text:
\section{Introduction}
Dipolar bosonic gases of magnetic atoms interact with a long-ranged and anisotropic dipole-dipole interaction (DDI). Experiments using the highly magnetic atoms of dysprosium \cite{Kadau2016a,Ferrier-Barbut2016a,Schmitt2016a} and erbium \cite{Chomaz2016a} have prepared one or several self-bound quantum droplets that cohere, even in the absence of any external confinement. These quantum droplets occur in the dipole-dominated regime, where the short ranged $s$-wave interactions are weaker than the DDIs  \cite{Baillie2016b,Wachtler2016b}, and the overall two-body interactions are attractive. In this regime the effects of quantum fluctuation corrections become important  \cite{LHY1957,Lima2011a,Lima2012a} and stabilize the droplets against mechanical collapse \cite{Petrov2015a,Saito2016a,Wachtler2016a,Bisset2016a}.
An important effect of the DDIs is that the droplets take a filament shape -- elongating in the direction that the dipoles are polarized -- to minimise the DDI energy.  Due to the long-ranged and anisotropic character of the DDI and the highly elongated droplet shape, quantitative calculations for the droplet state and their excitations are a challenging numerical problem.

Here we develop an infinite droplet theory. In this theory we consider the idealized case of a droplet that is an infinitely long filament (along the direction of the dipole orientation) of specified linear density $n$ (see Fig.~\ref{schematic}).  This idealization should be a good approximation to a finite droplet with sufficiently many atoms $N$ that it is highly elongated. Such droplets, often referred to as macro-droplets, have been prepared with $N\sim2\times10^4$ atoms \cite{Chomaz2016a} and can persist as a self-bound droplet even in the absence of any confinement \cite{Schmitt2016a}.

We present results for the infinite droplet using numerical solutions and a variational approximation we develop. We explore the character of the infinite droplet excitations and show that the recently identified ``anti-roton" effect \cite{Pal2020} plays an important role in the spectrum of a droplet.
 We consider a mapping to compare the infinite droplet results to a finite droplet, and use this to make a comparison to the  excitation spectrum of a finite droplet.
 We find that often the infinite droplet is not mechanically stable, with long wavelength axial modes being dynamically unstable. In these cases the axial speed of sound of the infinite droplet is  imaginary. However, as these instabilities only manifest at wavelengths that are much longer than the length of the finite droplet, they can be considered inconsequential, and the corresponding finite droplet is stable.  Finally, we consider taking a finite droplet to the thermodynamic limit by letting $N\to\infty$, which is different to the infinite dipolar droplet.

  \begin{figure}[H]
  	\centering
  	 \includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{fig1.jpg}
  	\caption{   (Left) Density isosurface of a finite free-space droplet with $N=2.5\times10^4$  $^{164}$Dy atoms, $a_{dd}=130.8a_0$ and $a_s=80a_0$. (Right) Schematic  of a section of the   infinite dipolar droplet we develop here.}
  	\label{schematic}
  \end{figure}

\section{Formalism}\label{theory}
\subsection{EGPE  theory}\label{eGPE}
It is now well-established (e.g.~see \cite{Ferrier-Barbut2016a,Schmitt2016a,Chomaz2016a,Baillie2016b,Wachtler2016b,Wachtler2016a,Bisset2016a}\footnote{Alternative theories to the EGPE  have been developed, e.g.~see \cite{Bottcher2019b,Halperin2021a}.}) that the coherent atomic field $\psi(\mathbf{r})=\langle\hat{\psi}(\mathbf{r})\rangle$  of a quantum droplet is governed by the extended Gross-Pitaevskii equation (EPGE) that includes the effects of beyond-meanfield quantum fluctuations.
The EPGE takes the form $\mathcal{L} \psi = \mu \psi$,
where $\mu$ is the chemical potential and
     \begin{align}\label{gp}
     \mathcal{L} &\equiv -\frac{\hbar^2\nabla^2}{2M}+V_\text{tr} +  \int d\mathbf{r}'U(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}')|\psi(\mathbf{r}')|^2 + \gamma_\text{QF}|\psi|^3, \\
    V_\text{tr} &= \frac{1}{2}M\omega_\rho^2(x^2+y^2),
     \end{align}
 are the EGPE  operator and trapping potential, respectively. Here only transversal harmonic confinement is considered with angular frequency $\omega_\rho$, although many of our results are for the free-space case of $\omega_\rho=0$.
 The two-body interactions are described by the interaction potential
  \begin{align}
  U({\bf r}) = g_s \delta(\mathbf{r}) + \frac{3g_{dd}}{4\pi r^3}\left(1 - \frac{3z^2}{r^2}\right).\label{Urfull}
  \end{align}
Here $g_s=4\pi a_s\hbar^2/M$ is the short-ranged coupling constant where $a_s$ is the $s$-wave scattering length. The atoms have magnetic dipoles of moment $\mu_m$ aligned along the $z$-axis by an external bias field. The DDIs between the atoms are characterized by the coupling constant $g_{dd} = 4\pi\hbar^2 a_{dd}/M$, where $a_{dd}= \mu_0\mu_m^2 M /12 \pi \hbar^2$.
The quantum fluctuations are described by the higher order local nonlinear terms with coefficient (see \cite{Lima2011a, Lima2012a, Bisset2016a})
     \begin{eqnarray}
     	\gamma_\text{QF} = \frac{32}{3}g_s\sqrt{\frac{a_s^3}{\pi}} \left( 1+ \frac32 \epsilon_{dd}^2\right),
     \end{eqnarray}
  where $\epsilon_{dd} = a_{dd}/a_s$.

\subsection{Infinite droplet state}
Here we develop a model for a droplet that is infinitely long and translationally invariant along the $z$-axis, i.e.~
\begin{align}
\psi(\mathbf{r}) =  \sqrt{n} \chi(\rho),\label{decomp}
\end{align}
where $n$ is the specified linear density and $\chi(\rho)$ is the unit normalized transverse mode. Here we have utilized cylindrical symmetry to reduce the dependence of the transverse mode to the radial coordinate $\rho=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$.
A decomposition similar to Eq.~(\ref{decomp}) was explored previously in Ref.~\cite{Pal2020} (also see \cite{Edmonds2020a}) as a model of a dipolar condensate in an elongated tube trap. Here we extend this theory to include quantum fluctuations and hence the droplet regime which occurs when the DDI interactions dominate over the contact interactions (i.e.~$\epsilon_{dd}>1$). In this regime the droplet can exist (as a transversally localized state) even in the absence of any transverse confinement, i.e.~can become self-bound.
Using (\ref{decomp}), the EGPE  simplifies to
  \begin{align}
  \mathcal{L} ^\perp\chi=\mu\chi,\label{GPE}
  \end{align}
   where
    \begin{align}
      \mathcal{L}^{\perp}   \equiv& -\frac{\hbar^2}{2M\rho}\frac{\partial}{\partial \rho} \left(\rho\frac{\partial }{\partial \rho} \right)+ V_\text{tr} +  n(g_s-g_{dd})|\chi(\rho)|^2  \nonumber \\
      &+n^{3/2}\gamma_\text{QF}|\chi({ {\rho}})|^3,\label{LGPperp}
  \end{align}
   Notice that for the infinite droplet state the two-body interactions appear as an effective contact interaction. We can see this from the $k$-space form of the interaction potential [i.e.~Fourier transform of Eq.~(\ref{Urfull})]
  \begin{align}
  \tilde{U}(\mathbf{k})=g_s+g_{dd}\left(\frac{3 k_z^2}{k^2}-1\right),
  \end{align}
  which approaches the constant value $g_s-g_{dd}$ in the $k_z\to0$ limit appropriate to the infinite droplet state.

Because Eq.~(\ref{LGPperp}) does not involve an explicit long range interaction term, it avoids many of the technical issues that normally arise in solving the EGPE with DDIs. Thus, the transverse profile of infinite droplet state can be solved for using standard packages for solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation adapted to include the higher-order local nonlinearity of the quantum fluctuation term.

\subsection{Excitations of the infinite droplet}
Bogoliubov theory provides a description of the quasiparticle excitations of the droplet \cite{Baillie2017a,Petrov2015a}. These excitations can be obtained by linearizing the time-dependent GPE, $i\hbar\partial_t \psi = \mathcal{L}\psi$, about the stationary state, $\sqrt{n}\chi$, using the ansatz
     \begin{align}
        \psi(\mathbf{r},t) =&e^{-i\mu t} \Bigl\{\sqrt{n}\chi(\rho) \notag\\
         +\sum_{k_z,m,j}\Bigl[&c_{k_zmj} u_{k_zmj}(\rho)e^{im\phi+i{k_z}z-iE_{k_zmj}t/\hbar} \notag\\
         -&c_{k_zmj}^*v_{k_zmj}^*(\rho)e^{-im\phi-ik_z z+iE^*_{k_zmj}t/\hbar}\Bigr]\Bigr\},
     \end{align}
     where $\phi$ is the azimuthal angle.
Here $\{u_{k_zmj},v_{k_zmj} \}$ are the quasiparticle modes with respective eigenvalues $\{E_{k_zmj}\}$, and $\{c_{k_zmj}\}$ are (small) $c$-number amplitudes.  The $z$-components of linear and angular momentum of the quasiparticle are given by $\hbar k_z$ and $\hbar m$, respectively, and the quantum number $j$ characterizes the transverse (vibrational) mode.     The quasiparticles are obtained by solving the Bogoliubov de-Gennes (BdG) equations
     \begin{align}\label{bdgm}
      E_{k_zmj}\begin{pmatrix} u_{k_zmj}\\ v_{k_zmj}  \end{pmatrix} =
      \begin{pmatrix} \mathcal{L}_{k_zm} -\mu& -X_{k_zm}\\ X_{k_zm} & - (\mathcal{L}_{k_zm}-\mu) \end{pmatrix}
      \begin{pmatrix} u_{k_zmj}\\ v_{k_zmj}\end{pmatrix},
      \end{align}
      where  $\mathcal{L}_{k_zm} \equiv \mathcal{L}^{\perp}  + \epsilon_{k_z}-\frac{\hbar^2m^2}{2M\rho^2} +X_{k_zm}$, $\epsilon_{k_z} =\frac{\hbar^2k_z^2}{2M}$ is the free-particle dispersion relation,
      and the exchange term is
      \begin{align}\label{x}
      X_{k_zm} f &\equiv n\chi e^{im\phi}\mathcal{F}^{-1}\{\tilde{U}(\mathbf{k}_{\rho} + k_z\hat{\mathbf{z}}) \mathcal{F}\{\chi fe^{-im\phi}\}\}\nonumber \\
      &+ \frac{3}{2}\gamma_\text{QF}n^{3/2}|\chi|^3f,
      \end{align}
      with $\mathcal{F}$  denoting the planar Fourier transform in $\boldsymbol{\rho}=(x,y)$, and $\mathbf{k}_\rho=(k_x,k_y,0)$ being the reciprocal space vector.
The excitations explicitly depend on the ${k}$-space interaction potential, and care needs to taken to deal with finite grid size effects in numerical calculations (e.g.~using a cutoff interaction, see Refs.~\cite{Ronen2007a,Lu2010a,Lee2021a}).

\subsection{Variational theory}
A variational approach can also be used to develop an approximate description of the infinite droplet.
Here we approximate the transverse mode by a radially symmetric Gaussian
\begin{eqnarray} \label{transg}
\chi^\text{var}(\rho) = \frac{e^{- \rho^2/2 l^2}}{\sqrt{\pi}l},
\end{eqnarray}
where the width   $l$ is considered as a variational parameter. The energy density per particle of the variational state is (from Ref.~\cite{Pal2020}, but extended to include the quantum fluctuation term)
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Evar}
\mathcal{E} =  \frac{\hbar^2}{2Ml^2} + \frac{M\omega_\rho^2l^2}{2}+\frac{n(g_s-g_{dd})}{4\pi l^2}  + \frac{4n^{3/2}\gamma_\text{QF}}{25\pi^{3/2}l^3}.
\end{eqnarray}  The variational solution is determined by minimising  Eq.~(\ref{Evar}) with respect to $l$.

\begin{figure}[tbh]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=3.2in]{fig2.pdf}
	\caption{Variational theory effective interaction $\tilde{U}_0(k_z)$ with the low-$k_z$ and high-$k_z$ limits shown. Results for a $^{164}$Dy system with $n=2.5\times10^3/\mu$m,  $a_s=80\,a_0$, $a_{dd}=130.8\,a_0$, and $l=0.383\,\mu$m.}
	\label{Uk0fig}
\end{figure}

The lowest ($m=0,j=0$) band of excitations can be obtained from the variational theory under the same shape approximation  \cite{Pal2020} (also see \cite{Edmonds2020a}), i.e.~setting $u_{k_z00}$ and $v_{k_z00}$  to be proportional to $\chi^\text{var}$. This yields the dispersion relation
\begin{equation} \label{var_E}
E_{k_z}^\text{var}=\sqrt{\epsilon_{k_z}\left[ \epsilon_{k_z}+ 2n\tilde{U}_{0}(k_z) + 3n^{3/2}\gamma_\text{QF} \gamma_\chi\right]},
\end{equation}
where $\gamma_{\chi} \equiv  \frac{2}{5\pi^{3/2}l^3}$, and
\begin{align}
\tilde{U}_0(k_z)=\frac{g_s-g_{dd}}{2\pi l^2} -\frac{3g_{dd}}{2\pi l^2}Q^2e^{Q^2}\text{Ei}(-Q^2),\label{U0kz}
\end{align}  with $Q^2\equiv k_z^2l^2/2$ and $\text{Ei}$ being the exponential integral.

The behavior of the effective  interaction $\tilde{U}_0(k_z)$ that appears in the variational theory is shown in Fig.~\ref{Uk0fig} for a system in the droplet regime, where $g_{dd}>g_s$. This emphasizes the limiting values of $\tilde{U}_0(k_z)$, notably $\lim_{k_z\to0}\tilde{U}_0=({g_s-g_{dd}})/{2\pi l^2}$ and $\lim_{k_z\to\infty}\tilde{U}_0=({g_s+2g_{dd}})/{2\pi l^2}$. In the droplet regime these limits are attractive and repulsive, respectively.

\section{Results}
\subsection{Dynamic structure factor of an infinite droplet}\label{Sec:DSFinf}

 The zero-temperature dynamic structure factor within Bogoliubov theory is given by
\begin{align}
 S(k_z,\omega)=\sum_j|\delta n_{k_zj}|^2\delta(\omega-E_{k_z0j}/\hbar),\label{DSF}
\end{align}
where
$\delta n_{k_zj} = \int d{\rho}\,2\pi\rho\big[u_{k_z0j}^{\ast}(\rho) - v_{k_z0j}^{\ast }( \rho)\big]\chi (\rho)$. Here we have considered the dynamic structure factor for a wavevector along $z$ and in this case only the $m=0$ excitations contribute.
The dynamic structure factor characterizes the structure of the system and its collective excitations. In cold-gas experiments the zero temperature dynamic structure factor can be measured by Bragg spectroscopy (e.g.~see \cite{Stenger1999a,StamperKurn1999a,Blakie2002a}) and this technique has been applied to dipolar condensates in the roton \cite{Petter2019a} and the supersolid \cite{Petter2021a} regimes.

\begin{figure}[tbh]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=3.4in]{fig3}
	\caption{(a)-(c): The dynamic structure factor $S(k_z,\omega)$ for a infinite droplet state of $^{164}$Dy atoms with $n = 2.5\times 10^3/\mu$m and for (a,d) $a_s = 115 a_0$ (b,e) $a_s = 100 a_0$ (c,f) $a_s = 80 a_0$.   Cases (a)-(c) are in free-space ($\omega_\rho=0$) and (d)-(f) are confined with $\omega_\rho/2\pi=150\,$Hz.
	The variational result  for $E_{k_z}^\text{var}$  is shown with magenta solid lines.
	 The lower bound of the continuum $\epsilon^\text{cont}_{k_z}$ is shown by the blue dashed lines in (a)-(c), and in (d)-(f) the yellow dash-dot line shows the free-particle dispersion $\epsilon_{k_z}$.
     We broadened the $\delta$ function in the dynamic structure factors by setting $\delta(\omega) = e^{-(\omega/\omega_B)^2}/\sqrt\pi \omega_B$ with $\omega_B/2\pi=15$Hz.
     }
	\label{sb_dsf}
\end{figure}

In Figs.~\ref{sb_dsf}(a)-(c) we show the dynamic structure factor for free-space droplets with various values of $a_s$. As $a_s$ decreases ($\epsilon_{dd}$ increases) the droplet is more tightly bound, as revealed by the chemical potential becoming more negative. The BdG energies are measured relative to the chemical potential, and the excitations with $E_{k_zmj}<-\mu$ are below threshold and are thus bound to the droplet. Our results show that only one of the $m=0$ branches is bound and it joins up with a continuum of transverse excitations when $E_{k_z00}>\epsilon^\text{cont}_{k_z}\equiv-\mu +\epsilon_{k_z}$. The bound excitation branch is only apparent in Figs.~\ref{sb_dsf}(b) and (c) where $\mu$ is sufficiently negative.

In Figs.~\ref{sb_dsf}(d)-(f) we consider cases with the same parameters used for Figs.~\ref{sb_dsf}(a)-(c), but with the addition  of transverse confinement. For the highest value of scattering length [Fig.~\ref{sb_dsf}(d)] the chemical potential is positive and the system cannot be considered as a self-bound droplet. The observed behavior in this regime is similar to previous work considering a dipolar condensate in an elongated trap (e.g.~see Fig.~3 of  \cite{Pal2020}\footnote{We note that because Ref.~\cite{Pal2020} did not include quantum fluctuations it was restricted to the regime $a_s>a_{dd}$.}). A noticeable effect of the transverse confinement is that discrete excitation bands remain at all energy scales (i.e.~there is no continuum of transverse excitations).  These results also exhibit features which were collectively referred to as the ``anti-roton" effect
 in Ref.~\cite{Pal2020}. That work considered a dipolar condensate in an elongated trap with the dipoles polarized along the long axis of the trap.
 The features of this effect were identified as:  (i) a rapidly rising, and upward curving, lowest excitation band; (ii) the emergence of a strong multi-band response at high $k_z$. These features arise from the interactions becoming increasingly repulsive\footnote{c.f the roton effect where the interactions are attractive at high $k_z$.} with increasing $k_z$. This situation arises in the droplet where the $k_z\to0$ interaction is attractive allowing the droplet to bind tightly, while as $k_z$ increases the interaction becomes strongly repulsive  [e.g.~see Fig.~\ref{Uk0fig}]. This causes a strong interaction between the respective excitations and the droplet, and is the origin of the multi-band response.
 In the multi-band regime the transverse profile of the lowest band of excitations changes shape to reduce overlap (and hence interaction) with droplet. For $k_z$ values where this reshaping occurs [e.g.~$k_z\sim1/\mu$m in Figs.~\ref{sb_dsf}(d)-(f)] structure factor response weight  [i.e.~$\delta n_{k_zj}$] is transferred to higher excitation bands.
The variational approach for the lowest excitation band assumes these modes to have the same transverse shape as the droplet, and thus fails to capture the multi-band response. We also observe that aspects of the anti-roton effect carry over to the free-space droplet. First, the ground band curves up rapidly. Second, the multi-band behavior becomes a region of stronger response in the continuum of excitations [see Figs.~\ref{sb_dsf}(b) and (c)].

We note that in all free-space results [Figs.~\ref{sb_dsf}(a)-(c)] and the most strongly bound trap case  [Fig.~\ref{sb_dsf}(f)] that the lowest excitation band $E_{k_z00}$ is imaginary for very small $k_z$ values [e.g.~$\text{Im}\{E_{k_z00}\}$ for the case in Fig.~\ref{sb_dsf}(c) is shown in the lower inset to Fig.~\ref{mc2}(a)]. We neglect the weight of these modes in Fig.~\ref{sb_dsf}, and return to discuss them further in Sec.~\ref{Sec:soundcompressibility}.

\subsection{Excitation spectrum of a finite droplet}\label{Sec:finitedropletexcitations}
  \begin{figure}[tbh]
  	\centering
  	 \includegraphics[width=3.4in]{fig4.pdf}
  	\caption{Mapping and comparison of finite and infinite droplets. The $z=0$ transverse density profile for a finite droplet with (a) $N=2.5\times10^3$ and (b) $N=25\times10^3$ atoms compared to the infinite droplet results. (c) Comparison of the $1/e$-density half width $\sigma_\rho$ in the $z=0$ plane as the number of atoms in the droplet varies (for the variational theory this is $l$). The finite droplet (d) aspect ratio and (e)   linear density (\ref{nmapping}) as $N$ varies.
Here $\sigma_z$ is the $1/e$-density half width of the droplet on the $z$-axis. These results are for a free-space droplet of $^{164}$Dy atoms with $a_{dd}=130.8a_0$ and   $a_s=80a_0$. The droplet is only self-bound for  $N$ exceeding the critical value of $N_c\approx1899$.  }
  	\label{Fig:gsdroplets}
  \end{figure}

We now consider how to apply the infinite droplet theory to characterize the excitation spectrum of a finite droplet.
A finite droplet configuration is specified by the parameters $\{a_s,a_{dd},N\}$.
 Here we take the corresponding infinite droplet to have a linear density identified with the linear density at the centre ($z=0$) of the finite droplet, i.e.~
\begin{align}
n=\int d\boldsymbol{\rho}|\psi(\boldsymbol{\rho},0)|^2,\label{nmapping}
\end{align}
where $\psi(\boldsymbol{\rho},z)$ is the wavefunction of the finite droplet.
In Figs.~\ref{Fig:gsdroplets}(a) - (c) we compare aspects of the transverse density profiles obtained using this mapping. Figure \ref{Fig:gsdroplets}(e) shows the linear density as a function of $N$ obtained from finite droplet calculations according to Eq.~(\ref{nmapping}). This linear density is the only additional input into the infinite droplet theory.

These results show that the infinite droplet generally provides a good description of the radial profile except for low atom number cases close to where the droplet unbinds [see Figs.~\ref{Fig:gsdroplets}(a), (c)]. This coincides with the finite droplet having its smallest aspect ratio [Fig.~\ref{Fig:gsdroplets}(d)], where the approximation of the droplet being infinite is least appropriate.  While the infinite droplet theory is seen to work very well for large $N$ (i.e.~the macro-droplet regime),  the variational description works less well in this regime. This is because the density of the droplet saturates towards a maximum value\footnote{Arising from the balance of the attractive two-body interactions and the repulsive quantum fluctuations.}, causing the transverse density profile to develop a flat top that is not well-described by a Gaussian.

 Using our mapping we can provide an approximate description of the excitation spectrum of a finite droplet. Here we compare to results  presented in Ref.~\cite{Baillie2017a} for the spectrum of a finite droplet, obtained using large-scale diagonalization procedures. Some results of that work are reproduced in Fig.~\ref{fig:finitedropletexcitation}. In this regime the droplet is highly elongated ($\sigma_z/\sigma_\rho\approx30$) and acts as a waveguide for the low energy collective modes.
 The excitations appear as a set of bands labeled by their $z$-component of angular momentum\footnote{In a finite droplet, the $z$-component of momentum is not a good quantum number and in Ref.~\cite{Baillie2017a} an approximate mapping was developed by analysing the approximate wavelengths of the individual excitations.}. In Ref.~\cite{Baillie2017a} an approximate dispersion relation, equivalent to our variational result (\ref{var_E}), was used to provide a qualitative description of the  $E_{k_z00}$ band.  This variational result does not describe any of the higher bands (see Fig.~\ref{fig:finitedropletexcitation}).
 In contrast the infinite droplet theory [numerically solving Eqs.~(\ref{bdgm})] exhibits good quantitative agreement with the finite droplet results for the $m=0,1,2$ bands of excitations presented in Ref.~\cite{Baillie2017a}. We also show the infinite droplet predictions for the $m=3$ band (not calculated in Ref.~\cite{Baillie2017a}), with the higher angular momentum bands lying in the continuum (see the inset to Fig.~\ref{fig:finitedropletexcitation}). We note that the finite droplet theory predicts that the $E_{k_z00}$ band is imaginary in the small $k_z$ limit (well below where the first excitation occurs in the finite droplet).

 \begin{figure}[tbh]
	\centering
	 \includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig5}
     \caption{Excitation spectrum of a free-space droplet of $N=10^5$ $^{164}$Dy atoms with $a_s = 80a_0$. The BdG excitation energies of a finite droplet are plotted as $\times$-symbols against a $z$-wavevector assignment (these results are from Ref.~\cite{Baillie2017a} and assignment details are discussed therein). Results are sorted by the $z$-component of angular momentum of the excitation [blue ($m=0$), red ($m=1$), green ($m=2$), black ($m=3$)]. Solid lines give the infinite droplet results for comparison using the linear density $n = 4231.6/\mu$m. Black dash-dotted lines give the variational result Eq.~(\ref{var_E}), and the black dashed line shows  $\epsilon_{k_z}$ for reference. Inset shows the infinite droplet result including the continuum excitations that develop at higher energies. Note that the $E_{k_z00}$ band (blue dots) becomes imaginary for $k_z\lesssim0.04\mu$m$^{-1}$.
	 }
	\label{fig:finitedropletexcitation}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Axial speed of sound and long-wavelength instability of the infinite droplet}\label{Sec:soundcompressibility}
The excitation spectrum of a dipolar condensate is known to be anisotropic (e.g.~see \cite{Wilson2010a,Ticknor2011a,Bismut2012a,Baillie2014a,Wenzel2018a}) due to the anisotropy of the DDIs. Here we explore the axial speed of sound of a dipolar droplet - i.e.,~the speed of sound along the long axis of the droplet.
We identify the axial speed of sound from the long-wavelength slope of the lowest excitation band as
\begin{align}
c_z=\frac{1}{\hbar}\left.\frac{\partial E_{k_z00}}{\partial k_z}\right|_{k_z=0}.\label{sosBdG}
\end{align}
The $E_{k_z00}$ excitation band was observed in Figs.~\ref{sb_dsf} and \ref{fig:finitedropletexcitation} to have novel behavior arising from the anti-roton effect, notably a rapid rising and upwardly curving shape. These features make identifying the speed of sound difficult from a visual inspection of the results. Furthermore, in the previous subsections we noted that at the lowest band can be dynamically unstable at very low $k_z$, which corresponds to $c_z$ being imaginary (i.e.~$Mc_z^2<0$).

 The variational spectrum in Eq.~(\ref{var_E}) neglects any change in the transverse profile for long wavelength excitations and thus does not provide a good estimate of the speed of sound. So for the variational approach it is better to use the result  $Mc_z^2=n(\partial n/\partial \mu)$ for the inverse (axial) compressibility\footnote{Note we can also use this result to obtain $Mc_z^2$ directly from the EGPE rather than calculating the BdG excitations. We have verified that the results are identical from these two approaches.}
 \begin{align} \label{mc2var}
M&c^2_\text{var} =n\left(\frac{\partial ^2\mathcal{E}}{\partial n^2}\right),\\ &=  n\tilde{U}_0(0) \left(1-\frac{n}{l}\frac{dl}{dn} \right) + \frac{3n^{3/2}\gamma_\text{QF}\gamma_\chi}{2}\left(1-\frac65\frac{n}l\frac{dl}{dn}\right),
\end{align}
where $\tilde{U}_0(0)={(g_s-g_{dd})}/{2\pi l^2}$ [from Eq.~(\ref{U0kz})],  and
\begin{align}
\frac{n}l\frac{dl}{dn}=\frac{   n\tilde{U}_0(0)+\frac95n^{3/2}\gamma_\text{QF}\gamma_\chi }{  \frac{3\hbar^2}{ml^2}+\frac{ml^2\omega_\rho^2}{2}+ 3n\tilde{U}_0(0) +\frac{24}5n^{3/2}\gamma_\text{QF}\gamma_\chi }.
\end{align}

       \begin{figure}[tbh]
       	\centering
       	 \includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig6}
       	\caption{ (a) $Mc_z^2$ \cite{Pal2020} as a function of $a_s$ for fixed linear density $n = 2.5\times 10^3/\mu$m from EGPE (blue lines) and variation (red line) calculations. Results are shown for (solid) infinite free-space droplets; (dashed) transversally confined infinite droplets; and (dashed dot) a transversally confined condensate with $\gamma_\text{QF}=0$.  The upper inset shows how $k_z^*$ varies with $n$ for $a_s/a_0 = 75$ (black, top), $80$ (red), $85$ (blue). The lower inset shows the imaginary part of the $E_{k_z00}$ spectrum for a free-space droplet with $a_s = 80a_0$.   (b) The radial $1/e$-density widths of the states.  These results  use $a_{dd}=130.8a_0$, and for trapped cases $\omega_\rho/2\pi=150\,$Hz.
	}
       	\label{mc2}
       \end{figure}
       \vspace{0.5cm}

In Fig.~\ref{mc2}(a) we plot $Mc_z^2$ as a function of $a_s$ for infinite droplets in free-space  and with transverse confinement.  For reference, we also show the behavior of a transversally confined system without quantum fluctuations, where  $Mc_z^2\to0$ (and the system collapses) as $a_s\to a_{dd}$ from above.  Comparing the trapped results we observe that inclusion of quantum fluctuations causes a significant increase in $Mc^2_z$. However, even including quantum fluctuation effects $Mc^2_z$ becomes negative for sufficiently low values of $a_s$ (i.e.~$a_s\lesssim90a_0$). For the infinite free-space droplet at all values of $a_s$ where a localized droplet state is obtained we find that $Mc^2_z<0$.

A negative value of $Mc^2_z$, i.e.~when $c_z$ is imaginary, indicates that the long wavelength modes of the system are dynamically unstable. The lower inset to Fig.~\ref{mc2}(a) shows the imaginary part of the spectrum for an infinite free-space droplet with $a_s=80a_0$. Here the $E_{k_z00}$ excitation band is purely imaginary for $k_z<k_z^*$ and real thereafter.
For the finite sized droplet the longest wavelength excitation has a wave vector of approximately $k_{z,\min}\equiv\pi/\sigma_z$ (cf.~the first $m=0$ excitation marked by a symbol in Fig.~\ref{fig:finitedropletexcitation}), where $\sigma_z$ is the $1/e$ density half-width introduced earlier. Thus the finite axial extent of the droplet prevents the unstable modes being accessed, so the dynamical instability cannot manifest.  The upper inset to Fig.~\ref{mc2}(a) shows results for how the maximum unstable wave vector, $k_z^*$, changes with $a_s$ and $n$. For larger finite droplets, where $n$ is higher,  $k_z^*$ gets smaller, possibly indicating that the instability cannot manifest even in very large droplets. This is consistent with the observations in Ref.~\cite{Baillie2017a} where the lowest energy $m=0$ mode of a finite droplet appears to asymptotically approach zero as $N$ increases.

The width $\sigma_\rho$ of the infinite free-space droplet diverges with increasing $a_s$ [see Fig.~\ref{mc2}(b)], as the droplet unbinds and evaporates.
Using the variational theory we can solve for the evaporation transition, i.e.~where a stationary state solution occurs with $\mathcal{E}=0$, giving
\begin{align}
\frac{1}{2} + n(a_s-a_{dd}) = 0. \label{EvapCond}
\end{align}
For the free-space droplet case in  Fig.~\ref{mc2} this result predicts evaporation to occur at $a_s=127a_0$. Because the radial width diverges as we approach the transition we have not been able to numerically explore the infinite droplet EGPE predictions for the transition in detail.
 For a finite droplet as $\sigma_\rho$ increases the infinite droplet becomes a poor approximation, since it requires $\sigma_z\gg\sigma_\rho$. Thus, condition (\ref{EvapCond}) is not a useful predictor of the transition in a finite droplet.

\subsection{Thermodynamic limit droplet of a free-space droplet}

Finally we consider the thermodynamic limit of a free-space dipolar droplet. We take the thermodynamic limit  by allowing $N$ to increase towards infinity in a finite free-space droplet.  We find (e.g.~from fits in Fig.~\ref{Fig:gsdroplets}(c)-(e), also see Ref.~\cite{Baillie2017a}) that the following approximately scaling behavior  holds
\begin{align}
\sigma_\rho&\sim N^{1/4},\\
\sigma_z&\sim N^{1/2},\\
n&\sim\sigma_\rho^2\sim N^{1/2},
\end{align}
for the width, length and linear density of the droplet, respectively.  Thus, in the thermodynamic limit all of these quantities are infinite. Hence, the thermodynamic limit does not correspond to the infinite droplet theory developed in this paper, in which $\sigma_z$ is infinite, but $\sigma_\rho$ and $n$ are both finite.

\section{Conclusions and outlook}
       \label{sec:conclusions}

 In this paper we have developed a theory to describe an infinitely long dipolar droplet, as an idealization of the long filament shaped droplets prepared in experiments. Our focus has been on the excitation properties, which are difficult to calculate accurately for finite droplets.
  Our results in Fig.~\ref{fig:finitedropletexcitation}  demonstrate good quantitative agreement to one of the few detailed studies of a finite dipolar droplet excitations in the literature.
In the excitation spectrum, a number of interesting features arise, collectively called the anti-roton effect \cite{Pal2020}.
These features appear in our results for the dynamic structure factor of an infinite droplet, which could be measured in experiments by performing Bragg spectroscopy along the long axis of a large droplet.

 We have also examined the nature of the axial speed of sound in a droplet. For the infinite droplet theory we find that $Mc^2_z<0$ for free-space droplets and in confined droplets with sufficiently low values of $a_s$.
 The $k_z\to0$ limit used to identify the speed of sound is problematic for finite droplets due to prominent finite size dependence arising from the anti-roton effect (i.e.~the rapid change in the effective interaction with $k_z$ near $k_z=0$). Indeed, finite dipolar droplets appear to be stable because the unstable modes occur at wavelengths that are too long to be accommodated. Increasing $N$ to make the droplet longer, also causes $n$ to increase (the droplet gets wider), and our results show that this leads to unstable wavelengths becoming even longer. Thus it is possible that these instabilities never manifest in finite droplets, and certainly this is consistent with calculations we have performed for finite droplets over a wide parameter regime. This also raises the question: what is the appropriate axial speed of sound for a finite droplet? In practice a result reflecting the finite size of the system may be necessary, e.g.~replacing $k_z=0$ with $k_z\to1/\sigma_z$ in Eq.~(\ref{sosBdG}). Whether such an identification is useful in understanding the effective compressibility or critical velocity of a finite droplet is an interesting direction for future research.

\section{Acknowledgements}
We acknowledge support from the Marsden Fund of the Royal Society of New Zealand, and valuable discussions with the Ferlaino group in Innsbruck and L.~Chomaz.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


wishing you moksha this weekend!
Thank you so much for your support, it means the world to us. CDili rocks! Happy holidays and let's make 2019 an amazing year!
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A little gist from me for your awesome contributions!
Hi Ayush! Sorry for rejecting your submission, the issue had already been already fixed by someone on our team. Here is a little thank you for applying!


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REGISTRATION: Race day registration only at Rumney School from 8:00 to 8:45 a.m. on July 13.
COURSE: Loop course on mostly dirt roads climbs 450 feet first 3 miles, then gradually descends to the finish. Part of the CVR/ORO Race Series 2019.


Hi there, this post is about Exceptional California Pizza Kitchen Brentwood #4 Kitchen California Pizza Kitchen Pizza Size California Pizza. It is a image/jpeg and the resolution of this file is 2765 x 1536. It's file size is only 457 KB. If You ought to download This post to Your laptop, you might Click here. You could too see more images by clicking the following picture or see more at this article: California Pizza Kitchen Brentwood.
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text:
Q: Add JavaScript function to a dynamically created control I tried all possible ways to add javascript code to my dynamically created control a date textbox but it is not working. I need to add multiple scripts like searchable dropdownlist and datepicker for date textbox. I am creating control on Page_Init and then attaching javascript on Page_Load but it is not working. Can somebody help, please? Thanks.
protected void Page_Init(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    CreateControls();
}

protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    if (!IsPostBack)
    {
        if (fieldtype == "date")
            {
                string javaScriptString = @"function attachJSScript() {";
                javaScriptString += @"$('#<%= " + str + ".ClientID %>').datepicker({ dateFormat: 'dd/mm/yy' }).val();";
                javaScriptString += @"}";
                ScriptManager.RegisterClientScriptBlock(this, this.GetType(), "attachJSScript", javaScriptString, true);
            }
        }
    }
}

When I view the page source, it shows

<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
function attachJSScript() {$('#<%= txt_1_date_yes.ClientID %>').datepicker({ dateFormat: 'dd/mm/yy' }).val();}//]]>
</script>

I added this code for dropdownlist dynamically created control but it is not working either. Same code I used for the controls in aspx pages and that works.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The prices do not include VAT and transportation costs.


text:
Q: 'yo office' not responding after a long time I am following the instructions here https://dev.office.com/getting-started/addins#selectapp to make my first MS office powerpoint addin.
I installed the yeoman generator and ran this command yo office
yo office                                                                                ⏎

     _-----_     ╭──────────────────────────╮
    |       |    │   Welcome to the Office  │
    |--(o)--|    │   Project generator, by  │
   `---------´   │ @OfficeDev! Let's create │
    ( _´U`_ )    │    a project together!   │
    /___A___\   /╰──────────────────────────╯
     |  ~  |
   __'.___.'__
 ´   `  |° ´ Y `

? Project name (display name):  myHelloWorldAddin
? Root folder of project? Default to current directory
 (/Users/antkong/dev/zeetings/ppt), or specify relative path
 from current (src / public):  .
? Office project type: Task Pane Add-in
? Supported Office applications: (Press <space> to select, <a> to toggle all, <i> to inverse selection)Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Project
? Technology to use: HTML, CSS & JavaScript
   create bower.json
   create package.json
   create tsd.json
   create .bowerrc
   create gulpfile.js
   create content/Office.css
   create images/close.png
   create images/logo-filled.png
   create scripts/MicrosoftAjax.js
   create jsconfig.json
   create tsconfig.json
   create manifest-myhelloworldaddin.xml
   create manifest.xsd
   create app/app.css
   create app/app.js
   create app/home/home.html
   create app/home/home.css
   create app/home/home.js

It stuck at the last line for a very long time (up to 15 minutes now).
How can I resolve this problem? Is there any log file I can inspect to find out the issue?

A: I just tested the generator on a different machine than my own. It ran successfully inreal 1m18.625s with user 0m33.462s interaction time. Looking at where it stopped for you, the next thing yo office would do is to connect to different git remote origins and install the submodules that are required. I'd suggest quit and run yo office again. :)
Repo lives here - https://github.com/officedev/generator-office
If you are interested in debug and contribute to the generator, you can pass Node.js debug flags by running it like this:
# OS X / Linux
node --debug `which yo` <generator> [arguments]

# Windows
# Find the path to the yo binary in Command Prompt
where yo
# Or find the path to the yo binary in PowerShell
get-command yo
# Would be something like C:\Users\<USER>\AppData\Roaming\npm\yo
# Use this path to derive yo cli.js file
# C:\Users\<USER>\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\yo\lib\cli.js
node --debug <path to yo cli.js> <generator> [arguments]

A: I worked a lot behind a lot of restrictions of all kind, enterprise environments are not easy. Find below all my list of recommendations:

*

*Verify proxies, npm doesn't use the proxy by default, set proxy and http-proxy to your company's one

*Verify the strict ssl flag is set fo false which mostly always makes the download fail (classic problem of traffic between public/private networks)

*Verify the registry is correctly set in npm to use (mostly always) registry.npmjs.org

I also experienced several issues depending on the node version and npm version. I cannot control most of the time the version I use.
I had more luck understanding the underlying problems when I did run the debug mode mentioned before. The commands in the previous response are deprecated and some of them changed but pretty much you can:

*

*Find where yo is installed with 'where yo'

*Go to the folder and locate the yo module which is in the [base folder]\lib\cli.js

*Execute it with node --inspect [full path to cli] [your parameters]

Every problem arises immediately using this method.


text:
The Bussey Institute (1883–1936) was a respected biological institute at Harvard University. It was named for Benjamin Bussey, who, in 1835, endowed the establishment of an undergraduate school of agriculture and horticulture and donated land in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts that became the Arnold Arboretum. Bussey, a silversmith, had bought the land from the Weld family in 1806, and built a mansion in 1815. When he died, he left  to Harvard. By 1871 the Bussey Institute had been built.

Notable alumni
James Drummond Dole obtained a bachelor in agriculture at the Bussey Institute before moving to Hawaii and developing pineapple production and the canning industry there. Alfred Kinsey, an American biologist who became famous for his work on human sexuality, studied at the Bussey Institute under famed entomologist William Morton Wheeler. Edward Murray East, a pioneer in plant genetics, also worked there when he studied Mendelian inheritance. The geneticist William E. Castle worked there from 1908 until it closed in 1936, first on the genetics of fruit flies and also on hooded rats, studying basic evolution.

References

External links
Records of the Bussey Institute

1883 establishments in Massachusetts
Harvard University
Arnold Arboretum
1994 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Defunct private universities and colleges in Massachusetts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home / Photography / THE COOL COUPLE
Photo Courtesy: The Cool Couple
THE COOL COUPLE
Eleonora Milner July 31, 2015 July 31, 2015 0
The Cool Couple is an artist duo founded by artists Niccolo Benetton (1986, Italy) and Simone Santilli (1987, Italy).
Their practice situates them among the most innovative and exciting artists working today. Their work focuses on collective representations. Their work is simple, touching a large public, and complex at the same time.
The Cool Couple's work has been exhibited at CCC Strozzina (Florence), Fondazione Bevilacqua La Masa (Venice), Unseen Photography Fair (Amsterdam), Circulations Festival (Centquatre, Paris), Metronom Modena, MIA fair 2014 Milano. They won the Francesco Fabbri Award for contemporary photography and 98ma Collettiva Giovani Artisti, Fondazione Bevilacqua La Masa,Venice. They were shortlisted at Kassel Fotobook Festival. Their latest work "A Kind of Display" is exhibited at the Rencontres de la Photographie in Arles, France (check our previous article out >)
Let's start by your name, The Cool Couple. What does it mean? And why do you choose to work as a couple?
Everything started in 2011 at FORMA foundation in Milan (Italy) where we attended the MA in photography and visual design. There we learned to project in a collective way, sharing visions and ideas. After finishing the studies, we decided to create an artist duo sharing completely our personal researches. It was the end of 2012. The Cool Couple derives from our practice: we usually spend a lot of time analyzing collective imagery: we search its contradictions ranging from banal and everyday subjects, like gym exercises or hollywood movies, to philosophy. So our subjects derives from daily life items or news. We chose an artist duo's name also because we don't believe anymore in the importance of authorship. During the making of a project we find it easy to share everything and talk about each step of our work.
Can you present us " A Kind of Display", your latest work exhibited at Rencontres de la Photographie in Arles?
"A Kind of Display" is a work about beard, conceived as a sign denoting some of the inner contradictions of the multicultural and ahistorical world we live in. Everything started when we found some articles about beard transplants in Turkey: in Turkish collective imagery a man without moustache isn't considered a real man. Then we found that the beard transplant phenomenon moved to London and New York, becoming a trans-cultural trend interesting also transgender categories. We found interesting studying a subject like the beard for its suggestions of different imageries ranging from wisdom to poor hygiene. For example, after 9/11 it was uncommon to see bearded men in Western Countries, especially in the USA. In that period many people were persecuted because of their long beard. Today beard appears again, it is the trend of the moment, even American politicians appeared with beard.
We analyzed historically and from different point of view this symbol, surely more complex than just a trend.
We installed the thinking about the deconstruction of a barber shop with a performance: at the entrance hall a barber offers free shaves to visitors.
In your work you use a variety of languages, ranging from video to sculpture. How language is important to you? The medium is or isn't the message?
In our opinion, the concept is one of the most relevant aspect in a project. The expressive form you choose must fit to the core of the work.
Is video/photography a privileged tool to analyze the landscape of an area as you did in The third Chimpanzee video? Have you already chosen the next venues for The third Chimpanzee project?
We started The Third Chimpanzee video series during a landscape laboratory analysis. The first episode was conceived during this laboratory. The result was a nonsense geography that reflects our ideas: we can't get objective description of a cultural landscape today. A good analysis of urban landscape is the investigation of Las Vegas by Robert Venturi in the late Sixties. We appreciate the fact he is not an artist but an architect who investigates the landscape by different points of views. The title The Third Chimpanzee refers to a book by anthropologist Jared Diamond. We agree with his point of view which explores the animal origins of human behavior. He rejects traditional hegemonic views like "superior" genetic stock arguing instead that we should consider human beings as an abnormal development of chimpanzee. Men came to dominate others because of advantages for their local environment which allowed them to develop larger populations, wider immunities to disease, and superior technologies for agriculture and warfare. Technological progress causes environmental degradation on a scale leading to extinction.
Do you think there is a link that connects all your works?
In our works we focus on collective imaginaries and the relationship between their production, distribution and consumption in our contemporary society
Some pictures of the installation "Indians" made in collaboration with the photographer Alberto Sinigaglia, are exhibited at the Fondazione Francesco Fabbri, house of the F4 festival until the 16th of august. Can you present us this work?
Last winter we were invited to participate in the F4 festival curated by Carlo Sala. We dedicated this project to the imaginary of Veneto, our region, its values and stereotypes. We read Francesco Majno's book Cartongesso and then we met with Alberto. Talking with him we discovered that he was working on the idea of Far East, investigating the relationships between Veneto region and the USA. We decided to join his works and create "Indians", an exploration of those American trends and values adopted in North Eastern Italy Maybe for someone this project is an unfair, exaggerated and extremist portrait of our region. But we believe that sometimes you have to stress phenomena in order to make them visible. For the festival we created a room where the visitor could find the basic features of a western movie: money, private property, hunting… Different media serve to the representation of such perspective: a wallpaper, that reminds a set of western movie, a box full of sand and sand mold (printed in 3d and conceived as industrial buildings) which visitors can play with. Finally there are some photographs printed on fluorescent paper (the same we can usually find in supermarkets or country parties). What interested us were some issues presents in our region like unlawful buildings and the artificiality of his landscape.
Tagged: Niccolo Benetton Simone Santilli the cool couple	Share
Eleonora Milner
Eleonora Milner was born and lives in Venice, Italy. She is a writer and a photographer primarily interested in participatory art and in photography projects focusing on contemporary urban landscapes. She has been awarded with a BA in DAMS Visual Arts in Bologna, Italy and a MA in ISIA, Cultural Heritage Photography in Urbino, Italy. Is currently the Art and Culture editor at Positive Magazine
Concrete systems a project by Simone Santilli

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Thinking of taking a break? Wait, if you're reading this, you might already be avoiding work. Well, spend some time at the Allsaints Basement Sessions this afternoon. Recorded and filmed in a warehouse space below their E1 London design studios, this site is a collection of live performances, lectures, interviews and unique insights from some hot names in the indie rock world. Start with vids from Little Comets, then on to Warpaint. Surfer Blood's set is pretty rad too.


The Cartouche Award Committee is pleased to announce the selection of Bob Stevenson as the recipient of the 2019 SAPFM Cartouche Award. The Cartouche award recognizes an individual whose achievements best reflect the mission of SAPFM, as reflected in the lifetime achievement of the recipient. The award will be presented to Bob at the annual Cartouche Banquet to be held in conjunction with the Colonial Williamsburg Working Wood in the 18th Century conference.
The Chronicles article on Bob in the recent Fall 2018 issue of Pins and Tales provides a great summary of Bob's path to master period furniture builder as well as his notable contributions to period furniture education and appreciation. (This article was entirely coincidental to Bob's selection as Cartouche recipient.) Bob was an inaugural member of SAPFM in 1999, helped establish the criteria for the Cartouche Award, and for many years was chairman of what is now called the Cartouche Award Selection Committee. With SAPFM member Brad Ormsby he founded the Southern California chapter and has contributed for many years to its success and growth. Following a highly successful 30-year health and space science career in the Navy, during which time he vigorously pursued art and woodworking hobbies, he pursued a second full-time career as a fine woodworking cabinet maker, including instruction for others.
For nearly two decades Bob was the Coordinator of the Design in Wood Show in Del Mar California, one of the largest international juried woodworking shows in the nation with over 350 yearly entries and nearly 1 million visitors each year. Throughout these years he became active in the impressive San Diego Fine Woodworking Association, all the while continuing his support for SAPFM and pursuing additional teaching and mentoring opportunities with youth in the community and with his woodworking peers.
Bob's furniture efforts eventually focused on the Federal Period, and he has entertained and educated SAPFM members with his impressive pieces shown in our publications and in our midyear meeting furniture displays. Stay tuned for additional presentation of his impressive work in Pins and Tales e-Magazine and our future American Period Furniture annual journal.
Please join fellow SAPFM members to help Bob and his family celebrate his achievements at the Cartouche Banquet and reception to be held in the Williamsburg Lodge at 6:00 pm on Friday, 18 January 2019. Online registration for the Banquet will open on our website in late November or early December. One need not be a participant in the Working Wood Conference to attend our SAPFM Banquet.
We thank Cartouche Selection Committee coordinators Ken Johnson and Steve Latta, and Committee members Al Breed, Greg Landrey, Alf Sharp, Gary Sullivan, David deMuzio, Ronald Young, and Ben Colman for their hard work reviewing applications and the difficult task of selecting the recipient from other well-deserving nominees.


text:
Tag: how to write dialogue
6 tips for writing better dialogue
Dialogue is important. I think we can all agree on that.
For me, it's one of the first things that come to me when working on a story. The characters have conversations in my head, and the scene develops around them.
It's one of my favorite parts of writing, honestly.
So, today, I want to share some tips to help you get your dialogue down in a way that's easy to read and feels natural.
Said is not dead.
Said/says are viable dialogue tags, but a lot of writers seem to think it'll make their writing boring somehow to use "said" instead of "whispered" or "spat" or "hissed" or any of the other million dialogue tag options.
But there's a reason said/says is kinda the standard.
It's neutral.
Aside from the fact that it's just the basic action of speaking, it's virtually invisible. The word said is a background word, something most readers don't notice unless the book is just dialogue heavy and there are no other tags attached to dialogue.
Things like "crooned" or "shouted" are more active. They change the way the dialogue is interpreted. The reader has to actually engage with that word to interpret the things your characters say appropriately.
And though it may be an infinitesimal difference in reading time, there is a bit of a difference. Refusing to use "said" means that every time a character speaks, there's that little split second delay of applying the manner of speech to the words spoken. Not only does that add up, it gets annoying.
So, said/says should probably be your primary dialogue tag. Others should be sprinkled over the manuscript.
Certain grammatical rules don't apply to speech.
People do not speak with proper grammar. We say "towards" instead of "toward." We use contractions, saying "can't" instead of "can not" most of the time.
This should be reflected in your characters' speech patterns unless you're writing a character who's unbelievably proper.
Or if you're writing a historical regency romance.
Go easy with the slang.
Just because we don't speak properly doesn't mean every other word should be a slang term. Slang happens and should be a part of your dialogue (though it should be customized to the world/characters).
But it shouldn't sound like a parody where someone is trying to be cool and failing miserably.
Dialects/Accents can be distracting when typed out.
It's unbelievably tempting to type things up according to a character's accent or dialect. But there is a risk associated with that.
It can be distracting or difficult for people who don't use that dialect to understand.
But they might also be the thing that really defines the character (if done well).
As with most things in writing, it's all a matter of doing it well. Every rule can be broken (if you do it well). Every trope can be subverted or embodied with great results (if done well).
And accents and dialects are no exception.
Get it right, and it might be the thing that makes a character relatable or endearing or swoon-worthy (depending on what you're writing).
New paragraph for a new speaker.
For the love of everything that's still good in this world, start a new paragraph when you switch speakers. It gets so hard to keep track of things when there are multiple speakers in one paragraph.
And it's such a simple fix.
Just hit enter.
Personally, this is something that will make me stop reading a book. If I can't tell who's speaking, I can't keep track of the characters' motives, fears, or relationships. And the characters are the main reason I read.


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Design of Switching Damping Controllers for Power Systems Based on a Markov Jump Parameter System Approach.
Author: Chen, H.; Wang, X. M.; Lin, W. J.
The Curse of Ease of Access to the Internet.
Data-Centric Routing using Bloom Filters in Wireless Sensor Networks.
Distributed Asynchronous Clustering for Self-Organisation of Wireless Sensor Networks.
Some observations on user search behavior.
Finite domain bounds consis- tency revisited.
Modelling the OrthographicNeighbourhood for Japanese Kanji.
Discovering and Summarising Regions of Correlated Spatio-Temporal Change in Evolving Graphs.
COALA : A Novel Approach for the Extraction of an Alternate Clustering of High Quality and High Dissimilarity.
Fast Discovery of Interesting Collections of Web Services.
Clustering Similarity Comparison Using Density Profiles.
Hitlist Worm Detection using Source IP Address History.
Author: Chan, Jeffrey Kai Chi; Leckie, Chris; Peng, T.
Optimum Power Tapping Ratio in WDM Packet Networks incorporating E-CDMA Control Signalling.
Economic Analysis of Repeater-based Optical Access Network Architecture.
Integrated Ethernet and Wireless CDMA Signal Transport over Passive Optical Network Supporting Remote Base Station Connectivity.
Joint Topology Control and Path-Oriented Protection in Free Space Optical Networks.
Author: Shu, F; Ouveysi, I.; Zukerman, M.
Multiple Channel Carrier-Reused WDM Passive Optical Network.
Author: Xu, Z; Wen, Y; Attygalle, M.; Cheng, X.; Zhong, W.; Wang, Yang; Chao, L.
Automatically switched optical network path selection using eye closure penalty.


text:
John Lindley published Epidendrum subg. Spathium of the Orchidaceae.  According to Lindley's diagnosis, the E. subg. Spathium is recognizable by is sympodial habit with individual stems being slender (without any tendency to form pseudobulbs) and covered by the bases of the distichous leaves, by the lip of the flower being adnate to the column to its apex, and by the inflorescence emerging from at least one spathe, similar to nearly all members of the genus Cattleya as understood in the year 2000 (sensu MM).  Reichenbach recognized 52 species in this subgenus, of which Kew accepts 48 (page numbers refer to Reichenbach 1861):

 E. amplexicaule Lindl. 1853 (p. 370)
 E. acutissimum Lindl. 1853 (pp. 362–363)
 E. adenoglossum Lindl. 1841 (p. 361)
 E. alpicolum Rchb.f. & Warsz.  Bonplandia(Hannover)2:110(1854) (p. 366).  Kew calls this E. alpicola, and accepts it thus.  Bonplandia p. 110 says Epidendrum alpicolum.
 E. anthoceros Linden & Rchb.f. 1854 (p. 366)
 E. armeniacum Lindl. 1836 (p. 367)
 E. bivalve Lindl. 1853 (p. 365)
 E. brachyglossum Lindl. 1844 (p. 362)
 E. brevivenium Lindl. 1853 (p. 363)
 E. clowesii Bateman ex Lindl. 1844 (p. 373)
 E. cnemidophorum Lindl. 1853 (p. 372)
 E. cornutum Lindl. 1841 (pp. 365–366)
 E. cristatum Ruiz & Pav. 1793 (p. 372 as E. raniferum Lindl. 1831 & E. raniferum var. luteum Lindl. 1853
 E. cylindraceum Lindl. 1844 (p. 363)
 E. cylindrostachys Rchb.f. & Warsz. 1854 (p. 365)
 E. discoidale Lindl. 1853(p. 372)
 E. excisum Lindl. 1844 (pp. 370–371)
 E. ferrugineum Ruiz & Pav. 1798 (p. 364 as E. carneum Lindl. 1846 & (p. 364 as E. trinitatis Lindl. 1840
 E. friderici-guilielmi Rchb.f. & Warsz. 1854 (p. 365)
 E. geminiflorum Kunth 1816 (p. 368)
 E. glossoceras Rchb.f. & Warsz. 1854 (p. 366)
 E. harrisoniae Hook. 1833 (p. 373)
 E. heterodoxum Rchb.f. 1854 (p. 362)
 E. klotzscheanum Rchb.f. 1850 (pp. 366–367)
 E. lacustre Lindl. 1853 (p. 360)
 E. lagotis Rchb.f. 1855 (p. 367)
 E. longiflorum Kunth 1816 (p. 360), (p. 360-361 as E. spectatissimum Rchb.f. 1855) & (p. 360 as E. leucochilum Klotzach. 1843)
 E. mancum Lindl. 1844 (p. 361)
 E. megagastrium Lindl. 1853 (pp 368–369)
 E. mesomicron Lindl. 1853 (p. 370)
 E. modestum Rchb.f. & Warsz. 1854 (p. 371)
 E. ochriodes Lindl. 1853  (p. 371)
 E. parviflorum Ruiz & Pav. 1798  (p. 367)
 E. peperomia Rchb.f. 1854 (p. 368) & (p. 368 as E. porpax Rchb.f.)
 E. raphidophorum Lindl. 1853 (p. 371)
 E. ruizianum Steud. 1840 (pp. 371–372 as E. spathaceum Lindl. 1841)
 E. sanderi A.D.Hawkes 1957 (pp. 360–361 as E. grandiflorum Lindl. 1841 nom. illeg. )
 E. sarcochilum Linden & Rchb.f. 1854 (p. 363)
 E. sarcodes Lindl. 1853 (p. 362)
 E. schlimii Rchb.f. 1850 (p. 361)
 E. scutella Lindl. 1844 (p. 367)
 E. sinuosum Lindl. 1853 (p. 363)
 E. tenax Rchb.f. 1854 (pp. 367–368)
 E. tovarense Rchb.f. 1850 (p. 370)
 E. ventricosum Lindl. 1841 (p. 361)
 E. viridibrunneum Rchb.f. 1861 (p. 368)
 E. xantholeucum Rchb.f. 1850 (p. 373)

In 2005,  Hágsater & Soto designated the species Epidendrum adenoglossum as the lectotype of Epidendrum subgenus Spathium.

References

Orchid subgenera


Def Leppard guitarist Vivian Campbell has repeated that it is unlikely the band will tour in 2013 outside of their residency in Las Vegas.
Vivian repeated what he said a few weeks ago that the band would not tour in 2013. This comment came on the same day as his latest mention of the Las Vegas shows (which are still to be confirmed/announced).
On 30th September Vivian said the Las Vegas shows were 99% adding "But they'll probably be the only shows we do in 2013".
For all the news stories so far on these shows visit the 2012 Tour News section.
"Unfortunately, it's extremely unlikely that we'll tour next year."


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These days, talent is global and in high demand in Spain, "Equipos y Talento"
Madrid, Spain – Alberto Bocchieri, Partner and Co-head for Spain and Latin America at Pedersen & Partners speaks to "Equipos y Talento." Pedersen & Partners is a rapidly-growing global Executive Search firm with a strong presence in emerging markets. The firm was founded by Poul Pedersen 15 years ago, and has subsequently grown very steadily, expanding its presence to 50 countries. In December 2011, Pedersen & Partners opened its first Spanish office in Madrid, and since then has expanded to Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Chile and Mexico.
Pedersen & Partners is a search firm that has exploded onto the Spanish and global markets in recent years. In such a highly competitive sector, what is your secret?
The pillars of our success are the quality and professionalism of our consultants and the confidence that we generate in our customers, year after year and search after search, in all markets and countries in which we operate. Pedersen & Partners is an integrated and wholly-owned company, which makes us a very cohesive partnership with a well-defined strategy for seeking the best talent in the 21st century. Today, we need to demonstrate that we can provide rapid, efficient and advanced knowledge across all sectors, markets and functions. Our firm is international and multicultural, both by birth and by vocation. Our consultants are constantly exchanging best practices and market trends from every corner of the planet, and this allows us to meet the talent needs of our customers from a global perspective.
What methodology do you use to find the best executives?
We always use direct search techniques. We work with our clients to define the ideal profile for a specific position, providing ideas and designing the appropriate search strategy for each situation. We take into consideration the company's type, size and business sector, as well as the level of the position. Finally, we actively engage with the process through to the final stage, covering candidate selection, incorporation and subsequent monitoring. These days, it is more important than ever to receive good references, as no organization wishes to risk its reputation for a potential bad hire.
To what extent has the impact of social networks like LinkedIn affected your profession?
Professional networks like LinkedIn are often very useful for companies. It is great when companies can directly search for middle-management profiles and positions, as these rarely require the advice and assessment of a firm like ours. For professionals, these networks are a great way to stay constantly updated and connected.
Professional social media platforms are a useful tool that can facilitate and speed up the market research work that we do, but it can hardly replace a good consultant. You can look online if you need to appeal a fine, but you need a good lawyer to close a deal – and in the same way, you need the advice of a good "head-hunter" to hire a senior executive. Our clients come to us because they are seeking key people for critical positions, and we offer added value that the professional networks do not provide.
From your perspective, how do you see the talent market in Spain?
Over the past year, we have seen regrowth in the Spanish Executive Search market. Today, the economic recovery is unquestionable, emerging markets are starting to invest, investment funds are playing an important role, corporate operations and IPOs are revitalized, and we are seeing a rejuvenation in domestic demand overall. Within this context, there is a lot of demand for talent, and Spain has plenty of it.
What professional profiles are most in demand right now? Which ones do you work with the most?
Top executive profiles are always highly sought-after – General Management and Business Development of course, but also Country Managers who can open new markets or strengthen a corporation's presence abroad. We are also seeing a rise in the demand for key staff positions such as CFOs, Legal Advisory and Compliance Directors, Chief Risk Officers, and HR Executives. As these functions have become more closely integrated with a company's business areas, the profiles for these positions have become more diverse and demanding. In banking, for instance, the ECB Banking Supervision has mandated that financial entities and professional services firms employ highly skilled professionals, which are scarce in the market. We are also concentrating heavily on Technology, motivated by companies that are improving their processes and inventing new businesses based on digital disruptive technologies.
And what is the profile of a good Executive Search professional? What does your company value the most?
First and foremost, a good Executive Search professional is a person with common sense, rigor, ethics and intuition. A deep understanding of the customer's business definitely facilitates the execution of the process. Our consultants all have solid corporate experience; we are familiar with our clients' sectors and industries. We understand the risks of influencing professional careers, of inducing change, and we are able to accurately predict the potential opportunities and risks of any potential hiring decision. Knowing how to empathize with candidates, understand and manage their expectations is one of the keys to this profession. In short, the ability to generate confidence in all parties involved.
Finally, what are your short-term and long-term objectives?
Growth, growth and growth! We are a leading firm in emerging markets, known for our expertise and professionalism among our loyal and satisfied customers. We are also strong in the major advanced economies, demonstrated by the fact that we continue to grow in the Middle East, Africa, Eastern Europe and South East Asia, and also in countries such as Germany and Spain. Moreover, we want to do the same in the U.S., which is why we have just recently opened our first U.S. office in Houston, Texas.
Alberto Bocchieri is a Partner and the Co-Head of Spain & Latin America at Pedersen & Partners based in Madrid. Prior to joining the firm, Mr. Bocchieri has held various senior level positions in large corporations in the chemical industry, banking and communications sectors in Brussels, Rome and Madrid. Mr. Bocchieri brings a wealth of Executive Search experience having previously worked for an international executive search firm. His areas of expertise include Private Equity, Corporate and Investment Banking, Legal and Financial Services, Professional Advisory Services, Energy (Mining, Oil & Gas, large utilities, Renewable and Conventional Power) and Industrials. He focuses on top executive positions and cross-border assignments both in Western and emerging economies.
Equipos y Talento
Hoy en día el talento es global y en España cotiza al alza
NR_These days, talent is global and in high demand in Spain


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Mind & Braind
Crisis in Bolivia: Evo Morales announces new elections
Published: - Nov 10, 2019
Finally Morales accepted the recommendations of the OAS after an audit that questioned the legitimacy of the elections on October 20.
Evo Morales. / Photo: REUTERS
LatinAmerican Post | Juliana Suárez
Leer en español: Crisis en Bolivia: Evo Morales renuncia
"I have decided to renew all the members of the supreme electoral court," the Bolivian president said on television. The decision, after more than 15 days of demonstrations for and against him, was to "convene new national elections, which by vote, allow the Bolivian people to democratically elect new authorities."
The elections of October 20 had left a strange confusion in which the current government proclaimed victory in the first round. Due to the lack of clarity in the percentages and in the way in which the counting of votes was handled, the opposition was not happy and started protesting. On the one hand, they wanted a recount to take place and that there was a second round, where the opponent would have a greater opportunity to get Morales out of power. On the other hand, nonconformities were revived by the 2016 referendum, where Bolivia voted that Morales could not be reelected more, but continues to do so.
That is why Luis Almagro, secretary general of the Organization of American States (OAS) announced since October 20 an audit committee that would review the actions of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. As a result of this, the OAS found "irregularities" in the scrutiny process, so its integrity was questioned.
Morales's response was to make the elections again from the beginning. That is, not only make a second round as was the request, but a first round with more options to vote. In the process, it will also members of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal to ensure cleanliness in the count.
Read also: Crisis in Bolivia: the presidential dispute worsens
A day before the news were given, on Saturday, November 9, the president of Bolivia was in trouble. The protests continued and requested his resignation. This became the biggest political crisis he has had to live since he was in that position, even worse than when he ignored the results of the referendum. Morales, who had already said that the opposition was seeking a coup d'etat, said the same day that a police riot was another coup that was underway. After this crisis, Morales had called the opposition to dialogue.
Mi pedido al pueblo boliviano es garantizar la convivencia pacífica y acabar con la violencia para el bien de todas y todos. No podemos estar enfrentados entre hermanos bolivianos.
— Evo Morales Ayma (@evoespueblo) November 10, 2019
For the next elections to be announced, it is expected that there will be a united opposition to get Morales out of power. For this, the most famous face is that of Carlos Mesa, who had been second in the voting and, had gone to the second round, would have been his opponent. However, previous elections have shown that in Bolivia opposition parties are also divided, which has prevented their union to elect a representative figure of all.
For the time being, the Parlameto of Bolivia is the relevant body to elect the new Supreme Electoral Tribunal to ensure clean elections. It is not yet known how long this could take or if the candidates would be the same.
Después de escuchar a la COB, al Pacto de Unidad y distintos sectores del campo y la ciudad, hemos decidido solicitar a la Asamblea Legislativa, dentro del principio constitucional de coordinación, renovar la totalidad del TSE para convocar a nuevas elecciones nacionales.
By Santiago Gómez Hernández
South America moves away from political extremes
By Ariel Cipolla
What happened to Evo Morales in Bolivia after the elections?
By Juliana Suárez
Jair Bolsonaro with Covid and Evo Morales accused of terrorism


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Maughan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ariel Maughan (1923–1997), American professional basketball player
Arthur Maughan, American wrestler
Clyde Maughan, American engineer
Cynthia Maughan (born 1949), American video artist
Deryck Maughan (born 1947), British businessman and philanthropist
George Maughan (1910–2003), Canadian boxer who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics
James Maughan (1826–1871), Methodist minister in Adelaide, South Australia, father of Milton Moss Maughan
John Maughan Barnett (1867–1938), New Zealand organist, choirmaster, pianist, composer and conductor
Margaret Maughan (1928–2020), British Paralympic archer
Milton Moss Maughan (1856–1921), South Australian educationalist, son of James Maughan
Monica Maughan (1933–2010), Australian actor with roles in film, theatre, radio and television
Noel Maughan, Australian politician, Nationals member for Rodney in the Victorian Legislative Assembly 1989–2006
Peter Maughan (1811–1871), early Mormon pioneer who settled the Cache Valley of Utah under the direction of Brigham Young
Rex Maughan, the founder, president, and CEO of Forever Living Products and Terry Labs
Russell Maughan, pioneer aviator and U.S. military pilot
Sharon Maughan (born 1950), British actress
Susan Maughan (born 1938), English singer who released successful singles in the 1960s
William Maughan (footballer) (1894–1916), English footballer
William Ryott Maughan (1863–1933), English-born Australian politician