Finnish boatbuilder Baltic Yachts recently launched the world's largest carbon-fiber sloop at its Jakobstad shipyard. After the success of its 152-foot Pink Gin V, Baltic Yachts decided to go bigger and better with the 175-foot Pink Gin VI.
Judel/Vrolijk & Co. did the yacht's naval architecture and Design Unlimited created her interior look. Baltic Yachts is known for its high-performance sailing yachts, and this 175-footer is no exception. With a 235-ton displacement, she was designed to be relatively lightweight for a yacht of her size.
Impressive features include a 223-foot carbon-fiber rig and her two balconies, which foldout at the topsides.
Accommodations: Pink Gin VI's accommodations include a master stateroom, six guest staterooms and four crew cabins.
There's a drink for that: Baltic Yachts created a signature drink called the Baltic Pink Gin Cocktail in honor of the super sailing yacht. Cheers!


The founder of the company, late Kunio Ando established Nuclear Receptor Ligands Co. Ltd. in 1998. Main purpose of the company was to promote sales of lactoferrin, multi-function protein, and to develop ascochlorin derivative, fungal-origin natural products, to drugs.
Based on the results of long-time research, patents on enteric procedure and improvement in lipid metabolism were granted, which led to prosperous licensing deal with one big Japanese corporate in 2009 and company's financial condition was stabilized. Nowadays, further development with domestic business partners and business expansion to South East Asia countries has been sought, which will lead to growth of the market and profitability as well. Moreover, we aim to seek further business promotion by taking chance of newly established Functional Food Labelling System established in April 2015.
On the other hand, we have continued efforts to create drugs through the research and development on ascochlorin derivatives focusing on hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cancer, and human recombinant lactoferrin-IgG Fc fusion protein (hLF-Fc), also focusing on hepatitis, thrombosis, sepsis, cancer and allodynia caused by anti-tumor drugs. We, however, made a big shift towards development, production and sales of functional foods based on lactoferrin and other materials which may be more prosperous in shorter time-horizon, which was triggered by the event to become one of subsidiaries of Soiken Holdings Inc., listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange "Mothers".
By this movement, web marketing business which we have operated in quite limited scale was transferred to Japan Preventive Medicine Inc., 100% owned by Soiken Holdings, concentrating on web marketing "B to C" business, while our direction of business also shifted to "B to B" concentrating on OEM and/or ODM to corporates and materials trading.
Our company was founded in 1998, as venture enterprise concentrating on research and development by last Gakuzo Tamura, Honorary Professor of the University of Tokyo and his disciple last Kunio Ando, to make use of ascochlorin as one of a seed of new medicine. The will of Professor Tamura, accredited as Person of Cultural Merit and prize winner of Award of the Japan Academy of Arts, was to return the result originated in research and development effort at university to society so that it may contribute to improve people's health. His dying wish is gradually on the way to realize.
Our company's corporate philosophy is to serve for a person who feels anxiety to health condition or even for a healthy person to improve QOL (Quality of Life).


The high court ruled that a physician who had successfully sued and won an employment matter against his former employer was entitled to attorney fees and costs. When Oakes left the employer there was a dispute over the money owed to the physician. Eventually he sued the employer. There was a counter claim and the physician was awarded damages far less than he claimed but he defeated the counterclaim. He therefore won and should have been awarded the fees and costs.
Dr. Nassar was on the faculty of the University and specialized in treating HIV/AIDS. He left the University after being harassed by a superior for his race. He attempted to get a position at another hospital which was affiliated with the University and was blocked by Southwest. Nassar sued and won judgment on racial bias as well as on preventing him getting another position. The 5th Circuit reversed the bias award but allowed the interfering with employment. The case was sent back since the award did not differentiae between the two causes.
Dr. Kademian was an employee of Dr. Marger in a radiation oncology practice. Dr. Kademian left the practice and was told he could not practice at the area hospitals due to a covenant not to compete. He sued and lost in trial court but that was overturned in the court of appeals who stated that hearing the facts as presented by Dr. Kademian was enough to determine there was a true controversy regarding the facts and jury needed to hear the case.
The plaintiff was terminated from a hospital and sued to overturn the decision and for his peer review records. Since the hospital was private there was no state action and the Administrative Procedure Act did not apply. Therefore he lost that part of the case. He won the right to get his peer review records as there is state law that allows it when the physician appeals his termination. He also won a new hearing after he gets the requested information.
This story has a moral. Do not do things without the protection of peer review. The two physicians worked at the same surgicenter and the anesthesiologist thought the plastic surgeon was attempting to game the system. He wrote a letter on his own volition to the Board regarding his belief and the plastic surgeon sued the anesthesiologist and the surgicenter vicariously for defamation. The trial court stated the letter was protected but the court of appeal overturned the ruling stating that the anesthesiologist wrote the letter on his own therefore it is not privileged. This will cost the surgicenter and the anesthesiologist a lot of money for defense and maybe even for libel.
A federal judge has issued an injunction against the hospital from denying the radiology oncology group from doing procedures at the hospital. The hospital tried to strong arm the physicians stating they would lose their privileges if they did not become employees of the hospital. This was a problem for the physicians since Queen's was the only hospital on Oahu that did the procedure. The court said he could continue to perform the procedure at Queen's. The judge hinted in his opinion regarding a potential anti trust action against Queen's.
Parris had a prostate biopsy that showed there to be cancer. After prostatectomy, no cancer was found. Parris sued for malpractice. The high court ruled that there was no malpractice and Parris was treated correctly. However, he was not told post operatively that he did not have cancer so he had post op blood tests. This was malpractice and the case should go to trial for him having to endure the pain and suffering of a needle stick.
Fernandez under went a robotic splenectomy and he died of post operative complications. The University settled for $6 million since it was the first one ever done by this surgeon at the Chicago campus and the staff did not find the post operative problem in time to save him.
Dr. Jawinder Rai Chhibber, a Chicago physician, was convicted of health care fraud by a federal jury. He was accused of submitting bills for unnecessary medical tests and using false diagnosis codes to justify the tests. He will be sentenced on May 10.
Five nurses in the Philadelphia area were arrested for a healthcare scam involving inappropriate and ineligible patients enrolled in hospice.
Juan Villa of Miami pled guilty of a Detroit scam to defraud Medicare by paying people to get Medicare beneficiaries to come to the clinic in order to obtain the Medicare numbers. He then used the numbers to bill for medically unnecessary items. Sentencing of up to ten years is upcoming.
Morgantown Healthcare Providers and Monongalia Health System agreed to pay a fine of $2.5 million for understaffing a long term care facility and thereby giving substandard care. The care was not OK to bill for therefore illegal.
The Baltimore hospital agreed to pay the feds $793,548 for illegally giving patients a diagnosis of malnutrition as a secondary diagnosis. They never documented the disease nor treated for it. What they did do was coerce the physicians to use the diagnosis so the hospital could get more money. This is a MedStar hospital.
The court of appeals stated that nurse anesthetists could give anesthesia without physician supervision. They would need a physician order to perform the services. This would help the rural hospitals but it is doubtful that any urban hospital would allow it unless it is strictly for monetary reasons.


text:
Torzym (tuż po wojnie Toruń Lubuski, niem. Sternberg) – miasto w województwie lubuskim, w powiecie sulęcińskim, położone nad rzeką Ilanką i jeziorem Ilno. Siedziba gminy miejsko-wiejskiej Torzym. W latach 1975–1998 miasto administracyjnie należało do woj. zielonogórskiego.

Pod względem historycznym Torzym leży we wschodniej, prawobrzeżnej części dawnej ziemi lubuskiej, określanej jako ziemia torzymska.

Ośrodek usługowy dla rolnictwa i leśnictwa oraz wypoczynkowy; sanatorium. Według danych GUS z 31 grudnia 2019 r. Torzym liczył 2541 mieszkańców.

Historia
Około połowy XIII wieku tereny te stały się własnością Konrada Sternberga, arcybiskupa magdeburskiego, który w latach 1266–1276 założył tu zamek. Pierwsza pisemna wzmianka o grodzie Sternberg pochodzi jednak dopiero z 1300 roku. Od 1313 roku jej nazwa odnosiła się także do całego obszaru Brandenburgii na wschód od Odry. Władztwo polskie sięgnęło tu ponownie w trakcie wojny o przynależność ziemi lubuskiej po 1319, w 1321 sięgnęły tu granice księstwa głogowskiego. Od 1373 do 1415 miasto znajdowało się pod panowaniem Korony Czeskiej. Około 1375 roku osada nad brzegiem jeziora Ilno uzyskała prawa miejskie.
Od XV wieku brak informacji o zamku Sternberg. Prawdopodobnie znajdował się on nad Ilanką, około 3 km na północny zachód od miasta. W 1506 roku do Torzymia dotarła wyprawa zbrojna zorganizowana przez księcia głogowskiego i przyszłego króla Polski Zygmunta I Starego i elektora brandenburskiego Joachima, skierowana przeciw rycerzom–rozbójnikom. Zniszczono wówczas doszczętnie zamek, który nigdy potem nie został już odbudowany. W dalszym ciągu rozwijało się jednak miasto, dzieląc wraz z okolicą wzloty i upadki w trakcie kolejnych dziesięcioleci. Związane są one z okresami dobrej koniunktury gospodarczej z jednej strony, z drugiej zaś z licznymi wojnami, najazdami oraz pożarami drewnianej głównie zabudowy.

W miejscowości znajdowało się wiele majątków rycerskich, do których należało pięć folwarków i trzy młyny nad Ilanką. Ze względu na niską żyzność okolicznych gleb, większą rolę odgrywała hodowla bydła. W szczególności chodziło o handel bydłem, który rozsławił miasto. Rocznie w Sternbergu odbywały się trzy targi bydła. Korzystne położenie przy drodze łączącej Frankfurt z Poznaniem pozwoliło na powstanie tu browaru i gorzelni.

Około 1800 roku Sternberg nie posiadał murów miejskich, był tylko ogrodzony. W 1834 roku powstał kościół według projektu Schinkla (obecny kościół parafialny). W 1869 roku miasto uzyskało połączenie kolejowe (linia z Frankfurtu do Poznania). W latach 1818–1873 miasto Sternberg należało do powiatu o tej samej nazwie, jednak nigdy nie było jego siedzibą. Od momentu podziału powiatu do 1945 roku miejscowość przynależała do powiatu Oststernberg.

Po I wojnie światowej Sternberg stał się miejscowością sanatoryjną. Zniszczenia II wojny światowej (nawet do ok. 85%) spowodowały, że miejscowość wraz z przyłączeniem do Polski w 1945 r. utraciła prawa miejskie. Wysiedlono także jej dotychczasowych, niemieckojęzycznych mieszkańców. Zamiast dotychczasowej nazwy Sternberg administracja polska używała początkowo określenia Toruń Lubuski, jednak ostatecznie jako oficjalną przyjęto formę Torzym. W latach 1951–1953 w Torzymiu stacjonował sztab 19 Dywizji Zmechanizowanej Wojska Polskiego.

Osada została ponownie podniesiona do rangi miasta w 1994 r.

Demografia

Źródło:

 Piramida wieku mieszkańców Torzymia w 2014 roku.

Zabytki

Do wojewódzkiego rejestru zabytków wpisane są:
 kościół ewangelicki, obecnie rzymskokatolicki kościół parafialny pw. Podwyższenia Krzyża Świętego, z początku XIX wieku, 1831 roku
 dom, pl. Kościuszki 4, z początku XIX wieku
inne zabytki:
 cmentarz żydowski
 kamieniczki z końca XIX i początku XX wieku

Wspólnoty wyznaniowe
 Kościół Rzymskokatolicki
 Parafia Podwyższenia Krzyża Świętego
 Polski Autokefaliczny Kościół Prawosławny
 Parafia św. Michała Archanioła – Cerkiew prawosławna św. Michała Archanioła

Sport i rekreacja
Swoją siedzibę ma tu Miejski Klub Sportowy "Toroma" Torzym, założony w roku 1962, grający obecnie w gorzowskiej klasie okręgowej. Charakterystyczne barwy zespołu: żółto-zielono-niebieskie. Klub swoje domowe mecze rozgrywa na Stadionie Miejskim o pojemności 600 widzów.

W mieście znajdują się zespoły zieleni miejskiej.

Transport

Transport drogowy
Na północ od miasta zlokalizowany jest węzeł Torzym w ciągu autostrady A2 (E30). Przez miasto przebiega droga krajowa nr 92 oraz droga wojewódzka nr 138 Sulęcin – Torzym – Gubin.

Transport kolejowy
W Torzymiu znajduje się przystanek kolejowy Torzym (na linii kolejowej nr 3 Warszawa – Frankfurt nad Odrą).

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Miasto i gmina Torzym
 Urząd Miasta i Gminy Torzym

Miasta w Polsce lokowane w XIV wieku
Miasta w województwie lubuskim
Ziemia lubuska

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Location Location Location!!! A beautiful three bedroom home that sits right on the Whitman line. This home offers a fully renovated kitchen that includes stainless steel appliances, brand new cabinets and a built in granite breakfast bar accompanied by pendent lights. A fully renovated bathroom. Recessed lighting in the kitchen, living room and basement!! The living-room compliments the style of the kitchen. Basement has also been renovated to include a finished family room and a potential finished bedroom if needed. Laundry hook-up and storage space is available in the basement. New automatic garage door was installed. Huge yard with a large deck that is perfect for summer time cookouts. Private street, perfect area just waiting for the perfect buyer!
Listed by Michelle Torrey and Malange DePina of Torrey & Associates R. E.


text:
Deljiva bojna glava s konicami samostojnega usmerjanja (angleško Multiple Independently-targeted Re-entry Vehicle) je vrsta bojne glave balističnih raket z več neodvisno usmerjenimi bojnimi konicami.

Ta zasnova se je najprej pojavila v ZDA kot odgovor na naraščanje zalog jedrskega orožja v Sovjetski zvezi. Na ta način je možno z enim balističnim izstrelkom zadeti več različnih tarč hkrati (ali usmeriti več jedrskih bojnih konic na eno tarčo), kar močno oteži ali onemogoči nasprotnikovo obrambo (Sovjetska zveza je namreč že v šestdesetih letih imela delujoč sistem protibalistične obrambe).

Poleg načina za preobremenitev protibalistične obrambe je lahko uporaba več manjših jedrskih konic bolj učinkovita, kot uporaba ene same jedrske konice z večjo močjo.

Na začetku so Američani (kasneje tudi Sovjeti) na tak način obšli sporazum SALT, ki je omejeval le število balističnih izstrelkov, ne pa tudi števila jedrskih konic. V devetdesetih letih je bila uporaba več jedrskih konic prepovedana s sporazumom START II. Danes se načelo MIRV uporablja samo še pri podmorniških balističnih izstrelkih (SLBM).

Načelo delovanja

Večstopenjski balistični izstrelek dvigne na podorbitalno trajektorijo majhno dodatno raketno stopnjo z nameščenimi jedrskimi konicami. V tej stopnji se nahaja tudi sistem vodenja balističnega izstrelka. Ta raketna stopnja ima manjše hipergolne (tj. samovžigne) raketne motorje za potisk in manevriranje; njihov potisk pa je možno natančno nastavljati. S pomočjo teh motorjev se stopnja lahko prestavi na višjo ali nižjo trajektorijo ter spremeni hitrost. S pomočjo teh manevrov sistem dostavi jedrske konice na točno določeno balistično trajektorijo, ki jih pripelje na izbrano tarčo.
Pri tem sistemu je natančnost zadetka tarče zelo pomembna, saj je pri zelo natančnih sistemih potrebna moč bojne konice precej manjša, torej jih balistični izstrelek lahko nese več.

Skupaj z jedrskimi konicami se po navadi odvržejo tudi kovinski trakovi, metalizirani baloni, ali naprave za motenje radarjev, kar oteži pravočasno detekcijo in protibalistično obrambo. Ti protiukrepi naj bi bili za senzorje protibalistične obrambe čim bolj podobni pravim jedrskim konicam, kar oteži ločevanje med konicami in protiukrepi. Podrobni podatki so še danes ena skrbno varovanih skrivnosti, saj bi bilo v nasprotnem primeru za nasprotnike lažje razviti metode za zmanjšanje njihove učinkovitosti.

Zunanje povezave
 Prikaz načela MIRV

Vojaške kratice
Balistični izstrelki
Jedrsko orožje


text:
\section{Introduction}

Entanglement is among the most fascinating features of quantum theory and at the heart of quantum information processing.
In recent years, a growing interest has been devoted to the possibility of generating entangled states of high-dimensions. Such states can in principle contain a large amount of entanglement, which is conceptually interesting but also offers novel perspectives for applications in quantum information,
particularly in quantum communications~\cite{Bennett1999,Bechmann-Pasquinucci2000,Cerf2002,Sheridan2010}.

Several experimental platforms have been considered for the creation of highly entangled states, in particular in photonics. These include encodings based on energy-time~\cite{Franson1989,Richart2012,Thew2004}, time-bins~\cite{Brendel1999,DeRiedmatten2002,Ikuta2016,Stucki2005}, orbital angular momentum~\cite{Mair2001,Dada2011,Krenn2014}, and frequency modes~\cite{Olislager2012a,Bernhard2013,Jin2016}. Thus highly entangled states are now routinely created in all of these platforms. Also the entanglement of these states can be detected experimentally, via the use of entanglement witnesses or Bell inequalities \cite{Pan2012,Brunner2014}.

However, the real challenge in this area is the experimental certification of large entanglement, such as high-dimensional entanglement. That is, not only to certify the mere presence of entanglement, but to provide an actual certification of the amount of entanglement present in the state. This issue is challenging for two different reasons.

First, the characterization of a quantum state of high dimension via standard methods (e.g. quantum tomography) typically requires the estimation of a considerable number of independent parameters, which in turn requires a large number of different measurements to be performed. In practice this is extremely cumbersome and essentially infeasible. Alternative approaches have been developed \cite{Gross2010}, requiring much less measurements to be performed, but are usually based on some extra assumptions on the state (for instance, the state being of high purity).

Second, the measurements that can actually be performed in a real experiment are typically limited. Therefore, the practical use of efficient methods to certify high-dimensional entanglement is further constrained by a restriction on the class of measurements available in the lab. This has been an active area of research in recent years \cite{Giovannini2013,Tonolini2014,Howland2016,Erker2016,Tiranov2016}, motivated by the prospects of applications in quantum communications \cite{Mirhosseini2015,Zhong2015}.

Here we report the characterization and certification of high-dimensional entanglement in photonic systems, based on very sparse experimental data. To do so, we build upon the theoretical methods recently developed in Ref. \cite{Alexey2016}. We first discuss a time-bin entangled two-photon experiment, in which we certify presence of at least 2.09~(7) ebits of entanglement of formation. In other words, we certify that the created states contains (i) an amount of entanglement equivalent to more than two maximally entangled two-qubit pairs, and (ii) entanglement in (at least) $5 \times 5$ dimensions. Second, we report an experiment using energy-time entangled photon pairs, and certify up to 4.1~(1) ebits of entanglement of formation, based on few additional assumptions. This certifies entanglement in a state of dimension of (at least) $18 \times 18$. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the highest values of entanglement of formation certified so far in any experiment. These results demonstrate the potential of temporal entanglement as a platform for creating and certifying quantum states featuring a large amount of entanglement.

\emph{Setup.---} The setup of our experiment is sketched in \figurename{~\ref{fig_principle}}. Time-bin entanglement is generated using spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). A picosecond mode locked laser at 532 nm creates a train of pulses, which then stimulates a type 0 periodically poled lithium niobate crystal to generate photon pairs at a wavelength of 810~nm and 1550~nm. The delay between two successive pulses is $\Delta = 2.3$~ns. At the output of the crystal, when we have exactly one pair, the state generated is of the form:
\begin{equation}\label{eq_state}
\ket {\Psi} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} \sum_{j=1}^{n} c_j e^{ i \phi_j} \ket{j,j}
\end{equation}
where $\ket{j,j}$ denotes the states where both photons are in the pulse $j$, which has amplitude $c_j$, and phase $\phi_j$. The mode-locked laser preserves the amplitude and phase relation over a large number of pulses, $n$. This means that $c_j$ and $\phi_j$ can be consider constant for $n \Delta$ smaller than the coherence time of the laser. In our configuration based on a laser with a coherence time greater than 1 \textmu s and a repetition rate of 430~MHz, the coherence of this state can be preserved for $n \leq 400$. Moreover, the pump power is set in such a way that the probability to generate two photon pairs in a n-pulse train is negligible.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{setup_}
\caption{Schematic view of the experiment for creating and quantifying high-dimensional entanglement using limited measurement data. The time-bin entangled two-photon state is produced by spontaneous parametric down conversion process (SPDC) using a $\chi^{(2)}$ nonlinear crystal. The crystal is pumped by a mode-locked laser with high repetition rate producing a photon pair in well defined temporal modes $\ket{j,j}$. A Franson type setup \cite{Franson1989} consisting of two interferometers is used to analyse the resulting state and reveal its entanglement.
\label{fig_principle}}
\end{figure}

The created time-bin entangled two-photon state is then analyzed. First, the two photons (of each pair) are separated by a dichroic mirror and each photon is sent to a bulk unbalanced interferometer. The delay between the short and long arms of the interferometers can be set to $\Delta $ and $2\Delta$ in order to analyse the coherence between two neighbor ($j$ and $j+1$) and next-neighbor ($j$ and $j+2$) temporal modes. These delays are much larger than the pulse duration of the laser $\tau_p \approx 10$~ps and the coherence time of the down-converted photons $\tau_c \approx 1$~ps (the coherence time of the photons is estimated from the bandwidth of the photon at 1550~nm which is around 3~nm). In this case, only second order interference can be measured by analysing the coincidence rate at the output of the interferometers, which correspond to the local projections onto the state $\bra{j+i,j+i}e^{-i (\phi_a + \phi_b)} + \bra{j,j}$ (with $i=1,2$), where $\phi_a$ and $\phi_b$ correspond to the relative phase between the two arms of the interferometers. These phases can be adjusted by piezo actuators. To extract the visibility, the phase of one of the two interferometers is scanned to find the maximum and minimum coincidence rates, which correspond to constructive and destructive interference, respectively. At the output of each interferometer, the photons are detected via a single photon detector (SPD), based on an silicon (resp. InGaAs) avalanche photodiode for the photon at 810~nm (resp. 1550~nm). To associate the detections with the correct temporal modes, the detection events are sent to a time-to-digital converter where the clock is set on the laser frequency divided by $2^{12}$. More precisely, the temporal mode $j$ corresponding to each detection is defined from the time delay between the clock trigger and the detection event.

\emph{Entanglement certification.---} Our goal here is to characterize the entanglement of the time-bin entangled state we create. This is however a nontrivial problem, due to the very limited data available from the experiment. In particular, we cannot reconstruct the full density matrix $\rho$ of the state, due to the fact that we are not able to experimentally measure each element $\exval{j,k}{\rho}{j',k'}$. This would require having basically $n$ unbalanced interferometers, which is clearly unpractical.

Specifically, our setup allows us to measure only the following quantities. First, we can measure coincidence events in the time-of-arrival basis, which gives access to the diagonal density matrix elements $\exval{j,k}{\rho}{j,k}$. Second, we can measure the interference visibility between two neighboring temporal modes ($j$ and $j+1$), and similarly for two next-neighboring temporal modes ($j$ and $j+2$). Hence we can estimate the off-diagonal elements $\exval{j,j}{\rho}{j+i,j+i}$ for $i=1,2$ (\figurename{~\ref{fig_principle}}). Apart from these quantities, we cannot get access to any further elements of~$\rho$.

Although this data is rather limited, it turns out that we can nevertheless efficiently characterize the entanglement produced by the source. In particular we obtain strong lower bounds on the amount of entanglement contained in the state. To do so we build upon recent theoretical methods presented in Ref. \cite{Alexey2016}.
\begin{figure*}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
a) & b)\\
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{pulsed_vis}&
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{ebit_tab_mean}
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{pulsed_vis} Results for the time-bin experiment.
a) Here $(j,j)$ corresponds to the intensity probabilities ($|c_j|^2$ in Eq. (\ref{eq_state}) ), while $(j,j+1)$ and $(j,j+2)$ represent the visibilities of the two-photon interference between two neighboring and next-neighboring temporal modes. We consider 8 temporal modes.
b) Lower bounds on the entanglement of formation (in terms of ebits) as a function of the number of temporal modes $n$ considered. The data allows us to certify an entanglement of formation of  2.09(7) ebits, taking $n=7$. The black dots correspond to the mean number of ebits and the one $\sigma$ statistical error is represented by the filled red curve.
}
\end{figure*}
More specifically, this approach will allow us to lower-bound the entanglement of formation of $\rho$, $E_{oF} $. This measure represents the minimal number of "ebits" (i.e. the number of maximally entangled two-qubit states) required in order to produce $\rho$ via an arbitrary LOCC procedure \cite{Horodecki_review}. This measure thus has a clear operational meaning. Specifically, we have that
\begin{equation} \label{EoF}
E_{oF} \geqslant -\log_2(1-\frac{B^2}{2})
\end{equation}
where the quantity $B$ is defined as:
\begin{multline}
B =  \frac{2}{\sqrt{|C|}} \left( \sum_{\underset{j<k}{(j,k) \in C}} \abs{\exval{j,j}{\rho}{k,k}} \right.\\
\left. - \sqrt{ \exval{j,k}{\rho}{j,k} \exval{k,j}{\rho}{k,j}}  \right).
\label{eq_B}
\end{multline}
Here $|C|$ denotes the cardinality of the set $C$, i.e. the number of pairs of indices $(j,k)$ to be considered in the sum. By taking more and more elements in $C$, one obtains typically better bounds on $E_{oF}$. How many pairs of indices can be considered depends on how many off-diagonal elements of $\rho$ are known. Note that $B$ provides a lower-bound on the concurrence of $\rho$~\cite{Huber2013}.

While the data available in our experiment does not allow us to reconstruct the complete density matrix, we can nevertheless get strong bounds on the entanglement of formation of $\rho$. First, note that the terms $\exval{j,k}{\rho}{j,k}$ (with $j<k$) in Eq. \eqref{eq_B} are directly related to the coincidence to accidental ratio (CAR) of the source, which can be measured. Concerning the off-diagonal terms $\exval{j,j}{\rho}{k,k}$, recall that we can only determine directly those for which $| k-j | \leq 2$. In Ref. \cite{Alexey2016}, it was shown that the remaining unknown off-diagonal elements can be efficiently lower-bounded by focusing on certain submatrices of $\rho$, and imposing their positivity (which follows from the positivity of $\rho$). Here we combine these ideas with semi-definite programming (SDP) techniques. Specifically, we focus on the sub-matrix of $\rho$: $\tilde{\rho}_{jk} = \Re(\exval{j,j}{\rho}{k,k}) $ \footnote{Note that $\tilde{\rho}$ is usually sub-normalized in practice, due to noise terms. It will then be convenient to renormalize $\tilde{\rho}$.}. Via SDP\footnote{We used the yalmip interface and the sedumi solver \cite{yalmip,sedumi}, which allow one to define an objective function as the sum of absolute values of matrix elements.}, one can then minimize the expression $\sum_{j<k} \abs{\exval{j,j}{\tilde\rho}{k,k}}$ (for $(j,k)$ in the set $C$), under the constraints that $\tilde{\rho}$ is positive and that some elements of $\tilde{\rho}$ (or some linear combinations of them) are known from the data.
From the result of this SDP, we then get a lower bound on the entanglement of formation, via Eqs. \eqref{eq_B} and \eqref{EoF}. Importantly, the bound we obtain here is essentially tight, given that the solution returned by the SDP is a valid density matrix. Among all possible physical states compatible with our data, the SDP solution corresponds to the one featuring the smallest amount of entanglement.

\begin{table}[b!]
\begin{tabular}{c|@{\extracolsep{\fill}} *{10}{c@{\extracolsep{\fill}}}}
			& \dtt $\ket{1,1}$ 	&  \dtt $\ket{2,2}$ 	& \dtt $\ket{3,3}$	& \dtt $\ket{4,4}$	& \dtt $\ket{5,5}$	&\dtt $\ket{6,6}$ 	&\dtt $\ket{7,7}$ 	& \dtt $\ket{8,8}$  \\ \hline
 \dtt $\bra{1,1}$ &\dt{gray4}{1.01}{4} & \dt{gray4}{0.98}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{0.99}{2} & \dt{white}{0.96}{3} & \dt{white}{0.91}{3} & \dt{white}{0.89}{4} & \dt{white}{0.84}{4} & \dt{white}{0.75}{5} \\
 \dtt $\bra{2,2}$ &\dt{gray4}{0.98}{3} & \dt{gray4}{1.02}{3} &  \dt{gray4}{1.00}{2} & \dt{gray4}{1.01}{2} & \dt{white}{0.96}{3} & \dt{white}{0.97}{3} & \dt{white}{0.91}{3} & \dt{white}{0.84}{4} \\
 \dtt $\bra{3,3}$ &\dt{gray4}{0.99}{2} & \dt{gray4}{1.00}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{1.00}{3} & \dt{gray4}{1.00}{2} & \dt{gray4}{0.96}{2} & \dt{white}{0.96}{3} & \dt{white}{0.91}{3} & \dt{white}{0.85}{4} \\
 \dtt $\bra{4,4}$ &\dt{white}{0.96}{3} & \dt{gray4}{1.01}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{1.00}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{1.02}{3} &  \dt{gray4}{0.98}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{1.00}{2} &  \dt{white}{0.95}{3} &  \dt{white}{0.90}{3} \\
 \dtt $\bra{5,5}$ &\dt{white}{0.91}{3} & \dt{white}{0.96}{3} &  \dt{gray4}{0.96}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{0.98}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{0.96}{3} &  \dt{gray4}{1.00}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{0.95}{2} &  \dt{white}{0.92}{3} \\
 \dtt $\bra{6,6}$ &\dt{white}{0.89}{4} & \dt{white}{0.96}{3} &  \dt{white}{0.96}{3} &  \dt{gray4}{1.00}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{1.00}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{1.05}{3} &  \dt{gray4}{0.99}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{0.99}{2} \\
 \dtt $\bra{7,7}$ &\dt{white}{0.84}{4} & \dt{white}{0.91}{3} &  \dt{white}{0.91}{3} &  \dt{white}{0.95}{3} &  \dt{gray4}{0.95}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{0.99}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{0.96}{3} &  \dt{gray4}{0.95}{2} \\
 \dtt $\bra{8,8}$ &\dt{white}{0.75}{5} & \dt{white}{0.84}{4} & \dt{white}{0.85}{4} & \dt{white}{0.90}{3} & \dt{white}{0.99}{3} &  \dt{gray4}{0.99}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{0.95}{2} &  \dt{gray4}{0.98}{3} \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{tab_rho} Sub-matrix $\tilde \rho$ outputted by the SDP procedure. The gray cells are the elements experimentally measured while the white cells are a priori unknown. The values are normalized with respect to the dimension of $\tilde \rho$. Error bars are estimated over 20 experimental runs for gray cells, and via Monte Carlo simulation for white cells.}
\end{table}

\begin{figure*}[t!]
\begin{tabular}{l l }
a) & b) \\
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{CW_vis} &
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{CW_ebit_tab_mean}
\end{tabular}
\caption{
Results of the energy-time experiment. a) Visibility of the two-photon interference representing coherence between temporal modes $\ket{j,j}$ and $\ket{j+n,j+n}$ where $n$ is a bin number. The bin $n=0$ corresponds to the first order interference with visibility of 98(1)\%. Up to bin number 11 (blue), the visibility is rather low due to the jitter of the detection system. For the remaining bins (green), the average visibility is 98.5(8)\%. In order to lower bound the entanglement of formation, we use bins 12 to 29.
b) Lower bounds on the entanglement of formation (in terms of ebits) as a function of the number of temporal modes $n$ for the CW experiment. Energy-time entanglement containing up to 4.1(1) ebits is certified for $n=42$. The filled red curve represents the one $\sigma$ statistical error.
\label{fig_CW_vis}}
\end{figure*}

\emph{Experimental results.---} Next we apply the above methods to our experimental data. We consider 8 temporal modes. Measurements in the time-of-arrival basis lead to coincidences events, see \figurename{~\ref{pulsed_vis}.(a)}. This also allows to estimate the CAR to be $>10^3$. We thus take $\exval{j,k}{\rho}{j,k}  = 10^{-3}$ for any $k \neq j$. Also, using the unbalanced interferometers we measure the interference visibilities by applying the local projections $\bra{j+i,j+i}e^{i (\phi_a + \phi_b)} + \bra{j,j}$ (for $i=1,2$ and $j=1,...,8-i$) and vary the relative phase. As seen from \figurename{~\ref{pulsed_vis}.(a)}, the average visibility is $ \sim 98\% $.

Next we run the SDP procedure explained above. In order to find the largest value of the entanglement of formation, it is useful to consider all contiguous subsets of $n=2,...,8$ of the total 8 temporal modes. Increasing $n$ may increase the first term of the quantity $B$ (see Eq. \eqref{eq_B}), but will also decrease the norm of each term due to the normalization of the state. In practice we scan over all possible values of $n$ and keep the best. Moreover, one should tune the subset $C$. Here, enumerating all $2^{n(n-1)/2}$ is not possible; in practice we simply take $C$ to contain all possible pair of indices $(j,k)$, thus taking all off-diagonal elements into account. The largest value is found for $n=7$: $E_{oF} = 2.09 (7) $ ebits; see \figurename{~\ref{pulsed_vis}.(b)}. This result also certifies that our time-bin entangled states is of dimension at least $5 \times 5$. Table 1 shows the sub-matrix $\tilde{\rho}$ outputted by the SDP, highlighting known and unknown matrix elements.

\emph{Energy-time entanglement.---} Our theoretical methods can in principle be used for certifying much higher entanglement. Experimentally, this amounts to consider more temporal modes, and measure more off-diagonals elements. However, in our configuration, this would require to increase the path difference of the interferometers up to 70~cm, which is unpractical.

Instead, we pursue a different approach. In order to effectively reduce the interferometer size one can modify the source of entanglement, using e.g. a pulsed laser with a faster repetition rate or a continuous laser. Here we explore the second option. In this case, the entanglement originates from energy-time correlations induced by the narrow spectrum (long coherence time) of the pump laser. The resulting state can nevertheless be equivalently written in the form of Eq.\eqref{eq_state} by properly defining the temporal modes.

In practice we used another source of photon pairs based on a type-0 pigtail PPLN waveguide stimulated by a diode laser at 780~nm to generate degenerate photons at 1560~nm. To filter down the photons to 100~GHz, the output of the source is connected to a 200~GHz dense wavelength division multiplexer, which increases the coherence time of the photons to 4.4~ps. To analyze the coherence between different temporal modes the photon pairs are sent to a single folded bulk Franson interferometer~\cite{Thew2002} and a single photon detector is placed at each output port to measure the second order correlation. A motorised mirror placed on one arm can continuously change the interferometer delay length from 0 to 29~cm.

The main difference between this approach and our first experiment is coming from the fact that we can now choose the delay between two adjacent temporal modes (given previously by $\Delta$) as long as the modes do not overlap, i.e. that our entangled state satisfies $ \exval{j,k}{\rho}{j,k} \approx 0$ $\forall j \neq k$. To do so, we fix the time between two adjacent modes equal to 33~ps (1~cm), which allows us to analyse 29 temporal modes. In this configuration, the temporal jitter of the detection scheme (around 200\,ps) is larger than the delay between two temporal modes, which means that we cannot access each mode individually anymore.

As in our first experiment, the values of the off-diagonal elements are directly related to the visibility of the two-photon interference. As shown in \figurename{~\ref{fig_CW_vis}.(a)}, when the delay between the two arms is set to zero, $i = 0$, we observe single photon interferences with a visibility of 98.5(8)\%. When we increase the delay length from 1 to 11 cm (33\,ps to 337\,ps), we observe that the visibility drops to 53(3)\% and increases to 98(1)\%. For these delays, we do not observe single photon interferences anymore, and two-photon interference is limited by the detection system. Indeed, due to the jitter of the detection scheme, the cases where the two photons pass through different arms cannot be removed by a temporal post-selection. For $i>11$, we observe that the visibilities are constant, and around 99\%. In this configuration, we cannot infer the values of elements of the 11 first off-diagonals, but only from the off-diagonals 12 to 29. Also, we measure a CAR of 5650 using low noise detectors cooled down to -90$^\circ$C with a Stirling cooler~\cite{Korzh2014}.

In order to quantify entanglement from this data, we use again our theoretical method and analyze the sub-matrix $\tilde\rho$. Contrary to our first experiment, the elements of $\tilde\rho$ are not known individually, but only certain averages. In particular, the measured visibilities provide the following constraints: $ \frac{1}{n-i}\sum_{j=1}^{n-i} \Re(\exval{j,j}{\tilde\rho}{j+i,j+i}) = V_i$ for $i\in \{12,29\}$, which are included in the SDP. We also have a constraint on the diagonal elements of $\tilde\rho$, namely $\frac{1}{n}\sum_{j=1}^{n}\exval{j,j}{\tilde\rho}{j,j} = 1$ which follows from normalization of the state $\rho$.
All remaining matrix elements are unknown, hence the sub matrix $\tilde\rho$ takes the form:
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width = 0.7\columnwidth]{Matrix.pdf}\\
\end{center}
\noindent Finally, to estimate the entanglement, we run the SDP procedure considering various values of the number of temporal modes up to $n=50$. As shown in \figurename{~\ref{fig_CW_vis}.(b)}, the data allows us to certify an entanglement of formation of $E_{oF} = 4.1(1)$ ebits, for $n=42$. This also certifies that our entangled state is of dimension at least $18 \times 18$.

\emph{Conclusion.---} We have demonstrated the quantification and certification of high-dimensional photonic entanglement, based on sparse experimental data. First, using a time-bin encoding we certified an entanglement of formation of 2.09(7) ebits. Next moving to an implementation based on energy-time entanglement we could certify up to 4.1(1) ebits. This represents a considerable improvement over the largest values certified so far in any experiment; to the best of our knowledge, the highest value up until now was $E_{oF} = 1.2$ ebits in Ref.~\cite{Alexey2016}. This demonstrates that photonic systems encoded in temporal modes are ideally suited for the creation, certification, and quantification of high-dimensional entanglement. This opens promising perspectives for future applications in quantum information science.

\emph{Acknowledgments.} The authors would like to thank Hugo Zbinden for useful discussions. This work was supported by the Swiss national science foundation (SNSF 200021-149109), and the European Research Council (ERC-AG MEC). N.~B. acknowledges funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Starting grant DIAQ). M.~H. would like to acknowledge funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation (AMBIZIONE Z00P2-161351) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through the START project Y879-N27.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Stem Cell Transplant remains a major component in the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow or blood stem cell transplantation (SCT) remains the best treatment available for selected patients with certain types of cancer including lymphomas and multiple myeloma (MM). The SCT process was developed more than 50 years ago and was considered such a major development of biomedical science that the individuals responsible were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1990. Continued refinement has made SCT safer, more widely available and possible in older patients.
Stem cell transplant is typically used as part of the initial overall treatment strategy for newly diagnosed MM immediately following initial induction therapy with a 3 or 4 drug treatment regimen. There is some disagreement whether all MM patients should receive a SCT immediately following induction or waiting until there is evidence of disease progression. Which ever approach is taken, stem cells should be collected following induction. They can be used immediately or stored for later use.
Higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy kill more cancer cells than lower doses in certain types of cancer. Unfortunately, the higher doses of therapy used to destroy cancer cells also damage normal cells. The body's normal cells that are most sensitive to destruction by high-dose therapy are the blood-producing stem cells in the bone marrow. To "rescue" the bone marrow and hasten blood cell production and immune system recovery, high-dose therapy is followed by an infusion of stem cells.
Stem cell transplants are classified based on which individual donates the stem cells and from where the stem cells are collected. Stem cells may come from the patient (autologous), an identical twin (syngeneic), or someone other than the patient or a twin (allogeneic). Allogeneic stem cells are further classified by whether the individual donating the stem cells is related or unrelated to the patient.
Stem cells can be collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood. There are important advantages and disadvantages to using stem cells collected from these different sources.
High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and SCT is part of the overall treatment for many individuals with multiple myeloma. To deliver HDC, stem cells must be collected before treatment and infused into the patient after treatment. The stem cell infusion supports the recovery of the patient's bone marrow blood cell production.
The clinical trial evaluated a total of 1,266 patients who were less than 65 years of age with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma between February 2011 and April 2014. All patients were treated with induction therapy consisting of Velcade (bortezomib)–cyclophosphamide–dexamethasone chemotherapy and then were assigned to receive additional standard dose chemotherapy or high dose melphalan chemotherapy and ASCT and directly compared. All patients received maintenance therapy with Revlimid (lenalidomide) until disease progression or intolerable side effects.
The study revealed that ASCT treated patients had a 24 percent lower risk of disease progression compared to chemotherapy.
High dose melphalan chemotherapy has been the standard transplant "conditioning" treatment regimen however other regimens may offer greater benefit.
Busulfan in combination with melphalan (BuMel) is a promising conditioning regimen for treatment of patients with newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma undergoing ASCT.
According to a study older patients treated with HDC & ASCT have similar disease response and survival as younger patients. In addition, older patients had superior survival compared with non-transplanted older patients.
A retrospective study compared 132 patients with newly diagnosed myeloma (103 patients aged 65 years or younger; 29 patients older than 65 years) who underwent transplant with a group of 23 similar non-transplanted patients aged 65 years to 70 years.
The older patients experienced similar side effects to the younger patients except when treated with high dose melphalan where greater hematologic toxicity and blood transfusion support was required. The overall survival duration averaged 59 months for older transplant recipients compared to 30 months for those treated with conventional dose therapy.
Most of the reported clinical trials reported in multiple myeloma have restricted stem cell transplants to newly diagnosed patients responding to initial induction therapy. The rationale for this approach has never been convincing since refractory patients are more in need of intensive therapy than are responding patients.
Compared to an autologous stem cell transplant and allogenic stem cell transplant uses "donated" stem cells collected from someone other than the person with multiple myeloma. This has the advantage of transplanting an entire immune system that can attack the myeloma cells. Allogenic stem cell transplant however is more complicated, and has greater side effects.
HDC & ASCT is performed much more frequently than allogeneic transplant because fewer patients have suitable stem cell donors and the side effects associated with an allogeneic transplant are greater. The risk of dying as a complication from an autologous transplant is approximately 1-2%, while deaths from allogeneic transplants are significantly greater. The higher death rate is due to infections, side effects of the high-dose treatment, and graft-versus-host disease. These occur more frequently with increasing age. For a general overview of the process of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, select Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant.
Despite the increased toxicity, some doctors recommend allogeneic stem cell transplantation over ASCT because allogeneic stem cell transplantation may offer a greater chance of cure. Thus, for younger patients who are willing to accept treatment related risks for the chance of long-term survival, an allogeneic transplant is a serious consideration. The best results of allogeneic transplantation are achieved in younger patients who have responded to initial therapy. It is important that HLA testing is performed at diagnosis to determine the availability of a stem cell donor so that treatment can proceed in a timely manner.
Clinical studies directly comparing allogeneic stem cell transplantation to autologous stem cell transplantation for the treatment of multiple myeloma have not been performed.Published reports indicate that 40% of patients with multiple myeloma under the age of 50 who are treated with an allogeneic transplant are alive and cancer-free five years following therapy. The risk of dying as a consequence of treatment in this group of patients may approach 20%. Thus, patients must weigh the odds of treatment related mortality against the odds of improved cure rates when trying to choose a treatment strategy.
Patients who experience recurrence of myeloma following treatment with lower or moderate-dose chemotherapy make up the overwhelming majority of patients who have received allogeneic transplants to date. Mortality following allogeneic transplantation in patients with recurrent multiple myeloma is 40-50% and 20% of these patients survive without cancer recurrence 5 years from treatment. Data is limited for patients with multiple myeloma undergoing an allogeneic transplant who have had a cancer recurrence following an autologous transplant. There is the possibility of benefit from an allogeneic stem cell transplant in this group of patients, especially if there is more than a 2-year interval between the autologous and allogeneic transplants.
Less toxic cancer treatment followed by an allogeneic stem cell transplant promise for older patients with advanced blood and bone marrow cancers such as multiple myeloma. In recent years, however, several transplant centers have evaluated less toxic regimens, including lower doses of chemotherapy, radiation, and/or biologic therapy prior to an allogeneic transplant. The less toxic regimens kill some cancer cells and suppress the patient's immune system so that it won't attack the donor cells. Once the donor cells are infused into the patient, they can recognize the patient's cancer cells as foreign and mount an attack against the cancer. This approach is sometimes referred to as a "mini-transplant" or a "reduced intensity transplant (RIT)."
To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of mini-transplants among older patients with advanced hematologic cancer, researchers conducted a study among 372 patients between the ages of 60 and 75. Patients were treated with low-dose total body irradiation alone or combined with fludarabine. Patients then received an allogeneic stem cell transplant from a related or unrelated donor.
Five-year overall survival was 35%.
Five-year survival without a worsening of the cancer was 32%.
Treatment outcome was generally similar regardless of the patient's age.
According to an article recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine, among patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, treatment with an autologous stem cell transplant followed by an allogeneic stem cell transplant with a matched sibling donor provides superior survival compared with two autologous stem cell transplants.
Mortality caused by multiple myeloma occurred in 43% of patients treated with a double autologous stem cell transplant, compared with only 7% for patients treated with an autologous/allogeneic treatment strategy.
Median overall survival was improved among patients treated with "matched" sibling donor stem cells, compared with patients treated with non-matched sibling donor stem cells.
Mortality related to treatment was not significantly different between the two groups of patients.
CAR-T Cell Therapy: Researchers updated results from a continued study including multiple National Cancer Institute-based centers in the U.S. The trial included 21 patients with a median age of 58 years, who had received a median of 7 prior therapies, including stem cell transplants.
Understand how CAR-T cell therapy works.
Addition of Precision Targeted Therapy: Monoclonal antibodies are proteins that can be produced in the laboratory and are designed to recognize and bind to very specific sites on a cell. This binding action promotes anti-cancer benefits by eliminating the stimulating effects of growth factors and by stimulating the immune system to attack and kill the cancer cells to which the monoclonal antibody is bound. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used to deliver anti-cancer compounds, such as radioactive isotopes, directly to cancer cells.
Linking radioactive isotopes to monoclonal antibodies facilitates the delivery of increased dose intensity directly to the leukemia cells. In this manner, radiation is delivered primarily to the cancer cells and not in high doses to vital organs, such as the liver and lung. Early studies utilizing high doses of chemotherapy plus radioactive monoclonal antibodies have been highly successful in preventing relapses when given with allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Enhancement of Immunity after Stem Cell Transplants: Allogeneic stem cell transplants are more effective in preventing relapses than autologous transplants because the donor cells recognize the cancer as foreign and kill cancer cells. Despite this graft-versus-leukemia reaction, many patients still relapse. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate strategies that may enhance this graft-versus-leukemia effect.
Biological Modifier Therapy: Biologic response modifiers are naturally occurring or synthesized substances that direct, facilitate or enhance the body's normal immune defenses. Biologic response modifiers include interferons, interleukins and monoclonal antibodies. In an attempt to improve survival rates, these and other agents are being evaluated following treatment with allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Graft Manipulation: For many years, it has been known that the removal of lymphocytes from the donor-collected stem cells (graft) could prevent or ameliorate graft-versus-host disease. However, when T-cells are removed from the graft, there is an increase in graft rejection and relapse rates. Many clinical trials are currently being carried out to determine the optimal cellular composition of the graft to ensure engraftment, without graft-versus-host disease and without an increase in relapse. These studies have been made easier by the development of peripheral blood stem cell transplants, which allow for the collection and processing of large numbers of stem cells so that researchers may obtain adequate samples to perform studies without harm to the donor and/or patient.
Increase in the use of Donors other than HLA-Matched Siblings: Since only one-third of patients will have an HLA-matched family member donor, there is much ongoing research into increasing the number of available donors. There has been significant progress in the use of partially matched family member donors, especially in children. At the present time, an HLA-compatible unrelated donor can be found for approximately 70% of patient. However, the search must be initiated early enough in the disease course to be of benefit. There is also increasing definition of the degree of mismatching that can be tolerated in unrelated donors especially in children. The use of umbilical cord blood is expanding and since it is associated with a decreased incidence of graft-versus-host disease, it will increase the unrelated donor pool. Umbilical cord blood transplants have until recently been restricted to children due to the small amount of stem cells that can be collected. Recent clinical studies, however, suggest that umbilical cord blood cells can be increased in the laboratory and used successfully in adults.
For multiple myeloma patients who relapse after initial treatment with an autologous stem cell transplant, salvage treatment with a second autologous stem cell transplant appears to be safe and to produce response rates that are similar to other treatment options. These results were published in Cancer.
High-dose cancer treatment followed by a stem cell transplant may be used in the treatment of several types of hematologic cancers, including multiple myeloma. Stem cell transplants may use the patient's own stem cells that were collected prior to cancer treatment (an autologous transplant) or stem cells donated by another person (an allogeneic transplant).
For multiple myeloma patients who relapse after initial treatment with an autologous stem cell transplant, the effects of a second (salvage) autologous transplant have been uncertain. To explore this question, researchers conducted a study among 44 myeloma patients (median age of 54) who had relapsed and been treated with a second autologous stem cell transplant. The interval between the first and second transplant ranged from two to 78 months (median interval was 2.6 years).
Forty-one percent of patients received maintenance therapy after the second transplant.
Roughly one-quarter of the patients experienced severe (grade 3 or worse) non-blood-related side effects. There was one treatment-related death.
11 percent of patients had a complete response or a near-complete response to salvage treatment, and 79% had a partial response.
Median time to progression after salvage treatment was just over a year. Overall survival was 2.6 years.
Barlogie B, Kyle R, Anderson K, et al. Comparable Survival in Multiple Myeloma (MM) with High Dose Therapy (HDT) Employing MEL 140 mg/m2 + TBI 12 Gy Autotransplants Versus Standard Dose Therapy with VBMCP and No Benefit from Interferon. Proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology. Blood 2003;102:42a, abstract number 135.
Blade J, Sureda A, Ribers J, et al. High-Dose Therapy Autotransplantation/Intensification Versus Continued Conventional Chemotherapy in Multiple Myeloma Patients Responding to Initial Chemotherapy. Definitive results from PETHEMA after a Median Follow-up of 66 months. Proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology. Blood 2003;102:42a, abstract number 137.
Sorror ML, Sandmaier BM, Storer BE et al. Long-term outcomes among older patients following nonmyeloablative conditioning and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for advanced hematologic malignancies. JAMA. 2011;306:1874-1883.
Powles R, Sirohi B, Kukarni S, et al. Primary Refractory (PRef) Myeloma: Recommendations for Treatment. Proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology. Blood 2003;102:686a, abstract number 2542.
Bruno B, Rotta M, Patriarca F, et al. A comparison of allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma. New EnglandJournal of Medicine. 2007; 356:1110-1120.
Reference: Shah N, Ahmed F, Bashir Q et al. Durable remission with salvage second autotransplants in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer. Early online publication November 15, 2011.
The Lancet Haematology 2019 Mar 22. Epub ahead of print.


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You thought you were prepared for regulation college, didn't you? The Settlement does not outline the method of determination of damages and recovery of damages to Ukraine and to 3rd international locations, or to physical and legal persons on the territory of Ukraine due to the actions or lack of actions by personnel and sub-units of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.
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That such presence does not reflect the nationwide pursuits of Ukraine is substantiated by Article 17 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which reads that presence of overseas armed formations shall not be permitted on the territory of Ukraine. Such individual rights may be expressly enumerated in a constitutional provision, as are the liberties which are enumerated within the Invoice of Rights and have been incorporated into the Due Course of Clause of the Fourteenth Modification.
In the same actual means that every one the first 9 amendments' ensures of freedom and liberty were inalienably sacrosanct, and that no different amendment could be legally added to the U.S. Constitution to add to, or detract, from those sacred inalienable rights, the 10th Amendment of the Bill of Rights ensured that the States retained all powers and authority not specifically delegated to the federal authorities nor denied to them by the Structure.
In addition, an affordable restrict on a Constitution right ought to infringe upon that proper "as little as potential." Lastly, the government should reveal that the benefits of the laws are enough or proportional to the ramifications for people whose Constitution rights have been infringed.
Constitutional Regulation is one of the most attention-grabbing lessons in regulation faculty. As with every of the 26 amendments to the Structure, the Bill of Rights was proposed by a two-thirds majority in both homes of Congress and ratified by three-fourths of the states as required by Article V. The Bill of Rights, which comprises the first ten amendments to the Structure, contains both procedural and substantive protections.
With a purpose to create a cohesive government, the framers felt certain powers should have belonged to a centralized authority. Legislative powers are also divided into two and for the aim of sustaining the union, the central authorities is accorded extra powers, while much less powers are given to the varied states.
The federal Structure comprises seven articles and 26 amendments. The Invoice of Rights is the primary 10 amendments to the Structure and contains a few of the most fundamental particular person rights. The lawsuit's long convoluted historical past discovered its technique to the U.S. Supreme Courtroom and, on June 21, 2010, that court docket in Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project upheld the constitutionality of the terrorism statute.
It is time our lawmakers enacted laws to guard privacy moderately than legal guidelines that license intrusion into non-public affairs. It doesn't take a legislation professor's knowledge of constitutional law. The federal government is delegated particular powers involving regulating interstate commerce, taxation and battle treaties.
Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the function, powers, and structure of various entities within a state , specifically, the chief , the parliament or legislature , and the judiciary ; as well as the fundamental rights of citizens and, in federal nations such as the United States and Canada , the relationship between the central government and state, provincial, or territorial governments. Between these positions, when a president faces a difficulty on which Congress is silent, the executive acts in "a zone of twilight wherein the president and Congress may have concurrent authority, or wherein the distribution is unsure." In such cases, Jackson reasoned, courts should balance the interests of the parties and of society to determine if a specific government motion has violated the separation of powers.
In Schecter Poultry, the Court docket invalidated a federal statute looking for to implement labor situations at a slaughterhouse for chickens; the Court held the connection between labor situations and chickens was too oblique – that chickens come to rest upon arrival at the slaughterhouse (thereby ending the stream of commerce), so whatever happened within the slaughterhouse was not Congress's business.
Only those who to not perceive Islamic Historical past would assume that to have a country primarily based on Islamic ideas would require abolishment of constitutional legislation.
The establishment of the Worldwide Legal Court docket Trust Fund for Victims is among the revolutionary steps taken by the Court docket's founding States to ensure that victims of genocide, crimes against humanity and warfare crimes have a substantive function within the seek for worldwide justice. Solely those that to not understand Islamic Historical past would assume that to have a rustic based mostly on Islamic principles would require abolishment of constitutional law. A lot of the early constitutional legislation cases dealt with the federal government's infringement of individual rights.
Early in its historical past, in Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) and Fletcher v. Peck, 10 U.S. 87 (1810), the Supreme Courtroom of the United States declared that the judicial energy granted to it by Article III of the United States Constitution included the facility of judicial assessment , to think about challenges to the constitutionality of a State or Federal legislation.
These violations of the basic agreements between Ukraine and the Russian Federation in regards to the Black Sea Fleet, as it's understood, are a vivid substantiation that the execution of The Settlement does not support absolute confidence in the promises that the Russian Federation will pay the rent agreed in return for the Black Sea Fleet's staying on the Ukrainian territory.
More than as soon as Russian authorities subleased lots of land and landed property belonging to Ukraine to other individuals and legal entities, without necessary permissions and approvals, who in the midst of time modified their perform, modified constructions and so forth.
What Fundamental Rights Are Obtainable Below Australian Constitutional Legislation?
Courts make determinations in legislation and in fairness. The United States Structure confidently and comprehensively asserts a series of rights equivalent to the precise to vote, the proper to trial by jury, the proper against self-incrimination, the proper to 'life liberty and the pursuit of happiness' and the appropriate to bear arms amongst others.
In mcculloch v. maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316, four L. Ed. 579 (1819), the Supreme Courtroom broadly interpreted the Necessary and Correct Clause to grant Congress the implied powers to enact all legal guidelines that are helpful, handy, or essential to fulfilling its lawmaking and monetary obligations.
The First Amendment in the Constitution ensures freedom of speech and expression to all Americans. This lesson will define and discuss constitutional law, whereas inspecting several famous constitutional law cases. A constitutional right simply means that the federal government may not infringe this proper. The Supreme Court docket makes use of its power of judicial review to interpret the Structure and determine which laws are consistent with the Constitution.
These additional funds have to be registered as monthly totals, as cost of the obligations of Ukraine, to be cleared off by the execution of provisions of Article 1 of this Settlement. Common legislation, also known as Pure or Constitutional law, is based on God's law – the Ten Commandments and the Golden Rule – "Do unto others as you'll have them do unto you".
The United States Constitution provides safety for individuals accused of committing crimes. Woods argues that nullification is, and because the time of Jefferson and Madison has been seen as, the "rightful treatment" for unconstitutional acts on the part of the federal authorities, and that the states, which preceded and ratified the Structure, are and needs to be the car for the application of that remedy.


The successful Level 1 Claims Handler will work within the businesses property claims department to provide an excellent service to our customers through pro-active use of the telephone and world class customer service. You will be responsible for handling and resolving a full portfolio of property claims by investigating, negotiating and finalising claims in line with guidelines and limits.
The business, based in Glasgow, is one of the worlds largest global insurance groups. They provide their services across a range of fields, from life insurance, to home and car cover.
Handling and negotiating claims up to a value of £20,000.
To proactively handle claims aiming to settle cases within optimum time scales.
Previous experience in insurance claims.
Strong attention to detail to review and assess the information required.
The ability to juggle a variety of different claims at different stages of the claims process to meet set deadlines.
A competitive salary + benefits package.


The ideal, user-friendly studio tripod. The strong, sturdy and incredibly clever Triman Camera Tripod is packed with innovative features to make each and every shoot a breeze, speeding up you work, and ensuring safe, smooth, and accurate working even when you're under pressure. This stand has a geared column for smooth movements, and a threaded 9.5mm mount on the base of the column for those super-low shots.


TED: Can we stop climate change by removing CO2 from the air?
"Could we cure climate change? Geoengineering researcher Tim Kruger wants to try. He shares one promising possibility: using natural gas to generate electricity in a way that takes carbon dioxide out of the air. Learn more -- both the potential and the risks -- about this controversial field that seeks creative, deliberate and large-scale intervention to stop the already catastrophic consequences of our warming planet."
Read more » TED: Can we stop climate change by removing CO2 from the air?
The newsletter of calendar week 44 in 2017 is now available here.
"The brainchild of Rep. Justin Price, R-Richmond, the study commission would not be chasing conspiracies, but looking into the real-life economic and environmental impacts of technologies that may be closer to being used than people think."
Carbon Brief: Who will deliver the negative emissions needed to avoid 2C warming?
"With every year that global carbon emissions don't fall, it becomes more likely that human society will need to turn to more unconventional options to slow the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. "Negative emissions", also known as "carbon dioxide removal" (CDR), refers to a group of approaches and technologies that take CO2 from the atmosphere and store it on land, underground or in the oceans."
Read more » Carbon Brief: Who will deliver the negative emissions needed to avoid 2C warming?
Austrian consultancy company on CDR.
"Climate-change experts are researching ways to cool down the planet using geoengineering. How could spraying chemicals into the stratosphere help counteract global warming?"
Tagesanzeiger: "I consider the experiment asbolutely responsible"
Swiss newspaper interview with Frank Keutsch on ScopEx.
Read more » Tagesanzeiger: "I consider the experiment asbolutely responsible"
"SCIENTISTS have a drastic plan in place to cool the Earth and reduce the effects of global warming and it essentially involves DIMMING the sun."
"Decilmals fund, set up by Solar Radiation Management Governance Initiative (SRMGI) will fund projects in developing countries to model the impacts of SRM in the region."
"Researchers are using computer modeling to test the effects of solar geoengineering on rates of coral bleaching. The practice could reduce or eliminate the rate of climate change but the side effects are still unknown."


I met a man at an intersection in one of the towns of Nigeria, as he headed for where he called No man's land. I didn't know where the place was. Nor had I heard of an area by that name in our beloved country. I wanted to find out more about his destination and his mission there. He rejected my entreaties. Instead, he pleaded I should follow him, so I could learn more through experience.


With a stay at Claremont Hotel in Los Angeles (Westwood), you'll be minutes from Hammer Museum and close to University of California Los Angeles. This hotel is within close proximity of Getty Center and Museum of Tolerance.
Make yourself at home in one of the 51 guestrooms. Complimentary wired Internet access is available to keep you connected. Conveniences include ceiling fans, housekeeping is provided daily, and rollaway/extra beds (complimentary) can be requested.


The Namibian senior women's national football side is missing out on a chance to progress to the next round of qualifiers for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, after losing to neighbouring Botswana on aggregate on Tuesday night at the Sam Nujoma stadium in Windhoek.
Botswana already had the upper hand after recording a one nil victory in the first leg played in Gaborone.
With that in mind, the return leg was a do or die for the Brave Gladiators who wasted no time from the onset as they opened the scoring 5 minutes into the game, through Lovisa Mulunga.
The visiting side, however, also had plans, as they responded with a goal six minutes later, after Namibia failed to clear their defense line.
The host team put more pressure on the opponents, which resulted in them getting this free kick.
As expected, Zenatha Coleman stepped up and scored a beauty from a free kick. The first half ended with Namibia leading by two goals to one.
Four minutes from the change-over, Namibia had another chance, but Iina Katuta's effort was denied by Maitumelo Bosija of Botswana.
Shortly after that save, the Brave Gladiators' defense was bridged once more, as Nondi Mahlasela recorded her brace, making it 2-2.
2-all it all ended, which resulted in Botswana going through on aggregate by three goals to two.
Botswana will now have to play another qualifier against South Africa.
Namibia's Coach Brian Isaacs cited lack of match fitness to his side's loss.


Foreign visitors may drive in Philippines with an International driving license and a valid original driver license from their domestic countries for 120 days. After that term a Philippine driver license is required; they may be obtained at the Land Transportation Commission office.
Foreign visitor may operate a non-Philippine registered motor vehicles for 90 days of their sojourn.
Driving is on the right side and overtaking is on the left side of the road.
The minimum age for driving is 16 years.
At the intersections without Stop signs, drivers must yield to the vehicles on their right.
When entering a highway, drivers must yield the right-of-way to cars on the highway.
All vehicles must give the right-of-way to emergency vehicles sounding a siren.
Overtaking is prohibited at an intersection and railway grade crossing.
To use cell phone without a hands-free kit is not permitted while driving.
The maximum allowed speed for cars and motorcycles is 80 km/h (50 mph) on open country roads, 40 km/h (25 mph) on boulevards, 30 km/h (18 mph) on city and municipal streets, 20 km/h (12 mph) at school zones.
The speed limit for trucks is 50 km/h (31 mph) on open country roads, 30 km/h (18 mph) on boulevards, 30 km/h (18 mph) on city and municipal streets, 20 km/h (12 mph) at school zones.
Drivers may not drive or park a motor vehicle upon or along sidewalks, paths or alleys not intended for traffic or parking.
Solid yellow lines indicate lanes for using exiting and public utility vehicles. Solid white lines mean that the overtaking is prohibited. Dashed white lines mean that overtaking is allowed.