text:
justice according to plato
According to Plato, there are three faculties in an individual. Both viewed justice as the harmonious interaction of people in a society. He used the Greek word "Dikaisyne" for justice which comes very near to the work 'morality' or 'righteousness', it properly includes within it the whole duty of man. (Lycos, 1987). According to Socrates, people naturally differ in nature; "different men are apt for the accomplishment of different Jobs" (Plato, 46). In fact, from a certain point of view, the position of a guardian is not at the top. Start studying Plato and Justice. According to Plato, justice is that in individual life, different parts of soul are placed in their proper place, and in social life, each individual and each class is placed in its proper place. is the result of living a fully functioning life. Justice is the one of the oldest concepts in existence and as such has been discussed by many a philosopher over the ages. Log in Sign up. 1) nourishing 2) protection 3) ordering. Second, Plato must show that justice itself, and not merely having the reputation for justice, is beneficial. It is well known that people ... most works of Plato. In the Republic, Plato argues that Justice is social, structural, and peaceful. Plato not only talks about the virtues of justice of an individual but also a society. According to Socrates, virtue is knowledge. According to Plato, __ is excellence of function of the whole. He highlights a just society and the role of a just individual in that society. in the Plato's concept, is replaced with an idea of justice, conceived as power which is located in the very heart of the human capacity to apprehend the intelligible order. Justice According to Plato and Aristotle Justice has always been an interesting topic for philosophers and also for ordinary people. nature of justice. It was supposed to be the last words of a dying man; Socrates was schedule for execution in much the same way that a person in the 21st century is waiting in death row. Log in Sign up. Plato in his philosophy gives very important place to the idea of justice. Search. Plato regards education as a means to achieve justice, both individual justice and social justice. Justice is a concept which is speculative and not conclusive. Plato believed that the human nature is made from, wisdom, courage, and appetite. The Nature of Justice in Society and the Individual According to Plato 2334 Words | 10 Pages. In this sense, justice means excellence. Plato and Aristotle, arguably the most important philosophers of their time, both made attempts to define justice. According to the Greeks of Plato's time, happiness __. According to Plato, the ideal state meets three kinds of needs. why does he believe that justice is beneficial or pleasant? lal3220. Plato was highly dissatisfied with the prevailing degenerating conditions in Athens. Plato's interest in justice was connected to his interest in restoring the political health of his community, although for Plato, justice was considered a virtue of individuals. Robin Roelofs English Movies ℗ 2017 LOWPRO, courtesy of Slapstar, a div. 1) List and explain the eight criteria of justice that Socrates explains. Plato, one of the greatest political philosophers has made a significant contribution to the development of notion of justice. For the Greeks and Plato, excellence is virtue. Plato's writings on the meaning of virtue and justice permeate through the Western philosophical tradition. According to Aristotle, the true forms of government are those in which the one, or the few, or the many, ... For Plato, justice is a condition of the soul, a virtue. He also believes that people function best doing one thing well. Plato was the student of Socrates, who in turn is widely recognized as "the Father of Western Philosophy." Socrates, though, was not the West's first philosopher. Crito Plato's minor work was a short piece entitled Crito. Socrates proceeds: But where amid all this is justice? Being that Aristotle was a student of Plato, their ideas share many similarities. It relates to the soul and resides in the heart of individual and the State. Finally, Plato must show that the intrinsic value of justice is so great that it is always and in every circumstance in our best interest to be just. According to Plato, justice is a sort of specialization. Plato on wisdom, courage, temperance and justice, from The Republic, Book IV. Philosophical discussion of justice begins with Plato, who treats the topic in a variety of dialogues, most substantially in Republic.There Plato offers the first sustained discussion of the nature of justice (dikaiosune) and its relation to happiness, as a departure from three alternatives receiving varying degrees of attention. Justice wasn't back then what it is for us today. Plato also rejects this definition of justice been tune, according to Plato, justice is something internal. Justice, according to Cohen, requires us to embrace an ethos of service that disdains material incentives. STUDY. Justice can be defined According to Plato where reason, spirit and appetite each "does its own work," and "does not meddle with what isn't its own", Justice will result in the lives of all individuals, and in the functioning of the state. Create. PLAY. According to Glaucon the pursuit of justice disadvantages the just when they are deprived of the social rewards for their behaviour because justice is a social compromise. However, (according to Plato) given the kind of education, a guardian will have no reason to lie his way to the top. Influence. )? According to Plato, individual justice can be obtained when each individual develops his or her ability to the fullest. Plato sees this as being a situation where Justice is established allowing conditions favorable to the health of the soul of each individual. Plato was trying to define a concept not yet defined, and he failed in the sense of providing a dictionary definition for it. Therefore, justice according to Plato is: International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. The Notion of Justice by Some Philosophers Plato's Notion of Justice. History 1.1 Ancient. Starting with an ancient philosopher Plato (348/347 BC), in his philosophy, he gives a prominent place to the idea of justice. Scopri Justice (According to Plato) di Robin Roelofs su Amazon Music. Plotinus, the founder of Neoplatonism, had principles that were heavily influenced by the Good.His concept of 'the One' is equivalent to 'the Good' because it describes an ultimate ontological truth. concerning the meaning and the nature of justice. Justice is the most important concept in political philosophy. Good point. Plato said that even after death, the … 3 No. According to John Rawls, "Justice is the first virtue of social system, just like truth is the first virtue of any system of thought." Justice is considered as precondition for 'Harmonious co-existence.' The Nature of Concept of Justice as explained by Plato. 'That won't do,' replied Glaucon,… And why does Plato think that justice makes the individual and the city 'happy' (i.e. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Socrates and his friends wander on to the concept of justice, which is the theme of. Plato was able to show a more sophisticated insight into the true meaning of justice. In section I of this essay, I explicate Plato's defense of justice; and in section II, I Answer to According to Plato, humans' excellence or virtue is a. Self-consciousness b. Plato was writing in Greece at a time of major political decay. Socrates defines justice as follows: "to do one's own business and not to be a busybody is justice" (Plato, The Republic or On Justice, 433a). His work 'Republic' has been titled as "on concerning justice". Light a candle and search the city, and get your brother and the rest of our friends to help in seeking for her. The notion of Justice has been treated by many other philosophers. 1. Plato's theory of soul, drawing on the words of his teacher Socrates, considered the psyche to be the essence of a person, being that which decides how people behave. Explain how each of these elements contributes to the perfectly just society? He considered this essence to be an incorporeal, eternal occupant of our being. The' impact of his work is such that most often scholars aims to imbibe the spirit of this classic in developing their own notion of justice. Plato and Justice. justice. That is to say, a guardian renounces wealth, a family, personal possessions, etc., over the … 16 terms. Justice is doing one's own job which one has been assigned 2. Ascolta senza pubblicità oppure acquista CD e MP3 adesso su Amazon.it. Son of Ariston, tell me where. Achieving justice according to Plato in The Republic. Paper Topic—Plato on Justice and Happiness According to Plato, how does the justice of the individual relate to justice in the city? Please answer the following questions thoroughly. In the Republic, he was trying to show Justice through the words of Socrates, and came to the conclusion that the concept Justice will come from what we know Justice is and isn't. 11; June 2013 79 1. …
Methods Used To Measure Performance, Makita 36v Circular Saw Kit, Ge Js760slss User Manual, Best How To Draw Comics Book, Checklist For Birds, The Honest Kitchen Meal Toppers, Butter Tray For Ge Refrigerator,


Bidvest Car Rental operates in over 120 network locations in South Africa, Namibia and Botswana making it a truly 'Proudly South African' vehicle rental company. They have an extensive range of products to meet your needs and a fleet of 13 500 economy, luxury and specialty vehicles. At Bidvest they are committed to meeting your every need and constantly strive to improve our performance. That's why they greatly value their customers' feedback.


UnrealIRCd, in my mind, is the best daemon for me. But there is something I think would be pretty awesome.
You guys have the most accesible daemon, and I think you should add the ability for custom oper classes.
As seen in the InspIRCd daemon (this is the only thing of theirs I actually like).
type "Founder"; //can only have one value, so user will have to make sure a Network Admin will have abilites added onto the ones Services-Admins have.
I know you guys prolly don't want some lameass like me submitting stuff, but this would be enjoyable to have. This way I could setup low level opers, just as helpers. It would be nice to have in the Unreal4 dev line, if not in the Unreal3 stable line.
Well, I thank anyone who decides to read this for their time!
I wasn't thinking..AHAHA Change: I know you guys prolly don't want some lameass like me submitting stuff, but this would be enjoyable to have. This way I could setup low level opers, just as helpers. It would be nice to have in the Unreal4 dev line, if not in the Unreal3 stable line.
I know you guys prolly don't want some lameass like me submitting stuff, but this would be enjoyable to have. This way I could setup low level opers, just as helpers. It would be nice to have in the Unreal3.3 dev line, if not in the Unreal3.2 stable line.
And I had another idea.
This is in 3.4-alpha4 and up.


Now – even more shocking than the fact that Ben received this invitation (through a long and rather complicated series of circumstances that aren't really that exciting) is the fact that he said yes we would go. I was adamantly opposed to the scheme . . . I mean, we clearly don't belong at an event like that, and I was pretty sure we wouldn't fool anyone into thinking we did. Plus, who would we talk to?! We didn't know a soul there. Another problem that I was quick to spot – what on earth do you wear to an evening of champagne and canapés at Blenheim Palace???? Ben doesn't own a dinner jacket (and he's about the only man in Oxford who doesn't I think) and I don't have a family tiara to bust out. Ben looked squarely at those problems and saw merely an opportunity for free champagne and canapés at Blenheim Palace . . . which he thought looked like a net plus. But, just to humor me, he asked when he RSVPed what the dress was for the evening, and they told him "smart". That of course led to some extensive googling. We've discovered what "smart casual" technically means . . . and for those of you who are interested, it means (for men) tie, jacket,sweater . . . you have to hit 2 out of those 3 things, and I think the collared shirt is assumed. Anyhow, we've mastered that one, but what exactly is "smart"? After the googling session we decided Ben would wear a regular suit and tie (quite absurdly, that's known here as a "lounge suit" and I was quite shocked the first time Ben received a beautiful invitation to an evening event that specified he wear a lounge suit! That was another googling session.) Anyway, I thought I'd wear a dress, but not an evening gown. After Ben decided we would go I dismissed the matter from my mind, and decided that I'd worry about it when the time came. Each day has enough trouble of it's own you know.
And the days are having plenty of trouble of their own. We are on the last final wild screaming slope of the England roller coaster – and I have sick amounts of things to get done. I feel like I have 8 pots to keep hot, but only 4 burners on my stove! So what I'm saying is, yesterday we were supposed to leave at about 5:15, and at 4:15 I was still trying to list items to sell on ebay, and get dinner in for the kids, etc. I had also not managed to shower yet . . . all day I was thinking I'd just do that when I got ready to go.
So needless to say, I spent that last hour ping-ponging around the house . . . super speedy shower, and then lots of rushing around with a towel on my head and one shoe on – that kind of thing. But, in the end, I pulled it together and got myself suitably spruced up.
Now – rewind a week. We took the kids to Warwick Castle a week ago for Knox's birthday expedition. We spent all day in the sun. I forgot the sun tan lotion. I sizzled my shoulders and arms to a complete crisp. They were a shocking cerise pink for the first couple days, and then toned it down to where it could possibly pass as a tan. Then I started to peel a bit, but thankfully I had gotten over that by yesterday.
Mark the sequel. We arrived at Blenheim Palace, which is the residence of the current Duke of Marlborough and the childhood home of Winston Churchill. It's also the most staggeringly huge palace and grounds you can imagine. In fact, the wall around the grounds is 11 miles long. The grounds are gorgeous, with a lake, and extensive parkland, and formal gardens, and Churchill's victory monument and all in all it's quite amazing. Our little event was taking place in the Orangery. Here are some pics so that you can get a bit of a feel for what we were up against here.
This is the bridge over the lake. Unbelievable isn't it?
Here's a picture of the palace from the air.
These are the water gardens.
The Orangery from the outside.
And, finally, the Orangery from the inside.
Ben had gotten me a completely beautiful black silk cocktail coat for Christmas which I had never worn, and I thought it would be a good chance to wear it last night. However, we got to the palace and parked, and I decided I would actually rather leave it in the car. I wasn't sure if there would be anything to do with it, and I didn't want to carry it around all evening. So I left it, and we went in. I was in a black sleeveless dress . . . which is crucial to the rest of the story. We walked in to the Orangery, and my first thought, I have to admit, was not the beauty of the room, but a quick relief that we were dressed appropriately – and actually were on the dressier side. That was good. I got a glass of champagne, and started to admire the gorgeous room. Suddenly, I had one of those horrible premonitions, and looked down at my arms.
Absolutely, unbelievably, my entire arms were one huge peeling, flaking mass. Seriously – as I walked I had a little cloud of pixie dust dandruff floating around me. And with a black dress no less. In my hurried racing shower, I had given my arms a good scrub with the loofah, and zinged out the door without pausing to put on any lotion or anything! And between the mixture of the loofah and the soap, I had turned my arms into the biggest dandruff event of the season! I mean, I'm talking BIG peeling flakes – not just a bit of a dry skin problem. Huge swaths of my arms were coming off by the second, in sheets the size of newspapers. And, my coat was in the car. Every time I brushed up against Ben his black suit coat was completely dusted over.
Luckily, we didn't know a soul there . . . and if I hadn't just posted it up on the great wide web, no one would ever have had to have known about my molting problem. I could have just pretended it was someone else who didn't have the sense to wear a cardigan sweater . . .
All in all, it was a truly beautiful evening – and we had a great time. The last chance we'll probably ever have to go to a party at a real, live palace . . . and it's just fortunate that I've already snagged my Prince Charming and so I didn't have to worry too much about my little personal flake-a-thon. I just made sure to keep brushing off his coat sleeves every two minutes or so.
Yikes! But it sounds like it was worth it — that bridge is amazing….
I must say, I am still quite envious of you and your castle-going experiences – flaking and all! 🙂 What a fun story, thanks for sharing!
Had Churchill been there, I'm sure he would have had some smashingly clever thing to say to put you at ease! Thanks for making me smile today, I'm glad I'm not the only one who has had things like that happen, but I'm sure it was worth it!
Remember before kids, when half the fun of a fancy event was the hours of preparation and primping that went into it?
Not any more, for me either!
Oh Bekah, you just had to tell the story!! I am so glad you laugh and find the joy in these stories God gives you. It would be such a shame if you did not, and in turn, did not share them with us. They are an awful roar to hear!! I will not be so romantic as to wish you uneventful travels home, but I do pray you all keep safe.
The beauty of it is, every other woman in the room was just as worried about something she was wearing, or her hair, or whatever.
When you're home and settled, please write a book about your England adventures!
Now that's what I call "Going out with a bang" Bekah! (inspite of the flaking and all). I can completely see you two in a Wodehouse novel. Enjoy your last weeks in England!
If you haven't yet, you'll need to read the Duchess of Bloomsbury Street by Helene Hanff. She wrote 84 Charing Cross Road, got famous for a while, and was a guest in England. She writes about her adventures there in a humorous, Bekahish way. Thanks for taking the time to write!


This article was published by ComputorEdge , issue #2334, 2005-08-26 , in the "I Don't Do Windows" column, in both their print edition (on pages 28 and 30) and their website.
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, of all the alternative operating systems, BeOS was perhaps the smallest underdog. It was largely ignored by the computer media, completely unknown to the majority of computer users, and yet beloved by the hobbyists who had adopted the "little OS that could". They pointed proudly to its minimal system requirements, impressive multimedia capabilities, blazingly fast graphics, and quick boot time (less than 15 seconds on most hardware!). Also, the fact that it did not originate from Redmond, certainly did not hurt.
Still available today, BeOS possesses additional advantages over other operating systems. The installation file for the latest revision (version 5) is only 43 MB, a fraction of heftier competitors, such as Windows. It is also faster and more stable than Windows. In comparison to Linux, it is easier to install. Like Linux, the price for BeOS just can't be beat (free).
Unfortunately, the maker of BeOS, Be Inc., was struggling financially. The firm was acquired by Palm in 2001, filed suit against Microsoft the next year, settled with Microsoft a year later, and began shutting down operations in 2004. According to some industry pundits (at least, those paying any attention to BeOS), it looked like the end for an operating system (OS) that had many strengths, though it did lack in market acceptance.
At the height of BeOS's popularity, there were a handful of websites devoted to the OS. One of the most popular of all is BeBits. It has links to a wide assortment of BeOS applications, as well as the BeOS installation file. In addition, that page is the place to go for downloading the BeOS development tools, which include a BeOS port of GCC (a C/C++ compiler and debugger), make (a utility for building applications), an IDE (integrated development environment), and other GNU development utilities.
Once BeOS has been installed, the user would likely be interested in downloading applications that it supports. The BeBits site has a plethora of such applications, grouped into 14 categories: audio tools, development, drivers, entertainment, games, geek toys, graphics tools, info management, Internet and networking, productivity, science and math, system files, utilities, and video tools. Within each category there are hundreds of entries. These are grouped into subcategories, making it easier to find what you are looking for. For instance, the "productivity" category has subcategories for office suites, spreadsheets, word processors, and other types of applications.
BeBits also features spotlights on specific programs, as well as a few news items. The most recent one could be quite useful to the new user, because it mentions that an out-of-print book, Scot Hacker's BeOS Bible , has just recently been made available again on the Internet.
Of all the news/community websites devoted to BeOS, possibly the two most promising are BeGroovy and Haiku News. The former does a competent job of reporting the latest BeOS news, with links to archived material dating back to December 1998. It also has links to user groups, BeOS software, other news sites, and sources for hardware drivers and laptop information. That first set of resources is probably the best place to start if you install BeOS and have questions about it or any software that runs on it.
The second site mentioned, Haiku News, has nothing to do with real Japanese poetry, but everything to do with the latest happenings and announcements among the BeOS community. It has news archives going back to 2001, as well as a gallery of screenshots, a library of BeOS-related links, and a catalog of items emblazoned with the site's name, including those staples of the programming world, T-shirts and coffee cups.
Another source of hope for long-suffering BeOS enthusiasts, is the work of yellowTAB, a German company that has come out with a new operating system, ZETA, based upon BeOS. Sadly, the company's website has remarkably little information about the OS's capabilities in any detail. The best place to see screenshots of an earlier version of ZETA is O'Reilly Media's OSDir.com: http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=223&slide=2.
It is uncertain as to whether ZETA will help the cause of BeOS. ZETA is a commercial product, and is not free nor open source. Furthermore, the source code for BeOS is still owned by Palm, so there is no guarantee as to what yellowTAB will be able to do with ZETA. On the other hand, commercial success of ZETA could possibly increase media attention to BeOS, which could only help.
Down but not out, BeOS is proving itself to be a survivor. After putting up for years with increasingly complicated user interfaces, many computer users could find BeOS's interface to be refreshingly straightforward. Perhaps they would like to see an OS that takes seconds, not minutes, to get started. If so, BeOS may be their OS.
Thanks again for all your help on the website. Thank you! It looks wonderful!


Carnegie Mellon University's annual Spring Carnival is showing how easy it is to be green and have fun with this year's theme of "Planet Earth."
The opening ceremony, which will take place at 3 p.m. Thursday, April 11, on the Midway will include remarks by CMU President Farnam Jahanian, Vice President of Student Affairs and Dean of Students Gina Casalegno, and Spring Carnival Co-Chairs Hannah Koschmeder and Stephen Clark. The CMU Pipe & Drum and Kiltie bands will perform.
The multi-story booths have been built around the "Planet Earth" theme and include interactive games and elaborate decorations. More than 19 student organizations have built booths, including "The Lion King," "The World Wide Web" and "The Jungle Book."
A proud CMU tradition since Spring Carnival 1920, this year's Sweepstakes Buggy Races will kick off at 8 a.m. on Friday, April 12. Before the races, participating teams will display their latest designs at the Buggy Showcase from noon - 2 p.m. on Thursday in the Cohon University Center's Wiegand Gym.
Amy Chen, a senior in psychology, is a driver for Fringe, which is celebrating its 50th year of racing, whose members recently talked about the Buggy experience.
"Being a driver is really fun," Chen said. "I love going fast and going around the course."
This year's carnival will run concurrently to Reunion Weekend, which features the 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th and 50th reunions for the undergraduate classes of 2018, 2014, 2009, 1994 and 1969.
Students have stepped up activities this year to include a new ride built by students in Skibo Gym as an homage to the former Old Mill ride at Kennywood Park.
"The Old Mill is a love letter to old traditional dark rides," said Roly Garcia, the project director for The Old Mill Ride and a junior information systems major.
Architecture students are reaching new heights with the entrance way to Carnival.
"To have this project go from an idea to an actualization is priceless," said Ghalya Alsanea, a fourth-year architecture student. "The archway was created to be sustainable. It can be disassembled and reassembled to be reused later on. The pieces can be used to create tables or chairs."
The School of Architecture is honoring the achievements of retiring professors Ömer Akin and Volker Hartkopf at a 4 p.m. celebration. on Saturday, April 13.
The Tartan Tuba Band will be hosting a sing-a-long as they play some of Queen's greatest hits at TuBahemian Rhapsoday at 5 p.m. on Thursday at the Midway Stage.
Mobot is Carnegie Mellon's beloved abbreviation of mobile robots. This year is the 25th anniversary of the Mobot Races, in which participants race their mobots along a slalom-type course on the sidewalk in front of Wean Hall. The Mobot Races will take place at noon on Friday with the award ceremony following at 3 p.m. in Rashid Auditorium.
Tents on the Midway are open to everyone and are filled with activities, demonstrations and more. In the Wellness Tent activities include pet therapy, music and massages. The activities tent will have caricature and balloon artists and Super Anthony Fighting Robots.
Jimmy O. Yang with Julia Shiplett will take the stage for the sold-out Carnival Comedy Show on Thursday, and DRAM with Special Guest Vanic will perform on Saturday. Tartans Got Talent, a talent show will be back for a second year. The show will take place from 8-10:30 p.m. on Friday at the Midway Stage.
Deans from CMU's Pittsburgh campus and Provost Jim Garrett will be getting soaked starting at noon on Friday, April 12 on the Cut during "Douse-a-Dean," an annual tradition that supports Special Olympics of Pennsylvania.
"With the dean's ability to raise funds within their own schools and programs and the good-natured competition that's developed between the deans to see who can raise the most money, the fund raising has gone through the roof," said Lt. Joe Meyers of the Carnegie Mellon University Police Department. "Last year, the deans, by themselves, raised over $15,000 for Special Olympics."
See the full schedule on the Alumni Association website or download the CMU Event app.


text:
      MODULE ocean_control_mod
!
!svn $Id: tlcheck_ocean.h 2328 2014-01-23 20:16:18Z arango $
!================================================== Hernan G. Arango ===
!  Copyright (c) 2002-2014 The ROMS/TOMS Group       Andrew M. Moore   !
!    Licensed under a MIT/X style license                              !
!    See License_ROMS.txt                                              !
!=======================================================================
!                                                                      !
!  ROMS/TOMS Tangent Linear Model Linearization Test:                  !
!                                                                      !
!  This driver is used to check the "linearization" of the tangent     !
!  linear model using a structure similar to the gradient test.        !
!                                                                      !
!  The subroutines in this driver control the initialization, time-    !
!  stepping,  and  finalization of ROMS/TOMS  model following ESMF     !
!  conventions:                                                        !
!                                                                      !
!     ROMS_initialize                                                  !
!     ROMS_run                                                         !
!     ROMS_finalize                                                    !
!                                                                      !
!=======================================================================
!
      implicit none

      PRIVATE
      PUBLIC  :: ROMS_initialize
      PUBLIC  :: ROMS_run
      PUBLIC  :: ROMS_finalize

      CONTAINS

      SUBROUTINE ROMS_initialize (first, mpiCOMM)
!
!=======================================================================
!                                                                      !
!  This routine allocates and initializes ROMS/TOMS state variables    !
!  and internal and external parameters.                               !
!                                                                      !
!=======================================================================
!
      USE mod_param
      USE mod_parallel
      USE mod_fourdvar
      USE mod_iounits
      USE mod_scalars

#ifdef MCT_LIB
!
# ifdef AIR_OCEAN
      USE ocean_coupler_mod, ONLY : initialize_ocn2atm_coupling
# endif
# ifdef WAVES_OCEAN
      USE ocean_coupler_mod, ONLY : initialize_ocn2wav_coupling
# endif
#endif
!
!  Imported variable declarations.
!
      logical, intent(inout) :: first

      integer, intent(in), optional :: mpiCOMM
!
!  Local variable declarations.
!
      logical :: allocate_vars = .TRUE.

#ifdef DISTRIBUTE
      integer :: MyError, MySize
#endif
      integer :: ng, thread

#ifdef DISTRIBUTE
!
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!  Set distribute-memory (MPI) world communictor.
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!
      IF (PRESENT(mpiCOMM)) THEN
        OCN_COMM_WORLD=mpiCOMM
      ELSE
        OCN_COMM_WORLD=MPI_COMM_WORLD
      END IF
      CALL mpi_comm_rank (OCN_COMM_WORLD, MyRank, MyError)
      CALL mpi_comm_size (OCN_COMM_WORLD, MySize, MyError)
#endif
!
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!  On first pass, initialize model parameters a variables for all
!  nested/composed grids.  Notice that the logical switch "first"
!  is used to allow multiple calls to this routine during ensemble
!  configurations.
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!
      IF (first) THEN
        first=.FALSE.
!
!  Initialize parallel control switches. These scalars switches are
!  independent from standard input parameters.
!
        CALL initialize_parallel
!
!  Read in model tunable parameters from standard input. Allocate and
!  initialize variables in several modules after the number of nested
!  grids and dimension parameters are known.
!
        CALL inp_par (iNLM)
        IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
!
!  Set domain decomposition tile partition range.  This range is
!  computed only once since the "first_tile" and "last_tile" values
!  are private for each parallel thread/node.
!
!$OMP PARALLEL
#if defined _OPENMP
      MyThread=my_threadnum()
#elif defined DISTRIBUTE
      MyThread=MyRank
#else
      MyThread=0
#endif
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
        chunk_size=(NtileX(ng)*NtileE(ng)+numthreads-1)/numthreads
        first_tile(ng)=MyThread*chunk_size
        last_tile (ng)=first_tile(ng)+chunk_size-1
      END DO
!$OMP END PARALLEL
!
!  Initialize internal wall clocks. Notice that the timings does not
!  includes processing standard input because several parameters are
!  needed to allocate clock variables.
!
        IF (Master) THEN
          WRITE (stdout,10)
 10       FORMAT (/,' Process Information:',/)
        END IF
!
        DO ng=1,Ngrids
!$OMP PARALLEL
          DO thread=THREAD_RANGE
            CALL wclock_on (ng, iNLM, 0)
          END DO
!$OMP END PARALLEL
        END DO
!
!  Allocate and initialize modules variables.
!
!$OMP PARALLEL
        CALL mod_arrays (allocate_vars)
!$OMP END PARALLEL
!
!  Allocate and initialize observation arrays.
!
        CALL initialize_fourdvar

      END IF

#if defined MCT_LIB && (defined AIR_OCEAN || defined WAVES_OCEAN)
!
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!  Initialize coupling streams between model(s).
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
# ifdef AIR_OCEAN
        CALL initialize_ocn2atm_coupling (ng, MyRank)
# endif
# ifdef WAVES_OCEAN
        CALL initialize_ocn2wav_coupling (ng, MyRank)
# endif
      END DO
#endif

      RETURN
      END SUBROUTINE ROMS_initialize

      SUBROUTINE ROMS_run (RunInterval)
!
!=======================================================================
!                                                                      !
!  This routine time-steps ROMS/TOMS nonlinear, tangent linear and     !
!  adjoint models.                                                     !
!                                                                      !
!=======================================================================
!
      USE mod_param
      USE mod_parallel
      USE mod_fourdvar
      USE mod_iounits
      USE mod_ncparam
      USE mod_netcdf
      USE mod_scalars
      USE mod_stepping
!
      USE dotproduct_mod, ONLY : ad_dotproduct
!
!  Imported variable declarations
!
      real(r8), intent(in) :: RunInterval            ! seconds
!
!  Local variable declarations.
!
      integer :: IniRec, i, ng, status
      integer :: tile

      real(r8) :: gp, hp, p
!
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!  Run tangent linear model test.
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!
!  Currently, the tangent linear model test cannot be run over
!  nested grids.
!
      IF (Ngrids.gt.1) THEN
        WRITE (stdout,10) 'Nested grids are not allowed, Ngrids = ',    &
                          Ngrids
        STOP
      END IF
!
!  Initialize relevant parameters.
!
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
        Lold(ng)=1
        Lnew(ng)=1
        nTLM(ng)=nHIS(ng)                      ! to allow IO comparison
      END DO
      Nrun=1
      Ipass=1
      ERstr=1
      ERend=MAXVAL(NstateVar)+1
      IniRec=1
      ig1count=0
      ig2count=0
      LcycleTLM=.FALSE.
!
!  Initialize nonlinear model with first guess initial conditions.
!
!$OMP PARALLEL
      CALL initial
!$OMP END PARALLEL
      IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
!
!  Run nonlinear model. Extract and store nonlinear model values at
!  observation locations.
!
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
        IF (Master) THEN
          WRITE (stdout,20) 'NL', ng, ntstart(ng), ntend(ng)
        END IF
        wrtNLmod(ng)=.TRUE.
        wrtTLmod(ng)=.FALSE.
      END DO

!$OMP PARALLEL
#ifdef SOLVE3D
      CALL main3d (RunInterval)
#else
      CALL main2d (RunInterval)
#endif
!$OMP END PARALLEL
      IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
!
!  Close current nonlinear model history file.
!
      SourceFile='tlcheck_ocean.h, ROMS_run'
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
        CALL netcdf_close (ng, iNLM, HIS(ng)%ncid)
        IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
        wrtNLmod(ng)=.FALSE.
        wrtTLmod(ng)=.TRUE.
      END DO
!
!  Save and Report cost function between nonlinear model and
!  observations.
!
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
        DO i=0,NstateVar(ng)
          FOURDVAR(ng)%CostFunOld(i)=FOURDVAR(ng)%CostFun(i)
        END DO
        IF (Master) THEN
          WRITE (stdout,40) FOURDVAR(ng)%CostFunOld(0)
          DO i=1,NstateVar(ng)
            IF (FOURDVAR(ng)%CostFunOld(i).gt.0.0_r8) THEN
              IF (i.eq.1) THEN
                WRITE (stdout,50) FOURDVAR(ng)%CostFunOld(i),           &
     &                            TRIM(Vname(1,idSvar(i)))
              ELSE
                WRITE (stdout,60) FOURDVAR(ng)%CostFunOld(i),           &
     &                            TRIM(Vname(1,idSvar(i)))
              END IF
            END IF
          END DO
        END IF
      END DO
!
!  Initialize the adjoint model from rest.
!
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
!$OMP PARALLEL
        CALL ad_initial (ng, .TRUE.)
!$OMP END PARALLEL
        IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
      END DO
!
!  Time-step adjoint model: Compute model state gradient, GRAD(J).
!  Force the adjoint model with the adjoint misfit between nonlinear
!  model and observations.
!
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
        IF (Master) THEN
          WRITE (stdout,20) 'AD', ng, ntstart(ng), ntend(ng)
        END IF
      END DO

!$OMP PARALLEL
#ifdef SOLVE3D
      CALL ad_main3d (RunInterval)
#else
      CALL ad_main2d (RunInterval)
#endif
!$OMP END PARALLEL
      IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
!
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!  Perturb each tangent linear state variable using the steepest decent
!  direction by grad(J). If ndefTLM < 0, suppress IO for both nonlinear
!  and tangent linear models in the outer and inner loops.
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!
!  Load adjoint solution.
!
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
        CALL get_state (ng, iADM, 3, ADM(ng)%name, ADM(ng)%Rindex,      &
     &                  Lnew(ng))
        IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
      END DO
!
!  Compute adjoint solution dot product for scaling purposes.
!
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
!$OMP PARALLEL
        DO tile=first_tile(ng),last_tile(ng),+1
          CALL ad_dotproduct (ng, tile, Lnew(ng))
        END DO
!$OMP END PARALLEL
      END DO

#ifdef SOLVE3D
!
!  OUTER LOOP: First, Perturb all state variables (zeta, u, v, t) at
!  ==========  once. Then, perturb one state variable at the time.
!              Notice, that ubar and vbar are not perturbed. They are
!              computed by vertically integarting u and v.
!
#else
!
!  OUTER LOOP: First, perturb all state variables (zeta, ubar, vbar) at
!  ==========  once. Then, perturb one state variable at the time.
!
#endif
      OUTER_LOOP : DO outer=ERstr,ERend

        DO ng=1,Ngrids
          CALL get_state (ng, iNLM, 1, FWD(ng)%name, IniRec, Lnew(ng))
          IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
        END DO
!
!  INNER LOOP: scale perturbation amplitude by selecting "p" scalar,
!  ==========  such that:
!                              p = 10 ** REAL(-inner,r8)
!
        INNER_LOOP : DO inner=1,Ninner
!
!  Add a perturbation to the nonlinear state initial conditions
!  according with the outer and inner loop iterations. The added
!  term is a function of the steepest descent direction defined
!  by grad(J) times the perturbation amplitude "p".
!
!$OMP PARALLEL
          CALL initial (.FALSE.)
!$OMP END PARALLEL
          IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN

          DO ng=1,Ngrids
            WRITE (HIS(ng)%name,70) TRIM(HIS(ng)%base), Nrun

            IF (ndefTLM(ng).lt.0) THEN
              LdefHIS(ng)=.FALSE.              ! suppress IO
              LwrtHIS(ng)=.FALSE.
            ELSE
              LdefHIS(ng)=.TRUE.
            END IF
            wrtNLmod(ng)=.TRUE.
            wrtTLmod(ng)=.FALSE.
          END DO
!
!  Time-step nonlinear model: compute perturbed nonlinear state.
!
          DO ng=1,Ngrids
            IF (Master) THEN
              WRITE (stdout,20) 'NL', ng, ntstart(ng), ntend(ng)
            END IF
          END DO

!$OMP PARALLEL
#ifdef SOLVE3D
          CALL main3d (RunInterval)
#else
          CALL main2d (RunInterval)
#endif
!$OMP END PARALLEL
          IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
!
!  Get current nonlinear model trajectory.
!
          DO ng=1,Ngrids
            FWD(ng)%name=TRIM(HIS(ng)%base)//'.nc'
            CALL get_state (ng, iNLM, 1, FWD(ng)%name, IniRec, Lnew(ng))
            IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
          END DO
!
!  Initialize tangent linear with the steepest decent direction
!  (adjoint state, GRAD(J)) times the perturbation amplitude "p".
!
          DO ng=1,Ngrids
!$OMP PARALLEL
            CALL tl_initial (ng, .FALSE.)
!$OMP END PARALLEL
            IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN

            WRITE (TLM(ng)%name,70) TRIM(TLM(ng)%base), Nrun

            IF (ndefTLM(ng).lt.0) THEN
              LdefTLM(ng)=.FALSE.              ! suppress IO
              LwrtTLM(ng)=.FALSE.
            ELSE
              LdefTLM(ng)=.TRUE.
            END IF
          END DO
!
!  Time-step tangent linear model:  Compute misfit cost function
!  between model (nonlinear + tangent linear) and observations.
!
          DO ng=1,Ngrids
            IF (Master) THEN
              WRITE (stdout,20) 'TL', ng, ntstart(ng), ntend(ng)
            END IF
          END DO

!$OMP PARALLEL
#ifdef SOLVE3D
          CALL tl_main3d (RunInterval)
#else
          CALL tl_main2d (RunInterval)
#endif
!$OMP END PARALLEL
          IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
!
!  Close current tangent linear model history file.
!
          SourceFile='tlcheck_ocean.h, ROMS_run'
          DO ng=1,Ngrids
            CALL netcdf_close (ng, iTLM, TLM(ng)%ncid)
            IF (exit_flag.ne.NoError) RETURN
          END DO
!
!  Advance model run counter.
!
          Nrun=Nrun+1

        END DO INNER_LOOP

      END DO OUTER_LOOP
!
!  Report dot products.
!
      DO ng=1,Ngrids
        IF (Master) THEN
          WRITE (stdout,80)                                             &
     &      'TLM Test - Dot Products Summary: p, g1, g2, (g1-g2)/g1'
          inner=1
          DO i=1,MIN(ig1count,ig2count)
            p=10.0_r8**REAL(-inner,r8)
            IF (MOD(i,1+ntimes(ng)/nTLM(ng)).eq.0) inner=inner+1
            WRITE (stdout,90) i, p, g1(i), g2(i), (g1(i)-g2(i))/g1(i)
            IF ((MOD(i,1+ntimes(ng)/nTLM(ng)).eq.0).and.                &
     &          (MOD(i,Ninner*(1+ntimes(ng)/nTLM(ng))).ne.0)) THEN
              WRITE (stdout,100)
            ELSE IF (MOD(i,Ninner*(1+ntimes(ng)/nTLM(ng))).eq.0) THEN
              inner=1
              WRITE (stdout,110)
            END IF
          END DO
        END IF
      END DO
!
 10   FORMAT (/,a,i3,/)
 20   FORMAT (/,1x,a,1x,'ROMS/TOMS : started time-stepping:',           &
     &        ' (Grid: ',i2.2,' TimeSteps: ',i8.8,' - ',i8.8,')',/)
 40   FORMAT (/,' Nonlinear Model Cost Function = ',1p,e21.14)
 50   FORMAT (' --------------- ','cost function = ',1p,e21.14,2x,a)
 60   FORMAT (17x,'cost function = ',1p,e21.14,2x,a)
 70   FORMAT (a,'_',i3.3,'.nc')
 80   FORMAT (/,a,/)
 90   FORMAT (i4,2x,1pe8.1,3(1x,1p,e20.12,0p))
100   FORMAT (77('.'))
110   FORMAT (77('-'))

      RETURN
      END SUBROUTINE ROMS_run

      SUBROUTINE ROMS_finalize
!
!=======================================================================
!                                                                      !
!  This routine terminates ROMS/TOMS nonlinear, tangent linear, and    !
!  adjoint models execution.                                           !
!                                                                      !
!=======================================================================
!
      USE mod_param
      USE mod_parallel
      USE mod_iounits
      USE mod_ncparam
      USE mod_scalars
!
!  Local variable declarations.
!
      integer :: Fcount, ng, thread
!
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!  If blowing-up, save latest model state into RESTART NetCDF file.
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!
!  If cycling restart records, write solution into the next record.
!
      IF (exit_flag.eq.1) THEN
        DO ng=1,Ngrids
          IF (LwrtRST(ng)) THEN
            IF (Master) WRITE (stdout,10)
 10         FORMAT (/,' Blowing-up: Saving latest model state into ',   &
     &                ' RESTART file',/)
            Fcount=RST(ng)%Fcount
            IF (LcycleRST(ng).and.(RST(ng)%Nrec(Fcount).ge.2)) THEN
              RST(ng)%Rindex=2
              LcycleRST(ng)=.FALSE.
            END IF
            blowup=exit_flag
            exit_flag=NoError
            CALL wrt_rst (ng)
          END IF
        END DO
      END IF
!
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!  Stop model and time profiling clocks.  Close output NetCDF files.
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
!
!  Stop time clocks.
!
      IF (Master) THEN
        WRITE (stdout,20)
 20     FORMAT (/,' Elapsed CPU time (seconds):',/)
      END IF

      DO ng=1,Ngrids
!$OMP PARALLEL
        DO thread=THREAD_RANGE
          CALL wclock_off (ng, iNLM, 0)
        END DO
!$OMP END PARALLEL
      END DO
!
!  Close IO files.
!
      CALL close_out

      RETURN
      END SUBROUTINE ROMS_finalize

      END MODULE ocean_control_mod

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This track has 34 adjusted votes since 2011-11-18, which is 50% of 68 votes.
The track is at position 7, which is the same as yesterday's chart position. On a week-by-week average, the track is the same as last week's position.


text:
Users

{{ user.Email }}

        <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-target="#user-modal" ng-click="open()">
           Edit User
        </button>

Email

{{ user.Email }}

Role

{{ user.Role.DisplayName }}

Beacon Permissions

            {{ beacon }} ->
                               Access

                               Modify

                               Owner

        <button type="button" class="close" aria-label="Close" ng-click="close()">×</button>

Edit {{ user.Email }}

        <form name="userForm" id="userForm" ng-submit="edit()" novalidate>
          Role

              <input type="radio"
                     ng-checked="user.AuthLevel==info.AuthLevel"
                     ng-model="new.AuthLevel"
                     name="user-authlevel"
                     id="user-authlevel-{{ info.AuthLevel }}"
                     value="{{ info.AuthLevel }}"> {{ info.DisplayName }}

            Password
            <input name="password" type="password" ng-model="new.Password" class="form-control" id="user-password">

Beacons

            {{ beacon.Alias }}:

              <input type="radio"
                     ng-checked="user.Permissions.Beacons[beacon.Address]==undefined"
                     ng-click="modifyBeacon(beacon, '-1')"
                     name="user-beacons"
                     id="user-beacons-{{ beacon.Alias }}"
                     value="-1"> None

              <input type="radio"
                     ng-checked="user.Permissions.Beacons[beacon.Address]==level"
                     ng-click="modifyBeacon(beacon, level)"
                     name="user-beacons"
                     id="user-beacons-{{ beacon.Alias }}"
                     value="{{ level }}"> {{ name }}

        </form>

        <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" ng-click="close()">Cancel</button>
        <button type="submit" form="userForm" class="btn btn-success">Submit</button>


text:
Zakrzew  (prononciation : ) est un village polonais de la gmina de Zakrzew dans le powiat de Lublin de la voïvodie de Lublin dans l'est de la Pologne.

Le village est le siège administratif (chef-lieu) de la gmina appelée gmina de Zakrzew .

Il se situe à environ  au sud de Lublin (siège du powiat et capitale de la voïvodie).

Histoire
De 1975 à 1998, le village est attaché administrativement à l'ancienne Voïvodie de Zamość.
Depuis 1999, il fait partie de la nouvelle voïvodie de Lublin.

Références

Village dans la voïvodie de Lublin
Powiat de Lublin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HomeCULTURELouvre Abu Dhabi's latest exhibition is now open
CULTUREWHAT'S NEW 1 year ago no commentLouvre Abu Dhabi
Dragon and Phoenix – Centuries of Exchange between Chinese and Islamic Worlds will run until February 2022 at Louvre Abu Dhabi
Louvre Abu Dhabi is welcoming visitors in the UAE capital to explore its second international exhibition of 2021. Titled Dragon and Phoenix – Centuries of Exchange between Chinese and Islamic Worlds, the showcase will run until February 12, 2022, and will shine a light on the cultural and artistic exchange between the Chinese and Islamic civilisations from the eighth to the 18th century.
Visitors will be able to explore cultural connections through more than 200 artworks from the collections of Louvre Abu Dhabi, The Guimet Museum as well as 12 international museums and institutions, alongside a wide-ranging cultural programme.
A walk through Louvre Abu Dhabi
Dragon and Phoenix places in dialogue artefacts from two worlds rich in culture, arts, and sciences: China (the dragon) and the Islamic world (the phoenix). The exhibition showcases the connections, artistic influences and remarkable untold stories of more than 800 years of exchange through land and sea trade routes, from the establishment of the first Arab merchant colonies in Canton in the eighth century until the beginning of the 18th century. Journeying from the Mashriq and the Arabian Peninsula through Central Asia and the Indian Ocean, and to China and Vietnam, the exhibition reveals a long and rich history of mutual admiration and influence reflected in both material and immaterial exchanges.
The exhibition aims to highlight unconventional centres of artistic and cultural production. With both a physical exhibition at the museum and an online experience, it will shed light on how centuries of cultural exchange and the prolific artistic production between the two worlds reveal dominance of coveted luxury materials and artworks between the eighth and 18th centuries.
The exhibition is curated by Sophie Makariou, President of Musée national des arts asiatiques – Guimet, with the support of Dr. Souraya Noujaim, Louvre Abu Dhabi's Scientific, Curatorial and Collections Management Director, and Guilhem André, Louvre Abu Dhabi's Chief Curator of Asian and Medieval arts.
Cup with dragon-shaped handle
Dish with throne scene
Fabulous animal, dragon
Funerary figure (mingqi): Caravanner on a camel
Octagonal cup with phoenix decoration
Highlights from the exhibition include a rare Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) gold Cup with dragon-shaped handle from China, a masterpiece from Louvre Abu Dhabi's collection that may have been made for a nomadic dignitary in the north of China. Visitors will marvel at some of the most spectacular luxury silk fabrics ever created: the Panni Tartarici (or Tartar cloths) – Mongol silk fabric with gold threads – from the collection of the Musée Mational des arts asiatiques – Guimet, which clearly attests to influences from other textile traditions, such as those of Iran, the Near East and Central Asia. Also from the collection of the Musée national des arts asiatiques – Guimet is a Fabulous animal (perhaps a dragon), showing the impressive chiselling technique on gilded silver, a rare creation from the Liao Dynasty (907/916-1125). Dragon and Phoenix also highlights the 'alliance of the two pens', the brush in China and the reed pen in the Islamic world. Thanks to a superb selection of drawings, manuscripts and ink paintings, the exhibition shows the similarities and the spiritual value placed on the two calligraphic traditions.
With more than 200 artefacts spread across five sections—the first four following a historical timeline, and the fifth focusing on literary traditions of calligraphy and poetry —Dragon and Phoenix showcases this history of a fluid global context of artistic and cultural exchanges in earlier times. The exhibition features a diversity of artworks, including paintings, silverware, ceramic, glassware, manuscripts and luxury fabrics, with an international repertoire combining Arab epigraphy, chinoiseries, lotuses, geometrical decoration, dragons, phoenixes and many other fantastic bestiaries.
Dragon and Phoenix features artworks from Louvre Abu Dhabi's collection, as well as loaned objects from Musée national des arts asiatiques – Guimet, Musée du Louvre, Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, Archives nationales, Cité de la céramique – Sèvres et Limoges, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Musée de Cluny – musée national du Moyen Âge, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Musée Jacquemart-André – Institut de France, Musée national de la Renaissance – Château d'Ecouen, Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, and Musée des Tissus de Lyon.
The exhibition invites visitors to discover new historical perspectives and to observe how artworks and motifs showcase these stories of exchanges, interactions and migrations. Visitors will discover incredible interconnections between these great civilisations, with the exhibition unveiling production influences that otherwise would have been undiscerned.
As with every international exhibition, Louvre Abu Dhabi asks visitors to see the interconnectedness of our world through art, questioning our own preconceptions and embracing global art histories, whose complexities enrich the understanding of our world.
For more information, visit louvreabudhabi.ae
Tags :Louvre Abu Dhabi
Behind the scenes at The Arts Club, Dubai
Keep apace with the UAE's action-packed event calendar and get the latest updates on the best things to do in the emirates this season
The idea of holidaying on secluded islands with the family never really appealed, but now I see the light reflecting...
The stunning resort, which recently opened its doors on Palm Jumeirah, has all the makings of a truly 'exotic' getaway....
Discover tranquil moments paired with our Swiss passion for hospitality at Swissotel Al Murooj Dubai, a Resort-style hotel cleverly combining...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Patient-Centered Care for Transgender People: Recommended Practices for Health Care Settings
Many transgender people experience stigma and discrimination in their day-to-day lives that can affect access to health care.1 In particular, many transgender women of color (specifically those who are black or African American and Hispanic or Latino) have reported being victims of harassment and violence, even in health care settings.1,2 Given these challenges, transgender people, especially transgender women of color, may delay seeking medical care because of fear or actual experience of negative treatment by health care staff.1,3
Transgender people may also have unique needs and concerns when interacting with the health care system. Transgender patients' concerns often arise at the front desk and in waiting areas because those are the first points of contact for most patients. For instance, front desk staff may not know how to handle a situation in which patients' legal names and genders differ from their preferred names and gender identities and/or expressions. This puts patients in the uncomfortable position of having to explain their transgender status to the front desk within hearing distance of other patients. Other issues, such as providers' assumptions about sexual orientation and gender conformity, may arise during the clinical encounter. However, these issues are almost always unintentional and can be prevented by training all staff in basic principles and strategies. All members of the health care team, from front desk staff to clinicians, can play a role in creating an environment that respects and responds to the needs of transgender people. Providers can use the material here as a starting point for understanding how to provide affirming services for transgender patients. This information is organized into two parts:
Understanding Transgender People and Their Health Needs provides important basic information on transgender people's identities, lives, and health care needs. Gaining this knowledge is a critical first step in being able to serve transgender people in a transgender-affirming manner.
Patient-Centered Strategies in Health Care provides tips and strategies to improve communication and create a more affirming environment for transgender people. Here health care providers will find tools they can act on immediately and use daily.
These materials can be:
Used to help train all staff about transgender health (see Additional Resources for training opportunities)
Distributed in new hire orientation packets
Displayed as stand-alone items, such as the Communication Strategies and Scripts—Summary of Best Practices, at employee work stations.
Understanding Transgender People and Their Health Needs
Basic Concepts and Terms
From the Patient's Perspective
Watch brief accounts from transgender peopleexternal icon of different ages, ethnicities, and backgrounds discuss their lives and their health care needs. This video provides a look at the diversity of the expressions and experiences of transgender people.
The term transgender has varying definitions across cultures and communities. Most describe transgender people as those who have a gender identity that is different from their sex assigned at birth. Sex assignment at birth is based on external genitalia, whereas gender identity refers to the internal sense of one's gender. Although people use many different terms to describe themselves, in general, a transgender woman is someone who was listed as male on their birth certificate and whose gender identity is female, and a transgender man is someone who was listed as female on their birth certificate and whose gender identity is male. Other people may have a gender identity that is fluid or non-binary; their gender is neither male nor female, or it is a mix of male and female. Sexual orientation, which relates to emotional and sexual attraction to others, is distinct from gender identity; transgender people may have any sexual orientation regardless of their gender identity. For transgender people, the discordance between their gender identity and their assigned sex at birth can cause a great deal of distress. That is why it is important for transgender people to be able to access health care that is patient-centered.
Many—but not all—transgender people make changes to their physical appearance. This is sometimes called gender affirmation. These changes can include modifications to clothing, hairstyles, and mannerisms. Many will change their first name, and they may want others to refer to them by pronouns that correspond to their gender identity. It is estimated that about 60% to 70% of transgender people take hormones and that about 20% to 40% have had one or more gender-affirming surgeries to alter their physical characteristics.1,4 Decisions about medical or surgical treatments depend on personal choice and cost. (See Additional Resources for more on hormone and surgical treatments.)
How many people identify as transgender?
There are two recent estimates of population size ranging from 0.4% to 0.6%. The new estimates are larger than the previous estimate from roughly a decade ago.5,6 The analyses note several reasons that may account for this difference, including a perceived increase in visibility and social acceptance of transgender people, which may increase the number of individuals willing to identify as transgender on a government survey. It is also noted that younger adults aged 18 to 24 are more likely than older adults to say they are transgender.
Transgender Health Needs
The research on transgender people and their health needs is sparse. However, available studies indicate that transgender people experience multiple health disparities due to stigma, discrimination, and unique barriers to accessing quality care.7,8 A brief summary of the barriers to achieving positive health outcomes and the consequences of those barriers is presented below. The purpose of listing these is to build an understanding of the difficulties transgender people face so health care providers can help break down barriers.
The majority of transgender people experience various forms of harassment, victimization, and discrimination in their daily lives.9
In addition to facing discrimination, transgender people are more likely than the general population to be homeless, un- or underemployed, and living below the federal poverty level.1,7
Unfortunately, transgender women of color face bias and discrimination on several fronts. For example, an African American transgender woman may face racism, stigma, and sexism in her daily life, with negative or deadly consequences for her health.10
Barriers to Accessing Care
Lack of trained providers
Because of expectations of discrimination or misunderstanding in medical settings, many transgender people avoid or delay seeing a health care provider. But even when they do access care, they have difficulty finding a provider or being referred to providers who have expertise in patient-centered care for transgender people. In one study, 50% of transgender people reported they felt the need to teach their doctors about transgender care.1
Lack of insurance
Many transgender people lack health insurance, have been denied insurance coverage of transition-related care, or denied coverage of preventive care that is not consistent with the gender their insurer has listed (e.g., coverage for a transgender woman to receive prostate exams may be denied if the patient's gender is listed as female). Health insurance plans are not required to cover transition-related care, although some states have made this a requirement.
How Stigma, Discrimination, and Access Barriers Affect Transgender Health
The trauma and stress induced by stigma and discrimination, as well as the related effects of under- and unemployment, homelessness, lack of access to transition-related care and lack of insurance, among other issues, can create a great burden on the mental and physical health of transgender people.
The graphic below illustrates research findings from several sources, including the National Academy of Medicine and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2020, which found that, compared to the general population, transgender people experience higher rates of several health concerns,7, 11-13
More specifically, studies have found that 41% of transgender people had attempted suicide at some point in their lives1 and that transgender women have one of the highest prevalences of HIV of any group.14 Survival sex work—or engagement in sex work in order to access basic necessities such as food and shelter—increases the risk for some. Transgender women, particularly those of color, have to contend with greater vulnerability to violence.3
Transgender people have been shown to have higher odds of depression and attempted suicide over non-transgender (cisgender) people.12,13 These data suggest the importance for providers to screen and treat those patients experiencing mental health challenges.
In addition, some transgender people may seek unauthorized (sometimes referred to as underground) care through the Internet, friends, and/or other nonmedical individuals in their social circle. They may take nonprescription and potentially dangerous hormones, or get silicone injections or have silicone implants to enhance their appearance. This can lead to a higher risk of illness and injury, further complicating health disparities7. For instance, sharing needles to inject silicone or hormones may place transgender people at risk for HIV and hepatitis C.
Consider having a conversation on the different types of medical care that a person uses, both from a health provider and possibly from a friend or other nonmedical people. Consider discussing possible options for safer ways to get what they are looking for in their health care.
This figure illustrates how stigma and discrimination can impact health and lead to disparities and inequities in health27.
Minority Stress Process in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations
Patient-Centered Strategies in Health Care
Health care organizations seeking to improve transgender patients' experiences can implement several strategies to create a welcoming environment. These strategies involve all members of the care team, from front-desk staff to clinicians to administrators, and they are based on the principles of being welcoming, responsive, accountable, reliable, and respectful.
Tools for Effective Communication
Addressing patients
One of the most important steps in creating a welcoming environment for transgender people (and all people) is to address patients using their preferred names and pronouns. For many reasons, this can be challenging in health care environments. Yet using the wrong name or pronoun can cause embarrassment and confusion. Imagine how a transgender woman would feel if a medical assistant called into the waiting room asking for "Mr. Donald Jones" rather than "Denise Jones." To avoid such situations, here are a few suggested systems and practices that some health care teams have implemented:
Ask about gender identity on registration forms. In addition to gender identity, include fields for listed sex at birth, preferred name, and pronouns. It may also be helpful to ask for names on insurance and government-issued identification documents, if different.
Enter the information into the electronic health record (EHR) so that all staff have access to this information. This information will help staff to use proper pronouns, from the front desk staff to the provider's office. If EHRs are not yet in place, consider using a name-alert sticker to flag patient charts.
Never refer to a person as "it."
Try to avoid using gender terms or pronouns with new patients until this information is known, whether in-person or over the phone. For example:
Instead of "How may I help you, sir?" ask "How may I help you?"
Instead of "Mr. or Ms." use the (preferred) first and last name.
Instead of "He is here for his appointment," say "The patient is here in the waiting room," or "Dr. Reed's 11:30 patient is here," or "They are here for their appointment."
Ask patients how they would like to be addressed. When unsure about pronouns and names, it is acceptable to privately and politely ask, "I would like to be respectful. What name and pronouns would you like me to use?" Once a patient has given this information, staff should note it in the chart and use this name in all interactions. If a situation occurs where it is not possible to ask and pronouns must be used, choose the pronouns that most closely match the person's gender expression or use "they/them." See the box below for examples of pronouns that transgender people may use.
Examples of Pronouns
Female Pronouns She Her Hers
Male Pronouns He Him His
Non-binary Pronouns Ze Zim Zirs
Non-binary Pronouns Sie/Zie Hir Hirs
Apologize for mistakes. Sometimes mistakes happen, and simple apologies can go a long way. If a slip occurs, it is fine to say something like, "I apologize for using the wrong pronoun/name. I did not mean to disrespect you."
Consider practicing with colleagues and friends. Making changes to the way one addresses other people can be challenging. It can help to practice with colleagues and to post the Communication Strategies and Scripts—Best Practices sheet in accessible work spaces.
What To Do When a Patient's Records Do Not Match
Health care staff are likely to encounter situations in which a transgender patient's registration forms, records, insurance, and/or identity documents have different names and genders/sexes listed. It is important for staff members to ask for information without embarrassing or "outing" the patient. Some strategies for handling these situations include the following:
Ask straightforward, polite questions to help solve the problem. For example, ask: "Could your chart be under a different name?" or "What is the name on your insurance?" Then cross-check identification by looking at date of birth and address. It may be best to ask these questions in a private setting. However, that may not always be possible. If in a public space, such as at a check-in desk, consider asking patients to write down their names.
Avoid asking for a person's "real" name. Patients may feel offended because these terms assume that their preferred names are not real.
Other Communication Tips
Stay relaxed and make eye contact. Speak with transgender patients the same way you would with all patients.
Avoid asking unnecessary questions. People are naturally curious about transgender people and their lives, which sometimes leads them to want to learn more and ask questions. However, like everyone else, most transgender people wish to keep their medical and personal lives private. Before asking a transgender person personal questions, first ask yourself, "Is my question necessary for their care or am I asking because of my own curiosity?" Reconsider if it is because of your own curiosity. Think instead, "What do I know? What do I need to know? How can I ask for the information I need in a sensitive way?"
Do not gossip or joke about transgender people—patients and celebrities alike. Gossiping about someone's transition or making fun of a person's efforts to change their gender expression should not be tolerated.
Only discuss a patient's transgender status in a private setting, and only with those who need to know in order to provide appropriate and sensitive care.
Continue to use the patient's preferred name and pronouns, even when they are not present. This will help maintain respect for the patient and help other staff members learn the patient's preferences.
Encourage accountability in the workplace. Encourage colleagues to use the correct names and pronouns and point out when a comment could be perceived as insensitive. Creating a culture of accountability and respect requires everyone to work together.
Organizational Strategies for Creating a Patient-Centered Environment
Multiple strategies can help health care organizations create an inclusive, patient-centered, and welcoming health care environment for transgender people. Some suggested strategies are listed below. Resources to help organizations implement these strategies are listed in Additional Resources.
Consider including "gender identity and expression" in nondiscrimination policies. Post these policies in visible places, such as on a website, in waiting rooms, on promotional materials, and/or on registration forms.
Implement a policy that allows people to use the bathroom that matches their gender identity. Offer single-occupancy bathrooms that are designated for all genders.
Consider actively seeking to hire transgender people.
Create policies for both staff and patients with clear lines of referral for complaints and questions.
Many facilities that implement policies, such as those referenced above, find it beneficial to train managers so that they know and understand these policies and procedures. For those facilities that choose to implement training, it can be helpful to provide annual training on patient-centered care for transgender people for all staff, as well as training for new staff soon after they are hired.
Consider offering a full range of services for transgender patients, including hormone treatment; HIV testing, prevention, and treatment; behavioral health care; support groups; and employment and housing services (if feasible). If not equipped to offer all of these services, consider maintaining an updated list of appropriate local and online referrals.
A staff person could be appointed to be responsible for providing guidance, assisting with procedures, offering referrals, and fielding complaints.
Consider including images of transgender people of various races and ethnicities in marketing and educational materials, such as on the organization's website and in informational brochures. Visit the Get Materials section to download and order posters, palm cards, brochures, videos, and digital banners.
Adding trans-friendly signage at the entrance to the facility and bathrooms (e.g., "All-Gender Restroom" sign) can help communicate a welcoming environment.
Community Engagement and Patient Feedback
Some people find it helpful to employ transgender people as peer educators.
A number of facilities partner with local lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community groups to sponsor or cohost events for National Transgender HIV Testing Day (April 18), Pride, and Transgender Day of Remembrance (November 20). Facilities that have chosen to partner for commemorating days have often found that doing so can create a sense of trust that is important for delivering patient-centered health care for transgender people.
Communication Strategies and Scripts—Summary of Best Practices
Best Practice Example
When addressing new patients, avoid pronouns or gender terms like "sir" or "ma'am." "How may I help you today?"
When talking to coworkers about new patients, also avoid pronouns and gender terms. Or use gender-neutral words such as "they." Never refer to someone as "it." "Your patient is here in the waiting room."
"They are here for their 3 o'clock appointment."
If you are unsure about a patient's preferred name or pronouns, ask politely and privately. "What name and pronouns would you like us to use?"
"I would like to be respectful—how would you like to be addressed?"
Ask respectfully about names if they do not match in your records. "Could your chart be under another name?"
"What is the name on your insurance?"
Ask only for information that is required. Ask yourself, "What do I know? What do I need to know? How can I ask in a sensitive way?"
Did you make a mistake? Apologize. "I apologize for using the wrong pronoun. I did not mean to disrespect you."
Common Definitions
Transgender people use many different terms to describe themselves and their communities. Common definitions and terms are listed below, but this vocabulary is not universal or static. Because the use of these terms changes over time and from one area to another, people may use or understand these words in a different way than what is defined below, or they may use other words to describe themselves and others. If a term that a patient uses is unclear or requires clarification, simply ask the patient what the term means in an open and respectful manner. People may also change the way they describe themselves over time. It is best to give all patients an opportunity to provide information on how they want to be recognized in a health care environment.
Agender or non-binary: transgender or gender nonconforming person who identifies as neither male nor female or can be seen as a statement of not having a gender identity.
Cisgender: Cisgender people are those whose gender identity and assigned sex at birth correspond (i.e., a person who is not transgender).
Gender identity: A person's internal sense of being a man/male, woman/female, both, neither, or another gender.
Gender expression/role: The way a person acts, dresses, speaks, and behaves (i.e., feminine, masculine, androgynous). Gender expression does not necessarily correspond to listed sex at birth or gender identity.
Gender nonconforming: Describes a gender expression that differs from a given society's norms for males and females. A gender nonconforming person is not necessarily transgender.
Genderqueer: A relatively new term, used by some individuals who do not identify as either male or female; or identify as both. Other terms include gender variant, gender expansive, gender fluid, and non-binary.
Gender expansive: People who do not identify with traditional gender roles—masculine and feminine. People who describe themselves as gender expansive can identify in many different ways, such as a third gender, no gender, more than one gender, or a "fluid" gender.
Latinx: Used as a gender-neutral or non-binary alternative to Latino or Latina.
Transgender: Transgender people are those whose gender identity and assigned sex at birth do not correspond. Transgender is also used as an umbrella term to include gender identities outside of male and female. Transgender is sometimes abbreviated as trans. Some of the terms used to describe populations within the transgender community are:
Transgender/trans man; female-to-male (FTM): People whose assigned sex at birth is female and whose gender identity is male may use these terms to describe themselves. Some will simply use the term man.
Transgender/trans woman; male-to-female (MTF): People whose assigned sex at birth is male and whose gender identity is female may use these terms to describe themselves. Some will simply use the term woman.
Transsexual: The term transsexual is sometimes used in medical literature to describe those who have transitioned through medical interventions. Some transgender people prefer to describe themselves as transsexual; however, many consider the term to be outdated or derogatory. We advise that providers avoid this term, unless a patient explicitly requests to be referred to as transsexual.
Transition process: For transgender people, this refers to the process of coming to recognize, accept, and express one's gender identity. Most often, this refers to the period when a person makes social, legal, and/or medical changes, such as changing their clothing, name, or sex/gender designation on legal documents or using medical interventions such as hormone therapy or surgeries.
Sexual orientation: This refers to how people describe their emotional and sexual attraction to others. Sexual orientation is distinct from gender identity. Transgender people can be any sexual orientation (gay, lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual/straight, no label at all, or some other self-described label). Language is always changing and subjective. The table below shows terms that should be avoided and terms that should be used instead. It is important to remember that whenever possible, it is best to ask.
Avoid These Terms!
Stop! Avoid these terms! Some terms are considered offensive or outdated.
Avoid using these:
Go! Use these instead! Some acceptable terms are:
Transgendered Transgender or trans
He-she, she-male, it He, she, they (or ask)
Transvestite, transsexual, tranny* Transgender, or however that person describes themselves
*Although often considered derogatory, some transgender people use these terms in a positive way to describe themselves or others.
Grant J, Mottet LA, Tanis J, Harrison J, Herman JL, Keisling M. Injustice at every turn: a report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force; 2011. https://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/handle/88435/dsp014j03d232pexternal icon. Accessed August 31, 2016.
Human Rights Campaign. Addressing anti-transgender violence [Internet]. Washington, DC: Human Rights Campaign; 2015. http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/HRC-AntiTransgenderViolence-0519.pdfpdf iconexternal icon . Accessed August 31, 2016.
Reisner SL, Pardo ST, Gamarel KE, Hughto JM, Pardee DJ, Keo-Meier CL. Substance use to cope with stigma in healthcare among U.S. female-to-male trans masculine adults. LGBT Health. 2015;2(4):324-332. PubMed abstractexternal icon.
Xavier J, Honnold JA, Bradford J. The health, health-related needs, and lifecourse experiences of transgender Virginians. Richmond, VA: Virginia HIV Planning Committee and Virginia Department of Health; 2007. http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/diseaseprevention/documents/pdf/THISFINALREPORTVol1.pdfpdf iconexternal icon
Flores AR, Herman JL, Gates GJ, Brown TN. How many adults identify as transgender in the United States? Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute; 2016. http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf?_sm_au_=iVV5Zj8QFq5k5M06pdf iconexternal icon.
Meerwijk, EL, Sevelius, JM. Transgender population size in the United States: a meta-regression of population-based probability samples. AJPH Transgender Health. 2017;107(2):e1-e8. PubMed abstractexternal icon.
National Academy of Medicine. The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.
Pew Research Center. A survey of LGBT Americans. 2013. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/06/13/a-survey-of-lgbt-americansexternal icon. Accessed January 7, 2020.
James SE, Herman JL, Rankin S, Keisling M, Mottet L, Anafi M. The report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality. https://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS%20Full%20Report%20-%20FINAL%201.6.17.pdfpdf iconexternal icon.
Taylor M. I was arrested for just being who I am. American Civil Liberties Union Blog. November 10, 2015. https://www.aclu.org/blog/speak-freely/i-was-arrested-just-being-who-i-amexternal icon. Accessed August 31, 2016.
Healthy People 2020. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=25external icon.
Dejun S, Irwin J, Fisher C, et al. Mental health disparities within the LGBT population: a comparison between transgender and nontransgender individuals. Transgender Health. 2016;1(1).
Brown, GR, Jones, KT. Mental health and medical health disparities in 5135 transgender veterans receiving healthcare in the Veterans Health Administration: a case–control study. LGBT Health. 2016;3(2).
Herbst JH, Jacobs ED, Finlayson TJ, et al.; HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Team. Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of transgender persons in the United States: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2008; 12(1):1-17. PubMed abstractexternal icon.
Meyer, IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(5):674-697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674external icon.
A Note on Terminology
Transgender is used here as an umbrella term to describe people who have a gender identity that is different from their sex listed on their birth certificate. Gender identity is on a spectrum. It is important to keep in mind that although some transgender people prefer the binary classification of men or women, many reject it. Instead, they may have other identities, such as non-binary, gender expansive, genderqueer, or trans-feminine/trans-masculine. These terms emphasize a broader view of gender and may provide a more nuanced understanding of what it means to be a transgender person.
A note regarding HIV research published in academic journals: An important consideration in research with transgender people is the challenge to accurately classify transgender women for surveillance/research purposes. Not all jurisdictions collect data on gender identity that include transgender people, and some researchers may use older methods that can misclassify transgender women as men who have sex with men. This can also happen as some transgender people may not identify themselves as transgender in health care settings due to fear of discrimination or previous negative experiences. This mix of limitations can result in over- or under-estimating the number of transgender people. As such, it is important to consider methodologies when interpreting data and surveillance findings. As the field is developing newer and more precise ways to identify transgender identity for research and surveillance purposes, it is important to consider methodological approaches, particularly for studies that include both men who have sex with men and transgender women. The most accurate method uses a two-step process, including two questions: "What is your current gender?" AND "What sex were you listed as at birth?" The large majority of studies cited in this document use a two-step process, however one is a meta-analysis and likely includes studies with a one-step process to determine gender identity. For more information about using a two-step process, please refer to the section Collecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.
1 James SE, Herman JL, Rankin S, et al. The report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. hJames SE, Herman JL, Rankin S, et al. The report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality; 2016. http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDFexternal icon.
2 Clark H, Babu AS, Wiewel EW, Opoku J, Crepaz N. Diagnosed HIV infection in transgender adults and adolescents: results from the National HIV Surveillance System, 2009-2014. AIDS Behav. 2017;21:2774–2783. PubMed abstractexternal icon.
3 Becasen JS, Denard CL, Mullins MM, Higa DH, Sipe TA. Estimating the prevalence of HIV and sexual behaviors among the US transgender population: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2006–2017. Am J Public Health. 2018:e1-e8. PubMed abstract external icon.
Page last reviewed: April 1, 2020
Content source: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
homeHIV Nexus Clinician Resources
Screening for HIVplus icon
Benefits of Routine Screening
Opt-Out Screening
Discussing Sexual Health with Your Patients
Partner Notification Services
Screening in Clinical Settingsplus icon
Screening Women During Labor and Delivery
Preventing New HIV Infections plus icon
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)plus icon
Prescribe HIV Prevention Materials
Condom Use
Non-Sexual Transmission
Treatment, Care, and Prevention for People with HIVplus icon
HIV Treatment and Care
Prevention for Persons With HIV
Talking To Your Patientsplus icon
Safer Sexual Behavior
Retention in Care
ART Adherence
HIV and Coinfections
HIV Prevention and Care for the Transgender Populationplus icon
Patient-Centered Care for Transgender Patients
Collecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Information
Taking a Sexual History
HIV Prevention and Care Data
Free Online Training Program
Additional Resources for Health Care Providers
HIV Professional Associations and Other Resources
Guidelines and Recommendations
Free Continuing Education Opportunities
More HIV Topics
HIV Basics
HIV Partner Resources
HIV Resource Library
HIV at Work
About the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention
VIH en Español
Follow HIV
fb-round CDC HIV
twitter CDC HIV
insta Let's Stop HIV Together
download_01 Get Email Updates
alert_05 Send Feedback


Family Activities » Protect Your Baby or Toddler From Impending Tragedy!
Protect Your Baby or Toddler From Impending Tragedy!
If you are a parent who was actually present during infant and toddler years, you will remember those times when you were holding your breath while they toddled about from one thing to the next. No matter what you did your baby would try to get into everything even if you were hovering over them ever second. As you watched your toddler navigating your home furnishings, trying to sneak away toward the stairs, or reaching for something hot in the kitchen, you became very aware of the importance of babyproofing your home. Even if you went to great pains to create a thorough babyproofing checklist, you probably still felt like you wanted to encase your child with a protective force field 24 hours per day. While that technology is yet to be made public, there are countless babyproofing products available at your baby store these days. These the best babyproofing products for babyproofing drawers, corner guards for furniture, table corner bumpers, and innumerable other baby safety products will not only keep every active and curious toddler safe, but offer parents priceless peace of mind. If there is any standard baby advice for new parents, it would probably be to do everything possible when it comes to babyproofing your home. Since no to tots are alike when it comes to eating, sleeping, and neediness, every child needs to be kept safe and protective. This is because toddlers still need to learn about the fun things, as well as the dangers, that inhabit the world around them. Hence, children who are just beginning to crawl will want to explore every place they can go, and touch everything they can possible reach. Of course, it is up to parents to watch their young children every second, and make sure that nothing they do can cause harm to themselves, or anyone else for that matter. Since even parents with the most watchful eyes can't watch every single second of their toddlers' lives, babyproofing your home is essential. After all, it takes just a split second for a fast crawling toddler to find his or her way to a set of stairs, or shut his or her hand in a door hinge.


Business partners Steve Hughes (right) and Kevin Lynn (left) are remodeling this house on Norwalk, thanks to a federal grant.
The federal grant that the city received to help tear down, renovate or build houses is already paying dividends to one group of builders who had a different idea.
Business partners Steve Hughes, 44, and Kevin Lynn, 39, are builders who run their own company, Hughes & Lynn Building & Renovation. They were one of 40 contractors who put in bids, through the process of filling out the city's very detailed application form, to receive some of these funds to, in their case, renovate and expand an existing home in the Norwalk and Brombach area.
Their notion was to convert a 1913 farmhouse to a super-insulated and super energy-efficient home, employing a certain amount of recycled materials in the process while also enlarging the home from about 600 square feet to around 1,400 square feet. A few of the most obvious major improvements will involve a new front porch and a different roof line.
While the house won't be totally off the traditional energy grid, it will feature six solar panels. One bonus of having solar panels is that, if they generate more thermal energy than the home requires, the excess can be sold back to the power company.
Another, and more unusual, way that Hughes and Lynn will be using recycled materials is that they will use the wood from a cherry tree that can no longer stay in the home's backyard, which would otherwise have been disposed of, for some indoor flourishes and accents.
The pair also plan to re-bag all the home's newer cellulose insulation that was just blown into the attic a couple of years ago, and then reuse that, if not in this home again, then in the next one they work on.
Their contract with the city calls for them to begin the work proper on Nov. 1 (and wrap it by the end of next March), but in fact they are already working inside the home to clean it out. Since it has been sitting empty for a while, it fell prey to some of the usual urban issues, as both homeless humans and stray animals appear to have combined to make a mess of the property over the past few years.
Hughes, reached by phone on Wednesday, sounded tired — but also proud, and determined to make this home into something special.
Well, sometime in the spring, start looking for a realtor's sign on the lawn, and you might be the lucky one who'll end up with a house with a couple hundred thousand dollars worth of craftsmanship for a fraction of that price.
Or at least, you can get a look inside at what urban homes of the near future are starting to look like.
Because it looks like, for this home, the future is now.
Check out their website at hughesandlynn.com.
I have been interested in solar energy for my home for a number of years and also in remodeling as green as possible. My home was built in 1913 also and needs some much needed updates. If at all possible, I would like some information about this solar energy method and any information you may have on remodeling "green" for older homes.


text:
Tour of Nagayama Honke
Ube City's Nagayama Honke is a growing name in the sake world. Their label Taka is not only popular in Japan, but it's earning a name overseas as well. And I'm a fan myself, with the green label Choshu no Junmai taking a top spot in my favorites list.
The Nagayama Honke main building, a national cultural asset.
I got an appointment to talk to the current toji and Kuramoto Takahiro Nagayama about sake making, his philosophy, and what he envisions for the future of Taka.
Takahiro Nagayama and the kojimuro.
Nagayama took over from his father in 2002. At the time, the kura's main label was Otokoyama, which is one of the most common sake names in Japan. As he began to shape the kura to fit his own style, he decided to create a new label to differentiate their sake from others, and thus Taka was born.
His initial interest was in making more junmai sake, as well as creating sake with wider appeal. His father was initially against junmai, because in traditional sake making junmai is considered far too acid heavy. Of course, with modern sake brewing techniques this is no longer the case, and junmai is de rigeur for most premium makers.
Over time, Nagayama was influenced by French wine making and German beer brewing and started working ideas of strict quality control, ingredient sourcing, and so on into his sake. The result is Taka Domaine, a subsidiary of his kura that exists solely to grown and procure local rice for sake production. Through it, he buys farm land to grow Yamada Nishiki rice, and has built a rice processing facility so he can do all the necessary grain processing on-site.
The Taka Domaine Rice Processing Facility
Nagayama brings this focus on rice to all the levels of sake production. He tried to avoid over polishing, and instead works to preserve as much of the rice as he can to create sakes with a clear character of the ingredients. Thus, he uses the same water and (mostly) the same yeast for all his sakes, while changing only the rice and the polishing ratio.
The Nagayama Lineup
The talk we had covered so many topics it's hard to cover them all, but one thing that really stuck with me is the discussion of terroir. This is a big topic in sake these days, and one I'm skeptical about. Having talked to Takahiro himself, though, I find myself fascinated by his philosophy–and that is what it is to him.
I took the term, terroir, to mean a local character to the sake: a flavor of a region, like is often found in European production. As such, I doubted its real existence. However, to Nagayama, terroir is an environment. He values locality. Local production, local ingredients, local community. It's the origin, rather than the product, that defines terroir, and whatever character comes through is secondary to that.
I find myself intrigued by this idea, enough so that I'm trying to write an article all about it. Maybe I can share it with you here soon!
Sakagura Tour
男山, 純米, 貴, junmai, Nagayama Honke, Otokoyama, Taka, Yamaguchi, 山口県, 永山本家
Tasting – Harada Tobingakoi Junmai Festival Edition
Tasting – Ageo Limited Edition
One thought on "Tour of Nagayama Honke"
Pingback: The Closing of the Year – Jim and Jizake