lehen, die durch den Propst des Bonner Cassiusstiftes vergeben wurden. Lediglich St. Remigius in Bonn, die zuerst eine Eigenkirche des Erzbischofs in Köln war und die im Vorland gelegene Dietkirche hatten einen abweichenden Status. Dietkirchen ging später an das vor 1015 gegründete Benediktinerinnenkloster und spätere freiadelige Damenstift St. Petrus in Dietkirchen.

Jahrtausendwende
In den Jahren 1000 bis 1015 soll die Gründung eines reichbegüterten Benediktinerinnenklosters in Dietkirchen bei der gleichnamigen Kirche stattgefunden haben. Die Erbauerin und erste Äbtissin war Mathilde, Tochter des Ezzo, Pfalzgraf von Lothringen. Sie war in Personalunion Äbtissin in Dietkirchen und Vilich. Dort war sie Nachfolgerin der Äbtissin Adelheid, deren Eltern Megingoz von Geldern und Gerberga ein Benediktinerinnenkloster gestiftet hatten.
Die Anzahl der Konventualinnen oder Kanonissen soll bis in die Neuzeit bei zwölf gelegen haben, wobei in der Regel selten die volle Belegstärke erreicht wurde. Zu den "Jungfern" (Stiftsfräulein) heißt es, dass sie dem niederen Adel angehörten, deren Familien in der Umgebung Bonns ansässig waren.

Der Kopf eines in die Zeit um 1015 datierten Sandsteinreliefs soll möglicherweise Teil der Fassade der frühen gotischen Dietkirche gewesen sein.  Ebenfalls dem Jahr 1015 entstammt die Erwähnung in einer Urkunde – sie ist heute die älteste zur Kirchengeschichte der Stadt Bonn – die erstmals einen Frauenkonvent bei der Dietkirche belegt, der nur wenige Jahre zuvor als Kloster der Benediktinerinnen gegründet worden war. In der Urkunde heißt es unter anderem:

Diese und weitere Urkunden belegen die Anfänge des späteren Damenstiftes.

Hoch- und Spätmittelalter

Der Verfall der Ordensdisziplin in Dietkirchen führte 1166 zu einer von Erzbischof Rainald von Dassel angeordneten Klosterreform, in der er die in einer Urkunde von 1015 erstmals als Frauenkonvent bezeichnete Vereinigung erneut unter die Regel des hl. Benedikt stellte – ein Status, der offiziell, auch wenn sich das strenge Reglement über die Jahrzehnte liberalisierte, bis zur Umwandlung in ein Stift beibehalten wurde. Auch bezüglich der von der Äbtissin Ermentrude wiedererworbenen, ehemals verpfändeten Güter, verbot Reinald die Entfremdung derselben vorzunehmen.
1246 erlaubte Erzbischof Konrad in seinem Bistum, Sammlungen zur Sanierung beziehungsweise zum Wiederaufbau (reedificare) der vom Einsturz bedrohten Dietkirche durchzuführen.

Ein in die Zeit um 1290 datierter Taufstein aus Basaltlava wurde in seinen vermauerten Bruchstücken im Abbruchmaterial der niedergelegten späteren Barockkirche gefunden und rekonstruiert. Dieser, und die sogenannte Dietkirchenmadonna aus dem 14. Jahrhundert sind überkommene Schätze. Sie zieren die heutige, von Heinrich Wiethase entworfene, im gotischen Stil erbaute Kirche.
Wann der Taufstein, der zeitweise auch als "Volksaltar" diente, sowie die Skulptur der Madonna mit Kind in den Besitz der Pfarrkirche gelangten, ist derzeit nicht bekannt; sie werden aber später in die Dietkirche gekommen sein, da diese selbst zum Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts (Spendenaufruf durch Erzbischof Sifrid) und ebenfalls in den Anfängen des 14. Jahrhunderts auf Spenden für einen Neubau (der um 1316/17 im Bau war) angewiesen war. Auch einer späteren Textpassage einer Einlassung von 1647 ist zu entnehmen, dass die Ausstattung des Kircheninneren recht dürftig gewesen sei.
Auch die Gebäude des Konvents blieben in der oft von Durchzügen kriegerischer Banden betroffenen Stadt nicht von Schäden verschont. So berichtet eine Urkunde von 1320, dass die Äbtissin Ponzetta zu Dietkirchen – Schwester des Erzbischofs Heinrich II. von Virneburg – noch vor 1320 ein durch Brand/Brandstiftung vernichtetes Dormitorium in Dietkirchen für ca. 1000 Mark wieder aufbauen musste. Nach den Kölner erzbischöflichen Regesten soll 1317 eine Krypta der Kirche existiert haben, die als ältester Teil des Bauwerks bezeichnet wurde.

Ein Transfix von 1327 besagte, dass im Dezember 1326 Dominicus Patriarch von Grado (1318–1332) und elf Bischöfe in Avignon für andächtigen Besuch der Pfarrkirche zum heiligen Petrus in Dietkirchen an bestimmten Tagen sowie für Beisteuer zur Baukasse, Beleuchtung, Zierrat oder zu den sonstigen Erfordernissen der Kirche einen Ablass von 40 Tagen verliehen.
Die Verleihung des 40-tägigen Ablassrechtes scheint erfolgreich verlaufen zu sein, denn nur drei Jahre später, im Jahr 1330 hieß es in einer Eintragung: Herstellung der Stiftsgebäude. Ebenfalls für dieses Jahr wurde ein Haus auf dem an das Stift angrenzenden Markt erwähnt.

Besitzungen des Stifts
Die Besitzungen waren vielfältiger Art und beruhten anfänglich auf Stiftungen oder Vermächtnissen. Mit zunehmendem Wohlstand des Konvents fanden auch Zukäufe statt. Neben den erhaltenen Privilegien wie Lehen, Zehnt, Marktrecht und Zinserträge, bildete sich Kapital durch bauliche Anlagen in Dörfern und Städten des Umlandes. Ein weiteres Beispiel waren Immobilien. Man besaß in den "Großstädten" Bonn und Köln einen Stadthof, Wohnhäuser und gewerbliche Anlagen wie Brauhäuser und Mühlen (z. B. die Stiftsmühle Steinbrück, die zum Flecken Mülheim gehörte). Der Flecken Mülheim wurde im Rahmen des Ausbaus der vorhandenen Festungswerke vor dem "Mülheimer dürlein" abgerissen, wobei nicht nur die Stiftsmühle, auch "junffern moelen zo Dietkirchen" genannt, sondern auch 146 Morgen Wiesen und Weingärten verloren gingen. Nach der Zerstörung der Mühle gehörte Dietkirchen zum Dransdorfer Mühlenzwang. Weiter betrieb man intensiv Weinanbau und Verarbeitung (Kelterhäuser), dessen Erträge wesentlich zum Wohlstand beitrugen.
In den damals noch dünn besiedelten Gebieten war die Forstwirtschaft (Eichholz) einer der ersten Erwerbszweige, die in Form des begehrten Holzmaterials, aber auch nach Rodung von Waldgebieten durch den Rottzehnten (s. Urfeld) Gewinne abwarfen. Ein weiterer Erwerbszweig war die Schaf- und Fischzucht, die Dietkirchen in Walberberg (Hof Krawinkel) und Sechtem (Stiftshof) betrieb. Zu diesen Varianten gesellten sich zumeist zehntpflichtige Gutshöfe mit ihren Ländereien, die häufig (aber nicht nur) in der Vorgebirgsregion gelegen waren und von Halfen bewirtschaftet wurden. Dazu zählten das schon erwähnte Königswinter, Dottendorf, Friesdorf und Gielsdorf.

Seit einer Schenkung im Jahr 1050 in Winetre jedoch befanden sich solche vornehmlich im Norden von Bonn. Dazu gehörte Besitz in Urfeld, Sechtem, Walberberg (1163 wurde der Stiftshof Krawinkel unter den Gütern des Stiftes Dietkirchen genannt), Waldorf, Widdig, Roisdorf und Buschhoven.

Weitere Ländereien und Höfe lagen in Liblar und Spurk, in Köttingen der Wedemhof und vier weitere Höfe, ein Hof in Blessem, zwei Höfe in Roggendorf, heute Kierdorf (Erftstadt) (1113 als "Rouchesdorp" in Urkunde des Klosters Dietkirchen genannt), Höfe in Brüggen und die Stiftsmühle in Brüggen gehörten zum Besitz, ferner größere Waldparzellen in Türnich und Köttingen, die als "Lehen" bezeichnet wurden. Die Inhaber der Höfe und Waldparzellen waren zur Kurmede verpflichtet. Sie erschienen als Hofgeschworene beim Hofgericht auf dem Fronhof, wo unter Vorsitz des Stiftskellners über fällige Abgaben, Neuvergabe von Höfen, Kurmeden und Erbteilungen verhandelt wurde. Das Stift besaß Zehntrechte im Kirchspiel Liblar (Liblar, Spurk und Köttingen) und Forstrechte.
Neben den von den Benediktinerinnen übernommenen umfangreichen Besitzungen mehrten die Stiftsdamen des Kanonissenstifts Dietkirchen ihre Besitztümer. Nach und nach besaßen sie Liegenschaften auf beiden Rheinseiten.

Gütertrennung und Stiftsgemeinschaft
Zur besseren Absicherung des Lebensunterhalts der Konventualinnen nahm Erzbischof Walram 1341 eine Gütertrennung zwischen Äbtissin und Konvent vor.
Anlass der Maßnahme, die Walram zur materiellen Teilung von Besitz und Einkünften zwischen dem Konvent und der Leitung des Klosters anordnete, soll die zu dieser Zeit enorm angewachsene Verschuldung des Klosters unter der Äbtissin Sofia gewesen sein.

Der Äbtissin sprach er die Klosterhöfe in Urfeld, Eichholz und Widdig zu, lediglich die größere der Scheunen in Eichholz nahm er davon aus. Diese fiel an den Konvent, der sie nach Sechtem verlagerte, um sie dort als Zehntscheune zu nutzen. Die Klosterhöfe in Antweiler, Satzfey, Buschhoven, Liblar und Krawinkel durften von der Äbtissin verpachtet werden, deren Erträge wurden nun jedoch gesplittet. So erhielt die Äbtissin einen Anteil von 2/5, der Konvent 3/5. Weiter behielt die Äbtissin die Herrschaft über die vom Kloster abhängigen Vasallen, Lehnsleute, Wachszinsige und Lehen mit Gerichtsbarkeit, Kurmeden und Einkünften, ausgenommen die Kurmeden der Höfe Waldorf und Roisdorf.

Wie auch bei anderen Stiften, Abteien, den Besitzungen des Adels oder auch externen Liegenschaften der Städte und Landkommunen, markierte Dietkirchen seine Ländereien und Forsten in der Feldmark durch Bann-/Grenzsteine. Aus der Bornheimer Gemarkung des heutigen Stadtteiles Roisdorf barg man in der Flur des Dietkirchener Hofes auf dem sogenannten "Donnerstein" einen derartigen Stein. Er trug die Buchstaben "S S P IN D K" = Stift Sankt Petrus in Dietkirchen.

Die Äbtissin erhielt die Klosterfischerei im Rhein bei Urfeld, zwei Holzgewalten in Morenhofen und drei Morgen Wiesen.
Die Präbende, die sie in Dietkirchen hatte, musste sie aus ihren Höfen empfangen. Sie erhielt ihren Anteil an den täglichen Präsenzgeldern, wenn sie in Dietkirchen war.
Auch das Äbtissinnenhaus in Dietkirchen verblieb der jeweiligen Vorsteherin, ausgenommen zwei Kelterhäuschen, einen Weinkeller und den Söller des Konvents, von dem jedoch ein Teil der Äbtissin vorbehalten blieb. Sie durfte zudem einen Pferdestall an der Klosterpforte in Dietkirchen bauen lassen, wozu der Konvent beizusteuern hatte.
Die Äbtissin behielt das Klosterregiment in gleichem Maße wie ihre Vorgängerinnen, jedoch blieb sie von der Verwaltung des Vermögens ausgeschlossen. Dies war fortan Sache des Konvents und eventuell angestellter Kanoniker.

Diverse Stiftsanlagen hinter der Klostermauer
Aus den Jahren 1425/39 stammen Berichte zu einem Torbau (portzen huys), einer Küche und einer Pisterei (Bäckerei) etc. Auch erwähnen mehrere Rechnungen dieser Zeitspanne einen Turm, der über ein Geläut von vier Glocken und seit 1438 über ein Horologion verfügte. In diese Zeit fällt auch ein 1427 erwähnter Pütz (Brunnen), der im Pesch (Garten des Kreuzgangs) gestanden haben soll und eventuell der Johannisbrunnen nachrömischer Zeit gewesen ist, der 1880 unter dem Südteil der ehemaligen Kaserne wiederentdeckt wurde.

Johannismarkt Dietkirchen

Bereits 1150 wurde ein "forum" (Markt) vor Dietkirchen erwähnt, dazu wurde namentlich ein "Heidericus de Foro" genannt.
Am 2. Juli 1349 bestätigte Kaiser Karl IV. dem Marktdorf Dietkirchen in einer Urkunde ein schon zuvor erhaltenes Privileg, nach dem alljährlich ein Markt zu Dietkirchen veranstaltet werden durfte. Kirche und Stiftsgebäude lagen nahe und die Marktfläche direkt an der Kölner Landstraße, unweit des Kölner Tores in einer rückwärtig von Weingärten bestandenen Flur. Die Marktfläche verfügte – ausweislich der Zeichnung Merians von 1642 – über zwei Schwemmen (Viehtränken) und die Platzmitte zierte ein hohes Marktkreuz aus Stein, nach Patronat von Kirche und Konvent Johanniskreuz genannt.
Auch die Zeit des abzuhaltenden Jahrmarktes war festgelegt. Er begann alljährlich zur Vigil des Patronatsheiligen Johannes des Täufers am 23. Juni und währte bis zum Festtag der Heiligen Peter und Paul am 29. Juni.
Von alters her nahm das Kapitel bzw. der Konvent (nicht die Äbtissin) während des Marktes sein Recht auf den steuerfreien Weinzapf wahr, indem es bzw. er durch die Knechte die eigenen Weine veräußern ließ.
Der Jahrmarkt – und auch sein Johanniskreuz – wurden erst zur französischen Zeit auf den Münsterplatz verlegt. Das Kreuz befindet sich etwa seit 1850 auf dem Alten Friedhof Bonn. An das Dietkirchener Kreuz erinnert auch die zwischen Rosental und Kölnstraße verlaufende Straße "Am Johanneskreuz".
Der Markt lag an einer von altersher als Handelsstraße dienenden Landstraße. Man nannte sie 1393 "up der Collerstrayssen", 1516 " up der Collerstrayss" und im Raum Buschhoven "up der bunnerstraiss", 1603 "an der hohe langs die Colnische straiß" oder "die ordinary von Colln gehn Mentz (Mainz) gehende freie Kayserliche Landstraßen". 1658 war es die "Cölnische Landstraßen", die 1738 als Heerstraße zwischen Bonn und Köln bezeichnet wurde.

Begräbnisstätte Tyeten Kirchhove
Auf dem 1369 erwähnten Land "am Tyeten Kirchhove up dem Crüytzvelde" soll möglicherweise ein erster der zwei Friedhöfe des Konventes angelegt worden sein. Es war eingeteiltes Areal, wobei eine Hälfte für die letzte Ruhe der Konventualinnen bestimmt war – Äbtissin Ponzetta wurde in der Barbarakapelle der Münsterkirche beigesetzt – und der weitere Teil war die Begräbnisstätte der Pfarrangehörigen.

Übergangszeit zur Stiftsverfassung

Die schon früh einsetzenden Vernachlässigungen der Klosterregeln, die im 12. Jahrhundert begonnen hatten und andauerten, fanden sowohl Nachahmer als auch Kritiker. So beklagte 1230 und 1240 der Mönch und Chronist Caesarius von Heisterbach die Missstände in den Klöstern der Region. Jedoch wurden über die Jahre hinweg diese Regeln immer liberaler gehandhabt und waren im 14. Jahrhundert mit der Teilungsurkunde von 1341 de facto aufgegeben. Zwar war Dietkirchen formal ein Kloster, fungierte aber als Stift, dessen Kanonissen (canonice religionis) eigene Einkünfte besaßen.
Noch vor Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts war die Erlaubnis zur Anwendung der liberaleren Stiftsverfassung gegeben worden, jedoch erst im Jahr 1483 wandelte Papst Sixtus IV. Kloster Dietkirchen in ein freies weltliches Damenstift um, in dem den Kanonissen gestattet war, ohne Gelübde, Habit und Klausur unter einer Äbtissin zu leben.
Die Jahre 1485 bis 1492 sind die Amtsjahre des Plebanus Petrus Becker, der nach dem Studium der Theologie an der Universität zu Köln Pfarrer in Dietkirchen wurde. Da zwischen 1485 und 1489 ein Petrus Michaelis aus Bonn belegt ist, wird angenommen, dass dieser mit dem Verstorbenen identisch sein dürfte, dessen Grabplatte am Standort der mittelalterlichen Kirche gefunden wurde. Dieser hatte sich 1478 an der Kölner Universität immatrikuliert und wurde 1485 zum Priester geweiht.

Stift und Kirche in der Neuzeit
Aus diversen Urkunden (zumeist Lehnsverträge), deren Inhalte indirekt im Zusammenhang mit dem Stift standen, ging hervor, dass in den Jahren 1506/1509 Mettel von Hanxleben als Äbtissin des Stiftes waltete. Für das Jahr 1552 ist Margarethe Wolff belegt.

Noch 1583 (100 Jahre nach der Umwandlung zum Stift) erwähnen die Urkunden einen Schlafsaal, der gemäß der Benediktinerregel Dormiter genannt wurde, sowie eine Preiskammer (?) der Kirche fand Erwähnung. Im gleichen Jahr meldet ein Akteneintrag "Kirche und Kloster in Dietkirchen ausgeplündert und teilweise zerstört".
1615 scheinen die Schäden behoben worden zu sein, denn es heißt "nach den Statuten wurde der Gottesdienst wieder vollständig gehalten".

Altäre und Kanonikate
Den Statuten zufolge befanden sich nach der Gottesdienstordnung von 1330, jedoch bis 1615 in der Anzahl variierend, zwischen neun und 12 Altäre, die diversen Kanonikaten zugeteilt waren. Sie waren der St.-Peter-Altar (1021 Hauptaltar, 1615 Hochaltar), 1241 und 1290 Altar St. Johann Baptist (in der Krypta) und 1615 heißt es Vic. S. Johannis, 1330 und 1576 St. Andreas in der Krypta. 1615 heißt es Vicarius des Andreas und Kreuzaltares. 1427 werden die Altäre S. Antonii und St. Benedictus genannt. Zum letzteren heißt es 1615, er sei dem Altar BMV inkorporiert worden. Für 1330 wurde ein St.-Cassius-Altar erwähnt, an dem der Provisor prebende animarum (Seelmessenpriester) zelebrierte. Ebenfalls 1330 stiftete Daniel von Elkerode (möglicherweise im Zusammenhang mit Elkenroth) einen der S. Catharina geweihten Altar der Dietkirchener Krypta und ging 1615 an eine Vikarie. 1370 befand sich im Jungfernchor der Liebfrauenaltar. Seinen Unterhalt gewann er durch die ½ Rente eines Hauses auf dem Johannismarkt und 1371 durch die Erbpacht von einem Haus an der Wenster(l)pforte zwischen Kölner Pforte und neuer Thurm. Für das Jahr 1290 – die Zeit aus der der erhaltene Taufstein stammt – erwähnt eine Urkunde des Pfarrarchivs der Stiftskirche den "Altar St. Michaelis monasterii in Dytkirck". In der Aufzählung folgen der Altar St. Nikolaus (1615), St. Stephan (1330, 1615 mit zwei anderen vereinigt), St. Trinitatis (1330, 1615 mit zwei anderen vereinigt) und der Altar St. Welricus in der Balderichskapelle.

Aufgrund der drohenden Gefahr bevorstehender Angriffe auf Bonn unternahm das Militär der dortigen Garnison vielfältige Vorkehrungen, dieser Bedrohung zu begegnen und verwandelte das Dietkirchener Vorfeld in ein Festungsglacis um. Da die die Zerstörung des im Vorland gelegenen Stiftes und seiner Kirche im Jahr 1673 wahrscheinlich planvoll ablief, dürften wertvolle Ausstattungsstücke rechtzeitig in Sicherheit gebracht oder verkauft worden sein.

Merians Stadtansicht

Zu den Jahren 1646/47 berichtete eine kurze Notiz zur Klosterkirche Dietkirchen. Es hieß "Die Kirche, die klein ist und recht dürftig ausgestattet…" und im Jahr 1653 scheint eine Renovierung ihren Abschluss gefunden zu haben, denn es heißt: "nunc anno 1653 renovatum". Bei Clemen heißt es zur Dietkirche: "nach der Abbildung Merians war die Kirche ein frühgotisches Bauwerk, deren Äußeres dem Stil der von R. Pick beschriebenen Minoriten Kirche entsprach".
Etwa zwei Jahrzehnte nachdem der Schweizer Kupferstecher Matthäus Merian auch im Rheinland seine Skizzen fertigte, hatte die Pestepidemie auch den Köln-Bonner Raum erreicht und vernichtete viele Menschenleben. Da die Seuche vor allem in den Städten ihre Opfer fand, flüchteten die Wohlhabenden in ländliche Refugien. So flüchtete sich die Bonner Äbtissin mit ihren Stiftsdamen auf ihre Besitzungen am Vorgebirgsrand, wobei die Fräulein auf dem Sechtemer Ophof und die Äbtissin auf Gut Eichholz (ihrer Sommerresidenz) Quartier nahmen.
1605 bis 1620 führte Beatrix von Honeppel (genannt von Impel) die Belange des Stiftes. 1654 und 1655 sowie im Jahr 1663 ist Anna Maria von Velbrück Äbtissin im Stift Dietkirchen.
In einem Vertrag des Jahres 1662/63 – seit der 1341 verfügten Gütertrennung zwischen Äbtissin und Konvent waren die Stiftsfräulein auch ohne Äbtissin in den eigenen Belangen geschäftsfähig – wird eine ganze Anzahl der Stiftsdamen namentlich angeführt. Die Fräulein Maria von Velbrück zu Horst, Sophia Agnes von Kolff zu Haußen, Maria Francisca Elisabetha von Steinen, Anthonetta von Hersel zu Bodenheim und weitere Stiftsfräulein schlossen im Namen des Konvents einen modifizierten 12-jährigen Pachtvertrag mit dem Halfen des Sechtemer Ophofes. Im Vertrag war im Absatz vier festgelegt: "Die Pächter liefern in jedem Jahr zu Martini und zwei Wochen danach 134 Malter Getreide (1 Malter = 143,54 Liter) in diversen Sorten in den Dietkirchener Speicher nach Bonn oder nach Köln".
Bereits 1669 begannen auch in der Höhe des Kölner Tores vorbereitende Maßnahmen, einen der Stadtmauer vorgelagerten Festungsrayon einzurichten. Dort wurde unter anderem ½ Morgen Weingarten des Deutschen Ordens in Köln eingezogen.

1672 begannen die Arbeiten am Kölntor selbst, dort dauerte das "fortificiren" bis zum Oktober 1673 an. In diesem Rahmen sollen, wegen des bevorstehenden Holländischen Krieges und der Belagerung von Bonn, aus Verteidigungsgründen die vor den Stadtmauern gelegenen Stiftsgebäude sowie die Dietkirche niedergelegt worden sein. In den Aufzeichnungen des Pfarrarchivs heißt es: "Zerstörung des Stiftes, des Hauses der Äbtissin, des Fräulein Hauses, des Speichers, des Brau- und Backhauses".

Kirche und Stift innerhalb der Stadtmauern
Nach etwa 13 Jahren kehrten die vor der Pest aufs Land geflüchteten Stiftsdamen nach Bonn zurück und wohnten vorübergehend im Haus eines Bonner Klerikers, welches am Kleinhöfchen (am heutigen Martinsplatz) gelegen war.
Im Haus des Kanonikus Piesers erhielten sie 1680 nahe dem Kölner Tor eine feste Bleibe in der Pauls- oder auch Baggertsgasse. 1290 nannte man sie erstmals als "de domo et area in vicho sancti Pauli" und um 1393 "up der Pauwelsgassen oerde". Dort bewohnten eines der wenigen Häuser der Gasse Begarden, die seit dem 14. Jahrhundert in Bonn lebten. Sie widmeten sich der Krankenpflege (Hospital Overstolz) und nutzten die dortige Kapelle St. Paul zum Gebet. Nachdem der Kurfürst Max Heinrich dem Stift den dortigen Hof Overstolz, "der sonsten zu einem hospital oder pestkrankenhaus ordoniert gewesen" und die Kapelle St. Paul übertragen hatte, versuchten die Stiftsdamen ihre und die Zukunft des Stiftes neu zu gestalten. Schon bald entstand dort wieder ein Kelter- und Speicherhaus. Hier in der Paulsgasse ist für 1681 Maria von Velbrück als Äbtissin belegt, die spätestens 1715 durch Odilia von Wylich abgelöst wurde.

Nachfolge der Kapelle St. Paul

Stiftungen zum Bau der Barockkirche
Der zeitlich bedingte Verfall der St. Paulskapelle (Zeichnung Merians) sowie die anwachsende Schar der Gemeindemitglieder am Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts erforderten einen Kirchenneubau in der ehemaligen Paulsgasse. Sie war nach 1531 zur Baggertsgasse umbenannt worden und erhielt später (1736 im Straßenverzeichnis) die heutige Bezeichnung Stiftsgasse.

1725 stiftete der Kurfürst Clemens August 160 Reichstaler für den Kirchenbau, die vorläufig jährlich gezahlt werden sollten. Im Mai 1729 schloss man mit dem Architekten und Baumeister Maevis Bongarts einen Vertrag zur Bauausführung (Vertragstext im Staatsarchiv Düsseldorf). Das entworfene Bauwerk wurde ein kreuzförmig angelegtes Gotteshaus im zeitgenössischen Stil des Barock, dessen Mittelkuppel eine Höhe von etwa 22 Meter erreichte. Bereits im Juli 1729 fand die Grundsteinlegung durch Clemens August persönlich statt.

Dieser stiftete in der Folge auch 4000 Reichstaler für eine spezielle "facciata" Fassadengestaltung. Dietkirchen selbst sah sich 1730 gezwungen, zur Fortsetzung des Kirchbaus ein Darlehen von 5000 Reichstalern aufzunehmen. 1737 stiftete Gräfin von Polheim zur Anfertigung eines Hochaltars 1000 Gulden (oberländisch) und H. von Gymnich steuerte dem gleichen Zweck 250 Reichstaler hinzu. Eine Sammlung für die Baumaßnahmen an der Kirche erbrachte weitere 7109 Reichstaler 66 Albus.

Die Jahre vor der Aufhebung
1742 nahm Theresia Philippa von Gymnich das Amt der Äbtissin wahr. 1773 erwähnt der Stadtplan einen Brunnen an der Kölnstraße/ Stiftsgasse (ein Pütz an dieser Stelle wurde bereits 1591 und 1699 erwähnt, es sind möglicherweise die Vorläufer des heutigen Brunnens am Stiftsplatz vis-à-vis der Stiftskirche).
Zum Stift hieß es im gleichen Jahr: "das Stift St. Petri in Dietkirchen linkerseits das eisen Gegitter, wo man in die Kirch gehet, neben dem Gegitter pomp (Pumpe), 3 Altäre (in der Kapelle), vorn an der Straß das Haus, worin die Frau Äbtissin wohnt".

Letzte Äbtissin
In den Angaben zur Geschichte der Denkmäler des Kreises Bonn erwähnt der Historiker Paul Clemen, dass sich in der Pfarrkirche Sechtems eine von Petrus Legros (Sohn des Martin Legros) gegossene Glocke mit folgender Inschrift befand:

Die in der Glockeninschrift genannte "Abatissa" L. B. de Bourscheid scheint die letzte namentlich bekannte Äbtissin des Stiftes gewesen zu sein. Für das Jahr 1790 vermerken die Akten den Stand der Stiftsangehörigen: Äbtissin, 9 Fräulein und ein Geistlicher als Sekretarius.

Dietkirchens letzter Kirchhof

Von dem erstmals 1721 sogenannten St. Pauli Kirchhof wird berichtet, dass er seit 1774 auch vom Stift zur Bestattung seiner Verstorbenen genutzt wurde. Er lag nach heutigen Erkenntnissen nicht allzu weit neben dem Standort der heutigen Stiftskirche, deren Adresse die Kölnstraße 31 ist, entfernt. Dietz berichtet, dass im Boden des hinteren Teils des Hauses Kölnstraße 45 nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Skelette gefunden wurden, die von dem Kirchhof St. Paulus stammen würden.

Aufhebung des Stiftes
Unter der französischen Verwaltung endete auch die mittelalterliche Geschichte, die mit dem Namen Dietkirchen verbunden war. Das Kirchensystem hatte sich nun am Reglement des Mutterlandes der Franzosen zu orientieren, das im linksrheinischen Gebiet das 1801 abgeschlossene Konkordat zwischen Napoleon und Papst Pius VII. inklusive beigefügter Napoleonischer Artikel anzuwenden hatte.

1802 wurden Klöster und Stifte aufgehoben, geistlicher Besitz beschlagnahmt und verstaatlicht und so manche Kirche profaniert. Das bisherige Pfarrgebiet Dietkirchens erweiterte man um Teile der Gangolfpfarrei.
Die sich seit alter Zeit eingebürgerte Bezeichnung Stiftskirche erhielt sich seit dieser Zeit nur für die Kirche St. Johann Baptist und Petrus im nördlichen Bonn, nicht aber für das Bonner Münster. Der Name Dietkirchen verlor an Bedeutung und verschwand bis auf den seit 1910 bestehenden Straßennamen Dietkirchenstraße zwischen Kölnstraße und Nordstraße.

Literatur
 Irmingard Achter: Die Stiftskirche St. Peter in Vilich. In: Die Kunstdenkmäler des Rheinlandes. Rudolf Wesenberg (Hrsg.), Rheinland Verlag, Düsseldorf 1968.
 Irmingard Achter: Bonner Kirchen und Kapellen. Geschichte und Kunst der Katholischen Gotteshäuser und Pfarreien. Wilhelm Passavanti (Hrsg.). F. Dümmler Verlag, Bonn 1989, ISBN 3-427-85031-5.
 Karl Friedrich Brosche: Die Geschichte des Frauenklosters und späteren Kanonissenstifts Dietkirchen bei Bonn von den Anfängen der Kirche bis zum Jahre 1550. Dissertation. Bonn 1951.
 Hermann Cardauns: Regesten des Kölner Erzbischofs Konrad von Hochstaden (1210) 1238–61 in Historischer Verein für den Niederrhein. In: Annalen des historischen Vereins für den Niederrhein, insbesondere die alte Erzdiözese. DuMont-Schauberg'sche Buchhandlung, Köln, Heft 35–37, 1880–82.
 Paul Clemen: Die Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt und des Landkreises Bonn. (= Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz. Band 5.3). Druck und Verlag L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1905. (Nachdruck 1981, ISBN 3-590-32113-X)
 Josef Dietz: Topographie der Stadt Bonn vom Mittelalter bis zum Ende der kurfürstlichen Zeit. In: Bonner Geschichtsblätter. Jahrbuch des Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsvereins. Band XVI, 1962.
 Karl Gutzmer: Chronik der Stadt Bonn. Chronik Verlag, Verlag 1988, ISBN 3-611-00032-9.
 Jahrbuch des Kölnischen Geschichtsvereins e.V. Band 20, Verlag Creutzer & Co., Köln 1938.
 Richard Knipping (Bearb.): Die Regesten der Erzbischöfe vom Köln im Mittelalter. Dritter Band, Erste Hälfte: 1205-1261. Nr. 1254, Bonn 1909, S. 181.
 Wilhelm Passavanti (Hrsg.): Bonner Kirchen und Kapellen. Geschichte und Kunst der katholischen Pfarreien und Gotteshäuser. F. Dümmler Verlag, Bonn 1989, ISBN 3-427-85031-5.
 German Hubert Christian Maaßen: Geschichte der Pfarreien des Dekanates Bonn. 1. Theil: Stadt Bonn. 1894.
 Wolfgang Peters: Die Gründung des Benediktinerinnenklosters St. Mauritius. In: Jahrbuch des Kölnischen Geschichtsvereins. Band 54, 1983, S. 135–166.
 R. Pick: Geschichte der Stiftskirche zu Bonn. Bonn 1884.
 Renaissance am Rhein. Katalog zur Ausstellung im LVR-Landesmuseum Bonn, 2010/2011. Verlag Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2010, ISBN 978-3-7757-2707-5.
 Georg Schwedt: Bonn am Rhein im Spiegel des Kupferstechers Merian, Reisen in die Geschichte der Stadt. Verlag BoD, Norderstedt 2016, ISBN 978-3-7412-3813-0.
 Heinz Vorzepf: Sechtemer Dorfchronik.
 Band 2: Kirche und Schule im Wandel der Zeit. 2001.
 Band 3: Geschichte unserer Heimat, Burgen und Höfe. 2008.
 Norbert Zerlett: Grenzsteine in Feld und Wald. In: Brühler Heimatblätter. Nr. 2/1978, S. 35.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Christentum in Bonn
Bonn-Zentrum
Ehemaliges Frauenstift
Ehemaliges Benediktinerinnenkloster in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Kölnstraße (Bonn)
Bonn
Bonn
Bonn
Kloster
Kloster
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Bonn

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Presents survey findings about how Americans learned about the video, how much they heard about it, and whether they watched it by age group. Examines shifts in support for and skepticism of the campaign in blog posts and tweets. Includes excerpts.
Copyright 2012 Pew Research Center.


Will He Find Faith on This Earth?
Jesus concludes the parable of the persistent widow with this rather peculiar rhetorical question. It is odd for our faith tells us the Church will endure until the end of time, even in the face of persecution. At the same time, the question hints at a reality that seems all too evident in our present age. Mass attendance is falling and Catholic schools are closing for lack of enrollment. Society is moving further and further away from Christian principles.
None of these trends are desirable. Rather than fall into despair over the direction of our world, perhaps God permits this cultural darkness to help us see more clearly His grace at work in sustaining the faith.
Our culture now holds up as its standard the notions that whatever you feel, you should do and whatever you do must be accepted by everyone else.
Individual perceptions, no matter how incorrect or off the wall, should be manifested in reality. For example, a British man, who fancied himself to be a parrot, got hundreds of tattoos, including on his face and eyelids, and fifty piercings over his body. He even had a six-hour surgery to remove the lobes of his ears to look more like a parrot. He has stated that he hopes to have surgery on his nose to make it look more like a beak.
Self-expression has also become crasser. There are public demonstrations where representations of the female anatomy are now events to which one ought to proudly bring your children. My town sadly plays host annually to a naked bike ride, apparently as a form of delight and pride. Television and the other forms of media bombard us with images of scantily clad men and women on shows and commercials so much so that individuals wearing only their underwear no longer shock us.
While we bathe in an atmosphere focused on the notion that "I must express myself," we also see a greater insecurity in one's own ideas. College students need "safe spaces" to be shielded from words that offend them. Professors must avoid topics or stealthy navigate around presenting materials lest students become provoked. These words offend not because they are an attack on the student but because they run contrary to their own ideas or perceptions. Outlandish outrage happens when opposing ideas are expressed, which seems to be symptomatic of a great insecurity.
When we look around in our cities and our country, we see insane things being considered perfectly normal, even laudable. These are, unfortunately, just a few examples of the cultural darkness that pervades.
All is certainly not well with our society. With many others, I sometimes have to shake my head and ponder why God puts up with the destruction we seem to be ravaging upon ourselves. Perhaps, however, God permits all of this craziness to allow us to see His grace at work more clearly.
For example, if I look at my own life and faith journey, there are a hundred reasons why, as a young adult, I should have fallen away from the practice of the faith. I did not grow up in an especially devout home. I went to a secular university where professors were openly opposed to the Catholic Church.
I am not alone. Despite being the generation following the "lost generation" after Vatican II, there are other young adults who are active in the faith. Many of my friends could likely raise examples of how, somewhat inexplicably apart from God's grace, they remained actively practicing the faith, reverted to the faith, or converted.
I see Catholic young adult groups that are active in my diocese. Hundreds show up for monthly Theology on Tap events to hear talks on matters touching upon the faith. Not only there young adults willing to identify as Catholic, but they willingly choose to go to events centered around the Blessed Sacrament. These same events find lines for the Sacrament of Reconciliation for the whole hour despite having multiple priests hearing confessions. On Thursday or Friday nights, when they could be out partying or even frivoling away their time watching cat videos on YouTube, young adults choose to spend time in prayer. Somehow, in the craziness of the world, the Holy Spirit has led young people to find the friendships needed to build up their faith.
If our culture were truly Christianized, none of these happenings would seem strange. It would be expected that everyone would be at church on Sunday and everyone would be striving to live moral lives. Obviously, God is the ultimate source of grace and the One who allows us to do anything that is good. Because our culture is the opposite, however, it appears to us all the more miraculous that there are people trying to follow the example of Christ. Put another way, the darkness of our culture helps us more readily see God at work in the world.
By the grace of God, the seeds of faith have been planted and thrive, despite a seemingly hostile environment. And maybe that is how we can hold on to hope that the faith is still found in a world that seems to be pursuing everything but holiness.
First of all, you both need to look at 2 Tim 2:23. As to the passage in question, while Howard is correct that it is about the one antichrist who has not yet been revealed, we also read in the passage that God will send a powerful delusion which will lead people to believe what is false, something that very plausibly could refer to this generation. But as "only the Father knows the day and the hour that these things will happen, not even the angels in heaven, or the Son Himself," it is quite presumptive to suggest that these prophecies refer to our generation.
Given the fact that St. Paul said: "do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have from God, and that you are not your own?" it is evident that the description of 2 Thessalonians chapter 2 definitely applies to the atheists and subjectivists of our times. As you stated, it is "something that very plausibly could refer to this generation." But then you go on to say that: "only the Father knows the day and the hour that these things will happen, not even the angels in heaven, or the Son Himself," and conclude that "it is quite presumptive to suggest that these prophecies refer to our generation." No one here is talking about a day or hour. the passage speaks of a situation like that of today. Moreover, the message of Fatima which warned of the errors of this mindset speaks of the Triumph of her Immaculate Heart not the Last Judgment. The whole passage of St. Paul begins with the idea that this is something that will take place before that event and so his contemporaries had no reason to believe the judgment was imminent.
St. Paul spoke of a "mass apostasy" (apostasia in the original Greek) one day in the future Church. He doesn't say that there will be no faith, but clearly a lot of people will have lost their faith. He also indicates the Holy Spirit as Christ's healing power for the Church. It is all in chapter 2 of 2 Thessalonians. He reminds his readers that he had spoken at length of it in his oral teaching during his stay there.
Yes, yes — but this kind of thing has happened before, after all — for instance, with the rise of Islam, the Protestant Reformation, and the French and Bolshevik Revolutions. We should be so full of pride as to think that of course God has reserved us for the End or for some other truly unique time.
Instead, we should concern ourselves with two thoughts.
1) Yes, the Holy Spirit does guarantee that the Church will perdure. The same promise is not made for the Boy Scouts, the Walt Disney corporation, or even the United States. We too readily confuse "familiar" with "eternal".
If you carefully read the second chapter of 2 Thessalonians, you will see that what St. Paul is speaking about is combination of atheism and subjectivism (man taking the place of God). This is a very precise situation that has never happened before.
No, it doesn't. Not at all, in fact. 2 Thessalonians 2 is about the revelation of the man of lawlessness, aka the Antichrist, which must precede the return of Christ, but that the Thessalonians to whom St. Paul wrote his epistle would be saved. You're exercising a lot of subjectivism yourself by reading into it what you want rather than what it actually says. Cut it out.
I'm a convert from the Baptists, so I've seen an awful lot of this foolishness. I remember being told that the "generation" referred to in Luke 21:32 was a 40-year period beginning with the "restoration" of the state of Israel — so, at the very least, the Antichrist should have been revealed by 1988. None of these people seem overly troubled that they were as wrong as the Jehovah's Witnesses had been about 1914. Then in the build-up to Desert Storm, the preacher at a church I attended went on in great detail about how Saddam Hussein and the upcoming war had been prophesied explicitly in the Old Testament. Again, that was just silly; of the many, many wars that have passed through that region in the last 2000 years, Desert Storm was among the least consequential.
As I found out later, Catholics are not immune to this kind of sensationalism, though that usually comes in the form of "Three [literal] Days of [literal] Darkness" — which is significantly out of character with the experiences of the Church (as opposed to the Plagues of Egypt) and about which the Deposit of Faith is strangely silent. It goes without saying that very, very few of these alleged private revelations have been deemed credible by the Church, and most end up making specific predictions which fall flat. In the meantime, though, they do plenty of damage: they may cause people to make bad decisions based on false expectations, and these people are likely to feel that the Church, not merely some would-be prophet, has failed them; and they make the Church look ridiculous to those on the outside.
I encourage you to read that passage, and stop trying to write it. I'm not joking. You've got a burr under your saddle, and you really really really want this passage to say something it just does not say. That is a very Protestant form of eisigesis. For example, the "man of sin …, the son of perdition" is precisely that: a man. Not a movement; not a trend in society; not a widespread sin: a man. No man currently living fits his description.
Not that I expect this or anything else to persuade you.


Alive In Africa: Happy Birthday Rho!
JoJo eating a birthday donut with her friends.
Rhoda with her presents and some homemade monkey bread for breakfast!
Thanks Boggie and Bumpa! Still waiting for the mailman to bring us Papa and Magga's present!
It was pretty cool to have all her friends there, including six adopted Zambians as well!


USA and Jordan signed four grant agreements under which the US will provide 786.8 million US dollars for 2016 to Jordan for various projects.
This aid will help support Jordan's budget and reduce pressure caused by some 1.4 million Syrian refugees in Jordan displaced by war.
Around 100 million dollars will be dedicated to support the Red-Dead Canal project, a major water project that seeks to make available fresh water in Jordan and help protect the shrinking Dead Sea.
The grants will also be allocated to fund projects in the fields including health, education, environment, rule of law and governance.
Of the total grants, 479 million dollars will be transferred in cash to Jordan before the end of the year.
Moreover, the US provided a 463 million dollars' military aid to Jordan in 2016, bringing the total of economic and military aid to over 1.2 billion dollars.
Relations between the U.S. and Jordan have been close for over four decades.
U.S. policy seeks to reinforce Jordan's commitment to peace, stability, and moderation.
The peace process and Jordan's opposition to terrorism parallel and indirectly assist wider U.S. interests.
Accordingly, through economic and military assistance and through close political cooperation, the United States has helped Jordan maintain its stability and prosperity.


text:
Peter Lantos
Medical Discoveries
Over four decades Peter Lantos published over 500 scientific articles, as well as written and edited medical textbooks. In England he started his academic career at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School in London, as research worker and obtained his PhD on brain tumours in 1973 and DSc in 1992. He was appointed Consultant in 1976 at the Middlesex Hospital, and Professor to the prestigious chair of neuropathology (a branch of clinical neuroscience) at the Institute of Psychiatry/Maudsley Hospital, London in 1979.
Peter Lantos with colleagues in the laboratory.
He has contributed to the understanding of the so-called neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. In a severe, progressive parkinsonian-type neurological disease, the diagnostic hallmark is now known as Papp-Lantos inclusion in the brain. As an acknowledgment of his achievements in research, he was elected Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. He is a trustee of Alzheimer's Research UK and the Psychiatry Research Trust.
The tree of life: a single nerve cell in the brain.
Brain tumour cells by immuno-fluorescence.
After he retired, he wrote Parallel Lines, published by Arcadia Books London in 2006. Parallel Lines has received universally favourable reviews and reached three editions. In 2009 it was translated into Hungarian. His first novel, Closed Horizon, was published in May 2012, also by
Arcadia Books, London. In 2018 he published a collection of three plays, Stolen Lives.
Medical doctors, Anton Chekhov, Somerset Maugham and Arthur Conan Doyle, just to name a few, have been known to change from writing prescriptions to writing novels and plays. Daunted but encouraged, it is in this spirit that Peter Lantos at a late stage in his life has picked up his pen.
© 2022 Peter Lantos.


text:
Measuring Up with High-Power Fiber Lasers
Selecting the right method for measuring high-power fiber lasers — whether with a camera, a scanning-slit system, or Rayleigh scattering — requires knowledge of the benefits and constraints of each.
KEVIN KIRKHAM, OPHIR
Fiber lasers are used in ever-increasing numbers across a range of applications. In the 2- to 20-kW-power output range, laser applications are growing in materials processing and in finesse applications such as 3D micromilling, microcutting, blind-hole machining, and additive manufacturing. According to Hexa Research, "High-power cutting and welding is a leading application in the [fiber laser] market. This could be attributed to increasing use of the product in tube cutting, flat sheet cutting, 3D cutting, car body scanner welding, power train welding, and tube welding1."
A 2D beam profile provides comprehensive data sets on laser beam size, shape, and roundness. Courtesy of Ophir.
In 2010, the average high-power fiber laser had an output of ~1000 W. In 2019, the average will be in the range of 6000 to 8000 W. As power levels increase, fiber lasers have also become increasingly reliable, affordable, and easier to implement, thus they have found their way into more applications, including remote welding of vehicles and additive manufacturing in 3D metal powder-bed printing of automotive and aerospace components. Their popularity is reflected in worldwide fiber laser sales, which are expected to grow to $2.7 billion in 2019, a steady increase from the turn of the century when fiber sales were less than $1 billion2.
Regardless of the industrial application, each system requires that the working laser beam be consistent and its performance verified. Process quality is in many ways driven by the quality and consistency of the laser beam that is delivered to the workpiece. In all cases, initial laser characteristics must be maintained.
Power density challenges
As laser power increases, monitoring beam quality and mode stability in multi-kW laser systems becomes a challenge. This is primarily because of the increasing power densities of the beams being tested. Optical sampling components such as beamsplitters and beam-sampling optics that utilize thin-film coatings can be damaged at energy densities of 50 J/cm2 (20 nS pulse width) or less3. While uncoated optics have damage thresholds that can reach 10 to 100× that of coated optics, they do not provide the low reflections that are needed to attenuate high-power beams in a small beam space.
Fiber lasers have become increasingly reliable,
affordable, and easier to implement, thus they have found their way into more applications.
Many novel beam-profiling products try to meet the need for significant attenuation of these powerful lasers. Scanning-slit and rotating pinhole-based devices attenuate such beams by passing laser light through microscopic openings. The movement provided by scanning systems spreads the laser energy over large areas, and their shiny surfaces reflect much of the laser's energy, while only a fraction passes through microscopic apertures.
But, just as with optical sampling techniques, there are limits to these approaches; high-power laser physics tends to have its own way. The power densities associated with multi-kW lasers can easily damage sampling optics and scanning-aperture systems alike.
What, then, is the best way to measure high-power beam quality and consistency? Think twice before throwing out the tried-and-true methods. Scanning aperture, camera-based beam profilers, and automated or real-time M2 measurement systems still have a place in assuring the quality of modern fiber lasers. But new noncontact techniques such as beam measurement systems based on Rayleigh scattering offer the ability to measure these higher-power systems without the potential for damage to the attenuation optics.
Rayleigh scattering measurements
Rayleigh or atmospheric scattering-based systems image the beam orthogonally, without anything actually touching the beam (Figure 1). This sideways view of the beam does not automatically provide a classic 2D beam profile as does a camera or XY scanning aperture system. Instead, each row of the image of the focusing beam is similar to an ISO moving-slit beamwidth measurement (ISO 11106-3 4.4)4. Rayleigh scattering-based systems measure the caustic or focal region of the beam with similar spatial resolution as camera-based and scanning aperture-based systems (Figure 2). Because the beam is not impinged on any surface, power density is no longer a deterrent to measuring laser performance.
Figure 1. Rayleigh scattering-based systems image the beam orthogonally without touching the beam. Courtesy of Ophir.
Whereas atmospheric scattering-based measurement systems image the beam indirectly, scanning-slit and 2D-matrix sensor-based products image the beam directly. Direct imaging requires many orders of magnitude of optical attenuation, as cameras and single-element detectors saturate at ~1.0 µW/cm2 and fiber lasers can produce power densities in excess of 10 MW/cm2.
Figure 2. 2D false color image of Rayleigh scattering from a focused fiber laser. Courtesy of Ophir.
Scanning-slit systems themselves provide some of the needed attenuation (up to 100 W for a 1-mm spot, or ~12 kW/cm2), but additional optical attenuation of as much as three to four orders of magnitude of optical density (OD) may be required when monitoring focused or very high-power collimated laser beams.
Scanning-slit sensor-based beam profilers work by passing the beam under test through microscopic slits that are mounted on a rotating drum (Figure 3). As the X- and Y-orientated slits pass through the beam, a small amount of laser light is registered on the single-element sensor. An optical position encoder tells the software where in its rotation the drum is at any moment. The decoded rotational location from the rotational encoder and the intensity signal from the single-element detector are then used to define the X and Y beamwidths and their centroid locations. Scanning-slit beam-profiling systems offer measurements with very good signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). SNRs in excess of 70 dB are often realized5. This allows the software to reconstruct very accurate X and Y cross-section beam-intensity profiles providing both size and location information.
Figure 3. Scanning-slit sensor-based beam profilers pass the beam under test through microscopic slits that are mounted on a rotating drum (a). Integrated intensity profile of a laser measured with a scanning-slit profiler (b). Courtesy of Ophir.
Camera-based measurements
Silicon (250 to 1100 nm) and indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) (900 to 1700 nm) cameras saturate at ~1 µW/cm2. This means that to measure a focused, 1-kW fiber laser — without distorting the beam under test — an optical attenuation 13 orders of magnitude or greater is required. This is a tall order. A combination of beamsplitters that deliver a very low percentage reflection (~0.1%) of the beam that is produced with each splitter, plus neutral density (ND) filters, can be used once the power densities are less than 5 W/cm2. At >5 W/cm2, thermal effects in the filter material can distort the beam under test. Measuring the profile of focused fiber lasers with this technique requires that the first beamsplitter withstand >10 MW/cm2 power density. This type of optical attenuation is a source of distortion of the beam under test. Optical attenuation also consumes significant beam path (75 to 150 mm), which reduces some of the measurement candidates.
While scanning-slit systems offer the greatest SNRs and measurement accuracies, and camera-based beam profiling systems offer the greatest amount of information regarding the laser beam cross-sectional energy distribution, only laser measurement systems based on Rayleigh scattering can measure the high average power densities of focused fiber lasers without the worry of distortions caused by insufficient optical sampling schemes. Rayleigh scattering-based instruments are not affected by high power densities and have successfully measured fiber lasers with power levels of 100 kW.
Figure 4. An integrated laser-measurement system that uses Rayleigh scattering to measure the propagation characteristics of additive-manufacturing lasers (a). Measurement system confirming parameters of laser in metal powder bed selective laser sintering (SLS) system (b). Courtesy of Ophir.
As fiber laser output power levels continue to increase, indirect measurement techniques will become the primary method of quality control for these very energetic sources. Laser processes will benefit from the faster, more complete, and easier-to-deploy analysis provided by Rayleigh scattering-based beam profilers.
Kevin Kirkham is senior manager for new business development at MKS Instruments and has more than 30 years of experience with laser diagnostics and quality assessment. Prior to MKS, he was product manager at Coherent Inc. and regional sales manager at Molectron Detector Inc.; email: kevin.kirkham@us.ophiropt.com.
1. Hexa Research (2019). Global fiber laser market is anticipated to witness significant growth by 2025, www.digitaljournal.com/pr/4151216#ixzz5gIpCnHnf.
2. D. Belforte (2018). 2017 was a great year — for industrial lasers. Industrial Laser Solutions, www.industrial-lasers.com/articles/print/volume-33/issue-1/features/2017-was-a-great-year-for-industrial-lasers.html.
3. R. Siew et al. (2013). Laser induced damage threshold of optical coatings, www.masbonfante.it/download/cvi/CVI_LIDT_WhitePaper_FIN.pdf.
4. Ophir (2019). Beam width measurement as scanning slit, BeamWatch user guide, www.ophiropt.com/laser--measurement/beam-profilers/products/High-Power-Beam-Profiling/BeamWatch.
5. Ophir (2019). Introduction to scanning-slit profilers. Saturation of the Pyro NanoScan, www.ophiropt.com/laser--measurement/sites/default/files/NanoScan2s_2.pdf.
About Ophir, Photonics
https://www.photonics.com/Buyers_Guide/Ophir_Photonics/c10765
Photoacoustic Approach Uses Lasers to Send Messages
Optical Coatings with Atomic Precision
All-Diamond Metamaterial Optics
Irregularly Shaped Laser Cavity Stabilizes High-Power Laser Emission
Veziroglu Leading SA Photonics' Communications and Sensing Division
beam profiling
Laser Measurement Systems: Best Practices
Thin-Film Coatings: A Buyers' Guide
rayleigh scattering
Scattering by particles very small compared with the wavelength of the radiation being considered. A feature of Rayleigh scattering is that the scattered flux is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength. Thus in the visible region, blue light is scattered more strongly by the molecules of the air than longer wavelengths, accounting for the blue color of the sky.
fiber lasersRayleigh scatteringatmospheric scatteringhigh-power lasersbeam profilingscanning-slit sensor beam profilersbeamsplitterscamera-based beam profiling systemsRayleigh scatter-based systemsindirect measurementFeatures
Ophir, Photonics
Ophir is a brand within the MKS Instruments Light & Motion division. The Ophir product portfolio consists of laser and LED measurement products, including laser power and energy meters, laser beam profilers measuring femto-watt to...
Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Market and Competitive Analysis — June 2019
Published by Light Wave Venture LLC Updated in June 2019 Fiber Optic Gyroscopes & Lasers Lead...


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Indianapolis, Indiana passed away on November 26,2018 at Community Hopsital East.
She was born on June 21, 1978 to Vernon J. and Lisa H.(Craig) Turner.
Kristy married Charles W. Kise in January of 2004. She was an avid movie fan, like cooking, music and loved dancing.
sister: Jennifer Turner; brothers:Vernon J. (Jessica) Turner, Jr; and Robert(Carrie)Turner: several aunts and uncles, nieces and nephews and cousins.
Kristy was preceded in death by her father: Vernon J. Turner, grandparents: Deva and Clarence Turner; Carol Maxwell, Richard Craig and niece: Allyssa Corpuz.
Visitation will be held Monday, December 3, 2018 from 11:00 a.m. until service at 2:30 p.m.with Pastor Peter Bosworth, officiating at Grinsteiner Funeral Home.


text:
Fairview Road Urban Park
A Fun Saturday of Outdoor Chess at Fairview Urban Road Park
Yesterday, fifty-five children ranging from second- to eighth-graders played chess at Fairview Road Park in Silver Spring, the largest urban park in Montgomery County and just a few blocks from our headquarters.
The weather was beautiful as experienced tournament players and beginners alike battled wits on tables and on oversized chess boards that Montgomery Parks laid out.
Some students played as many as eleven games during the three hours while others played only three. It was great seeing new friendships formed over the board and we look forward to seeing the kids playing more.
We will have another Chess in the Park on June 4, using a similar format, at Eastern Market Metro Park in Washington, DC.
Join us on April 30 for Chess in the Park
The U.S. Chess Center and Montgomery Parks are inviting students to join us on the last day of April at Fairview Road Urban Park in Silver Spring for an outdoor chess tournament.
Any student in grade 2 through 8 may register to take part. This tournament is not nationally rated, and students do not need to have any tournament experience in order to participate. We do require students who play to be familiar with all of the rules of chess, including castling, stalemate and the touch-move rule. Students who are not familiar with the rules are welcome to come spectate, as are other family members and friends. The first round of the tournament starts at 10 a.m. and the last of the games will finish around 1 p.m.
We will organize the tournament based loosely on the Swiss pairing system, which means that players who win in the first round will be matched against other winners for their next games, and players who lose will be matched against others with similar results. Nobody is eliminated early.
Registration on the morning of the tournament is permitted, but we recommend planning ahead and signing up ahead of time to beat the line.
Online registration is available here:
https://register.chessctr.org/a/fairviewroadpark
More details about the playing site are available here: https://montgomeryparks.org/events/chess-in-the-parks/


Ruth has a first-class Honours degree and PhD from CSU. While studying, Ruth worked as a research assistant and as a tutor in the Aboriginal Tutorial Assistance Scheme, at both secondary school and university levels. She teaches across a range of disciplines and subject areas including Children's Literature, Creative Writing, and Politics and Cultural Studies subjects.
Ruth teaches Literature, Children's Literature, Creative Writing, and Politics and Cultural Studies subjects.
Ruth's research interests include literature, especially colonial and post-colonial writing, feminist thought and, more recently, theory and practice of learning and teaching.
In 2016, Ruth presented 'Stephen Michael King's LEAF' at the ACLAR conference convened by Mark Macleod in Wagga, which was published as part of the conference proceedings.
Ruth contributed to the In the Beginning Project, a cross-university OLT-supported research project published on the website: 'Intersecting threshold learning outcomes and first year pedagogy principles: Challenges and opportunities', the CSU lead of which was Associate Professor Joy Wallace. The website contains a framework for first year curriculum design, and was made available in July 2015: www.firstyearlearningthresholds.edu.au.
Bacchus, R. 'Mother Teresa of Calcutta: The Romance of the Altruistic Woman and the Reproduction of Underprivilege'. University of New England, Armidale, October Conference Proceedings Educating Rita 1999.
With Professor Bob Meyenn and Associate Professor Judith Parker, 'Who does what to whom? Adolescent Fiction, Agency and Identity'. Presented by Professor Bob Meyenn at the Australian Association Research in Education (AARE) Annual Conference, Adelaide, November 1998.
With Professor Bob Meyenn and Associate Professor Judith Parker, 'Recipes for Avoiding Limpness: an exploration of women in senior management positions in Australian Universities'. Presented by Professor Bob Meyenn and Associate Professor Judith Parker at The American Education Research Association Annual Meeting, New York, U.S.A April 1996.


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Democratic Senators Issue Last-Minute Warnings About Trump's Supreme Court Pick
As Trump wades through robed candidates, Roe v. Wade is in the balance.
Brandon E. Patterson
J. Scott Applewhite/AP
President Donald Trump will announce his pick to replace retiring Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy during a Prime Time slot on Monday night. As Trump spent the day wading through robed candidates, Democratic senators tweeted reminders that the president's pick could undo Roe v. Wade:
All of Trump's potential nominees to the Supreme Court vacancy want to take away a woman's constitutionally protected right to make her own health care decisions. Make no mistake – this is about punishing women.
— Kamala Harris (@SenKamalaHarris) July 8, 2018
Overturning Roe v. Wade would take us back to the days of women being severely injured and dying because they can't get basic medical care. We've come too far to go back to those days. #SaveSCOTUS
— Sen Dianne Feinstein (@SenFeinstein) July 8, 2018
We need to know:
Will you uphold the ACA, as prior rulings have? Pre-existing conditions may land on the docket.
Do you respect precedent on a woman's constitutional freedom to make her own reproductive health decisions?
Will you respect equality protections for all Americans?
— Tim Kaine (@timkaine) July 8, 2018
The appointment of another conservative justice to the Supreme Court creates the possibility that the court could overturn its landmark 1973 abortion rights ruling, opening the door for Republicans to legislate a sea change in abortion access across the country.
During the 2016 presidential campaign, then-candidate Trump said that a willingness to overturn Roe v. Wade would be a litmus test for anyone he considered for the high court. During a presidential debate in 2016, Trump said Wade would be "automatically" overturned if he had the opportunity to appoint multiple justices. Trump has since downplayed those remarks, indicating in a recent interview with Fox News that his advisors have discouraged him from asking potential nominees outright if they would vote to overturn the Roe precedent. "They're all saying, don't do that, you don't do that, you shouldn't do that," he told Maria Bartiromo. "But I'm putting conservative people on."
Susan Collins Will Vote to Kill Abortion Rights
Here Are Some of the Top Candidates to Replace Kennedy on the Supreme Court