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Excommunication
A depiction of Pope Gregory IX excommunicating
Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. The word literally means putting [someone] out of communion. In some religions, excommunication includes spiritual condemnation of the member or group. Censures and sanctions sometimes follow excommunication; these include banishment, shunning, and shaming, depending on the religion, the offense that caused excommunication, or the rules or norms of the religious community.
1 Christianity
1.1 The Catholic Church
1.2 Eastern Orthodox churches
1.3 Lutheranism
1.4 Anglican Communion
1.4.1 Church of England
1.4.2 Episcopal Church of the USA
1.5 Calvin's view
1.6 Anabaptist tradition
1.6.1 Amish
1.6.2 Mennonites
1.6.3 Hutterites
1.7 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1.8 Jehovah's Witnesses
1.9 Christadelphians
2 Buddhism
3 Hinduism
4 Islam
The Biblical basis of excommunication is anathema. The references are found in Galatians 1:8 — "But even if we, or an angel from Heaven, should preach to you a gospel contrary to what we have preached to you, he is to be anathema!" Then also, 1 Corinthians 16:22 — "If anyone does not love the Lord, he is to be anathema." The word can be translated several ways; the King James Version translates it as accursed.
The New Testament contains limited examples of excommunication. Jesus, in Matthew 18:17, teaches that those who repeatedly offend others should be treated as "Gentiles or tax collectors." In the Epistle to the Romans 16:17, Paul writes to "mark those who cause divisions contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned and avoid them", and in 1 Corinthians 5, he instructs the Corinthians to expel an immoral member of their community. Also, in 2nd John vv. 10 & 11, the writer advises believers that "whosoever transgresseth, and abideth not in the doctrine of Christ, hath not God. He that abideth in the doctrine of Christ, he hath both the Father and the Son. If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine, receive him not into your house [οικιαν, residence or abode, or "inmates of the house" (family)], neither bid him God speed: for he that biddeth him God speed is partaker of his evil deeds".
Anathema was used in the early Church as a form of extreme religious sanction beyond excommunication. The earliest recorded example was in AD 306. The Catholic Church still makes use of the sanction, though it is rarely used against an individual, except perhaps for automatic excommunication. Some modern Protestant churches refer to any form of exclusion as anathema.
See also: List of people excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church
According to the Catholic Church, excommunication, in the sense of a formal proceeding, is not a penalty, but rather a formal proclamation of a pre-existing condition in a more or less prominent member of the Catholic Church. When such a person commits acts that in themselves separate him from the communion of the faithful, particularly when by word, deed, or example he or she "spreads division and confusion among the Faithful", it is necessary for the Church to clarify the situation by means of a formal announcement, which informs the laity that this is not a person to follow, and notifies the clergy that the person, by their own willful acts, has separated from the Church and is no longer to receive the sacraments, with the exception of Reconciliation if they turn from their ways. The decree may also indicate the mode of Reconciliation required for re-entry into the Church, specifying whether the local bishop may administer the process or it is reserved to the Pope. Excommunication is never a merely "vindictive penalty" (designed solely to punish), but is always used as a "medicinal penalty" intended to pressure the person into changing their behaviour or statements, repent and return to full communion.
Excommunicated persons are barred from participating in the liturgy in a ministerial capacity (for instance, as a reader if a lay person, or as a deacon or priest if a clergyman) and from receiving the Eucharist or the other Sacraments, but are normally not barred from attending these (for instance, an excommunicated person may not receive Communion, but would not be barred from attending Mass). Certain other rights and privileges are revoked, such as holding ecclesiastical office.
Excommunication can be either ferendae sententiae (declared as the sentence of an ecclesiastical court) or, far more commonly, latae sententiae (automatic, incurred at the moment the offensive act takes place). The excommunicant is still considered Christian and a Catholic as the character imparted by baptism is indelible. Their communion with the Church, however, is considered gravely impaired.[1]
In the Catholic Church, formal excommunication is normally resolved by a statement of repentance, profession of the Creed (if the offense involved heresy), or a renewal of obedience (if that was a relevant part of the offending act) by the excommunicant; the declaration of the reconciliation itself, by a priest or bishop empowered to do this; and then the reception of the sacrament of Reconciliation. In many cases, this whole process takes place within the privacy of the confessional and during the same act of confession.
Offenses that incur excommunication must be absolved by a priest or bishop empowered to lift the penalty. This is usually the local ordinary (bishop or vicar general) or priests whom the local ordinary designates (in many dioceses, most priests are empowered to lift most excommunications otherwise reserved to the bishop, notably that involved with abortion).
The Catholic Church, especially during the Middle Ages, was obliged to issue formal pronouncements of excommunication in regard to officials and monarchs who had personally excommunicated themselves from the Catholic Church. After the Protestant Reformation, in which many people left the Church and formed new denominations, many princes announced the separation themselves and the practice was discontinued.
An analogous penalty, interdict, arose as a form of excommunication of a whole area, barring celebration of the sacraments in a town or region.
Before the 1983 Code of Canon Law, there were two degrees of excommunication: vitandus (shunned, literally "to be avoided", where the person had to be avoided by other Catholics), and toleratus (tolerated, which permitted Catholics to continue to have business and social relationships with the excommunicant). This distinction no longer applies today, and excommunicated Catholics are still under obligation to attend Mass, even though they are barred from receiving the Eucharist and from taking active part in the liturgy (reading, bringing the offerings, etc.).[2] Indeed, the excommunicant is encouraged to retain some relationship with the Church, as the goal is to encourage them to repent and return to active participation in its life.
In the Middle Ages, formal acts of public excommunication were accompanied by a ceremony wherein a bell was tolled (as for the dead), the Book of the Gospels was closed, and a candle snuffed out - hence the idiom "to condemn with bell, book and candle." Such ceremonies are rarely, if ever, held today, but exactly the same principles apply. Only in cases where a person's excommunicable offense is very public and likely to confuse people is a person's excommunicated status even announced, and that usually by a simple statement from a Church official.
Eastern Orthodox churches
In the Eastern Orthodox churches, excommunication is the exclusion of a member from the Eucharist. It is not expulsion from the churches. This can happen for such reasons as not having confessed within that year; excommunication can also be imposed as part of a penitential period. It is generally done with the goal of restoring the member to full communion. The Orthodox churches do have a means of expulsion, by pronouncing anathema, but this is reserved only for acts of serious and unrepentant heresy.
Lutheranism
Although Lutheranism technically has an excommunication process, some denominations and congregations do not use it. The Lutheran definition, in its earliest and most technical form, would be found in Martin Luther's Small Catechism, defined beginning at Questions No. 277-283, in "The Office of Keys." Luther endeavored to follow the process that Jesus laid out in the 18th chapter of the Gospel of Matthew. According to Luther, excommunication requires:
1. The confrontation between the subject and the individual against whom he has sinned.
2. If this fails, the confrontation between the subject, the harmed individual, and two or three witnesses to such acts of sin.
3. The informing of the pastor of the subject's congregation.
4. A confrontation between the pastor and the subject.
Beyond this, there is little agreement. Many Lutheran denominations operate under the premise that the entire congregation (as opposed to the pastor alone) must take appropriate steps for excommunication, and there are not always precise rules, to the point where individual congregations often set out rules for excommunicating laymen (as opposed to clergy). For example, churches may sometimes require that a vote must be taken at Sunday services; some congregations require that this vote be unanimous.[3]
The Lutheran process, though rarely used, has created unusual situations in recent years due to its somewhat democratic excommunication process. One example was an effort to get serial killer Dennis Rader excommunicated from his denomination (the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America) by individuals who tried to "lobby" Rader's fellow church members into voting for his excommunication.[4]
The Church of England does not have any specific canons regarding how or why a member can be excommunicated, although there are canons regarding how those who have been excommunicated are to be treated by the church. Excommunication is seen as an extreme measure and very rarely used. For example, a clergyman was excommunicated in 1909 for having murdered four parishioners.
Episcopal Church of the USA
The ECUSA is in the Anglican Communion, and shares many canons with the Church of England which would determine its policy on excommunication. No central records are kept regarding excommunications, since they happen so rarely. In May 2000 a man who had been publishing highly critical remarks about the church and some of its members in a small local paper, many of them about the pro-homosexual stance the church had taken was excommunicated for "continued efforts to attack this parish and its members".
Calvin's view
In his Institutes of The Christian Religion, John Calvin wrote (4.12.10):
For when our Saviour promises that what his servants bound on earth should be bound in heaven, (Matthew 18: 18), he confines the power of binding to the censure of the Church, which does not consign those who are excommunicated to perpetual ruin and damnation, but assures them, when they hear their life and manners condemned, that perpetual damnation will follow if they do not repent. [Excommunication] rebukes and animadverts upon his manners; and although it ... punishes, it is to bring him to salvation, by forewarning him of his future doom. If it succeeds, reconciliation and restoration to communion are ready to be given. ... Hence, though ecclesiastical discipline does not allow us to be on familiar and intimate terms with excommunicated persons, still we ought to strive by all possible means to bring them to a better mind, and recover them to the fellowship and unity of the Church: as the apostle also says, "Yet count him not as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother" (2 Thessalonians 3: 15). If this humanity be not observed in private as well as public, the danger is, that our discipline shall degenerate into destruction.
Anabaptist tradition
When believers were baptized and taken into membership of the church by Anabaptists, it was not only done as symbol of cleansing of sin but was also done as a public commitment to identify with Jesus Christ and to conform one's life to the teaching and example of Jesus as understood by the church. Practically, that meant membership in the church entailed a commitment to try to live according to norms of Christian behavior widely held by the Anabaptist tradition.
In the ideal, discipline in the Anabaptist tradition requires the church to confront a notoriously erring and unrepentant church member, first directly in a very small circle and, if no resolution is forthcoming, expanding the circle in steps eventually to include the entire church congregation. If the errant member persists without repentance and rejects even the admonition of the congregation, that person is excommunicated or excluded from church membership. Exclusion from the church is recognition by the congregation that this person has separated himself or herself from the church by way of his or her visible and unrepentant sin. This is done ostensibly as a final resort to protect the integrity of the church. When this occurs, the church is expected to continue to pray for the excluded member and to seek to restore him or her to its fellowship. There was originally no inherent expectation to shun (completely sever all ties with) an excluded member, however differences regarding this very issue led to early schisms between different Anabaptist leaders and those who followed them.
Jakob Ammann, founder of the Amish sect, believed that the shunning of those under the ban should be systematically practiced among the Swiss Anabaptists as it was in the north and as was outlined in the Dordrecht Confession. Ammann's uncompromising zeal regarding this practice was one of the main disputes that led to the schism between the Anabaptist groups that became the Amish and those that eventually would be called Mennonite. Recently more moderate Amish groups have become less strict in their application of excommunication as a discipline. This has led to splits in several communities, an example of which is the Swartzedruber Amish who split from the main body of Old Order Amish because of the latter's practice of lifting the ban from members who later join other churches. In general, the Amish will excommunicate baptized members for failure to abide by their Ordnung (church rules) as it is interpreted by the local Bishop if certain repeat violations of the Ordnung occur.
Excommunication among the Old Order Amish results in shunning or the Meidung, the severity of which depends on many factors, such as the family, the local community as well as the type of Amish. Some Amish communities cease shunning after one year if the person joins another church later on, especially if it is another Mennonite church. At the most severe, other members of the congregation are prohibited almost all contact with an excommunicated member including social and business ties between the excommunicant and the congregation, sometimes even marital contact between the excommunicant and spouse remaining in the congregation or family contact between adult children and parents.
In the Mennonite Church excommunication is rare and is carried out only after many attempts at reconciliation and on someone who is flagrantly and repeatedly violating standards of behavior that the church expects. Occasionally excommunication is also carried against those who repeatedly question the church's behavior and/or who genuinely differ with the church's theology as well, although in almost all cases the dissenter will leave the church before any discipline need be invoked. In either case, the church will attempt reconciliation with the member in private, first one on one and then with a few church leaders. Only if the church's reconciliation attempts are unsuccessful, the congregation formally revokes church membership. Members of the church generally pray for the excluded member.
Some regional conferences (the Mennonite counterpart to dioceses of other denominations) of the Mennonite Church have acted to expel member congregations that have openly welcomed non-celibate homosexuals as members. This internal conflict regarding homosexuality has also been an issue for other moderate denominations, such as the American Baptists and Methodists.
The practice among Old Order Mennonite congregations is more along the lines of Amish, but perhaps less severe typically. An Old Order member who disobeys the Ordnung (church regulations) must meet with the leaders of the church. If a church regulation is broken a second time there is a confession in the church. Those who refuse to confess are excommunicated. However upon later confession, the church member will be reinstated. An excommunicated member is placed under the ban. This person is not banned from eating with their own family. Excommunicated persons can still have business dealings with church members and can maintain marital relations with a marriage partner, who remains a church member.
Hutterites
The separatist, communal, and self-contained Hutterites also use excommunication and shunning as form of church discipline. Since Hutterites have communal ownership of goods, the effects of excommunication could impose a hardship upon the excluded member and family leaving them without employment income and material assets such as a home. However, often arrangements are made to provide material benefits to the family leaving the colony such as an automobile and some transition funds for rent, etc. One Hutterite colony in Manitoba (Canada) had a protracted dispute when leaders attempted to force the departure of a group that had been excommunicated but would not leave. About a dozen lawsuits in both Canada and the United States were filed between the various Hutterite factions and colonies concerning excommunication, shunning, the legitimacy of leadership, communal property rights, and fair division of communal property when factions have separated.
Main article: Disciplinary council
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ("LDS Church"; see also Mormon) practices excommunication (as well as the lesser sanctions of private counsel and caution, informal probation, formal probation, and disfellowshipment) as penalties for those who commit serious sins or for those that significantly impair the name or moral influence of the church.
According to the Church Handbook of Instructions, the purposes of church discipline are (1) to save the souls of transgressors, (2) to protect the innocent, and (3) to safeguard the purity, integrity, and good name of the church. Excommunication is generally reserved for what are seen as the most serious sins, including committing serious crimes; committing adultery, polygamy, or homosexual conduct; apostasy, teaching false doctrines, or openly criticizing LDS leaders. A 2006 revision to the Church Handbook of Instructions states that joining another church is also an excommunicable offense, however merely attending another church does not constitute apostasy.
As a lesser penalty, Latter-day Saints may be disfellowshipped, which does not include a loss of church membership. Once disfellowshipped, persons may not take the sacrament or enter LDS temples, nor may they give prayers or sermons in church meetings, though disfellowshipped persons may attend most LDS functions and are permitted to wear temple garments, pay tithes and offerings, and participate in church classes if their conduct is orderly. For lesser sins, or in cases where the sinner appears truly repentant, individuals may be put on probation for a time, during which further sin will result in disfellowshipment or excommunication.
The decision to excommunicate a Melchizedek Priesthood holder is generally the province of the leadership of a stake, which consists of several local wards. Excommunications occur only after a formal "church disciplinary council."[5] Formerly called a "church court," the councils were renamed to avoid talking about guilt and instead to focus on repentance. In the disciplinary council, the stake presidency and Stake High Council preside. Up to six of the twelve members of the high council are assigned to split in half between representing the member in question and the Church as a whole to "prevent insult or injustice." The member is invited to attend, but the council can go forward without him. Again, the members of the high council consult with the stake president, but the decision about which discipline is necessary is the stake president's alone. It is possible to appeal this decision to the Church's world leaders.
For females, and for male members not initiated into the Melchizedek Priesthood (typically adolescents), the bishop (leader of the ward) determines whether excommunication or a lesser sanction is warranted. He does this in consultation with his two counselors, the bishop makes the determination in a spirit of prayer and his counselors ratify the decision. The bishop's decision can be appealed to stake leadership.
The following list of variables serves as a general set of guidelines for when excommunication or lesser action may be warranted, beginning with those more likely to result in severe sanction.
1. Violation of Covenants: Covenants are made in conjunction with specific ordinances in the LDS Church. Covenants that might be broken, are usually those surrounding marriage covenants, temple covenants, priesthood covenants, etc.
2. Position of Trust or Authority: Area of responsibility factor into discipline. Leaders in the church have important responsibilities, and the same action committed by a member of the congregation may not result in as severe a discipline as a leader might receive.
3. Repetition: Repetition of a sin is more severe than a single instance.
4. Magnitude: How often, how many individuals were impacted, and who knows all play a part.
5. Age, Maturity, and Experience: Those who are young in age, or immature in their understanding are afforded leniency.
6. Interests of the Innocent: How the discipline will impact family members may be considered.
7. Time between Transgression and Confession: If the sin was committed in distant past, and there has not been repetition, leniency may considered.
8. Voluntary Confession: Did the person voluntarily come forward, or were they caught in the act?
9. Evidence of Repentance: Sorrow for sin, and demonstrated commitment to repentance, as well as faith in Christ all play a role in determining the severity of discipline.
Those who are excommunicated lose their church membership and the right to partake of the sacrament. Notices of excommunication may be made public—especially in cases of apostasy, where members could be misled—but the specific reasons for individual excommunications are typically kept confidential and are seldom made public.
Persons who have been excommunicated are usually allowed to attend church meetings but participation is limited. They cannot offer prayers for the congregation, give talks, etc., cannot enter LDS temples, or wear temple garments, or pay tithes. Excommunicated members may be re-baptized after a waiting period and sincere repentance, as judged by a series of interviews with church leaders.[6]
Some[who?] critics have charged that LDS leaders have used the threat of excommunication to silence or punish LDS members and researchers who disagree with established policy and doctrine, or who study or discuss controversial subjects, or who may be involved in disputes with local, stake leaders or general authorities. A notable case regarding researchers is the so-called September Six.
However, LDS policy dictates that local leaders are responsible for excommunication, without influence from General Church leadership, arguing this policy is evidence against systematic persecution of scholars.
See also: Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses#Disfellowshipping
Jehovah's Witnesses practice something similar to excommunication, using the term "disfellowshipping", in cases where, it is believed, a member actively violates biblical requirements. In excess of 30 disfellowshipping offences have developed over time,[7] some actions specifically stated as wrong in the Bible and others indirectly implied.
When a member confesses or is accused of a 'serious sin', a judicial committee of at least three local lay clergy called "Elders" is formed. This committee investigates the case and determines the magnitude of the sin committed. If the person is deemed guilty of a disfellowshipping offence, the committee will determine if the person is considered repentant. Determination of repentance is at the discretion of the judicial committee, based upon evidence including the attitude of being sorry and 'works befitting repentance', as referred to in Acts 26:20 and 2 Corinthians 7:11, such as trying to correct the wrong, making apologies to any offended individuals, and compliance with earlier counsel, principles, and laws based on the Bible. If the person is deemed guilty but repentant, they are not disfellowshipped but usually have restrictions imposed on them, which preclude them from various activities such as presenting talks, offering public prayers or making comments at meetings.
If the person is judged guilty and is deemed unrepentant, he or she will be disfellowshipped. This is done as a firm form of discipline to motivate an erring individual to renounce and change their current course of action. If within seven days no appeal is made, the disfellowshipping is made formal by an announcement at the next congregation Service Meeting. Appeals are granted to determine if procedural errors are felt to have occurred that may have affected the outcome.
Disfellowshipping is a severing of friendly relationships between all members of the Jehovah's Witnesses and the one disfellowshipped. Even family interaction is restricted to a minimum, such as presence at the reading of wills and providing essential elder care. The exception is if the disfellowshipped one is a minor and living at home. In such cases the parents are allowed to continue to attempt to convince the child of the value of the religion's ways and share in family activities. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that this form of discipline encourages the disfellowshipped individual to conform to Biblical standards and keeps the person from influencing other members of the congregation.
Disassociation is a form of disfellowshipping where a member expresses verbally or in writing that they do not wish to be associated with Jehovah's Witnesses, or that they are considered to have done so by their actions.[8] An example of this would be joining another religious[9] or military organization.[10] Disassociated members are viewed the same as disfellowshipped members.[11][12]
Several policies are set forth to disfellowshipped persons to continue motivating a change of action. Yearly, the Elders are required to consider meeting with disfellowshipped individuals and try to determine if any change of lifestyle has happened and to encourage the said person.[13]
Reinstatement is not automatic after a certain time period, though disfellowshipped persons may talk to elders or apply in writing to be reinstated into the congregation.[14][15] Elders consider each case individually, and are instructed to ensure "that sufficient time has passed for the disfellowshipped person to prove that his profession of repentance is genuine." Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All the Flock. Watchtower Society. p. 129. A judicial committee meets with the individual to determine their repentance, and if this is established, the person is reinstated into the congregation and may participate with the congregation in the public ministry (house to house preaching),[16] but is prohibited from commenting at meetings or holding any privileges for a period set by the judicial committee. If possible, the same judicial committee members who disfellowshipped the individual are selected for the reinstatement hearing. If the applicant is in a different area, the person will meet with a local judicial committee that will communicate with either the original judicial committee if available or a new one in the original congregation.
There has been some controversy with their disfellowshipping practices in regards to recent sex abuse scandals, which has led to changes in this regard. Jehovah's Witnesses are now instructed to report all cases of sex abuse to the local authorities in states where it is a legal requirement to do so. Those who are found guilty of child/sexual abuse by a judicial committee are themselves subject to mandatory consideration for disfellowshipping and remain permanently sanctioned from teaching in or holding a position of authority in any congregation.[17] This is a safety mechanism to protect against future incidents. This is supported by the legal system where individuals found guilty of a sex offense are required to register as sex offenders. In several cases, where recurrent sex offenses have occurred. With this in mind, Jehovah's Witnesses will not allow someone found guilty of a sex offense to be "appointed" to a position of trust.
Christadelphians
Similarly to many groups having their origins in the 1830s Restoration Movement, Christadelphians call their form of excommunication "disfellowshipping", though they do not practice "shunning". Disfellowshipping can occur for moral reasons, changing beliefs, or (in some ecclesias) for not attending communion (referred to as "the emblems" or "the breaking of bread").[18]
In such cases, the person involved is usually required to discuss the issues.[19] If they do not conform, the church ('meeting' or 'ecclesia') is recommended by the management committee ("Arranging Brethren") to vote on disfellowshipping the person. These procedures were formulated 1863 onwards by early Christadelphians, and then in 1883 codified by Robert Roberts in A Guide to the Formation and Conduct of Christadelphian Ecclesias (colloquially "The Ecclesial Guide").[20] However Christadelphians today justify and apply their practice not from this document but from the exclusion in 1Co.5 and recovery in 2Co.2.[21]
Christadelphians typically avoid the term "excommunication", which many associate with the Catholic Church; and may feel the word carries implications they do not agree with, such as undue condemnation and punishment, as well as failing to recognise the remedial intention of the measure.[22]
Behavioural cases. Many cases regarding moral issues tend to involve relational matters such as marriage outside the faith, divorce and remarriage (which is considered adultery in some circumstances by some ecclesias), or homosexuality.[23] Reinstatement for moral issues is determined by the ecclesia's assessment of whether the individual has "turned away" from (ceased) the course of action considered immoral by the church. This can be complex when dealing with cases of divorce and subsequent remarriage, with different positions adopted by different ecclesias, but generally within the main "Central" grouping, such cases can be accommodated.[24] Some minority "fellowships" do not accommodate this under any circumstances.[25]
Doctrinal cases. Changes of belief on what Christadelphians call "first principle" doctrines are difficult to accommodate unless the individual agrees to not teach or spread them, since the body has a documented Statement of Faith which informally serves as a basis of ecclesial membership and interecclesial fellowship. Those who are disfellowshipped for reasons of differing belief rarely return, because they are expected to conform to an understanding with which they do not agree. Holding differing beliefs on fundamental matters is considered as error and apostacy, which can limit a person's salvation. However, in practice disfellowship for doctrinal reasons is now unusual[26]
Recovery ("refellowship") is actively pursued by the ecclesias. Most managing committees ("Arranging Brethren") review a list of former members each year, and discuss ways to recover the "lost sheep". If the member has relocated this may include asking the nearest local ecclesia to make contact. In the case of adultery and divorce, the passage of time usually means a member can be restored if he or she wants to be. In the case of ongoing behaviour, cohabitation, homosexual activity, then the terms of the suspension have not been met. In the case of teaching issues, refellowship is typically not sought by the individual, but it does happen that brothers who have been "disfellowshipped" for views which are considered disruptive but not necessarily fundamental, have been readmitted on a promise to cease publishing them.[27]
The mechanics of "refellowship" follow the reverse of the original process; the individual makes an application to the "ecclesia", and the "Arranging Brethren" give a recommendation to the members who vote.[28] If the "Arranging Brethren" judge that a vote may divide the ecclesia, or personally upset some members, they may seek to find a third party ecclesia which is willing to "refellowship" the member instead. According to the Ecclesial Guide a third party ecclesia may also take the initiative to "refellowship" another meeting's member. However this cannot be done unilaterally, as this would constitute heteronomy over the autonomy of the original ecclesia's members.[29]
There is no direct equivalent to excommunication in Buddhism. However, in the monastic community monks can be expelled from monasteries for heresy and/or other acts. In addition, the monks have four vows, called the four defeats, which are abstaining from sexual intercourse, stealing, murder, and refraining from lying about spiritual gains. If even one is broken, the monk is automatically a layman again and can never become a monk in his or her current life.
Hinduism has been too diverse to be seen as a monolithic religion, and with a conspicuous absence of any listed dogma or ecclesia (organised church), has no concept of excommunication and hence no Hindu may be ousted from the Hindu religion, although a person may easily lose caste status for a very wide variety of infringements of caste prohibitions. This may or may not be recoverable. However, some of the modern organized sects within Hinduism may practice something equivalent to excommunication today, by ousting a person from their own sect.
In medieval and early-modern times (and sometimes even now) in South Asia, excommunication from one's caste (jati or varna) used to be practiced (by the caste-councils) and was often with serious consequences, such as abasement of the person's caste status and even throwing him into the sphere of the untouchables or bhangi. After excommunication, it would depend upon the caste-council whether they would accept any form of repentance (ritual or otherwise) or not.
Main article: Takfir
Excommunication as it exists in Christian faiths does not exist in Islam. The nearest approximation is takfir, a declaration that an individual or group is kafir (or kuffar in plural), a non-believer. This does not prevent an individual from taking part in any Islamic rite or ritual, and since the matter of whether a person is kafir is a rather subjective matter, a declaration of takfir is generally considered null and void if the target refutes it or if the Islamic community in which he or she lives refuses to accept it.
Takfir has usually been practiced through the courts. More recently[when?], cases have taken place where individuals have been considered kafirs. These decisions followed lawsuits against individuals, mainly in response to their writings that some have viewed as anti-Islamic. The most famous cases are of Salman Rushdie, Nasr Abu Zayd, and Nawal El-Saadawi. The repercussions of such cases have included divorce, since under traditional interpretations of Islamic law, Muslim women are not permitted to marry non-Muslim men.
However, takfir remains a highly contentious issue in Islam, primarily because there is no universally accepted authority in Islamic law. Indeed, according to classical commentators, the reverse seems to hold true, in that Muhammad reportedly equated the act of declaring someone a kafir itself to blasphemy if the accused individual maintained that he was a Muslim.
Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (August 2008)
Main article: Cherem
Cherem is the highest ecclesiastical censure in Judaism. It is the total exclusion of a person from the Jewish community. Except for cases in the Charedi community, cherem stopped existing after The Enlightenment, when local Jewish communities lost their political autonomy, and Jews were integrated into the gentile nations in which they lived. A siruv order, equivalent to a contempt of court, issued by a Rabbinical court may also limit religious participation.
Banishment in the Bible
Interdict (Roman Catholic Church)
Encyclopedia of American Religions, by J. Gordon Melton ISBN 0-8103-6904-4
Ludlow, Daniel H. ed, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan Publishing, 1992.
Esau, Alvin J., "The Courts and the Colonies: The Litigation of Hutterite Church Disputes", Univ of British Columbia Press, 2004.
Gruter, Margaret, and Masters Roger, Ostracism: A Social and Biological Phenomenon, (Amish) Ostracism on Trial: The Limits of Individual Rights, Gruter Institute, 1984.
Beck, Martha N., Leaving the Saints: How I Lost the Mormons and Found My Faith, Crown, 2005.
Stammer, Larry B., Mormon Author Says He's Facing Excommunication", Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles, CA.: December 9, 2004. pg. A.34.
D'anna, Lynnette, "Post-Mennonite Women Congregate to Address Abuse", Herizons, 3/1/93.
Anonymous, "Atlanta Mennonite congregation penalized over gays", The Atlanta Journal the Atlanta Constitution, Atlanta, GA: January 2, 1999. pg. F.01.
Garrett, Ottie, Garrett Irene, True Stories of the X-Amish: Banned, Excommunicated, Shunned, Horse Cave KY: Nue Leben, Inc., 1998.
Garret, Ruth, Farrant Rick, Crossing Over: One Woman's Escape from Amish Life, HarperSanFrancisco, 2003.
Hostetler, John A. (1993), Amish Society, The Johns Hopkins University Pres: Baltimore.
MacMaster, Richard K. (1985), Land, Piety, Peoplehood: The Establishment of Mennonite Communities in America 1683-1790, Herald Press: Kitchener & Scottdale.
Scott, Stephen (1996), An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups, Good Books: Intercourse, Pennsylvania.
Juhnke, James, Vision, Doctrine, War: Mennonite Identity and Organization in America, 1890-1930, (The Mennonite Experience in America #3), Scottdale, PA, Herald Press, Pp 393, 1989.
↑ The Catholic Encyclopedia
↑ "Excommunicants lose rights, such as the right to the sacraments, but they are still bound to the obligations of the law; their rights are restored when they are reconciled through the remission of the penalty." New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law, ed. by John P. Beal, James A. Coriden, Thomas J. Green, Paulist Press, 2000, p. 63 (commentary on canon 11).
↑ Risen Savior Lutheran Church, Orlando, FL - Constitution
↑ http://www.dakotavoice.com/200508/20050816_5.asp
↑ The procedure followed by a church disciplinary council is described in church handbooks and the Doctrine and Covenants 102:9-18.
↑ Burton, Theodore M. (May 1983), "To Forgive is Divine", Ensign: 70, http://www.lds.org/ldsorg/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=2354fccf2b7db010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD&locale=0&sourceId=c1d09c84f5d6b010VgnVCM1000004d82620a____
↑ Jehovah's Witnesses and disfellowshipping
↑ Watchtower 1/15/82 p. 31 Questions From Readers | "It would be best if he did this in a brief letter to the elders, but even if he unequivocally states orally that he is renouncing his standing as a Witness, the elders can deal with the matter.—1 John 2:19."
↑ Watchtower 10/15/86 p. 31 Questions From Readers | "… the person no longer wants to have anything to do with Jehovah's people and is determined to remain in a false religion? They would then simply announce to the congregation that such one has disassociated himself and thus is no longer one of Jehovah's Witnesses.
↑ Watchtower 1/15/82 p. 31 Questions From Readers | "The second situation involves a person who renounces his standing in the congregation by joining a secular organization whose purpose is contrary to counsel such as that found at Isaiah 2:4, … neither will they learn war anymore."
↑ Kingdom Ministry 8/02 p. 3 par. 1 Display Christian Loyalty When a Relative Is Disfellowshipped | "the principles of which apply equally to those who are disfellowshipped and to those who disassociate themselves."
↑ Watchtower 4/15/88 p. 27 par. 10 Discipline That Can Yield Peaceable Fruit | "Christians refuse to fellowship with someone who has been expelled for unrepentant sin … By also avoiding persons who have deliberately disassociated themselves,
↑ Watchtower 8/15/92 p. 31 A Step on the Way Back | "Thus, beginning in September the elders in each congregation will review the names of those in the territory who are disfellowshipped and will arrange to visit all whom they feel might respond ."
↑ Watchtower 11/15/06 pp. 27-28 par. 9 Always Accept Jehovah's Discipline | "9Repentance is a very important factor in connection with reinstatement into the Christian congregation. A disfellowshipped person is not automatically accepted back into the congregation after a certain amount of time has passed. Before he can be reinstated, his heart condition must undergo a great change. He must come to realize the gravity of his sin and the reproach he brought upon Jehovah and the congregation. The sinner must repent, pray earnestly for forgiveness, and conform to God's righteous requirements. When requesting reinstatement, he should be able to give evidence that he has repented and is producing "works that befit repentance."—Acts 26:20."
↑ Watchtower 4/15/91 p. 21 par. 6 Imitate God's Mercy Today | "In time he may seek reinstatement in the clean congregation. When elders then meet with him, they will try to determine whether he has repented and left his sinful course. (Matthew 18:18) If that is the case, he may be reinstated, in line with the pattern at 2 Corinthians 2:5-8."
↑ "Our Kingdom Ministry" - December 1974, | "Question Box" | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
↑ Watchtower 1/1/97 p. 29 Let Us Abhor What Is Wicked | "For the protection of our children, a man known to have been a child molester does not qualify for a responsible position in the congregation.
↑ A distinction can be detected between these three reasons in that which of the three applies is usually made clear in the notice which the ecclesia will post in the Ecclesial News section of The Christadelphian. This is since one purpose is to make other ecclesias aware lest the member try to circumvent the suspension by simply going to another ecclesia. See "Christadelphians, fellowship" in Bryan R. Wilson, Sects and Society, University of California, 1961
↑ The expected practice is to discuss first with 2 or 3 witnesses, as per Matt.18:15-20. See Wilson, op.cit.
↑ Robert Roberts, A Guide to the Formation and Conduct of Christadelphian Ecclesias (Birmingham: 1883). Available online
↑ See discussion of 1Co.5 in Ashton, M. The challenge of Corinthians, Birmingham, 2006; previously serialised in The Christadelphian 2002-2003 http://www.thechristadelphian.com
↑ The term "withdraw from" is frequently found as a synonym for "disfellowship" in older Christadelphian ecclesial news entries, but this usage is less common today since it is now more widely realised that the term "withdraw from" in 2Th.3:6, 1Tim.6:5 is not describing the full "turn over to Satan" 1Co5:5,1Tim.1:20. See Booker G. 1 & 2 Thessalonians, Nicholls A.H.Letters to Timothy and Titus, Birmingham
↑ Generally Christadelphians do not consider remarriage as adultery, but adultery is inevitably often at the root of a marriage breakup. See Reflections on Marriage and Divorce, The Christadelphian, Birmingham.
↑ Carter, J. Marriage and Divorce, CMPA Birmingham 1955
↑ Dawn Christadelphians
↑ e.g. News from the Ecclesias, in The Christadelphian, in a typical year (Jan.-Dec. 2006) contained only two suspensions for doctrinal reasons in the UK, both indicating that the member had already left of his/her own choice.
↑ The justification for this occasional practice is based on "command not to teach" 1Tim.1:3 etc. See A.D. Norris, Acts and Epistles, Aletheia.
↑ Christadelphians interpret the "epitimia of the majority" 2Co.2:6 in different ways; some consider it the majority of all members, some the majority of elders. See Whittaker H.A., Second Corinthians, Biblia
↑ An exception noted in Roberts' Ecclesial Guide is where the original meeting is known for having a position out of step with other ecclesias. In practice however such cases are extremely unusual and the attempt to refellowship another ecclesia's member when the original ecclesia considers that they have not "mended their ways" may cause an interecclesial breach. The original ecclesia may notify the Christadelphian Magazine that the third party ecclesia is interfering in their own discipline of their own member, and news of refellowship will be blocked from News From the Ecclesias, and consequently the community as a whole will not recognise the refellowship. See Booker, G. Biblical Fellowship Biblia, Perry, A. Fellowship Matters Willow Books.
De Fide, a non-profit association, uses Canon Law to defend the Roman Catholic Church from Heresy by filing lawsuits in Ecclesiastical Court, seeking the excommunication of impenitent offenders.
Elizabeth Vargas Reports on Sexual Abuse Inside The Amish Community on ABC's "20/20", Friday, December 10, 2004
Excommunication, the Ban, Church Discipline and Avoidance (from Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online)
Ritual and the Social Meaning and Meaninglessness of Religion (Social science study of Old Order Mennonite methods of baptism, discipline, etc.)
Ostracism on Trial: The Limits of Individual Rights (Amish)
Catholic Encyclopaedia on excommunication
The two sides of excommunication
Episcopal Church of America excommunication
ECUSA excommunication and Church of England
Jehovah's Witnesses press release regarding expulsion of child molesters
ar:حرمان كنسي bs:Ekskomunikacija br:Eskumunugenn ca:Excomunió cs:Exkomunikace cy:Ysgymuno da:Ekskommunikation et:Ekskommunikatsioon eo:Ekskomuniko hr:Ekskomunikacija io:Exkomunikeso id:Ekskomunikasi ia:Excommunication is:Bannfæring lt:Ekskomunika li:Excommunicatie hu:Kiközösítés ms:Pengucilan ja:破門 no:Ekskommunikasjon pt:Excomunhão ru:Отлучение от церкви sq:Çkishërimi scn:Scumùnica simple:Excommunication sk:Exkomunikácia sl:Ekskomunikacija sr:Изопштење fi:Ekskommunikaatio sv:Bannlysning tl:Eksomunyon tr:Aforoz zh:绝罚
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Key-Systems & Radix - Questions & Answers
Radix is one of the world's leading new gTLD portfolio registries with 9 new extensions that include .online, .store, .tech, .website, .space, .press, .site, .host and .fun; as well as 1 re-purposed ccTLD, .pw.
Through these extensions, Radix is empowering business owners to get short, memorable and descriptive domain names; which are otherwise not available or are too expensive. Radix currently has over 3.2 million domains under management, the most successful of these is .online with over 1 million registrations. The company's revenue for the calendar year 2017 was over $12 million. Radix is part of the Directi Group, which is currently valued at $1.4 billion. To learn more, please visit: radix.website.
Recently, Key-Systems spent some time with Suman Das, Director of Brand Operations at Radix, discussing their new gTLDs and how they can benefit business.
Key-Systems: How did you come up with the ideas for the first set of gTLDS that you applied for?
Suman Das: When ICANN invited the initial applications for new domain extensions, we literally sat down with the dictionary to pull out names that we thought would make for interesting and popular domain extensions.
We picked generic words, such as "online" and "website", as well as specific words that identified with booming industries, such as "store" for eCommerce and retail and "tech" for technology, as part of our efforts to acquire new domain names. Currently, we have nine new domain extensions and one re-purposed ccTLD, .PW.
Some of the top international brands using Radix domains include Google My Business (every small business that signs up gets a businessname.business.site sub-domain for free), Emirates official merchandise store on emirates.store, Viacom's tech portal on viacom.tech, the Consumer Electronics Show on ces.tech, the world's first space nation Asgardia on asgardia.space, as well as Edward Snowden's Freedom of Press Association on freedom.press.
KS: What are the various ways in which one can use a new domain name?
SD: New domains can be used in multiple ways, such as the following:
1. Primary Domain: As a domain name to create an online identity for your business. For example, CES.tech, the largest tech event of its kind with 3900 exhibits, 300 conference sessions and 170K+ attendees from 150 countries.
2. Professional Email ID: Use a domain name to make a strong first impression with a unique email id. For example, the email ids associated with shopinshop.site is info@shopinshop.site.
3. Branded URL Shortener: Use a domain name to enhance brand visibility and build trust with every link that you share online. For example, go.tech/mktg instead of bit.ly/2jZFNLk.
4. Domain Redirect: Use a domain name to make an important inner page easily accessible by creating a deep-link. For example, kindle.store, which redirects to Amazon's Kindle store.
5. Personal Brand: Use a domain name to build an attractive online persona for yourself, for example andru.tech, a tech influencer with 179K+ subscribers on Youtube alone.
6. Blog / Press Page: Use a domain name to make your brand gain visibility online with a brandname.press. For example, cars.mclaren.press is McLaren's official media site.
KS: What can businesses keep in mind when choosing their domain name?
SD: The world of online search is evolving and we are moving into the era of 'voice search'. Businesses should ensure that their domain name is one that Siri and Alexa can find instantly. You can test this out by taking a 'radio test' that basically involves saying a domain name to a person (or an AI assistant). If they can type it out correctly in one go after hearing it once, it's a winning domain name. So, brilliant.tech is good but brilliant-tech.com is not.
Additionally, start-ups should consider the following parameters when choosing a domain name for their business:
• Searchable: Do your keyword research and pick a domain name that clearly resonates with your industry niche and core competence.
• Brandable: Pick a name that is fresh, simple to type, easy to understand in most languages, and one that doesn't sound awkward and will stand the test of time.
• Innovative: New domains smartly denote your forte, so you can choose an innovative prefix that compliments what you do.
• Memorable: People remember a clutter free and neat name so try and pick a name that is easy to remember and one that is free of any lingual or grammatical errors.
KS: How can businesses benefit from using new domain names?
SD: A business's domain name is as important as its brand name itself. In fact, the domain name is what the customers will hear before they get to experience the brand. Keeping this in mind, you can use new domain names to strengthen the brand positioning of your business.
By using a new domain name, you can let your online address do the talking instead of explaining your core competence to your prospects or partners. For instance, smartphone.tech clearly implies a brand in the business of developing tech solutions for smartphones. This makes new domains the perfect marketing tool for new businesses as they do not need to spend heavily on marketing their core competence.
For example, when you come across brilliant.tech, louder.online, freedom.press, or untold.site, they convey a message or hold a meaning within them. This helps in making the website names more memorable and noteworthy.
KS: How do you promote your TLDs to create awareness?
SD: Radix has been at the forefront of end-customer marketing and has rolled out some of the most innovative initiatives to engage with users. In 2016, we launched the Startup League, a one-of-its-kind start-up support program that financially supports start-ups at key marketing events. The program is exclusive to start-ups on Radix TLDs and has over 250 curated start-ups as part of its community.
.tech, a leading gTLD from Radix's portfolio, is also heavily invested in end-customer marketing. .tech has been actively engaged in supporting the start-up community; as well as the student community through meaningful integrations with hackathons and coding schools. .tech has also recently launched an end-customer marketing campaign, #FutureOnTech, which puts forth some of the leading start-ups, businesses, communities and influencers across the tech industry that are using .tech domains.
.store, another of Radix's premier TLDs, also launched a large scale campaign called #MyStoreMyStory which chronicled the stories of six store owners who have broken the norm in their own way and have created aspirational business successes on their respective .store domains. Each of the retailers featured in the campaign talk about their personal story as a business owner, their key entrepreneurial learning, and the reason why .store has been the most suitable choice for them to take their venture online.
Soon, we will be launching a similar campaign for our flagship TLD, .online, which has just hit the 1 million registrations milestone.
KS: Where do you see the biggest opportunities that new domains present to businesses?
SD: New domains have opened up a host of branding opportunities for businesses of all sizes operating in every niche. At this very moment, there are businesses, brands and individuals choosing sophisticated, short, memorable domain names for their businesses, something which was beyond their reach before the era of new domains.
This is helping new businesses in establishing their brand positioning more succinctly and impactfully, which is great for their long-term business growth. With new domains, businesses are able to put their best foot forward.
KS: What are the top concerns of businesses when choosing their domain name?
SD: Mostly, business owners are concerned about:
• Would the domain resonate with their target group?
• Would the domain do justice to the business and its purpose?
• Would the domain contribute to website's SEO ranking?
When faced with the unavailability of their choice of domain, businesses tend to compromise and settle for a less desirable name. We, at Radix, are solving this very limitation by offering new domain extensions which gives the power of choice back to the businesses. So, businesses have the choice to own a domain that is most ideal to represent their brand.
• .tech for technology
• .store for retail and eCommerce
• .press for publications and journalists
• .online for online businesses and blogs
• .fun for events, parties and all things fun
• .site or .website for small businesses and personal websites
• .space for creative pursuits or real estate
With these extensions, businesses can pick and choose the name that fits their business' vision the best.
To address these challenges, we are heavily invested in creating awareness about our domains through end-customer marketing campaigns and on-ground customer engagement at events and industry meetups.
Recently, we also published a detailed whitepaper on New Domains and their Impact on SEO.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


All synchronous generator wind turbine wholesalers & synchronous generator wind turbine manufacturers come from members. We doesn't provide synchronous generator wind turbine products or service, please contact them directly and verify their companies info carefully.
Jiangsu Xingyu Electrical Factory Co., Ltd.


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https://sputniknews.com/20191027/russian-ambassador-to-us-vows-retaliation-if-missiles-covered-in-inf-treaty-deployed-in-europe-1077162813.html
Russian Ambassador to US Vows Retaliation if Missiles Covered in INF Treaty Deployed in Europe
The ambassador called the situation "the most dangerous possibility regarding INF [treaty]," adding that this possibility will demand that Russia responds... 27.10.2019, Sputnik International
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military & intelligence, news, russia, world, europe, russia, anatoly antonov, inf treaty
© Sputnik / Maksim Blinov / Go to the photo bankRussian Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Antonov. File photo
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The ambassador called the situation "the most dangerous possibility regarding INF [treaty]," adding that this possibility will demand that Russia responds accordingly.
Russian Ambassador to the US Anatoly Antonov said Sunday that if INF-covered missiles are deployed in Europe, this will force Moscow to retaliate.
"We have always said that it concerns the security, first of all, of US allies and the United States itself," the Ambassador said. "The most dangerous moment regarding intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles is the appearance of this class of missiles in European states."
The ambassador warned that the world can "return to the situation before the conclusion of this well-known treaty of the late 80s and then it will be a completely new regional and strategic situation that will require additional action from us."
Speaking on Russian television Sunday, the ambassador said that Russia is "doomed" to cooperate with the US in the fight against terrorism, adding that Russia is ready for this kind of cooperation.
Commenting on Donald Trump as US President, Antonov remarked that he "fulfilled all his campaign promises, except one - to get along with Russia."
"In my opinion, it is high time we begin working on this exact issue," the ambassador said.
The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty was signed in 1987 by US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. It prohibited the development and deployment of ground-based missiles with a range between 500-5,000 kilometers.
The US unilaterally suspended the agreement in February of this year, prompting Russia to do the same. In August, the US formally withdrew from the agreement. Commenting on the events, Russian President Vladimir Putin said in August that Russia will now develop and make missiles covered by the defunct treaty, but will not deploy them unless the US does it first.
Military & Intelligence
Anatoly Antonov
INF Treaty


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Home » Mexico » Playa del Carmen News » New Parque Metropolitano announced for Playa del Carmen
New Parque Metropolitano announced for Playa del Carmen
November 2, 2020 |
Playa del Carmen, Q.R. — The construction of a large park in the limits of the Mayakobá City and the El Petén – La Guadalupana subdivisions will be a reality, says Solidaridad City Council.
The announcement was made Sunday in a press release after representatives of the developing company formalized the delivery of the real estate project to the Solidaridad City Council, headed by Laura Beristain Navarrete.
She reported that the commune received a 10 hectares donation from Ciudad Mayakobá, which will be the building ground for the upcoming Parque Metropolitano.
Councilor Orlando Muñoz Gómez reported that the project has a construction cost of around 1.7 million peso of which the real estate company agreed to cover half.
Parque Metropolitano to be constructed at Ciudad Mayakobá
Parque Metropolitano will include parking lots, ecological trails, bike paths, jogging tracks, yoga, meditation and reading areas, as well as children's games, a library, water games, barbecue areas, outdoor forum and an lookout tower.
An exclusive sports club with membership and a commercial passage with cultural and artistic activities will also be included.


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Germany vs Serbia Free Betting Tips 20 March 2019
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Betting Tips Brazil vs El Salvador 12/09/2018 September 11, 2018
Without Jogi Löw, preparations for the first international match of the year started for the German national team. The absence of the last criticized national coach, however, had no political, but only health reasons. The World Cup 2014 coach still recovered from the consequences of a dental surgery on Monday and therefore led the training of the DFB team on Tuesday morning, which will meet Serbia in a Test international match on Wednesday evening. Although the anticipation among the fans – measured by the tickets sold for the meeting at the Volkswagen Arena – is very limited, the start of a new two-year cycle promises plenty of excitement and explosiveness. The background is, of course, the disembarkation of Hummels, Boateng and Müller, who play no role in the rejuvenated national team and are very likely to have no future.
Football Betting Tips Germany vs Serbia
On Sunday, before the first European Championship qualifier against Holland is on the agenda, the Germans are primarily concerned with regaining self-confidence and introducing automatisms on Wednesday. At the same time, it must also be the goal of the Löw protected to let the spark skip over to an entire nation. This task should turn out to be quite difficult, because the opponent from Serbia is by no means a fall, although the former Bundesliga player and today's coach Mladen Krstajic must immediately renounce several important players. Between Germany and Serbia, the odds therefore imply a clear favorite role of the world champion of 2014, which may be a bit too clear. "The White Eagles" will try to keep the match open as long as possible and to stand up to the higher-quality counterparty. In this respect, it can make sense in the friendly match Germany vs. Serbia give a hint that more goals will be scored after the break than in the first 45 minutes.
Germany – Statistics & Current Form
"The fact is that German football is currently on the ground. This is very clear from the outside. "Former national coach Jürgen Klinsmann made headlines this week with this brutal analysis. Even if one can argue about the manner of this criticism utterance certainly, the statement contains a large truth content. The departure of the national team in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying round, as well as the relegation from the UEFA Nations League, coupled with the mostly weak performances in individual international matches, are also a clear indication of the stagnation (or even reversal) of German football as the fact that with Eintracht Frankfurt only a single Bundesliga side has made the leap into the quarter-finals of the European Cup. Many Germans would have liked to draw a line under the yoke of Jogi Löw after the messed-up World Cup, but the DFB decided to give the World Cup coach of 2014 a chance to correct his own mistakes and start the change in the national team. Despite a great media pressure, the native Black Forest initially decided against drastic personnel consequences. He did that at least two weeks ago …
With the three world champions and Bayern players Jerome Boateng, Mats Hummels and Thomas Müller, Löw surprisingly sorted out three deserved players with immediate effect, thus ensuring a real bang. The national coach justified this removal with the fact that from now on new players would have to take responsibility and rise in the hierarchy to the top, in order to reach the level of the world's top again. In many places, this measure is scolded as blind populism, although there are also positive voices that would not have credited the 59-year-old such a consequence. In any case, it is certain that this move was extremely brave and that the implications for the future will be decided by Löw's as the responsible coach.
"It's a process. We want to make the qualification positive. The young team has yet to find it. The young players will make mistakes. Therefore, it is important that the fans forgive mistakes. We want to get back to the top of the world as fast as possible. " – Oliver Bierhoff
On Wednesday evening, the DFB-Elf, who fell back to 16th place in the world rankings after the recent disappointments, will play the first international match of the new European Championship cycle. Before qualifying for the European Championship 2020 starts on Sunday with the game in Holland, Germany will test against Wolfsburg against Serbia. Due to the proclaimed new beginning, the past results of the "team" have only a small influence to make a suitable prediction between Germany and Wolfsburg. Loew can probably not afford to send a B-Elf on the pitch, unless he wants to call after 90 minutes in the new international match year 2019 a new policy debate on the scene. Unlike many other friendlies, the result on Wednesday has a tremendous importance, so that – purely objectively – it can be assumed that in the match Germany vs. Serbia a tip on the home side will be crowned with success.
Regarding the lineup, we can be curious who, for example, gets the advantage in the goal. If the performance principle applies, Marc Andre ter Stegen would actually have to take the place between the posts. In the offensive we expect Leroy Sane and Marco Reus on the outside and Timo Werner in the lead. The defensive triplet could Niklas Süle, Thilo Kehrer and Antonio Rüdiger form. Of all three players, Jogi Löw hopes that they take on much more responsibility and make the duo Hummels / Boateng – contrary to all other opinions – forget. In midfield, meanwhile, there are many options. It's quite possible that Kimmich will turn right again and that Toni Kroos and Leon Goretzka will pull the strings in the center. Maxi Eggestein, Lukas Klostermann and Niklas Stark could celebrate their debut in the DFB-Dress in case of substitution.
Expected formation of Germany:
↳ New – Rüdiger, Süle, Kehrer – Halstenberg, Goretzka, Kroos, Kimmich – Sané, Werner, Reus – Coach: Löw
Last matches of Germany:
⚽ 19.11.2018 – Germany vs Holland 2: 2 (Nations League)
⚽ 15.11.2018 – Germany vs Russia 3: 0 (friendly)
⚽ 16.10.2018 – France vs. France Germany 2: 1 (Nations League)
⚽ 13.10.2018 – Holland vs Germany 3: 0 (Nations League)
⚽ 09.09.2018 – Germany vs Peru 2: 1 (friendly)
Serbia – Statistics & Current Form
Similar to the German national team, also the Serbian selection at the World Cup last year in Russia in the preliminary round. After a first-round victory against Costa Rica, the East Europeans lost both against Switzerland and against Brazil and finished in the final bill finally in third place. However, since the association was quite satisfied with the team's athletic development and the second World Cup participation since 2010 was recorded as a separate nation as a success, coach Mladen Krstajic kept his job and promptly led the "Beli Orlovi" promotion in the Nations League , Admittedly, the group did not compare with Romania, Montenegro and Lithuania in terms of quality compared to a World Cup finals, but the Serb remained unbeaten in six group games with four wins and two draws. As a group winner of the world ranking 31st to be found in the pot of the B Division at the next Nations League draw. In addition, the Serbs have, if they can not make the European Championship qualification by the usual way, in the playoffs as a group winner of the Nations League, another possibility in the hindquarters, for the first time to secure the ticket for the European Championship finals.
By the way, the endeavor in the European Championship qualifiers does not seem to be hopeless, because with Portugal and Ukraine there are only two national teams in the group of five that could endanger Serbia. Lithuania and Luxembourg should only have outsider opportunities. The first game will have the red and white blue next Monday in Portugal. Coach Mladen Krstajic will hope that the key players who are currently injured will be fit in time.
"I believe in my players, they will give their maximum. But more important will be the match against Portugal. " – Mladen Krstajic
Roma captain Aleksandar Kolarov and Manchester United midfielders Nemanja Matic and Benfica Lisbon's Ljubomir Fejsa will not be available on Wednesday. At least with Kolarov and Fejsa there is hope for the qualifier, to which the former Bremen and Schalke Bundesliga players anyway attaches the greater importance. Nevertheless, the encounter in Wolfsburg is a good opportunity to adjust their own defensive to the challenges against absolute world-class players. We therefore expect a compact defending Serbian team, which is good for a surprise. For this reason, the odds for a home win of the favorites are too low between Germany and Serbia to identify a promising value. That the guests with players like Tadic, Milinkovic-Savic, Kostic, Jovic or Mitrovic dispose of highly talented footballers, namely, is not up for grabs.
Expected formation of Serbia:
↳ Dmitrovic – Rukavina, Milenkovic, Veljkovic, Bogosavac – Maskimovic, Jovicic – Tadic, Milinkovic-Savic, Kostic – A. Mitrovic
Last matches of Serbia:
⚽ 20.11.2018 – Serbia vs. Lithuania 4: 1 (Nations League)
⚽ 17.11.2018 – Serbia vs. Montenegro 2: 1 (Nations League)
⚽ 14.10.2018 – Romania vs Serbia 0: 0 (Nations League)
⚽ 11.10.2018 – Montenegro Vs. Serbia 0: 2 (Nations League)
⚽ 10.09.2018 – Serbia vs. Romania 2: 2 (Nations League)
Germany vs Serbia Direct Comparison
So far, there were only three matches between Germany and Serbia. For our prediction, these encounters have little effect, after all, the last direct duel is already nine years back. At the 2010 World Cup, the Germans lost in the group stage with 0: 1. The last friendly match dates from 2008. After 0: 1 deficit marked at that time Oliver Neuville and Michael Ballack the goals for a 2-1 win immediately before the start of the European Championship.
Germany vs Serbia Betting Tips and Predictions Explained
It turns out in these days anything but easy to find in the first international match of the new year between Germany and Serbia the right tip. An extremely large number of factors play a role that can not be adequately analyzed or assessed. Whether it be the removal of the three world champions Hummels, Boateng and Müller, the resulting new hierarchy within the team or the strength of the opponent. One of the reasons why we do not dare to make a prediction on the winner after 90 minutes before the match between Germany and Serbia, since it is well known that this is a friendly match in which the proverbial clocks tick differently.
Key Facts – Germany vs Serbia tips
↳ Game one after the removal of Hummels, Boateng and Müller
↳ Serbia with a lot of individual quality on offense
↳ Many changes could lead to more chaos on the field in the 2nd HZ
So we tried to outline the gameplay. In fact, we expect a fairly low-focus start-up phase, in which both teams will be eager to keep up the order in a new formation and act tactically disciplined. Only with continuous playing time should the actions in the enemy third gain in importance. Especially in the second round could be due to many changes a changed rhythm, which has one or the other goal to result. Therefore, we have decided to give a hint between Germany and Serbia that after the break more hits fall than before the break.
Betting Tips: More goals in 2nd HT
Germany vs Serbia


Looking for fresh, locally sourced fruits and vegetables, prepared foods, handcrafted items and more? Be sure to stop by either or both of the local farmers markets, held each week in Brookfield and Riverside.
On Thursday, June 21 from 7 to 9 p.m. enjoy modern country hits courtesy of the Nashville Electric Company at the gazebo behind the North Riverside Village Commons, 2401 Desplaines Ave.
ZooBrew the annual beer-tasting festival at Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Road in Brookfield, returns Saturday, June 23 and Sunday, June 24 from 4 to 8 p.m.
Listen to author William Hazelgrove tell the exciting history behind Chicago's battle with the mob during "Al Capone and the 1933 World's Fair" on Thursday, June 21 at 7 p.m. at the Brookfield Public Library, 3609 Grand Blvd.
While you're having a high-energy, honky tonk time, you can also enjoy barbecue nachos and grab a country punch. Don't forget to bring a blanket and chair.
Then on Friday, June 22 at 7 p.m. head over to the band shell in Brookfield's Kiwanis Park, 8820 Brookfield Ave., and experience the British Invasion all over again courtesy of the Beatles tribute band BritBeat.
Food will be available for purchase. In case of inclement weather, concerts are held in the lower level of the Brookfield Village Hall, next door.
The 21-over event on the East Mall offers a chance to sample more than 80 ales, lagers, stouts, porters and more from local and national brewers while taking in wildlife and nature. Live music will be provided by D.T. Funk on Saturday and Run Forrest Run on Sunday.
A variety of ticket options are available, and all include free parking and zoo admission anytime that day between 9:30 a.m. and 6 p.m. For ticket information, visit www.CZS.org/ZooBrew.
Riverside's Farmers Market, held every Wednesday from 2:30 to 7 p.m. through the summer and early fall, is held in the shadow of the water tower in Centennial Park, 10 Pine Ave. Weekly scavenger hunt for kids.
The Brookfield Farmers Market is held every Saturday from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. through Oct. 13 in the parking lot of the village hall, 8820 Brookfield Ave. Weekly special events and live music.
The story includes the Secret Six, Sally Rand, mayors "Big" Bill Thompson and Anton Cermak and more.
Registration required at 708-485-6917, ext. 130 or online at www.brookfieldlibrary.info.
North Riverside Park Mall, 7501 Cermak Road, invites kids 2 to 7 and their families to a free WTTW Kids Big Idea event on Sunday, June 24 from 10 to 11 a.m.
WTTW's Kids Lab Guys will take kids on a 45-minute journey that will explore things like life cycles, recycling, the natural world and more. There will also be a VIP appearance by Curious George.
• The Riverside Masonic Lodge No. 862, 40 Forest Ave., will host its annual Community Awards Dinner on June 21 at 6 p.m. For more information or to make a reservation, call 708-447-9628.
• The Frederick Law Olmsted Society will hold its next walking tour of historic Riverside on June 24 from 2 to 4 p.m. with a stroll through the village's south division. Meet at the east platform of the Riverside train station, 90 Bloomingbank Road. Tickets are $20 ($15 for seniors and society members). Learn more at www.olmstedsociety.org.
• The Compassion Factory Art Gallery, 9210 Broadway Ave. in Brookfield, continues its exhibition featuring the work of two artists, Andrea Johnson and Heidi Burtner through July 7. Free and open to the public on Thursdays from 4 to 9 p.m.; Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and first Fridays from 7 to 10 p.m.
• Brookfield Public Library, 3609 Grand Blvd., invites you to journey with Brian Michalski on a 22-month solo backpacking trip in "Vagabonding Around the World" on June 25 at 7 p.m. Get insider info that will let you travel like a pro. Registration required at 708-485-6917 or online at www.brookfieldlibrary.info.
• North Riverside Public Library, 2400 Desplaines Ave., hosts a Senior Drop-in on June 22 from 10 a.m. to noon in the Meeting Room. Play cards and socialize every Friday. For kids, there's Stories & Play (thru age 5) on June 21 at 10:30 a.m.; Love2Read (grades K-1) on June 23 at 2 p.m.; Book Treks reading adventures (grades K+) on June 21 at 3:30 p.m.; Mystery of Missing Manners (grades K ) on June 26 at 3:30 p.m.; Mini Crafters (ages 3-6) on June 26 at 10:30 a.m. (DIY binoculars); Mega Crafters (ages 7 ) on June 27 at 3:30 p.m. (design your own treasure box); Wii Play Games and Watch Movies (teens/tweens) on June 25 from 6 to 8 p.m.; and Life-Size Jenga (teens/tweens) on June 27 from 6 to 8 p.m.


text:
Em química orgânica, um enolato de cetona é um enolato formado de uma cetona por reação com um base forte, tal como di-isopropilamida de lítio, ou com um ácido de Lewis tal como triflato de dibutilboro e uma base fraca tal como N,N-di-isopropiletilamina. No último caso, a base tira o íon de hidrogênio do carbono alfa da cetona e o átomo aceitador de elétrons do ácido de Lewis torna-se ligado ao oxigênio da cetona.

Ver também

 Reação aldólica

Álcoois
Cetonas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Here is a very practical layout of a 4-week retreat that can help bring about an "awakening" in the reader- awakening in terms of numerous aspects of our life. All our prayers, our endeavours, successes and failures, our friendships and other relationships are intended to lead us towards a sense of fulfillment in life. But to make that possible, we need help, we need a guide at every turn of our journey towards that ideal. A "retreat" is generally considered an appropriate tool for that purpose. Further, to fully benefit from a retreat, there are two prerequisites, viz., a deep desire to have a personal experience and the spirit of openness. This book serves as both a tool and a guide.


What is QUILLMASTERS Writer's Group?
Quillmasters is the Writer's Group that meets each month at the Jessie F. Hallett Memorial Library.
Anyone is welcome to join Quillmasters.
Quillmasters meets the third Tuesday of each month at 10:00 am at the JFHML.
What do you do at the Meetings?
Quillmaster's basic mission is to inspire and share creative works.
Men and women attend. We have attended workshops, and do round-robin sharing of our writings/artwork.
Who do I contact if interested?
You can contact Peggi @ the Library 546-8005, or e-mail hallett@hallettlibrary.com or just come to a meeting! Sheila Helmberger is the facilitator and she can be reached at skhelm@brainerd.net.


text:
Q: How to detect double tap with RxSwift I'm trying to detect a double tap with RxSwift
Without RxSwift I would something like this:
private func setupFakePanView() {
    let singleTapGesture = UITapGestureRecognizer()
    let doubleTapGesture = UITapGestureRecognizer()

    singleTapGesture.numberOfTapsRequired = 1
    doubleTapGesture.numberOfTapsRequired = 2

    singleTapGesture.addTarget(self, action: #selector(self.tapped))
    doubleTapGesture.addTarget(self, action: #selector(self.doubleTapped))

    someView.addGestureRecognizer(singleTapGesture)
    someView.addGestureRecognizer(doubleTapGesture)

    singleTapGesture.require(toFail: doubleTapGesture)
}

@objc private func tapped() {
    // Do something
}

@objc private func doubleTapped() {
    // Do something else
}

Is there a way I could achieve the same with RxSwift, RxCocoa and RxGesture? I've tried the following but of course it doesn't work:
someView.rx
    .tapGesture(numberOfTouchesRequired: 1, numberOfTapsRequired: 1)
    .when(.recognized)
    .subscribe(onNext: { _ in
        // Do something
    })
    .disposed(by: bag)

someView.rx
    .tapGesture(numberOfTouchesRequired: 1, numberOfTapsRequired: 2)
    .when(.recognized)
    .subscribe(onNext: { _ in
        // Do something else
    })
    .disposed(by: bag)

Is there way to let the first tapGesture know the second has to fail?

A: I've found 2 solutions to solve this problem!
A. Using a custom UITapGestureRecognizer
let doubleTapGesture = UITapGestureRecognizer()
doubleTapGesture.numberOfTapsRequired = 2

let singleTapGesture = UITapGestureRecognizer()
singleTapGesture.numberOfTapsRequired = 1
singleTapGesture.require(toFail: doubleTapGesture)

let singleTap = someView.rx
    .gesture(singleTapGesture)
    .when(.recognized)
    .subscribe(onNext: { _ in
        // Do something
    })
    .disposed(by: bag)

let doubleTap = someView.rx
    .gesture(doubleTapGesture)
    .when(.recognized)
    .subscribe(onNext: { _ in
        // Do something else
    })
    .disposed(by: bag)

or..
B. Using a custom UIGestureRecognizerDelegate
Thanks Kishan for suggesting Jegnux's answer!
1 - Set a custom delegate for the single tap gesture...
someView.rx
    .tapGesture(
        numberOfTouchesRequired: 1,
        numberOfTapsRequired: 1,
        configuration: { [weak self] gesture, delegate in
            gesture.delegate = self
        }
    )
    .subscribe(onNext: { _ in
        // Do something
    })
    .disposed(by: bag)

// double tap same as before

2 - Implement gestureRecognizer(_:shouldRequireFailureOf:)
extension MyController: UIGestureRecognizerDelegate {
    func gestureRecognizer(_ gestureRecognizer: UIGestureRecognizer, shouldRequireFailureOf otherGestureRecognizer: UIGestureRecognizer) -> Bool {
        if let gesture = otherGestureRecognizer as? UITapGestureRecognizer, gesture.numberOfTapsRequired == 2 {
             return true
        }
        return false
    }
}

Both solutions work fine.

A: This code should work:
tap
    .flatMapFirst {
        tap
        .takeUntil(tap.startWith(()).debounce(.milliseconds(300), scheduler: MainScheduler.instance))
        .startWith(())
        .reduce(0) { acc, _ in acc + 1 }
    }
    .map { min($0, 2) }

Just use a single gesture recognizer (whose event is called tap) that emits instantly when a tap occurs. The code above the map generalizes this problem to output the number of successive taps within a certain period of each other (300 ms) in this case. The map is simply to ensure that only a 1 or a 2 comes out. Then do whatever conditional logic with it that you please. I tested it with a UIButton successfully.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When checked the logs available in Plesk control panel at Domains > Domain.com > Logs, there are no errors found.
Error: Your server's applications pool is not running, but it was not stopped through Plesk.
There might be some issue with IIS. You can restart the application pool.
We can solve the issue by Restarting the website application pool.
To Restart, Go to Domains > domainname.com > Dedicated IIS Application Pool for Website.


text:
Time for countries to roll up their sleeves at the UN climate negotiations
December 1, 2014, Lima, Peru: On the opening day of the UN climate negotiations in Lima, Climate Action Network has called for countries to build on recent momentum in climate politics and flesh out the international climate action plan due to be signed 12 months from now which will be the world's first collective step away from fossil fuels and towards 100% renewable energy .
With initial climate action commitments having been tabled by the US, China and the EU in recent months, all eyes have turned other major emitters who need to put forward their own commitments early next year. In Lima, countries need to agree the format and content of those commitments which will form the building blocks of the Paris agreement.
Martin Kaiser, head of the Greenpeace delegation, said the Paris Protocol must send a clear and convincing signal to citizens, companies and investors that the world is moving away from fossil fuels.
" In Lima, the countries must agree on the long-term goal of phasing out fossil fuel emissions to zero by mid-century while moving towards 100% renewable energy for all in a fair transition period. Subsidies for fossil fuel industries must be shifted towards renewable energy deployment and climate adaptation for vulnerable countries. In countries like the US, China, and the EU, the phase-out of coal must be accelerated."
Tasneem Essop, WWF International's head of delegation to the UNFCCC, said the UN climate negotiations start off the back of political momentum starkly different from last year in Warsaw. But there is still much to do, she says.
"We expect negotiators to roll up their sleeves and get to work, translating the momentum into real action. Countries must begin preparing climate action commitments and agree to measure these for fairness. They must also be willing to scale up if it does not match the demands of keeping global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius. In Lima, countries should also agree to address the emissions gap by 2020 using already affordable and available technology in the form of renewable energy and energy efficiency."
Enrique Maurtua Konstantinidis, international policy adviser for Climate Action Network Latin America said that Latin American region was extremely vulnerable to climate impacts.
"Some countries in this region know that Lima for example could be the first city in the world to run out of water, so they are taking action. Costa Rica will get 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2016. But some countries are still under the sway of the fossil fuel industry. We'll be looking at them during these negotiations to act in line with the peoples' demands and pursue development in a sustainable way. We must leave fossil fuels in the ground and not repeat the steps of the developed countries that brought us to this point."


text:
Maunie, auch Mahni, war ein Flächenmaß in Madras.
 1 Maunie = 2 ¼ Ar

Literatur
 Fr. Silber: Die Münzen, Masse und Gewichte aller Länder der Erde einzeln berechnet nach ihren Werthen und Verhältnissen zu allen deutschen Münzen, Massen und Gewichten Nebst Angabe der Handelsplätze und deren Rechnungsverhältnisse. Moritz Ruhl, Leipzig 1861, S. 232.

Altes Maß oder Gewicht
Flächeneinheit


The longer I get into this trip, the more that time seems to fade away. It's hard to comprehend that I left Australia nine months ago. I feel like I've been travelling forever, and I feel like I only left yesterday. If I know one thing for sure, I still haven't hit my travel wall.
I've run into so many people on the road who are a couple of months in and more than ready to head home. For me, travelling is just as exciting as when I first started and I'm no where near ready to stop. The longer I travel, the more plans I make for future travels. It's a bit of a vicious cycle, this travelling business.
But this month, I did suffer from a huge case of writers block. I was just starting to catch up on my posts, when I gave my whole head start away by only posting four times this month. Solo travelling is great for blog writing- I spend lots of nights or mornings in with just my laptop for company. But being on tours for most of August where spare time was minimal meant that I didn't get a lot of time to write. And when I did find myself with time, I found myself with a lack of inspiration.
I'm hoping I've snapped out of it with my recent post on Hvar and I'll try to get as many posts out as possible in September.
Ireland– I did a Paddwagon tour through Ireland and it was incredible. We got to see so much of the country and everything was spectacular. Even their crappy weather couldn't prevent this country from becoming one of my new favourites. I'd have to say it's trailing only behind Portugal when it comes to my favourites in Europe. Specific highlights from Ireland would have to be the Giant's Causeway and learning more about the troubles in Northern Ireland.
Celebrating my birthday in Scotland– This year was the first time I celebrated my birthday away from my friends and family. Luckily I had a whole group of new friends from my Haggis Adventures Scotland tour that helped me celebrate my birthday in the sleepy town of Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis. It was a great night and I didn't miss home nearly as much as I thought I would. Thanks so much for all the birthday wishes!
Riding the Jacobite Steam Train (aka THE HOGWARTS EXPRESS) in Scotland- There is a strong chance that if I do anything Harry Potter related its going to make it on to my favourites list. Riding the Jacobite Steam Train and crossing the viaduct from the films was no exception.
My Haggis Adventures Tour– less specifically, my whole time in Scotland was incredible. I got to gaze at beautiful lakes, mountains and pools on the magical isle of Skye, wonder at Neolithic settlements on Orkney, try Haggis, dress in tartan and dance on tables, go canoeing on Loch Ness and learn how to do Scottish traditional dancing at a Ceilidh in Oban.
The Edinburgh Fringe Festival– I'm so glad that I changed my plans so that I was visiting Scotland during the fringe festival. For the five whole days I found myself in Edinburgh during the festival, I absolutely binged out on incredible comedy, theatre, slam poetry, a capella and circus performances. Highlights would have to be a one-woman theatre rendition of Jane Eyre, an adaption of A Little Princess, the hilarious David O'Doherty and the incredible Driftwood acrobatic/circus performance. I'm already trying to work out how I can go back in the future. My time at the fringe was made even better when my Grandpa (who I hadn't seen in 9 months) and my auntie arrived.
Both sides of my family together in Chester– My cousins that live in the North of the UK came from my dad's side of the family, and I've cherished all the times I've been able to visit during this trip. But this time I got a special visit from my cousin on my mum's side of the family, Elle, who came up to Chester from her new home of London for a visit. It was a great couple of days!
Thai Food at Ting Thai Caravan in Edinburgh– Thai is some of my favourite cuisine and it had been so long since I had good thai food. Luckily, I managed to grab a seat at Ting Thai Caravan in Edinburgh and have some delicious meals between shows. Their tom yam was incredible, as well as their pad thai. Although I'm afraid its made my thai cravings worse, not better.
Pierogis in Poland– The Asian versions of dumplings are one of my favourite foods, but until I arrived in Krakow, I had never tried the Polish version. This famous and popular polish dish is dumplings filled with anything from the typical fillings of meat, cabbage and mushrooms, or cheese and potatoes, to even sweet versions filled with strawberries, fruits or nutella. They are so delicious. I can't wait to return to Poland next month to eat some more of them!
Saying goodbye to Chester for the final time– My Aunt, Uncle and cousins in the Northern England have been the safety blanket I needed for the first few months of my trip. They made sure I didn't spend Christmas alone, they were a safe base to return to when I needed a break, and most importantly they were the lifeline I could call if something went wrong. Everytime I've left Chester this trip, I've taken comfort in the fact that I'd be back. But this month was the last time I'd be in England and it was harder than I thought to leave knowing that I most likely wouldn't be back.
I absolutely knew this was going to be one of my most expensive months. Tours are always more expensive than independent travel and I took two this month. Luckily, both of the tours were paid in full before I arrived so only about half of the amount of this money actually came out of my bank account.
As always you can see all of my individual expenses in this spreadsheet.
Only four I know! Promises to try harder next month!
I'm not surprised at all that all but one of my most popular photos from this month came from Scotland, with three from the Isle of Skye. It really is a magical place. And for the first time in a while, the most liked photo was also my favourite of the month!
That feeling when the sun rays start to peak through the clouds after three days of rain ?
The island of Skye couldn't be more magical!
I've been in Scotland for a whole day but because I spent that whole day bingeing on comedy at the Edinburgh fringe festival, I don't have any pretty pictures yet. So here is one from one of my favourite places in the world! Even my killer hangover and only two hours of sleep couldn't dampen the causeway coast!
Scottish cliff sides never get old! So happy to have had the opportunity to get to the Orkney islands.
? Sing me a song of a lass this is gone. Say, could that lass be I? Merry of souls she sailed on a dais, over the sea to… Skye ? – Exploring Skye yesterday was the best day of the trip so far. Finally being able to see the fairy pools and all of their magic was just incredible. I'm not sure this part of the world could get anymore beautiful!
I know where I'll be until about the middle of this month. I'm heading to Prague and Berlin with my Pa who will fly out on the 7th. I won't be boarding my booked flight to Turkey because I unfortunately cancelled those plans over safety concerns. Instead I'm staying on in Berlin until the 11th when I'll fly to Latvia. I'm trying to turn over a new leaf this month and embrace spontaneous travel. I need to be back in Berlin on the 16th of October for my flight to New York but up until then I'm free to fly wherever the wind takes me. It's an exciting feeling!
Oh and I promise more posts next month!


Roles Minimum Male roles = 5. Minimum Female roles = 5. Minimum total with doubling = 10. Minimum total without doubling = 22. No chorus. Several of the characters appear only in voice-over. A 'doubling list' is included in the Producer's Copy of the script.
Synopsis When Bernard dies, his wife discovers he's been writing a political blog that has galvanised the country. She steps into his shoes, fights a campaign and becomes Prime Minister. But the cost is high for saving the country.
A hard-hitting political play, posing the question 'Could the Grey vote really change the world?' However, when it comes down to it, the play is not about how to right the wrongs of governing the country, it's about one woman's blindness to the people closest to her, about losing sight of the things that really matter in life.
Roles Minimum Male roles = 8. Minimum Female roles = 8. Minimum total with doubling = 24. Minimum total without doubling = 30. Chorus.
Style One act musical comedy play - set in the studio of a TV make-over show complete with cheesy presenters and sponsorship jingles.
Synopsis A Nasally over-blessed heroine (Miss Nodda Tragtiff) takes part in a reality Makeover show, only to find that the New You promised has caused her to lose her old friends and only gained her fleeting popularity with new people. She comes to understand that real beauty comes from within, and true friends aren't swayed by appearance.
Style Lively, expressive, epic musical with some light humour. Designed to not rely heavily on props or set.
Synopsis Noah receives a message from God that the earth will be washed away. With his wife, his three sons and their respective wives, all of them ignoring the sneers of the ignorant townsfolk, he begins crafting an ark to bear them and the animals of the world to safety.
** Conductor's score and band parts - Flute, Clarinet, Alto Sax and Tenor Sax (for two reed players), Trumpet, Trombone, Bass, and Keyboard - for 'Noah, Yes Noah' by Richard Cowling.
Style Farce. Two acts in structure, but of one-act length.
Synopsis As Punch and Judy intrude, the staff meeting at Oscars Department Store soon descends into chaos as long standing inter departmental frictions come to the fore. These tensions are soon forgotten however when news comes of a take over of the store by a multi-national company which will mean the long serving, loyal staff's well established work routine and perks are to be seriously curtailed. The solution to their problems comes in a surprising final twist.
Style Moving one-act drama, split between two eras. (The stage is likewise split, with the modern part of the story represented by a furnished area, and the 1940s elements done under spotlight.) Contains mild swearing.
Synopsis Angie is hoping to track down her mother, who died in childbirth. Since her husband's death, she is free to travel and to research the circumstances the left her in an orphanage in Australia. But this research could reveal some unpleasant secrets.
Roles Minimum Male roles = 4. Minimum Female roles = 3. Minimum total with doubling = 7. Minimum total without doubling = 7. No chorus. No formal chorus, but there is an off-stage crowd shouting - either live or recorded.
Style Easter play (from an unusual perspective), of one-act length but structured in three acts. Three locations, which could be formed as one simple composite set.
Roles Minimum Male roles = 6. Minimum Female roles = 6. Minimum total with doubling = 25. Minimum total without doubling = 30. No chorus. Whilst the gender of some of the characters is implied by their names, there is lots of scope for variation!
Style One-act comedy play for a school class-sized cast. Packed with piratical puns.
Synopsis A group of veteran retired pirates lead a motley chase across the oceans as they escape from their retirement home and go in search of the treasure of the Stinkas. A large cast comedy with some truly terrible jokes along the way.