text:
Youth protests take place ahead of Russia's 'no-choice' presidential election
Rob Jones, Socialist Alternative (CWI Russia) Moscow
Once again, a presidential election in Russia looms and for the fifth time since 2000 there is a simple choice; either Putin or one of the other candidates, none of whom has a chance of winning. The only exception to this was in 2008, when Medvedev stepped in to hold the presidential chair warm for four years before Putin could not stand for technical reasons.
After the last election in 2012, protests against voter manipulation broke out. This time protests are taking place in advance. A few weeks ago saw another wave of youth protests sweep Russia, affecting over 100 cities – from the several thousand who turned out in Moscow's balmy minus six to the thirty people who managed to brave Yakutsk's minus 45!
Police carried out widespread raids on dozens of offices of Alexei Navalnii, who called these protests in the days before Sunday. They stopped passengers at airports and stations and searched student hostels to confiscate any agitational leaflets. But on Sunday itself, "only" 300 protesters, including Navalnii himself, were detained by police. Undoubtedly, the regime is concerned that a crackdown before the election could provoke wider discontent. The Ministry of Defence, according to some soldiers, has been surveying the rank and file asking them who they think is the most popular pro-western politician, calling for a "coloured revolution", and whether they would be "prepared to obey an order to use force against people calling for the forcible overthrow of the constitution in Russia".
On the first protest, last March, youth marched without placards or slogans. Now they are making their own. There were placards with slogans such as "The fifth term should be a prison term" and "Putin: the people have the right to rise up against tyranny and repression". When the right wing politician, Vladimir Zhirinovskii, turned up at the Moscow protest to try and make political capital, he was shouted down, told to withdraw his candidacy and mocked as the "Tsar's pet jester".
Several of the protesters commented that they do not particularly support Navalnii, but will boycott the election as there are no real opposition candidates allowed. Navalnii, a right wing populist, has already been forced to reflect a more left wing sentiment by calling for a minimum wage and free healthcare and education. Tens of thousands of red streamers were distributed by Navlalnii's campaign with the single work "zabastovka" ('strike') on them. Although Navalnii has no intention of organizing strikes, indeed he offers no strategy except that youth should come out in protest when he calls for it, the fact that youth in other cities held these streamers on their protests means that "strike" as a form of protest has been brought back onto the political agenda.
Nominations have now closed and there is little choice in the election. Navalnii has been barred from standing. The eight candidates include Putin, Zhirinovskii and an agrobusinessman, Pavel Grudinin, nominated by the Communist Party. The other official parliamentary party, Just Russia, has not nominated a candidate, saying they support Putin. The rich socialite Kseniya Sobchak and neo-liberal Grigorii Yavlinskii are unlikely to cross the 5% barrier whilst the other three, a right wing nationalist, pro-Putin regional governor and a "communist" who says that his election programme is that of Stalin are allowed just to create an image of a multi-party election.
No serious opposition
But for the mass of the population, there is not a single candidate who can be seen as a serious opposition to Putin. Even Yavlinskii, whose appeal is restricted to the urban intelligentsia, is seen by many people as responsible for the chaos and economic disaster of the 1990's. Although many will not remember, he was the author of the "500-day programme" that was first proposed during the Gorbachev regime, which planned for the mass privatisation of the Soviet economy in an eighteen month period.
Just as in previous elections, there is little doubt that the "main candidate" will win a majority of votes, official polls say he will get 70%. Previously, Putin's victory reflected substantial electoral support but while he still has layers of support this has fallen and his victory could well turn out to be hollow.
The support that Putin can still muster is, to a large degree, due to being associated, at least in the eyes of the older generation, with ending the catastrophic years of President Boris Yeltsin's rule following the collapse of the USSR. Putin came to power two years after the collapse of the ruble currency and following a series of bombings of blocks of flats that were allegedly the work of Chechen terrorists. Presenting himself as a strong leader prepared to end the chaos, Putin launched a bitter war to re-establish control of Chechnya. He was fortunate that the ruble collapse, combined with a dramatic rise in the world oil price, leading to eight years of strong economic growth. But then the 2007-2008 global crisis hit. Russia suffered one of the sharpest, even if shortest, economic collapses in Europe, and in the years since has suffered economic stagnation.
This led to growing discontent and the growth of independent trade unions, social protests around issues such as LGBT rights and eventually the 'Bolotniy protests', following the 2012 election, which many saw as rigged. But a combination of misleadership by the trade union and liberal opposition leaders and an increase in repression led to the decline in opposition. Events in Ukraine and the incorporation of Crimea into the Russian Federation saw Putin ride a wave of patriotism during which any opposition, whether in the puppet parliament or outside parliament was isolated and forced into retreat. Anyone who stepped out of line met repression and opposition and many opposition groups practically disappeared. But now the mood is changing.
Most of the adult life of those under the age of 30 years old has been during the latter decade of Putin's rule, during times of economic stagnation and crisis. Cut-backs in higher education, poor wages and exploitative employers, combined with increasing restrictions on elementary freedoms and the growing clericalization of society, have no attraction for this generation. Navalnii has successfully tapped this mood, although the relatively small but explosive youth protests were more an expression of frustration at the general situation rather than open support for his policies. The danger for the regime is that the growing radicalisation of youth will affect the older generation and give them hope too that something can change.
Just a small indication of this is the reaction to a video taken by a group of trainee pilots in the city of Ulyanovsk (where Lenin was born). These youth filmed a parody of the song "Satisfaction", dressed in provocative underwear. The authorities clamped down, comparing them to the protest group band, Pussy Riot, and threatened them with prosecution. Within days, many more such videos appeared in solidarity, made by swimmers, horse-riders, police and army cadets, and even a group of pensioners, forcing the authorities to back down.
The danger that the youth will trigger off a wider protest is real, given that living standards, even according to official statistics, are still declining and, it appears, the economy has fallen back into recession. Even if there is no widespread protest before the election, the Kremlin is still worried that the number of people who actually vote for Putin will drop, thus undermining credibility for his rule. The peak number of votes given to the United Russia candidate was actually that given to the Medvedev in 2008, at the start of the global financial crisis, when they gained the support of 52 million people out of an electorate of 107 million. In 2012, after what was perceived as widespread manipulation, this support dropped to 46 million. The key task for the Kremlin spin-doctors is to ensure that the numbers, this time, are higher. Instructions are already being sent out to universities and workplaces to directors telling them to ensure that everyone turns out.
It is for this reason that the Kremlin is attempting to distance itself from the unpopular United Russia party and has replaced a whole series of regional governors, trying to give a fresh image to Putin's rule. High profile arrests of corrupt politicians act to serve not just as a warning to others to stay in line, but are also used to suggest that the regime is actually fighting corruption. One of the reasons why the so-called 'communist party' replaced their traditional candidate, Zyuganov, with the agrobusinessman, Grudinin, is reportedly because the Kremlin thought this would help keep the turn-out high.
Sometimes their attempts reach the heights of absurdity. The film "Death of Stalin" was removed from screens until the summer, and the culture ministry even tried to delay the showing of "Paddington 2" because its release date clashed with that of a domestically produced film intended to lift the patriotic mood before the election. Such moves are increasingly met with widespread contempt.
In this situation, what should workers, youth and socialists do? Is there a candidate that can be supported? Or should socialists boycott the election?
Left extremely weak
Unfortunately, the left as an organised force in Russia is extremely weak. One of the best known "left" leaders is Sergei Udaltsov. He became a leader of the Bolotnoi protests, during which he argued that the left should join with the liberals and far-right in opposition to the Kremlin, thus effectively dropping any left wing demands for fear of alienating his new friends. Udaltsov was recently released from prison where he has been since the end of the Bolotnoi protest. He immediately announced he would support the Russian communist party, which combines a deeply reactionary social and Russian chauvinist policy and fawning support for Putin's international policies, with a few left demagogic phrases about wages, living standards and about how good life was in the USSR.
Udaltsov initiated a series of "primary elections" to nominate a candidate for the "left-patriotic" organisations. Amongst the candidates Udaltsov supported were pro-market economists, businessmen, regional governors and open right wing chauvinists. With Kremlin approval, non-party agro-businessman Pavel Grudinin won the primaries and became the "communist" candidate.
The 'communists' present him as a good "owner", running an honest enterprise, i.e. the former 'Lenin collective farm', in the interests of the Russian people. Grudinin pays, according to these fairy tales, high wages and assures good conditions for his staff. But Grudinin, who was earlier quite at home in United Russia, is little more than a typical oligarch. Perhaps not as big a oligarch as those who live on incomes from oil and gas, but, nevertheless, operating in exactly the same way. During privatisation, land belonging to the Lenin Collective farm was put out to rent and Grudinin's son is still in charge of the "rent department". The number working at the farm has been cut from 900 to 320 and productivity increased five times. This dramatic increase in exploitation of the workforce and the relatively high living standards of those who remain is based on rent income and the use of thousands of women, immigrant workers and according to some reports even children who work for miserly sums and without contracts or social guarantees to collect fruit and vegetables in the summer.
Fully in accord with the racist policies of the Communist party, Grudinin warns "investors", who build flats on the farm's land, to "…check people's nationality. If you begin to sell flats to the wrong people, I will not work with you. There is such a thing as face-control…if someone's surname is Ivanov [typically Russian] that's good. Zagorulko [Ukrainian-Russian] good. Lukashenko [Ukrainian-Belarussian] well OK, Aryutyunyan [Armenian] think carefully"!
Whatever Udaltsov and the Russian communists tell us, Grudinin is no socialist. He describes the name "Lenin Collective Farm" as a brand-name having "nothing in common with ideology or form of ownership". The Communist party complain that critics are slandering him and in his defence reply, "If he is elected, it [Russia] will be like China". Using the Chinese 'model', in which the most brutal anti-working class policies of capitalist restoration are combined with an extremely dictatorial regime, as an example to follow, is not going to attract youth and workers in Russia to vote for Grudinin.
The only reason the other "opposition candidate", Kseniya Sobchak, is allowed to run is that she not only poses no threat, but she may attract a layer of urban middle class voters who would otherwise not bother to vote, helping the Kremlin to get a higher turnout. A former leader of the Bolotnoi protests, Sobchak, along with the other liberal leaders, bears a large part of the responsibility for dissipating the movement. A socialite, part of the rich elite, her father was mayor of St Petersburg during the Yeltsin years and a close colleague of Putin. It is true Sobchak has made a few correct statements about some of the most decisive issues – for example, in support of LGBT rights. She has also made some very provocative statements, such as stating that Crimea is Ukrainian.
She opposes the present youth mobilisations, which, it should be remembered take place in defiance of the regime's declaration that they are illegal. She claims that when almost no legal protests are allowed people should not take part in unsanctioned demonstrations. They will lead, she says, to civil war. Instead we should put our faith in people such as Kudrin - for years Putin's finance minister – in the hope that he can convince Putin to liberalise society. Presenting herself as a supporter of women's rights, Sobchak's programme of neo-liberalism would harm the rights of millions of Russian women (she says that former British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, is her "hero").
Does this mean it is correct to boycott the election? Is this the only alternative? Navalnii's campaigning against corruption and call for street protests has certainly unnerved the Kremlin. They know that if there was to be a clear alternative presented in a democratic election, there is the danger their candidate could be defeated.
Undoubtedly reflecting the mood of the youth who have turned out on the streets in response to his calls, Navalnii pushed to the background his more chauvinist views and emphasised social demands. He does this, however, in a populist way. He will not make demands as socialists do, raising the need to reject the capitalist form of society and establish a genuinely democratic socialist society. Instead he argues that all that is needed is "honest capitalism". This is the fundamental weakness in his position and is compounded but his top-down approach, seen in his presidential campaign election. In contrast, socialists call for building a campaigning, democratic opposition that can fight for proper wages, for all, establish high quality and free healthcare and education and argue for a genuine alternative to capitalism.
Many youth and a large layer of older workers will undoubtedly boycott the election, either in response to Navalnii's call or by simply not participating, thus lowering the voter turn-out. Those who do so may well take the next step and participate in activities aimed at ensuring the vote is democratic, by observing voting, for example, or protesting in the street at the unfairness of the election. Not only is the main liberal opposition candidate prevented from participating but there is no genuine voice representing the interests of workers and youth. And we, of course, support this. In the coming presidential elections, no candidate is on offer that socialists can call for a vote for and millions will correctly show their opposition by boycotting.
A "coalition of left groups", in reality, a couple of small left groups from a Stalinist tradition, supported by figures such as Boris Kagarlitsky – who is well known and feted in some left circles internationally but who has had no problem linking up with Russia's far-right to act as cheerleader for the Kremlin's foreign policy – has made a call for a "Red boycott". Arguing that it is necessary to offer an alternative to Navalnii's right populism, they argue that the task is to win over the "moderate Navalniites" not by putting a clear left wing position but by watering down their policies. In reality, the only difference between Navalnii's call for a boycott and the call for a "Red boycott" is the word "Red" – and that is nowhere near enough to explain the differences between a genuine left agenda and Navalnii's populism.
Socialist alternative (CWI Russia) has actively participated in the protests. We support the youth who see the need to protest, while pointing out that for real change to happen the protests need to establish action committees, linked up democratically, in a national structure, and to adopt policies independent of Navalnii's.
Most importantly, the majority of the working class, which has not yet entered the field of struggle, needs to be offered radical independent class policies, opposing the anti-worker Putin regime and also the various shades of liberal pro-western capitalist opposition.
All opportunities that will arise in the next few months need to be used by socialists to strengthen support amongst the new layer of activists to build an organisation capable of reflecting the real interests of working people and youth; for living wages and against the exploitation of youth, for decent housing, education and health-care, and to unite to resist divisive racism, sexism and anti-LGBT chauvinism, and to fight for a real change - a socialist change in society.


Tuber to 4 inches in diameter, globose to subglobose, with corky surface; rooting from lower surface; leaf blades cordate, rarely somehat angled, to 5.5 inches long, dark green, with gray-green marbling above, dark violet-purple or pale gray-green beneath, margins dentate, slightly cartilaginous; flowers about 1 inch long, corolla lobes oblong-ovate), and broadly tapering to each end; wider than oblanceolate.">obovate, pale pink with magenta streaks toward the base, eared at base.
Cyclamen graecum at ARS-GRIN. Last accessed on Monday, September 25, 2017.


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Primitive and Aboriginal Dogs Society
About PADS
Breeds list
Formosan Mountain Dog
Inuit Dog
Australian Dingo
New Guinea Singing Dog
Avuvi
AfriCanis
INDog
PADS Journal issues
PADS International Conference 2014
List of Abstracts
The Aboriginal Dog of Subequatorial Africa
Photo Courtesy: Johan Gallant
AfriCanis is the umbrella name for all southern African native dogs. It refers to Africa (the continent) and Canis (dog). Over the centuries they have been shaped by Africa for Africa. They are part of biodiversity and the cultural heritage of humankind.
AfriCanis are only found in the tribal rural areas all over the Southern African subcontinent. They should not be confused with the multitude of dogs roaming free in informal settlements and townships.
But is it a mongrel or a dog of no definable type or breed?
Contrary to all modern breeds, the AfriCanis is NOT an artificially selected breed, but a LAND RACE. It is the result of natural selection,and physical and mental adaptation to various African eco-logical niches. It has not been "selected" or "bred" for appearance.
Nature made it to fit the conditions of Africa. In traditional southern African philosophy, the most important requirement for a dog is to be "wise". For centuries, only the fittest and cleverest dogs survived to give us one of the rare remaining natural aboriginal dog populations in the world.
The beauty of this dog is embodied in the simplicity and functionality of its build.
The AfriCanis is medium sized, slenderly built and well muscled. It is agile and supple, moves in a very natural and easy manner. He has the stamina to trot for long distances on rough terrain and hilly environment, in gallop it can reach great speed when required. When in good condition, the ribs are just visible.
The head is cone shaped with expressive oval eyes. Eye rims, lips and nose should be black.The ears may be erect, half erect or drooping. The carriage of ears and tail is linked to the dog's awareness of its environment. These variable physical features are of no direct influence on the physical and mental well-being of the dog.
The dog has a short double coat, is found in a wide range of colours, with or without markings. A ridge of varying form can exceptionally be seen on the back, this mutation can be associated with a dermoïd sinus. Dogs with a 'ridge; lack of pigmentation are not recommended for breeding.
Because the AfriCanis has for centuries roamed freely in and around rural settlements, it combines attachment to humans with a need for space. Traditionally it is always close to humans, other dogs, livestock and domestic animals. It has a natural tendency to guard and protect livestock.
AfriCanis is well disposed without being obtrusive: a friendly dog, showing watchful territorial behaviour.
The dog displays unspoiled social canine behaviour with a high level of facial expressions and body language. Its nervous constitution is steady and displays a high level of natural survival instinct.
Where does AfriCanis hail from?
Their African heritage goes back 7000 years, to the dogs which came with Neolithic herdsmen from the Middle East into the then dog virgin continent of Africa Even before the time of the Egyptian dynasties, domestic dogs spread quickly along the Nile river. At the same time seasonal migrations and trade took them deep into the Sahara and Sahel. Iron-using Bantu speaking people brought their domestic dogs along when, from about 200 AD, they left the grasslands of Cameroon in a massive migration which eventually led to their settlement in Southern Africa.
The earliest record of a domestic dog in South Africa is dated 570 AD, on the farm Diamant in the Ellisras district, near the Botswana border. At the same time, domestic dogs lived south-west of Francistown, Botswana.
By 650 AD the dog is found in the lower Tugela valley, and by 800 AD in a Khoisan settlement at Cape St Francis.
The AfriCanis in the future
The AfriCanis as a primitive hound is guided by the instinct of subservience, the very drive that made its distant ancestors prime candidates for domestication. It is bound to its human partners and its territory. It will follow you for hours without being on a lead.
From the moment we take the AfriCanis away from its natural habitat we are interfering with its future. On the other hand, its historic rural habitat is changing and shrinking at an alarming rate.
To conserve the AfriCanis, he can be utilized as a real working dog, such as flock guard dogs, search and rescue, tracker dogs.
As a familly dog, on condition that he can be part of your famlly activities such as long walks, running, cycling or leisure training such as tracking dog trials or in agility competion.
It is a dog which needs neither pampering nor special food. It is consistently healthy and has, over the years, developed a natural resistance against internal and external parasites.
From a health care point of view, the routine vaccinations are needed. But you won't need to open an account at a veterinary clinic. The AfriCanis is a cost-effective dog.
The AfriCanis Society of Southern Africa
The society was founded in 1998 by Johan Gallant (writer and dog behaviorist) and archeologist Dr Udo Küsel (former Director of the National Cultural History Museum, South Africa).
The purpose of the AfriCanis Society is to protect the AfriCanis as an aboriginal landrace and to uphold the principles of natural selection that has shaped this landrace over hundreds of years for Africa by Africa.
The AfriCanis Society is not intent on, and does not support any moves towards transforming this aboriginal dog population into a standardized dog breed. The AfriCanis Society accepts the AfriCanis' many physical variations and maintains that these are shaped by their immediate environment.
A genetic characterization has established a specific DNA marker for the AfriCanis assisting with the identification of Africa's unique aboriginal landrace.
It maintains a code of ethics, guidelines for breeding, regulations and a procedure for registration.
Text and photos courtesy Johan Gallant and Edith Gallant
www.africanis.co.za

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


EURUSD is completing a tremendous upside movement over the last three days and has appreciated more than 1.4% since December 27. The new year has found the pair extending its upside pressure and opening today's daily session with a gap up, posting an almost 4-month high at 1.2038.
Also, the price opened the door for a gaining week and on the upside, the next resistance comes in at 1.2090, while on the bigger picture, we could easily see a run until the 1.2400 strong psychological level. The aforementioned obstacle is the 161.8% Fibonacci retracement level of the last big down-leg with high at 1.1615 and low at 1.0340.
Conversely, support lies at the 1.1960 level where a violation could push the price further down at the 1.1710 barrier. It is worth mentioning that the world's most traded currency pair needs to go through the 50- and 100-day simple moving averages before it slips.
Remaining on the short to medium-term timeframe the Relative Strength Index (RSI) has turned sharply higher and is approaching the overbought area, while the MACD oscillator is endorsing the rising move too on price as it is holding above its trigger and zero lines.
All in all, EURUSD faces further upside pressure in all timeframes. The price recorded the second bullish month in a row as well as the second consecutive green week successfully surpassing the 1.1960 barrier.


In other words, the only message you can send to her is that you support her. Not only that, but she harvests your email address and zip code.
This was written by Iron Knee. Posted on Wednesday, June 4, 2008, at 12:43 pm. Filed under Irony. Tagged Clinton. Bookmark the permalink. Follow comments here with the RSS feed.	Both comments and trackbacks are currently closed.
Honi soit legate left buy cytotec meat steamed estivities.


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Published On: Thu, Apr 20th, 2017
World News | By admin
North Korea warns US of 'preemptive strike' amid escalating tensions
Pyongyang(ANN)-North Korean state media has warned Washington of a "super-mighty preemptive strike" after US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson vowed to step up pressure on Pyongyang.
Responding to recent remarks by the top US diplomat, the Rodong Sinmun, the official newspaper of the North's ruling Workers' Party, said on Thursday that Pyongyang could target the American forces on the troubled Korean peninsula and US mainland.
"In the case of our super-mighty preemptive strike being launched, it will completely and immediately wipe out not only US imperialists' invasion forces in South Korea and its surrounding areas but the US mainland and reduce them to ashes," it said.
The warning came after Tillerson said the United States had been looking at ways to pile up pressure on North Korea over its nuclear program.
"We're reviewing all the status of North Korea, both in terms of state sponsorship of terrorism as well as the other ways in which we can bring pressure on the regime in Pyongyang to re-engage with us, but re-engage with us on a different footing than past talks have been held," Tillerson told reporters in Washington on Wednesday.
The heightened tensions come as the administration of US President Donald Trump has taken a hard line with North Korea.
The developments also come amid an ongoing training exercise, codenamed Max Thunder, by US and South Korean Air Forces, which will end on April 28.
"We are conducting a practical and more intensive exercise than ever," media outlets quoted South Korean pilot Lieutenant Colonel Lee Bum-chul as saying, adding, "Through this exercise, I am sure we can deter war and remove our enemy's intention to provoke us."
This March 2, 2017 photo shows the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70) as it transits the South China Sea. (Photo by AFP)
Senior officials in North Korea routinely label such exercises as preparations for invasion.
Tensions have increasingly ratcheted up between North Korea and the US in recent weeks. The US has been unnerved by North Korea's advancing missile and nuclear programs and has dispatched a military strike group to the Korean Peninsula. Pyongyang has said it is ready for war.
The prospects of a potential military confrontation have concerned regional countries.
Pyongyang believes its missile and nuclear programs act as deterrence against a potential invasion by its adversaries, particularly the US.
The US has military forces in South Korea on a permanent basis, and routinely threatens the North with military action.
UN: the situation in Somalia is extremely worrying
The first visit by a senior UAE official to Syria since the country's civil war began 10 years ago


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Q: Error: "The object is used in the context different from the one associated with the object" when add a look up field to a list In the following code, I want to add a lookup field to a list. However it got the error: "The object is used in the context different from the one associated with the object". However, I don't know where i get it wrong. Can anybody show me?
ClientContext context = new ClientContext("samplesite");
SecureString password = new SecureString();
foreach (char c in "abcdxyz".ToCharArray()) password.AppendChar(c);
context.Credentials = new SharePointOnlineCredentials("abcd@xyz.com",password);
FieldLookup emp = context.CastTo<FieldLookup>(context.Site.RootWeb.Lists.GetByTitle("Employees").Fields.GetByTitle("First Name"));
context.Load(emp);
context.ExecuteQuery();
projs.Fields.AddDependentLookup("Leader", emp, "Employee");
emp.AllowMultipleValues = true;
projs.Fields.AddDependentLookup("Members", emp, "Employee");
context.ExecuteQuery();

Ps: The console show the address of the error is at the row: "projs.Fields.AddDependentLookup("Leader", emp, "Employee");"

A: Seems "projs" is a list objeyt, so I tested like this:
using (ClientContext ctx = new ClientContext("https://tenant.sharepoint.com/sites/dev/"))
{

                ctx.Credentials = new SharePointOnlineCredentials(account, secret);
                ctx.Load(ctx.Web);
                ctx.ExecuteQuery();
                FieldLookup emp = ctx.CastTo<FieldLookup>(ctx.Site.RootWeb.Lists.GetByTitle("MyList").Fields.GetByTitle("MyLookup"));
                ctx.Load(emp);
                ctx.ExecuteQuery();
                ctx.Site.RootWeb.Lists.GetByTitle("MyList").Fields.AddDependentLookup("MyID", emp, "ID");
                emp.AllowMultipleValues = true;
                ctx.Site.RootWeb.Lists.GetByTitle("MyList").Fields.AddDependentLookup("MyCreatedDate", emp, "Created");
                ctx.ExecuteQuery();
}

A: I got this error when I tried to load a clientobject using different ClientContext. So make sure that projs using the same ClientContext.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home/drills
Jan- 2022 -
IPE Club Monitoring
Russia launched tactical drills on its base in Tajikistan
A thousand servicemen have started training at the Russian military base in Tajikistan, the press service of Russia's Central Military…
Russia launched military exercises in the country's south
The Russian Defense Ministry Thursday announced the start of military exercises with the participation of more than 10,000 soldiers near…
European Union to hold cyber security drills
The European Union will soon stage a far-reaching cyber security exercise intended to prepare for an attack that affects the…
Turkey and Azerbaijan militaries to hold joint drills
Azerbaijani servicemen will take part in international exercises, the Defense Ministry told Report. Proceeding from the instructions of Azerbaijani President,…
Dec- 2021 -
Russian Black Sea Fleet held drills in Crimea
The training of the Black Sea Fleet command staff took place in Crimea, the press service of the Fleet announced…


Here at Vital Performance Chiropractic we want you to know your HEALTH, comfortability, and trust means the world to us! This is why we utilize the most gentle, reproducible, and effective techniques available.
Dr. Dustin utilizes techniques for delivering adjustments that are very gentle and specific and based on the neurology of your body in order to find the primary site of interference. The technique requires no "twisting, cracking, or popping" in order to make effective adjustments to remove vertebral subluxations. Instead, he uses tables specifically designed for his technique to make this possible as well as an instrument called, "The Integrator" which is the only instrument FDA approved for the removal of vertebral subluxations.
1. PRECISE: When using an Integrator, you can pinpoint the exact point on the spine that requires adjustment of nerve frequency. Manual adjusting lacks this degree of accuracy.
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6. TORQUE: Subatomic particles, atoms, muscles, and human bodies move in three dimensions. The three- dimensional impulse of the Integrator maximizes the effectiveness on the human body.


Anthony has a Certificate III in Horticulture (Turf), and completed his apprenticeship at Twin Creeks Country Golf Club before progressing his way through various roles including 3IC, working as a spray technician and then onto 2IC. Anthony then left Twin Creeks Country Golf Club to start his own business as an irrigation instillation specialist (including lawn spraying), servicing mainly domestic clients.
Anthony coordinates Living Turf's Contract Spray Application Service on sports fields as well as golf courses, bowling greens and parks. He ensures our spray services provides customers with a convenient and safe spray alternative and a top-quality and effective treatment, every time.


The term "biophilia" was popularized by psychoanalyst Erich Fromm in the 1960s. In his work, he used the word (from bio-, meaning "life," and -philia, meaning "friendly feeling toward") to describe the biological drive toward self-preservation. In the late 1970s, American biologist Edward O. Wilson extended the word's meaning, seeing it as the perfect word for "the rich, natural pleasure that comes from being surrounded by living organisms." Recently, "biophilia" has been in the news as the title of Icelandic singer Björk's latest project, a multimedia production that (according to the website for the Manchester International Festival) "celebrates how sound works in nature, exploring the infinite expanse of the universe, from planetary systems to atomic structure."
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'biophilia.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
What made you want to look up biophilia? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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Harbormasters ready for beach season amid mounting shark sightings
Mary Whitfill The Patriot Ledger thelittlewreck
Jul 2, 2019 at 4:48 PM Jul 2, 2019 at 9:34 PM
Of the 299 times that special buoys detected and recorded a nearby shark last year, 183 of them came from the buoy near Fieldston Beach. In 2016, the first year of the program in Marshfield, the buoys detected a nearby shark just nine times. From 2017 to last summer, that number increased by 1,100 percent.
MARSHFIELD — Officials are gearing up for what Harbormaster Mike DiMeo says will be an "interesting year" when it comes to sharks and local beaches.
"Sharks are territorial by nature and they're becoming more and more prevalent on the South Shore, for sure," DiMeo said.
DiMeo and other officers from the harbormaster's office were out on the water Monday dropping four of the town's shark-detection buoys, which record every time a shark that has been tagged by the Atlantic White Shark Conservancy gets within 250 yards. The buoys are placed about 300 yards from shore and will stay in the water through mid-December.
Last year, the buoys detected nine different great whites off the coast of Marshfield a total of 299 times during the summer.
"That's not as much as what they see down in Wellfleet and Chatham, but for us that's pretty significant," DiMeo said. "I'm not a shark expert, but the data doesn't lie. Something is going on out there."
This is the fourth year the town has used the buoys to get a sense of the shark activity near the town's beaches. On Tuesday, the buoys were placed near Green Harbor, Brant Rock, Fieldston Beach and Rexhame Beach.
Marshfield owns a fifth buoy that is usually placed at the intersection of the North and South rivers, also known to locals as The Spit, but dredging set to begin in the area soon is delaying its placement. The buoy at The Spit has never detected a shark.
Of the 299 times the buoys detected and recorded a nearby shark last year, 183 of them came from the buoy near Fieldston Beach. In 2016, the first year of the program in Marshfield, the buoys detected a nearby shark just nine times. From 2017 to last summer, that number increased by 1,100 percent, DiMeo said.
"It's crazy," he said. "And the buoys only detect tagged sharks. No one really knows how many sharks are out there that are untagged."
The Atlantic White Shark Conservancy has tagged about 140 sharks to date. Duxbury and Scituate each has two buoys off the coast, and Plymouth has four.
Shark sightings and attacks are on the rise worldwide, according to the University of Florida's International Shark Attack File. Several shark sightings have already been confirmed this year in Massachusetts, including one in Wellfleet on Tuesday. Last year's only fatal shark attack in the country happened off Cape Cod.
"It's certainly a cause for concern," DiMeo said Tuesday. "The last thing you want is to have to close beaches, but I think we can get ahead of this with education and teaching people common sense things."
Greg Skomal, a biologist who works with the state Division of Marine Fisheries, said after the attack that the increase in shark sightings is driven primarily by the increase in seal populations on local beaches.
"If there is an area where the seals are consistently spending time, like Manomet Point, swimmers should be vigilant when they're going into the water," he said last year. "If there is a consistent presence of seals and we notice that, there is a good chance the sharks will notice as well."
The state and the Atlantic White Shark Conservancy have teamed up on a new research project starting this summer that will focus on white shark movement and behavior, with a special emphasis on public safety. The conservancy says the main goal of the project will be to "provide a more detailed picture of predatory behavior in the waters off Cape Cod."
The buoys in Marshfield will gather data for the next six months but do not transmit that data in real time. Instead, an employee of the conservancy has to visit each one individually and get the data onto a specialized computer. Real-time, auto-transmitting buoys do exist, but they cost roughly $10,000 — five times more than the ones used in Marshfield.
"I've been a strong advocate of the real-time buoys for a few years now," DiMeo said. "I'd definitely feel more safe at the beach if I got a ping on my smartwatch that told me a shark just swam by. I really think that's the way of the future."
Reach Mary Whitfill at mwhitfill@patriotledger.com.


BattleMaster works in both real-time and through the use of turns. Minor actions are performed in real-time (immediately) and major actions happen at the end of a turn. In order to perform actions you must use the smallest unit of time in the game: hours. Hours can be thought of as the unit of "energy" for your character. All characters but priests and adventurers will gain hours at the beginning of each turn. There are two turns in a single day with each turn lasting a total of 12 real-time hours. A day in BattleMaster is equal to a day in reality. Aside from the use of hours and days, time is not well established in BattleMaster. However, that has not stopped some from working out a calendar for the game. The phenomenon of seasons do exist in BattleMaster but only has an effect on certain islands. The four seasons (summer, autumn, winter, and spring) in BattleMaster normally last 21 days.
The current server time is displayed on the top of the in-game information page.
Most actions require time, hours, to complete. At the beginning of each turn your character will gain 8 hours. You can never have more than 12 hours unless you are a priest or an adventurer. Priests and adventurers can have up to 16 hours. Unlike most types of characters, priests and adventurers gain an hour every real-time hour.
BattleMaster has the same seasons that exist in real life: summer, autumn, winter, and spring. The length of each season in game however is much shorter, lasting just 21 days. The main effect of seasons is on food production, the specifics are outlined on the table below. Aside from food harvest, the seasons also affect food rot, travel, and the rate which monsters and undead spawn. The specifics of these effects are not currently known. It is, however, known that during winter it takes longer to travel. At the moment, only Dwilight is affected by the seasons. In the past, the Far East island was also affected.
In BattleMaster there are numerous islands that can be thought of as different play areas. Characters on one island can not interact with characters on a different island. However, characters can move from one island to a different island through emigration or deportation. Each island has it's own unique landscape, cultures, and style of play. There are three main types of islands: Standard, which has no special features; Themed, which have unique themes ranging from constant war to periodic invasions by different creatures of fantasy; and Sunk, these are islands that once existed but are no longer available. There are also two testing islands, Beluaterra and Dwilight, that will get first access to new features but are liable to suffer various bugs at times.
Standard Sometimes referred to as East Island, is notoriously known for its persistent, ferocious, merciless warfare between the many realms of long standing foes and allies. Lengthy and slim, it is framed by large realms to the north and west, while some smaller realms can be found in the central mountains or other niches all over the continent.
Themed A slower paced island that completes one turn every 24 hours, as opposed to one turn every 12 hours. This allows for a different style of play as it moves at half-paced game time, but still manages to be full-paced interaction. Along with only having a single turn per day, adventurers and priests only gain an hour every 2 hours instead of every hour. If you're looking for a truly "lightweight" version of the BattleMaster game and can only commit to logging into BattleMaster once a day, the Colonies might be the place for you.
Themed Based around a Serious Medieval Atmosphere which means that characters are expected to have more medieval names and behave like medieval nobles. Acting like a fool, behaving ignobly, or otherwise not conforming to a standard European Medieval atmosphere will see you banned from your realm. Dwilight is also considered to the be fringe of civilization, so much of the continent is still held by monsters and other fell beasts. There are a collection of realms that have eked out an existence on the fringe of Dwilight, but the majority of the continent is a wilderness. Dwilight is currently the only island that experiences seasons.
Themed Also called the War Island, consists of three realms and three realms only: Ikalak, Taselak and Sandalak. There can be no communication between realms and the last one to survive is proclaimed as victor of the War Island. All nobles of the winning realm will be rewarded and statues will be built across all continents in honour of the leaders of the winning realm. Once there is a winner, the Island will be reset and a new round will be played.
Sunk Was a standard island with a long and rich history.
Sunk Was created with a focus on roleplaying.
Sunk Was once a war island.
A region is the smallest division of land on any continent. The vast majority of regions are controlled by realms, but they may also be rogue; that is, under control of no realm and in a state of anarchy. Each region has a type that describes it's most prominent feature, (e.g. Woodlands, Mountains, or a City.) Regions also have a number of stats that represent the number of peasants and their feelings, the food and gold the region can produce, and the region's type of economy. Buildings can be constructed in regions to allow characters access to soldiers, paraphernalia, an academy to train your skills, harbour to aid sea travel, a smithy to repair equipment, a marketplace, and a place where tournaments can be held.
Region Types are a description of the areas most prominent feature. The region type affects travel times, food and gold production, and the types of buildings that can be built in the region.
Badlands This is a general type for inhospitable and hostile regions, such as the centre of deserts or icy wastes. Badlands are usually almost uninhabited, but some of them offer valuable resources such as gold or furs, while others are locations of strategic importance.
City The region has a major city which dominates it. Cities can be heavily fortified and usually offer the most advanced recruitment options due to the availability of craftsmen.
Mountains Extensive mountain ranges, usually with a low population but critical resources such as ore or precious stones. Movement through the mountains is often very slow and it is sometimes faster to travel around, even if it is the longer way.
Stronghold Some regions are dominated by extensive fortified strongholds. These offer the highest defensive options, but are otherwise usually equal to rural or even badland regions, depending on where they have been built.
Townsland More densely populated areas, especially close to rivers, are classified as townsland. Aside from numerous villages, there are a number of smaller and larger towns. These towns can be fortified, making the townsland easier to defend.
Rural The most common region type is rural regions. Fields and villages lie within forests and plains, but there are no large settlements. Rural regions usually supply the bulk of food and other resources to a realm.
Woodland Dense forests that usually combine forestry, hunting and farming. While they yield less food than a rural region, they have a stronger economy and produce more gold.
Regions have various stats that represent a certain aspect of the region.
Food Amount of food the region could produce in a week if it was at 100% production.
Gold Amount of gold the region could produce in a day if it was at 100% production.
Economy The main feature of the region's economy (e.g. fishing, farming, manufacturing.) It should be noted, this currently has no effect.
Population The number of peasants in the region and the maximum number of peasants that could habit the region.
Production The productivity of the peasants.
Morale How happy the peasants are.
Loyalty How loyal the peasants are to the realm.
Sympathy How much the peasants like a realm.
Control The peasants desire for independence.
Weather Area The general area of the island. Weather is tied to these areas.
Buildings, which are built by a region's Lord, cost gold to construct and maintain. Every building provides a certain type of service. Some buildings can only be built in certain types of regions and each region has a limited number of buildings that can be built.
Academy A place to train your character's skills.
Banner Manufacturer Produces banners that help improve morale of soldiers during battle.
Cartbuilder Produces carts that helps transport wounded soldiers or food.
Demolition Workshop Produces demolition tools which can be used to damage buildings.
Granary A place for a region to store food.
Harbor Speeds up sea travel.
Houses of Healing Provides healers who can treat wounded soldiers.
Marketplace A place for traders to trade.
Recruitment Center Allows the recruitment of soldiers.
Scouts Guild Provides scouts who can be used to gather information on a region.
Shipyard Builds and repairs warships that can be used to patrol sea zones.
Tournament Ground Allows tournaments to be held in the region.
Weapon/Armour Smith A place to repair your unit's equipment.
Workshop Produces Siege Engines that help attackers overcome a regions fortification.
Every island has different areas designated as a weather area. A single weather area spans multiple regions and has a uniform weather status. The weather status affects the food production in the area. How much the weather affects food production is not known and is kept hidden by the developers.
Although a realm is generally considered a nation ruled by a King or Queen, in BattleMaster a realm is considered any nation regardless of the government system. There are five systems of government: Monarchy, Tyranny, Republic, Democracy, and Theocracy. Every realm is unique and has its own cultural customs, religion, and legal structure. While realms can share similarities with another, there are always differences. Because of this, it is advised to try a different realm if you do not like the realm you are in. The basic hierarchy of a realm from the bottom to top goes as follows: Peasants → Knight/Noble → Region Lord → Duke/Duchess → Ruler (e.g. the King or Queen.) Each realm has a four member council made up of a General, Judge, and Banker. The council governs the realm as a whole by taking control of a certain area of governance. Diplomatic matters are handled by the Ruler, military matters are handled by the General, legal matters by the Judge, and the economic matters by the Banker.
This page was last modified on 4 December 2018, at 18:25.


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Home News Tom McGrath is on the road again
Tom McGrath is on the road again
News September 22, 2015 by Ray O'Hanlon
Tom McGrath is readying for a hundred mile run to raise funds for kids' running shoes
With the weather getting a little cooler Tom McGrath is warming up again.
The Fermanagh-born ultra-runner is preparing for his latest challenge: a 100 mile run taking in New York City's five boroughs.
And while Tom is wearing down another pair of running shoes, he will be raising money for thousands of pairs to be donated to "Achilles Kids" in the city.
"Last year we raised enough to buy 6,300 pairs," said Tom, owner of the Black Sheep bar and restaurant in Midtown Manhattan.
"There is an enormous amount of support out there, so we'll see where it goes," he told the Echo.
"We have already collected $76,000 for this year," he said.
That's a lot of sole, even at the price commanded by running shoes these days.
Tom's five borough run – it's not much more than an extended trot by his standards – will have him visit a number of schools and on Friday, October 2, he will be accompanied by many of the kids he has helped in a run on Fifth Avenue.
Tom's running exploits have been documented for many years and are familiar to Echo readers.
But his full life story is still a bit of blank page to many.
That's about to end as a result of a new documentary about Tom McGrath called "Lazarus Running."
Tom's passion for running is not lifelong.
But it could turn out to be the reason for a long life.
At one point in his journey Tom was in hospital and close to death. The cause was alcohol.
He made promises to his doctors and to himself that if he came out of hospital alive he would do two things: quit drinking and start running.
He has kept both pledges.
And how he has accomplished this is explained in "Lazarus Running," which will be shown at 7 p.m. on October 2 at the Helen Mills Theater, 137 -139 W. 26th St. (between 6th and 7th Avenue) in Manhattan.
The theater will also be the official finishing line for the 100 mile run.
After the screening there will be a complimentary buffet and cocktails at the Black Sheep on 3rd Avenue and 38th Street. For those with sore feet there will be complimentary transportation.
Tickets for the screening are available at tomrunningman@aol.com, or buy online @ http://every5minutes.ticketleap.com. Tickets are also available from the Black Sheep at (212)599-3476.
There is a suggested donation of $100, which buys four pairs of shoes.
All donations go to Achilles Kids and are one hundred percent tax deductible.


If Goa was a person, by 2017 it's wearing MC Hammer pants, neon sunglasses, and shouting out, "It's GOAH! Time." It wasn't always like that. A peaceful, John Cusack style Goa existed once. It was so long ago; we doubt it's one any Indian millennial probably remembers. In the last decade, there's been an explosive rise in the Indian state's popularity as a tourist haven.
Some of us at TLC are (cue gasp) old enough to recall when this little city was a hidden paradise. And some of us were just there seeking out remnants of that pretty past so you can turn back time, and enjoy the Goa we once knew.
Goa didn't always have scores of restaurants and cafes. Used to be a time when you were lucky to find a decent meal anywhere but the shacks around Baga and Anjuna. Now you can have sushi, and gelato, and whatever your heart desires as long as you do the most un-Goan of things: make a reservation. TLC says, F*ck That.
Via Noronha's Corner's Facebook page.
Another hidden gem that's been around longer than all the members of TLC combined is a tiny homestay called Sugar n Spice. Here you'll find beef burgers the size of your head — spiced to perfection — served in traditional Goan Pao. The owner is a lovely lady, and if you watch your manners around her, she will pack the beef burger patties for you to take home in an icebox. This little spot has no Facebook page, and we love that about it. It's a pretty yellow cottage tucked away in Anjuna, on the road that leads to Vagator. Ready to hunt down your dinner?
Via Saraya Ecostay's Facebook page.
Remember when Goa had real hippies? Not hipsters. You may not, but a weekend (or a week) at Saraya Ecostay could take you back to those years. An eco-village tucked away in lush Sangolda. Here, you can live in comfortable tree houses; indulge in tasty, organic food at Saraya's café; and enjoy a dose of culture at the resort's art gallery. The ecostay gallery also hosts art workshops. Saranya during season time (which is November to February) can cost you as much as Rs 1700 a night.
Via Stone Water Eco Resort's Facebook page.
Another ecostay we recommend, though it's on the pricier side is Stone Water Eco Resort on Santarem Beach in South Goa. Though a night in this unfussy yet luxurious hotel can cost up to Rs 10,000 in peak season time, it's ideal for a romantic getaway for two or a me-holiday for one. Bonus: the sea view from the hotel rooms' French windows is a divine way to wake up.
Amigos is located in Nerul, which is a quiet Goan area that runs alongside the riverbank. Situated under Nerul Bridge, this little restaurant offers visitors a true-blue local, Goan culinary experience: ask politely, and the owner might take you crab catching, and then make it for your dinner.
For an ethical and sustainable, tourism experience, book a dolphin-watching safari with Terra Conscious. Other eco-sustainable tourism experiences that the travel company offers include scuba diving and other non-motorised sports. Remember though, a minimum of 5 adventurers is mandatory for the dolphin safari.
The Goan burgeoning art scene in the city that demands to be checked out. Our favourite is the Cube Gallery in Moira and the Museum of Goa (MOG), which showcases the work of contemporary artists.
Via Cube Gallery's Facebook page.
MOG also organises art classes, film screenings, theatre and open mic events, so take some time to attend one or more of these if you're in the neighbourhood.
For those seeking a taste of local culture in more massive doses, check out some of the film clubs in these venues. We also recommend visits to the Literati bookstore located between Candolim and Calangute, or for second-hand books visit quaint Rainbow Bookshop in Vagator.
Goa's three-beach stretch of Morjim, Ashyem and Mandrem has become so widely known that spending a day there means running into everyone you know (and wanted to escape) from Delhi and Bombay. The Goans even have a say: a house in Morjim costs a couple of lakhs till a Dilliwalla asks about it… then it's a crore.
Avoid these mass-migration hubs this time around and venture further north towards Keri beach that is waiting for you to enjoy its pristine waters and white sand.
If you're up for a spot of extra travel, try making it to Paradise Beach too. The beach, technically in Maharashtra, truly lives up to its name. Fair warning, though, alcohol prices are higher in Maharashtra than in Goa, and there's stricter police checking on Paradise Beach. If you're planning on making this trip, carry a large picnic with you, since stalls and shacks on this beach are sparse.
In South Goa go on a boat ride towards a less explored Butterfly beach. This place is hidden during high tides, so it is nearly always deserted. It can only be reached by boat during low tide, so spending a day there is a bit like being one of the Lost Boys (without the murderous intentions!).


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Posted in Shiva
Sri Somanath Jyotirlinga
1 Comment on Sri Somanath Jyotirlinga
Śrī Somanāth Jyotirliñga
सोमनाथ ध्यान | somanātha dhyāna
ध्यायेत् महेश्वरं देवं स्वेतवर्णं चतुर्भुजं
त्रिशूलं डम्बरुं चैव खट्वाङ्गभे कपालजम्।
करेर्ददानं वरदं नागयज्ञोपवीतिनम्
भस्माभूषित सर्वाङ्गं पञ्चवक्त्रं त्रिलोचनम्॥
गिरिशं त्वं वृषारूढं शिवं त्वं सोमनाथं॥
dhyāyet maheśvaraṁ devaṁ svetavarṇaṁ caturbhujaṁ
triśūlaṁ ḍambaruṁ caiva khaṭvāṅgabhe kapālajam|
karerdadānaṁ varadaṁ nāgayajñopavītinam
bhasmābhūṣita sarvāṅgaṁ pañcavaktraṁ trilocanam||
giriśaṁ tvaṁ vṛṣārūḍhaṁ śivaṁ tvaṁ somanāthaṁ||
ॐ नमः शिवाय नमः सोमनाथाय
om namaḥ śivāya namaḥ somanāthāya
TīrthaHistoryRebuiltDakṣaProgeny
It is one of the twelve Jyotirliñga shrines of Lord Śiva. Somanāth means 'Lord of the Moon God Soma' or the 'Lord of the Nectar of Immortality' as Soma is that which keeps everything alive. Soma is the essence of the Moon filtered through the tithī, partaking which the devatā remain alive. We have seen how many important Vedic deities have lost their importance and significance with time. This is due to the reduction in the Soma they receive. For this reason, the Somanāth Temple is known as 'the Shrine Eternal'. This is the eternal, constantly flowing gift of Lord Shiva to every being in this universe – the gods, pitṛs (manes), rākṣasa, human beings, animals, trees and every living being depends on the Soma coming from the nakṣatra of the Moon as filtered through the tithī.
The Somanāth Temple is located in the Prabhās Kṣetra near Verāval in Sauraśtra, on the western coast of Gujarat, India. This was the pride of Dvārkā when ruled by Śrī Kṛṣṇa.
Pauranic traditions maintain that Śrī Chandra had built a golden temple at Somanāth in kṛta yuga.
This was rebuilt in silver during dvāpara yuga by Rāvaṇa, the king of Śrī Lanka following which Śrī Lanka became the richest nation during his rule in dvāpara yuga.
Towards the end of treta yuga, Śrī Kṛṣṇa rebuilt the Somanāth temple with sandalwood. Research of ancient Indian classical texts by Swami Śrī Gajananand Saraswati[ref]Chairman of Shrimad Ādhya Jagadguru Śaṅkarācarya Vedic Śodha Sansthan, Varanasi[/ref] show that this Somanāth Jyotirliñga prāṇa pratiṣṭhā was done on the auspicious Śravaṇa śukla tritīya[ref]Third day of bright half of Vedic Śravaṇa month. Note that as per standard Vedic traditions, Lord Viṣṇu sleeps every year on Śravaṇa Kṛṣṇa tritīya, which is exactly a fortnight away from this chosen tithī. Tritīya is the lunar day presided by Gourī (Pārvatī), the śaktī of Śiva and devatā of the Moon.[/ref] during the tenth Treta yuga of Vaivsvat Manvantara. The exact date suggested for the rebuilding by Śrī Kṛṣṇa is 7,99,25,105 years ago. This is derived from the traditions of Prabhās Khaṇḍa of Skanda Purāṇa. This temple is a perennial source of life (Soma) for every being since time immemorial.
It is said that the temple is the first defense against the malignant Rāhu and so long as Śrī Somanāth stands, Bhārat and Satya Sanātana dharma (Vedic dharma) symbolized by the compassionate kind holy cow 'Kāmadhenu' (Moon significator) shall be protected. Somehow the invaders of Sind and the deserts, got wind of this prophesy.
Following in the tradition of Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Yādava kings (Kṛṣṇa established the Yādava rule) of Vallabhi in Gujarat, maintained the Somanāth temple. A completely new replaced the older one on the same site around 649 AD.
First desecration – In 725 AD Junayad, the Arab governor of Sind, sent his armies to destroy the second temple. The objective was simple and plain – theft. What to talk of a nation and people if the king is of thievish nature. The Gurjara Pratihara King Nagabhatta II reconstructed the Somanāth temple in 815, a large structure of red sandstone.
Second desecration – In 1024 AD, the temple was once again destroyed by Mahmud Ghazni who raided the temple from across the Thar Desert. Once again the objective was simple – theft. The temple was rebuilt by the Paramara King Bhoj of Malwa and the Solanki king Bhima of Gujarat (Anhilwara or Patan) between 1026 and 1042. For the first time since Kṛṣṇa, the wooden structure was replaced by King Kumarpal (1143-72), who built the temple of stone to afford better protection against the thievish kings.
Third desecration – In 1296 AD, the temple was once again destroyed by Sultan Allauddin Khilji's army. Taj-ul-Ma'sir of Hasan Nizami writes "Raja Karan of Gujarat was defeated and forced to flee, and fifty thousand infidels were dispatched to hell by the sword and more than twenty thousand slaves, cattle and wealth beyond all calculation fell into the hands of the victors". In their own words, they are proud of the theft. The temple was rebuilt by Mahipala Deva, the Chudasama king of Saurashtra in 1308 AD and the Liñga was installed by his son Khengar sometime between 1326 and 1351 AD.
Fourth desecration – In 1375 AD, barely 24 years after the re-establishment of the Somanāth Liñga, the temple was once again destroyed by Sultan Muzaffar Shah I. This time the local people worked to rebuilt it as there is no mention of royal patronage to the work.
Fifth desecration – In 1451 AD, the temple was once again destroyed by Sultan Mahmud Begda. Once again the local people of Gujarat put together their scanty resources to build the temple.
Sixth desecration – this was the worst of them all. In 1701 AD, the temple was once again destroyed by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. While all previous destructions primarily aimed at stealing, people and cattle (simple theft objective), Aurangzeb was diabolical. He used the columns and foundation of the Somanāth temple to build a mosque on the very site of the Somanāth temple. Hindu sculptural motifs remained visible and are a glaring proof and constant reminder that will continue to divide our people on religious lines. Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore rebuilt the temple in 1783 AD at a new site adjacent to the ruined temple.
Aurangzeb had achieved his objective of diving the people of India for the first time. Later the British also adopted this policy resulting in the birth of Pakistan. That's history, and everyone knows it but may not be politically right to say so. But the ostrich approach to problems – burying head in hole, has never resulted in any concrete solutions. Which leader of India is going to 'bell the cat'? Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore showed us one path – she rebuilt the temple in 1783 AD at a new site adjacent to the ruined temple. It was the 'best solution' as the old temple site was already converted to a mosque, and we Hindu do not believe in destroying or desecrating any place of worship of any religion.
Sardar Vallabhai Patel took the cue from the intelligent action of HRM Queen Ahilyabai Holkar and reconstructed the Somanāth Temple to its full glory in the adjacent vacant spot. Politicians of modern India would do well to learn from the great Queen Ahilyabai and follow the Sardar Vallabhai Patel instead of following Aurangzeb and destroying places of worship – again as I said – irrespective of any religion, your karma alone counts.
The later sources of history account for several desecrations by Muslims invaders during eleventh to eighteen century A.D. The temple was rebuilt every time with the reconstructive spirit of the people. We bow to the great gujarati people who have been so resilient and strong in their faith. The modern temple was reconstructed with the resolve of Sardar Vallabhai Patel who visited the ruins of Somanāth temple on Nov 13, 1947. Regular worship of Lord Somanāth was restarted at the new temple after the then President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, performed the prāṇa-pratiṣṭhā on 11 May 1951. After Patel's death, the herculean task of rebuilding continued under K. M. Munshi, another minister of the Government of India.
Other pilgrimage spots at Somanāth include (1) Śrī Kapardi Vinayak, (2) Śrī Hanuman Temple and Ahalyabai temple (temporary residence of Śrī Somanāth Liñga after Aurangzeb) is close by, which was built by HRM Queen Ahalyabai Holker during 1782. This temple maintained the Pooja Paraṁparā of Bhagvan Śiva during the hostile political conditions in India.
Vallabhghat is a beautiful sunset point. The temple is illuminated every evening. Similarly, the sound & light show 'Jaya Somanāth' is also displayed every night at 8-9pm, which allows the pilgrims an ethereal experience in the backdrop of grand Somanāth temple and the holy wave sounds of the Ocean.
Favoring Rohiṇī
Śrī Chandra, the Moon god, is married to the 27 daughters of Dakṣa Prajāpati. Each of these 27 Queens have their private mansion built by Chandra and called nakṣatra. The nakṣatra are named after the Queens like Rohiṇī nakṣatra (in Vṛṣabha rāśi) is named after the Queen Rohiṇī presiding there. Śrī Chandra is very emotional due to his strong mind and this can make him partial, although he may not be doing so consciously.
Śrī Chandra had promised Dakṣa Prajāpati[ref]Father-in-law of Chandra, sire of the 27 nakṣatra Queens. Dakṣa is a mānasa putra (mind-born son) of Brahma[/ref], that he would spend equal time with each of the 27 Queens. However, the reality is far from this promise. Chandra is fully conscious or aware of the Queens when he passes through the six mansions of the Queens Revatī, Aśvinī, Bharaṇī, Kṛttikā, Rohiṇī and Mṛgāśiras, especially when in the middle portion (2nd & 3rd Pada). When Chandra passes through the mansions of the next nine Queens – Ārdrā (6) to Chitrā (14), he meets with the Queens in the beginning (1st Pada) and later gets about his other duties. When Chandra passes through the mansions of the remaining twelve Queens Svātī (15) to Uttara Bhādrapada (26), he has time to meet with the Queens only at the end (4th Pada) of his sojourn. In addition to this partiality for the six favored Queens Revatī (27) to Mṛgāśiras (5) where 2nd Pada-Artha and 3rd Pada-Kāma prevail, Chandra also spends disproportional time in each of the nakṣatra, ending up giving the maximum time to Rohiṇī (4).
This led to unrest among the Queens. The nine Queens from Ārdrā to Chitrā who met Chandra in 1st pada, found Chandra only lecturing dharma while the twelve from Svātī to Uttara Bhādrapada (26) were bored with the constant sermon on mokṣa (4th pada). Of the remaining six, the first three Revatī, Aśvinī and Bharaṇī were constantly troubled with expenses management, mansion administration and treasury matters (2nd pada) while all the kāma (3rd pada) only went to Kṛttikā, Rohiṇī and Mṛgāśiras. There again there was partiality – Kṛttikā got the love of body, Mṛgāśiras got love of soul while Rohiṇī got all the love that the mind can ask for.
Dakṣa could not tolerate this partiality and twice warned Chandra to change his ways. However, this was not within the very nature of the erratic fast moving Moon god. The third time when encountered with the partiality matter Dakṣa cursed Chandra to lose the divine luster of perfect compassion that he embodies. The moonlight symbolizes this luster and it started to wane. This was the dark fortnight of the Moon when he lost his curative powers and the devas who rejuvenated by partaking of his Soma were also deprived. Chandra prayed to Lord Śiva at the Prabhās kṣetra who turned a benignant eye. The devas approached Dakṣa posing the danger that the absence of Soma would prevent any kind of procreation or rejuvenation and then they all would be destroyed. Dakṣa modified his curse and the Moon was allowed to wax and wane every fortnight.
For this reason in jyotiṣa, the fortnight is ruled by Venus reminding us of relationships and the waxing and waning shows the constant challenges that all creatures have to face in their marriage. In the pañcāṅga, the tithī that marks this phase of the Moon also rules relationships.
When the fallen Moon (amāvāsya Chandra) prayed to Lord Śiva, He lifted it and placed it on His own head – a status that even the highest beings cannot dream of. This lifting of the fallen hero resulted on his rising to the position of the full Moon. Since the head is the seat of the guru, the full Moon represents the guru pūrṇimā and every guru is to be remembered on the full Moon so that the path shall lead to the parameṣṭhi guru (Lord Śiva). This is the deeper meaning and blessing of Lord Somanāth.
Consequent upon the curse of Dakṣa (a prajāpati), the union of Chandra with his 27 Queens became fruitless and they could not bear any children. It is the deep desire for progeny that caused Chandra to lust for other women. This is the 28th intercalary nakṣatra which does not exist in the physical plane and hence cannot define a legitimate spouse of Chandra. Chandra ended up having four sons from Manohara and one (Budha – Mercury) from Tārā.
Varchas, the eldest son of Manohara, reincarnated on Earth during Mahabharata as brave Abhimanyu. Because of the link to Chandra, Śrī Kṛṣṇa became his guru. This mighty son of Arjuna and Subhadra defeated all the great Kaurava warriors including Droṇa, Karna and Duryodhana on the one day he was called to go to battle and break the chakravyuha. They had to gang up and shoot arrows from the back (cheating) to defeat and kill him. But then Kṛṣṇa ensured that each of them got Karma payback in the same coin when (1) Drona died due to a partial lie uttered by Yudhiṣṭhira (only lie ever uttered by him); (2) Karna was shot to death while pulling the wheels of his chariot and (3) Duryodhana was killed by a blow from the mace to the thigh (hitting below the waist is cheating).
This great power of Chandra comes from Maharṣi Atri, his father – Chandra is atreya gotra. Maharṣi Atri stood on one leg and recited the Medhā Dakṣiṇāmūrti mantra which caused the knowledge of the monosyllable ॐ (om) – that's how the world got to know about oṁ. His body was fully converted to pure Soma and rose into to the sky. When it could not contain anymore, it overflowed from his eyes and filled the ākāśa with a pure soothing white glow. The ten dṛg-devī (spouse of digpāla) collected the drops that came in their directions. This is the power of Atri-Soma they posses to give the fruits in these directions of life as is confirmed in the Śiva tāṇḍava stotra. The surplus that they could no longer hold came down to earth to be held by Anasuyā, wife of Maharṣi Atri, who bore Soma as their first son. Since Soma was created from Brahmā-akṣara, he is the incarnation of Brahma and is the 'physical father' of all beings. He is Chandra, the cause of motherhood and protector of innocent babies.
Getting directions
On the balloon click on the link 'Directions' or on the link below the map. An extension shows up.
Click either on the 'Car' or 'Pedestrian' image to choose your transpost.
Now enter your 'Journey start place' like New Delhi etc in the pink box.
Click on the button/letters 'Get directions' and you are done …now copy and print the directions before you start your journey. Have a nice pilgrimage and spiritual exaltation.
[mappress width="100%" mapid="1″]
Maha Mrtyunjaya Mantra
Shiva Tandava Stotra
Kumara Purnima
Śiva Sahasranāma
1 thought on "Sri Somanath Jyotirlinga"
swamircs says:
Very painstaking article.
May i add that present Somnath Temple is a creation of Padmasri PrabhaSanker bahi Sompura
of Palitana Gujrat.He was awarded this vastu work by Late Vallabh bhai Patel.
Sapta Loka & Tala
SJC USA Annual Conference, 2003 | Venue: West Coast, San Jose, CA, USA Date: August 20, 2003 There were three...
Bṛhat Nakṣatra
Title: Brhat Naksatra Author: Sanjay Rath Publisher: Sagittarius Publications Published: 2008 Cost of the book is US$ 16.95 or Euro...
Jaya Jagadishwari
[youtube BNcSVH0fqiM]


At the point when the novel starts, Scarlett O'Hara is a ruined, vain, publicity-seeking 16-year-old who is immensely attracted to men every step of the way. However, she is tremendously strong-willed and her determination is incredible. Through the span of the book she weds three times and loses her husband to death twice. She has three youngsters, one of whom dies at a tender age. Scarlett's two driving interests are her fixation on her neighbor, Ashley Wilkes, and her adoration for her family ranch, Tara. She will do whatever she should to keep Tara; and in her quest for Ashley, she cares not to focus on whom she harms.
Rhett Butler gambles a lot. He is also a speculator, and a man who has experienced significantly more of life than the shielded — and much more youthful — Scarlett can envision. He has an honest respect for Scarlett from the very first time they met; he makes the most of her soul and he discovers that she is enthusiastic, besides being blunt and exhibiting other "unladylike" characteristics. Rhett urges Scarlett to stop the grief after her first spouse's passing-on, encourages her to begin her own businesses to generate income, and ultimately proposes to her. However, Scarlett has excessive feelings for Ashley, making it impossible to be close to Rhett. After she rejects him and their little girl, Bonnie, dies from an accident, Rhett remains a devastated man.
Ashley Wilkes, Melanie's husband, is a calm, scholarly man who likes to maintain a strategic distance from strife and trouble. He is a decent officer in the American Civil War, despite the fact that he is on a basic level, a conservative. After the war, he feels lost and uncertain how to advance in a new world. He enables Scarlett to deal with him and his family, and is continually in her presence despite the fact that their attraction puts his marriage in danger. In the end, Ashley accepts the reality that he cherishes his wife. However, by that time, it has past the point of no return.
Melanie Wilkes, Ashley's wife, is a profoundly decent individual. She adores Scarlett wholeheartedly, despite the fact that Scarlett does exceptionally little to merit that adoration. Melanie is an enthusiastic supporter of the Confederate agenda. She has a child, Beau; but when she attempts to deliver another, she passes on during labor. Despite the fact that Scarlett has a tremendously low opinion of Melanie through the greater part of the novel, she ultimately understands that Melanie was her dearest companion.
Mammy is one of the main characters who talks honestly to Scarlett and comprehends what Scarlett is able to do. Indeed, after she is liberated, Mammy continues to work for the O'Hara family. To some extent, Mammy could be described as a stereotype, yet she shows the fair steadfastness and warmth a few slaves felt for their previous owners.
Charles Hamilton, Scarlett's first spouse, is a great-looking, rich, and youthful person. He and Scarlett scarcely knows each other by the time they were preparing for marriage, which does not last long. He succumbs to pneumonia two months after the American Civil War starts. Still, he tales a special place in Scarlett's life perpetually, both on the grounds that they have a child, Wade, and additionally, since Charles' sister, Melanie, keeps his memory alive. Had it not been for these reasons, it would have been easy for Scarlett to forget about him.
Frank Kennedy is a senior citizen who is engaged to Scarlett's sister, Suellen, until Scarlett — out of dire desperation to get money to help Tara — manipulates him into wedding her. Frank is apparently soft, humble, and kind and enables Scarlett to do what she needs more often than not, including running a business. After Scarlett is assaulted, Frank, as an individual from the Klan, chases down her aggressor, during which he gets executed instead.


text:
Die Transistor-Transistor-Logik (TTL) ist eine Schaltungstechnik (Logikfamilie) für logische Schaltungen (Gatter), bei der als aktives Bauelement der Schaltung planare npn-Bipolartransistoren verwendet werden. Bei der N-Familie wird meist an verbundenen Eingängen ein Multiemitter-Transistor eingesetzt, so dass für mehrere Eingänge nur ein Transistor erforderlich ist; bei der LS-Familie sowie bei Schmitt-Trigger-Eingängen wird die AND-Verschaltung der Eingänge mittels Dioden realisiert.

Geschichte
Die TTL-Technik wurde 1961 von James L. Buie bei TRW erfunden. Die ersten kommerziellen Schaltkreise produzierte die Firma Sylvania Electric Products. Eine ebenfalls auf Bipolartransistoren basierende Weiterentwicklung mit geringerem Stromverbrauch stellt die integrierte Injektionslogik (I²L) dar.

Standard-TTL

Standard-TTL-Schaltkreise sind für einen Betrieb an einer Versorgungsspannung von 5 V mit einer Abweichung von 5 % ausgelegt.

Die Belastbarkeit der Ausgänge wird als Fan-Out bezeichnet, womit ausgedrückt wird, wie viele Eingänge ein Ausgang bedienen kann. Das ist für die typischen umfangreichen Logikschaltungen des TTL-Zeitalters von Bedeutung.

Eine hohe Spannung ist als High-Pegel (in positiver Logik eine logische 1) definiert, eine niedrige Spannung wird als Low-Pegel bezeichnet (in positiver Logik eine logische 0). Die Schaltkreise sind so zu dimensionieren, dass Eingangsspannungen UE < 0,8 V als Low-Pegel, und UE > 2,0 V als High-Pegel erkannt werden. Die Ausgangsspannung UA bei nominaler Last muss < 0,4 V für den Low-Pegel und > 2,4 V für den High-Pegel betragen. Der statische Störabstand beträgt somit sowohl für High- als auch für Low-Pegel 0,4 V. Die tatsächliche Ausgangsspannung liegt lastabhängig zwischen gut 3 und knapp 4 V.

Logische Bausteine in TTL-Technik haben gegenüber CMOS-Bausteinen den Vorteil, dass sie unempfindlicher gegenüber elektrostatischen Entladungen (ESD) sind und vor den großen Fortschritten der CMOS-Prozesstechnik um 1980 deutlich schneller waren. Wegen der stromgesteuerten Transistoren hat TTL im Vergleich zu CMOS eine hohe Stromaufnahme.

Das nebenstehende Bild zeigt den Aufbau eines TTL-NAND-Gatters. V1 ist der Multiemitter-Transistor, U1 und U2 sind die Eingänge. Eine Besonderheit von TTL-Schaltungen besteht darin, dass Eingänge einen kleinen Strom liefern, wenn sie Low sind bzw. mit Masse verbunden werden. Daher sind unbeschaltete Eingänge auf High-Pegel. Gute Praxis ist jedoch, unbenutzte Eingänge dennoch auf High-Potential zu legen, damit ein definiertes bzw. erlaubtes Potential erzwungen wird.  Unbeschaltete Eingänge können die passive Störsicherheit einer Schaltung massiv verschlechtern.

Dieses NAND-Gatter hat eine Verlustleistung von 10 mW (Milliwatt) und eine Gatterlaufzeit von 10 ns (Nanosekunden).

Funktionsweise
Das nebenstehend abgebildete NAND-Gatter mit 2 Eingängen (1/4 eines 7400) arbeitet folgendermaßen:

Die UND-Funktion wird durch den Multiemitter-Transistor V1 in Basisschaltung gebildet. Wenn Eingang U1 oder U2 oder beide zusammen auf einen Low-Pegel (unter 0,8 V) gelegt werden, wird V1 leitend, da nun über R1 ein Basisstrom fließt. Die nachfolgende Schaltung aus dem Ansteuertransistor V2 und einer Gegentaktendstufe (Totem-Pole-Schaltung) dient als schneller digitaler Treiber.

Entspreche der Ausgangszustand zunächst dem logischen Low-Pegel. Der Transistor V4 ist voll leitend und somit in (Basisstrom-)Sättigung. Die Basis von V2 ist auf einem Potenzial zwischen 1,1 bis 1,5 V.
Jetzt wird die Basis von V2 wie oben beschrieben durch den Kollektor von V1 nahezu auf Masse (UV1CESat) gezogen, wodurch V2 sperrt. Damit wird die Basis von V3 High, die von V4 Low.
V4 bleibt weiterhin leitend, da seine Basis noch mit Ladungsträgern geflutet ist. V3 wird leitend und ein großer Querstrom durch R3, V3, V5, V4 fließt der die Ladungsträger aufbraucht. Ist dies geschehen steigt das Potenzial des Ausgangs sehr schnell an und der Querstrom geht zurück. V3 leitet und V4 sperrt, der Ausgang ist nun High.
Da die TTL-Eingänge im statischen Fall keinen Strom senken, brauchen R3, V3 und V5 keinen Strom bereitstellen, wenn sie in einer reinen TTL-Schaltung und nicht als Treiber verwendet werden.

Nun gehen beide Eingänge auf High, so wird V2 über die in Flussrichtung gepolte pn-Diode der Basis-Kollektor-Strecke von V1 mit Strom versorgt und leitend. V3 wird gesperrt und V4 leitend. Der Ausgang wird also nur dann Low, wenn beide Eingänge High sind – die negierte UND-Logikfunktion.

In der open collector-Ausführung (offener Kollektor) fehlt V3, der Kollektor von V4 wird also offen zum Ausgang geführt. In diesem Fall muss an Stelle von R3 ein externer pull up-Widerstand angeschlossen werden, um einen High-Pegel zu erreichen. Diese Bauform ermöglicht es, mehrere Ausgänge parallel zu einem "Wired-AND" (verdrahtetes UND) zusammenzuschalten. Jedes der parallel geschalteten Ausgänge kann den Knoten auf Low ziehen, ohne von den Logikzuständen der anderen Ausgänge beeinflusst zu werden. Tristate-Ausgänge dürfen hingegen nur dann parallel geschaltet werden, wenn sie niemals unterschiedliche Logikzustände haben.

Varianten

Schottky-TTL

Eine deutliche Verbesserung der Geschwindigkeit der TTL-Technik wurde durch die Implementierung mit Schottky-Transistoren erreicht. Ein Schottky-Transistor ist im Wesentlichen ein Bipolartransistor, bei dem eine Schottky-Diode oder eine Hot-Carrier-Diode zwischen Basis und Kollektor geschaltet ist. Diese Diode verhindert die Sättigung der Transistoren in der TTL-Schaltung und verbessert dadurch ihre Fähigkeit, bei höheren Geschwindigkeiten zu schalten.

Um einen Bipolartransistor zu sättigen, muss der Basis des Transistors eine beträchtliche Strommenge zugeführt werden. Je höher der Basisstrom, desto schneller sättigt der Transistor. Eine Ansteuerung auf hoher Basis verlangsamt jedoch das Ausschalten des Transistors. Es dauert eine begrenzte Zeit, bis die Ladung auf der Basis entfernt ist, bevor der Transistor abschaltet. Es ist die eine Eigenschaft, die die Schaltgeschwindigkeit von gesättigten Logikschaltungen am stärksten einschränkt. Die Schottky-Diode zwischen der Basis und dem Kollektor des Bipolartransistors verhindert eine Sättigung und beseitigt daher dieses Problem. Die Schottky-Diode schaltet sehr schnell und benötigt je nach Temperatur nur 0,1 bis 0,3 Volt Vorwärtsspannung. Eine typische Schottky-TTL-Schaltung hat eine Ausbreitungsverzögerung von etwa 3 Nanosekunden, was weniger als ein Drittel der Verzögerung des Standard-TTL-Schaltung ist. Diese erhöhte Geschwindigkeit wird mit einer Erhöhung der Verlustleistung auf etwa 20 Milliwatt erreicht.

Um die Sättigung der Transistoren zu verhindern, können in der Basis-Kollektor-Strecke Schottky-Dioden parallel geschaltet werden, so dass die Spannung an der Basis nie mehr als 0,3 V über dem Kollektorpotential liegen kann und nur so viel Strom in die Basis fließt wie nötig. Das ergibt einen Schottky-Transistor. Die ungesättigten Transistoren sind schneller (es müssen keine überflüssigen Ladungsträger abgesaugt werden, ehe der Transistor ausschaltet) beziehungsweise man kann Transistoren höherer Stromverstärkung einsetzen und die gesamte Schaltung hochohmiger (und damit energiesparender) ausführen (Baureihen S für Schottky und LS für Low Power Schottky).

Low-Voltage-TTL
Low-Voltage-TTL (LVTTL) ist eine besondere Form der Transistor-Transistor-Logik (Logikfamilie), bei der die Versorgungsspannung von 5 V auf 3,3 V reduziert ist.

Open Collector TTL
Standard-TTL-Schaltkreise können nicht für einen Datenbusses verwendet werden. Dieser Nachteil kann vermieden werden, indem Open Collector TTL-Schaltungen verwendet werden. Open Collector TTL-Schaltungen enthalten nicht den aktiven Pull-up-Transistor. Ausgänge von Open Collector TTL-Schaltkreisen können direkt an einen einfachen Pull-up-Widerstand angeschlossen werden. Die Gatter, die keine Daten senden, werden so gesteuert, dass ihre Ausgabe hoch ist und der Ausgang des Inverter-Transistors daher ausgeschaltet ist. Auf diese Weise kann der aktive Schaltkreis steuern, ob diese Linie hoch oder niedrig ist. Während auf diese Weise offene TTL-Schaltkreise für Open Collector TTL verwendet werden können, gehen viele der Vorteile von TTL-Schaltungen verloren, indem der aktive Pull-up-Transistor eliminiert wird. Die mit Standard-TTL-Schaltungen verbundene hohe Geschwindigkeit und hohe Immunität gegen Rauschen gehen verloren, wenn Open Collector TTL-Schaltungen verwendet werden.

Alte Typen und ihre Bezeichnungen
Standard TTL-ICs erkennt man an einer Bezeichnung der Form 74xx bzw. 74xxx, wobei "74" auf die Logikfamilie und xx/xxx auf den Gatter-Typ (z. B. xx = "00" entspricht NAND) verweist. Die meisten Bausteine gibt es auch als 54xx für den militärischen Temperaturbereich bzw. als 84xx für den industriellen Temperaturbereich. In TTL-Technik aufgebaut sind auch die wenig verbreitete 49xx-Serie sowie die 75xx-Serie, die in erster Linie Interface-, Pegelwandler- und andere Anpassschaltungen umfasst.

Die Bezeichnungen der Varianten orientieren sich im Allgemeinen an dem Standardtyp, zu dem der Baustein anschluss- und funktions-kompatibel ist, wobei die Variante durch eingeschobene Buchstaben gekennzeichnet wird. Der Versorgungsspannungsbereich und die Signalpegel sind nicht notwendig kompatibel. Neben den bisher genannten gibt es noch zahlreiche weitere TTL-Varianten, beispielsweise:

 74L: Low-Power TTL mit geringerem Stromverbrauch bei geringerer Schaltgeschwindigkeit
 74H: High-Speed TTL mit sehr viel höherer Schaltgeschwindigkeit bei höherem Stromverbrauch
 74S: Schottky TTL mit höherer Schaltgeschwindigkeit bei höherem Stromverbrauch
 74F: Fast-Schottky
 74LS: Low power Schottky
 74AS bzw. 74ALS: Advanced Schottky

Aktuelle Typen
Gängige TTL-Bausteine tragen die Bezeichnung 74nn(n)xx(xx), wobei n die Logikfamilie (Technologie) ist und x die Bauteil-Funktion codiert. Bausteine des Typs 74xx sind veraltet. Es wird nur noch 74LS (low-power-schottky-Nachfolger der 74er Logikfamilie) und 74F (fast Schottky) gefertigt. Nachfolger sind in CMOS-Technologie:
 74HC: aktuelle CMOS-Familie: HC steht für High Speed CMOS, Versorgungsspannung 2 …6 V, max. Frequenz ca. 25 MHz
 74AHC, 74AC: wesentlich schneller als 74HC (A steht für advanced)
 74HCT: ähnlich 74HC, aber TTL-kompatibel, Versorgungsspannung 4,5…5,5 V
 74ACT: ähnlich AC, aber TTL-kompatibel

Die 1970 eingeführte 4000er-Reihe war die erste CMOS-Logikfamilie, gegenüber TTL stromsparend, aber langsam (Grenzfrequenz bei 1 MHz) und nicht pin- und logik-kompatibel zu TTL (Versorgungsspannung 3 bis 15 V). Sie hat einen anderen Bezeichnungsschlüssel.

Verwandte Logikfamilien
Als Vorläufer-Logikfamilien der TTL-Familie können die Widerstands-Transistor-Logik und die Diode-Transistor-Logik betrachtet werden. Diese beiden Logikfamilien sind veraltet und haben heute praktisch keine Bedeutung mehr.

Nah mit der TTL-Familie ist die langsame störsichere Logik verwandt, die in der Vergangenheit für Spezialanwendungen eingesetzt wurde. Wie der Name suggeriert, ist sie mit 200 ns Signallaufzeit um ein vielfaches langsamer als Bauteile der TTL-Familie. Heute hat diese Logikfamilie ebenfalls praktisch keine nennenswerte Bedeutung mehr.

Literatur
 Klaus Wüst: Mikroprozessortechnik. 2. aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlag | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 978-3-8348-0046-6.

Weblinks
 www.datasheetcatalog.net (Verzeichnis von Datenblattsammlungen elektronischer Bauteile)

Einzelnachweise

Digitaltechnik
Digitale Schaltungstechnik

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Gartner became active in the field of visual art in his own personal way: through music – more precisely jazz , bossa nova – and distant travel – especially Brazil , country of melting pot of cultures . The native culture, the texture and the "earth" colours are the basis of an uninterrupted research .
Always in evolution, his recent paintings have disparate origins: they are rooted in mysticism, poetry, mythology, archaeology, symbolism of nature or within the very personality of the artist himself. In his typical vocabulary of forms and techniques, he realizes works which testify to his authenticity and power of expression. Symbols, signs, characters and abstraction are interlinked in ever changing variations .
Gartner is a painter in the true sense of the word: his pictorial craftmanship appears to be innate .
I would state that Gartner always transcends the purely material level of art, regardless of the material substrate and on the extra-pictorial elements he introduces in his works. Gartner always reaches the level of spiritualization.


text:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Shell;

namespace Microsoft.Samples.VisualStudio.IDE.EditorWithToolbox
{
    /// <summary>
    /// This class implements Visual studio package that is registered within Visual Studio IDE.
    /// The EditorPackage class uses a number of registration attribute to specify integration parameters.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// <para>A description of the different attributes used here is given below:</para>
    /// <para>PackageRegistration: Used to determine if the package registration tool should look for additional
    ///                      attributes. We currently specify that the package commands are described in a
    ///                      managed package and not in a separate satellite UI binary.</para>
    /// <para>ProvideMenuResource: Provides information about menu resources.
    ///     We specify ResourceId=1000 and version=1.</para>
    /// <para>ProvideEditorLogicalView: Indicates that our editor supports LOGVIEWID_Designer logical view and
    ///     registers EditorFactory class to manage this view.</para>
    /// <para>ProvideEditorExtension: With this attribute we register our AddNewItem Templates
    ///     for specified project types.</para>
    /// </remarks>

    [PackageRegistration(UseManagedResourcesOnly = true)]
    [InstalledProductRegistration("#100", "#102", "10.0", IconResourceID = 400)]
    // We register our AddNewItem Templates the Miscellaneous Files Project:
    [ProvideEditorExtension(typeof(EditorFactory), ".tbx", 32,
              ProjectGuid = "{A2FE74E1-B743-11d0-AE1A-00A0C90FFFC3}",
              TemplateDir = "Templates",
              NameResourceID = 106)]
    // We register that our editor supports LOGVIEWID_Designer logical view
    [ProvideEditorLogicalView(typeof(EditorFactory), "{7651a703-06e5-11d1-8ebd-00a0c90f26ea}")]
    [Guid(GuidStrings.GuidClientPackage)]
    public class EditorPackage : Package, IDisposable
    {
        #region Fields

        private EditorFactory editorFactory;

        #endregion Fields

        #region Constructors
        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes new instance of the EditorPackage.
        /// </summary>
        public EditorPackage()
        {
        }

        #endregion

        #region Methods
        /// <summary>
        /// Create EditorPackage context.
        /// </summary>
        protected override void Initialize()
        {
            //Create Editor Factory
            base.Initialize();
            editorFactory = new EditorFactory();
            RegisterEditorFactory(editorFactory);
        }

        #region IDisposable Pattern
        /// <summary>
        /// Releases the resources used by the Package object.
        /// </summary>
        public void Dispose()
        {
            Dispose(true);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Releases the resources used by the Package object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="disposing">This parameter determines whether the method has been called directly or indirectly by a user's code.</param>
        protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            try
            {
                Debug.WriteLine(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "Entering Dispose() of: {0}", ToString()));
                if (disposing)
                {
                    if (editorFactory != null)
                    {
                        editorFactory.Dispose();
                        editorFactory = null;
                    }
                    GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                base.Dispose(disposing);
            }
        }
        #endregion

        #endregion Methods
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub