Ronald Franks, age 86, of Albuquerque made his way home to the Lord on Friday, April 5, 2019. He is survived by his wife, Scarlett; his two step-daughters, Terri Susuras of Moreno Valley, CA and Peggy Fletcher of Lancaster, CA, and his brother, James Franks of Pittsburgh, PA. He also leaves behind many step-grandchildren, nieces and nephews. A Celebration of Ron's Life will be held at a later date.


Most individuals are not aware of the importance of purchasing a travel insurance cover while travelling. Research has related reluctance of travellers to take insurance covers with the occurrences in the world. You should understand that the travellers are usually prone to many uncertainties when they travel and therefore laying the basis for taking insurance covers. The traveller in most cases cannot predict whether there will be an accident or not. The travel insurance is just taken to help cover you against the risks you will encounter as you travel and not in any way prevent the calamities from taking place. Sometimes it's not easy to look for the fabulous travel insurance cover for you. You should not worry since this article gives the major tips which are important when looking for travel insurance covers.
You should determine your needs before going to look for any travel insurance policy. Nowadays, most information about the travel insurance covers can easily obtained from the internet. You should be aware that the different types of travel insurance policies are meant to serve different purposes. You should, therefore, consult the insurance firm about the details of the various travel insurance policies and their benefits. The insurance agents will be honest enough to give you these details.
Its recommended that you analyse the whole insurance policy to get in-depth knowledge about what cover you are going to take. You should, therefore, go through the entire package to assess the best one for your needs. You should therefore not to estate asking the insurance agents about the points which are not so much clear to you. You should consider understanding clearly about the important perils which should be included in the travel insurance policy. Majority of travellers will take personal accident covers since most travellers are more susceptible to accidents. Its advisable to inspect the entire policy before buying it.
You should also compare their prices. Nowadays, you can get all these information from the website. Nowadays, there are usually quite a number of insurance firms in the market and you should research about the price of their policies before obtaining one. You should therefore take a travel insurance cover within your budget range.
You should determine the amount of time you will take while travelling before taking the insurance cover. The period you will be travelling will dictate the kind of travel cover you will take and the cost of the premiums. When you are travelling for a short period it will be more convenient to take a cover which is suitable for short spans.


Car hire companies in the UK, Short Term Car Insurance Multiple Drivers in JHB like every other car owner in the United Kingdom are required by law to have insurance for the vehicle covering third party risk. This mean that the vehicle has to have insurance cover for the eventuality that the vehicle is involved in an incident in which third party property is damaged or a person is injured.
This means that in the event that the car is damage, the renter would be responsible for the first GBP 600.00 of damage to the car, Short Term Car Insurance Budget if the excess has been set as GBP 600.00. By doing this they reduce their insurance costs and also give the renter an incentive to try and avoid the vehicle being damaged.
Short Term Car Insurance Multiple Drivers in JHB ?


text:
Bela Lugosi (* 20. Oktober 1882 in Lugos, Königreich Ungarn, Österreich-Ungarn; † 16. August 1956 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien, USA; eigentlich Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó) war ein ungarischer Schauspieler, der vor allem durch Rollen in Horrorfilmen bekannt wurde. In seiner Anfangszeit als Schauspieler verwendete er auch das Pseudonym "Arisztid Olt". Sein späterer Künstlername "Lugosi" ist vom Namen seines Geburtsorts abgeleitet.

Weltweite Bekanntheit erlangte Lugosi durch seine Darstellung des Grafen Dracula in der gleichnamigen Romanverfilmung von 1931 von Tod Browning. Er wirkte in der Folge in Filmen von sehr unterschiedlicher Qualität mit, darunter auch in zahlreichen B-Filmen. In seinen letzten Lebensjahren war Lugosi oft arbeitslos, was ihn veranlasste, auch in Trash-Filmen von Edward D. Wood Jr aufzutreten. Nicht zuletzt deshalb genießt Lugosi heute bei Fans dieser Filmgattung Kultstatus.

Leben

Kindheit und Jugend

Bela Lugosi wurde am 20. Oktober 1882 in Lugos, Bánát, damals zu Österreich-Ungarn, heute zu Rumänien gehörend, geboren. Er war das jüngste von vier Kindern einer ungarischen Familie. Sein Vater war Geschäftsmann. Lugosi riss von zu Hause aus, als seine Eltern 1893 beschlossen hatten, ihn gegen seinen Willen aufs Gymnasium zu schicken. Stattdessen verwirklichte er seinen Traum einer Schauspielerkarriere und spielte jahrelang an verschiedenen Bühnen in ganz Ungarn. Aufgrund seines charmanten Aussehens wurde er oft in der Rolle des jugendlichen Liebhabers eingesetzt.

Zeit in Ungarn
Lugosi begann seine Karriere im damaligen Ungarn als Shakespeare-Darsteller und spielte – noch unter dem Pseudonym Arisztid Olt – in zahlreichen Stummfilmproduktionen mit. So war er als Olt in einer 1918 entstandenen Verfilmung des Oscar-Wilde-Romans Das Bildnis des Dorian Gray zu sehen. Während des Ersten Weltkriegs diente er nach eigener Auskunft als Leutnant der Infanterie in der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee. Da er als Schauspieler vom Kriegsdienst befreit war, meldete er sich freiwillig für den Fronteinsatz bei einer Skipatrouille. Wegen zahlreicher Verwundungen und seiner Tapferkeit wurde Lugosi mit mehreren Orden geehrt. Nach Kriegsende schloss sich Lugosi der Kommunistischen Partei Ungarns an.

Als einem der bekanntesten Schauspieler Budapests war es ihm möglich, eine Schauspielergewerkschaft zu gründen. Als Gründer dieser Gewerkschaft führte er mehrfach Protestmärsche gegen die Republik unter Graf Mihály Károlyi an. Weil es für Lugosi und seine Frau Ilona Szmik wegen seiner politischen Aktivitäten in Ungarn zusehends gefährlicher wurde, mussten sie das Land verlassen. Nach der Niederlage der von Béla Kun geführten Räterepublik gegen die rumänischen Truppen wurde auf aktive Mitglieder der Kommunistischen Partei und ihrer Unterorganisationen eine regelrechte Treibjagd veranstaltet. Lugosi stand offenbar auf der "Schwarzen Liste", weil er als Vertreter der Schauspielergewerkschaft öffentlich hervorgetreten war. Später, in den USA, hat Lugosi diese Episode seiner Biografie stets verschwiegen, weil er wegen seiner Nähe zum Kommunismus ein Berufsverbot oder sogar die Ausweisung fürchtete. Zunächst flohen die beiden nach Wien, ehe sie 1919 nach Berlin emigrierten.

Zeit in Deutschland
In Deutschland hielt sich Bela Lugosi von 1919 bis 1921 auf. In seiner Wahlheimat Berlin wirkte er an verschiedenen Stummfilmproduktionen mit. Der erste davon war Sklaven fremden Willens von Richard Eichberg. Hier verwendete er auch erstmals den Künstlernamen "Lugosi", abgeleitet vom Namen seines Geburtsortes. Lugosi spielte darin eine der Hauptrollen, einen bösen Hypnotiseur – eine Figur, die schon auf seinen späteren bevorzugten Rollentypus vorausweist. Noch war er aber nicht auf ein bestimmtes Genre festgelegt. So übernahm er 1920 wichtige Rollen in Karl-May-Filmen wie Die Todeskarawane von Josef Stein (als arabischer Scheich) und Die Teufelsanbeter von Muhsin Ertuğrul (als Oberhaupt der Jesiden). In der zweiteiligen Lederstrumpf-Verfilmung (ebenfalls 1920, Regie: Arthur Wellin) spielte er wieder eine Hauptrolle, den "letzten Mohikaner" Chingachgook.

In dem als verschollen geltenden Film Der Januskopf von Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau (1920), einer Adaption der Geschichte von Dr. Jekyll und Mr. Hyde, verkörperte er den Diener der Hauptfigur und stieg somit ins Horrorgenre ein. Regisseur Murnau sollte ein Jahr später mit Nosferatu – Eine Symphonie des Grauens die erste Draculaverfilmung drehen – eine Gestalt, die Lugosi knapp zehn Jahre später zu großer Popularität verhelfen sollte.

Schauspielerkarriere in den Vereinigten Staaten
1921 emigrierte Lugosi in die Vereinigten Staaten. Er erhoffte sich davon einen weiteren Karriereschub. Bevor er jedoch den italienischen Frachter bestieg, auf dem er als Hilfsheizer nach Amerika reisen wollte, ließ er sich von seiner Frau scheiden. In New York City begann er Kontakte zu anderen ungarischen Exilschauspielern zu knüpfen.

Neben etlichen kleineren Nebenrollen in Filmen spielte er hier auch wieder Theater. Obwohl er schlecht Englisch sprach und seine Texte phonetisch memorieren musste, bekam er gute Kritiken. In dieser Zeit lernte er auch seine zweite Ehefrau Ilona von Montagh kennen.

Ab 1927 spielte er sehr erfolgreich den Titelpart in Hamilton Deanes Broadwaystück Dracula, das nach Motiven des gleichnamigen Romans des irischen Schriftstellers Bram Stoker entstanden war. In dieser Rolle war Lugosi in 265 Aufführungen zu sehen. Lugosi faszinierte das Publikum mit dem erotischen Hauch, mit dem er die Rolle ergänzte, und für die Schauspielerin Carol Borland war es "purer Sex auf der Bühne". Während dieser Zeit auf der Welle des Erfolgs trennte er sich von Ilona von Montagh und liierte sich mit seiner künftigen dritten Ehefrau Beatrice Weeks. 1930 plante der Regisseur Tod Browning den Romanstoff für einen Film zu adaptieren. Um auch die Zustimmung von Bram Stokers Witwe Florence zu erhalten, vermittelte Lugosi zwischen den beiden Parteien. Murnaus Nosferatu hatte sie abgelehnt, worauf dieser einfach die Namen der Figuren änderte. Browning hingegen erhielt die Rechte. Er plante, den "Mann mit den tausend Gesichtern" Lon Chaney sen. für die Titelrolle zu engagieren, allerdings erlag der bekannte Horrorfilmmime kurz vor Beginn der Dreharbeiten seinem Kehlkopfkrebsleiden. Browning, der sich zunächst geweigert hatte, Lugosi die Rolle des Grafen Dracula zu überlassen, bot sie ihm letztlich doch an. Trotz eines dürftigen Honorars von 500 Dollar die Woche und keinerlei Gewinnbeteiligung nahm Lugosi an.

Der Film Dracula machte Bela Lugosi 1931 zum gefeierten Starschauspieler und etablierte ihn in dieser Rolle. In der Folge lehnte er das Engagement als Frankensteins Monster in James Whales Film ab. Er wollte nicht sein Gesicht hinter einer Maske verstecken, war doch, seiner Meinung nach, das Mienenspiel die Essenz eines jeden Schauspielers. Schließlich übernahm Boris Karloff den Part, was dazu führte, dass er nach dem Erfolg des Films neben Lugosi der zweite große Horrorfilmdarsteller Hollywoods war.

Lugosi drehte in den folgenden Jahren zahlreiche bekannte Filme des Horrorgenres, in denen er zumeist als Bösewicht oder Monster zu sehen war. Im Film Mord in der Rue Morgue von 1932, der auf der Erzählung Edgar Allan Poes basiert, spielte er die Figur des Dr. Mirakle, die für die Verfilmung neu geschaffen wurde. In White Zombie übernahm er die Rolle des Legendre, Besitzer einer Mühle, der auf Wunsch eines Nachbarn die Frau eines Freundes in einen Zombie verwandelt. White Zombie war der erste Film, in dem Zombies im Sinne von Untoten agierten. In dem Film Der Rabe, dem ebenfalls ein Werk Edgar Allan Poes zugrunde lag, spielte Lugosi an der Seite seines Konkurrenten Boris Karloff. Lugosi spielte den verbrecherischen Dr. Richard Vollin, der dem Ganoven Edmond Bateman, der von Karloff gemimt wurde, das Gesicht operativ entstellt. In dem 1935 unter der Regie Tod Brownings entstandenen Das Zeichen des Vampirs war Lugosi wieder in der Rolle des Vampirs, als Graf Mora, zu sehen. 1939 spielten Karloff und Lugosi wieder Seite an Seite in Frankensteins Sohn. Lugosi mimte hierin den buckligen Gehilfen Ygor, der für Frankensteins Sohn Wolf Frankenstein arbeitet. In Return of the Vampire von 1944 spielte Lugosi wieder die für ihn typische Rolle des Vampirs. 1939 tauchte Lugosi im Film Ninotschka auf, in dem er – in Anlehnung an die Person Stalins – den russischen Geheimdienstkommissar Razinin an der Seite von Greta Garbo gab.

Schauspielerischer Abstieg
Das Horrorgenre, das in den 1930er Jahren noch sehr populär gewesen war, nahm an Beliebtheit ab, sodass auch Lugosis Karriere ins Stocken geriet und er nur noch selten ansprechende Rollen erhielt. Seine mittlerweile vierte Ehefrau, Lillian Arch, wurde in dieser Zeit schwanger. Um den Lebensunterhalt der kleinen Familie zu sichern, musste er sein Anwesen in Hollywood verkaufen und ein bescheideneres Heim in San Fernando Valley beziehen. Dennoch behielt er seinen verschwenderischen Lebensstil bei. Er hielt sich und seine Familie mit zahlreichen B-Movies über Wasser, konnte jedoch nicht an die Erfolge früherer Zeiten anknüpfen. Einen letzten großen Erfolg landete er als Dracula neben dem Komiker-Duo Bud Abbott und Lou Costello in Charles T. Bartons Horrorkomödie Abbott und Costello treffen Frankenstein.

Lugosi blieb mehrfach ohne Engagement und entwickelte eine Alkoholabhängigkeit. Um gegen die Leiden seiner Kriegsverletzungen anzukämpfen, nahm er immer größere Dosen Morphin und wurde auch danach süchtig. Er begann eine Entziehungskur, die er erfolgreich beenden konnte. Als Lillian Arch ihn mit seinem Sohn verließ, urteilte Lugosi über seinen folgenden Rückfall: "Dann hat sie mich verlassen. Mit unserem Sohn. Er war mein Fleisch und Blut. Deshalb fing ich wieder mit den Drogen an. Sie hat mir das Herz gebrochen." Seine Frau bekam das Sorgerecht für den 15-jährigen Bela Lugosi jr. zugesprochen. An ihrem Geburtstag 1955 begab sich Lugosi freiwillig in eine Klinik, um gegen seine Sucht anzukämpfen. Dies sorgte für Schlagzeilen in der Presse, womit Lugosi nach jahrelanger Abwesenheit wieder ins Gespräch kam und zu hoffen begann, wieder ins Filmgeschäft einsteigen zu können. Nach 15 Wochen wurde er aus der Klinik entlassen. Am 25. August 1955 heiratete er die Filmeditorin Hope Lininger.

Mitte der 1950er Jahre bot ihm der junge Regisseur Ed Wood Rollen in einigen seiner B-Movies an, die Lugosi annahm. Wood, ein großer Fan der Dracula-Filme und großer Verehrer Lugosis, erfüllte sich mit dem Auftreten Lugosis in seinen Filmen einen Wunsch und erhoffte sich mit dem bekannten Namen Lugosis mehr Aufmerksamkeit für sein Schaffen.

In seinem letzten Lebensjahr war Lugosi kaum noch fähig zu arbeiten. In dem 1956 entstandenen Film Die Schreckenskammer des Dr. Thosti wurde seine Rolle in die eines Stummen umgeändert, da er seinen Text nicht mehr behalten konnte. Im Sommer spielte er das letzte Mal in dem Anti-Drogen-Drama Devil's Paradise Theater.

Ed Wood schnitt 1959, also drei Jahre nach Lugosis Tod, in seinem Film  Plan 9 aus dem Weltall, einige Szenen ein, die er spontan mit Lugosi gedreht hatte. Als Wood sich entschloss, einen Film "mit Lugosi" zu machen, wurde dieser durch den Chiropraktiker Tom Mason ersetzt, der ihn doubeln sollte. Da dieser keine Ähnlichkeit mit Lugosi hatte, musste er sein Gesicht die ganze Zeit mit einem Umhang verdecken. Der Film wurde 1979 mit dem fiktiven Golden Turkey Award als schlechtester Film aller Zeiten "ausgezeichnet" und hat dadurch Kultstatus erreicht.

Tod

Am 16. August 1956 wurde Lugosi im Alter von 73 Jahren von Lininger tot im Bett gefunden; die Todesursache war ein Herzinfarkt. Lugosi soll an seinem Lebensende von dem Gedanken besessen gewesen sein, er sei tatsächlich Dracula persönlich. Lugosi wurde (entgegen populären Gerüchten) nicht auf eigenen Wunsch, aber nach Anfrage seines Sohnes und seiner vierten Ehefrau in einem Dracula-Kostüm aufgebahrt und auch in einem solchen auf dem Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, Kalifornien, begraben. Frank Sinatra übernahm die Kosten seiner Beerdigung.

Nachwirkung

Bela Lugosi besitzt heutzutage Kultstatus. Dies liegt zum einen an seiner Darstellung des Dracula, zum anderen an seinen letzten Filmen unter Ed Wood, die sich wegen ihrer ungewollten Komik großer Beliebtheit erfreuen.

Lugosi hat die heutige Vorstellung eines Vampirs als eines gut gekleideten Herren mit Umhang entscheidend mitgeprägt. Dennoch zeigte er in seinen Vampirfilmen nie seine Zähne. Im Gegensatz zum heute gängigen, wenngleich volkskundlich falschen Vampir-Image, trug er noch nicht die angeblich typischen Eckzähne zur Schau. Diese wurden erstmals 1953 für die türkische Dracula-Verfilmung Drakula Istanbul'da (Dracula in Istanbul) (mit Atif Kaptan in der Titelrolle)  kreiert, auf dem amerikanischen Kontinent zum ersten Mal 1956 in dem mexikanischen Horrorstreifen  mit German Robles in der Rolle des Grafen Lavud gezeigt, sowie ab 1958 in den Hammer-Filmen von Christopher Lee kamerawirksam in Szene gesetzt.

Zudem hielt Bela Lugosi Einzug in die Popkultur. So war er Thema eines Songs der Gothic-Punk-Band Bauhaus mit dem Titel  von 1979. Dieses Lied wurde auch unter anderem von der Dark-Metal-Band Opera IX, von Nouvelle Vague und vom schottischen Synthpop-Trio Chvrches (für den Soundtrack des Films Vampire Academy) gecovert. Von der US-amerikanischen Horrorpunk-Band Shadow Reichenstein gibt es eine Nummer namens Bela Was a Junkie, die Lugosis Drogensucht thematisiert. Das Sprachsample am Anfang stammt aus dem Film Ed Wood. Im Genre des Horrorpunk, in dem Horror-B-Filme thematisch eine große Rolle spielen, wird Lugosi regelmäßig erwähnt und zitiert. So benannte sich etwa die US-amerikanische Band Lugosi's Morphine nach dem Schauspieler.
Die US-amerikanische Heavy-Metal-Band Vyndykator veröffentlichte gar ein Konzeptalbum über Lugosis Leben mit dem Titel . Darüber hinaus war Lugosis Name Inspirationsquelle für den Künstlernamen des Schlagzeugers der Berliner Band Die Ärzte, Bela B.

In der Rollenspielwelt World of Darkness gibt es laut einem der Quellenbücher einen Vampir in Los Angeles, der sich für Dracula, den Urvater aller Vampire hält und Bela genannt wird. Außerdem diente er Jim Henson als Inspiration für die Muppets-Figur Graf Zahl in der Sesamstraße.

Lugosi wurde auch schon filmisch dargestellt. Martin Landau (bekannt aus den Fernsehserien Kobra, übernehmen Sie und Mondbasis Alpha 1) spielte in Tim Burtons Ed Wood den drogenkranken Lugosi und erhielt dafür 1995 den Oscar als bester männlicher Nebendarsteller.

Ehefrauen
 Ilona Szmik (25. Juni 1917 bis 1920) (geschieden)
 Ilona von Montagh (September 1921 bis Februar 1924) (geschieden)
 Beatrice Weeks (29. September 1929 bis 2. Oktober 1929) (nach drei Tagen geschieden) Als Grund wurde Clara Bow angegeben – die "andere Frau"
 Lillian Arch (31. Januar 1933 bis 17. Juli 1953) (geschieden), aus dieser Ehe ging der gemeinsame Sohn Bela Lugosi Jr. hervor, der 1938 geboren wurde
 Hope Lininger (25. August 1955 bis 16. August 1956) (sein Tod)

Trivia
 Bela Lugosis Sohn Bela Lugosi Jr. ist Anwalt in Hollywood, der sich auf die Vertretung von Schauspielern zur Wahrnehmung ihrer Marketingrechte spezialisiert hat.
 Bela Lugosi spielte den Vampir Graf Dracula, seine berühmteste Rolle, in insgesamt zwei Filmen:
 Dracula (1931)
 Abbott und Costello treffen Frankenstein (1948)

Filmografie

Literatur (Auswahl)
 Harun Maye: Bela Lugosi – Ein Liebhaber, ein Dilettant. In: Hungarian Studies. Bd. 14, Nr. 2, Januar 2001, , S. 286–295, doi:10.1556/HStud.14.2000.2.12.
 Edgardo Franzosini: Bela Lugosi. Biografia di una metamorfosi (= Piccola Biblioteca Adelphi. Bd. 408). Adelphi, Milano 1998, ISBN 88-459-1370-8.
 Rainer Dick: Bela Lugosi. Teuflischer Sex-Appeal. In: Rainer Dick: Die Stars des Horrorfilms. Tilsner, München 1996, ISBN 3-910079-63-6, S. 108–117.
 William K. Everson: Klassiker des Horrorfilms (= Goldmann-Magnum 10205). 2. Auflage. Goldmann, München 1982, ISBN 3-442-10205-7 (Originaltitel: Classics of the Horror Film).
 Richard Bojarski: The Films of Bela Lugosi. 2nd paperbound printing. Citadel Press, Secaucus NJ 1980, ISBN 0-8065-0808-6.
 Robert Cremer: Lugosi. The Man behind the Cape. H. Regnery Co., Chicago IL 1976, ISBN 0-8092-8137-6.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website (englisch)
 In memoriam Bela Lugosi

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Stummfilmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Ungarischer Emigrant in den Vereinigten Staaten
Person (Transleithanien)
Ungar
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1882
Gestorben 1956
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I've posted several times on the new resource from the publishers Christian History, a compact little survey and resource guide on the history of Christian thought about hell. The project was ably managed by Jennifer Trafton and written by Jennifer, myself, and that redoubtable pair Edwin and Jennifer Woodruff Tait. Jennifer Trafton wrote a splendid annotated bibliography containing brief summaries of over 50 books contributing to the modern debates on hell. For the main, "timeline" section of the publication, the four of us divvied things up chronologically.
The medieval period saw a shift in emphasis from the early church's focus on the biblical "Last Things"—the Second Coming of Christ, general resurrection, and final judgment—to a new concentration on the afterlives of individuals. Until the 400s and even beyond, Jesus' return was still expected imminently; thus those who died in the intervening generations could be thought of as simply sleeping or awaiting the resurrection. There was not much written during this early period about the immediate fate of those who died before Jesus returned.
As the Second Coming came to seem more remote, however, Christians increasingly focused on the doctrine of the immediate judgment of each soul at death. The Book of Revelation in particular began to guide Christian imagination on people's fate after death. This emphasis on the afterlife resulted in a lavishly visual and grotesque new genre of literature: the vision of the otherworldly journey, of which Dante's Divine Comedy represented the pinnacle. In these journeys, more words were usually lavished on the descriptions of hell than on purgatory or heaven—and the imagery included eternally burning fire, snakes, boiling kettles, fields of eternal ice, rivers of swirling sulfur, and demon-administered tortures.
Often these visionary journeys purported to show readers hell from the vantage point of a person who had died (briefly), visited the realms of the dead, and returned to tell the tale. The goal of such stories was almost always to exhort the reader or hearer to live morally on earth, avoiding the sins that condemn the damned forever.
In the development of Christian doctrine about hell, the early scholastic theologian Anselm of Canterbury is best known for arguing for the eternal timespan of punishment in hell by an analogy from feudal law. In feudalism, the severity of the punishment for an offense was determined not so much by the nature of the offense as by the relative worthiness of the one offended against. Stealing from a king resulted in a steeper punishment than stealing from a serf, for example. On this basis, Anselm concluded that a crime against God's infinite honor deserves an infinite punishment. However, since humans are finite, we can pay the penalty for our sins only by suffering for an infinite time.
The Cathars, a Christian sect that sprung up in France and other parts of Europe, were dualists. They believed that earthly existence, including the human body, is evil, created not by the Christian God but by an evil god. The God whom they worshipped was a being of pure spirit who would never have stooped so low as to take on evil flesh. Thus they denied that Jesus could become incarnate and still be the son of God. They denied, too, the Christian understanding of the crucifixion and the cross as saving things. The Catholic Church saw the Cathars as dangerous heretics and persecuted them ruthlessly, even launching a crusade against them (the "Albigensian crusade").
Not surprisingly, the Cathars also rejected the traditional Christian doctrine of hell. For the Cathars, this world was the only hell (and it was hell enough, given the persecution they suffered). There was nothing to fear after death, except maybe a sort of reincarnation that some of their sect taught. Their objective was to escape from the cycle of reincarnation, to earn the right to go to heaven and avoid another term of imprisonment here in hell on earth.
Thomas also addressed the charge, which is also heard from some modern critics, that God has somehow been limited in his omnipotence if any must go to hell (thus thwarting his divine plan in creating humanity to share divine blessedness with him). He acknowledged that God's goodness demands that all be saved (1 Tim. 2:4). But he also argued that the manifestation of God's justice (or his hatred of sin) requires that at least some people should sin so that they may be justly punished. Thus God's will to save all is modified by the demands of his justice and produces a compromise: He will save the elect, thus manifesting his mercy, and damn the reprobate, thus manifesting his justice.
Aquinas also contributed the notion of a "limbo" where unbaptized infants would avoid the worst penalties of hell. Limbo was still a part of hell, because infants were still stained by original sin, but they were allowed to suffer only the absence of God and not the physical torment vividly pictured in so many medieval writings and artworks.
No medieval treatment of hell springs to mind more readily today than Dante's Inferno—the first of the three books of his Divine Comedy. According to the poem, one day in 1300 Dante found himself wandering in a gloomy forest. After encountering three ravenous beasts, he was met by the Latin poet Virgil, who promised to conduct him through hell and purgatory. On the evening of Good Friday, April 8, they entered the gate of hell (over which are the famous words: "Abandon hope, all ye who enter here"), and they began to travel through its successive circles. In Dante's imaginative vision, hell is an inverted cone with its apex at the center of the earth. The upper circle is that of the Elysian Fields where the noble pagans dwell. At each deeper level the travelers see punishments for more and more heinous sins, until they reach a frozen lake in which Lucifer himself punishes the most awful sinners of all: the traitors.
The Inferno is intentionally repellent in its depiction of the Christian hell. Even the sympathetic Christian reader Geoffrey Nuttall said, "If the Inferno were the whole poem, one could hardly avoid the conclusion that Dante had a diseased mind, obsessed with sadistic and other sexual perversions." But the denizens of Dante's hell on some level want to be where they are. Their loves have become so disordered that they have arrived in hell of their own will.
Dante agreed with Aristotle's ancient opinion that the soul "forms" the body: people's facial expressions, gestures, and body language bear witness to what is in their hearts. So, habitual sin changes the way we look (as our parents always told us: "Don't make that face or it will stick that way"). Thus Dante had the sinners in his Inferno reenact forever in their bodies the very sins they had habitually practiced on earth. Those familiar with the Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis (a lover of Dante) will remember Eustace turning into a dragon in Narnia because he had had greedy, dragonish thoughts. This was exactly Dante's point.
Of course, as in Anselm's "Meditation to Arouse Fear" and the medieval literary tradition of journeys into hell, Dante showed his readers hell so they would turn to the God of loving kindness who does not desire that any should perish.
Excerpted from The History of Hell: A brief survey and resource guide, from the publishers of Christian History magazine.
This entry was posted in Medieval Wisdom for Modern Protestants and tagged Anselm of Canterbury, Cathars, Christian thought, Dante Alighieri, hell, History of Christianity, Middle Ages, Theology, Thomas Aquinas. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
world wrestling entertainment inc
Brock Lesnar stunningly wins Money in the Bank briefcase, upsetting WWE fans
Fans were upset and confused by the ending to WWE's Money in the Bank.
A storybook Wrestlemania is in the books as three favorites get their titles
On Sunday night, three stories got their happy endings as the biggest title matches ended with the beloved faces claiming their titles.
WWE announces women's title match will be WrestleMania's main event
The main event of WrestleMania 35 will be Ronda Rousey defending the RAW Women's Championship against Becky Lynch and Charlotte Flair.
WWE Elimination Chamber 2019: Kofi Kingston made us believe
Kofi Kingston, an 11-year veteran of WWE, went one-on-one with reigning champion Daniel Bryan at Elimination Chamber on Sunday night.
One team, one coach, one season in Baltimore: Trying to change kids' lives through wrestling
A nonprofit, called Beat The Streets Baltimore, aims to save Baltimore kids by resurrecting the sport of wrestling. The young league partners with Banneker Blake and about a dozen other city schools to give kids a place to play a sport, get academic help and develop character.
Dean Ambrose will leave WWE after contract expires in April
Dean Ambrose, whose on-screen use had been questionable since his heel turn in October, is leaving the WWE when his contract expires in April.
Seth Rollins, Becky Lynch heading to WrestleMania after winning Royal Rumble
After an extremely long show, two of the most popular superstars in WWE today punched their tickets to a title match at Wrestlemania, as Seth Rollins and Becky Lynch won their respective Royal Rumble matches.
All Elite Wrestling announces signings and next show at rally in Jacksonville
Double or Nothing is officially going to be the first All In show, and it will be held in Las Vegas on May 25.
WWE Hall of Famer 'Mean' Gene Okerlund dies at 76
"Mean" Gene Okerlund, a WWE Hall of Famer and famed interviewer, died Wednesday at the age of 76, the WWE announced.
Globetrotters, Chinese food and the Great Houdini — the best of the Baltimore area's A&E scene this week
The top A&E events in the Baltimore area for the week of Dec. 23-29, 2018.
The women steal the show at TLC
Becky Lynch, Charlotte and Asuka sent the TLC crowd home happy after a wild main event that featured a brutal match, a title change and a major storyline as the Road to Wrestlemania begins.
Daniel Bryan shockingly turns heel, wins WWE title on SmackDown Live
Daniel Bryan ended AJ Styles' long reign as champion by low-blowing him and cheating to win the WWE title on SmackDown Live, with the fans raining down boos.
Former WCW president Eric Bischoff to record '83 Weeks' podcast Saturday at Jimmy's Famous Seafood
Eric Bischoff, who is coming to Jimmy's Famous Seafood on Saturday night with cohost Conrad Thompson to record a live show of his podcast "83 Weeks," wasn't sure he even wanted to do a podcast when the idea was first presented to him.
Q&A with Becky Lynch heading into WWE's SmackDown 1000
Since arriving to WWE from NXT in 2015, Becky Lynch has constantly been a major superstar in the women's division. She competed in the women's title match at WrestleMania 32. She was the first woman drafted to SmackDown, and the first-ever SmackDown women's champion.
Orioles notes: Ramírez, Hess to start first two games against Yankees
Orioles rookie right-handers Yefry Ramírez and David Hess will start the first two games, respectively, of this weekend's series at Yankee Stadium.
WWE announces 'Crown Jewel,' another event in Saudi Arabia
WWE announced that it will be returning to Saudi Arabia in 2018, as "Crown Jewel" will take place in Riyadh in November.
Chaos reigns at WWE Hell in a Cell
Did any of "Hell in a Cell" really make sense? No. Fans were entertained, but this is no formula for long-term success.
WWE SummerSlam recap: Roman Reigns finally topples Brock Lesnar
It took four times, but finally Roman Reigns dethroned Brock Lesnar and is the new WWE Universal Champion.
Goldberg: We're all living in Trump's kayfabe world
Jonah Goldberg: Mr. Trump is a bit like one of the shackled mortals in Plato's cave: He thinks the shadows on the wall, or his TV, are the real thing.
Sports Digest (July 29): Jockey Toledo has three-win day at Laurel Park
Jockey Jevian Toledo completed a three-win day at Laurel Park on Sunday.
Nikolai Volkoff, WWE Hall of Famer with Maryland ties, dies at 70
Nikolai Volkoff, a WWE Hall of Famer and Maryland resident, died at the age of 70 on Sunday morning, the WWE announced.
WWE announces first all-women pay-per-view event, 'Evolution'
WWE kicked off Raw on Monday night by having Vince McMahon, Stephanie McMahon and Triple H announce the first pay-per-view event that will feature exclusively women's wrestling.
2018 WWE Extreme Rules recap: Clock fiasco again puts focus on the fans
At Sunday night's Extreme Rules, it seemed as if the story of the night would be that the WWE put the Intercontinental title in the main event. Instead, it was yet another pay-per-view in which the discussion was about the fans.
Ring of Honor, New Japan Pro-Wrestling set for Madison Square Garden show in 2019
Ring of Honor announced they were partnering with New Japan Pro Wrestling to put on a show at Madison Square Garden on April 6, 2019.
Former WCW champion, WWF superstar Vader dies at 63
On Wednesday morning, it was announced on Twitter that Leon White, better known as Vader or Big Van Vader, died at age 63.
WWE announces the release of Big Cass
It was a simple one sentence statement on its website: "WWE has come to terms on the release of William Morrissey (Big Cass)."
Braun Strowman becomes 'Monster in the Bank'
Braun Strowman is the first face to actually hold the Money in the Bank briefcase for more than a day since John Cena in 2012.
Lackluster Backlash leaves pro wrestling fans frustrated
Backlash started with a superb opener that featured Seth Rollins successfully defending his Intercontinental title against The Miz Did the show have anything else worth watching?
Carter: Politics, like pro wrestling, all about telling a story
As a long-time fan of the genre (some readers may recall I once wrote a blog about professional wrestling for the Carroll County Times) it's hard not to find some similarities between politics and professional wrestling. Most of it comes down to putting on a good show and getting fans, or voters,
Major League Wrestling about to make its debut on the airwaves
MLW is the resurrection of a promotion that ran from 2002-2004. While MLW has existed since then in the form of a website, and most notably a podcast network, the rebirth marks a new player in the growing world of wrestling offered on television.
Pro wrestling legend Bruno Sammartino dies at 82
Bruno Sammartino, one of professional wrestling's longest-reigning champions, has died. Sammartino was 82.
Ronda Rousey steals the show at Wrestlemania 34 in New Orleans
A mixed tag match featuring Ronda Rousey and Kurt Angle going up against Triple H and Stephanie McMahon was the highlight of the night at Wrestlemania 34 in New Orleans.
Daniel Bryan cleared for WWE in-ring return after recovering from head and brain injuries
With WrestleMania in less than three weeks, Daniel Bryan's return is the cherry on top of an already strongly built card.
AJ Styles keeps dream match intact at WWE Fastlane
AJ Styles takes care of Kevin Owens with a phenomenal forearm to secure a showdown with Shinsuke Nakamura at WrestleMania.
Ronda Rousey's official WrestleMania debut revealed on Raw
Former UFC star Ronda Rousey will be teaming with Kurt Angle against Stephanie McMahon and Triple H in New Orleans at WrestleMania 34.
Severn boy, family going to WrestleMania courtesy of Make-A-Wish and WWE's Roman Reigns
On Saturday, 5-year-old Trip Walker of Severn, Md., was one of 600 kids on the Make-A-Wish Mid-Atlantic waiting list. But after a visit from WWE Superstar Roman Reigns, Trip — who has sickle cell disease — had his wish granted, and he and his family will going to WrestleMania this April.
Digest: Blast reunite with 14-year veteran defender Jonathan Greenfield
The Blast announced the signing of veteran Major Arena Soccer League defender Jonathan Greenfield, who won a title with the team in 2009.
'Ninja Warrior,' Towson gymnastics alum Kacy Catanzaro reports to NXT to start wrestling career
Kacy Catanzaro, the Towson University alum who made "American Ninja Warrior" history by becoming the first woman to complete a city finals course and qualify for nationals in Las Vegas, has officially reported to NXT to begin training for a pro wrestling career, according to WWE.com.
Former MMA star Ronda Rousey debuts at WWE's Royal Rumble
Pro wrestling is about to get 'Rowdy.'
Carter: XFL 2.0 can be a success
With the right distribution deal, a few name-brand collegiate players who washed out of the NFL and enough modernization in the game's play and presentation, Vince McMahon might actually find success with the XFL this go-round, thanks in part to the NFL's recent political and cultural struggles.
Q&A with Elias ahead of WWE LIVE at Royal Farms Arena
As we head into Royal Rumble weekend, several wrestlers have been spotlighted for the big match. However, one man has had the spotlight on him for the match more than most, and it's the first man to declare he was entering: Elias.
Enzo Amore released by WWE after sexual assault claim
A woman says on Twitter that she was raped in October by the cruiserweight champion.
World Wrestling Entertainment Inc.
WWE officially signs free-agent stars Ricochet, War Machine
Rumors were made official Tuesday as WWE signed three of the biggest free agents in professional wrestling.
Bill Goldberg named first member of WWE's 2018 Hall of Fame class
WWE announced the first member of its 2018 Hall of Fame class Monday, and, unsurprisingly, Bill Goldberg will be the headliner.
This Long Reach basketball player's Christmas gift will get you in the holiday spirit
"Everybody know I love Shanquis and that he loves the WWE, so it was only right I got him a belt for Christmas."
Daniel Bryan takes big step at Clash of Champions
When the dust settled on the featured tag match, it was clear that it had nothing to do with the competitors, and instead was all about what happened between Daniel Bryan and Shane McMahon.
Baltimore-raised WWE wrestler Rich Swann suspended after being charged with domestic battery
"WWE has zero tolerance for matters involving domestic violence, and per our policy, Rich Swann has been suspended indefinitely following his arrest."
Broken Matt Hardy Is 'woken' on Monday Night Raw
Since the Hardys' return back at WrestleMania, fans have been clamoring for the return of Broken Matt Hardy, the gimmick he started in TNA. On Monday night, those fans got what they wanted, as Hardy emerged as the bizarre character to cut a head-to-head promo with Bray Wyatt.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The venue is booked, the food, drink and band are confirmed the list is shortening but the next key job is the transport….
A tough decision and so many options here's our top 5. From pricy to its a steal we have every budget covered.
A classic vintage car: the ultimate luxury to start your day. Our most pricy of choices but a must have for any car enthusiast. Not only are you sipping champagne and enjoying the moment, but your senses will be ambushed by the intoxicating smell of vintage leather. Your wedding day will go by so quickly, why not slow that first journey as Mr & Mrs down in a vintage car. Enrich those precious minutes before you arrive at the reception venue with the sounds and smells only vintage luxury can provide. Your wedding day is a day to remember, the vintage car is our most pricy of choice but a must have for any car enthusiast. You'll become nostalgic whenever you smell vintage leather in years to come as your senses transport you back to your special day.
Ok, hands up this probably isn't the most English Gentleman of our top suggestions with the Vespa's origins being rooted firmly in Italy. But the Vespa is a statement, will guarantee fantastic photo's so we just had to include it! Imagine the scene, sun shining, tie blowing in the wind, shades on, it makes me smile just thinking about it. This is defiantly one for the gentlemen, you'll need to think of an alternative method to take the other half to the wedding breakfast. I don't know about you but side saddle is a skill I haven't quite mastered and a mud stained wedding dress might be a stretch for even the most accommodating of brides. Also remember a comb Gents, no one wants helmet hair on their wedding day.
If you are a social kind of couple, arrive in style and share the journey with your friends and family. I've been to a wedding where a traditional London bus was the transport of choice and the journey to the venue was great fun. It also ensures that the necessary break between the "I do's' and the drinking becomes and an enjoyable part of the celebrations.
English Gentleman is located close the manufacturing home of the not far from the manufacturing home of the black cab so this just had to make our top 5. I just love this idea – so understated so simple and so effortlessly classy. The informality of the black cab gives an "I've just woke up and decided to get married" tone to the day, embodying the bride and grooms sense of fun and is also kinder to the budget.
Hiring transport makes a considerable dent in most peoples budget and for me its was one luxury I could compromise on. I ditched the fancy car and bought more drink knowing our friends and family this was greatly appreciated! There is always a friend or relative who has a beautiful car and, I'm sure, would be delighted to help the happy couple out.
a collection of empty tin cans and some shaving foam and you're all set to drive off into the sunset.


text:
Alien Tango
by Gini Koch
Sci-fi action meets steamy paranormal romance in Gini Koch's Alien novels, as Katherine "Kitty" Katt faces off against aliens, conspiracies, and deadly secrets. • "Futuristic high-jinks and gripping adventure." —RT Reviews
For Alien Super-Being Exterminator Katherine "Kitty" Katt, anti-alien conspiracies, threats from outer space, and a couple of killer alligators are all in a day's work. It's been five months since Kitty joined Centaurion Division, working with the aliens from Alpha Centauri. She and Jeff Martini have grown closer and life looks rosy.
But when an experimental spacecraft is unexpectedly returned to the Kennedy Space Center, Kitty and the rest of Alpha Team are called on to investigate and are immediately embroiled in life-or-death situations that scream "political conspiracy."
The team must survive murderous attacks, deal with a mysterious space entity that has seized control of a group of astronauts, and evade a woman who'll do anything to eliminate the competition when she develops an obsessive crush on Kitty's old high school boyfriend. And that's all before the evil masterminds decide Kitty's extermination is vital...
Alien Tango is the thrilling second installment of the Alien series.
Be the first to review Alien Tango.


Don't just fire out press releases and hope for success: pick up the phone and treat journalists like people.
It's said that the first press release was sent in 1906 when Ivy Lee, the American publicist who literally invented the term 'public relations', convinced his client, a railroad, to issue a public statement following a deadly crash. PR lore states that this technique was so novel that the New York Times printed the whole statement verbatim.
Back when the release was first invented, information was sparse and word travelled very slowly. Journalists barely had telephones. Telegrams could only convey so much. Photographs took hours, if not days, to arrive with picture editors.
Any new information, whatever its source, was an asset.
Companies and their PRs saw a way in. What if they could become an information source in their own right? So that's what they did: they started providing information to the journalists covering them. In an information-starved world, journalists probably loved it, at least for a while.
Ivy Lee's original statement was factual and reactive. His client was the subject of the story, rumours and allegations were swirling about negligence or wrongdoing. Surely, something had to be done, and so that's what he did.
Press releases like this still make a lot of sense. If journalists are writing or asking about you, it's probably safe to assume that they're interested in hearing your side of the story.
Ideally, you'd want to do this one-on-one, but if every media outlet is demanding immediate comment, having a spokesperson or head honcho talk to each of them isn't going to be feasible. And in sensitive situations, the risk of talking out of turn is too high anyway. Sending a release is an easy way to get out a single, controlled message to everyone.
At some point in the 111 years since its invention, though, the press release suffered from a serious bout of mission creep. It became the default tool for proactive media outreach.
It is now common PR practice to put out a press release pretty much whenever anything happens involving a client, however mundane.
A strange wisdom developed that said that journalists were so lazy that if you just wrote your release like a newspaper article, they would probably quote it verbatim.
Worse still, it became common to 'fire and forget' releases. Write it up, get it approved, slap it on the website, send it to hacks and see what happens.
This probably has something to do with PRs, both in-house and at agencies, under pressure from people who don't really get the industry and feeling the need to show that they were doing something.
Used in this way, releases are almost worse than useless. It's like screaming into an empty void.
The fact is, nothing beats picking up the phone and actually, you know, having a conversation with the journalist you're trying to get to cover you. The problem is that this tends to involve work. The hardest part of PR is finding out who is interested in the story you have to tell.
Yes, they might hang up. Often they won't even answer. Or they'll talk to you and say 'not for us, thanks.' The second-hardest part of PR is accepting that, sometimes, no one is interested in what you have to say, and that's OK.
But sometimes it works. If you manage to get them to pay attention, listen to what you have to say and, maybe – just maybe – decide to write something that mentions you in a positive light, all that effort pays off. It's a thrill that a press release just can't replicate.


Royalty-free stock illustration of a black santa flying with a parachute.
Royalty-free stock illustration of a black santa claus holding two shopping bags.
Royalty-free stock illustration of a black santa claus juggling with christmas gifts.
Royalty-free stock illustration of a black santa claus ringing a christmas bell while carrying a gift sack.
Royalty-free stock illustration of a black santa claus carrying a gift bag and smiling.
Royalty-free stock illustration of a black santa claus reading a massive wishlist looking worried.
Royalty-free stock illustration of a smiling black santa claus holding a huge gift box.
Royalty-free stock illustration of a smiling black santa claus holding an emtpy sign.


Please feel free to contact us if you have an enquiry and inconvenience.
This information is used for 'enquiry and answer' only, your information will not be changed.
Please click 'Edit' to update.
Please select a game title and a category.
Below list is frequently asking question (FAQ).
1.If you want to read FAQ, please choose appropriate item on the list and click OK.
2. If there isn't any items you want to ask on the list, please click Contact Us button.
Please describe your enquiry and request in details. The answer will be sent to email address you typed above, also be noted that answer email might be found in spam/junky folder.
You can upload image, text, office files, size up to 3 mega bytes.
File names should be Alphabet, number and (_) as special letter.
Delete pending enquiry to register new enquiry.
You can view all history of enquiry if you click button below.


text:
Imagine not trusting anyone in your life, no matter their relationship to you or how much proof there was to the contrary. The paranoia and mistrust would be incredibly isolating, leaving you constantly afraid that betrayal or danger lurked around every corner. Individuals with paranoid personality disorder (PPD) have never known any difference. While "paranoia" is often used casually in daily life, it's no simple experience for these patients. PPD is a misunderstood, isolating disorder and the rarest personality disorder.
What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?
Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is a mental health condition with a deep, long-term pattern of pervasive distrust and suspicion of others without cause. Individuals with PPD typically experience paranoia and believe others are attempting to harm, humiliate, or endanger them.
PPD belongs to Cluster A of personality disorders, which present as eccentric or strange behavior. While the disorder falls under the eccentric category, people with PPD don't experience delusions or hallucinations with paranoia, like schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or severe manic episodes in bipolar disorder.
PPD patients generally believe nothing abnormal about their behavior or thought patterns. To them, their paranoia and suspicion are completely logical and justified. Often, it takes an outside person to point out the odd behavior to make patients aware that anything is unusual.
Personality Disorder Recap
The ten personality disorders feature abnormal, unhealthy, and inflexible patterns of behaviors and thoughts formed during childhood. Because these behaviors can be quite maladaptive or destructive, patients often experience severe problems with close relationships, work, and school.
Because the person's way of thinking, feeling, and behaving deviates from society's expectations, the effects can be distressing for the person and the people around them. Unfortunately, stigma towards these disorders is often harsher than other conditions like mood or anxiety disorders.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5), each of the ten personality disorders belongs to one of three clusters based on common symptoms and traits.
The three clusters include:
Cluster A (odd, eccentric)
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster B (dramatic or unpredictable)
Cluster C (anxious, fearful)
Symptoms of Paranoid Personality Disorder
Individuals with paranoid personality disorder frequently live on guard from perceived or suspected attacks from others.
Even when no evidence or proof of deception or intended harm is present, people with PPD strongly believe that their peers plan to demean, harm, or threaten them. Due to this constant mistrust and suspicion, these people can lead rather solitary lives out of fear or severe social anxiety.
Symptoms of paranoid personality disorder may include:
Perceiving attacks on their character without proof or reason
Questioning the commitment, loyalty, or trustworthiness of others, believing they are exploiting or lying to them
Being hesitant about confiding in others or revealing personal information due to fear the information will be used against them
Being unforgiving and holding grudges, being hypersensitive and taking criticism personal
Finding hidden meanings in the innocent comments or looks from others
Having persistent suspicions that spouses or romantic partners are being unfaithful despite lack of evidence
Being cold and distant in relationships with others, becoming controlling or jealous to avoid being betrayed
Failing to see their role in problems or conflicts, believing they're always in the right
Hypersensitivity when perceiving a potential threat (e.g., acting hostile, stubborn, and argumentative)
Development of Paranoid Personality Disorder
The cause of PPD is unclear, but current research points to a combination of childhood experiences and genetic predisposition. For example, certain genes passed down by parents can make a person more vulnerable to developing the disorder if the right conditions are present in childhood.
Personality disorders like PPD typically aren't diagnosed until early adulthood, as personality continues to develop during adolescence. However, if your family has a history of mental illness and personality disorders, inform your doctor so they are aware of your heightened risk. Because PPD patients don't perceive their behavior as odd or problematic, it can be difficult to realize they have a problem and seek help.
There also seems to be a link between PPD and a family history of schizophrenia. However, PPD does not include any symptoms similar to schizophrenia. Interestingly, there is still a link between these two disorders and their genetic development through families.
Aside from genetic factors, childhood experience plays the largest role in developing PPD. Research has shown that individuals that grow up in neglectful or abusive households are more likely to develop a personality disorder once they reach adulthood. Personality forms during adolescence, so it's believed childhood trauma and abuse interfere with that normal development.
How common is Paranoid Personality Disorder?
According to research published by Massachusetts General Hospital, a paranoid personality disorder is relatively rare compared to other personality disorders.
Researchers estimate that PPD affects 0.5% to 4.5% of the general US population. Diagnosis increases in families with schizophrenia and delusional disorder and affects males far more than females.
Common Comorbidities and Related Conditions
Findings from the University of Chicago's Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience showed that approximately 75% of people with PPD have another personality disorder. Avoidant and Borderline Personality Disorder are the most frequently comorbid (48% and 48%), along with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (35.9%).
In addition, people with PPD are also more likely to have substance use disorder and panic disorder than the general US population.
Paranoid Personality Disorder and Addiction
The risk of substance abuse and PPD is quite high. Many PPD patients may turn to drugs or alcohol to cope with struggles in adapting to life's challenges and living in a constant state of paranoid fear.
Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) are common comorbidities with PPD. These substances can worsen a PPD individual's paranoia and fear, creating an even more dangerous environment for them.
Paranoid Personality Disorder Diagnosis
Official PPD diagnoses must be given by a licensed mental healthcare professional or psychiatrist based on the criteria listed in the DSM-5. Most providers will not give a PPD diagnosis to someone under 18, as their personality is still developing—instead, they will provide other options to address symptoms.
A mental healthcare provider or psychiatrist will evaluate with broad, general questions that won't create a defensive response or hostile environment. As PPD patients often fear personal information being used against them, more neutral questions can help avoid triggering their paranoia.
Screening tools like the Personality Disorder Questionnaire to narrow down symptoms may also be used, depending on how receptive the patient is. The doctor will then compare symptoms to the DSM-5 criteria and make their final diagnosis and recommendation for treatment.
Paranoid Personality Disorder Treatment Options
For patients over 18, once a diagnosis is determined, a treatment plan can be created that best addresses their unique needs and struggles.
First-line treatment for PPD includes therapy, specifically Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and/or Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). CBT can help the patient identify problematic or destructive thought patterns and learn to redirect them into something more productive.
On the other hand, DBT focuses more on finding balance for intense emotions and avoiding black-and-white or all-or-nothing thinking.
Both types of psychotherapy can help increase self-esteem and teach the individual how to have healthier social interactions.
Healthcare providers generally don't prescribe medication for PPD unless certain symptoms are extreme enough to warrant extra measures. For example, if a patient is experiencing intense anxiety or depression, medication may be used. In addition, because PPD has a high comorbidity rate, medicines may be prescribed to treat those conditions.
Types of medications used for PPD include:
Anti-anxiety medications
Anti-psychotics
FAQs about Paranoid Personality Disorder
What causes paranoid personality disorder?
PPD is believed to be the result of genetics and trauma in childhood. Specific genes passed through families can make someone more likely to develop the disorder, especially if they grow up in a traumatic or abusive environment. The presence of other personality disorders and schizophrenia are especially of note as PPD risk factors.
Who is most likely to develop paranoid personality disorder?
PPD affects 0.5% to 4.5% of the general US population. Individuals from families with a presence of schizophrenia and delusional disorder are more likely to develop the condition. PPD also affects males far more than females.
What are the signs of paranoid personality disorder?
Common signs of PPD include questioning the commitment or loyalty of others, believing they are exploiting or lying to them, and perceiving attacks on their character without proof or reason. In addition, PPD patients typically hesitate to confide in others or reveal personal information due to fear the information will be used against them. As a result, these individuals can be socially cold or distant in relationships to avoid being betrayed.
How is paranoid personality disorder treated?
PPD is best treated with therapy, specifically Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). These therapies are incredibly effective at helping patients identify unhealthy thought patterns and balancing intense emotions to combat black-and-white thinking. While uncommon, antidepressants, anti-anxieties, and anti-psychotics may sometimes be used if symptoms are extreme enough.
6 references Last modified: February 2, 2023
Blais, M. A., Smallwood, P., Groves, J. E., & Rivas-Vazquez, R. A. (2012, March 21). Personality and Personality Disorders. Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032304743250041X
Casadio, P., Olivoni, D., Ferrari, B., Pintori, C., Speranza, E., Bosi, M., Belli, V., Baruzzi, L., Pantieri, P., Ragazzini, G., Rivola, F., & Atti, A. R. (2014, March 31). Personality Disorders in Addiction Outpatients: Prevalence and Effects on Psychosocial Functioning. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3972129/
Drescher, J. (2022, September). What are personality disorders? American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/personality-disorders/what-are-personality-disorders
Lee, R. (2017, May 18). Mistrustful and Misunderstood: A Review of Paranoid Personality Disorder. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793931/
Paranoid personality disorder (PPD): Symptoms & treatment. Cleveland Clinic. (2022, April 28). Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9784-paranoid-personality-disorder
Völlm, B. A., Farooq, S., Jones, H., Ferriter, M., Gibbon, S., Stoffers, J., Duggan, C., Huband, N., & Lieb, K. (2011, May 11). Pharmacological Interventions for Paranoid Personality Disorder. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176679/
PreviousPersonality Disorders
NextMental Health & Addiction


Bernard Wishnia, Hackensack, for petitioner.
Daniel K. O'Brien, for respondent.
Petitioner gambled at Trump Plaza, a casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and incurred losses of $4,139,100 in 1987, $3,080,050 in 1988, and $1,215,900 in 1989. Aside from these losses, but as an enticement to frequent Trump Plaza, Petitioner received from Trump Plaza "complimentary" goods and services (comps) totaling $443,278 in 1987, $974,992 in 1988, and $1,126,856 in 1989. On his Federal income tax returns, Petitioner included these comps in his gross income and relied on sec. 165(d), I.R.C., to deduct from his gross income an equal amount of his gambling losses. Held: Sec. 165(d), I.R.C., allows him to deduct his gambling losses to the extent of the comps.
Following petitioner's concession in his opening brief that he is subject to the additions to tax under section 6651(a)(1), [FN1] we must decide whether petitioner can deduct gambling losses to the extent of the value of "complimentary" goods and services (comps) that he received from Trump Plaza Associates, t/a Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino (Trump). We hold he can. [FN2] Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue. Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Dollar amounts are rounded to the nearest dollar.
Petitioner resided in Secaucus, New Jersey, when he petitioned the Court. He filed 1987 and 1988 Federal income tax returns on November 20, 1989. [FN4] He filed a 1989 Federal income tax return shortly after April 15, 1990, and he did so without receiving an extension of time under section 6081(a). All of petitioner's returns were prepared by a certified public accountant, and petitioner filed them using the status of "Married filing separate return". On each return, petitioner reported profits from his horse brokerage business called Buck Chance Stables (the Stables), which was conducted as a sole proprietorship. Petitioner reported that the Stables' profits were $3,169,881 in 1987, $785,900 in 1988, and $796,031 in 1989.
Petitioner gambled extensively. He played mostly craps, and he gambled mainly at Trump's casino (the Casino), which was situated in Atlantic City, New Jersey. In 1987, petitioner spent 84 days at the Casino, gambled on 75 of these days, made an average bet of $14,964, and had an overall loss of $4,139,100. In 1988, petitioner spent 179 days at the Casino, gambled on 148 of these days, made an average bet of $11,526, and had an overall loss of $3,080,050. In 1989, petitioner spent 304 days at the Casino, gambled on 70 of these days, made an average bet of $9,226, and had an overall loss of $1,215,900. On many of the occasions that petitioner played craps at the Casino, his total bets for one roll of the dice ranged from $50,000 to $100,000.
As a general practice, Trump, in its sole discretion, voluntarily transferred comps to its patrons to induce them to patronize the Casino. In some instances, but not in the case of petitioner, the comps were determined by a formula that allowed each patron to receive approximately 50 percent of Trump's anticipated win with respect to him or her. [FN5] The formula took into account a patron's average bet, the hours that he or she gambled at the Casino, the estimated number of hands that he or she played per hour, and a factor set by Trump to reflect the fact that the odds were in its favor. Trump's senior management determined the type and amount of petitioner's comps using their sole discretion, as opposed to a direct application of this formula. Trump's payment of the comps to petitioner was discretionary.
The automobiles and accessories included five Rolls Royces with an aggregate value of $916,300, three Ferraris with an aggregate value of $731,400 (exclusive of additional accessories of $14,875), one Bentley Corniche valued at $212,000 (exclusive of a $1,890 phone installed therein), one Mercedes Benz valued at $60,583, automobile repairs of $12,740, a $14,310 payment by Trump so that petitioner could trade a Bentley for a Rolls, and a $34,980 payment by Trump so that petitioner could trade a Bentley Turbo for a Bentley Corniche. The vacations included five European vacations with an average value of $17,568 and one vacation in California valued at $16,500. The jewelry included a Rolex watch and bracelet valued at $32,300, a 2.7-carat diamond valued at $30,000, a bracelet and diamond earrings valued at $23,426, a bracelet watch valued at $19,800, a tennis bracelet valued at $12,900, and a diamond bracelet valued at $3,286. The champagne included 178 bottles of Cristal Rose, valued at $225 a bottle. The tickets were to theater and sporting events such as the Super Bowl, the NCAA basketball tournament, boxing events, and the United States Open in Flushing Meadows, New York.
Casinos in New Jersey were prohibited from transferring cash comps to patrons during the subject years. See N.J. Stat. Ann. sec. 5:12-102m (West 1988). [FN6] Trump and petitioner used at least the automobile comps to attempt to circumvent this prohibition. Trump "purchased" the automobiles on behalf of petitioner, and petitioner contemporaneously "sold" the automobiles for cash, most (if not all) of which he gambled at the Casino. On November 22, 1991, the New Jersey Casino Control Commission, the State agency that regulates casinos, held Trump liable (and fined it $450,000) for nine separate violations of N.J. Stat. Ann. sec. 5:12-102m, stemming from Trump's "transfer" of automobiles to petitioner and his daughter. These automobiles, which had an aggregate value of $1,650,838, were the automobiles and accessories that petitioner "received" from Trump during 1988 and 1989, exclusive of the car phone, automobile repairs, and trade-in charge of $14,310.
Trump issued petitioner a 1987, 1988, and 1989 Form 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Income, reflecting that it paid him the above-mentioned amounts of comps as "prizes and awards". Petitioner's 1987 amended return included in his gross income the amount of comps shown on the 1987 Form 1099-MISC, and it claimed that petitioner's total deductions from adjusted gross income equaled the amount of the comps. Attached to petitioner's amended return were: (1) A copy of the 1987 Form 1099-MISC and (2) a statement from Trump showing that petitioner's 1987 net gambling losses at the Casino equaled $4,139,100. The amount of comps shown on the 1988 and 1989 Forms 1099-MISC were reported on petitioner's 1988 and 1989 tax returns, respectively, as "Other income" from "TRUMP PLAZA ASSOC". These returns also claimed a matching miscellaneous itemized deduction (not subject to the 2-percent floor) for "GAMBLING LOSSES".
Legal gambling is a multi-billion-dollar industry that has proliferated across the country and has become a major source of adult entertainment. In an effort to attract the attention of patrons, gaming establishments routinely offer comps. In the instant case, Trump paid more than $2.5 million in comps to petitioner during the subject years. The term "comps" is generally understood to imply "free of charge". Common sense, however, makes one strongly suspicious as to whether the comps received by petitioner were free of charge. If there is any truth to the time-tested adage that there is "no free lunch", one can hardly be surprised that respondent argues that petitioner's comps are taxable to him.
Petitioner reported the subject comps as gross income on his 1987 through 1989 Federal income tax returns (including the amendment to his 1987 return). Petitioner argues that the comps are not taxable to him because they are wagering gains which may be offset by his larger wagering losses. [FN8] See sec. 165(d). Respondent asserts that the comps are not wagering gains because they do not have a "strong nexus" to petitioner's wagering transactions. Petitioner bears the burden of proof. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering , 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933).
Section 165(d) provides that an individual may deduct his or her "Losses from wagering transactions * * * to the extent of the gains from such transactions". Neither the Code nor the regulations define the phrase "gains from such transactions". We apply the "plain, obvious, and rational meaning." Liddle v. Commissioner , 103 T.C. 285, 293 n.4 (1994), affd. 65 F.3d 329 (3d Cir. 1995); see also Boyd v. United States , 762 F.2d 1369, 1373 (9th Cir. 1985) (sec. 165(d) interpreted according to its "ordinary meaning").
According to Webster's New World Dictionary 551 (3d coll. ed. 1988), the primary meaning of the word "gain" is "an increase; addition; specif., a) [often pl.] an increase in wealth, earnings, etc.; profit; winnings". (Brackets in original.) A primary meaning of the word "from" is "out of; derived or coming out of". Id. at 542. The word "wager" means "bet", id. at 1500, which, in turn, connotes "an agreement between two persons that the one proved wrong about the outcome of something will do or pay what is stipulated", id. at 133. The word "transaction" is the noun of the infinitive "to transact", which means "to carry on, perform, conduct, or complete (business, etc.)". Id. at 1419.
Assuming for purposes of applying section 165(d) that the comps are gross income, petitioner's comps fit within the plain meaning of the statutory text. The comps from Trump increased petitioner's wealth, and they were derived out of his betting transactions at the Casino. The fact that petitioner's receipt of the comps bore a close nexus to his gambling transactions at the Casino cannot be denied. Petitioner would not have received the comps from Trump but for the fact that he gambled extensively at the Casino. Although petitioner's receipt of the comps did not directly hinge on the success or failure of his wagers, he received the comps incident to his direct participation in wagering transactions. The relationship between petitioner's comps and his wagering is close, direct, evident, and strong. The comps are sufficiently related to his gambling losses for purposes of section 165(d). We hold that petitioner's comps are "gains from * * * [wagering] transactions"under section 165(d).
We recognize that the term "gains from * * * [wagering] transactions" has sometimes been equated with the term "gambling winnings". See Commissioner v. Groetzinger , 480 U.S. 23, 37 (1987) (White, J., dissenting) (full-time gambler may deduct gambling losses "to the extent of gambling winnings" in computing adjusted gross income); Collins v. Commissioner , 3 F.3d 625, 631 (2d Cir. 1993) (section 165(d) "only allows gambling losses to offset gambling winnings"), affg. T.C. Memo. 1992-478. Our current holding is not in conflict with these opinions. We agree with Justice White and the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit that "gains from * * * [wagering] transactions" include "gambling winnings". We do not read those opinions, however, to suggest that "winnings" is the only meaning for the word "gains". Section 165(d) refers to "gains", not "winnings". The word "gains" is broader than the word "winnings". Not only does the word "gains" include "winnings", it also includes an "increase in wealth". Webster's New World Dictionary, supra at 551. If the Congress had wanted to limit the income prong of section 165(d) to gambling winnings, it would have said so. Instead, the Congress used the word "gains", and, in so doing, allowed taxpayers to offset their gambling losses against increases to their wealth that arose out of their wagering transactions. Given the clarity of section 165(d), the beginning and end of our inquiry is the statutory text, and we apply the plain and common meaning of that text. TVA v. Hill , 437 U.S. 153 (1978); United States v. American Trucking Associations, Inc. , 310 U.S. 534, 543-544 (1940). As we have learned from the Supreme Court, "courts must presume that a legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says there. * * * When the words of a statute are unambiguous, * * * judicial inquiry is complete." Connecticut Natl. Bank v. Germain , 503 U.S. 249, 253-254 (1992); citations and quotation marks omitted.
We recognize the narrow interpretation that this and other Courts have given the income prong of section 165(d). See, e.g., Allen v. United States , 976 F.2d 975 (5th Cir. 1992); Boyd v. United States , 762 F.2d 1369, 1373 (9th Cir. 1985); Bevers v. Commissioner , 26 T.C. 1218 (1956). Our opinion does not depart from this view. None of the prior cases dealt with the specific facts at hand; namely, a gambler who received comps to induce him to gamble. The cases dealt mostly with taxpayers who worked in gambling establishments, as opposed to placing bets in wagering transactions there, and who received compensation that was different than ordinary pay. In Boyd v. United States , supra, for example, the taxpayer was a professional poker player who managed a casino's poker room. The casino did not participate in the poker games, but it earned money on the games by renting its facilities to the players for a fee. The taxpayer played in the games to attract customers, and he received a portion of the fee. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that the taxpayer's portions of the fees were not gains from wagering transactions under section 165(d). The Court of Appeals found controlling that the fees were a form of rental and were not derived directly from wagering transactions entered into by the taxpayer himself. Id. at 1373. Similarly, in Bevers v. Commissioner , supra, this Court faced the question of whether former section 165(d) allowed a dealer to offset his tips against his gambling losses. The Court held that it did not. According to the Court, the dealer's tips were gains from his labor as a dealer, because the tips came to him in his employment as a dealer. Id. at 1220-1221. Once again, the dealer did not himself place the bet in the wagering transactions; rather, it was the players who placed the bets. Accord Allen v. United States , supra.
In conclusion, we hold that petitioner's comps are "gains from * * * [wagering] transactions" that may be offset by wagering losses under section 165(d). In so holding, we have considered all arguments made by respondent with respect to section 165(d), and, to the extent not addressed above, have found them to be without merit. In light of our holding, we need not consider petitioner's alternative arguments.
[FN1.] Petitioner states in his brief that he cannot prove the filing date of his 1987 or 1988 tax return. We consider this statement as petitioner's concession of the allegation in his pleading that the notice of deficiency as it relates to 1987 and 1988 is time barred under sec. 6501(a). See Rule 142(a); Mecom v. Commissioner , 101 T.C. 374, 381-383 (1993) (discussion of the time bar of sec. 6501(a), including the burden of proof with respect thereto), affd. without published opinion 40 F.3d 385 (5th Cir. 1994).
[FN2.] Accordingly, we also hold that petitioner is not liable for the additions to tax or penalty for substantial understatements.
[FN3.] The stipulated facts and the exhibits submitted therewith are incorporated herein by this reference.
[FN4.] He also filed an amended 1987 tax return on or about the same day.
[FN5.] With respect to petitioner, Trump's anticipated win was $1,531,930 in 1987; $1,861,283 in 1988; and $542,050 in 1989.
(4) The complimentary consists of noncash gifts, provided that such noncash gifts in excess of $2,000.00 per trip or such greater amount as the commission may establish by regulation provided directly to the patron and his guests by the licensee or indirectly to the patron and his guests on behalf of a licensee by a third party shall be supported by documentation regarding the reason the noncash gift was provided to the patron and his guests, including where applicable, a patron's player rating, to be maintained by the casino licensee. For purposes of this paragraph, all noncash gifts presented to a patron and the patron's guests within any five-day period shall be considered a single noncash gift.
[FN7.] Respondent's determination did not reflect the fact that petitioner reported the comps as income on his amended return.
[FN8.] Petitioner also makes alternative arguments that the comps are not income. For purposes of deciding the sec. 165(d) issue, we will assume that the comps are properly includable in gross income.


text:
The Preacher Eleazar Swalmius is a 1637 oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch artist Rembrandt. It is currently owned by the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp. The painting has been certified a real Rembrandt. The painting was listed in 1727 in the catalog of the Duke of Orléans collection, as a portrait of an Amsterdam mayor by Rembrandt. It remained in the noble family's possession until 1792, when Duke Louis-Philippe-Joseph sold the entire collection to finance his political career and pay off debts. The painting passed through several English collections into the hands of the Bourgeois brothers, art dealers from Cologne,  who sold the painting as an original Rembrandt to the museum in 1886. The painting was stored away for a long time due to doubts cast over its authenticity.

In the late 2000s, after works of restoration were conducted on the painting, scholars recognized it as an original Rembrandt.

Subject matter
The painting has long been thought to be a portrait of an Amsterdam mayor. It was listed thusly in the collection of the Duke of Orléans at the Palais Royal of Paris in 1727.

However, the painting depicts the preacher Eleazar Swalmius, who was born in Rhoon, but operated in Amsterdam.
Rembrandt painted this portrait in 1637, when the pastor was about 55 years old. Swalmius was born in Rhoon to Hendrick van de Swalme, or Henricus Swalmius. Hendrick van de Swalme's family was probably originally from Flanders. His father spent time in England before becoming a preacher in the late 16th century. Like his father, Eleazar became a preacher too (Counter-Remostrant).

Swalmius was active as a pastor in Poortugaal and Hoogvliet near Rotterdam since 1605 and in Schiedam between 1612 and 1622. In 1622 he settled in Amsterdam, where he would live up to his death, and be buried in the Oude Kerk in 1652. The Van der Swalme family must have known Rembrandt well. Carel, a brother of Eleazer and "dike count" (dijkgraaf) of Oranjepolder, for example, witnessed the drawing up of the will of Rembrandt van Rijn and Saskia van Uylenburgh.

Composition

In the dim brown background, with only a few, barely visible books on a table, the preacher seems to take up an imposing but nonostentatious volume. Rembrandt depicted the Amsterdam preacher almost life-size, in an extremely sober way. He sits relaxed on a low wooden armchair. He was painted three-quarter view. Swalmius doesn't look at the viewer penetratingly. The character's appearance gives the painting a relaxed ambience of confidentiality. His eyes are kind, his nose rubicund. Rather than showing his wisdom, his long white beard enhances the friendliness of his appearance, especially to the modern viewer. There was probably a relationship between the painter and the sitter. As mentioned, Rembrandt knew his client and his family personally.

Provenance
In the eighteenth century, the canvas was located in the Palais Royal in Paris, where the art collection of the Duke of Orléans, brother of Louis XIV, was kept. The painting was recorded in 1727 in the catalog of this collection and described as a portrait of a mayor by Rembrandt. The painting remained in the family's possession until 1792, when Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans sold the entire art collection to finance his political career and to pay off his debts.

The painting passed through various English collections into the hands of the Bourgeois art dealers, who sold the work to Antwerp Royal Museum of Fine Arts in 1886, for 200 000 francs. The painting was acquired by the Museum as an original Rembrandt.

Details
The painting is signed Rembrandt. f 1637 in the recto's top right corner. The f stands for fecit. As early as 1969, Gerson wrote that the signature did not seem original. Because the painting also seemed "too tame" (tame, not expressive enough) to him, he attributed the work to Rembrandt's pupil Govert Flinck. Curator Jeroen Giltaij wrote that indeed little of Rembrandt's strength was visible in the painting, and that the beard was rather sketchy. However, Giltaij could not say whether it was Flinck who made the work. Upon restoration, the thick yellow layer of varnish turned out to be the main culprit. This layer prevented spectators from appreciating the nuances in the preacher's pink skin tones and black clothes. After the restoration, the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp invited Rembrandt expert Ernst van de Wetering to study and assess the painting. He was of the opinion that, contrary to what Gerson originally claimed, the painting is a real Rembrandt. This is the accepted conclusion at the moment. Due to doubts over its authenticity, the work was in storage for a long time. After confirmation by Van de Wetering, the KMSKA decided that the work was to be given a permanent spot in the Museum's collection upon the reopening of the former.

Notes

General references

 Ackley, Clifford S. Rembrandt's Journey: Painter•Draftsman•Etcher. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, 2003.
 A. Bredius, Rembrandt: The Complete Edition of the Paintings, revised by H. Gerson, Londen, 1969, cat. nr. 213.
 J. Bruyn, B. Haak, SH Levie, PJJ van Thiel, E. van de Wetering, A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings, III, Dordrecht, 1989, p. 689.
 Ernst van de Wetering, A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings VI. Rembrandt's Paintings Revisited, A complete survey, Dordrecht, 2015, cat nr. 156, p. 560.
 AJJ Delen, in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts - Antwerp. Descriptive Catalog. I. Old Masters, 1948, p. 220.
 Jan Lea Broeckx inMuseums of Belgium. Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp. Old Masters, 1959, No. 44 and 1969 No. 54.
 André A. Moerman, inPublic Art Property Flanders 1963, p. 6-b.
 Smith, Catal. Reasoned, VII, nr. 274, bl. 102.
 Jeroen Giltaij, Lecture and notes on the paintings of Rembrandt and school in the Museum of Fine Arts of Antwerp, 2006.
 J. Couché, "Engraver du Cabinet" of the Duke of Orleans, Paris, J. Couché and J. Bouilard, MDCCLXXXVI. Described in the rare work: "Galerie du Palais * * Royal", text by Abbé de Fontenai, engravings by; engraved therein as "Portrait d'un Bourgmestre". by Malherbe and H. Guttemberg; Size given there: H. 4 v. 5 d., B. 3 v. 4 d. Cloth. De Fontenai calls this "un des chefs d'oeuvre de Rembrandt".
 Royal Museum of Fine Arts. Descriptive Catalog. I. Old Masters, 1905, p. 249-250.
 Wenke Mast, Highlights, Website K.M.S.K.A., 2011.

Paintings in the collection of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp
Paintings by Rembrandt
1637 paintings
17th-century portraits


text:
Maple Leafs shake up lines ahead of visit to first-place Lightning
By Joshua ClippertonThe Canadian Press
Wed., Jan. 16, 2019timer3 min. read
As the Maple Leafs digested their latest setback, one word kept bubbling to the surface: work.
Players and coaches rightly felt they lacked the required effort in Monday's 6-3 loss to the Colorado Avalanche on home ice, the team's fifth defeat in its last seven games.
"I think we can play harder. I think we can work harder," Leafs head coach Mike Babcock said following Wednesday's spirited practice. "We want to be proud guys when we leave the rink.
"If you don't put it all in, you can't be proud when you leave."
With that in mind, Toronto looks set to unveil a couple of new line combinations — and one old one — when the club visits the league-leading Tampa Bay Lightning on Thursday.
Auston Matthews was back between William Nylander and Zach Hyman, a trio that was together most of the last two seasons, while Andreas Johnsson was shuffled onto the wing with John Tavares and Mitch Marner. The mixing of Toronto's top-nine forward group continued with Nazem Kadri centring Patrick Marleau and Kasperi Kapanen.
"We haven't taken (a) step like some of the teams (that) came back with more intensity since Christmas," said Babcock, who was more vocal than usual during Wednesday's on-ice session. "We've been left behind. We've got to dig in and find another level."
Should the Leafs indeed decide to reunite Matthews, Nylander and Hyman — Babcock didn't fully commit to Wednesday's line combinations — the trio won't need an introduction. Several factors, including Nylander's contract impasse, an ankle injury that sidelined Hyman, and Babcock's decision to start the schedule with Patrick Marleau on the wing with Matthews, have kept them apart this season. Babcock referenced that reunited group's ability to cycle in the offensive zone, something that will hopefully get Matthews better looks thanks to Hyman's puck retrieval skills.
"Three real good players working hard together," the coach said of what he likes about that line. "Matty's a goal scorer, and getting pucks in good spots around the net so (if) you can do that is important."
The Leafs (28-15-2), who skated a lot during the 35-minute practice before flying south, jumped out of the gate 20-8-0, but are just 8-7-2 over their last 17 games.
"A little bit of adversity is a good thing," said Tavares, who leads the team with 29 goals. "When it doesn't go your way, you've just got to keep pushing, keep grinding.
"When you do the right things, especially with the type of group we have, we'll find our way through it and get to where we want to."
They were pretty far away from wherever that is Monday — amplified by the pockets of the Scotiabank Arena crowd that booed high-risk, high-reward defenceman Jake Gardiner every time he touched the puck in the third period after his mistake led to a short-handed goal against.
"We expect so much out of each other," Gardiner said. "The fans are the exact same way. (The boos are) not something you ever want, but they expect us to win and expect us to play well.
"You hit a boiling point. We do that the same way in the room. If we're not playing well, we start getting frustrated."
There's plenty of blame to go around these days. Kadri has one goal in his last 18 games, Nylander has one in 17 since rejoining the team, Matthews has one in 10, and Marleau has been held off the scoresheet over his last nine.
"We've got a lot more to give," said the always-brief Nylander.
The Lightning lead the league in goals per game (4.00) and have the No. 1 power play (29.1 per cent), but the Leafs dominated Tampa on Dec. 13 at Amalie Arena, directing 49 shots at netminder Andrei Vasilevskiy in a 4-1 loss.
"We were on our toes and dictating the play," Tavares said.
The Leafs, who will meet the Florida Panthers on Friday to wrap up a two-game road trip, are 15-5-1 on the road but just 6-5-1 against division opponents, compared to the Lightning's 12-2-0 mark.
"We know what we're capable of," Matthews said. "We're going through a bit of a lull right now. It's our job to dig ourselves out and crawl back. That's up to us, nobody else."
And that starts with putting in the work.
Ex-Leaf Larry Murphy no stranger to hearing the boos
Opinion | Bruce Arthur: Jake Gardiner screwed up. Booing Leafs fans did too
Opinion | Bruce Arthur: Leafs turn in stinker against the previously struggling Avalanche
Mike Babcock, Nazem Kadri, William Nylander, Connor Brown, Kasperi Kapanen, Jake Gardiner


Last month, I posted an in depth article about Concealer 101: The Different Types of Concealer. It has all that you need to know about the many different types of concealers and some recommendations of my favorites ones. I did talk about color correcting concealer a little bit in that post, but I think it deserves its own post because many women are confused on how to use then and which color to choose. Keep reading for how to use color correcting concealer and my top picks for the best ones.
Before we start talking about how to use color correcting concealer, let's get back to basics. Remember the color wheel from your elementary school days? The same principle applies to makeup. See, makeup really is a type of art! On the color wheel, colors that are opposite of each other are complimentary colors. If you combine them, they make a brownish color because they neutralized each other. When you're applying makeup, using a complimentary color will neutralize the blemish or mark that you're trying to cover, which makes it easier to hide.
Green is directly across the color wheel from red, so green is used to cover red blemishes, like pimples. If you have rosacea or widespread areas of redness on your face, a green concealer can help reduce redness.
For smaller areas or spots, use a concentrated green concealer like NYX Concealer Jar to dab on the area before covering with your usual concealer.
For larger areas of redness, use a green tinted primer before using foundation. These formulas are lighter so your makeup looks more natural, but they do a good job of correcting all over redness. One to try is Smashbox Photo Finish Color Correcting Concealer.
This color family brightens your skin, so it's best used under your eyes. Since it's made from pink and yellow tones, it works best on purplish hues like under eye circles. It can also make olive skin look more radiant.
For all over brightening, use a pink or salmon primer like L'Oreal Paris Studio Secrets Color Correcting Anti-Dull Skin Primer.
Purple concealer is used to hide blemishes with a yellow undertone, and it can brighten a dull, yellow complexion.
As with the salmon concealer, it comes in a spot concealer and all over primer. I recommend the NYX Concealer Jar in Lavender.
For all over brightening, NYX CC Cream in Lavender is a great product.
As you might imagine, if purple is used to correct yellow, then yellow is used to correct purple hues. This works great on bruises--including a hicky--under eye circles, and veins.
For under eye circles and small areas, try the Physician's Formula Gentle Cover Concealer Stick.
For a lighter coverage or all over coverage, try the e.l.f. Cover Everything Concealer in Correcting Yellow.
White color correcting concealer is used to highlight parts of your face, but be careful you don't use too much or you'll like a zombie. You can use it on your upper cheek bones to highlight. It also looks good on the inner corner of your eyes or under your brow line. You can also use it in a line from your forehead, down your nose, to your cupid's bow to highlight your face.
One to try is Bobbi Brown Creamy Concealer Kit.
Orange concealer is used on lighter skin tones for contouring. Women with darker skin tones can use orange concealer to hide under eye circles and other blemishes.
Both can be achieved with the NYX Concealer Jar in Orange.
If you use color correcting concealer often, there are several palettes available with multiple shades. The e.l.f. Corrective Concealer Palette is very popular because it's inexpensive and works well.


text:
Erja Lyytinen: Announces March 2019 UK Tour
Erja Lyytinen Announces March 2019 Uk TourNEW ALBUM COMING IN 2019
European Blues Award winner Erja Lyytinen will return to the UK in March 2019. The Finnish slide-guitarist is currently on a short tour of the UK and is pleased to return for a nationwide 12-date tour in 2019. The tour will include shows in Brighton (March 18), Sheffield (March 21), Glasgow (March 23), London (March 26) and Birmingham (March 28). Tickets for all dates are available now via www.solidentertainments.com or from the Box Office (no booking fee): 01472 349 222 (Mon-Fr: 9am-5pm).
Erja will release her new studio album in 2019 on her own record label Tuohi Records. The new album will feature guest performances from Sonny Landreth and Jennifer Batten (Michael Jackson). The album will include Erja's two new singles "Without You"and "Another World", which were released digitally in 2018.
Erja has just been nominated for the second year in a row as Guitarist of the Year 2018 by the European Blues Awards. Cast your vote for Erja via this web link - https://europeanbluesawards.wordpress.com
"The song has a lot of meanings," says Erja about the single 'Another World'. "First of all, it is a love story. It´s a dream about loving somebody in another dimension, because it´s not possible in this world. I have always loved sci-fi movies, so I wanted to add something extra-terrestrial and supernatural to the video, too. It also points out how important it is for us to be aware of environmental aspects. Do we need to find another planet someday to be able to breathe? All this has been wrapped together by these two worlds happening at the same time, and how in the end it is important that we as lovers, and as a human race, could survive."
Erja continues: "We added big guitars on the track and it has a guitar solo inspired of blues rock - guitarists such as Eric Gales and Jimi Hendrix. The melodic 80´s rock music was also a source of inspiration while writing the song. Heart is one of my all-time favourite rock bands, and when performing their hit song "Alone" on Stars Stars on National TV last year, it kind of brought me back to that music style."
ERJA LYYTINEN – NOVEMBER 2018 UK TOUR
Brighton, Komedia
Bridport, Electric Palace
Milton Keynes, The Stables
Sheffield, The Greystones
Scarborough, Blues Festival
Glasgow, Nice 'N' Sleazy
Kinross, The Green Hotel
London, 100 Club
Oxford, The Bullingdon
Birmingham, Hare And Hounds
Southport, The Atkinson
Bromsgrove, The Artrix
Erja Lyytinen