text:
ed in this controversy, on account of the opposition so pub. licly made to one of its members, and consequently used their utmost endeavours to have the Spanish doctor acquitted of the charge of Pelagianism, and declared free from any errors of moment. In this they acted according to the true monastic spirit, which leads each order to resent the affronts that are offered to any of its members, as if they had been cast upon the whole community, and to maintain, at all adventures, the cause of every individual monk, as if the interests of the society were involved in it.
XLII. Notwitstanding the zealous attempts that were made, by several persons of eminent piety, to re- Riles and cestore the institutions of public worship to their remontes. primitive simplicity, the multitude of vain and useless ce- . remonies still remained in the church; nor did the pontiff's judge it proper to diminish that pomp and show, that gave the ministers of religion a great, though ill-acquired, influence on the minds of the people. Beside these ceremonies, many popular customs and inventions, which were multiplied by the clergy, and were either entirely absurd or grossly superstitious, called loudly for redress; and indeed the council of Trent seemed disposed to correct these abuses, and prevent their farther growth. But this good design was never carried into execution; it was abandoned, either through the corrupt prudence of the pope and clergy, who looked upon every check given to superstition as an attempt to diminish their authority, or through their criminal negligence about every thing that tended to promote the true interests of religion. Hence it happens, that in those countries where there are few protestants, and consequently where the church of Rome is in no danger of losing its credit and influence from the proximity and attempts of these pretended heretics, superstition reigns with unlimited extravagance and absurdity. Such is the case in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, where the feeble glimmerings of Christianity that yet remain are overwhelmed and obscured by an enormous multitude of ridiculous ceremonies, and absurd, fantastic, and unaccountable rites; so that a person who arrives in any of these countries, after having passed through other nations even of the Romish communion, is immediately struck with the change, and thinks himself transported into the thickest darkness, into
the most gloomy retreats of superstition." Nor indeed are even those countries, whom the neighbourhood of the protestants, and a more free and liberal turn of mind have rendered somewhat less absurd, entirely exempt from the dominion of superstition, and the solemn fooleries that always attend it; for the religion of Rome, in its best form, and in those places where its external worship is the least shocking, is certainly loaded with rites and observances that are highly offensive to sound reason. If, from this general view of things, we descend to a more circumstantial consideration of the innumerable abuses that are established in the discipline of that church; if we attend to the pious, or rather impious frauds which are imposed, with impunity, upon the deluded multitude in many places; if we pass in review the corruption of the clergy, the ignorance of the people, the devout farces that are acted in the ceremonies of public worship, and the insipid jargon and trifling rhetoric that prevail in the discourses of the Roman catholic preachers; if we weigh all these things maturely, we shall find that they have little regard to impartiality and truth, who pretend, that since the council of Trent, the religion and worship of the Roman church have been every where corrected and amended,
CIIAPTER II.
HISTORY OF THE GREEK AND EASTERN CHURCHES.
be divided into three branches.
1. The society of Christians that goes under the general The eastern denomination of the eastern church, is dispersed Bleurs bij way throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa, and may be branchese divided into three distinct communities. The first
is, that of the Greek Christians, who agree, in all points of doctrine and worship, with the patriarch residing at Constantinople, and reject the pretended supremacy of
n It is well known that the French, who travel into Italy, employ the whole force of their wit and raillery in rendering ridiculous the monstrous superstition of the Italians. The Italians, in their turn, look upon the French that visit their country as totally destitute of all principles of religion. This is evidently the case, as we learn from the testimony of many writers, and particularly from that of father Labat, in his Voyages en Italie et en Espagne. This agreeable Dominican lets no opportunity escape of censuring and exposing the superstition of the Spaniards and Italians ; nor does he pretend to deny that his countrymen, and even he himself, passed for impious libertines in the opinion of these bigots.
The Greek church, proper
is for the most part subject to the patriarch of
the Roman pontiff. The second comprehends those Christians, who differ equally from the Roman pontiff and the Grecian patriarch in their religious opinions and institutions, and who live under the government of their own bishops and rulers. The third is composed of those who are subject to the see of Rome.
II. That society of Christians that lives in religious com-. munion with the patriarch of Constantinople, is, properly speaking, the Greek, though it assumes , likewise the title of the eastern church. This ly speaking, society is subdivided into two branches, of which the one acknowledges the supreme authority and jurisdiction of the bishop of Constantinople; while the other, though joined in communion of doctrine and worship with that prelate, yet obstinately refuses to receive his legates, or to obey his edicts, and is governed by its own laws and institutions, under the jurisdiction of spiritual rulers, who are independent on all foreign authority. .
III. That part of the Greek church which acknowledges the jurisdiction of the bishop of Constantinople, ir is divided, as in the early ages of Christianity, into four large districts or provinces, Constantino. Constantinople, ple, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, over every one of which a bishop presides with the title of patriarch, whom the inferior bishops and monastic orders unanimously respect as their common father. But the supreme chief of all these patriarchs, bishops, and abbots, and generally speaking of the whole church, is the patriarch of Constantinople. This prelate has the privilege of nominating the other patriarchs, though that dignity still continues elective, and of approving the election that is made ; nor is there any thing of moment undertaken or transacted in the church without his express permission, or his especial order. It is true indeed, that, in the present decayed state of the Greek churches, whose revenues are so small, and whose former opulence is reduced almost to nothing, their spiritual rulers enjoy little more than the splendid title of patriarchs, without being in a condition to extend their fame, or promote their cause, by any undertaking of signal importance.
iv. The spiritual jurisdiction and dominion of the patriarch of Constantinople are very extensive, com- and is divided prehending a considerable part of Greece, the
into four provinces or diye
deserived.
tricts here. Grecian Isles, Wallachia, Moldavia, and several of
the European and Asiatic provinces that are subject to the Turk. The patriarch of Alexandria resides generally at Cairo, and exercises his spiritual authority in Egypt, Nubia, Lybia, and part of Arabia." Damascus is the principal residence of the patriarch of Antioch, whose jurisdiction extends to Mesopotamia, Syria, Cilicia, and other provinces, while the patriarch of Jerusalem comprehends, within the bounds of his pontificate, Palestine, Syria,9 Arabia, the country beyond Jordan, Cana in Galilee, and mount Sion. The episcopal dominions of these three patriarchs are indeed extremely poor and inconsiderable; for the monophysites have long since assumed the patriarchal seats of Alexandria and Antioch, and have deprived the Greek churches of the greatest part of their members in all those places where they gained an ascendant. And as Jerusalem is the resort of Christians of every sect, who have their respective bishops and rulers, the jurisdiction of the Grecian patriarch is consequently confined there within narrow limits.
o For an account of the patriarchate of Alexandria, and the various prelates who bare filled that see, it will be proper to consult Sollerii Commentar. de Patriarchis Aler. andrinis, which is prefixed to the fifth volume of the Acta Sanctorum Mersis Junii; as also the Oriens. Christianus of Le Quien, tom. ii. p. 329. The nature of their office, the extent of their authority, and the manner of their creation, are accurately described by Eus. Renaudot, in bis Dissertatio de Patriarcha Alexandrino, which is published in the first volume of his Liturgia Orientales, p. 365. The Grecian patriarch has, at this day, no bishops under his jurisdiction ; the chorepiscopi or rural bishops alone are subject to his authority. All the bishops acknowledge as their chief the patriarch of the Monophysiles, who is, in effect, the patriarch of Alexandria.
p The Jesuits have prefixed a particular and learned account of the patriarchs of 'Antioch to the fifth volume of the Acta SS. Mensis Julii, in which however there are some omissions and defects. Add to this the account that is given of the district or diocess of the patriarch of Antioch by Mich. Le Quien, in his Oriens Christianus, tom. ii. p. 670, and by Blasius Tertius, in his Siria Sacra o Descrittione Historico Geographica delle due Chiese Patriarchali. Antiocha, et Gierusalemme, published in folio at Rome, in the vear 1695. There are three bishops in Syria which claim the title and dignity of patriarch of Antioch. The first is the bishop of the Melchites, a name given to the Christians in Syria, who follows the doctrine, institutions, and worship of the Greek church; the second is the spiritual guide of the Syrian Monoplysites; and the third is the chief of the Maronites, who hold communion with the church of Rome. This last bishop pretends to be the true and lawsul patriarch of Antioch, and is acknowledged as such, or at least receives this denomination from the Roman pontiff. And yet it is certain, that the pope creates at Rome, a patriarch of Antioch of his own choice. So that the See of Antioch has, at this day, four patriarchs, one from the Greeks, two from the Sy. rians, and one created at Rome, who is patriarch in partibus, i. e. titular patriarch, according to the signification of that usual phrase.
F q Syria is here erroneously placed in the patriarchate of Jerusalem, as it eridently belongs to that of Antioch, in which also Dr. Mosheim places it in the preceding sentence.
r Blas. Tertii Siria Sacra, lib. ii. p. 165. D. Papebrochii Comment. de Patriarch. Hierosolym. tom. iij. Actor. Sanct. Mens. Maii. Le Quien, Oriens. Christ. tom. iii. p,
of Constantinople.
v. The right of electing the patriarch of Constantinople is at this day vested in the twelve bishops who The patria reside nearest that famous capital; but the right of . confirming this election, and of enabling the new chosen patriarch to exercise his spiritual functions, belongs only to the Turkish emperor. This institution, however, if it is not entirely overturned, is nevertheless, on many occasions, prostituted in a shameful manner by the corruption and avarice of the reigning ministers. Thus it happens, that many bishops, inflamed with the ambitious lust of power and pre-eminence, purchase by money what they cannot obtain by merit; and seeing themselves excluded from the patriarchal dignity by the suffrages of their brethren, find an open and ready way to it by the mercenary services of men in power. Nay, what is yet more deplorable has frequently happened; even that prelates, who have been chosen in the lawful way to this eminent office, have been deposed, in order to make way for others, whose only pretensions were ambition and bribery. And indeed, generally speaking, he is looked upon by the Turkish vizirs as the most qualified for the office of patriarch, who surpasses his competitors in the number and value of the presents he employs on that occasion. It is true, some accounts worthy of credit represent the present state of the Greek church as advantageously changed in this respect ; and it is reported, that as the Turkish manners have gradually assumed a milder and more humane cast, the patriarchs live under their dominion with more security and repose than they did some ages ago.
The power of the patriarch among a people dispirited by oppression, and sunk, through their extreme ignorance, into the greatest superstition, must undoubtedly be very considerable and extensive; and such indeed it is. Its extent however is not entirely owing to the causes now mentioned, but to others that give no small weight and lustre to the patriarchal dignity. For this prelate does not only call councils by his own authority, in order to decide, by their assistance, the controversies that arise, and to make use of their prudent advice and wise deliberations in directing the affairs of the church; his preroga
s Le Quien, ibid. tom. i. p. 145. der Turckey, p. 54.
Elsner, Beschreibung der Griechischen Christen in


There comes a day in the office lives when no matter how many cups of coffee one consumes, they still feel dull and listless. On such occasions all one do is stare at the blank wall in front of them. Not thinking, working or doing anything productive, just being lazy. But what happens when the laziness becomes a habit? A daily irritant that doesn't allow one to do anything fruitful, on the other hand impairs the job and reputation.
While laziness is not a cardinal sin, too much of it can point in another direction, it can suggest that perhaps one is not getting ample rest, their sleep is disturbed or the life is going through a turbulent phase. It may even indicate that one is dissatisfied with the current job and therefore feel too lethargic to do anything.
So what can be done, if one feels lazy, regularly? There is a three-fold path to wishing away those lazy bugs. Exercise, eat healthy and sleep. And not only sleep but dream too. Many people have been inspired and motivated by their dream and they have got up and worked hard to achieve the goals in life. The mental and physical health is directly proportional to an individual's productivity at work.
How can this "non-productivity" be stopped? The first step is to be clear in your head. You should make a list of all the things that you need to do. To put a check against a finished task is as good as a pat on the back. This sense of achievement motivates you to do more and better. Often we have the energy to do things of our liking and bail out on others, so nail the cause and work on it.
Keep your to-do list "doable". Often when we start on making a to-do list, we list down hundreds of jobs and get unreasonable. Though we would want to believe ourselves as Superman, it is important to know which planet to save first. Be realistic in your approach and prioritize. It is important to make a list and it is equally important to complete the tasks listed.
Laziness is a state of mind and overcoming it can be troublesome. And as long as one manage to sneak in lazy moments without the boss reprimanding for it, one can be assured that it'll pass away soon.


Fifteen years ago, Dr. Spencer Johnson wrote a seminal book on change, and how we all must learn how to adapt to changes in our business and personal lives. I don't think the imaging industry ever came up in 1998, because things were just humming along. Sure, film changed to digital, but the transition was anticipated and smooth. Well, someone just kicked the cheese out of the room.
Our industry is going through a metamorphosis. And it's not all bad.
On the positive side, people are taking more images every day than ever before, and the trend is predicted to continue. This growth is not only leading to a renewed appreciation of photography, but it's changing the way the world is using photos. More and more images are being sent, forwarded, shared and posted without words attached. Pictures have always told stories, but now they've become a new language, leading to an even higher appreciation of the power of the image.
On the downside for many in our industry, the smartphone has become the de facto picture-taking tool. It's convenient, it's seamless and it has become the spur-of-the-moment capture device. This transition from point-and-shoot camera to smartphone has clearly translated into a decline in that portion of our business.
Back to the upside: the DSLR business is alive and well, and the mirrorless segment, while not growing at the pace most of us had hoped, is still gaining ground. We've recently seen innovation that marries the superior images of the DSLR to the delivery device of the smartphone, resulting in a win-win for the industry. Innovation has not stopped; in fact, it continues to inspire new devices and technologies that are answering the conundrum of not just how to share images but how to share good images.
So what can we do? Well, for the most part, we can help. More pictures on more hard drives and phones and cameras and SD cards and in the cloud means many of our customers are in utter chaos when it comes to organization—picture the mouse running on the wheel, looking for that cheese. We, on the other hand, are the experts. We understand how to organize, and print, and share, and turn seemingly lost images into memories. That is a business that can grow. And our mentorship will lead to more trust—and more sales of hardware and other devices.
As I've said in the past, as technologies change, businesses change. We've been on the positive side of change for a long time. Now we have to learn to adapt to other's technologies—and grow this business from the standpoint of a consumer who is practically addicted to taking pictures. Not a bad place to start. To do this, we have to accept that our cheese has been moved. But it's still in plain sight.
We can all agree that the culture of image making is drastically different than it was just a few years ago. It is impossible to ignore the impact of smartphones, how consumers capture and share images, or the accelerated saturation and commoditization of low-end compact cameras.
One thing that has not changed is the emotional desire for people to capture the best quality images or videos to share. We have to assume the responsibility to promote the benefits of full-featured cameras, demonstrate their advanced optical capabilities, large image sensors capable of low-light photography, and Wi-Fi connectivity. Such features give us an opportunity for growth in the high-end compact and DSLR markets.
In the pursuit of high image quality, consumers are moving up to interchangeable-lens cameras with advanced features. DSLRs allow them to be more creative and expand beyond the boundaries of a smartphone or point-and-shoot camera. Beginners and enthusiasts can be spontaneous and imaginative while shooting stills or HD video. Canon has been very successful with its EOS Rebels, and our EOS Rebel SL1, which offers full DSLR features in the world's smallest form factor, is ideal for consumers ready to take that step up—and really appreciate a small, lightweight camera.
Our commitment to photography extends beyond cameras. Our PIXMA inkjet photo printers are perfect complements that deliver exceptional printed photographs with convenience and speed.
It's important to keep in mind that consumers are unique and everyone has their own style and preference for sharing via photos or videos. Because of this, we must create unique, relevant imaging products. For example, our VIXIA mini personal compact camcorder and PowerShot N camera are two examples of distinctive, nontraditional cameras that allow for personalized expression.
While boundaries between traditional cameras and video cameras are less defined, there continues to be a healthy market in the advanced amateur and professional camcorder category. The most significant advancement for Canon has been our Cinema EOS models, which have allowed more documentary, TV producers and filmmakers to tell their stories.
Interest in taking great pictures is stronger than ever, although the tools are changing. People are experiencing photography in a whole new way, taking and sharing more pictures thanks to the prevalence of smartphone and tablet cameras. While entry-level point-and-shoot cameras are being replaced by mobile devices, market demand for high-quality compact system cameras is growing.
Fujifilm recognized this trend early on and has invested heavily in its X-series compact and system cameras, which feature large sensors, advanced processor technology and high-quality lenses. All this adds up to phenomenal picture quality that cannot be attained in a smartphone.
Smartphone cameras have real limitations and cannot keep up with consumers' active lifestyles. People are looking for cameras that can go where they go, and take great images that are easily shareable. As a top seller for the last four years, Fujifilm's waterproof FinePix XP line of cameras has experienced strong year-round consumer demand.
And in case you thought analog was dead, Fujifilm's Instax instant cameras are a classic take on modern photography that delivers instant gratification. There is renewed interest in the uniqueness of instant photography, and for retailers, this is an opportunity to sell an engaging product that has a recurring revenue stream from film sales.
Masahiro Horie, Director of Marketing and Planning, Nikon Inc.
This is a special year for Nikon. We are celebrating the 80th anniversary of Nikkor lenses and our continued commitment to achieving optical excellence—and a long-standing legacy of superior lenses.
We recognize that today more than ever, consumers desire a long-term relationship with a brand such as Nikon. This relationship should be built on reliability and trust that our products will meet their needs to capture the world and share moments.
Digital and mobile social proliferation has spurred a renewed interest in photography; consumers are documenting and sharing every moment of their lives. We see this as an opportunity for Nikon and the industry to take our imaging excellence and commitment to innovation to meet the needs of consumers that are enthusiastic to document, to learn and be inspired through photography.
As more and more images are shared, we are seeing a growing consumer interest in purchasing entry-level and enthusiast DSLRs. We believe the time is optimal to further fuel the passion to shoot with camera systems and accessories, including Nikkor lenses—helping consumers improve their photography, be creative and capture more of their world in a better way.
As imaging professionals, we know the benefits that cameras provide: low-light capability; better lenses; innovative features; and superior image quality. However, we also recognize that convenience to instantly communicate is often a bigger priority for consumers, and mobile devices will always be found in their hands. We aim to coexist with mobile devices, while continuing to innovate the products we create to help consumers take and share better images. The industry has already moved toward this, including our products that offer connectivity to share through mobile devices and Wi-Fi enabled cameras.
The year 2013 has been one of transition for the imaging industry, and 2014 should be the beneficiary of these changes. Panasonic has invested heavily in researching the desires of our diverse market segments and then delivering a feature set that cannot be beaten.
Our point-and-shoot cameras have creative effects and numerous other applications that allow the consumer to become better skilled and more imaginative and give professional photographers the opportunity to build their businesses and potentially add to their bottom lines.
Panasonic's point-and-shoot cameras have a broad array of features, including HD video capability and long zooms; several of our models are equipped with Wi-Fi and remote control/viewing from a smartphone device.
Our Lumix G series continues to evolve and can be used to capture video just as easily as the still image. This allows the photographer to enter the world of Hybrid Photography—the combining of still, video and audio as a popular form of photographic display in tune with the social media world we live in.
We have created a photo community centered on a true social media experience, the Lumix Luminary Lounge. Users who join the community through various social media have the opportunity to interact with and get tips from our Lumix Luminary photographers, a group of photography professionals and enthusiasts hand selected by Panasonic as ambassadors for the brand.
The digital imaging industry is undergoing some major changes. Consumers are faced with the decision of whether they even need to carry a digital camera or camcorder when they can use their smartphone to capture pictures and videos and then share them instantly on their social networks.
For Polaroid, products that fulfill a particular usage model or appeal to a specific target consumer have been our top performers. Examples include our waterproof models, such as the iF045 dual-screen waterproof camera; our bridge cameras, like our soon to be launched iE3638 compact bridge camera that offers 36x enhanced optical zoom and HD video; and the Z2300 digital instant camera. In addition, our new lineup of mountable sports video cameras has gained a lot of traction this year, and we are very excited about our interchangeable-lens Android-powered smart camera, the iM1836, which will be shipping this month.
The photographic industry is perpetually evolving, which is what makes it such a dynamic industry to build. At its core is getting the image right at the moment of capture, including how a picture will be used. This requires products that anticipate consumer habits. Our responsibility is to provide consumers with products containing robust features and specifications that encourage them to abandon the crutch of convenience promised by their mobile device.
The best way to take advantage of this evolutionary state is to give consumers revolutionary products. Features like customizable colors and rugged capabilities, such as weather sealing and cold proofing, offered at an affordable price, elevate the camera into a lifestyle accessory, generating the desire to add a second DSLR or new lens mount to a household. Incremental sales like these create opportunities for additional lens and accessory purchases from customers who might not have been considering adding to their collection of equipment, and they are the key to market expansion and ultimately industry growth.
Looking forward, manufacturers must define the evolving habits of the consumer. Digital convergence is changing their behavior, enabling the expression of an array of preferences. For example, in recent years a new shooting style has emerged, turning image framing into something that happens at arm's length.
The rise of the smartphone camera and the resulting dip in point-and-shoot sales are changing the way consumers and manufacturers view advanced photographic equipment. This will prove to be both a sales opportunity and a brand differentiation challenge for camera and lens manufacturers in the months ahead.
The mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (ILC) market is growing, and affordable DSLRs—and the lenses that pair with them—are being announced with greater regularity. Manufacturers are tasked with reinforcing the value of these traditional, more technical photography tools. They must educate and engage entry-level photographers and deliver accessible products that entice smartphone shutterbugs to take their art to the next level.
As more lens and camera options are introduced, brand loyalty becomes more imperative for manufacturers—especially in the professional photography market, where the average spend is significantly higher and more frequent. Brands that provide photographers with more creative options and greater flexibility will differentiate themselves in this fast-moving marketplace.
Sigma's leadership anticipated this market shift, and we've introduced some really impressive products and services that underscore our pledge to innovation, accessibility and, most important, our ever-evolving customer base.
It started last fall with our announcement of the Sigma Global Vision line and the reorganization of our lenses into three, simplified categories: Art, Sports and Contemporary. The goal was to empower photographers, especially those just starting with interchangeable-lens photography, with guidelines for lenses that are best suited to their specific photography, while furthering our commitment to them by establishing a higher expectation for the quality of the lenses we produce. The Global Vision approach includes additional quality control measures and the introduction of a USB dock that lets photographers update, customize and control their lenses.
Revolutionary products and services, like the 18–35mm f/1.8 DC HSM and the Mount Conversion Service, which enables photographers to swap out lens mounts to fit different camera systems, followed.
Innovation. High-level performance. Simple connectivity and flexibility. These are just a few examples of strong consumer demands in today's imaging market—demands that Sony continues to focus on and deliver to our customers. Consumers are more engaged than ever, as the explosion of social media has led to a new culture of Visual Communication. Why use text when a picture (and a video) is "worth a thousand words"? What was once a hobby is now a way of life.
Taking advantage of this ever-growing interest in imaging requires the same vision and "think different" approach that we've demonstrated in the past with the introduction of award-winning cameras like the Cyber-shot RX100 and RX1 models. Consumers are still craving high-quality results but are looking to achieve them in more convenient and manageable ways than ever before.
Sony's newly announced products are perhaps our best examples to date of this type of thinking. The especially unique QX series lens-style cameras (models QX10 and QX100) create an all-new solution for the mobile photographer, expanding both what a camera and smartphone can do when paired together.
The AX1 4K camcorder takes what was once only available to movie studio production and puts it within reach of individual filmmakers. The Music Video Recorder MVR1 gives emerging musicians a tool to share their art with a wider audience (and in better quality) than ever before.
The new NEX-5T camera strikes the ultimate balance of size, performance and connectivity in a compact system camera, while the a3000 model brings the benefits of large-sensor imaging and interchangeable lenses to new and different customers.
The digital imaging industry is in a state of flux; it's being challenged like never before as consumer habits shift with technology and social trends. Digital cameras are being overshadowed by smartphones, as built-in high-quality cameras make it simple for consumers to snap and share. Consumers are driven by convenience, and what could be more convenient than having a camera inside the phone you constantly carry around?
Amplifying the cameraphone's popularity are apps such as Instagram and Vine; usage figures indicate that more than 40 million photos are shared everyday on Instagram alone. Smartphones allow consumers to share photos or videos on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Vine, etc., within seconds of capturing them.
So what can the digital camera industry do to remain relevant and get products in the hands of consumers with features that appeal to them? In analyzing social conversations of consumers using Crimson Hexagon's unique ForSight platform, we were able to cull interesting data that speaks to that challenge.
Crimson Hexagon found consumers already desire or enjoy digital cameras with Wi-Fi capabilities and integrated photo sharing; it represents nearly 20% of the total conversation. However, almost 25% of consumers express uncertainty regarding which camera brands offer these capabilities. The good news is they are interested and looking for information. There is an opportunity for digital camera brands to emerge as market leaders through promotion and consumer education on Wi-Fi and sharing capabilities.
Additionally, brands should be aware that 19% of consumers are showing an increased interest in photography. Instagram enabled users to explore their creative sides and, in many cases, develop a true passion for photography. This increased interest is good for brands that are trying to capitalize on the current explosion of amateur picture takers.
The digital camera market is in a free fall. For the first half of CY2013, market growth plummeted. Market demand for compact cameras has been almost halved from 2Q 2012, and demand for interchangeable-lens compact models has softened as well.
With this in mind, IDC has reduced its digital camera forecast. The slowdown is indicative of a global trend around consumers moving en masse toward utilizing smartphones at the expense of stand-alone cameras.
Over the forecast, IDC expects that demand for cameras will come from enthusiasts and prosumers. As such, we predict ASPs will increase. Purely consumer-focused products, regardless of segment, are facing an uphill battle as many average consumers now utilize smartphones for their photography needs.
Where does the industry go from here? IDC sees a few ways forward. First, vendors need to focus on the enthusiast and prosumer. This type of user is sophisticated enough to understand the value that stand-alone cameras provide. IDC predicts that not only will vendors move upmarket in the compact space but will also do so in the ILC space.
Like a good home-cooked meal, Slow Photography is where the creation and capture of the photo is enjoyed as much as the photo itself. This segment appeals to consumers who like photography and for whom high-quality image capture is very important. Digital cameras play here and it remains a very valuable market.
Like fast food, Fast Photography involves quick creation and consumption. The value of these photos is fleeting, with most used for immediate social and communication purposes. This segment appeals to social media users and those who want to share moments with friends and family. Today's mobile devices play in this segment.
Consumers who capture occasional photos for memory-keeping purposes typify the Casual Photography segment. Photography is not high on their list of interests. People who rarely take photos and snapshot photographers fall into this segment.
Will the Industry Come to Its Senses in 2014?
Detroit's ugly truth hit. Unsustainable financial practices can't continue. Will the imaging industry recognize that will soon happen to imaging?
We lament that our "core customers" are dying off. Cameras are losing to cameraphones. It's our fault. We aren't feeding the missionaries to proselytize imaging's benefits for the consumer. It goes beyond the suffering of the independent imaging retailer. It's an industry-wide problem as the big-box stores continue to jettison imaging products and services.
Many of us were uncertain about PMA's The Big Photo Show. I saw with surprise and delight the 15,000+ consumers who wanted to take better pictures. My interviews of these consumers verified they do want better pictures. Most don't know what to buy, where to buy or even how to research it. While shows are beneficial, there has to be local imaging proponents and resources for the consumer. The drought of effective retailer advertising is part of the reason sales are down. As an industry, we need many voices telling our story.
We need big boxes reminding consumers of the benefits of imaging. As these astute merchants focus on margin dollars per square foot, imaging is downsized. They have no loyalty to imaging. If the industry can't be competitive on return to the retailer, these retailers will seek return elsewhere.
Ben Arnold, Director, Industry Analysis, The NPD Group, Inc.
The continued decline of point-and-shoot camera sales has forced the imaging industry to increasingly depend on the premium DSLR market. Unfortunately, recent DSLR sales have missed the mark, with flat sales through the first half of 2013.
The sales numbers, however, should not be interpreted as an indicator that photos are less important than a few years ago; they are instead a sign that image capture devices need a more comprehensive link to our online lives. The one area that has seemed to make that connection is mobile phones, where the growth of photography on those devices and the array of supporting apps are evidence photography remains an integral piece of consumers' lives.
Data from the NPD Group's retail tracking service shows that through the first half of 2013, just 6% of interchangeable-lens cameras sold were Wi-Fi equipped. While advances in smartphone camera technology have made them better capture devices for sure, it's the phone, not the camera, that makes them popular.
New products on or coming to the market provide hope. Samsung's Galaxy camera combines high-end point-and-shoot specs with all of the connectivity and apps that consumers desire. Sony's "lens camera," while technically a phone accessory, is another effort at bridging the gap between high-quality imaging and the consumer's life online.
The photo industry is struggling. The classic POS model continues to decline as the emotional connection between consumers and individual images disappears, overloaded by the multitude of images shared on social media and quickly forgotten. Some companies have been successful in niche markets, because they entered the market with a new point of view toward consumers.
In order to reverse the trend and improve the industry outlook, companies must increase their interface capabilities to address the special needs of an increasingly diverse consumer market. The diversity is growing, so both services and product offerings must follow suit. Market segments, including Digital Moms, Silver Surfers and Sharers, each value different tools and products.
The consumer's time is valuable, and saving time is top priority, so product ordering must be convenient for them. The percentage of orders placed through mobile devices has increased sharply from 2% to 10%, and Ecce Terram has mirrored this trend by adding capabilities to their mobile suite. These solutions include true social imaging with project sharing, real-time collaboration and anytime, anywhere product ordering.
Strategies that drive customer loyalty instead of reducing quality and profit with daily deals are needed. Tried-and-true methods, such as up-selling and cross-selling, are still valid.
How the consumer orders is changing, but what they order is changing as well. For the photo industry, one potential venue for retailers is the home décor market. Personalized products like posters for walls and doors, shower curtains, wallpaper and hanging tapestries offer a vast range of new possibilities.
New devices such as Wi-Fi and app-based cameras, Google Glass, Recon Jet and GoPro cams will make it less difficult to reach consumers and convince them to do "more" with their images.
The photographic industry continues to be in a state of flux and uncertainty, but as we all know, the strong survive. With more images than ever in the marketplace, now is the time for retailers to set themselves apart from the competition.
At Noritsu America Corporation, we are helping our customers achieve a new level of success by offering an equipment product portfolio that helps them grow their business. Retailers in our industry today must refuse the strategy of outsourcing and becoming a "Me Too" imaging provider. Noritsu offers the only high-quality duplex equipment in the marketplace to increase your bottom line. It is easy for someone to outsource double-sided products, but will this low-quality solution and slow delivery time really help your business grow if everyone else is doing it?
Category growth is within the grasp of everyone willing to open his or her mind to fresh marketing ideas. Replacing old worn out equipment with new equipment that produces only what you have produced in the past is a flawed strategy, as the business growth is in new products. Holding on to equipment that keeps you in the traditional print market will not carry you to the level of success that you deserve.
While readers of DIR are almost all in North America, to get a true perspective of the photo-imaging industry, I believe one must look at the whole world. Why? Photo Imaging News forecasts that the number of equivalent 4×6-inch individual prints being made worldwide will grow at a CAGR of 4.5% from 2012 through 2016.
If we include the "prints" that are being produced in photo books, the growth is an even more encouraging 5.6% CAGR. What is driving this growth? In Germany, for example, more than 5% of all prints are made from smartphone images. Asia leads the world in the adoption of smartphones with high-performance cameras. Retailers have reacted by providing apps and making it easy for consumers to download and output these images. Are we doing the same in the U.S.?
A recent industry forum exchange covered the need to move from "manufacturing" to "marketing," providing customers with products that they want rather than only products that you can make. With the Internet, retailers have this opportunity, since consumers don't expect every item to be delivered "within an hour." And, if consumers cannot find what they seek at their regular retail location, they will go somewhere else.
With the rapid adoption of smart technologies, the digital imaging industry must continue to develop innovative services and software to meet the increasing connectedness of consumers, while continuing to provide hardware solutions that make sense for changing habits.
Eye-Fi's new Mobi SDHC card, for example, seamlessly links the power of apps and social sharing on smartphones and tablets with continued consumer demand for high-quality pictures and videos. Digital cameras come back into focus for all photo enthusiasts, not just professionals, who want to capture great memories yet live on mobile devices. Mobi's completely revamped and simplified setup and functionality is already demonstrating a solid step forward.
As we head into 2014, companies that can bring together the devices consumers use with the apps and services they love will emerge as leaders, creating new, far-reaching opportunities for camera companies and complimentary services around photos, videos and digital imaging.
Gary Fong, CEO, Gary Fong, Inc.
About a year ago, I became frustrated trying to load our dishwasher so that everything fit. What goes on the top shelf versus the bottom shelf? Confident someone had answers, I turned to my faithful, know-it-all companion, YouTube.
Success! A little old lady suggested I alternate the plates and bowls, thereby keeping all the dishes upright and maximizing the flow of water. In 120 seconds I learned a minor life-changing lesson that will forever save me time and frustration.
I quickly found myself using YouTube as my reference for how to do anything. And so it dawned on me: I, too, could make tutorial videos to help people. I would teach photographers how to correctly use Gary Fong flash diffusers on the YouTube platform. What I didn't know is that I would become a YouTube advocate and addict!
There is no parallel for target market impressions, nor a better platform for us to invest our time and marketing dollars than YouTube. Every month, more than one billion unique users visit YouTube and six billion hours of video are watched—that's nearly one hour for every person on Earth!
On the Gary Fong YouTube channel (youtube.com/user/GFIGaryFong), which includes 287 tutorial videos, we have nearly 14,000 subscribers and have generated over 3.2 million page views! YouTube is localized in 56 countries and across 61 languages, and according to Nielsen, it reaches more U.S. adults ages 18–34 than any cable network. By comparison, traditional advertising is not only subpar in ROI and ROTS, but it's also quite passive.
We are known as a trusted source for quality and design in the accessory category, but our responsibility to our customers doesn't stop there. Customer education is the cornerstone of our business. It is imperative we utilize monumental tools such as YouTube to teach customers how to bring our products to life. Otherwise, our products are nothing more than pieces of plastic that could be laid to rest in photographers' closet graveyards.
The flash memory card industry continues to thrive as exciting new technologies in cards and the devices they are used in become more advanced. Speeds and capacities have increased while pricing has generally gone down, making flash cards more affordable for the masses and photographers of all levels.
For the past several years, consumer adoption of SD cards for point-and-shoot and DSLR cameras has increased on Class 10 speed (10MB/sec or above transfer rates) and SDXC cards (capacities above 32GB to 2TB). The overriding use scenario for faster speeds and higher storage amounts are HD video recording and RAW-format photography.
The latest trend is the increase of capture devices that support the UHS-I specification. The ultra-high-speed spec allows throughput of up to 104MB/sec and enhances high-definition recording and playback.
A new technology on the horizon is UHS-II, which pushes the performance envelope to 312MB/sec. We are in the early stages of this technology, and every new card requires the right device to take full advantage. The next great evolution of SD cards could include connectivity over Wi-Fi and authentication/security procedures in conjunction with smartphones.
Card readers have kept pace with emerging card technologies. Readers take advantage of the higher speeds offered by USB 3.0 to transfer large images, videos and other files quickly. Even wireless readers are available to stream, share and transfer content from cards.
The flash memory industry continues to advance, keeping pace with the growing number of capture devices that go beyond cameras. According to the SD Association, the governing body of SD cards, 78% of all mobile phones shipped have a memory expansion slot.
Kingston has seen volume and average capacity purchased go up, as customers are buying 8GB or higher. The ease of snapping a picture wherever one is with the multifunctional smartphone is proof that people are carrying around more and more data.
Photographers and videographers are always on the go. Whether they are setting up appointments, scouting new locations, shooting, or finalizing photos and videos in postproduction, these professionals are always looking for the most efficient ways to get the job done correctly—all without losing any valuable footage or shots. With such a fast-paced lifestyle, some just don't have the time to take a break and evaluate a new technology that may increase their workflow. This is where resellers can step in and make a difference.
The industry continues to evolve with new standards that allow manufacturers to introduce new memory card formats, card readers and editing software, with the promise that these standards and technologies will deliver increased performance and the best experience. These standards and technologies don't only span through the accessories but are also incorporated in host devices such as cameras and PC/Macs. For example, the ideal combination of a new, high-end DSLR using CF UDMA 7 technology with a CF 1,000x UDMA 7 card creates an optimized shooting experience, followed by excellent transfer rates through a USB 3.0 reader that will utilize the USB 3.0 port in a PC/Mac for transfer up to 90MB/sec.
Today's imaging industry continues to be influenced by two core efficiency trends: increased supply efficiency with dealers and more information sharing.
In recent years, retailers have begun to better understand their customers, what products fit and where the best value is for dealers. This is improving supply efficiency, as it drives product diversification to meet more customer needs and helps the value provided by sales forces. Salespeople must spend more time as business managers and inform retailers on what to carry based on increasingly varied customer needs. In addition, better information sharing means manufacturers have begun communicating more with partners to help identify trends, further segment customer bases and increase sales.
Manfrotto is closely watching these shifts and, as a result, is focusing on core products that appeal to all audiences—from entry-level tripods, monopods and bags, all the way up to professional video supports. Manfrotto is also working more with its retailers to identify the individual needs of photo specialists at all levels. For example, as demand for point-and-shoot cameras decreases and demand for compact system cameras and digital SLRs increases, Manfrotto is evolving its product offerings to fit these best-selling products.
In this era of extraordinarily rapid technological change, few retailing strategies stand the test of time, but one crucial exception is promoting and motivating accessory sales. For imaging retailers, the key is relationship marketing, which really boils down to understanding who your customers are and what they need to take their digital imaging to the next level.
However, unlike before, the range of customers can be as diverse as a parent using an iPhone to video a family event, an action sports enthusiast using a GoPro camera to capture their extreme activities or a professional photographer using a DSLR in the field. For every one of them, the right accessory can take an image from good to great.
Few things have the power to bring people together like a great photo. A 2013 CEA report found that 94% of digital photographers share their pictures with others. The message is clear: photos aren't fading; rather, the technology that produces them is evolving.
In my latest book, Ninja Innovation: The Ten Killer Strategies of the World's Most Successful Businesses, I argue that innovation is about reinvention. The digital imaging industry must become "ninja innovators" in order to adapt, adjust and dominate the market.
The digital imaging market is split between those who typically use their smartphones to take photos and those who rely on traditional point-and-shoot cameras. While younger consumers tend to rely on their smartphones for taking photos, the future of the digital imaging marketplace appears to be headed toward multipurpose cameras.
CEA's study found that smartphone photographers are not as satisfied with editing and printing capabilities offered on their devices. These consumers say they want built-in editing apps and downloadable apps for creating and ordering pictures directly from their devices. By adding these apps and features to point-and-shoot cameras and making them superior to those available on smartphones, it's possible to persuade some of these smartphone photographers to adopt (or readopt) point-and-shoot cameras.
Most smartphone photographers say they would prefer one device that takes pictures and also edits, shares, prints and stores them. Making apps for cameras that achieve these goals would appeal to younger, more tech-savvy photographers.
The year 2012 was a hallmark year. According to InfoTrends research, over 100 billion images were captured in the United States—and for the first time ever, more photos were taken with cameraphones than digital cameras. Our world continues to expand rapidly, providing new challenges—and opportunities.
The Digital Imaging Symposium, jointly sponsored by Digital Imaging Reporter, CEA and PMDA in June, was a day of thought-provoking dialog on evolving opportunities. For example, we learned from social media listening analysis that an introduction to photography via cameraphones may be a catalyst for the purchase of advanced photography equipment. Presentations on the evolution of video technology and 3D printing highlighted new paths toward future revenue. And a spirited conversation led by Amazon, Verizon and Suite 48 Analytics (experts in mobile research) highlighted the need for more robust meta data collection.
As a result, CEA will launch a meta data standards initiative to help define image file requirements, ensuring that consumers will be able to effectively search through the thousands of images they take.
Finally, to stimulate consumer purchase of quality capture technology and creative photo output, CEA is working with PMDA and Innovations in PhotoImaging to develop a consumer education campaign. We all know that great photos captured can result in emotionally rich photo output. We are working to bring this top of mind for consumers. Stay tuned.
We welcome you to join us as we facilitate these industry-wide conversations. Please contact Melissa Matalon for more information on the CEA Digital Imaging board: mmatalon@ce.org.
The International Photographic Council (IPC), an NGO of the United Nations since 1983 with global membership, is dedicated to advancing the economic and social well-being of the global imaging industry.
The year 2014 will be an important one for the industry. IPC is preparing for another UN Photo Exhibit and for the celebration of the 175 Jubilee Year of Photography at photokina 2014.
The total shipment of mobile devices will rise 5.9% to 2.25 billion units this year and rise again in 2014 to 2.5 billion units, driven by portable, less expensive mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, according to Gartner Market Research.
Smartphones have been taking market share from digital cameras, and Canon decided to fight back with a new advertising campaign and ad tagline: "Don't Let a Call Interrupt Your Photo." Canon's campaign focuses on the "phone" part of the cameraphone and how it can turn into an annoying interruption. What if you get a call while you are lining up people for a photograph with a smartphone?
As the president of PMDA, I am cautiously optimistic about our imaging industry. As the old Chinese blessing/curse goes: "May you live in interesting times." Well, we are certainly living in interesting times.
Over the last 12 months, we have seen the amazing demand of full-frame DSLRs as a new understanding of consumer affordability was realized. Within the terrifying storm of the decline in point-and-shoot camera sales, a silver lining has appeared in both premium compact and high-zoom subcategories.
And in the turbulent waters of camcorders, we bear witness to a new island of opportunity called POV camcorders, whose wave of success has created a ground swell of accessory opportunities we have not seen since the early days of smartphones.
Ah yes, the smartphone and those three dreaded words that keep us up late at night: "It's good enough." Well my dear colleagues, the smartphone world is here to stay, and guess what? We are still here! Our industry has picked itself up and weathered the "storm." Yes, we still are not in calm waters, but within the waves of "change" there are truly currents of opportunity.
Across our great industry, companies are reinventing what traditional cameras can do: we are integrating our expertise in sensor, lens and workflow. Our consumers can now choose a purpose-built camera platform that embraces mobile technology, and an entirely new uncharted sea of discovery lays befor our ships of industry.
Our industry continues to face several challenges—but also a great many opportunities. Declining demand for prints and photo products, the increasing use of smartphones as capture devices and the economic downturn—from which we are finally emerging—have all created a difficult climate for many imaging businesses.
There is much good news, though. Advances in digital camera technology, smartphones, photo apps and social imaging have created a greater interest in photography than ever. More than 10 million people in the U.S. alone consider themselves photo enthusiasts, and these passionate amateurs are investing in their hobby. The new PMA 2013 Rise of the Amateur report shows hobbyists/amateur photographers spent an average of $1,824 on cameras, equipment and software in 2012—an increase over both 2011 and 2010. That bodes very well.
Nothing demonstrated the bright future of this industry more clearly than The Big Photo Show, which was held for the first time in May. More than 16,000 attendees proved that enthusiasts, amateurs and even pros are hungry for photography education; to see, touch and purchase photography equipment; and to have face-to-face discussions with manufacturers, distributors and retailers.
The challenges this industry faces are to foster and encourage the love of all things imaging among photographers at every level; to help consumers recognize the value of a quality image; and to educate them about the many ways to permanently enjoy images with output.
Smartphones are supplanting point-and-shoot cameras with alarming speed. This is the biggest challenge faced by our industry since the digital revolution. Nonetheless, those of us hearty souls who survived and prospered through earlier dislocations know the secret—adapt to new realities and look for opportunities they present.
Among these opportunities are the growth of DSLRs and high-end cameras, the ability of cameras to shoot video, and smartphones and social media turning everyone into a photographer/videographer—and a potential customer. To serve these markets the principle remains the same: use accessories to differentiate your store and make a profit. Accentuate what sets you apart from big boxes and online giants—expertise, knowledge, service.
Show customers why they need a tripod for long lenses and to shoot video, how filters protect lenses, and how a polarizer helps create better images by eliminating reflections/glare and darkening the sky—effects not possible with Instagram or Photoshop.
Argraph's mission has always been to offer high-profit accessories to help dealers prosper. Sirui tripods, monopods and heads achieved unparalleled growth by offering an unmatched combination of quality, innovative design and value. We continue to introduce new models and features, with Sirui's design and build quality impressing photographers.
Marumi, which continues its commitment to quality filter manufacturing in Japan, introduced EXUS filters. With innovative, patented features such as antistatic, 12-layer oil- and water-repellent multicoatings, an ultra-low-reflection/ultra-high-transmission design and Teflon-coated threads, they achieve a new level of filter quality and performance.
Today, we're all dependent on battery-operated devices. Whether at home, in a dorm, a hotel or a car, you need multiple chargers. One for your phone; one for your iPad; one for Bluetooth; one for your camera. One for AA and AAA batteries. Our German-engineered PIXO C4 universal quick charger is the one charger for all these devices.
While we still supply Pana-Vue slide viewers for people who want to view their slide collections, Pana-Vue Pana-Scan scanners provide resolutions to 14 megapixels and make scanning, sharing and archiving easy and economical.
Every camera you sell should go with extra memory cards, a card reader and batteries. Color-calibration tools like Qp cards help photographers get better images, while Mirror, Mirror on the Camera and the Bottle-Top pod are just fun.
Despite this being a challenging environment for digital imaging retailers, there are some bright spots in the market, especially if retailers focus on selling higher end camera models and promoting unique features and accessories. For example, Eye-Fi offers wireless media cards for cameras that allow users to automatically upload photos, no cable required. And in general, storage solutions and memory are more in demand as image resolution increases and more consumers accumulate a stockpile of photos.
We advise dealers to forecast carefully for the holiday season; accurate inventory is essential to success. And they should take full advantage of bundle opportunities through add-on sales and accessories, to maximize margins on whatever business dealers do capture.
Staff should emphasize the drawbacks of smartphone photography, which usually only functions well in bright light. A cameraphone's capability barely compares to the more professional results of even a basic point-and-shoot camera. Digital cameras offer a range of advantages for the more discerning user, including higher resolutions, extended zooms, integrated Wi-Fi and GPS, quick burst rates, optical zooms and waterproof options.
Not a day goes by in our industry when we don't see an e-mail or blog post about smartphones and tablets. Indeed, they seem to have taken over the world! What's more is the fact that these devices are playing an ever-increasing role in the photographic activities of our customers.
They are taking high-quality pictures and videos with their phones and viewing and sharing them on their tablets. All of this has an impact on our business. The challenge is making this impact a positive one.
Photo retailers need to capitalize on the fact that their customers are using these gadgets photographically by offering accessories that benefit this application in a way that other retailers don't. Accessories that turn an iPhone into a DSLR remote or allow wireless transfer of images from the camera to the tablet are examples of products dealers can offer—using the expertise their customers may not find at the local big-box store.
The bigger challenge is creating awareness of the fact that these accessories are available at the photo retailer. This is not a connection that is naturally made, so dealers must raise the visibility of these products in their stores by establishing a "Mobile Lifestyle" department to catch the attention of customers.
Looking forward to 2014, we see further changes in consumer behavior and the type of products that will be in demand in the imaging industry. It'll be important for dealers in this space to continue adapting and becoming aware of how various product categories are converging, as well as how customers continue changing the way they create and share photo and video media.
Over the next 18 months we expect to see continued growth in the action camera segment. Manufacturers continue to expand this category with new products and accessories that address the needs of specific verticals and demographic groups, while lowering barriers to entry in terms of price and technology. We are already seeing this shift happen as electronic retailers are starting to dedicate more floor space and significant POS displays to this emerging category.
Parallel to the growth in the action camera segment, we anticipate the memory and storage category to continue expanding with products designed to take advantage of faster write/read speeds and new wireless technologies that make it easier to share, store and organize media.
The "good enough is good enough" culture among consumers has undermined merchants and vendors from coast to coast. Our self-serving desire to sell the "best" product is out of step with our neighbors' willingness to accept convenience over quality. We can be frustrated about this or we can evolve our businesses to address this new reality. It will not be easy, and there will be many difficult decisions to be made.
The fight for consumer discretionary dollars is the greatest threat to our businesses. Our suppliers have failed to nurture the industry with their lack of marketing efforts to remind customers that photography is the best hobby in the world. Capturing that "Kodak moment" is still an important part of life, and enjoying those memories will be best accomplished when you use a device committed to photography rather than a cell phone.
There is a huge embedded base of DSLRs, so the opportunity is in educating consumers on how to get the most from their cameras, which includes buying a better lens, a monopod, a flash or reflectors. It seems that using a DSLR for video capture is a benefit of cameras that few consumers have yet to grasp. We must teach them how to, and we must open the door to continuous light, microphones and video-head sales.
Gabrielle Mullinax, President, Fullerton Photographics, Inc.
I've been thinking about what this means for all of us in photo-imaging today. What I've come up with is so simple. We are capable of creating magic. We have the technology to do so and the innovative ideas necessary to deliver products and services that delight the consumer. What an awesome place indeed.
Moving beyond the commodity that was once all we could deliver, to this new arena of any deliverable we can dream up, presents us with a marketing challenge. How best do we communicate all the wonderful things we can do? From metal prints to collections of "Celebration of Life" products, from archiving and video transfers to acrylic prints and wedding invitations. We have so much to share with the world and no industry leaders to lead and inform. It is up to us now.
Like many others, our family-owned imaging retail business is long established. In the century we have been in business, we have literally seen the rise and fall of film photography. During that time we adapted, innovated, copied, learned from our peers and followed the industry leaders. Today is a time to do it all again, and we are excited and almost overwhelmed at all the possibilities ahead.
Imaging retailers need to find ways to be exciting and relevant to today's consumers. We need to offer the latest gear and prove we provide the best value. We need to teach our customers how to make better images regardless of what device they use or where they bought it. We must offer the most innovative imaging products and services plus have an easy and fast way to order them and produce them. And we must clearly communicate all of this to our customers in the way they want to hear it.
We just finished a video transfer promo special that resulted in 4,200 transfers in one month. We are making twice the number of prints on metal as canvas. It seems like everyone wants a photo book. Our new kiosks transfer images wirelessly from phones. None of this was possible just a few years ago.
The photographic industry is reinventing itself. I am not sure that change is happening voluntarily, but it is going to occur, like it or not. We all need to face the inevitable if we want to survive and thrive. There is a connected revolution occurring right now!
The very rapid decline of point-and-shoot cameras is just the precursor to what is going to come next. Anyone who tells you traditional cameras are going to be strong for the next decade are the same folks who said film would be strong for 10 years after digital cameras hit the market. No devices are going to be sold, in just a few years from now, that are not connected to the Internet—be it a camera, smartphone, tablet or whatever. We need to gear our businesses for this inevitability.
When we opened our store five years ago, we created a different business model than was seen in the traditional camera store. Unique's in-store, education-based model has been extremely successful, and we anticipate our education program will grow in 2014 as it did in 2013. Our programming will look to start speaking to the future of photography and the connected market that will come. What does that mean? It means more hands-on workshops relating to connected cameras and how to best utilize these multifunction devices to share images.
It also means training salespeople and acquiring appropriate sources for the connected devices of the future. For retailers, I believe it is a mistake to wait for the traditional vendors to supply these new connected devices. We are actively pursuing nontraditional suppliers and vendors who we think will be the leaders in this technology going forward.


The emergence and persistence of antimicrobial resistance is driven by varied factors including the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and variable drug efficacy and presents a major threat to the control of infectious diseases. Despite the high burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa and the potential health and economic consequences, the level of research on antimicrobial resistance in the region remains unknown. Little data exists to quantify the contribution of different factors to the current levels of antimicrobial resistance. To identify the factors that contribute most to the emergence, amplification, persistence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals, we used the PRISMA 2009 guidelines to conduct a systematic review of studies on antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria in Eastern Africa. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases and identified 2,155 probable articles, of which 89 studies on humans and 28 on animals remained after full-text review. These were articles from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Burundi, published between 1974 and 2013, that reported resistance in Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli and Vibrio sp. The majority (98%) of human studies were based on hospital- (rather than community-wide) sampling and although they report high levels of antimicrobial resistance in the region, study design and methodological differences preclude conclusions about the magnitude and trends of antimicrobial resistance. To remedy this, we discuss and propose minimum reporting guidelines for the level of detail that should be explicitly provided for antimicrobial resistance study designs, testing of samples and reporting of results that would permit comparative inferences and enable meta-analyses. Further, we advocate for increased focus on community- rather than hospital-based sampling to provide a better indication of population-wide trends in antimicrobial resistance. This approach, together with the establishment of a robust regional surveillance network, should over time build a pool of evidence-based data useful for policy decisions and interventions aimed at controlling antimicrobial resistance.


text:
Q. I took a direct quote from a TV Show I'm watching on Netlfix and included it in my paper. How do I in-text cite the source for the quote? (MLA style)
This is the quote: "until the women of Pawnee are judged, not by the flatness of their tummies, but by the contents of ther brains "
This is its source: "Beauty Pageant" Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 3, NBC, 1, Oct 2009. Netflix.
Answered By: Kathryn Park
Last Updated: Mar 24, 2018 Views: 24
Since you have to derive your in text citation from your works cited page, you'd start with that. Use this format for you works cited page when citing from Netflix, Hulu, etc. Note the part of the citation in bold, above, episode. You'll need to use the actual URL for that episode.
"Beauty Pageant." Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 3,
NBC, 1 Oct. 2009. Netflix, www.netflix.com/episode.
So your in text citation would be "until the women of Pawnee are judged, not by the flatness of their tummies, but by the contents of their brains" (Beauty Pageant).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Early development of a-bomb took place in NYC
by Peggy Mihelich
Lieutenant General Leslie Groves, left, military head of the 'Manhattan Project,' with Professor Robert Oppenheimer, the project's scientific director. (Photo: Dept. of Energy)
Many people don't associate the U.S. government's development of the atomic bomb during World War II with the island of Manhattan. But in fact, the program that ushered in the atomic age got its code name — the "Manhattan Project" — and its start in New York City.
In 1942, the U.S. Army Corps. of Engineers created The Manhattan District, a division meant to handle Corps work within New York City. But that was just a front. In reality, the district had no boundaries and carried out early research and testing of the first atomic weapon.
Much of the planning of the project took place in downtown Manhattan. A non-descript office tower at 270 Broadway was the location of the Corps' North Atlantic Division. In command was Lieutenant General Leslie R. Groves. Groves was important in most aspects of the bomb's development, including determining which research sites (Los Alamos and Oak Ridge, for example) to use and which code name. Employees working at 270 Broadway conducted research, performed administrative duties, and procured materials. But they didn't know what they were working on. "Groves was really obsessive about secrecy," says Robert Norris a senior research associate at the Natural Resources Defense Council and author of numours books and reports on the development of the bomb. Norris says Groves imposed a technique known as "compartmentalization." Employees were told only what they needed to know to do their job and nothing else.
At 233 Broadway, just a short walk from the Corps' North Atlantic Division (270 Broadway), is the Woolworth Building. Groves recruited M.W. Kellogg, a chemical company, to rent office space at 233 and tasked them with building a plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee to enrich uranium ore that would end up in the Little Boy Hiroshima bomb.
The company mining the ore, the Union Minière Company, had an office located at 25 Broadway in the Cunard Building. "A Belgian named Edgar Sengier owned uranium mines in the Congo [and] brought barrels of uranium ore to New York harbor. He put it on Staten Island in a warehouse," says Norris. "Groves heard about it and sent his assistant to 25 Broadway to meet with Sengier and buy 1,250 metric tons of uranium ore. It got the project off to a very fast start." Today 25 Broadway is most famous for being the site of the "Charging Bull" statue often associated with nearby Wall Street and the New York Stock Exchange. Norris says there are 10 Manhattan sites with roots to the atomic bomb. He explores them in his book "The Manhattan Project" and you can, too, via his walking guide (see below).
NYC Manhattan Project walking guide
NRDC: Robert S. Norris Q & A on General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project's Indispensable Man
Peggy Mihelich
Physical sciences/Chemistry/Chemical elements/Uranium
Applied sciences and engineering/Technology/Military technology/Weaponry/Weapons of mass destruction/Nuclear weapons
Applied sciences and engineering/Industrial science/Research and development
Social sciences/Political science/International relations/War
Applied sciences and engineering/Engineering/Materials engineering/Materials testing
Scientific community/Science careers/Scientific workforce/Research associates
Applied sciences and engineering/Applied ecology/Natural resources
Applied sciences and engineering/Engineering/Civil engineering/Construction engineering/Construction techniques
Life sciences/Plant sciences/Plants
Applied sciences and engineering/Engineering/Geological engineering/Mining engineering
Applied sciences and engineering/Engineering/Transportation engineering/Transportation/Transportation infrastructure/Streets


text:
Q: Constant value changing Suppose I have a struct definition:
struct thing
{
    thing* x;
    int z;

    thing() : x(this), z(0) {}
    void foo() const
    {
        this->x->z++;
    }
};

Note that I create a mutable pointer to myself (evil laugh)
And then I can use this later like this:
int main()
{
    const thing c;
    c.foo();
    assert(c.z == 1);
    c.foo();
    assert(c.z == 2);
    return c.z;
}

And as you can see it seems that I can change a constant value......is this UB?

A: [dcl.type.cv]p4:

Except that any class member declared mutable ([dcl.stc]) can be
  modified, any attempt to modify ([expr.ass], [expr.post.incr],
  [expr.pre.incr]) a const object ([basic.type.qualifier]) during its
  lifetime ([basic.life]) results in undefined behavior.

[basic.type.qualifier]p1:

A const object is an object of type const T or a non-mutable subobject of such an object.

c.z is a const object, because it is a non-mutable subobject of c. Your code attempts to modify it during its lifetime. It follows that the code has undefined behavior.

A: The foo-function itself would be OK, as const member functions like T::foo() const just indicate that this is of type const *T; The fact that a (non-const) member points to the same object is irrelevant then.
The object c in first place, however, is declared as const. So it is UB to alter the contents of c through whatever code, including the (per se correct) member function foo.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A film series that celebrates both your passion for movies and your love of music. We'll feature everything from classics to concerts, with musicals and cult titles thrown in to create a perfect symphony of cinema.
Gravel-voiced blues singer/poet Tom Waits is seen on the road and in concert footage.
David Bowie made his unforgettable feature film debut in Nicolas Roeg's acclaimed cult masterpiece.
Michael Wadleigh's Oscar-winning chronicle of the legendary 1969 music festival.


A great deal of resources has been invested by the semiconductor industry as a whole to make ready 157 nm as the next lithography technology node. Despite of all this effort serious infrastructure issues remain to be solved. Perhaps the first one is the availability of CaF2, but a close second is a suitable soft-pellicle material. It has been previously reported that standard 193nm materials, like Teflon AF and Cytop, fail catastrophically upon exposure at 157nm radiation; and that their transmission is very poor to non-existent. In this paper we report data showing that these materials have higher transmission and lifetimes than previously thought. The physical lifetime of Cytop of nearly 500 J/cm2 is remarkably high, although the transmission varies as a function dose suggesting physical and chemical changes from the onset. For Teflon AF the transmission is a more complex function of exposure dose, suggesting competing mechanisms. From experiments run with PVDF (polyvinyl difluoride), we conclude that the widely reported photodarkening effect is due to the presence of hydrogen in close proximity to a fluorine atom. From IR spectra we conclude that the dioxole moeity in Teflon AF undergoes a series of photochemical reactions that lead to the physical destruction of the polymer.


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348 F. 2d 902 - Pugliano v. United States
348 F2d 902 Pugliano v. United States
Frank Anthony PUGLIANO, Defendant, Appellant,
William CARRANZA, Defendant, Appellant,
United States Court of Appeals First Circuit.
Philip T. Jones, Boston, Mass., for appellants.
William B. Duffy, Jr., Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom W. Arthur Garrity, Jr., U. S. Atty., was on brief, for appellee.
Before ALDRICH, Chief Judge, LUMBARD*, Chief Judge, and LEWIS*, Circuit Judge.
ALDRICH, Chief Judge.
The defendants were found guilty by a jury on two counts of an indictment. Count 1 charged conspiracy to receive, possess and transport in interstate commerce goods which were known to be stolen, and which had been stolen when moving in interstate commerce. Count 2 charged the substantive offense of possession of goods stolen in interstate commerce knowing the same to have been stolen. Following the verdict the defendants received single sentences on the whole indictment, and they appeal.
The defendants, not entirely without cause, attack the validity of Count 1 of the indictment in that it fails to allege that they knew that the goods had been, or were to be, stolen in interstate commerce. With respect to the conspiracy to transport in interstate commerce the charge was adequate. 18 U.S. C. § 2314; Gable v. United States, 7 Cir., 1936, 84 F.2d 929. The substantive crime of receiving or possessing goods that have been stolen in interstate commerce requires knowledge only of the fact, and not the place, of theft. 18 U.S. C. § 659; United States v. Sherman, 2 Cir., 1948, 171 F.2d 619, cert. den. 337 U.S. 931, 69 S.Ct. 1484, 93 L.Ed. 1738. However, the reasoning in Sherman, coupled with that of prior cases in that circuit on which the court relied, indicates that conspiracy to receive requires proof of knowledge of the interstate character of the theft.
We need not decide, however, whether we would follow Sherman in this regard unless there was error as to Count 2, since defendants received one sentence on the entire indictment. Sinclair v. United States, 1929, 279 U.S. 263, 49 S.Ct. 268, 73 L.Ed. 692; cf. United States v. Gainey, 1965, 380 U.S. 63, 85 S.Ct. 754, 13 L.Ed.2d 658. With respect to that count we have examined the evidence and find it substantively sufficient. It is true that perhaps more than the usual number of connecting inferences needed to be drawn, but we cannot say that the jury could not have properly done so. Nor do we find merit in those of defendants' other exceptions that were adequately preserved.
One matter we do comment upon. When, after several hours, the jury indicated the possibility of a disagreement, the court read them a portion of the Allen,1 or, more exactly, of what in this jurisdiction is known as the Tuey2 supplemental charge concerning the jury's duty to endeavor to agree. It omitted the part dealing with the burden of proof.3 Counsel expressed no objection upon the record.4 If it was error to make this omission, which we do not decide, we are satisfied that it was not "plain error," and cannot now be reviewed. Dichner v. United States, 1 Cir., 348 F.2d 167 (7/15/65).
The writer of this opinion will, however, append a personal observation. The so-called Allen charge, while not uniformly endorsed, cf. Green v. United States, 5 Cir., 1962, 309 F.2d 852, is commonly accepted, without discussion, on the ground that it was approved by the Supreme Court. See, e. g., Moore v. United States, D.C.Cir., 1965, 345 F.2d 97. The Court's opinion contains only a paraphrase of the charge it reviewed, stating that the charge itself was "taken literally" from Tuey. 164 U.S. at 501, 17 S.Ct. at 157. The present question did not arise, and no one since that time appears to have noted that, as the record discloses, the district court had included from Tuey, at the corresponding place in its supplement charge, the following:
"In order to make a decision more practicable, the law imposes the burden of proof on one party or the other, in all cases. In the present case, the burden of proof is upon the government."
At an appropriate time it might well be asked whether this language may have been, and should be, regarded an integral part of the Allen charge, the leaven making it palatable.
Sitting by designation
Allen v. United States, 1896, 164 U.S. 492, 17 S.Ct. 154, 41 L.Ed. 528
Commonwealth v. Tuey, 1851, 8 Cush. (62 Mass.) 1
See 8 Cush., supra, at 2
Defendant asserted in connection with a motion for new trial that at the bench, immediately after this charge was given, he called the court's attention to the omission he now objects to. He initially saved no rights, however, and for all that appears may have withdrawn any objection. A motion for new trial is too late to save an objection that could have been taken earlier


To Scapes:> Another thing about the population, why don't you put a label "recommended" next to the newer servers, or put a forum link about which server you would suggest. This should also try to help to increase population on designated servers. Because at the end of the day, what is point for new person to join a server where there is no free land? where pirates would pillage their first trade run to the other continent? Adding a new label is a good idea, will pass it along.


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Dorian Storm Coverage
Forming A 385-Mile Human Wall, And 5 Other Ways Women Are Changing The World
By Malaka Gharib • Mar 7, 2019
Millions of women lined up along a highway in Kerala to form a "women's wall" on New Year's Day. For participants, the goal is gender equality.
AFP/Getty Images
Originally published on March 8, 2019 10:48 am
Earlier this year, millions of women lined up to form a human "wall" of protest to call for gender equality in India. The story is one of many from our blog that we're highlighting for International Women's Day — dedicated to celebrating the achievements of women in all arenas: social, economic, cultural, political and personal.
To highlight the March 8 commemoration, here are some of the remarkable women and women's movements we've covered over the past year.
The millions of Indian women who formed a 385-mile "wall" of protest
On New Year's Day of this year, somewhere between 3.5 million and 5 million women lined up on National Highway 66, a long stretch of road that runs along India's western coast. The "wall" stretched out 385 miles.
The demonstration was planned to create awareness of gender equality — and to protest a religious ban that prevented women of menstruating age from entering one of the country's sacred Hindu temples even after the Supreme Court ruled in favor of their entry on Sept. 28 last year.
For Rakhee Madhavan, a 39-year-old teacher, and many other participants, the motive was not a political or religious issue but a deeply personal one that transcended the temple ban.
"I've heard so many older women say that they're impure when they're menstruating and it's disturbing," she says. "I didn't want the impressionable young girls I teach to imbibe the same message. I wanted to be a part of this because I believe it's time for awareness and for change."
The women who dare to bicycle in Pakistan
Zulekha Dawood leads female cyclists through a neighborhood in Karachi, Pakistan. They ride early in the morning to avoid the worst of traffic.
Diaa Hadid/NPR
Zulekha Dawood organizes a weekly bike ride for women and girls in Karachi. She had previously run a girls boxing club and saw some boys on bikes nearby. "If they can ride," Dawood thought, "why shouldn't we?"
It is a rare endeavor in conservative Pakistan, where few women dare to cycle. It is seen as a vulgar and sexlike act because a woman must straddle a seat.
There's been pushback. Male students at a madrassa once confronted them. "They were kicking the girls," she recalled, and she heard them shout, "Why don't your brothers stop you? Cover yourself and go pray! Go home!"
So she created a route away from the madrassa. She believes that women have a right to move freely, she says. "This is empowerment," she says. "We feel good. We feel free. We can go anywhere."
The teenage sisters who said "bye bye" to plastic bags in Bali
Teenage sisters Melati and Isabel Wijsen of Bali have received many honors for their efforts to ban plastic bags. Above: They accept the 2017 "Award for Our Earth" from Germany's Bambi Awards.
Alexander Koerner / Getty Images
Five years ago, two teenage sisters decided to do something about the plastic problem on their island of Bali.
And Bye Bye Plastic Bags was born.
Melati and Isabel Wijsen got the idea in 2013 after a lesson at school about world leaders.
"My sister and I went home that day thinking, 'Well, what can we do as kids living on the island of Bali?' " Melati says.
The answer was literally right in front of them — on the beach by their home.
"It got to the point where on weekends when we would go to our childhood beach, if we went swimming there, a plastic bag would wrap around your arm," she says. "And you say, just, enough is enough."
They went online and discovered that more than 40 countries had already banned or taxed plastic bags.
"We thought, 'Well, if they can do it, c'mon, Bali! C'mon, Indonesia! We can do it, too!' " Melati says.
Read their story here.
The Kenyan woman who fought for dignity during childbirth
Extreme lack of attention is not unusual in hospitals in poor countries, says Martin Onyango, legal adviser for the Center for Reproductive Rights based in Nairobi.
Thomas Mukoya / Reuters
In August 2013, Josephine Majani came to on a hard hallway floor in the Bungoma District Hospital in Bungoma, Kenya.
Majani heard nurses yelling: "I saw them carry the baby away. They screamed at me, 'Why have you delivered on the floor? Who is going to clean up all this blood? Get up. Get your things and go back to the delivery room.' I was helpless."
Majani has no memory of being slapped, she says, but when she regained consciousness her cheeks stung. And her experience was captured on video.
In February of this year, the court issued a landmark ruling awarding Majani $25,000 in damages, requiring that hospital staff formally apologize to her and setting a precedent that demands women be given quality care and treated with dignity during childbirth.
The woman who was once enslaved by ISIS — and won a Nobel Peace Prize
Nadia Murad, from the Yazidi community in Iraq, is a co-winner of the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize. She was enslaved for three months by ISIS and sexually assaulted. Now she speaks out for victims of sexual enslavement.
Julian Stratenschulte / AFP/Getty Images
In August 2014, Nadia Murad was one of thousands of women from the Yazidi minority in northern Iraq who were captured by ISIS and forced into sexual slavery. Three months later, she escaped through a door that a captor left unlocked.
She has shared her painful story with international media outlets and has become a voice for captive women and girls in the process.
Murad urges women who have faced sexual violence to reclaim their lives. "The hope of ISIS was to break the Yazidi community," she says. "But for survivors especially, going back to their lives and getting married and making a life and working, it's basically making sure ISIS did not succeed."
In 2016, she was named the U.N.'s first Goodwill Ambassador for the Dignity of Survivors of Human Trafficking.
In 2018, she became the co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Dr. Denis Mukwege, a gynecologist from the Democratic Republic of the Congo who treats victims of rape.
The woman who became Freetown, Sierra Leone's first female mayor in nearly 40 years
Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr, the new mayor of Freetown in Sierra Leone, speaks at the 2018 Concordia Annual Summit in New York City. "For decades, there had been no structure, no focused thinking of a strategy for the city," she says. "The way my brain works is with plans. I have to have a to-do list."
Riccardo Savi/Getty Images
Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr, who was elected mayor of Freetown in May 2018, is the city's first female mayor in nearly 40 years.
Aki-Sawyerr, 50, says she decided to run for mayor after overseeing Operation Clean Freetown, a government effort that was part of a large post-Ebola recovery program that started in 2016. The project aimed to "[reduce] the risk of epidemics by improving solid waste management in the city."
"I came face to face with how bad things were" in Freetown, Aki-Sawyerr explains over a late breakfast of boiled cassava root after returning to her office from her meeting. "I decided I had to run."
She expanded this work as mayor. Her first task in office was to identify the locations with the most egregiously clogged gutters that were missed in Operation Clean Freetown and have them cleared so water could flow.


Charles S. Birenbaum serves as the firm's Chair of Northern California and Co-Chair of the firm's Labor & Employment Practice's Labor-Management Relations group. Chuck is an experienced labor and employment attorney who focuses his practice on traditional labor and employment law matters, and has wide-ranging experience litigating in state and federal courts as well as various administrative agencies. He has testified on proposed legislation impacting entire industries before state legislative committees, and has interfaced and negotiated with labor organizations, politicians, regulators, and industry leaders to resolve complex issues for his clients in the health care, energy, construction and other industries.
Chuck has been honored by numerous organizations for his labor and employment practice. In 2013 alone, Chambers USA Guide listed him for his work in labor and employment law, Human Resources Executive® magazine named him one of the nation's top 100 most powerful labor attorneys, and The Daily Journal singled him out as one of California's top 75 labor attorneys.
°The above representations were handled by Mr. Birenbaum prior to his joining Greenberg Traurig, LLP.
Chuck has published articles addressing a variety of labor and employment issues in both the public and private sectors, and regularly lectures at seminars, workshops and continuing education programs.


Welcome (again) to Portland in the Fall. This is one of our favorite times of the year with a return to hoodies and sweaters, fun seasonal menus and tasty beverages, pumpkin spice everything, lots more board games and movies, leaves changing colors, overflowing gutters and street drains, not to mention muddy shoes and umbrellas!
There are a few things you can do to make your hosting experience this fall and winter the best in can be.
Take time to check the gutters and downspouts and clear them of debris so you don't have problems with water in the unit.
Especially because of the impact of nearby Eagle Creek fire, now is a great time to change your furnace filter. We have noted significant build-up on the ones we've already changed out and definitely recommend taking a look at them as we head into colder temperatures.
Watch for fallen debris and clear the street drains to make parking and walking easy for your guests. Consider buying salt or a snow shovel to have on-hand for our potential snowy season so you can treat walkways and ensure a safe pathway for your guests.
Consider offering a few umbrellas or extra blankets for guest comfort during the upcoming cold and rainy season. Many of our visitors are from warmer climates and they appreciate the extra thoughtful touches that make their stay that much better.


Cute easter bunny, handmade in speckled stoneware clay. Glazed in three different colors: Yellow, turquoise and pink. This is a limited edition with only 9 pieces and each and every piece is numbered.
Note! Each and every piece are handmade and may therefore variate in size and shape.
Handless Coffee Dripper made out of speckled stoneware clay. The inside is glazed in white, the outside is raw.
Coffee Cup made out of speckled stoneware clay. The whole piece is glazed in a lovely deep blue color.
Note! Each and every piece are handmade and may therefore variate in size and shape. Important! If the product is out of stock, I will extra make it/them for you and the estimated delivery time will be about 2-4 weeks. You will be notified by mail if so.
Drinking vessel made out of speckled stoneware. The inside and upper half is glazed in a lovely turquoise, the other half is raw.