text:
The history of coffee dates back across centuries of old oral tradition.  Coffee plants grew wild in Yemen and were widely used by nomadic tribes for thousands of years. Sufi monasteries in Yemen employed coffee as an aid to concentration during prayers. Roasting the seeds was not a way to serve coffee until the 1400s.[1] During the cultivation, brewed coffee was reserved exclusively for the priesthood and the medical profession; doctors would use the brew for patients experiencing a need for better digestion, and priests used it to stay alert during their long nights of studying for the church. Coffee later spread to Europe in the early 16th century; it caused some controversy on whether it was halal in Ottoman and Mamluk society. Coffee arrived in Italy the second half of the 16th century through commercial Mediterranean trade routes, only being served to the wealthy. Central and Eastern Europeans learned of coffee from the Ottomans. By the mid 17th century, it had reached India and the East Indies.

Coffee houses would establish themselves in Western Europe by the late 17th century, especially in England and Germany. In many cultures, if you could afford to serve coffee to your guests, it was a sign of wealth and power. One of the earliest cultivations of coffee in the New World was when Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in 1720. These beans later sprouted 18,680 coffee trees which enabled its spread to other Caribbean islands like Saint-Domingue and also to Mexico. By 1788, Saint-Domingue supplied half the world's coffee.

By 1852, globally, Brazil became the largest producer of coffee and has held that status ever since. The period since 1950 saw the widening of the playing field due to the emergence of several other major producers, notably Colombia, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, and Vietnam; the latter overtook Colombia and became the second-largest producer in 1999.[2] Modern production techniques along with the mass production of coffee has made it a household item today. It is a similar story with cocoa, tea, potatoes, tomatoes, maize, peas and beans.

Etymology
The word coffee entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch , borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish  (), borrowed in turn from the Arabic  (). Medieval Arab lexicographers traditionally held that the etymology of  meant 'wine', given its distinctly dark color, and derived from the verb  (), 'to have no appetite'. The word  most likely meant 'the dark one', referring to the brew or the bean;  is not the name of the bean, which are known in Arabic as bunn and in Cushitic languages as būn. Semitic languages had the root qhh, "dark color", which became a natural designation for the beverage. There is no evidence that the word  was named after the Ethiopian province of Kaffa (a part of where coffee originates from: Abyssinia), or any significant authority stating the opposite, or that it is traced to the Arabic  ("power").
Kahve in Turkish is word borrowed from Persian word, Qahve قهوه ای, so it means something in Brown colour. Persian land or Iran was in the way of silk road and business path of coffee beans to Turkey and Europe.
The terms coffee pot and coffee break originated in 1705 and 1952 respectively.

Genetics
Studies of genetic diversity have been performed on Coffea arabica varieties, which were found to be of low diversity but with retention of some residual heterozygosity from ancestral materials, and closely related diploid species Coffea canephora and C. liberica; however, no direct evidence has ever been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the local people might have used it as a stimulant or known about it there earlier than the seventeenth century. The original domesticated coffee plant is said to have been from Harar, and the native population is thought to be derived from Ethiopia with distinct nearby populations in Sudan and Kenya.

History

Coffee grown and exploited worldwide can be traced back to centuries to the Ethiopian plateau of ancient coffee forests. There is a legend that states a goat herder Kaldi was the first to discover the coffee bean. As word was spread from the east, it reached all the way to the Arabian peninsula. Evidence of knowledge of the coffee tree and coffee drinking first appeared in the late 15th century; Sufi Imam Muhammad Ibn Said Al Dhabhani is known to have imported goods from Ethiopia to Yemen.
Coffee was first exported out of Ethiopia to Yemen by Somali merchants from Berbera and Zeila, which was procured from Harar and the Abyssinian interior. According to Captain Haines, who was the colonial administrator of Aden (1839–1854), Mocha historically imported up to two-thirds of their coffee from Berbera-based merchants before the coffee trade of Mocha was captured by British-controlled Aden in the 19th century. Thereafter, much of the Ethiopian coffee was exported to Aden via Berbera.

Middle East
Sufis in Yemen used the beverage as an aid to concentration and as a kind of spiritual intoxication when they chanted the name of God. Sufis used it to keep themselves alert during their nighttime devotions. A translation of Al-Jaziri's manuscript traces the spread of coffee from Arabia Felix (present-day Yemen) northward to Mecca and Medina, and then to the larger cities of Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, and Constantinople.

By 1414, the plant was known in Mecca, and in the early 1500s was spreading to the Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt and North Africa from the Yemeni port of Mocha. Associated with Sufism, myriad coffee houses grew up in Cairo (Egypt) around the religious University of the Azhar. These coffee houses also opened in Syria, especially in the cosmopolitan city of Aleppo, and then in Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, in 1554. Coffee was also noted in Aleppo by the German physician botanist Leonhard Rauwolf, the first European to mention it, as chaube, in 1573; Rauwolf was closely followed by descriptions from other European travellers.

In 1511, it was forbidden for its stimulating effect by conservative, orthodox imams at a theological court in Mecca. However, these bans were to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Suleiman I, with Grand Mufti Mehmet Ebussuud el-İmadi issuing a fatwa allowing the consumption of coffee. In Cairo a similar ban was instituted in 1532, and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked. During the 16th century, it had already reached the rest of the Middle East, the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire. From the Middle East, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas.

In the Middle East, coffee culture is very significant. Different ethnic groups in the Middle East have their own version of preparing and serving the coffee. Since the modern coffee culture is still continuously growing, coffee in the Middle East is used to bring people together and is seen at every social gathering.

Coffee regulation in Ethiopia
Coffee was banned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church sometime before the 18th century. However, in the second half of the 19th century, Ethiopian attitudes softened towards coffee drinking, and its consumption spread rapidly between 1880 and 1886; according to Richard Pankhurst, "this was largely due to Emperor Menelik, who himself drank it, and to Abuna Matewos who did much to dispel the belief of the clergy that it was a Muslim drink."

The earliest mention of coffee noted by the literary coffee merchant Philippe Sylvestre Dufour is a reference to bunchum in the works of the 10th century CE Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known as Rhazes in the West, but more definite information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later. One of the most important of the early writers on coffee was Abd al-Qadir al-Jaziri, who in 1587 compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee entitled Umdat al Safwa fi hill al-qahwa عمدة الصفوة في حل القهوة. He reported that one Sheikh, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani (d. 1470), mufti of Aden, was the first to adopt the use of coffee (circa 1454).

Coffee in Islam
Early practitioners of Islamic medicine and science fought against the notion that the effect of coffee was like that of hashish or alcohol, and instead argued the benefits of the drink, which would stimulate the mind while protecting against the allure of alcohol and hashish. Coffeehouses in Mecca, Yemen, and Cairo began to explode in popularity, and they become centers of public life within the sprawling cities of the Islamicate Empires. The coffeehouses sometimes acted like the bayt al-Hakima or madrasas, which were centers of Islamic life, arts, and thinking. Neha Verami, from the Folger Shakespeare Library, said that "the history of these coffeehouses offers three connected insights: the emergence of the public sphere, the participation of larger sections of the population in the political lives of the early modern Islamic empires, and the hollowness of the allegations of despotism mounted on 'Oriental' societies by Western onlookers". Coffee became an ingrained piece of Islamic culture for the centuries to come.

Contrary to its role in recent centuries, coffee became a subject of debate for some. When the fatwa came into effect in 1532–1533, coffee and its consumption was established as haram. This decision most likely came from the idea that like alcohol, coffee had an effect on cognition, albeit different and milder. It is possible that the regulation was implemented in an attempt to limit consumption of other recreational substances such as tobacco and alcohol in the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. Drinking coffee in public places was also scorned. Not only was public consumption seen as taboo, but people would often drink from a communal bowl in a fashion similar to drinking wine. This most likely contributed to the disdain of coffee because its similar style of consumption once again related it and compared it to alcohol.

An effort was made to prevent the spread of coffee's growing popularity. While Suleiman I was still in power, taxes were imposed in an attempt to prevent both bureaucrats and those who were unemployed from consuming coffee. Further attempts occurred during both the reigns of Sultan Selim II in 1567 as well as Sultan Murad III in 1583 whenever those of more modest means began to drink coffee which included professions ranging from craftsmen to shopkeepers to local soldiers. Despite the attempt to bar people from drinking coffee, the fatwa ultimately failed as coffee did not compare to the effects of alcohol. That coffee was even seen as a mind-altering substance like alcohol meant that the prohibition was more of a misunderstanding of the substance or an attempt to control consumption based on Orthodox beliefs. This back-and-forth scenario falls within the debate of whether coffee is halal or haram. While it certainly proved controversial, coffee continued to be sought out by many.

Within the Ottoman Empire, shops known as taḥmīskhāne in Ottoman Turkish were used to create coffee using the traditional method of roasting and crushing coffee beans in mortars. Coffee houses located in areas such as Mecca were visited by those from all over: Muslims from mosques, those coming from afar to trade and sell, or simple travelers making their way through.

Despite the controversy over coffee, it was one of the keys to the economy around the Red Sea from the mid-15th century to the mid-17th century. Those of Islam were the primary consumers, ingraining it into the culture of the people within the Muslim faith. From Islam, the rest of the world would go on to experience something that holds influence over the world today. In the past, the Oromo tribe in Ethiopia created foods from coffee plants such as bunna qela, made of butter, salt, and roasted beans. Such a concoction would be used as a basis and altered over time. A more modern beverage known as qishr in Arabic is made of recycled dried cherry skins that would have normally been discarded after being used to create the beverage buna. These cherry skins would then be used to brew a sort of fruit tea. Qishr or cascara in Spanish is sold by coffee farmers even today.

Legendary accounts
There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the consumption of coffee. According to one legend, ancestors of today's Kafficho people in the Kingdom of Kaffa were the first to recognize the energizing effect of the coffee plant. One account involves a 9th-century Ethiopian goatherder, Kaldi, who, noticing the energizing effects when his flock nibbled on the bright red berries of a certain bush, chewed on the fruit himself. His exhilaration prompted him to bring the berries to a monk in a nearby monastery. But the monk disapproved of their use and threw them into the fire, from which an enticing aroma billowed, causing other monks to come and investigate. The roasted beans were quickly raked from the embers, ground up, and dissolved in hot water, yielding the world's first cup of coffee. Since this story is not known to have appeared in writing before Rome-based Maronite Faustus Nairon's De Saluberrima potione Cahue seu Cafe nuncupata Discurscus in 1671, 800 years after it was supposed to have taken place, it is highly likely to be apocryphal.

Another account involves the 13th century Moroccan Sufi mystic Ghothul Akbar Nooruddin Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili. When traveling in Ethiopia, the legend goes, he observed birds of unusual vitality feeding on berries, and, upon trying the berries, experienced the same vitality. Yet another attributes the discovery of coffee to Sheikh Abu al-Hasan ash-Shadhili's disciple, Omar. According to the ancient chronicle (preserved in the Abd-Al-Kadir manuscript), Omar, who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer, was once banished from Mecca to a desert cave near the Ousab City. Starving, Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery, but found them to be too bitter. He tried roasting the beans to improve the flavor, but they became too hard. He then tried boiling them to soften the bean, which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid. After drinking the liquid, Omar was revived and survived for days. As stories of this "miracle drug" reached Mecca, Omar was asked to return and was eventually made a saint.

Another origin of coffee was described in Homer's Odyssey. At one point in the Epic, Helena, daughter of Zeus, mixes a drink in a bowl "which had the power of robbing grief and anger of their sting and banishing all painful memories." The Greek gods apparently used coffee for medicinal and spiritual purposes while they lounged at Mount Olympus.

Coffee was originally consumed in the Islamic world and was directly related to religious practices. For example, coffee helped its consumers fast in the day and stay awake at night, during the Muslim celebration of Ramadan.

Europe

Coffee was first introduced to Europe in Hungary when the Turks invaded Hungary at the Battle of Mohács in 1526.  Within a year, coffee had reached Vienna by the same Turks who fought the Europeans at the Siege of Vienna (1529).  Later in the 16th century, coffee was introduced on the island of Malta through slavery. Turkish Muslim slaves had been imprisoned by the Knights of St John in 1565—the year of the Great Siege of Malta, and they used them to make their traditional beverage. Domenico Magri mentioned in his work Virtu del Kafé, "Turks, most skillful makers of this concoction." Also, the German traveler Gustav Sommerfeldt in 1663 wrote
"the ability and industriousness with which the Turkish prisoners earn some money, especially by preparing coffee, a powder resembling snuff tobacco, with water and sugar." Coffee was a popular beverage in Maltese high society—many coffee shops opened.

The first mention of coffee in a European text is in Charles de l'Ecluse's  from 1575. He learnt of coffee from Alphoncius Pansius in Padua. Englishmen passing through Safavid and the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century noted that coffee was "very good to help digestion, to quicken the spirits, and to cleanse the blood."

The vibrant trade between the Republic of Venice and the people of North Africa, Egypt, and the East brought a large variety of African goods, including coffee, to this leading European port. Venetian merchants introduced coffee-drinking to the wealthy in Venice, charging them heavily for the beverage. In this way, coffee was introduced to the mainland of Europe. In 1591 Venetian botanist-physician Prospero Alpini became the first to publish a description of the coffee plant in Europe. The first European coffee house apart from those in the Ottoman Empire and in Malta was opened in Venice in 1645.

The first route of travel for coffee was through the massive, sprawling Ottoman Empire that allowed transportation of goods such as coffee to make their way well into Europe, and the second route of travel was from the port of Mocha in Yemen, where the East India Trading Co. bought coffee in masses and transported it back to mainland Europe. Coffee became a crucial part of the culture in most of Europe, with queens, kings, and the general public all becoming extensively enthralled with the product. Rather it be through the term 'coffee arabica' or the transportation of the drink, the passage of coffee into the Western world greatly resembles that of the scientific knowledge and discoveries passed on by the Islamicate Empires.

Austria

The first coffeehouse in Austria opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna, by using supplies from the spoils obtained after defeating the Turks. The officer who received the coffee beans, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki (Georg Franz Kolschitzky), a Polish military officer of Ukrainian descent, opened a coffee house and helped popularize the custom of adding sugar and milk to the coffee. Melange is the typical Viennese coffee, which comes mixed with hot foamed milk, and is usually served with a glass of water.

A very special Viennese coffee house culture developed in Vienna in the 19th century and then spread throughout Central Europe. Scientists, artists, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met in this special microcosm of the Viennese coffee houses of the Habsburg Empire. Today world-famous personalities such as Gustav Klimt, Sigmund Freud, James Joyce and Egon Schiele were inspired in the Viennese coffee house. This special multicultural atmosphere and culture was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and only survived in individual places such as Vienna or Trieste. In this diverse coffee house culture of the multicultural Habsburg Empire, different types of coffee preparation also developed. This is how the world-famous cappuccino from the Viennese Kapuziner coffee developed over the Italian-speaking parts of the northern Italian empire.

United Kingdom

The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michael's Alley in Cornhill, London. The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of Daniel Edwards, a trader in Turkish goods. Edwards imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment. Coffee was also brought in through the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company in the 17th century. Oxford's Queen's Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is still in existence today. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses throughout England, but there were many disruptions in the progressive movement of coffeehouses between the 1660s and 1670s. During the enlightenment, these early English coffee houses became gathering places used for deep religious and political discussions among the populace, since it was a rare opportunity for sober discussion. This practice became so common, and potentially subversive, that Charles II made an attempt to crush coffee houses in 1670s.

The banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal, for example, women frequented them in Germany, but it appears to have been commonplace elsewhere in Europe, including in England.

Many in this period believed coffee to have medicinal properties. Renowned and eminent physicians often recommended coffee for medicinal purposes and some prescribed it as a cure for nervous disorders. A 1661 tract entitled "A character of coffee and coffee-houses", written by one "M.P.", lists some of these perceived benefits:

This new commodity proved controversial among some subjects, however. For instance, the anonymous 1674 "Women's Petition Against Coffee" declared:

France
Antoine Galland (1646–1715) in his aforementioned translation described the Muslim association with coffee, tea and chocolate: "We are indebted to these great [Arab] physicians for introducing coffee to the modern world through their writings, as well as sugar, tea, and chocolate." Galland reported that he was informed by Mr. de la Croix, the interpreter of King Louis XIV of France, that coffee was brought to Paris by a certain Mr. Thevenot, who had travelled through the East. On his return to that city in 1657, Thevenot gave some of the beans to his friends, one of whom was de la Croix.

In 1669, Soleiman Agha, Ambassador from Sultan Mehmed IV, arrived in Paris with his entourage bringing with him a large quantity of coffee beans. Not only did they provide their French and European guests with coffee to drink, but they also donated some beans to the royal court. Between July 1669 and May 1670, the Ambassador managed to firmly establish the custom of drinking coffee among Parisians.

Germany
In Germany, coffeehouses were first established in North Sea ports, including Wuppertal-Ronsdorf (1673) and Hamburg (1677). Initially, this new beverage was written in the English form coffee, but during the 1700s the Germans gradually adopted the French word café, then slowly changed the spelling to Kaffee, which is the present word. In the 18th century the popularity of coffee gradually spread around the German lands and was taken up by the ruling classes. Coffee was served at the court of the Great Elector, Frederick William of Brandenburg, as early as 1675, but Berlin's first public coffee house did not open until 1721.

Composer Johann Sebastian Bach, who was cantor of St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, in 1723–50, conducted a musical ensemble at the local Café Zimmermann. Sometime in 1732–35 he composed the secular "Coffee Cantata" Schweigt stille, plaudert nicht (BWV 211), in which a young woman, Lieschen, pleads with her disapproving father to accept her devotion to drinking coffee, then a newfangled fashion. The libretto includes such lines as:

Ei! wie schmeckt der Coffee süße,
Lieblicher als tausend Küsse,
Milder als Muskatenwein.
Coffee, Coffee muss ich haben,
Und wenn jemand mich will laben,
Ach, so schenkt mir Coffee ein!

(Oh! How sweet coffee does taste,
Better than a thousand kisses,
Milder than muscat wine.
Coffee, coffee, I've got to have it,
And if someone wants to perk me up, *
Oh, just give me a cup of coffee!)

Italy

In Italy, like in most of Europe, coffee arrived in the second half of the 16th century through the commercial routes of the Mediterranean Sea. In 1580 the Venetian botanist and physician Prospero Alpini imported coffee into the Republic of Venice from Egypt, and soon coffee shops started opening one by one when coffee spread and became the drink of the intellectuals, of social gatherings, even of lovers as plates of chocolate and coffee were considered a romantic gift. By the year 1763 Venice alone accounted for more than 200 shops, and the health benefits of the miraculous drink were celebrated by many. Some representatives of the Catholic Church opposed coffee at its first introduction in Italy, believing it to be the "Devil's drink", but Pope Clement VIII, after trying the aromatic drink himself, gave it his blessing, thus boosting further its commercial success and diffusion. Upon tasting coffee, Pope Clement VIII declared: "Why, this Satan's drink is so delicious that it would be a pity to let the infidels have exclusive use of it. We shall cheat satan by baptizing it." He later on baptized coffee beans because it appeared better for the people than alcoholic beverages.

In Turin, in 1933, Alfonso Bialetti invented the first moka pot by observing the lisciveuse, a steam pot utilized at that time for laundry. In 1946 his son Renato started industrial production, selling millions of moka pots in one year, versus only 70000 sold by his father in the previous 10, making the coffee maker (as well as coffee) an icon of Italy in the world. Naples, albeit being known today as the city of coffee, has seen it later, probably through the ships coming in the ports of Sicily and Naples itself. Some date the Neapolitan discovery of coffee back to 1614, when the composer, explorer and musicologist Pietro Della Valle sent news from the Holy Land, in his letters to the dear friend, physician, poet, Greek scholar and Mario Schipano and his gathering of intellectuals, of a drink (called kahve) the Arab Muslims brewed in hot pots.

Some believe coffee arrived in Naples earlier, from Salerno and its Schola Medica Salernitana, where the plant came to be used for its medicinal properties between the 14th and 15th centuries. Celebrated by Neapolitan art, literature, music and daily social life, coffee soon became a protagonist in Naples, where it was prepared with great care in the "cuccumella", the typical Neapolitan filter coffee pot derived by the invention of the parisian Morize in 1819. Neapolitan artisans came in touch with it when brought, once again through the sea commercial routes, to the Port of Naples. An indication of the approach of Neapolitans to coffee as a social drink, is the practice of the suspended coffee (the act of paying in advance for a coffee to be consumed by the next customer) invented there and defined by the Neapolitan philosopher and writer Luciano De Crescenzo a coffee "given by an individual to mankind".

Netherlands

The race among Europeans to obtain live coffee trees or beans was eventually won by the Dutch in 1616. Pieter van den Broecke, a Dutch merchant, obtained some of the closely guarded coffee bushes from Mocha, Yemen, in 1616. He took them back to Amsterdam and found a home for them in the Botanical gardens, where they began to thrive. This apparently minor event received little publicity but was to have a major impact on the history of coffee.

The beans that van der Broecke acquired from Mocha forty years earlier adjusted well to conditions in the greenhouses at the Amsterdam Botanical Garden and produced numerous healthy Coffea arabica bushes. In 1658 the Dutch first used them to begin coffee cultivation in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and later in southern India. They abandoned this cultivation to focus on their Javanese plantations in order to avoid lowering the price by oversupply.

Within a few years, the Dutch colonies (Java in Asia, Suriname in the Americas) had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe.

Poland

Coffee reached the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century, primarily through merchants trading with the neighbouring Ottoman Empire. The first coffee shops opened a century later. The intake of coffee has grown since the change of government in 1989, though consumption per capita is lower than in most European countries. Poland also developed its own substitute to coffee, Inka, made from roasted cereal.

Americas

Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean in 1720. Those sprouts flourished and 50 years later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee cultivation to Saint-Domingue (Haiti), Mexico and other islands of the Caribbean. The French territory of Saint-Domingue saw coffee cultivated starting in 1734, and by 1788 supplied half the world's coffee. Coffee had a major influence on the geography of Latin America. The French colonial plantations relied heavily on African slave laborers. However, the dreadful conditions that the slaves worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon-to-follow Haitian Revolution. The coffee industry never fully recovered there.

Coffee also found its way to the Isle of Bourbon, now known as Réunion, in the Indian Ocean. The plant produced smaller beans and was deemed a different variety of arabica known as var. Bourbon. The Santos coffee of Brazil and the Oaxaca coffee of Mexico are the progeny of that Bourbon tree. Circa 1727, the King of Portugal sent Francisco de Melo Palheta to French Guiana to obtain coffee seeds to become a part of the coffee market. Francisco initially had difficulty obtaining these seeds, but he captivated the French Governor's wife, and she sent him enough seeds and shoots to commence the coffee industry of Brazil. However, cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822, leading to the clearing of massive tracts of the Atlantic Forest, first from the vicinity of Rio and later São Paulo for coffee plantations.
In 1893, the coffee from Brazil was introduced into Kenya and Tanzania (Tanganyika), not far from its place of origin in Ethiopia, 600 years prior, ending its transcontinental journey.

After the Boston Tea Party of 1773, large numbers of Americans switched to drinking coffee during the American Revolution because drinking tea had become unpatriotic.

Cultivation was taken up by many countries in the latter half of the 19th century, and in almost all of them it involved the large-scale displacement and exploitation of indigenous people. Harsh conditions led to many uprisings, coups and bloody suppressions of peasants. For example, Guatemala started producing coffee in the 1500s but lacked the manpower to harvest the coffee beans. As a result, the Guatemalan government forced indigenous people to work on the fields. This led to a strain in the indigenous and Guatemalan people's relationship that still exists today. A notable exception is Costa Rica where a lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms. Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over the 19th and 20th centuries.

In the 20th century Latin American countries faced a possible economic collapse. Before World War II Europe was consuming large amounts of coffee. Once the war started Latin America lost 40% of its market and was on the verge of economic collapse. Coffee was and is a Latin American commodity. The United States saw this and talked with the Latin American countries and as a result the producers agreed on an equitable division of the U.S. market. The U.S. government monitored this agreement. For the period that this plan was followed the value of coffee doubled, which greatly benefited coffee producers and the Latin American countries.

Brazil became the largest producer of coffee in the world by 1852 and it has held that status ever since. It dominated world production, exporting more coffee than the rest of the world combined, from 1850 to 1950. The period since 1950 saw the widening of the playing field due to the emergence of several other major producers, notably Colombia, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, and, most recently, Vietnam, which overtook Colombia and became the second-largest producer in 1999 and reached 15% market share by 2011.

A recent change to the coffee market are lattes, Frappuccinos and other sugary coffee drinks. This has caused coffee houses to be able to use cheaper coffee beans in their coffee. The cheaper coffee beans are called Robusta and they contain more caffeine than expensive beans. This makes them more popular as well. The producers, however, receive less money for the production of cheaper beans, than they do for the production of higher quality beans. Since the producers get paid less, they are receiving a smaller income, which in turn hurts the economy of Latin America.

Asia
During the cultivation, brewed coffee was reserved exclusively for the priesthood and the medical profession; doctors would use the brew for patients experiencing a need for better digestion, and priests used it to stay alert during their long nights of studying for the church.

India

Coffee came to India well before the East India company, through an India Sufi saint named "Baba Budan". The first record of coffee growing in India is following the introduction of coffee beans from Yemen by Baba Budan to the hills of Chikmagalur, Karnataka, in 1670. Since then coffee plantations have become established in the region, extending south to Kodagu.

Coffee production in India is dominated in the hill tracts of South Indian states, with the state of Karnataka accounting 53% followed by Kerala 28% and Tamil Nadu 11% of production of 8,200 Tonnes. Indian coffee is said to be the finest coffee grown in the shade rather than direct sunlight anywhere in the world. There are approximately 250,000 coffee growers in India; 98% of them are small growers. As of 2009, the production of coffee in India was only 4.5% of the total production in the world. Almost 80% of the country's coffee production is exported. Of that which is exported, 70% is bound for Germany, Russian federation, Spain, Belgium, Slovenia, United States, Japan, Greece, Netherlands and France, and Italy accounts for 29% of the exports. Most of the export is shipped through the Suez Canal.

Coffee is grown in three regions of India with Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu forming the traditional coffee growing region of South India, followed by the new areas developed in the non-traditional areas of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa in the eastern coast of the country and with a third region comprising the states of Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh of Northeastern India, popularly known as "Seven Sister States of India".

Indian coffee, grown mostly in southern India under monsoon rainfall conditions, is also termed as "Indian monsooned coffee". Its flavour is defined as: "The best Indian coffee reaches the flavour characteristics of Pacific coffees, but at its worst it is simply bland and uninspiring". The two well-known species of coffee grown are the Arabica and Robusta. The first variety that was introduced in the Baba Budan Giri hill ranges of Karnataka in the 17th century was marketed over the years under the brand names of Kent and S.795. Coffee is served in a distinctive drip-style "filter coffee" across Southern India.

Chikmagalur
Coffee is the cornerstone of Chikmagalur's economy. Chikmagalur is the birthplace of coffee in India, where the seed was first sown about 350 years ago.
Coffee Board is the department located in Chikmagalur town that oversees the production and marketing of coffee cultivated in the district. Coffee is cultivated in Chikmagalur district in an area of around 85,465 hectares with Arabica being the dominant variety grown in upper hills and Robusta being the major variety in the low-level hills. There are around 15000 coffee growers in this district with 96% of them being small growers with holdings of less than or equal to 4 hectares. The average production is 55,000 MT: 35,000 MT of Arabica and 20,000 MT of Robusta. The average productivity per hectare is 810 kg for Arabica and 1110 kg of Robusta, which are higher than the national average. Arabica is a species of coffee that is also known as the "coffee shrub of Arabia", "mountain coffee" or "arabica coffee". Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated, being grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years. It is considered to produce better coffee than the other major commercially grown coffee species, Coffea canephora (Robusta). Arabica contains less caffeine than any other commercially cultivated species of coffee.
Robusta is a species of coffee which has its origins in western Africa. It is grown mostly in Africa and Brazil, where it is often called Conillon. It is also grown in Southeast Asia where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century. In recent years Vietnam, which only produces Robusta, has surpassed Brazil, India, and Indonesia to become the world's single largest exporter. Approximately one third of the coffee produced in the world is Robusta.

Japan

Coffee was introduced to Japan by the Dutch in the 17th century but remained a curiosity until the lifting of trade restrictions in 1858. The first European-style coffeehouse opened in Tokyo in 1888 and closed four years later. By the early 1930s there were over 30,000 coffeehouses across the country; availability in the wartime and immediate postwar period dropped to nearly zero, then rapidly increased as import barriers were removed. The introduction of freeze-dried instant coffee, canned coffee, and franchises such as Starbucks and Doutor Coffee in the late 20th century continued this trend, to the point that Japan is now one of the leading per capita coffee consumers in the world.

South Korea
Coffee's first notable Korean enthusiasts were 19th century emperors Sunjong and Gojong, who preferred to consume it after western-style banquets. By the 1980s instant coffee and canned coffee had become fairly popular, with a more minor tradition of independently owned coffeehouses in larger cities; toward the end of the century the growth of franchises such as Caffe Bene and Starbucks brought about a greater demand for European-style coffee.

Indonesia

Coffee was first introduced by the Dutch during colonization in the late 17th century. After several years coffee was planted on Indonesia Archipelago. Many coffee specialties are from the Indonesian Archipelago. The colloquial name for coffee, Java, comes from the time when most of Europe and America's coffee was grown in Java. Today Indonesia is one of the largest coffee producers in the world, mainly for export. However, coffee is enjoyed in various ways around the archipelago, for example, the traditional "kopi tubruk".

Philippines

The Philippines is one of the few countries that produces the four varieties of commercially viable coffee: Arabica, Liberica (Barako), Excelsa and Robusta. Climatic and soil conditions in the Philippines—from the lowland to mountain regions—make the country suitable for all four varieties.

In the Philippines, coffee has a history as rich as its flavor. The first coffee tree was introduced in Lipa, Batangas in 1740 by a Spanish Franciscan friar. From there, coffee growing spread to other parts of Batangas like Ibaan, Lemery, San Jose, Taal, and Tanauan. Batangas owed much of its wealth to the coffee plantations in these areas and Lipa eventually became the coffee capital of the Philippines.

By the 1860s, Batangas was exporting coffee to America through San Francisco. When the Suez Canal was opened, a new market started in Europe as well. Seeing the success of the Batangeños, Cavite followed suit by growing the first coffee seedlings in 1876 in Amadeo. In spite of this, Lipa still reigned as the center for coffee production in the Philippines and Batangas barako was commanding five times the price of other Asian coffee beans. In 1880, the Philippines was the fourth largest exporter of coffee beans, and when the coffee rust hit Brazil, Africa, and Java, it became the only source of coffee beans worldwide.

The glory days of the Philippine coffee industry lasted until 1889 when coffee rust hit the Philippine shores. That, coupled with an insect infestation, destroyed virtually all the coffee trees in Batangas. Since Batangas was a major producer of coffee, this greatly affected national coffee production. In two years, coffee production was reduced to 1/6th its original amount. By then, Brazil had regained its position as the world's leading producer of coffee. A few of the surviving coffee seedlings were transferred from Batangas to Cavite, where they flourished. This was not the end of the Philippines' coffee growing days, but there was less area allotted to coffee because many farmers had shifted to other crops.

During the 1950s, the Philippine government, with the help of the Americans, brought in a more resistant variety of coffee. It was also then that instant coffee was being produced commercially, thus increasing the demand for beans. Because of favorable market conditions, many farmers went back to growing coffee in the 1960s. But the sudden proliferation of coffee farms resulted in a surplus of beans around the world, and for a while importation of coffee was banned in order to protect local coffee producers. When Brazil was hit by a frost in the 1970s, world market coffee prices soared. The Philippines became a member of the International Coffee Organization (ICO) in 1980.

Vietnam

Vietnam is one of the world's main coffee exporters (according to 2005 statistics). Arabica is the first imported coffee variety to Vietnam since 1857. The first is the trial planting in the northern provinces such as Ha Nam, Phu Ly, then expanding to provinces like Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh. Then spread to the central provinces. Finally, coffee grows in the Central Highlands, and it is recognized that the Central Highlands is a good place to grow coffee.

In 1908, France imported two coffee varieties—Robusta and Liberica. After a while, the French colonialists found that coffee arabica was not effective, so it brought Congo coffee into the Central Highlands. Here, coffee trees grow very strongly. And the Central Highlands became the largest coffee growing area in the country, famous in the world, especially coffee "Buon Me Thuoc".

Coffee of Trung Nguyen is a No. 1 coffee brand in Vietnam and has exported to over 60 countries around the world. It was founded in 1996 Dang Le Nguyen Vu.

Production

The first step in Europeans' wresting the means of production was effected by Nicolaes Witsen, the enterprising burgomaster of Amsterdam and member of the governing board of the Dutch East India Company who urged Joan van Hoorn, the Dutch governor at Batavia that some coffee plants be obtained at the export port of Mocha in Yemen, the source of Europe's supply, and established in the Dutch East Indies; the project of raising many plants from the seeds of the first shipment met with such success that the Dutch East India Company was able to supply Europe's demand with "Java coffee" by 1719. Encouraged by their success, they soon had coffee plantations in Ceylon, Sumatra and other Sunda islands. Coffee trees were soon grown under glass at the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden, whence slips were generously extended to other botanical gardens. Dutch representatives at the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Utrecht presented their French counterparts with a coffee plant, which was grown on at the Jardin du Roi, predecessor of the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris.

The introduction of coffee to the Americas was effected by Captain Gabriel des Clieux, who obtained cuttings from the reluctant botanist Antoine de Jussieu, who was loath to disfigure the king's coffee tree. Clieux, when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage, shared his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman, perhaps an agent of the Provinces jealous of the Batavian trade. Clieux nurtured the plants on his arrival in the West Indies, and established them in Guadeloupe and Saint-Domingue in addition to Martinique, where a blight had struck the cacao plantations, which were replaced by coffee plantations in a space of three years, is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the first French coffee plantations were founded.

The first coffee plantation in Brazil occurred in 1727 when Lt. Col. Francisco de Melo Palheta smuggled seeds, still essentially from the germ plasm originally taken from Yemen to Batavia, from French Guiana. By the 1800s, Brazil's harvests would turn coffee from an elite indulgence to a drink for the masses. Brazil, which like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity, relied heavily on slave labor from Africa for the viability of the plantations until the abolition of slavery in 1888. The success of coffee in 17th-century Europe was paralleled with the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).

For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade. However, a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such as Venezuela, Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Indonesia and Vietnam, now second only to Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world. Large-scale production in Vietnam began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995. Nearly all of the coffee grown there is Robusta.

Despite the origins of coffee cultivation in Ethiopia, that country produced only a small amount for export until the twentieth century, and much of that not from the south of the country but from the environs of Harar in the northeast. The Kingdom of Kaffa, home of the plant, was estimated to produce between 50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s. Commercial production effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela. 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from Gambela in 1908, while in 1927–28 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port. Coffee plantations were also developed in Arsi Province at the same time and were eventually exported by means of the Addis Ababa – Djibouti Railway. While only 245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway, this amount jumped to 2,240,000 kilograms by 1922, surpassed exports of "Harari" coffee by 1925, and reached 9,260,000 kilograms in 1936.

Australia is a minor coffee producer, with little product for export, but its coffee history goes back to 1880 when the first of  began to be developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown. Today there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanical harvesting system invented in 1981.

See also

Anacafé
Economics of coffee
Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia
International Coffee Agreement
National Coffee Association
Specialty Coffee Association of America

References

Further reading

1949 Encyclopædia Britannica. Otis, McAllister & Co. 1954
Allen, Stewart Lee (1999). The Devil's Cup: Coffee, the Driving Force in History. Soho Press.
Birsel, Salâh. – Kahveler kitabı. – 1. baskı. – Istanbul : Koza Yayınları, 1975. – (Olaylar-belgeler-anılar; 8).
Burn, Jacob Henry, d. (1869). A descriptive catalogue of the London traders, tavern, and coffee-house toke. 2nd ed. London.
Chew, Samual C (1974). The Crescent and the Rose. Oxford University Press, New York.
Darby, M. (1983) The Islamic Perspective, An aspect of British Architecture and Design in the 19th century. Leighton House Gallery, London.
Davids, Kenneth (1991). Coffee.
De Crescenzo, Luciano (2008). Il caffè sospeso. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan.
Ellis, Aytoun (1956). The Penny Universities : A History of the Coffee-Houses. London: Secker & Warburg.
Galland, Antoine (1699) De l'origine et du progrez du café, Éd. originale J. Cavelier Paris, 1992– La Bibliothèque, coll. L'Écrivain Voyageur
Johannessen, Silje, and Harold Wilhite. "Who Really Benefits from Fairtrade? An Analysis of Value Distribution in Fairtrade Coffee." Globalizations 7, no. 4 (December 2010): 525–544.

 Liss, David. The Coffee Trader (2003). A well-researched historical novel about (among other things) the beginnings of the coffee business in 17th century Amsterdam. Includes extensive bibliography.
"Fairtrade is not fair," YouTube Video, 09:33, Why Fair Trade is Bad on December 01, 2009, posted by "Peter Griffiths," October 5, 2017.
McCreery, David. "Coffee and Indigenous Labor in Guatemala, 1871–1980." In The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 1500–1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. pp 192–208.

Topik, Steven C. "Coffee Anyone? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies." Hispanic American Historical Review 80, no. 2 (May 2000): 225–266. Humanities International Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 27, 2017).

 Withington, Phil. "Public and Private Pleasures." History Today (June 2020) 70#6 pp 16-18. covers London 1630 to 1800.
 Withington, Phil. "Where was the coffee in early modern England?." Journal of Modern History 92.1 (2020): 40–75.

External links
 A History of the World in 6 Glasses, by Tom Standage: a review by blaqswans.org
 Dorothee Wierling: Coffee during the World War I, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.

Coffee


text:
News • Technology
Samsung Galaxy S30 Could Feature Six Cameras
Jike Eric
When it comes to innovative designs and impressive technologies, Samsung is one of the few brands that you can trust for it. The giant tech company was the first to introduce the 108MP camera sensor. It was also the first to come up with the modern foldable smartphone designs. Now, a new patent reveals that Samsung is working on a new phone, Galaxy S30 and it'll feature six cameras. They'll include five wide-angle cameras and a telephoto camera, which will be able to tilt independently.
Samsung Galaxy S30 Will Come With Six Cameras
According to a 55-page patent, discovered by LetsGoDigital, Samsung Galaxy S30 will likely come with six cameras. Samsung applied for the patent, titled "Apparatus and method for operating multiple cameras for digital photography", in December 2019.
The six Galaxy S30 cameras will include five wide-angle cameras, with a focal length of 28mm, and a telephoto camera. They'll help to improve the quality of images for users. In addition to the array camera, there's also a LED Flash that's supplemented with it.
Also, the patent reveals that each of the cameras will be able to tilt independently, optimizing the camera for higher-quality images and a broader range of scenarios. The degree to which each camera tilts will depend on the mode the user is opting for.
Here's an illustration of how the camera will work together to give higher quality images. In case the user is opting for a panorama mode, the sensors to the right and the left can tilt towards the edges, while the camera sensors at the center can set to remain straight to capture an image. With multiple wide-angle camera setup, along with a moving sensor, Galaxy S30 users will be able to capture a panoramic image with the pano-bokeh effect.
The advantage of such setups is that multiple cameras will work hand in hand, to deliver an enhanced photography experience.
Credits: LetsGoDigital
Video Capturing And Zoom Feature
Furthermore, the patent also reveals that the camera technology can also help to produce wider videos, with a better focus range and image stabilization. Due to synchronization, the camera-module can help to capture time-synchronized image frames, which are vital especially during video recording with high frame rates.
The Zoom camera can work together with a wide-angle camera to deliver higher-quality images. The patent further refers to the feature as a pop-out mechanism. That'll be capable of adjusting the camera's focal length to deliver better zoom images. Since the camera technology can consume enough energy, only the cameras in use are started up.
TagsGalaxy S30 Samsung
6G release date, features and news
Samsung Galaxy S21 release date, price and specs
Samsung Galaxy Android 11 One UI 3.0 Update Tracker
Jike Eric has completed his degree program in Chemical Engineering. Jike covers general news items, technology articles, and e-learning content. - Email: jikeeric@insiderpaper.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


WOAH. WOAHWOAHWOAH gEt An AcCoUnT nOW.
PLEAS GET AN ACCOUNT LIKE NOW!
Dis person needs to be found!!!
I could watch this allllll day!
WOAH!! HOW LONG THIS TAKE!!
Wow! It's so smooth! Really cool.
THIS DESERVES SO MUCH LIKES!!!!!
;o make an account NOW!!
WOW! this deserves 1000000000 likes!
I know this is choppy, but wow this looks like a lot of work and it looks so cool!!
Holy ... and it's colored too!


Deuteronomy 8:6 "So obey the commands of the LORD your God by walking in his ways and fearing him. So it's paramount that you keep the commandments of GOD, your God, walk down the roads he shows you and reverently respect him. GOD is about to bring you into a good land, a land with brooks and river Therefore, you shall keep the commandments of the LORD your God, to walk in His ways and to fear Him. Therefore thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to fear him. Obey the commands of the LORD your God, living as he has commanded you and respecting him. And thou shalt keep the commandments of Jehovah thy God, to walk in his ways, and to fear him. Observe the commands of the LORD your God, walking in obedience to him and revering him. Therefore, you shall keep the commandments of the LORD your God, to walk [that is, to live each and every day] in His ways and fear [and worship] Him [with awe-filled reverence and profound respect]. So you shall keep the commandments of the LORD your God by walking in his ways and by fearing him.
"So obey the commands of the LORD your God by walking in his ways and fearing him.
So it's paramount that you keep the commandments of GOD, your God, walk down the roads he shows you and reverently respect him. GOD is about to bring you into a good land, a land with brooks and rivers, springs and lakes, streams out of the hills and through the valleys. It's a land of wheat and barley, of vines and figs and pomegranates, of olives, oil, and honey. It's land where you'll never go hungry—always food on the table and a roof over your head. It's a land where you'll get iron out of rocks and mine copper from the hills.
Therefore, you shall keep the commandments of the LORD your God, to walk in His ways and to fear Him.
Obey the commands of the LORD your God, living as he has commanded you and respecting him.
Observe the commands of the LORD your God, walking in obedience to him and revering him.
Therefore, you shall keep the commandments of the LORD your God, to walk [that is, to live each and every day] in His ways and fear [and worship] Him [with awe-filled reverence and profound respect].
So you shall keep the commandments of the LORD your God by walking in his ways and by fearing him.


text:
Progress Against Sarcoma
April 9, 2007 — University of Utah geneticists have engineered mice that can develop synovial sarcoma – a significant early step toward developing new treatments for the aggressive, deadly cancer that most often kills teenagers and young adults.
The genetically engineered, cancer-stricken mice were used to determine that synovial sarcoma develops in muscle cell precursors known as myoblasts, the researchers report in the April issue of the journal Cancer Cell, which features the study on its cover.
The cancer once was thought to arise in synovium, the membrane lining joints like the knee and elbow. That idea fell from favor in recent years, and until now, scientists have not known in which cells the cancer originated.
"The only way to develop a therapy that is specific for this cancer is to understand how it works, and the mouse gives you that possibility," says the study's leader, Mario R. Capecchi, professor and co-chair of human genetics at the University of Utah School of Medicine and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
But as is the case with many basic research advances, Capecchi says a treatment for synovial sarcoma based on the new finding remains at least a decade away. Nevertheless, there also is a wider promise.
"First you can design and evaluate new treatments for this specific cancer and, second, you can design therapy for sarcomas in general" because they share many common features with synovial sarcoma, says the study's first author, Malay Haldar, a human genetics graduate student who works in Capecchi's laboratory.
Other authors of the University of Utah study are oncologist Stephen L. Lessnick, an assistant professor of pediatrics; Jeffrey D. Hancock, a fellow in pediatric hematology-oncology; and physician Cheryl Coffin, professor and head of pediatric pathology.
Broken and Fused Genes Trigger Synovial Sarcoma
Soft-tissue sarcomas are a group of cancers that develop in any part of the body in soft tissues like fat, nerve, muscle, deep skin tissue, blood vessels or fibrous tissues around joints. They are different than osteosarcomas, which grow in bone.
Soft-tissue sarcomas "predominantly hit a young population and they are very aggressive," Capecchi says. "Current therapies aren't very effective."
Synovial sarcoma accounts for 7 percent to 10 percent of soft-tissue sarcomas, and usually develops in the arms or legs, particularly near the knees or ankles but also near the hips or shoulders. It also can occur on the torso or neck. It often metastasizes, spreading to the lungs, lymph nodes and bone marrow.
Even though it most often strikes young adults and adolescents, the most famous synovial sarcoma patient probably was actor Robert Ulrich – star of such TV shows as "Spenser for Hire," "Vega$" and "Soap" – who died of the cancer at age 55 in 2004.
Haldar says there are about 900 new cases of synovial sarcoma each year in the United States. Five-year survival rates vary wildly in different reports, but as few as 25 percent of patients survive five years. Many synovial sarcomas already have spread by the time they are diagnosed, and about 80 percent of those patients die, Capecchi says.
Surgery is the most common treatment to remove a synovial sarcoma that has not spread; chemotherapy and radiation are considered less successful.
All synovial sarcomas (but not other sarcomas) contain what is known as a SYT-SSX fusion gene, a mutant gene created by "translocation," which occurs when two chromosomes break due to sunlight, oxygen radical chemicals or other causes of DNA damage. Part of one chromosome combines with part of the other.
In synovial sarcoma, the SYT gene on chromosome 18 breaks and part of it combines with part of a broken SSX gene from the X chromosome, either SSX1 or SSX2. The SYT-SSX1 fusion gene results in synovial sarcoma that progresses more quickly and is deadlier, but the study involved SYT-SSX2 because that gene was the first Haldar was able to extract from a human tumor, which was difficult to obtain.
SYT normally activates other genes, while SSX normally turns off other genes. Capecchi says the fusion gene's precise role in causing synovial sarcoma is unknown.
A Mouse with Human Cancer
To learn where synovial sarcoma originates, Capecchi, Haldar and colleagues genetically engineered mice so that the researchers could activate the SYT-SSX2 fusion gene in various muscle cells or their precursors. They suspected some sort of muscle cell or precursor cell was where synovial sarcoma originates because "these tumors arise near joints, and the other thing you have near joints is muscle," Capecchi says.
The researchers used an enzyme named Cre to activate the human cancer-causing SYT-SSX2 fusion gene in the precursor and muscle cells. Cre "is a switch that allows us to turn the fusion gene on and off when and where we want it," says Capecchi.
In less mature muscle cell precursors, the SYT-SSX2 gene disrupted normal development of mouse embryos, and they died, but there was no cancer.
When the cancer gene was activated in mature muscle cells, cancer did not appear, but there was myopathy or muscle damage. Capecchi says that may spur research to learn if SYT-SSX genes play a role in any of the numerous forms of myopathy.
The researchers discovered that when the SYT-SSX2 fusion gene was expressed or activated in myoblasts, the cells became cancerous 100 percent of the time. Myoblasts are not stem cells, which can become any kind of tissue, but are precursor cells that are committed to becoming muscle cells.
"What's surprising here is that the fusion gene itself is sufficient to start the cancer process so that every mouse gets the cancer," Capecchi says.
The study also indicated that myoblasts become cancerous with help from some favorable, yet-unidentified factor in nearby joint cartilage.
Based on the findings, Capecchi believes myoblasts are the likely source of synovial sarcoma in humans. "Usually what we learn in mice is applicable to humans, but we have to prove it," although such experiments could not be conducted ethically in people, he says.
Nevertheless, the tumors in mice with the SYT-SSX fusion gene "strongly resemble human synovial sarcoma" in appearance, tumor architecture and proteins produced by genes in the cancer cells, Capecchi says.
"They look the same and they also are expressing the same set of genes. It says the human tumor and the mouse tumor are similar." Capecchi says that is why mice with synovial sarcoma can serve as a model for humans when testing possible new treatments.
Chromosome translocations probably create fusion genes quite often, but if the SYT-SSX fusion gene forms too early or too late in muscle cell development, cancer does not develop. "You have to hit the right place in the right time to get the tumor," Capecchi says.
The new study shows the SYT-SSX fusion gene is needed to initiate synovial sarcoma. Capecchi says he plans to study whether the gene must continue working for the tumor to keep growing and eventually spread. If that proves true, the SYT-SSX gene itself would be a target for possible new drugs to treat synovial sarcoma.
But other genes that are overactive in synovial sarcoma tumors were identified in the new study, and they also may be potential targets for anticancer medicines, he adds.


I have been jonesing for a replacement for Warlords 2 for a long, long time. Ilwinter Design's game Dominions 3: The Awakening comes tantalizingly close to being that replacement. Today, I want to take a look at the game — available for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux — and talk about its high and low points.
I had tried the demo for its predecessor last year, and been impressed. There were a lot of rough edges, it's true, particularly around the user interface, but it was an ambitious game with strategic depth.
On the surface, one could be forgiven for thinking of Dominions 3 as being yet another Risk-like game. It has a map, and the map is segmented into territories, and territories generate resources which can be used to buy armies or units. That's where the similarities end. Dominions bears as much resemblence to Risk as Capture The Flag With Stuff bears to Tag.
The conceit of the game is that your nation is led by a Pretender God whose goal is to ascend to the seat of heaven. In order to do this, you must spread your influence, or Dominion, over all the territories in the world. When you have more influence in a given territory than any other Pretender God, it is said to be under your dominion.
Dominion spreads outward in a radius, in varying strengths, from several sources. Your Pretender God radiates Dominion, as do his or her (or its) priests and temples. Since opposing units and temples interfere with your Dominion, you must conquer their territories, rout their armies, pillage their women, sexually assault their cattle, and generally act in a way completely consistent with the history of many monotheistic religions, which is to say "with overwhelming brutality."
Armies are purchased with both money and "resources." Money builds up in the treasury and can be saved from turn to turn; resources are use-them-or-lose-them. Both resources and money are multiplied by and collect in fortresses, at the cost of draining the surrounding regions of both.
When opposing armies meet, the battle is resolved automatically, by the computer. You'll receive a report telling you who won and how many units were killed, and be given an option to watch a replay of the battle. Choosing to do this takes you to an animation of your two armies clashing, demonstrating exactly who killed who and with what weapon or spell. Large battles are quite impressive to watch. The immediate goal of a battle is not to kill every unit, but to force all of the opposing armies to rout. One does this by either inflicting heavy enough losses, or by killing their commanders.
Spellcasting is a major part of the game, and can influence battles greatly, especially since many of the spells in the game improve the skills of your soldiers, or degrade those of the enemy's. In order to cast a spell, you must first research it. Since most of the units that are powerful spellcasters are also the best researchers, and since you can only research spells in certain locations, this creates a challenging tension where some of your best units will be far away from the front lines, hunched over books, studying instead of fighting. Now that's my kind of job.
Your control over units in battle is oblique and subtle. Once a battle begins, you have no input whatsoever. Armies can only move from one location to another when grouped with a commander. You can (and must) group units into cohorts that act as a single unit. You position these groups relative to one another, and then give each cohort (or commander) a set of standing orders that they will try to follow to the best of their abilities: "fire arrows at the closest enemies", "fire arrows at the rearmost enemies," "stay in the back and cast spells," "advance up the side of the battlefield and try to flank the enemy." If you give no orders, the cohort will simply try to figure out what it should be doing.
This conundrum, in one form or another, forms the core of the strategic challenge of Dominions. Your armies are recruited in a multitude of territories, and by and large the challenge isn't "recruit enough troops to win battles" but "get those troops to the right place so they can win battles." In my first few games, I found myself sweeping up large swaths of territory. Then, without any effective recruitment and deployment strategy, the game ground to a halt as the computer players and I swapped ownership of some central territory every turn. Winning the game isn't so much a matter of conquering territory, but of conquering territory that you can defend while still being able to attack the opponents' weak spots. This gives it a strategic depth that is missing in many games.
All is not wine and roses. While more polished than its predecessors, Dominions 3 is still somewhat roughly-hewn. The graphics assets are fairly primitive, though this is a forgivable sin in a turn-based strategy game. The user interface, while not actively awful, is merely "just good enough." This affects gameplay somewhat because one's territories and armies quickly multiply to the point where you simply can't keep track of them. I would desperately have loved to have some facility equivalent to the "vectoring" of armies in Warlords 2. Instead, at some point on the larger maps the number of balls in the air becomes too great to manage. My solution to that is to shut down my higher brain functions and leave some potentially useful army halfway across the world, forgotten. I'm sure there are ways of dealing with this problem, but the game doesn't make them obvious.
On the plus side is the nearly obsessive-compulsive level of detail that has gone into the game world, the spellbook, and the game balance. There are 50 playable nations, over 1500 units, 600 magic spells, and 300 magic items, all of which have detailed descriptions and a real sense of character. The music is melodic and arabesque, and is enjoyable on its own terms.
And there's one detail that maybe doesn't matter to a lot of people, but that I think is a very nice touch. The game comes with a 300 page printed manual. So a tip of the hat to Ilwinter and Shrapnel for not making me fire up a PDF reader to find out how to play their game.
The game supports both hotseat play and play by email, but I don't have any friends other than psu, and he won't play any game that requires him to hit anything other than the "x" button on his gamepad. So I'll leave the multiplayer part of the review to someone else.
Dominions 3 is a traditional strategy gamer's game. The casual gamer, or the gamer who prefers a purer and more streamlined game, will likely find it too baroque and involved to enjoy. In many ways, it is the very antithesis, philosophically, of Advance Wars, a game I've lauded for combining ruthlessly crisp strategic and logistical considerations with a drop-dead simple user interface. How, then, can I explain the fact that I like Dominions in spite of the 1500 units, and the 600 magic spells, and the detailed setup required for combat preparedness? The answer, I think, lies in vision. Most games that are too big feel like they are designed by committee. Dominions 3 on the other hands, feels like a story grabbed hold of its two Swedish developers, and just wouldn't let go. Yes, it's too big. Yes, it's a bit unwieldy. Yes, I wish they would license the battle visualization engine from the guys who made Legion Arena. But there's something authentic about the game. The designers made the game that they really, really wanted to play. And that is somehow infectious.
Dominions 3 is available for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux for $54.95. Free demos for all three platforms are available from the publisher's website.
Diclosure statement: The publisher of Dominions 3, Shrapnel Games, graciously provided a copy of the game for review.
Nothing else has been, yet.
Decent review, Peter, and it covers many of my minor complaints with Dominions 3 - though I still need to spend a lot more time with it than I have. I find it much more user friendly that its predecessor, but still makes only minor concessions to newbies. The manual goes a long way, here, especially the intro strategy section.
Is it as good as Rome: Total War, Andy? It requires a lot more thought about how you will handle unexpected situations than Rome does, but it's a lot harder to get attached to your expendable hordes when you are a god. Plus, magic ain't my bag.


text:
Roland GP609
Ordered before 6 p.m., shipped tomorrow
This item is in stock with us and can therefore be delivered quickly. Acoustic pianos are always tuned and polished before delivery. Digital pianos and accessories are shipped the next working day. Delivery usually takes place within 2-3 business days.
The Roland GP609 is an uncompromising grand piano.
It lets you play like a traditional grand piano, the sound of which has been an essential part of music for over 300 years. But it also allows you to explore endless possibilities of creation thanks to its latest digital technologies.
Since the design of the first touch-sensitive electronic piano in 1974, Roland has become a leader in digital piano innovations. And the Roland GP609 once again makes tangible our belief in technology and the know-how to develop your musicality.
PHA-50
Ivory/ebony Feel
Free bench
The Grand Piano That Fuses Tech with Tradition.
The Roland GP609 is a grand piano without compromise. You can experience the performance of a traditional acoustic grand, whose sound has been at the heart of music for over 300 years. And you also get to explore the endless creative possibilities offered by the latest digital technology. Since creating the world's first touch-sensitive electronic piano in 1974, Roland has become a leader in digital piano innovation – and the new Roland GP609 embodies our belief that advanced technology and know-how can take your music further.
The Best of Acoustic Tradition. The Height of Modern Tech.
If you need convincing that technology and tradition can coexist, take a seat at the Roland GP609 Digital Grand. This luxurious instrument offers every type of player a sublime grand piano experience, fusing advanced technology and authentic playing feel with classic grand piano cabinet design. Be inspired by an instrument that combines the latest sound engine with a brand-new keyboard mechanism, enhanced multi-channel speaker system and a variety of digital advantages – along with stunning sounds that will spark great performances for years to come.
SuperNATURAL Modeling for Performance That Feels Real.
If you've played acoustic pianos for years, you might conclude that nothing can recreate that evocative tone and feel. Press a key on the Roland GP609 and reconsider. This latest digital instrument features Roland's acclaimed SuperNATURAL Piano Modeling, replicating the entire sound creation process of an acoustic piano, for a rich, complex tone. You'll be inspired by a unique keyboard that blends wood and molded materials for great feel and durability, while even the most demanding players using advanced techniques will be satisfied by the expressive the progressive damper action pedal.
Luxurious Appearance and Authentic Grand Piano Feel.
Although packed with advanced technology, the Roland GP609 is reassuringly traditional when it comes to style. Combining classic lines with a space-saving compact grand piano cabinet, there are two premium finishes available; polished ebony, and polished white.
Room-Filling Tone from Specially-Designed Speakers.
One of the joys of a traditional acoustic grand is the commanding natural tone and projection. The revelation is that the Roland GP609 achieves the same head-turning effect, thanks to a built-in sound system whose specially designed multi-channel audio technology delivers an immersive spatial sound that appears to come from the very heart of the instrument. Whether you're playing at home – or in larger venues from restaurants to hotel lounges – you can rely on a powerful, expressive and controllable sound that fills any space.
Expand Your Creative Range.
People often play piano along with their favorite songs stored on their smartphone. With built-in Bluetooth® wireless support, the Roland GP609 goes even further by streaming your music through the piano's powerful internal speakers for an inspiring and immersive experience. Installing Roland's free Piano Partner 2 app on your tablet lets you learn and enjoy playing piano, without any wires - thanks to Bluetooth technology.
Commercial Use.
The grand piano is a refined and majestic instrument with a powerful and expressive tonal character. Its graceful appearance brings an air of classic elegance to any interior – whether at home or at a venue. And yet, although undeniably beautiful, owning an acoustic grand piano is not without challenges. Consider regular tuning and keyboard maintenance costs, as well as the considerable weight which makes it difficult to move around. The Roland GP609 avoids these issues thanks to a variety of digital advantages that make it easy to enjoy a grand piano at a venue – or at home – without the cost or hassle.
Yamaha Avant Grand N3X Black polished
Yamaha Clavinova CVP-809GP PE Black polished
Doutreligne Crapaud II PE


text:
D8viewer focus only on mouseover
biggus July 20, 2021, 11:14am #1
I just (down)upgraded to W10 and Opus v12.24
Now, using d8viewer, when I use the wheel to scroll to the next image (one with a lower res, thus smaller window size), and the window resizes so the mouse is no longer over it, Opus semi loses focus and the wheel does nothing. Space will take me to the next image, so the viewer does actually have the focus, but the wheel won't, unless I mouse over the image, (no clicking needed, just hover) and the window will now scroll to the next image as expected.
So what's changed, is this a W10 thing, or a bug in 12.24, or a setting that I missed? Or some issue with my mouse even? It definitely doesn't happen in W7.
Is there a way to make this not happen?
Jon July 20, 2021, 11:23am #2
Turn this off:
thanks Jon, that was it.
I do have an excuse though, and man, the programmers of 10 sure need one. I knew about the setting in Ease of access, and was about to say, I have it off.
So part of this GUI nightmare says it is off, and the other part says it is on. Nice work guys.
Leo July 20, 2021, 4:08pm #4
<rant>
One problem: Turning off that option in Windows breaks the Start Menu. If you click the Start button and then try to scroll the Start Menu with the mouse, nothing happens, because the Start Menu doesn't take focus (which also causes other problems I won't go into). For the mouse wheel to do anything with the option off, you have to click the Start Menu after opening it. It has been this way since Windows 10 shipped many years ago, because today's Microsoft are utterly incompetent.
I dislike the change (it makes it even harder to know which application has focus, on top of all the other window-focus-indicator issues in Windows 10 and modern web browsers), but I disliked the Start Menu not working even more, so I got used to it and moving the mouse over the window I wanted the wheel to affect.
Another thing to watch out for, if the option is on, is that using the mousewheel when the pointer happens to be over a combobox control will change the option in the combo (without it opening or anything more conspicuous than the text in it changing, so it's easy to not notice it) in a lot of software. (The ones in Opus tend to be protected against this, but I'm sure we've missed a few, and other software doesn't generally protect against it at all.)
The option itself isn't a bad idea, but making it the default with an OS which had functioned differently for decades, on top of how hard it is now to see which window is active at times (where "the mousewheel is scrolling it, so that means it's active" had sadly become an important indicator as to which app had focus due to things like window borders becoming unreliable as quick focus indicators), and then breaking and not testing even essential parts of the OS with the option toggled to the non-default setting... it's a bit of a joke.
</rant>
biggus July 20, 2021, 4:41pm #5
ah, yes, I see. Well, the start menu thing is moot in my case, because I am using Open Shell to give me a W7 start menu. I did notice combo boxes doing stuff they shouldn't have been doing, but I put that down to my incompetence. At least now I know, so if it causes too much grief, I know where to go.
What I truly cannot fathom here though, is how you can have two totally different places, with the same option, that appear to be at odds with each other. It is as if when the MS incompetent team added the W10 bits, they forgot about some of the existing W7 bits that they were supposed to be replacing.
I managed to totally break W10 within an hour of installing it. I changed the default txt app to metapad, and that was fine, until I realised I made a typo in the dir name I had metapad it. I renamed the dir and went to re-associate the txt extension, and bam, lock up city. I had to manually edit the registry to remove all references to the dir that no longer existed. Talk about fragile!
I don't blame you for ranting, it must be unbelievably frustrating to see just how bad this OS is.
Thanks for the warnings
Jon July 20, 2021, 8:45pm #6
They aren't really the same option. One only affects the mouse wheel, and it directs wheel events to a different window without making it active. The other one makes the window under the mouse active if you hover over it for a period.
biggus July 21, 2021, 3:59am #7
ah, I see. I just wish MS did too
Thanks Jon.


DULUTH, Ga. - The LSU Tigers are set to take on Georgia in a top-10 showdown between the hedges.
For most, it will be a stadium they've never been to, except Zach Mettenberger, who grew up around the program and even spent part of his freshman year at the university.
Sports 2 will have continuing coverage throughout the weekend from Georgia before and after the game.
Sports Director Michael Cauble reports from the LSU team hotel on how Mettenberger is handling his homecoming.


text:
Sleek, Stylish Soundbar From Zebronics Launched At Rs. 1616/-
Glossy, wall mountable with Built in FM radio and Bluetooth
Published October 14, 2016 Comments 0
Zebronics India Pvt. Ltd., a brand famously known for IT Peripherals, Audio/Video and Consumer electronic products, announces the launch of a new age Soundbar. Dubbed as Wonderbar, the Soundbar is sleek and stunning, with a right mix of aesthetic and serious looks.
The Wonderbar gives the punch and feel which the audiophiles yearn for during their movie watching or music listening sessions. Powered with two speaker drives, each with a size of 5.08 cm and delivering total 10W output power, it promises clear vocal features. "In keeping with the demand for Soundbars that can enrich the listening experience of enthusiasts, we have launched Wonderbar," said Mr. Pradeep Doshi, Director, Zebronics, adding that the product will become another feather in the cap of its long list of audio products.
The amalgamation of convenience and good audio makes the Wonderbar a great option. The easy-to-use, easy-to-setup soundbar is wall-mountable and comes with a remote control, making it handy for the enthusiasts to control everything from a distance. Built-in FM Radio and a headphone port can keep the music lovers enthralled for long hours. The FM's frequency scan range is between 87.5 MHz and 108 MHz and a storage memory of 35 channels.
The Bluetooth option, with a connectivity range of 8 meters, allows to stream music from Smartphone, tablet or TV. It also boasts of AUX, allowing to hook it up to devices like TV, DVD Player and computer.
Music, movies or games – the soundbar satisfies the demanding young audiophiles who expect a sharper sound. The surprisingly clear sound, even at higher volumes makes, makes it an alternative to the unimpressive inbuilt TV speakers.
The product is available in leading retail and online stores. It also comes with a 1-year warranty from Zebronics. The speaker is priced at Rs 1616/-
Category News Views 3085
Ipswitch MOVEit® 2017 Offers New Levels Of Compliance Support In Secure Managed File Transfer
Ringo's Internet Telephony Awaiting Interconnection From Telcos
OT-Morpho Demonstrates How eSIM Will Transform the Connectivity Experience of Business Travelers on Laptops Equipped with Microsoft Windows 10
Sony Introduces Xperia XZs With World's First Motion Eye Camera
Lendingkart Group Featured As The Only Indian Digital Lending Company In The KPMG And H2 Ventures 'FINTECH 100' Global Report
Snapdeal sets up Women's Day Store
Visa Champions Female Entrepreneurs in 2019
HCL Technologies Honors Humanitarian Leaders at the 2019 World Economic Forum in Davos


"I am happy with the time. I am getting faster in each event. It was very nice to compete here in Beijing. The crowd is always great in China and I feel the love in the Water Cube. I swam a good time in 200m breaststroke this morning, but in the evening it was just for training because I had a good time in the 200m fly. I arrived in Beijing two days ago and I still have jag-let, but I enjoy racing and travelling," said Hosszu.
Morozov dominated the men's 100m IM in 50.84 and the 50m freestyle 20.97.
"Two races, two golds. Can't be any better than that. I try to be faster in the 100 IM but today's time is OK. I will try my best in Tokyo and Singapore. It is pretty tough to fight against the time difference. I feel a little bit headachy, but I am an experienced swimmer so I can handle it. Since the competition lasts for three days instead of two days in the past, we can have more time to rest and better results. We can break more World Records," said the Russian veteran.
Xu Jiayu, 100m backstroke World champion in Budapest, clocked 1:49.08 in the men's 200m backstroke, beating Australian Mitchell Larkin 1:50.72.
"It is my personal best and I think I might break the national record set by myself. But I forget what was my record. I think I can be better in the next two legs of the cluster," Xu said.
16-year-old Li Bingjie won the women's 400m freestyle in 3:59.20 and Ji Xinjie snatched the title in the men's 400m freestyle in3:40.82. Li Zhuhao gave the host team its fourth gold in the men's 100m butterfly 50.74.
Ranomi Kromowidjojo from the Netherlands denied Sarah Sjostrom of Sweden in the women's 50m freestyle by winning in 23.48. Sjostrom had to concede for a silver (23.54). She was also second in the 100m IM 57.71.
In other events, Kira Toussaint from the Netherlands took victory in the women's 50m backstroke (26.21), beating former World champion Fu Yuanhui (26.33) and Emily Seebohm of Australia (26.39). Liu Xiang, who just broke the long course World record at Jakarta Asian Games, came fourth in 26.49.
"I made a mistake by missing one stroke before the turn that made my result very slow. I was not good at turns in short course," Liu said.
Yuliya Efimova of Russia was the fastest in women's 200m breaststroke (2:16.98) and her teammate Kirill Prigoda won the men's 100m breaststroke in 56.61. A record-high 244 swimmers compete in Beijing which is the first leg of the last cluster of the FINA Swimming World Cup 2018. The event will stop in Tokyo and end in Singapore.


text:
Tibetan Wisdom For The West with Robert Thurman, Ph.D.
Robert Thurman
More than 1.3 million Tibetans have lost their lives and over 6000 monasteries have been destroyed since the Chinese invasion in 1959. One of the positive legacies of this tragic story is the release of the Tibetan Buddhist spiritual wisdom, hidden for thousands of years deep in the Himalayas. Robert Thurman believes this legacy is meant for you and me, here and now, as we struggle with the unhappiness and lack of meaning inherent in a materialistic society. He envisions the possibility of a "tremendous worldwide renaissance" if "enough of us can take the hint of the emergency nature of our present world system and the unviability of the material, industrial machinery." (hosted by Michael Toms)
Thurman is chair of the Department of Religion at Columbia University, and president of the Tibet House in New York, a cultural and educational institution which he co-founded with actor Richard Gere.
He is the author of several books on Tibet including:
Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet (Abrams 1996)
The Central Philosophy of Tibet (Princeton University Press 1991)
Essential Tibetan Buddhism (HarperCollins 1996)
The Jewel Tree of Tibet: The Enlightenment Engine of Tibetan Buddhism (Free Press 2005)
What is the history of Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism
What Buddhism offers us in today's world
What are the distinctions between Buddhism and other religions
What are the different levels of Buddhism
Why are karma, emptiness, compassion, death and rebirth important


text:
Lawmakers rally to cause of Marine jailed for Afghan criticisms
September 30, 2021 admin 0 Comments lawmakers rally, lawmakers rally calendar, lawmakers rally dakar, lawmakers rally dates, lawmakers rally game, lawmakers rally land, lawmakers rally nyíregyháza, lawmakers rally schedule, lawmakers rally sturgis
A growing number of conservative lawmakers on Capitol Hill are rallying to the cause of a Marine lieutenant colonel jailed this week for his outspoken and repeated criticism of his superiors and what he said was their failure to take responsibility for the mishandling of the disorganized final days of the U.S. war in Afghanistan.
Lt. Col. Stuart Scheller lost his job as commander of the progressive Infantry Training Battalion at North Carolina's Camp Lejeune after posting a video demanding accountability from top military leaders following the August 26 suicide bombing at Hamid Karzai International Airport in Afghanistan that killed 13 U.S. service members and more than 160 Afghan citizens. He followed that up with several more basic videos posted online and already wrote about the gag order his superiors had issued demanding he stop.
This week he was moved to the brig at Camp Lejeune, N.C. because the Marine Corps considers him a flight risk and believes China could use as propaganda his videos demanding accountability from Pentagon leaders over their handling of Afghanistan, according to someone familiar with the case against the Marine officer.
Lt. Col. Scheller's father in an interview with The Washington Times called his son's jailing "disgusting," and now at the minimum three dozen lawmakers, led by Texas Republican Rep. Louis Gohmert, have written to Marine Corps Commandant Gen. David H. Berger and the service's top legal officer questioning the treatment of the lieutenant colonel. The clash comes amid rising criticisms of the Pentagon brass by some lawmakers that political conservatives in the ranks are being unfairly targeted since President Biden took office.
"This confinement appears to be simply for messaging, retribution and convenience" in violation of military legal statutes, the Hill letter read in part, urging Gen. Berger to move the lieutenant colonel to "the least restrictive form of housing" as his case is heard. The letter openly questions the Corps's stated rationale that Lt. Col Scheller was incarcerated because he was a "flight risk."
In a statement released to The Times, Marine Corps officials confirmed Lt. Col. Scheller is being held pending an Article 32 preliminary hearing — similar to a pre-trial hearing in a civilian courtroom. possible charges under the Uniform Code of Military Justice being considered in the case include contempt toward officials; failure to obey lawful general orders and conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman.
"The allegations against Lt. Col. Scheller are merely accusations. He is presumed innocent until proven guilty," Marine Corps officials said in a statement.
White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki, asked about the case at her daily news briefing, declined to weigh in after it was noted President Biden praised active-duty military officers who went public with concerns about President Trump's handling of a Ukraine arms deal.
"I don't have all the details on these circumstances. I understand that's going to be frustrating to you, but we will work to get you an answer on it," Ms. Psaki said.
← Beijing's top man in Hong Kong visits 'cage home' and medical service …
Canada set to pay billions to native children removed from their f… →
US Special Envoy for Yemen Tim Lenderking says the solution to the war…
The Witcher: Who is Anya Chalotra, and what roles does she have coming…
2021 progress review: A year's worth of high notes