I'd like to give you an approximate picture of our front-line environment.
First of all you are astonished by the fact that when you ride 5-6 km from the front, you even cease to imagine that somewhere nearby terrible fights are taking place, people are perishing, valuables are being demolished.
On the contrary, when you approach the front, you, almost in the same unexpected way, get from the usual sound of artillery cannonade into the zone of artillery fire first, and then into the zone of mortar and machine-gun fire of the enemy.
We are fighting in the surrounding of forests for the time being, and when you are walking across a forest, and shells and mines are bursting not nearer than 100 – 150 m, you don't pay attention to them. The same about submachine gunners: they—if there is a small group of them—are even less dangerous, as submachine fire is of low effectiveness in the forest. The other day the Germans, having come in at our rear, cut off all lines of retreat for us, except one path near a swamp. Along the side of this path, for the space of 2.5 km they placed submachine gunners, who continuously fired at us with their guns. We walked across the swamp at a distance about 150 m from the Germans, and over these 2.5 km we not only had no killed, but even no wounded. But it all occurs so only in the vicinity of the front line.
It's a different thing when aviation, artillery, mortar, machine-gun and submachine-gun fire is concentrated on the infantry. But yet, the Germans sustain bigger losses from our fire than we do from theirs. Leningrad, as it is known to you from newspapers, is being bombed by the Germans. A thousand-kilogram bomb fell down on a building next to ours—the building where there are so many cultural valuables and where we so much loved to go. Probably, the window in our kitchen has been smashed.
The building where Dad and Mama so much loved to go was the Russian Museum When fatigue accumulated and was about to bring our parents to a family quarrel, they would go to the museum, and the desire to quarrel disappeared. The bomb fell on the Benois Wing.
I don't know whether my letters are reaching you. Here the weather is staying beautiful, warm, serene, although it is October already. Even the weather is favorable to the Germans. But soon they must experience all the "amenities" of a Leningrad autumn. It would be good to come over Leningrad before winter and fetch my valenki—otherwise it will be rather chilly soon.
I was going to write a good letter, but it's difficult. There is pain in my heart, and my thoughts are centered on other things. We must overcome the Germans, but how to do it more quickly?
Are you managing to read? I cannot get books here. The only,—unfortunately, the only—source of elevated poetry which I am meeting with is in your letters.
Absolutely unexpectedly I've happened to get to Leningrad. I'll be here 12, 13, 14 Oct 41. I'm unspeakably glad that I've seen Ivan Gasparovich, our friends, our acquaintances, our home town.
Leningrad has changed much, but the Leningraders hold fast heroically.
Ivan Gasparovich is alive and in good health, he's shielded all the windows with boards, and all the glass in the frames is intact. He says he is terribly sick at heart because of loneliness, perplexed with the question: how will his boards and rags be left should something happen to him?
The touching humorous mention of "boards and rags" is connected with Granddad's peasant thrift: he always tried to save things, even old ones. As it will become clear later, this economical thrift, to which he was faithful even in his besieged-city loneliness, will later help our parents in a Leningrad devastated by the siege: a time will come when the things saved by Granddad from moths will be cut out again and resewn many times.
I've stayed at home for two nights. The impressions are most contradictory. Everything reminds me of our past life: your things, gotten with such difficulty, old dear photographs, Natasha's toys—all this, so necessary in its time, now lies without being used, and every night might be obliterated. And you are scraping along without clothing, without things which are necessary in everyday life.
Ivan Gasparovich, seemingly cheerful and buoyant, is actually deeply shocked and sick at heart, being completely alone. I looked at the city, analyzed the situation, after re-joining my unit, and again—deep in thought. For our country, for our city, for our people I am ready to give my life, but it won't change anything for the time being. On the contrary, now I am required to save what I am entrusted with, but I can save it if I am alive.
I am doing my best to execute the orders of my commanders better.
From your letter I got to know that you sent a parcel to me, in which you put mittens knitted from the wool taken by you from Leningrad.
I cannot forgive myself this oversight. Now I have 4 pairs of mittens, as I took from home the woolen ones, knitted by you last year, one pair (cotton knitted) I bought here, and, finally, the fourth pair, which I also took from home—cotton knitted, the gray ones.
While you and Natasha are there without any warm undergarments at all. How useful would the wool be to you and Natasha for socks and mittens, while I don't now need them at all.
From home I took your cap, which so keenly reminds me of the days of your youth—and now, together with the warmth it brings, I feel a part of your warmth too. I put on myself the woolen blouse, the one without sleeves.
In a word, I am clothed warmly, and it comes in useful, as, after the warm serene and dry autumn we have had here, a real winter, with snow and cold, has set in since 14 Oct.
I took with me three little volumes of poetry and a German-Russian dictionary.
What can be bought where you are? In Leningrad without cards nothing can be bought.
Ivan Gasparovich certainly won't leave Leningrad.
I advised him to transfer some of your things to the Ponomarenkos [Author's note: The family of Nina Ponomarenko, our Mama's friend, lived in another house]. He hesitates. But it's worth doing, because if one building will burn down, the other might remain.
Again and again I reread your letters. From some letters I can see that you behave like a brick, but on others traces of your tears can be seen. You shouldn't grieve, my darling. Remember that millions of people are suffering now, and you and I are far from being the most unhappy. We have only one little daughter, and it is easier for you to bring her up than to raise more children. You can work both in the Wartime and, especially, in peacetime.
In the beginning of the next letter, addressed to Mama, there is a number after the date: № 3. The idea to number letters appeared when it became obvious that not all letters reached their destination, and those letters which did arrive often came not in that order in which they had been sent.
1941, 21 October. [from A. I. Gruzdev to S. I. Gruzdeva in Totma] […] № 3.
About myself, my darling, I'll say: who and for what purpose needs life if we don't overcome fascism? But we—although it will be a costly victory—will overcome it. Everything is in this now.
How are you and Natashenka? In my present life there are many moments when my mind is not busy with settling urgent questions, and then I constantly think about you, my darlings. How much love for you, how much high light-filled feeling crowds then in my bosom, how many tender words I wish to say to you, my treasure—but as soon as I start to write, the situation changes, and everything I write comes out colorless, inanimate, disjointed, the more especially as my letters are often written to you in snatches.
You, my darling, in your beautiful letters express your feelings marvelously. If I could preserve them, it would be a marvelous poem about high, heavenly love, but, unfortunately, the letters wear out, and sometimes I have to burn them. […] On some letters traces of your tears remain. Sonechka, tears are not needed in our time. If life is hard—then read. I gain strength in reading Pushkin, even Shcherbina. Read and reread what is known to you. Behold and understand what others felt and are feeling, and it will be easier for you to endure the separation. Live by your reason and believe in life, learn to understand its deep meaning. Philosophers (primitive ones) teach that life is becoming more complicated and shorter. But I rather think: "The finer and deeper one feels, the richer one is".
Our 6 years of being together I wouldn't exchange for 60 years of colorless vegetable existence. Much between us has remained still unspoken, but our feelings (recall Udelnaya, Pargolovo, Mikhailov Garden were high and pure, and from recounting them a psychological novel, bright, vivid and light-filled—about our bright perception of life—would come out.
Be happy, my dear, in separation from me, as well. Let my feeling of unspent love warm you—the feeling that in all its depth was, because of both my outward sternness and the pressure of work, so seldom expressed in words.
1941, 22 October. [from A. I. Gruzdev to S. I. Gruzdeva in Totma] № 4.
The content of this letter of mine will be "shallow philosophy on the depths". You have written more than once about your easy disposition and non-perfectionist attitude. All this is exactly as you write. But you should think seriously about it. A question arises: where is the limit of easy disposition and non-perfectionist attitude? Every person makes his history himself. From the sum of personal histories that are determined by the circumstances known to us, the history of a society is formed. Therefore think not only and not so much about self- restraint as about what is desired, and achieve what is desired in every possible way. This is the point. The other perception of life is kissel-like and does not lead to anything.
1941, 23 October. [from A. I. Gruzdev to S. I. Gruzdeva in Totma] № 5.
In one of my previous letters I wanted to write about whether one should weep when being in separation. Reasoning theoretically—no, one shouldn't. Practically, it is probably not always possible. We must not long for unlived life, should not grieve about it. You, darling, try to live inspired not only by future life, but by the present life as well. What would have happened if we had postponed our life for the future—even, for example, only till the end of our study? Likewise, now we are merry when we get in a warm zemlyanka, we are content when we've had enough hot tea, and we are happy when we've had a wash in a banya. And you too, in the same way, keep trying to fill every day of your life with meaningful content, don't postpone your life for the future.
And in a cold fine winter night, when only the occasional bark of dogs and the squeak of runners over snow are heard—to look at the starry sky—isn't it a great pleasure? In my childhood I spent hours looking at the starry sky. If you have time and warm clothes, sledge together with Natasha. Remember: to grieve, to pine away, to grumble at the hardships of life is the lot of inactive people. Do you remember from Mayakovsky: "first, we should recast this life…" Recasting life for the better should go on always, while there is life. And in life, however difficult it might be, we should see what is good, finding light-filled points in it. And they are there, we should see them; and if there are too few of them, they should be organized.
And here, too, this is what we have: artillery shoots without a stop, both ours and German. In our blindages the light goes out because of the shaking, but we at the same time are listening to a phonograph (our guys have their own), I am reading poetry and thinking about you, my darling. Surely, you're not going to be thinking: "ah, I'm afraid I may be killed, ah, I'm afraid I may be gotten by a landmine". If you thought this way, what kind of life it might be.
You are a most beautiful person, reasonable, sensitive, deeply loving. How much reason and feeling is contained in your letters!
Today I got 3 letters and a postcard written by you in August. As for Natasha, talk with her about me, but talk calmly, and then she will not weep. Read to Natasha about Mazai and the hares. She probably remembers me reading these verses to her in Leningrad.
1941, 24 October. [from A. I. Gruzdev to S. I. Gruzdeva in Totma] № 6.
Today's letter will be devoted to our army way of life.
Most of the population that surrounds me lives in blindages. I, because of my life of a wandering traveler, don't have a permanent shelter. I eat and sleep when and where I fall. And since I am an active person by nature, my rather restless position is not a burden for me. What else, except sleep and food? My spiritual interests are in a closed circle: the situation at the front, your letters and my letters to you, verses by Pushkin, Shcherbina, Fofanov.
My enemy and friend is the autumn night darkness. The darkness is sometimes so thick that when you strike against someone you don't see him.
I am clothed warmly, and, besides, the frosts here are over with. Again rain and mud and skidding trucks. The latter gives me a lot of trouble.
Tell Vasiliy Duryagin: words and fruitless fantasy are not needed. The hinterland and the front are one in our time. Without a strong well-organized home front, a successful war is impossible. Let him console himself, and if it's necessary—he will be drafted.
I've received 3 letters at once today—of 6, 7, 9 Oct. Very sad that you don't receive my letters.
You are worried about our warm clothes. Natasha has everything: a winter coat, two woolen kerchiefs. As for mittens, I have sewn them for her. Vasya is trying to get valenki for us—for me and for Natasha.
In my room I hung up postcards on the walls—views of Leningrad. We lived in the most poetical place of the most poetical city, and, besides, all these places remind what is ours, what has been experienced together. Indeed, really, we have lived a life that was full of poetry and spiritual beauty. We only haven't come out to science and research yet and known another of the highest enjoyments—the enjoyment of thought. I am thinking much these days, and, it seems, if I could, besides, read, I would grow up wonderfully fast,—but have no time to read. I manage to read in snatches, occasionally. On the table near my bed, in a simple frame, is your photograph. I know that externally you look different now—severe, grown much older, tired, but in it has wonderfully been reflected what is the best in you, what is fully known to me only—your gentleness and sensitivity.
Let your life be salvaged by my love.
 This wing of the Russian museum on Griboyedov Canal, very close to where the whole family lived before the War. This beautiful building, designed by the architect Benois in the neoclassical style in 1912-1916, is attached to the main building of the museum and is used for temporary art exhibitions. The main building, constructed in the beginning of the 19th century, was, fortunately, not damaged.
 This phrase refers to the rapid advance of German troops in June–October 1941.
 That is, food ration cards.
 N. F. Shcherbina (1821-1869)—Russian poet.
 Udelnaya, Pargolovo, Mikhailov (Mikhailovsky) Garden—beautiful green places in Leningrad and its suburbs.
 The title of a verse by the Russian poet V. Mayakovsky (1897–1930). The verse was written during his journey across the Atlantic on an ocean steamer in 1925; the main idea of the verse is the feeling, expressed with sad humor, of human life passing away like seagulls disappearing against the background of the ocean.
 Mazai and the hares—characters of Granddad Mazai and the Hares, a story in verse by N. Nekrasov. It is a story of how village hunter Mazai pitied and saved, with the help of his boat, a lot of miserable frightened hares during a spring overflow of a river.
 K. M. Fofanov (1862-1911)—Russian poet.


The Tactical Girls® 2017 Bikini Gun Calendar is the 10th Edition! It starts in January of 2017 and brings you 13 months of beautiful women with some of the world's most exotic weaponry in realistic tactical settings.
The 2017 Tactical Girls Calendar includes the CZ Scorpion Carbine, the ultra-rare German FG42 Battle Rifle and the super-quiet integrally suppressed Spike's Tactical Recluse 9mm carbine. Also, last but not least, the M240B Belt Fed Machine Gun! All of these, along with a variety of assault rifles, machine guns, pistols and sniper rifles, all with gorgeous models in realistic settings.
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GHOST TOWN Benefit for The Venice Family Clinic at L&M Arts Tomorrow! - Yo! Venice!
Home Abbot Kinney Blvd GHOST TOWN Benefit for The Venice Family Clinic at L&M Arts Tomorrow!
GHOST TOWN Benefit for The Venice Family Clinic at L&M Arts Tomorrow!
GHOST TOWN will host its inaugural benefit for The Venice Family Clinic at L&M Arts on Sunday, July 15th.
Offering a fresh take on the traditional benefit, GHOST TOWN welcomes art patrons and beach-goers alike to enjoy an evening of culture and live musical entertainment by Tenacious D and Haim, as well as refreshments provided by Gjelina, oyster gourmet Christophe Happillon and other local Venice establishments.
Named for the area of Venice where L&M Arts is located, GHOST TOWN is an art exhibition embracing the unique culture of Venice Beach. The artwork presented for sale has been generously donated by artists who live and work in Venice or have a strong affinity for the community.
Participating artists include: John Baldessari, Sam Durant, Mark Hagen, Mark Grotjahn, Jacob Kassay, Shio Kusaka, Wes Lang, Andrea Longacre White, Olivier Mosset, Carter Mull, Raymond Pettibon, Amanda Ross-Ho, Allen Ruppersberg, Owen Schmit, Alexis Smith, Vincent Szarek, Samantha Thomas, Jonas Wood.
Thanks to Rebecca Bloom, Kimberly Chang, Meredith Darrow, Mike Eisner, Tracy Feith, Bettina Korek, Christine Nichols, Eliza Osborne, Esther Kim Varet, Ed Schad, Erin Wasson, Sarah Watson, Heather Harmon, Drew Heitzler, Liz Hull, Angela Robins and Vera Neykov for making this event happen!


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A spark plug (sometimes, in British English, a sparking plug, and, colloquially, a plug) is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine. A spark plug has a metal threaded shell, electrically isolated from a central electrode by a ceramic insulator. The central electrode, which may contain a resistor, is connected by a heavily insulated wire to the output terminal of an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plug's metal shell is screwed into the engine's cylinder head and thus electrically grounded. The central electrode protrudes through the porcelain insulator into the combustion chamber, forming one or more spark gaps between the inner end of the central electrode and usually one or more protuberances or structures attached to the inner end of the threaded shell and designated the side, earth, or ground electrode(s).

Spark plugs may also be used for other purposes; in Saab Direct Ignition when they are not firing, spark plugs are used to measure ionization in the cylinders – this ionic current measurement is used to replace the ordinary cam phase sensor, knock sensor and misfire measurement function. Spark plugs may also be used in other applications such as furnaces wherein a combustible fuel/air mixture must be ignited. In this case, they are sometimes referred to as flame igniters.

Purpose

The purpose of a spark plug is to convert the high-voltage electricity (generated by an ignition coil in modern engines) into a spark. The spark occurs inside the combustion chamber and ignites the air/fuel mixture shortly before the combustion stroke.

Design
A spark plug is composed of a shell, insulator and the central conductor. It passes through the wall of the combustion chamber and therefore must also seal the combustion chamber against high pressures and temperatures without deteriorating over long periods of time and extended use.

Terminal
The top of the spark plug contains a terminal to connect to the ignition system.  Over of the years variations in the terminal configuration have been introduced by manufacturers.  The exact terminal construction varies depending on the use of the spark plug. Most passenger car spark plug wires snap onto the terminal of the plug, but some wires have eyelet connectors which are fastened onto the plug under a nut. The standard solid non-removable nut SAE configuration is common for many cars and trucks.  Plugs which are used for these applications often have the end of the terminal serve a double purpose as the nut on a thin threaded shaft so that they can be used for either type of connection.  This type of spark plug has a removable nut or knurl, which enables its users to attach them to two different kinds of spark plug boots.  Some spark plugs have a bare thread, which is a common type for motorcycles and ATVs.   Finally, in very recent years, a cup-style terminal has been introduced, which allows for a longer ceramic insulator in the same confined space.

Gap size

Spark plugs are typically designed to have a spark gap which can be adjusted by the technician installing the spark plug, by bending the ground electrode slightly. The same plug may be specified for several different engines, requiring a different gap for each. Spark plugs in automobiles generally have a gap between . The gap may require adjustment from the out-of-the-box gap.

A spark plug gap gauge is a disc with a sloping edge, or with round wires of precise diameters, and is used to measure the gap. Use of a feeler gauge with flat blades instead of round wires, as is used on distributor points or valve lash, will give erroneous results, due to the shape of spark plug electrodes. The simplest gauges are a collection of keys of various thicknesses which match the desired gaps and the gap is adjusted until the key fits snugly. With current engine technology, universally incorporating solid state ignition systems and computerized fuel injection, the gaps used are larger on average than in the era of carburetors and breaker point distributors, to the extent that spark plug gauges from that era cannot always measure the required gaps of current cars.  Vehicles using compressed natural gas generally require narrower gaps than vehicles using gasoline.

The gap adjustment (also called "spark plug gapping") can be crucial to proper engine operation. A narrow gap may give too small and weak a spark to effectively ignite the fuel-air mixture, but the plug will almost always fire on each cycle. A gap that is too wide might prevent a spark from firing at all or may misfire at high speeds, but will usually have a spark that is strong for a clean burn. A spark which intermittently fails to ignite the fuel-air mixture may not be noticeable directly, but will show up as a reduction in the engine's power and fuel efficiency. Gap adjustment is not recommended for iridium and platinum spark plugs, because there is a risk of damaging a metal disk welded to the electrode.

Insulator
The main part of the insulator is typically made from sintered alumina (Al2O3), a very hard ceramic material with high dielectric strength, printed with the manufacturer's name and identifying marks, then glazed to improve resistance to surface spark tracking. Its major functions are to provide mechanical support and electrical insulation for the central electrode, while also providing an extended spark path for flashover protection. This extended portion, particularly in engines with deeply recessed plugs, helps extend the terminal above the cylinder head so as to make it more readily accessible.

A further feature of sintered alumina is its good heat conduction – reducing the tendency for the insulator to glow with heat and so light the mixture prematurely.

Ribs
By lengthening the surface between the high voltage terminal and the grounded metal case of the spark plug, the physical shape of the ribs functions to improve the electrical insulation and prevent electrical energy from leaking along the insulator surface from the terminal to the metal case. The disrupted and longer path makes the electricity encounter more resistance along the surface of the spark plug even in the presence of dirt and moisture. Some spark plugs are manufactured without ribs; improvements in the dielectric strength of the insulator make them less important.

Insulator tip

On modern (post 1930s) spark plugs, the tip of the insulator protruding into the combustion chamber is the same sintered aluminium oxide (alumina) ceramic as the upper portion, merely unglazed. It is designed to withstand  and 60 kV.

Older spark plugs, particularly in aircraft, used an insulator made of stacked layers of mica, compressed by tension in the centre electrode.

With the development of leaded petrol in the 1930s, lead deposits on the mica became a problem and reduced the interval between needing to clean the spark plug. Sintered alumina was developed by Siemens in Germany to counteract this.  Sintered alumina is a superior material to mica or porcelain because it is a relatively good thermal conductor for a ceramic, it maintains good mechanical strength and (thermal) shock resistance at higher temperatures, and this ability to run hot allows it to be run at "self cleaning" temperatures without rapid degradation.  It also allows a simple single piece construction at low cost but high mechanical reliability. The dimensions of the insulator and the metal conductor core determine the heat range of the plug. Short insulators are usually "cooler" plugs, while "hotter" plugs are made with a lengthened path to the metal body, though this also depends on the thermally conductive metal core.

Seals
Because the spark plug also seals the combustion chamber of the engine when installed, seals are required to ensure there is no leakage from the combustion chamber. The internal seals of modern plugs are made of compressed glass/metal powder, but old style seals were typically made by the use of a multi-layer braze. The external seal is usually a crush washer, but some manufacturers use the cheaper method of a taper interface and simple compression to attempt sealing.

Metal case/shell
The metal case/shell (or the jacket, as many people call it) of the spark plug withstands the torque of tightening the plug, serves to remove heat from the insulator and pass it on to the cylinder head, and acts as the ground for the sparks passing through the central electrode to the side electrode. Spark plug threads are cold rolled to prevent thermal cycle fatigue.  It's important to install spark plugs with the correct "reach," or thread length.  Spark plugs can vary in reach from , such for automotive and small engine applications. Also, a marine spark plug's shell is double-dipped, zinc-chromate coated metal.

Central electrode

The central electrode is connected to the terminal through an internal wire and commonly a ceramic series resistance to reduce emission of RF  noise from the sparking.  Non-resistor spark plugs, commonly sold without an "R" in the plug type part number, lack this element to reduce electro-magnetic interference with radios and other sensitive equipment. The tip can be made of a combination of copper, nickel-iron, chromium, or noble metals.

In the late 1970s, the development of engines reached a stage where the heat range of conventional spark plugs with solid nickel alloy centre electrodes was unable to cope with their demands.  A plug that was cold enough to cope with the demands of high speed driving would not be able to burn off the carbon deposits caused by stop–start urban conditions, and would foul in these conditions, making the engine misfire.  Similarly, a plug that was hot enough to run smoothly in town could melt when called upon to cope with extended high speed running on motorways.  The answer to this problem, devised by the spark plug manufacturers, was to use a different material and design for the centre electrode that would be able to carry the heat of combustion away from the tip more effectively than a solid nickel alloy could.  Copper was the material chosen for the task and a method for manufacturing the copper-cored centre electrode was created by Floform.

The central electrode is usually the one designed to eject the electrons (the cathode, i.e. negative polarity relative to the engine block) because it is normally the hottest part of the plug; it is easier to emit electrons from a hot surface, because of the same physical laws that increase emissions of vapor from hot surfaces (see thermionic emission).  In addition, electrons are emitted where the electrical field strength is greatest; this is from wherever the radius of curvature of the surface is smallest, from a sharp point or edge rather than a flat surface (see corona discharge).  Using the colder, blunter side electrode as negative requires up to 45 percent higher voltage, so few ignition systems aside from wasted spark are designed this way.  Waste spark systems place a greater strain upon spark plugs since they alternately fire electrons in both directions (from the ground electrode to the central electrode, not just from the central electrode to the ground electrode).  As a result, vehicles with such a system should have precious metals on both electrodes, not just on the central electrode, in order to increase service replacement intervals since they wear down the metal more quickly in both directions, not just one.

It would be easiest to pull electrons from a pointed electrode but a pointed electrode would erode after only a few seconds.  Instead, the electrons emit from the sharp edges of the end of the electrode; as these edges erode, the spark becomes weaker and less reliable.

At one time it was common to remove the spark plugs, clean deposits off the ends either manually or with specialized sandblasting equipment and file the end of the electrode to restore the sharp edges, but this practice has become less frequent for three reasons:
 cleaning with tools such as a wire brush leaves traces of metal on the insulator which can provide a weak conduction path and thus weaken the spark (increasing emissions).
 plugs are so cheap relative to labor cost, economics dictate replacement, particularly with modern long-life plugs.
 iridium and platinum plugs that have longer lifetimes than copper have become more common.

The development of noble metal high temperature electrodes (using metals such as yttrium, iridium, tungsten, palladium, or ruthenium, as well as the relatively high value platinum,  silver or gold) allows the use of a smaller center wire, which has sharper edges but will not melt or corrode away.  These materials are used because of their high melting points and durability, not because of their electrical conductivity (which is irrelevant in series with the plug resistor or wires).  The smaller electrode also absorbs less heat from the spark and initial flame energy.

Polonium spark plugs were marketed by Firestone from 1940 to 1953. While the amount of radiation from the plugs was minuscule and not a threat to the consumer, the benefits of such plugs quickly diminished after approximately a month because of polonium's short half-life, and because buildup on the conductors would block the radiation that improved engine performance. The premise behind the polonium spark plug, as well as Alfred Matthew Hubbard's prototype radium plug that preceded it, was that the radiation would improve ionization of the fuel in the cylinder and thus allow the plug to fire more quickly and efficiently.

Side (ground, earth) electrode
The side electrode (also known as the "ground strap") is made from high nickel steel and is welded or hot forged to the side of the metal shell. The side electrode also runs very hot, especially on projected nose plugs. Some designs have provided a copper core to this electrode, so as to increase heat conduction. Multiple side electrodes may also be used, so that they don't overlap the central electrode.  The ground electrode can also have small pads of platinum or even iridium added to them in order to increase service life.

Sealing to the cylinder head

Most spark plugs seal to the cylinder head with a single-use hollow or folded metal washer which is crushed slightly between the flat surface of the head and that of the plug, just above the threads. Some spark plugs have a tapered seat that uses no washer. The torque for installing these plugs is supposed to be lower than a washer-sealed plug.  Spark plugs with tapered seats should never be installed in vehicles with heads requiring washers, and vice versa.  Otherwise, a poor seal or incorrect reach would result because of the threads not properly seating in the heads.

Thread sizes
Spark plugs are specified by size, either thread or nut (often referred to as Euro), sealing type (taper or crush washer), and spark gap. Common thread (nut) sizes in Europe are 10 mm (16 mm), 14 mm (21 mm; sometimes, 16 mm), and 18 mm (24 mm, sometimes, 21 mm).  In the United States, common thread (nut) sizes are 10mm (16mm), 12mm (14mm, 16mm or 17.5mm), 14mm (16mm, 20.63mm) and 18mm (20.63mm).

Tip location

Protrusion
 The length of the threaded portion of the plug should be closely matched to the thickness of the head. If a plug extends too far into the combustion chamber, it may be struck by the piston, damaging the engine internally. Less dramatically, if the threads of the plug extend into the combustion chamber, the sharp edges of the threads act as point sources of heat which may cause pre-ignition; in addition, deposits which form between the exposed threads may make it difficult to remove the plugs, even damaging the threads on aluminium heads in the process of removal.

The protrusion of the tip into the chamber also affects plug performance, however; the more centrally located the spark gap is, generally the better the ignition of the air-fuel mixture will be, although experts believe the process is more complex and dependent on combustion chamber shape. On the other hand, if an engine is "burning oil", the excess oil leaking into the combustion chamber tends to foul the plug tip and inhibit the spark; in such cases, a plug with less protrusion than the engine would normally call for often collects less fouling and performs better, for a longer period. Special "anti-fouling" adapters are sold which fit between the plug and the head to reduce the protrusion of the plug for just this reason, on older engines with severe oil burning problems; this will cause the ignition of the fuel-air mixture to be less effective, but in such cases, this is of lesser significance.

Indexing
"Indexing" of plugs upon installation involves installing the spark plug so that the open area of its gap, not shrouded by the ground electrode, faces the center of the combustion chamber rather than one of its walls. The theory holds that this will maximize the exposure of the fuel-air mixture to the spark, also ensuring that every combustion chamber is even in layout and therefore resulting in better ignition. Indexing is accomplished by marking the location of the gap on the outside of the plug, installing it, and noting the direction in which the mark faces. Then the plug is removed and washers are added to change the orientation of the tightened plug. This must be done individually for each plug, as the orientation of the gap with respect to the threads of the shell is random. Some plugs are made with a non-random orientation of the gap and are usually marked as such by a suffix to the model number; typically these are specified by manufacturers of very small engines where the spark plug tip and electrodes form a significantly large part of the shape of the combustion chamber. The Honda Insight has indexed spark plugs from factory, with four different part numbers available corresponding to the different degrees of indexing to achieve most efficient combustion and maximal fuel efficiency.

Variations on the basic design

Over the years variations on the basic spark plug design have attempted to provide either better ignition, longer life, or both. Such variations include the use of two, three, or four equally spaced ground electrodes surrounding the central electrode. Other variations include using a recessed central electrode surrounded by the spark plug thread, which effectively becomes the ground electrode (see "surface-discharge spark plug", below). Also there is the use of a V-shaped notch in the tip of the ground electrode. Multiple ground electrodes generally provide longer life, as when the spark gap widens due to electric discharge wear, the spark moves to another closer ground electrode. The disadvantage of multiple ground electrodes is that a shielding effect can occur in the engine combustion chamber inhibiting the flame face as the fuel air mixture burns. This can result in a less efficient burn and increased fuel consumption.  They also are difficult or nearly impossible to adjust to another uniform gap size.

Surface-discharge spark plug
A piston engine has a part of the combustion chamber that is always out of reach of the piston; and this zone is where the conventional spark plug is located.  A Wankel engine has a permanently varying combustion area; and the spark plug is inevitably swept by the rotor's apex seals. If a  spark plug were to protrude into the Wankel's combustion chamber it would be hit by the passing apex seal, but if the plug were recessed to avoid this, mixture access to the spark would be reduced, leading to misfire or incomplete combustion. So a new type of "surface discharge" plug was developed, presenting an almost flat face to the combustion chamber.  A stubby centre electrode projects only very slightly, and the entire earthed body of the plug acts as the side electrode. The electrodes thus sit just beyond the reach of the passing apex seal, while the spark is accessible to the fuel/air mixture. The arc gap remains constant throughout the entire service life of a surface-gap spark plug,  A further advantage of the surface-gap design is that the side electrode cannot break off and potentially cause engine damage, though this also doesn't often happen with conventional spark plugs.

Heat range

An important factor for a spark plug is the temperature that the tip is designed to withstand, called the heat range. Typical heat ranges for passenger car engines are usually between . A hotter spark plug has more insulation between itself and the cylinder head, causing less heat to be dissipated from the spark plug and therefore the spark plug remaining hotter. Temperatures higher than  are needed to prevent carbon build-up on the spark plug, while temperatures over  can cause overheating of the plug.

Switching to a higher heat range is sometimes used to compensate for fuel delivery or oil consumption problems, however this increases the risk of pre-ignition.

This is important because it determines the efficiency of plug self-cleaning and is determined by a number of factors, but primarily the actual temperature within the combustion chamber. There is no direct relationship between the actual operating temperature of the spark plug and spark voltage. However, the level of torque currently being produced by the engine will strongly influence spark plug operating temperature because the maximal temperature and pressure occur when the engine is operating near peak torque output (torque and rotational speed directly determine the power output). The temperature of the insulator responds to the thermal conditions it is exposed to in the combustion chamber, but not vice versa. If the tip of the spark plug is too hot, it can cause pre-ignition or sometimes detonation/knocking, and damage may occur. If it is too cold, electrically conductive deposits may form on the insulator, causing a loss of spark energy or the actual shorting-out of the spark current.

A spark plug is said to be "hot" if it is a better heat insulator, keeping more heat in the tip of the spark plug. A spark plug is said to be "cold" if it can conduct more heat out of the spark plug tip and lower the tip's temperature. Whether a spark plug is "hot" or "cold" is known as the heat range of the spark plug. The heat range of a spark plug is typically specified as a number, with some manufacturers using ascending numbers for hotter plugs, and others doing the opposite – using ascending numbers for colder plugs.

The heat range of a spark plug is affected by the construction of the spark plug: the types of materials used, the length of insulator and the surface area of the plug exposed within the combustion chamber. For normal use, the selection of a spark plug heat range is a balance between keeping the tip hot enough at idle to prevent fouling and cold enough at maximal power to prevent pre-ignition or engine knocking. By examining "hotter" and "cooler" spark plugs of the same manufacturer side by side, the principle involved can be very clearly seen; the cooler plugs have a more substantial ceramic insulator filling the gap between the center electrode and the shell, effectively allowing more heat to be carried off by the shell, while the hotter plugs have less ceramic material, so that the tip is more isolated from the body of the plug and retains heat better.

Heat from the combustion chamber escapes through the exhaust gases, the side walls of the cylinder and the spark plug itself. The heat range of a spark plug has only a minute effect on combustion chamber and overall engine temperature. A cold plug will not materially cool down an engine's running temperature. (A too hot plug may, however, indirectly lead to a runaway pre-ignition condition that can increase engine temperature.) Rather, the main effect of a "hot" or "cold" plug is to affect the temperature of the tip of the spark plug.

It was common before the modern era of computerized fuel injection to specify at least a couple of different heat ranges for plugs for an automobile engine; a hotter plug for cars that were mostly driven slowly around the city, and a colder plug for sustained high-speed highway use. This practice has, however, largely become obsolete now that cars' fuel/air mixtures and cylinder temperatures are maintained within a narrow range, for purposes of limiting emissions. Racing engines, however, still benefit from picking a proper plug heat range. Very old racing engines will sometimes have two sets of plugs, one just for starting and another to be installed for driving once the engine is warmed up.

Spark plug manufacturers use different numbers to denote heat range of their spark plugs.  Some manufacturers, such as Denso and NGK, have numbers that become higher as they get colder.  By contrast, Champion, Bosch, BRISK, Beru, and ACDelco use a heat range system in which the numbers become bigger as the plugs get hotter.  As a result, heat range numbers need to be translated between the different manufacturers.  The same numbers have very different meanings between different manufacturers.  In this case, plugs with the same heat range numbers can't be interchanged casually as being equal.  To give an extreme case, NGK's BR2LM is equivalent to Champion's RJ19LM, which is a common spark plug for many lawnmowers.

Reading spark plugs
The spark plug's firing end will be affected by the internal environment of the combustion chamber. As the spark plug can be removed for inspection, the effects of combustion on the plug can be examined. An examination, or "reading" of the characteristic markings on the firing end of the spark plug can indicate conditions within the running engine. The spark plug tip will bear the marks as evidence of what is happening inside the engine. Usually there is no other way to know what is going on inside an engine running at peak power. Engine and spark plug manufacturers will publish information about the characteristic markings in spark plug reading charts.
Such charts are useful for general use but are of almost no use in  reading racing engine spark plugs, which is an entirely different matter.

A light brownish discoloration of the tip of the block indicates proper operation; other conditions may indicate malfunction. For example, a sandblasted look to the tip of the spark plug means persistent, light detonation is occurring, often unheard. The damage that is occurring to the tip of the spark plug is also occurring on the inside of the cylinder. Heavy detonation can cause outright breakage of the spark plug insulator and internal engine parts before appearing as sandblasted erosion but is easily heard. As another example, if the plug is too cold, there will be deposits on the nose of the plug. Conversely if the plug is too hot, the porcelain will be porous looking, almost like sugar. The material which seals the central electrode to the insulator will boil out. Sometimes the end of the plug will appear glazed, as the deposits have melted.

An idling engine will have a different impact on the spark plugs than one running at full throttle. Spark plug readings are only valid for the most recent engine operating conditions and running the engine under different conditions may erase or obscure characteristic marks previously left on the spark plugs. Thus, the most valuable information is gathered by running the engine at high speed and full load, immediately cutting the ignition off and stopping without idling or low speed operation and removing the plugs for reading.

Spark plug reading viewers, which are simply combined flashlight/magnifiers, are available to improve the reading of the spark plugs.

History
Belgian-French engineer Étienne Lenoir is generally credited with the invention of the spark plug in 1860, due to its use in the early Lenoir gas engine. However, some historians claim that the spark plug was invented in 1839 by Edmond Berger, an immigrant from Togo.

Several patents for spark plugs were filed in 1898, including from Serbian engineer Nikola Tesla, British engineer Frederick Richard Simms (British patent number 24859/1898) and German engineer Robert Bosch (British patent number 26907/1898). However, the use of high-voltage spark plugs in commercial viable engines was only made possible after the 1908 invention of magneto-based ignition systems by Bosch engineer Gottlob Honold in 1902. Early manufacturers of spark plugs included American company Champion, British company Lodge brothers and London-based KLG (who pioneed the use of mica as an insulator).

During the 1930s, American geologist Helen Blair Bartlett developed an alumina ceramic-based insulator for the spark plug.

See also
 François Isaac de Rivaz – invented (around 1807) a hydrogen–oxygen internal combustion engine with electric ignition.
 Étienne Lenoir – patented (1886), among internal combustion engine improvements, the first modernly recognizable spark plug.
 Ignition system
 Wasted spark
 Ignitor
 Glowplug
 Glow plug (model engine)
 Ninja rocks
 Coso artifact

References

Ignition systems
Electric arcs
Engine components

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


As I write this article, my thoughts go to all those along the Carolinas coast!
Of course, you are reading this on Monday so you may already know where the landfall was and who has been effected. As of now, we are only thinking North and South Carolina will get the brunt of the damage but it could very easily go up to Virginia and down to Georgia. We also know hurricane damage extends beyond just the initial impact, coastal surge, and wind. They are predicting Florence will stall and dump literally feet of rain in some places — maybe as far in as the Appalachian area. What we know from past storms is that our schools in the areas will be impacted. The families in poverty will be severely affected both due to their homes, lack of insurance and in many instances because so much of the childrens' food comes from the school programs — if school isn't in session, no food! In the past, when states have been hit hard, the state CASE organization can often help us get help to targeted areas. We have very active CASE organizations in North and South Carolina, Georgia and Virginia. If it goes in further west, we will watch for ways to assist and get that word out to you! Now, is a good time to look at your preparation in case of disaster.
CEC is looking for volunteers! CASE has always promoted our members to join the CEC leadership team whether it is to run for office or be on committees. With the new governance at CEC, it is even more critical for administrators to be represented on CEC committees. Please consider this request from CEC.
CEC is looking for 10 committed individuals to fill spots on five of CEC's committees. Being part of a committee is a great opportunity to share your knowledge and skills to help lead the organization you love. No matter your background, professional interests, or past leadership roles, there's a CEC committee that will benefit from your experience. CEC is the leader in the field of special education, and it's all thanks to member volunteers like you! Learn more about committee vacancies and application requirements here. The deadline for applications is Tuesday, Oct. 16.
Speaking of being involved... What better place to learn all the way you can get involved at the local/state-provincial/national/international level than at the CASE Fall Conference?! Our PD chair and committee have been working hard to make the 2018 CASE Fall conference one of the best ever! Now is the perfect time to register for the CASE Fall conference. This is a tentative schedule but it shows what an amazing set of breakout sessions you will have to choose from! So why not register now so you can join us in Biloxi, Mississippi, on Nov. 8-10! Don't forget to also make your room reservation! You can get more information from the CASE website.
This past week's poll was off the chart with your responses... Thank you! And a double thank you in that this question was one that was generated from you guys! I hope you will notice the box just below the weekly poll where you can provide input on future poll questions! The question for this week was "How involved is your Superintendent in overseeing special education services?" First place with 32 percent was Somewhat. Coming in 2nd with 29 percent was Not involved. Third at a very close 25 percent was neutral. It was a tie for last place at 7 percent with the two extremes: Extremely involved and Never had a conversation about it!! I served as assistant superintendent under 5 superintendents and I have to say their involvement was varied. I am not even sure if I could say what I would hope for you other than an informed, compassionate, instructional leader. You can never go wrong with that combination!
Here is hoping you are that kind of role model for all the leaders around you and that this year will be your best year ever! One thought you be to bring your superintendent with you to Biloxi and let him/her get exposed to some great content — especially the keynotes by John O'Connor and Dr. John Draper!
Again, special thoughts and prayers to all our readers/members who might have been or will be impacted by severe weather from Florence!
Federal budget deadline looming — Continuing resolution or government shutdown?


Rettenmeier Holding AG is a leading innovative and market-oriented company in the wood processing industry with a comprehensive product range for trade, merchants and industry.
We are characterised by a sustainable and complete value added chain – starting from the tree all the way to a multitude of refined end products. This practice results from the values on which our self-image and operations are based. In addition to a focus on sustainability these centre around the requirements of our customers.
Our wood products meet the highest technical demands for quality and safety. Produced using the most modern machinery and plants they then pass through the factory-own production inspections and third party monitoring processes. Our strength lies in supplying our customers with reliably consistent and certified quality even for large production quantities.
The know-how of our employees consists of first class product competence so that our customers can always rely on receiving flexible and individual system solutions. These are tailored precisely to their needs and requirements. Clarity during all order situations and comprehensive advice and customer care go without saying.
The future holds new requirements and developments which we are happy to face. As one of the leading manufacturers of quality wood products in Europe our own qualifications and long-standing experience motivate us in continually developing our range further and optimise it for the best customer benefit. We therefore constantly improve the functionality and aesthetics of our products.
Optimum consultation and customer care are amongst the highest demands we place on ourselves. With commitment, flexibility, fast response times and reliability we are there for our customers. We view their individual as well as exclusive requirements as a challenge for us to help us grow. Our aim is to generate long-term market partnerships from which both our partners and we can profit optimally – for example through our large product range and our logistics support.
We want to generate healthy and natural living with the renewable raw material wood. For us this means that our customers can influence their living environment positively with our products: We offer a comprehensive range of solid wooden construction products meeting the requirements for a modern interior design.
For us this also means taking responsibility: We always obtain our wood from sustainable forestry. On these products our customers will find a clear identification providing the safety of an unambiguous identity of origin.


You might have heard about Qantas Assure life insurance and income protection products, but did you know they also provide private health insurance?
Qantas health insurance is issued by nib private health funds, providing frequent flyer members with a choice of Hospital only, Extras only or combined health insurance coverage, like the Family Bundles option. Qantas health fund members will also have the opportunity to earn Qantas points when purchasing a Qantas health insurance policy and participating in their wellbeing program.
However, before you decide to join or switch private health insurance providers, review what Qantas assure has to offer and compare their policies to other leading health insurance companies in Australia.
ComparingExpert does not currently have access to this provider. Visit www.qantasassure.com to request a quote and compare their price and benefits to the Australian private health insurance companies we have access to.
In March 2016 Qantas, Australia's national airline, partnered with nib health funds limited ABN 83 000 124 381 (nib) to launch private health insurance cover to its 12 million frequent flyers, offering Qantas frequent flyer points as part of their membership. Meaning, Qantas acts as an authorised Agent and is paid a commission by nib for promoting and distributing their health insurance products.
If you purchase a combined Hospital and Extras Qantas Assure health insurance policy before 31 October 2018 you can earn up to 100,000 Qantas points.
Backed by nib, one of Australia's fastest growing health funds. Must be a Qantas frequent flyer member to join the health fund.
General treatment limits of up to 75% for Extras, instead of set price limits. Pregnancy and birth related hospital services are only available through the Qantas Top hospital cover option.
Their wellbeing program rewards you with Qantas points when staying active and meeting challenges. A 36-month standard waiting period for hearing aids and Cochlear speech processors.
Children between the ages of 21 and 25 years can remain on their parents cover for an additional fee if full-time students and registered as a 'Student Dependent', unmarried and not in a de facto relationship Must be an Australian citizen and permanent resident or entitled to full reciprocal rights under Medicare to purchase coverage.
Qantas assure hospital cover pays for treatments received in-hospital when Medicare recognizes services, and you've served all relevant waiting periods. The level of protection you'll receive depends on which of the 5 hospital only option you've chosen.
Important; Basic, Basic Plus and Mid hospital options are only available on an excess payment of $500.
Removal of appendix, tonsils, adenoids and gallstones.
Limited coverage, with a 2-month waiting period, is also provided for rehabilitation, palliative care and psychiatric services.
A bit more expensive than the Basic option, but also includes brain surgery, cancer surgery, and stroke treatment.
Surgeries to replace joints in the shoulder, elbow and ankle. Excluding hip and knee joints.
Heart procedures, for example, pacemaker and stent insertions.
Psychiatric services are covered to a limited extent.
Advanced coverage is a bit cheaper because it does not include over for pregnancy related services: Infertility investigations, IVF and GIFT, and child birth.
Top hospital provides the most comprehensive coverage, including birth-related services and no restrictions on psychiatric treatments.
Qantas health insurance extras provides you with the choice between 5 options: Basic, Family, Lifestyle Active and Top.
With Basic, Family and Lifestyle you receive 60% of the cost back, up to your annual limit. Active includes a 65% rebate and Top extras 75%.
From the above table, you can see that senior Australians might find more benefit in the Top extras option as it includes coverage for hearing aids and home nursing, as well as higher limits for major dental and podiatry.
If you want to start or grow your family, the Family extras or Top extras might be a better option.
You have the option to combine Hospital cover with General Treatments (extras) in a Family Bundles policy. However, all options include a $500 hospital excess.
Take note; Family Bundles from Qantas assure excludes all pregnancy-related services, assisted reproductive procedures and antenatal and postnatal services.
Designed for households adhering to a strict budget. This option includes immediate and necessary in-hospital treatments required because of an accident and offers unlimited preventative dental treatment (cleanings and fluoride treatments).
This combined hospital and extras option is targeted toward families wanting a higher level of coverage, for example, hip and knee replacements and back surgery, orthodontia, occupational therapy and speech pathology.
Before purchasing Qantas health insurance, be sure to know what hospital and extras services you and your family need now and might require in future.
Frequent flyer members that purchase a Qantas assure health policy will earn 1 Qantas Point per $1 value of the premium you pay, this excludes any Government rebate amounts that have been applied to reduce the cost of your premium. Thus, the exact number of Qantas points you can earn varies depending on the premium paid per month.
Points can also be earned when you complete daily and weekly step challenges tracked using the Qantas Wellbeing App. You can earn up to 20,000 Qantas points per year when purchasing a policy with a monthly premium of $160 or more and using the App to track your activity level. You can monitor your level of activity using your smartphone or wearable device: Apple watch, Fitbit and Garmin.
Who underwrites Qantas Assure health insurance?
Health insurance policies issued by Qantas are underwritten by nib private health fund. Qantas Airways Limited ABN 16 009 661 901 is an authorised agent of nib and are thus enabled to promote and distribute health insurance on behalf of nib under the Qantas brand.
How can I join the Qantas Assure health fund?
To join their health fund, you first need to sign up and become a Qantas Frequent Flyer member and pay any applicable joining fees. You will then receive a membership number and pin.
When on the Qantas Assure website, navigate to the health cover option you'd like to purchase, fill in your details and click select. You can also join when calling them directly on 13 49 60.
Is Qantas health insurance any good?
Whether the Qantas health fund offers good value for money depends on your unique circumstances, for example where in Australia you live, which types of services and treatments you're looking to cover and what you can afford.
Do not be swayed by the possibility of earning Qantas points, first and foremost determine if the health cover provided suits you and your family's requirements.
How much does Qantas health insurance cost?
How much your Qantas health insurance policy will cost depends on the option you've selected to purchase, where in Australia you live and whether you'll pay weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly or yearly.
As of October 2018, you can expect an Extras policy to be between $72 and $288 per month depending on the option you purchase. For Qantas hospital only products, premiums vary from $179.76 to $384 per month with an excess of $500.
Can I switch my existing policy to Qantas health insurance?
Yes, you can switch to Qantas Assure health cover at any time. Qantas will even contact your current private health insurance provider and take care of your cancellation.
However, when switching the waiting periods applied by your previous fund will carry over if you have not yet served the allocated time. But you'll only have to re-serve waiting periods, for the increased amount of coverage, when switching to a policy with higher benefits. Benefit limits already used will also apply to your new plan.
Qantas now offers life insurance cover! We compare Qantas life insurance, TPD, Trauma & Income Protection. You decide if what they offer suits your needs.
Do any of the NIB health insurance packages provide natural health claims, for example, naturopath, acupuncture, homoeopathic services?
As you might already know, from 1 April 2019 private health insurance companies no longer need to include natural therapy services in their Extras policies. According to the Australian Government Department of Health, this is one of the changes implemented with the intention of reducing private health insurance premiums.
Please call 1300 786 328 for a specialist to assist you.
How much per fortnight for a family of 3 for health insurance with Qantas?
Hello Harry, thanks for reaching out.
To provide a quote we need a bit more information, for example, the state you live in and the type of services you're looking for.
Qantas currently provides a Budget Family policy, Mid Family plan, and Settled Family policy for health insurance. If you like, you can give our specialists a call on 1300 795 560 to help you compare policies from other significant health insurance companies, which you can then compare to Qantas offering.


As soon as you choose them, you will begin to converse with them, specifying what you need for this essay. You complete an order form, we verify the order and..
One of the main difference between essay and report is the purpose. Successful essays make the argument interesting, and are also determined on how the writer was able to relate..
Her sister decided that the poems were good enough to be published. Her poems contain capitalized words which are not normally capitalized. tags: Poet Poem Poetic Essays Strong Essays 1016..
has in raising capable, upright members of society. Now you can drag the text into the word-processor window. Put together, the strong recommendation is that underperforming school systems should keep their focus on improving teaching and administration, and that even good schools may want to consider more cost-effective alternatives to technology when making supplementary educational investments. The transformation never occurred, probably because as motivational as television can be, it still falls far short of generating the motivation required for education. Was brummst.dass Sie mein Landsmann sind, dürfen Sie um keinen Preis von.Preis von hier fort. The history of the computer dates back all the way to the prehistoric times. The hubris and failures of technology projects are detailed by Cuban and Oppenheimer, but with hindsight available to all of us, we know that none of these technologies has delivered on their promises. The use of computers has made our lives easier but at the same time a computer failure can make our lives miserable too. Below, in contrast, is a concordance on the same keyword, based this time on a 25-citation sample created by a concordancer, using contemporary including British and American books, ephemera, newspapers, magazines, radio transcripts and transcriptions of ordinary conversations.
The other favourite corpus of texts for early concordancers, at least in the English-speaking world, is Shakespeare. Powerful Essays 1767 words (5 pages preview - I grew up playing sports and enjoying it but always had a fascination with building and working computers since I was young.
"On peut donc dire que. In the computer-based classroom, even more than in the paper-based one, you will have to manage pacing. Jout, la modification, la suppression d information, le dictionnaire peut.
A similar analysis by olpcnews suggests 972 over five years for olpc (the very optimistic advertised lifespan of an olpc laptop and 753 for an olpc implementation in Nepal (cf., olpcs current cost of 188). But, the conclusions are relevant for a broad class of primary and secondary schools in developed countries, as well.). Some people define them as the 3 Rs and the 4 Cs (critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity). Der Wirt des.einige Schöffen. Extending past those still popular and important careers are the web page developers and designers, layout specialists, graphic artists, 3D animators; and the list goes. Artfl (American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language) : A cooperative enterprise of the Laboratoire atilf (Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française) of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (cnrs the Division of the Humanities and Electronic Text. Computers are now so essential that they basically run our society and the whole of the modern world. Of course there are such strategies: they are not to do with being infallible, but with explaining to students the nature of authentic texts, and the nature of inductive reasoning.
Changing lifestyles (F) cultural differences, usage paper, online (LAN). When the word-processor shows a tiny vertical line like this release the mouse button, and the text is copied to your word-processor! People living in a civilized country today live in a digital world. Sagte Karl und.


text:
YOUR LOCAL BOOKSTORE, NO MATTER WHERE YOU LIVE.
Michael Barson interviews Donis Casey
As I recently mentioned, Donis Casey will be at the Poisoned Pen on Saturday, February 24 at 2 PM, joining fellow authors Dennis Palumbo and Priscilla Royal. Casey is the author of the Alafair Tucker mysteries. Her latest one is Forty Dead Men.
Signed copies of Forty Dead Men are available in the Web Store. http://bit.ly/2F9BIwo
Here's the description of the book.
Some people who have experienced a shocking, dangerous, or terrifying event develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It is recognized today as a debilitating but potentially treatable mental health condition. Military veterans are a vulnerable group. But PTSD can deliver a knockout blow to anyone, as the remarkable unfolding of the tenth Alafair Tucker Mystery, Forty Dead Men, shows.
World War I is over. Alafair is overjoyed that her elder son, George Washington Tucker, has finally returned home from the battlefields of France. Yet she is the only one in the family who senses that he has somehow changed.
Gee Dub moves back into his old bunkhouse quarters, but he's restless and spends his days roaming. One rainy day while out riding he spies a woman trudging along the country road. She's thoroughly skittish and rejects his help. So Gee Dub cannily rides for home to enlist his mother in offering the exhausted traveler shelter.
Once made comfortable at the Tucker farm, Holly Johnson reveals she's forged her way from Maine to Oklahoma in hopes of finding the soldier she married before he shipped to France. At the war's end, Daniel Johnson disappeared without a trace. It's been months. Is he alive? Is she a widow?
Holly is following her only lead – that Dan has connected with his parents who live yonder in Okmulgee. Gee Dub, desperate for some kind of mission, resolves to shepherd Holly through her quest although the prickly young woman spurns any aid. Meanwhile, Alafair has discovered that Gee Dub sleeps with two cartridge boxes under his pillow – boxes containing twenty "dead men" each. The boxes are empty, save for one bullet. She recognizes in Gee Dub and Holly that not all war wounds are physical.
Then Holly's missing husband turns up, shot dead. Gee Dub is arrested on suspicion of murder, and the entire extended Tucker family rallies to his defense. He says he had no reason to do it, but the solitary bullet under Gee Dub's pillow is gone. Regardless, be he guilty or innocent, his mother will travel any distance and go to any lengths to keep him out of prison.
Michael Barson recently interviewed Donis Casey for Bookreporter.com.
Here's a teaser.
"Question: FORTY DEAD MEN is your 10th Alafair Tucker novel. When you wrote the first book in the series, THE OLD BUZZARD HAD IT COMING, did you ever foresee that you would reach 10 books, and counting?"
"Donis Casey: When I created Alafair and her family, it seemed natural that each book in the series be based around one of Alafair's nine (and later, 10) children, so I started out with the idea of writing 10 novels. I'm lucky that I've had the opportunity to carry on with the series as long as I have. I love historical novels and novels set in exotic locations, because when I read, I like to go to a place and live there for a while. I wanted to write a series of historical mysteries that contained all the things I love to read myself. I wanted the books to have a great deal of humanity, a warm central character, a detailed evocation of the time and place. But in order to make the world as real as I could, I "wrote what I know" — my own family background. Many of the details of farm life, such as using kerosene-soaked corn cobs to start a fire, I learned from my mother, who grew up on a subsistence farm in Oklahoma during the Depression. The characters began as composites of family members, but they have become their own people.
"FORTY DEAD MEN is the 10th book in the series, and now we've reached the end of the 1910s. But I can see that there is more of the Tuckers' story to be told. All kinds of wild things happened in the 1920s that I could use as a basis for a rollicking mystery, so there will be more Alafair Tucker novels in the offing."
If you want to read the rest of Barson's interview with Donis Casey, you can find it here. http://bit.ly/2EHCtB2
This entry was posted in Fiction Review, Uncategorized.
Dennis Palumbo, Guest Author
Rhys Bowen's The Tuscan Child
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


change the status message for printer queues (the status message may be seen by users as part of the output of the lpq(1) utility).
Without any arguments, lpc will prompt for commands from the standard input. If arguments are supplied, lpc interprets the first argument as a command and the remaining arguments as parameters to the command. The standard input may be redirected causing lpc to read commands from file. Commands may be abbreviated; the following is the list of recognized commands.
Print a short description of each command specified in the argument list, or, if no argument is given, a list of the recognized commands.
Terminate an active spooling daemon on the local host immediately and then disable printing (preventing new daemons from being started by lpr(1)) for the specified printers.
Take the specified jobs in the order specified and move them to the bottom of the printer queue. Each jobspec can match multiple print jobs. The full description of a jobspec is given below.
Remove any temporary files, data files, and control files that cannot be printed (i.e., do not form a complete printer job) from the specified printer queue(s) on the local machine. This command will also look for core files in spool directory for each printer queue, and list any that are found. It will not remove any core files. See also the tclean command.
Turn the specified printer queues off. This prevents new printer jobs from being entered into the queue by lpr(1).
Turn the specified printer queue off, disable printing and put message in the printer status file. When specifying more than one printer queue, the -msg argument is required to separate the list of printers from the text that will be the new status message. The message does not need to be quoted, the remaining arguments are treated like echo(1). This is normally used to take a printer down, and let other users find out why it is down (the lpq(1) utility will indicate that the printer is down and will print the status message).
Enable spooling on the local queue for the listed printers. This will allow lpr(1) to put new jobs in the spool queue.
Attempt to start a new printer daemon. This is useful when some abnormal condition causes the daemon to die unexpectedly, leaving jobs in the queue. lpq(1) will report that there is no daemon present when this condition occurs. If the user is the super-user, try to abort the current daemon first (i.e., kill and restart a stuck daemon).
Set the status message for the specified printers. The -msg argument is required to separate the list of printers from the text that will be the new status message. This is normally used to change the status message when the printer queue is no longer active after printing has been disabled, and you want to change what users will see in the output of the lpq(1) utility.
This will do a test-run of the clean command. All the same checking is done, but the command will only print out messages saying what a similar clean command would do if the user typed it in. It will not remove any files. Note that the clean command is a privileged command, while the tclean command is not restricted.
Take the specified jobs in the order specified and move them to the top of the printer queue. Each jobspec can match multiple print jobs. The full description of a jobspec is given below.
Enable everything and start a new printer daemon. Undoes the effects of down.
a job range and/or a userid, followed by a host name, which will match all jobs which match all the specified criteria. Eg: jones@freebsd.org or 21-32@freebsd.org or jones:17@freebsd.org.
The values for userid and host name can also include pattern-matching characters, similar to the pattern matching done for filenames in most command shells. Note that if you enter a topq or bottomq command as parameters on the initial lpc command, then the shell will expand any pattern-matching characters that it can (based on what files in finds in the current directory) before lpc processes the command. In that case, any parameters which include pattern-matching characters should be enclosed in quotes, so that the shell will not try to expand them.


text:
WWE Superstars Come Down With A Serious Case Of World Cup Fever
Take a look behind the scenes of WWE's World Cup photoshoot!
By Ethan Absler
WWE and the rest of the planet are in FIFA World Cup mode as they watch their country's national soccer or football teams battle it out on the pitch. This isn't so different from the world of WWE, where some of the wackiest and most diverse characters look to settle their differences inside the ring. Just before the World Cup tournament started (and no, it isn't the WWE World Cup tournament that was just coincidentally won by Ricochet last week on SmackDown), WWE released a FIFA World Cup photoshoot where various WWE Superstars posed in their home country's jersey for some soccer-themed photos.
Now that we've reached the elimination round, WWE has released a behind-the-scenes video of the photoshoot, giving fans a glimpse into how things work backstage while also allowing us to learn what some of our favorite superstars think about the World Cup.
"Could you crush it?" a WWE photographer asked Bobby Lashley at the beginning of the video.
"Like make the ball explode? Of course I can," The Almighty responded.
The Americans started off the video and fans got a glimpse of the current RAW Women's Champion Bianca Belair and Bobby Lashley posing for their photos. Next was The Nightmare, Rhea Ripley, who revealed to the camera that she stopped playing soccer at age 15 because she began wrestling at 16! The now 26-year-old Australian native finds herself in the same boat as the Americans, however, without a team to root for in the next elimination round.
One Superstar who still has their home country fighting for the Cup is Asuka, who is a native of Japan. Japan shocked the sports world when they defeated both Spain and Germany in upset victories to send them to Round 16.
'Barmageddon' Host Tries Viral 'Pilk' Drink, Calls It 'Fundamentally Wrong'
English Superstars Butch and Ridge Holland also posed for their photos while showing their love for England. The behind-the-scenes aspect of the video allowed fans to catch a glimpse of Butch's frenetic energy as he knocked the ball out of Holland's hands multiple times and jumped on his back.
The entire photoshoot had such good energy and it's always interesting to see how things function behind the scenes at WWE. The video allowed fans to see how a project like this comes together, how much fun the crew has, and learn a bit more about your favorite WWE stars.
If you want to watch the WWE World Cup Tournament or the jaw-dropping finals match between Santos Escobar and Ricochet, you can relive the entire thing on the WWE Network on Peacock!
How To Sound Smart While Watching The World Cup
WWE Superstars Predict Who Will Win 2022 FIFA World Cup


RICHMOND, Va. — On the same block as a stalled, high-profile condo project, a less visible and smaller residential development is getting underway in Richmond's West End.
Site work has started on a project called Maplewood, a cluster of four single-family homes on two cleared lots at 501 and 503 Maple Ave., around the corner from The Tiber condo development at Libbie and Guthrie avenues.
The homes are being developed by Edward Hettrick, John Vinis and Claude Whitehead III, who purchased the two lots totaling about a half-acre earlier this year through an entity called Tri-American Properties LLC.
501 Maple Ave. was purchased in May for $350,000, and 503 Maple Ave. was purchased in March for $262,000, according to city property records.
Vinis said the properties came to their attention via his wife, who was friends with one of the previous owners. When the friend was selling that property, the team made an offer on the property beside it. Two rental homes on the lots have since been demolished.
Vinis said they have flipped several houses throughout the city and had been eyeing the Libbie and Grove area for years. Hettrick resides in the area, he said, and Whitehead's law office is adjacent to the property along Libbie Avenue.
"We'd always been really attracted to this area and always batted around the idea that if we could get a hold of some property, we could really do some neat things," said Vinis, a general contractor by trade. "There's such a shortage of property. It's so hot over there right now.


Wanting to do your ecological part in the classroom and needing to conserve supplies at the same time? Then maybe it's time to give some serious consideration to repurposing the standard paper sheet protector.
Traditionally used for keeping black-line masters in good condition, portfolio assessment or corporate presentations, these little gems can help you save money, preparation time and yes, paper. Following are some ways to use them effectively in today's classroom.
Big on readers' theater in your program? Print them out, along with companion glossaries, and place the individual collated copies into color coordinated three-hole report covers. You know, the kind you can get at ten for a buck during the back to school sales? Not only can these be used year after year, but the covers will look great for performances in the park or your basic blue jean classroom theater production at open house night.
Needing to limit photocopies and still really wanting to work in some vocabulary puzzles and small group math quizzes? Print out enough copies for your desired size of activity group (I prefer four-six students) and place each one in a plastic sheet protector. Use water based overhead markers or traditional grease pencils for students to work with. Correct together during group time and erase for the next group. Green. Cheap. Easy. Extra bonus? I dare say more than a few parents will thank you for limiting the nightly paper storm.
Got some printouts with answer keys for things like spelling word search puzzles, math facts, and science questions? Print out two-three sets of each and slide them back to back into sheet protectors. One side will show the blank activity page for students to work on, and the other will have the answers. Using the same strategy mentioned above of grease pencils and overhead markers, let children work together or independently on the sheets. They can correct their own work and practice skills throughout the week to get ready for quizzes and tests.
Having a small three ring binder with a sheet protector for each student gives you a place to house all of those paper scrap notes from parents, notes from the nurse, etc. You never know when you are going to be called on to document a pattern or confirm your side of a miscommunication with a parent or administrator. If you end up not needing the info, just get rid of the file items at the end of the year. If you do need it however, you'll have your proverbial ducks in a row.
Activity sheet protection for outdoor nature activities.
If you have a younger group who may find it challenging to constantly copy directions off the board, print out simple, easy to follow directions for the activity and put them in sheet protectors. Let them work individually, with a buddy or in a group to complete the activity without the page ending up in shreds. First grade educators, are you with me? With this strategy you get to have a successful day along with your students. This also works for maps when traveling or doing rainy day hikes with older PE students. It's also one of my husband's favorite travel tips for when we are on the road.
Love this idea! Wish I'd thought of it myself years ago. But I have to come clean. I actually found it when researching this post. Just use this link and scroll down until you see the activity titled "instant white boards". Basically, in order for each student to have their own "white board", you need enough smooth finish sheet protectors for each learner to have one, an equal number of sheets of 8 x 11 inch card stock, and erasable markers. To erase the kids can either use tissues, or their own recycled foot portion of an old athletic sock. I would think it might also be helpful to tape off the top open slot with horizontally placed scotch tape to keep it sealed. These are great for sentence dictation, math problems on the fly, daily language correction activities and more. To keep classroom management concerns at bay, consider collecting them after each group use, or having each student keep theirs in a 3-ring resource binder where such things are stored for quick hassle free classroom access.
Organizational support for those home and school binders.
While I never used these during my classroom years, I know of several colleagues who managed them effectively. Having a few included in each one for loose notes and routinely swapped communication documents can save you loads of follow up stress.
So that's it, readers. My best efforts at using page protectors to streamline your classroom management and paper consumption issues. That being said, I know there are loads of talented educators out there with slamming ideas as well. Feel free to contribute any additional suggestions you might have in the comments section so we can all benefit from your expertise.


We've planned out everything from where to stay to what to do—even places to eat (because that's of utmost importance to those with bumps)—so all you have to do is get packing!
Soon you'll be busy 'round the clock taking care of a tiny person's every need, but until that time comes, why not set aside a few days for taking care of no one but yourself? Let your worries about becoming a new (or new again) mom dissipate—even if only for a long weekend—which should be easy in a luxurious hideaway that encourages visitors to slip away from the world and unwind. Whether you relish a prenatal rubdown or a slow stroll through the orchards, you and your partner will head home feeling refreshed and ready to meet parenthood head on.
Indulge in the spa's full list of eco-friendly treatments, from massages and wraps to scrubs and facials—all of which use only naturally crafted and plant-based products. Even the sauna, steam room and pool are heated with solar and geothermal energy.
Between all the pampering, you can soak in the slower pace of life and surrounding nature by meandering the grounds of the estate. A network of trails promises stunning stretches of the Hudson River, serene ponds and blooming gardens. (Make it your goal to find the property's namesake waterfall while you're out and about.) Guests are also welcome to explore the 40-acre Millstone Farm, just across from Swan Pond. So don't be shy about wandering through the orchards, aviary house and apiary. Pop by the livestock barn to say hello to the family of miniature donkeys and a herd of rescued alpacas.
Days at the inn begin with a breakfast of country favorites, like farm fresh eggs and buttermilk pancakes topped with locally grown peaches. For a healthy way to kick off your morning, try the "power plate," which boasts quinoa, avocado and fresh veggies—topped with an egg. In the afternoon, guests are served herbal teas and coffees, complete with homemade baked goods, like scones, babka and carrot cake.
For dinner, head to Henry's at the Farm where you'll sit down to a meal of deliciously prepared ingredients sourced from local farms and artisan food purveyors. The restaurant prides itself on partnering with those who practice organic farming and humane animal husbandry. But the majority of its fresh produce, honey and eggs are from Buttermilk's own Millstone Farm.


text:
Q: Why doesn't luatex recognise lyaml, a manually installed library (when lua itself does)? I want to parse a yaml file containing my CV data and then write content programatically, in LaTeX, from that data. I have installed the relevant library lyaml and it works, but lua(la?)tex doesn't detect it. Why not, and how can I change that?
Further details
In case these help anyone to diagnose my problem...
The following program works:
-- requirements
local io    = require "io"
local lyaml = require "lyaml"

-- get yaml data as a string
local yaml_file   = "cv.yaml"
local f           = assert(io.open(yaml_file, 'r'))
local yaml_string = f:read('a')
f:close()

local cv_table = {}

-- convert yaml string to lua table
cv_table.t = lyaml.load(yaml_string)

for key, value in pairs(cv_table.t) do
    print(key)
end

It opens the file, reads its contents as a string, closes the file, parses the string as yaml, and then prints each top-level key of the resulting lua table to stdout.
I'm on Debian. In particular, this works because I've installe lua-yaml. dpkg --listfiles lua-yaml gives me this:
/.
/usr
/usr/lib
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblua5.1-yaml.so.0.0.0
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblua5.2-yaml.so.0.0.0
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblua5.3-yaml.so.0.0.0
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lua
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lua/5.1
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lua/5.2
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lua/5.3
/usr/share
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/lua-yaml
/usr/share/doc/lua-yaml/changelog.Debian.gz
/usr/share/doc/lua-yaml/changelog.gz
/usr/share/doc/lua-yaml/copyright
/usr/share/lintian
/usr/share/lintian/overrides
/usr/share/lintian/overrides/lua-yaml
/usr/share/lua
/usr/share/lua/5.1
/usr/share/lua/5.1/lyaml
/usr/share/lua/5.1/lyaml/explicit.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.1/lyaml/functional.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.1/lyaml/implicit.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.1/lyaml.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.2
/usr/share/lua/5.2/lyaml
/usr/share/lua/5.3
/usr/share/lua/5.3/lyaml
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblua5.1-yaml.so.0
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblua5.2-yaml.so.0
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblua5.3-yaml.so.0
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lua/5.1/yaml.so
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lua/5.2/yaml.so
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lua/5.3/yaml.so
/usr/share/lua/5.2/lyaml/explicit.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.2/lyaml/functional.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.2/lyaml/implicit.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.2/lyaml.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.3/lyaml/explicit.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.3/lyaml/functional.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.3/lyaml/implicit.lua
/usr/share/lua/5.3/lyaml.lua``shell

However, this does not even compile:
\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{luacode}

\begin{document}

\begin{luacode*}

    -- requirements
    local io    = require "io"
    local lyaml = require "lyaml"

    -- get yaml data as a string
    local yaml_file   = "cv.yaml"
    local f           = assert(io.open(yaml_file, 'r'))
    local yaml_string = f:read('a')
    f:close()

    local cv_table = {}

    -- convert yaml string to lua table
    cv_table.t = lyaml.load(yaml_string)

    for key, value in pairs(cv_table.t) do
        tex.print(key)
    end

\end{luacode*}

\end{document}

The tex file is just the lua program, wrapped in the appropriate latex, and with tex.print replacing print. It is in the same directory.
Trying to compile with lualatex test.tex gives the following errors:
(/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/ts1cmr.fd)...0/texmf-dist/te
x/luatex/lualibs/lualibs-basic-merged.lua:381: attempt to call a nil value (fie
ld 'cpath specification')
stack traceback:
        ...0/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lualibs/lualibs-basic-merged.lua:381: in field '?'
        ...0/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lualibs/lualibs-basic-merged.lua:403: in function <
...0/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lualibs/lualibs-basic-merged.lua:395>
        [C]: in function 'require'
        [\directlua]:3: in main chunk.
\luacode@dbg@exec ...code@maybe@printdbg {#1} #1 }

l.28 \end{luacode}

The same thing happens if I use \directlua or the(unstarred luacode environment. Same errors, so that's not the problem. The errors concern the lyaml library, and go away as soon as I remove it from the code (to be replaced by errors complaining that I'm referencing a library I don't import). As I understand it, these all use \directlua under the hood anyway, so they will all suffer the same problems.
So the problem is with the lyaml library. Clearly it's installed just fine, so why can't lua(la?)tex see it?
Things I have tried
I have read this question. I'm on debian so the comments weren't directly relevant to me, but I was inspired to try symlinking /usr/share/lua/5.3/lyaml.lua to /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lualibs/lualibs-lyaml.lua. This didn't make any difference. I then tried what the comment suggested and ran sudo fmtutil-sys --byfmt=lualatex but that also had no effect.
Following this question I have also tried symlinking the relevant files straight into the working dir, but this didn't help either.

A: I finally managed to get this to work. There were three components I needed:

*

*\usepackage{luacode}. I already had this.

*\usepackage{luapackageloader} (thanks @likethevegetable for the suggestion) From CTAN: "This package allows LuaTeX to load packages from the default package.path and package.cpath locations. This could be useful to load external Lua modules, including modules installed via LuaRocks".

*Specify the paths in lua. For me, on debian, this was right, but of course others might need different paths:

\begin{luacode*}
    local my_path = "/usr/share/lua/5.3"
    local my_cpath ="/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lua/5.3/"
    package.path  = package.path  .. string.format(";%s/?.lua;%s/?/init.lua", my_path, my_path)
    package.cpath = package.cpath .. string.format(";%s/?.so;%s/?/init.so", my_cpath, my_cpath)
\end{luacode*}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home » Lifestyle » The Fondazione Prada: where fashion and art intersect
The Fondazione Prada: where fashion and art intersect
Stunningly beautiful and ambitious, the Fondazione Prada in Milan may well have made the Italian brand the art world's most glamorous patron
The 24-carat gold leaf clad haunted house
Photo: Pygmalion Karatzas / Arcaid / Argusphoto
Here at Fashion Statement, we love high fashion. But we're also enamoured with the world of fine art. And it's hardly a surprise. Fashion and art share an undeniable link – they're cut from the same creative cloth, if you will. They're both beautiful forms of expressions. They're both visual and socially influential. And there's a sophisticated glam halo that surrounds both.
Today, the two worlds are becoming ever more blurred. Fashion houses are getting their art on like never before, becoming the art patrons of our time. On the flipside, designers are using paintings as the inspiration for their collections.
At the forefront of this movement is Prada, naturally. Already the brand of choice for stylish curators and gallery owners, the Italian fashion house took this synergy further when it opened its new, hugely anticipated Fondazione Prada in May 2015. Fondazione Prada was established in 1993 to bring the quartet of fashion, art, cinema and philosophy closer together, but with this new Milan venue (see what we would wear on a trip to the Fondazione Prada), the fast-growing foundation also has a gorgeous permanent space large enough to house something truly dazzling. And it sums up the Prada brand in a single work of architecture: heritage aware yet thoroughly 21st century.
Elmgreen & Dragset's black feathered Rolls Royce Corniche installation, Disgrace
Photo: Alberto Bernasconi / LUZ Photo
The space is absolutely spectacular – and that's thanks to starchitect Rem Koolhaas. His firm, OMA, converted a century-old distillery in the southern suburbs of Milan into this arts centre. And the celebrated Dutch architect clearly let his imagination run wild – the vast, sun-dappled central gallery leads into a haunted house clad in sumptuous 24-carat gold leaf, as well as a cinema camouflaged by mirrors. There's also Bar Luce, the bar designed by quirky director and frequent Prada collaborator Wes Anderson, which brings in the local touch, with an atmosphere that evokes the sophisticated charm of a Milanese café.
And then there's the art. The sculptures and paintings were chosen by Prada's longtime curator Germano Celant, Nicholas Cullinan, director of the National Portrait Gallery in London and art historian Salvatore Settis, along with added contributions from Miuccia Prada and Koolhaas. The haunted house, the home of provocative art installations, features giant steel spider sculptures by Louise Bourgeois, an underground grotto by Thomas Demand, cars made of cigarettes by Sarah Lucas and comic films by Nathalie Djurberg. In addition to the permanent exhibitions, the Fondazione also holds periodic events, from high-profile art shows to film festivals and conferences.
Mrs Prada, famous for her intellectual approach to fashion, has often called beauty 'bourgeois', and in everything she does, her emphasis is on being original and breaking boundaries. Nothing could be more of a testament to her unique vision than the Fondazione Prada.
Shop your own piece of 'art'


Peel the tomatoes and chop them roughly. Add to a pan in which the oil has been heated, with any juice from the tomatoes and the basil or oregano. Simmer for 10–15 minutes, stirring from time to time, until the sauce is thick. Remove the basil or oregano and season with the salt and pepper.
An excellent substitute is bottled Italian sauce (sugo) which is available from most supermarkets.