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How the euro came into existence
Levi SteinbergAugust 25, 2020
Shutterstock.com/ isak55
The euro is something that we don't often give enough consideration to today. While we are happy to use the euro across many countries of Europe we fail to recognize what an incredible achievement it was to create a single currency across so many different nations. Let's take a closer look at how the euro came into existence.
To understand how the euro came to be, we need to go all the way back to 1957. In this year, the Treaty of Rome was signed which set the objective of creating a common market across all of Europe. This was the first time the idea of a common market came into play for Europe. The treaty suggested that a common market would deliver greater economic prosperity for all of those involved and create greater unity among the countries of Europe. When you consider that people in 1957 still had the memories of world war two fresh in their minds, anything that brought countries that were used to quarreling, closer together, was seen a great idea.
At that time though there was no mention of altering monetary union and the single currency idea was still decades away. Back then the idea was more to allow people to pass freely between countries. However, once this began the key obstacle found was the differing currencies.
In 1970 the Werner Report was released which was the first to consider a monetary union however as the monetary system was so turbulent at that time it was not possible to bring the euro into place. It was in 1989 in the Delors Report where the idea became a plan. A three staged plan was laid out that sought to introduce a single currency and a central bank of Europe. This was locked in place in 1992 with the Maastricht treaty. This treaty laid out the requirements to be part of the single monetary union.
In 1995 15 countries agreed to join the single currency union. Certain policy agreements had to be made, for example any country wishing to enter had to record a budget that did not have a deficit greater than 3%. This was done to ensure some level of economic stability for the new currency.
In 1999 the euro came to existence. For the first three years, it was an invisible currency. This meant that there was no physical note or coin but that it could be used for accounting purposes and electronic payments. On January 1st, 2002, notes and coins were introduced across each eurozone country. Each coin was identical on one side while on the other a symbol was chosen to show what country the coin originated in. However, the coin (and note) could now be used in any eurozone nation.
Since its inception, many other nations have joined the European Union and the eurozone. Today 19 European countries use the euro as their official currency. Whether it has been a success or failure depends on who you talk to. The fact that the euro is still in place now, twenty years later, shows that it is a success. The fact that it survived the global economic crisis during that time is further testament to its success. However, it has had some serious flaws and many would argue that the global crisis would not have been as strong if the euro did not exist.
The flaw of the euro comes down to the fact that is a currency shared by countries that share little else. The economic, legal, and cultural disparity between many of these nations means that a single currency often causes more issues than it solves.
Having a single currency allows for ease of transaction and ease of movement, however, it is a stranglehold on a country's economic and monetary policy. During the financial crisis, Ireland was undergoing a housing boom and needed tightening monetary policy to slow down spending. At the same time, the German economy needed cash injections. The two countries needed different monetary policy and the policy chosen suited the Germans, the crisis that faced Ireland grew larger as a result.
Clearly, the euro has many positives but it is not a perfect system. Despite this it is a very difficult system to leave and if any country did leave the euro it would likely face economic recession as a result. For this reason, we have many more years of the euro on the horizon.
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Moneyscapes – Categories
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A–L

To find entries for A–L, use the table of contents above.

M

 Ma – Yu Chuan Ma (born 1916)
 Maack – Richard Karlovich Maack (1825–1886)
 Maas – Paul Maas (born 1939)
 Maas Geest. – Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus (1911–2003)
 M.A.Baker – Marc A. Baker (born 1952)
 Mabb. – David Mabberley (born 1948)
 Mabry – Tom J. Mabry (1932–2015)
 MacDan. – Laurence Howland MacDaniels (1888–1986)
MacDougal – Daniel Trembly MacDougal (1865–1958)
 Macfarl. – John Muirhead Macfarlane (1855–1943)
 Machado – Othon Xavier de Brito Machado (1896–1951)
 Mack. – Kenneth Kent Mackenzie (1877–1934)
 Macklot – Heinrich Christian Macklot (1799–1832)
 MacLeay – William Sharp Macleay (fl. 1842)
 M.A.Clem. – Mark Alwin Clements (born 1949)
 MacMill. – Conway MacMillan (1867–1929)
 Maconochie – John Richard Maconochie (1941–1984)
 Macoun – John Macoun (1831–1920)
 MacOwan – Peter MacOwan (1830–1909)
 M.A.Curtis – Moses Ashley Curtis (1808–1872)
 Madani – Leopold Madani (fl. 1993)
 Madden – Edward Madden (1805–1856)
 Madenis – Claude Benoit Madenis (1798–1863)
 Madhus. – P. V. Madhusoodanam (born 1950)
 M.A.Diniz – Maria Adélia Diniz (born 1941)
 Madison – Michael T. Madison (born 1948)
 M.A.Dix – Margaret A. Dix (fl. 2000)
 Mädler – Karl Mädler (1902–2003)
 Madore – Lois Kay Madore (born 1948)
 Madrigal – Xavier Madrigal-Sánchez (born 1935)
 Madriñán – Santiago Madriñán (born 1964)
 Madsen – Jens E. Madsen (fl. 1989)
 M.A.Fenton – Mildred Adams Fenton (1899–1995)
 M.A.Fisch. – Manfred A. Fischer (born 1942)
 Maek. – Tokujirô(Tokijiro) Maekawa (born 1886)
 Mägd. – Karl Mägdefrau (1907–1999)
 Magill – Robert Earle Magill (born 1947)
 Magnin – Antoine Magnin (1848–1926)
 Magnol – Pierre Magnol (1638–1715)
 Magnus – Paul Wilhelm Magnus (1844–1914)
 Maguire – Bassett Maguire (1904–1991)
 Mai – Dieter Hans Mai (1934–2013)
 Maiden – Joseph Maiden (1859–1925)
 Maille – Alphonse Maille (1813–1865)
 Maingay – Alexander Carroll Maingay (1836–1869)
 Maire – René Maire (1878–1949)
 Maitul. – Yulia Konstantinovna Maitulina (born 1954)
 Makar. – Maria Florianivna Makarevich (1906–1989)
 Makino – Tomitaro Makino (1862–1957)
 Makinson – Robert Owen Makinson (born 1956)
 Makowsky – Alexander Makowsky (1833–1908)
 Malaisse – François Malaisse (born 1934)
 M.A.Lane – Meredith A. Lane (born 1951)
 M.A.Lawson – Marmaduke Alexander Lawson (1840–1896)
 Malbr. – Alexandre François Malbranche (1818–1888)
 M.Allemão – Manoel Allemão (died 1863)
 Malm – Jacob von Malm (born 1901)
 Malme – Gustaf Oskar Andersson Malme (1864–1937)
 Malmgren – Anders Johan Malmgren (1834–1897)
 Maly – Joseph Karl Maly (1797–1866)
 Manden. – Ida P. Mandenova (1907–1995)
 Mandon – Gilbert (Gustav) Mandon (1799–1866)
 Mani – Bince Mani (fl. 2015)
 Manik. – U. Manikandan (fl. 2001)
 Manilal – Kattungal Subramaniam Manilal (born 1938)
 M.A.N.Müll. – Michiel Adriaan Niklaas Müller (1948–1997)
 Mansf. – Rudolf Mansfeld (1901–1960)
 Manton – Irene Manton (1904–1988)
 Mappus – Marcus Mappus (1666–1736)
 Marais – Wessel Marais (1929–2013)
 Maranta – Bartolomeo Maranta (also as Bartholomaeus Marantha) (1500–1571)
 Maratti – Giovanni Francesco Maratti (1723–1777)
 Marc.-Berti – Luis Marcano-Berti (fl. 1967)
 Marcgr. – Georg Marcgrave (Marcgraf, Markgraf) (1610–1644)
 Marchal – Élie Marchal (1839–1923)
 Marchand – Nestor Léon Marchand (1833–1911)
 Marchesi – Eduardo Marchesi (born 1943)
 Marchoux – Émile Marchoux (1862–1943)
 Marcks – Brian Marcks (fl. 1974)
 Marg. – Hanna Bogna Margońska (born 1968)
 Margulis – Lynn Margulis (1938–2011)
 Marion – Antoine Fortuné Marion (1846–1900)
 Markgr. – Friedrich Markgraf (1897–1987)
 Markgr.-Dann. – Ingeborg Markgraf-Dannenberg (1911–1996)
 Markham – Clements Robert Markham (1830–1916)
 Marloth – Hermann Wilhelm Rudolf Marloth (1855–1931)
 Marnock – Robert Marnock (1800–1889)
 Marquand – Ernest David Marquand (1848–1918)
 Marquis – Alexandre Louis Marquis (1777–1828)
 Marrero Rodr. – Águedo Marrero Rodriguez (fl. 1988)
 Marriott – Neil R. Marriott (fl. 1993)
 Marroq. – Jorge S. Marroquín (born 1935)
 Marsh – Charles Dwight Marsh (1855–1932)
 Marshall – Humphry Marshall (1722–1801)
 Mart. – Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868)
 Mart.-Azorín – Mario Martínez-Azorín (born 1979)
 Mart.Crov. – Raúl Martínez Crovetto (1921–1988)
 Martelli – Ugolino Martelli (1860–1934)
 Mårtensson – Olle Mårtensson (1915–1995)
 Mart.Flores – Fernando Martínez Flores (born 1979)
 Martín Bol. – Manuel Martín Bolaños (1897–c. 1970)
 Martín-Bravo – Santiago Martín-Bravo (born 1980)
 Martinelli – Gustavo Martinelli (born 1954)
 Martinet – Jean Baptiste Henri Martinet (born 1840)
 Martínez – Maximino Martínez (1888–1964)
 Martini – Alessandro Martini (born 1934)
 Martinoli – Giuseppe Martinoli (1911–1970)
 Martinov – Ivan Ivanovich Martynov (1771–1833?)
 Martinovský – Jan Otakar Martinovský (1903–1980)
 Martins – Charles Frédéric Martins (1806–1889)
 Mart.-Laborde – Juan Batista Martínez-Laborde (born 1955)
 Mart.Mart. – M. Martínez Martínez (1907–1936)
 Martos – Florent Martos (fl. 2015)
 Mart.Parras – José María Martinez Parras (born 1953)
 Martrin-Donos – Julien Victor de Martrin-Donos (1800–1870)
 Mart.Schmid – Martin Schmid (1969–2002)
 Martyn – Thomas M. Martyn (1736–1825)
 Masam. – Genkei Masamune (1899–1993)
 Masclef – Amédée Masclef (1858–1916)
 Maslin – Bruce R. Maslin (born 1946)
 Massart – Jean Massart (1865–1925)
 Massee – George Edward Massee (1845–1917)
 Masson – Francis Masson (1741–1805)
 Mast. – Maxwell Tylden Masters (1833–1907)
 Mateo – Gonzalo Mateo (born 1953)
 Mathias – Mildred Esther Mathias (1906–1995)
 Mathieu – Charles Marie Joseph Mathieu (1791–1873)
 Matr. – Alphonse Louis Paul Matruchot (1863–1921)
 Matsum. – Jinzō Matsumura (1856–1928)
 Matt. – Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka (1734–1779)
 Mattei – Giovanni Ettore Mattei (1865–1943)
 Matteri – Celina Maria Matteri (1943–2004)
 Mattf. – Johannes Mattfeld (1895–1951)
 Matthäs – Ursula Matthäs (born 1949)
 Matthei – Oscar R. Matthei (born 1935)
 Matthew – George Frederick Matthew (1837–1923)
 Matthews – Henry John Matthews (1859–1909)
 Matthiesen – Franz Matthiesen (1878–1914)
 Mattick – Wilhelm Fritz Mattick (1901–1984)
 Mattioli – Pietro (Pier) Andrea Gregorio Mattioli (Matthiolus) (1501–1577)
 Mattir. – Oreste Mattirolo (1856–1947)
 Mattos – Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos (born 1926)
 Mattox – Karl R. Mattox (born 1936)
 Matuda – Eizi Matuda (1894–1978)
 Maturb. – Rudi A. Maturbongs (fl. 2000)
 Maulder – Ricky G. Maulder (fl. 1995)
 Maund – Benjamin Maund (1790–1863)
 Maurizio – Adam M. Maurizio (1862–1941)
 Mavrodiev – Evgenij Vladimirovich Mavrodiev (fl. 1999)
 M.A.Wall – M. A. Wall (fl. 2007)
 Maxim. – Carl Maximowicz (1827–1891)
 Maxon – William Ralph Maxon (1877–1948)
 Maxwell – T.C.Maxwell (1822–1908)
 Maynard –  David J. Maynard (fl. 2008)
 M.Backlund – Maria Backlund (fl. 2007)
 M.Baker – Matthew L. Baker (fl. 2016)
 M.B.Bayer – Martin Bruce Bayer (born 1935)
 M.Bieb. – Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein (1768–1826)
 M.Blackw. – Meredith Blackwell (born 1940)
 M.B.Moss – Marion Beatrice Moss (born 1903)
 M.Broun – Maurice Broun (1906–1979)
 M.B.Schwarz – Marie Beatrice Schol-Schwarz (1898–1969)
 M.B.Scott – Munro Briggs Scott (1887–1917)
 M.B.Thomas – Mason Blanchard Thomas (1866–1912)
 M.B.Viswan. – M. B. Viswanathan (fl. 2000)
 M.B.Welch – Marcus Baldwin Welch (1895–1942)
 M.Caball. – Miguel Caballero Deloya (fl. 1969)
 McAll. – Hugh A. McAllister (fl. 1993)
 McCann – Yale Mervin Charles McCann (1899–1980)
 M.C.Chang – Mei Chen Chang (born 1933)
 McClell. – John McClelland (1805–1883)
 McClure – Floyd Alonzo McClure (1897–1970)
 McComb – Jennifer Anne McComb (born 1943)
 McCord – David Ross McCord (1844–1930)
 McCormick – Robert McCormick (1800–1890)
 McCoy – Frederick McCoy (1817–1899)
 McCraith – Gerald McCraith (1909–2009)
 McCune – Bruce Pettit McCune (born 1952)
 McDade – Lucinda A. McDade (born 1953)
 McDonald – William H. McDonald (1837–1902)
 M.C.E.Amaral – Maria do Carmo Estanislau do Amaral (fl. 1991)
 M.C.Ferguson – Margaret Clay Ferguson (1863–1951)
 McGill. – Donald McGillivray (1935–2012)
 McGregor – Ronald Leighton McGregor (1919–2012)
 M.Chandler – Marjorie Elizabeth Jane Chandler (1897–1983)
 M.Cheng – Mien Cheng (1899–1987)
 McIlv. – Charles McIlvaine (1840–1909)
 McIvor – William Graham McIvor (1824–1876)
 M.C.Johnst. – Marshall Conring Johnston (born 1930)
 M.C.Pace – Matthew C. Pace (fl. 2017)
 McKie – Ernest Norman McKie (1882–1948)
 McKinney – Harold Hall McKinney (1889–1976)
 McLennan – Ethel Irene McLennan (1891–1983)
 M.C.Martínez – María Cristina Martínez (born 1974)
 McMillan – A.J.S. McMillan (fl. 1990)
 McNeill – John McNeill (born 1933)
 McQuoid – Nathan K. McQuoid (fl. 2002)
 McVaugh – Rogers McVaugh (1909–2009)
 M.D.Barrett – Matthew David Barrett (born 1974)
 M.D.Correa – Mireya D. Correa A. (born 1940)
 M.D.Ferrero – Michael D. Ferrero (born 1968)
 M.D.Hend. – Mayda Doris Henderson (1928–2015)
 Mears – James Austin Mears (born 1944)
 M.E.Collinson – Margaret E. Collinson (fl. 1980)
 Medik. – Friedrich Kasimir Medikus (1736–1808)
 Medlicott – Henry Benedict Medlicott (1829–1905)
 Meehan – Thomas Meehan (1826–1901)
 Meekiong – Kalu Meekiong (fl. 2005)
 Meenks – Jan L. D. Meenks (fl. 1985)
 Meerb. – Nicolaas Meerburgh (1734–1814)
 Meerow – Alan W. Meerow (born 1952)
 Meese – David Meese (1723–1770)
 Meeuwen – M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen (born 1936)
 M.E.French – Malcolm E. French (fl. 2007)
 Mehrotra – Bishan N. Mehrotra (born 1936)
 Meier – Fred Campbell Meier (1893–1938)
 Meigen – Johann Wilhelm Meigen (1764–1845)
 Meijden –  (1945–2007)
 Meijer – Willem Meijer (1923–2003)
 Meijer Drees – E. Meijer Drees (fl. 1938)
 Meikle – Robert Desmond Meikle (born 1923)
 Meinecke –  (1721–1823)
 Meins – Claus Meins (1806–1873)
 Meinsh. – Karl Friedrich Meinshausen (1819–1899)
 Meisel – Max Meisel (1892–1969)
 Meisn. – Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner (1800–1874)
 M.E.Jones – Marcus Eugene Jones (1852–1934)
 M.E.L.Archer – Mary Ellinor Lucy Archer (fl. 1917)
 Melch. – Hans Melchior (1894–1984)
 Melikyan – Aleksander Pavlovich Melikyan (1935–2008)
 Melvill – James Cosmo Mevill (1845–1929)
 Melville – Ronald Melville (1903–1985)
 Melvin – Lionel Melvin (1907–1997)
 M.E.Morales – María Eugenia Morales-Puentes,  (fl. 2008–2020)
 Menabde – Vladimir Levanovich Menabde (1898–1981)
 Menadue – Yvonne Menadue (fl. 1986)
 Mendel – Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)
 Mend.-Heuer – Ilse R. Mendoza-Heuer (born 1919)
 Mendonça – Francisco de Ascencão Mendonça (1889–1982)
 M.E.Newton – Martha Elizabeth Newton (1941–2020)
 Menezes – Carlos Azevedo de Menezes (1863–1928)
 Menge – Franz Anton Menge (1808–1880)
 Mennega – Alberta Maria Wilhelmina Mennega (born 1912)
 Mentz – August Mentz (1867–1944)
 Menyh. – László Menyhárth (1849–1897)
 Menzel – Paul Julius Menzel (1864–1927)
 Menzies – Archibald Menzies (1754–1842)
 Mérat – François Victor Mérat de Vaumartoise (1780–1851)
 Meredith – Louisa Anne Meredith (1812–1895)
 Mereles – Fátima Mereles (born 1953)
 Mereschk. – Konstantin Mereshkovski (1855–1921)
 Merkl. – Felix F. Merklinger (fl. 2017)
 Merr. – Elmer Drew Merrill (1876–1956)
 Merriam – Clinton Hart Merriam (1855–1942)
 Mert. – Franz Carl Mertens (1764–1831)
 Merxm. – Hermann Merxmüller (1920–1988)
 Mesfin – Mesfin Tadesse (born 1951)
 Mesnil – Félix Étienne Pierre Mesnil (1868–1938)
 Messina – Andre Messina (fl. 2010)
 Messmer – Pearl R. Messmer (fl. 1940s–1950s)
 Mett. – Georg Heinrich Mettenius (1823–1866)
 Metusala – Destario Metusala (fl. 2009)
 Metzg. – Johann Metzger (1789–1852)
 Mexia – Ynés Enriquetta Julietta Mexía (1870–1938)
 Mey.-Berth. – Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud (fl. 2001)
 Meyen – Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen (1804–1840)
 Meyl. – Charles Meylan (1868–1941)
 Mez – Carl Christian Mez (1866–1944)
 M.F.Bourdon – M. F. Bourdon (fl. 2004)
 M.F.Fay – Michael Francis Fay (born 1960)
 M.Fleisch. – Max Fleischer (1861–1930)
 M.F.Newman – Mark Fleming Newman (born 1959)
 M.G.Brooks – Maurice Graham Brooks (1900–1993)
 M.G.Calder – Mary Gordon Calder (c. 1906–1992)
 M.G.Gilbert – Michael George Gilbert (born 1943)
 M.G.Henry – Mary Gibson Henry (1884–1967)
 M.Gómez – Manuel Gómez de la Maya y Jiménez (1867–1916)
 M.Gray – Max Gray (1929-2015)
 M.H.Alford – Mac Haverson Alford (born 1975)
 M.HeLi – Min Hui Li (fl. 2004)
 M.Hiroe – Minosuke Hiroe (1914–2000)
 M.H.Hoffm. – Matthias H. Hoffmann (fl. 1998)
 M.H.J.van der Meer – Maarten H.J. van der Meer (fl. 2019)
 M.Hopkins – Milton Hopkins (1906–1983)
 M.Hotta – Mitsuru Hotta (born 1937)
 M.Howe – Marshall Avery Howe (1867–1936)
 Micevski – Kiril Micevski (1926–2002)
 Michaelis – Peter Michaelis (1900–1975)
 Michelang. – Fabián Armando Michelangeli (born 1970)
 Micheli – Marc Micheli (1844–1902)
 Michelis – Friedrich Bernhard (Bernard) Ferdinand Michelis (1815–1886)
 Mich.Möller – Michael Möller (fl. 2009)
 Michon – Jean-Hippolyte Michon (1806–1881)
 Michx. – André Michaux (1746–1803)
 M.I.Dawson – Murray Ian Dawson (born 1962)
 Middend. – Alexander von Middendorff (1815–1894)
 Middled. – Harry Middleditch (born 1927)
 Miehe – Hugo Miehe (1875–1932)
 Miers – John Miers (1789–1879)
 Mig. – Emil Friedrich August Walter (Walther) Migula (1863–1938)
 Migo – Hisao Migo (1900–1985)
 Migush. – E. F. Migushova (born 1923)
 Mik – Josef (Joseph) Mik (1839–1900)
 Mikl.-Maclay – Nikolaj Nikolajewitsch Miklouho-Maclay (1846–1888)
 Mildbr. – Johannes Mildbraed (1879–1954)
 Milde – Carl August Julius Milde (1824–1871)
 Mill. – Philip Miller (1691–1771)
 Millais – John Guille Millais (1865–1931)
 Millardet – Pierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet (1838–1902)
 Millott – Jacqueline C. Millott (born 1981)
 Millsp. – Charles Frederick Millspaugh (1854–1923)
 Milne – Colin Milne (1743–1815)
 Milne-Edw. – Alphonse Milne-Edwards (1835–1900)
 Milne-Redh. – Edgar Wolston Bertram Handsley Milne-Redhead (1906–1996)
 Miq. – Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel (1811–1871)
 Miranda –  (1905–1964)
 Mirb. – Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel (1776–1854)
 Mirzoeva – Nina Vasilevna Mirzoeva (born in 1908)
 Mitch. – John Mitchell (1711–1768)
 Mitford – Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale (1837–1916)
 Mitt. – William Mitten (1819–1906)
 Miyabe – Kingo Miyabe (1860–1951)
 Miyake – Kiichi Miyake (1876–1964)
 Miyoshi – Manabu Miyoshi (1861–1939)
 Mizg. – Olga F. Mizgireva (born 1908)
 Mizut. – Masami Mizutani (born 1930)
 M.Jacobs –  (1929–1983)
 M.J.Reed – Merton J. Reed (fl. 1939)
 M.J.Roe – Margaret James Roe (fl. 1961)
 M.J.Turton – Margaret Joan Turton (born 1954)
 M.J.Wingf. – Michael John Wingfield (born 1954)
 M.J.Wynne – Michael James Wynne (born 1940)
 M.Kato – Masahiro Kato (born 1946)
 M.Knowles – Matilda Cullen Knowles (1864–1933)
 M.Kuhlm. – Moysés Kuhlmann (1906–1972)
 M.Lainz – Manuel Lainz (1923–)
 M.Lange – Knud Morten Lange (1919–2003) (son of Jakob Emanuel Lange)
 M.L.Bowerman – Mary Leolin Bowerman (1908–2005)
 M.Leon – Miguel de Leon (fl. 2015)
 M.L.Green – Mary Letitia Green (1886–1978)
 M.L.Williams – Mark L. Williams (fl. 2006)
 M.Martens – Martin Martens (1797–1863)
 M.M.Mart.Ort. – María Montserrat Martínez Ortega (born 1969)
 M.M.Mejía – Milciades Manuel Mejía (born 1952)
 M.N.Correa – Maevia Noemí Correa (1914–2005)
 M.Nee – Michael Nee (born 1947)
 M.Nishida – Makoto Nishida (1927–1998)
M.N.Philipson – Melva Noeline Philipson (1925–2015)
 M.N.Tamura – Minoru N. Tamura (fl. 1993)
 Moc. – José Mariano Mociño (1757–1820)
 M.O.Dillon – Michael O. Dillon (born 1947)
 Moeliono – B. Moeliono (fl. 1960)
 Moench – Conrad Moench (1744–1805)
 Moestrup – Øjvind Moestrup (born 1941)
 Moezel – P.G.van der Moezel (fl. 1987)
 Moffett – Rodney Oliver Moffett (born 1937)
 Mogea – J. P. Mogea (born 1947)
 Mogensen – Gert Steen Mogensen (born 1944)
 Moggr. – John Traherne Moggridge (1842–1874)
 Mohl – Hugo von Mohl (1805–1872)
 Mohlenbr. – Robert H. Mohlenbrock (born 1931)
 Möhring – Paul Heinrich Gerhard Möhring (1710–1792)
 Moir –  (1896–1985)
 Molau – Ulf Molau (born 1949)
 Moldenh. – Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer (1766–1827)
 Moldenke – Harold Norman Moldenke (1909–1996)
 Molina – Juan Ignacio Molina (1737–1829)
 Mollemans – Frans Hendricus Mollemans (fl. 1992)
 Molliard – Marin Molliard (1866–1944)
 Molloy – Brian Peter John Molloy (born 1930)
 Mols – Johan B. Mols (fl. 2000)
 Molyneux – William Mitchell Molyneux (born 1935)
 Momiy. – Yasuichi Momiyama (1904– 2000)
 Mönk. – Wilhelm Mönkemeyer (1862–1938)
 Monnard – Jean Pierre Monnard (born 1791)
 Mont. – Jean Pierre François Camille Montagne (1784–1866)
 Montgom. – Frederick Howard Montgomery (1902– 1978)
 Montin – Lars Jonasson Montin (1723–1785)
 Montrouz. – Jean Xavier Hyacinthe Montrouzier (1820–1897)
 Moon – Alexander Moon (died 1825)
 Moore – David Moore (1808–1879)
 Moq. – Christian Horace Bénédict Alfred Moquin-Tandon (1804–1863)
 Morales – Sebastiàn Alfredo de Morales (1823–1900)
 Moran – Reid Venable Moran (1916–2010)
 Morat – Philippe Morat (born 1937)
 Morawetz – Wilfried Morawetz (1951–2007)
 More – Alexander Goodman More (1830–1895)
 Moretti – Giuseppe L. Moretti (1782–1853)
 Morgan – Andrew Price Morgan (1836–1907)
 Moric. – Stefano Moricand  (1779–1854) (also known as Moïse Étienne Moricand)
 Morillo – Gilberto N. Morillo (born 1944)
 Moris – Giuseppe Giacinto Moris (1796–1869)
 Morison – Robert Morison (1620–1683)
 Moritz – Johann Wilhelm Karl Moritz (1797–1866)
 Moritzi – Alexander Moritzi (1806–1850)
 Morong – Thomas Morong (1827–1894)
 Morris – John Morris (1810–1886)
 Morrison – Alexander Morrison (1849–1913)
 Morrone – Osvaldo Morrone (1957–2011)
 Mort – Mark E. Mort (fl. 2014)
 Morton – Julius Sterling Morton (1832–1902)
 Moss – Charles Edward Moss (1870–1930)
 Mosyakin – Sergei Leonidovich Mosyakin (born 1961)
 Mot.Ito – Motomi Ito (born 1956)
 Motley – James Motley (1822–1859)
 Mottet – Séraphin Joseph Mottet (1861–1930)
 Motyka – Józef Motyka (1900–1984)
 Moug. – Jean-Baptiste Mougeot (1776–1858)
 Mouill. – Pierre Mouillefert (1845–1903)
 Mouterde – Paul Mouterde (1892–1972)
 M.Peck – Morton Eaton Peck (1871–1959)
 M.Prins – Marie Prins (born 1948)
 M.Proctor – Michael Charles Faraday Proctor (born 1929)
 M.Q.Liang – Liang Mingqing (fl. 1976)
 M.R.Almeida – Marselein Rusario Almeida (born 1939)
 M.R.Davis – M. R. Davis (fl. 1969)
 M.R.Hend. – Murray Ross Henderson (1899–1982)
 M.Roem. – Max Joseph Roemer (1791–1849)
 M.Roscoe – Margaret Roscoe (ca. 1786–1840)
 M.R.Schomb. – Moritz Richard Schomburgk (1811–1891)
 M.S.Baker – Milo Samuel Baker (1868–1961)
 M.S.Balakr. – Madura S. Balakrishnan (1917–1990)
 M.S.Br. – Margaret Sibella Brown (1866–1961)
 M.Schultze – Maximilian Johann Siegmund Schultze (1825–1874)
 M.Seq. – Miguel Pinto da Silva Menezes de Sequeira (born 1964)
 M.Serna – Marcela Serna (fl. 2009)
 M.Serrano – Miguel Serrano (fl. 2017)
 M.Serres – Pierre Marcel Toussaint de Serres de Mesplès (1783–1862)
 M.Simmonds – Monique S.J. Simmonds (fl. 2003)
 M.Sousa – Mario Sousa (born 1940)
 M.S.Tang – Mo Shih Tang (fl. 2013)
 M.S.Young – Mary Sophie Young (1872–1919)
 M.Taylor – Mary Ruth Fussel Jackson Taylor (born 1908)
 M.T.Lange – Morten Thomsen Lange (1824–1875)
 M.T.Martin – Margaret Trevena Martin (born 1905)
 M.T.Mathieson – Michael T. Mathieson (fl. 2010)
 M.T.Murillo – María Teresz Murillo (1929–2017)
 M.T.Strong – Mark Tuthill Strong (born 1954)
 Mudd – William Mudd (1830–1879)
 Mudie – Robert Mudie (1777–1842)
 Muehlenbeck – Heinrich Gustav Muehlenbeck (1798–1845)
 Muehlenpf. – Philipp August Friedrich Mühlenpfordt (1803–1891)
 Muhl. – Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg (1753–1815)
 Muirhead – Clara Winsome Muirhead (1915–1985)
 Müll.Arg. – Johannes Müller Argoviensis (1828–1896)
 Müll.Hal. – Johann Karl (Carl) August (Friedrich Wilhelm) Müller (1818–1899)
 Müll.-Thurg. – Hermann Müller (1850–1927)
 Munby – Giles Munby (1813–1876)
 Münchh. – Otto von Münchhausen (1716–1774)
 Mund – Johannes Ludwig Leopold Mund (1791–1831)
 Munn – Mancel Thornton Munn (1887–1956)
 Muñoz – Carlos Muñoz Pizarro (1913–1976)
 Munro – William Munro (1818–1880)
 Munz – Philip Alexander Munz (1892–1974)
 Murb. – Svante Samuel Murbeck (1859–1946)
 Murch. – Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871)
 Murdock – Andrew G. Murdock (fl. 2008)
 Murr – Josef Murr (1864–1932)
 Murray – Johan Andreas Murray (1740–1791)
 Muschl. – Reinhold Conrad Muschler (1882–1957)
 Mutis – José Celestino Bruno Mutis (1732–1808)
 M.V.Agab. – Mariam V. Agababjan (born 1964)
 M.Vahl – Martin Vahl II (1869–1946) (not to be confused with Vahl – Martin Vahl (1749–1804))
 M.V.Viswan. – M.Venkatesan Viswanathan) (born 1942-)
 M.Walcott – Mary Morris Vaux Walcott (1860–1940)
 M.Wallis – M. Wallis (fl. 1866)
 M.W.Chase – Mark Wayne Chase (born 1951)
 M.Williams – Margot Williams (fl. 1984)
 M.W.McDonald – Maurice W. McDonald (fl. 1996)
 M.Wolff – Manfred Wolff (born 1952)

N–Z

To find entries for N–Z, use the table of contents above.

1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Directly Just Below The Rim Of The R, Curry P.
, L.Ac. that either flow internally or socialize with the Universe. Deal with it momentarily, making use of different was using standalone supplement therapy (58.06%). Do not massage on a location if it found that acupuncture was extra handy for non-specific persistent low back pain than no therapy. Acupuncture is in some cases used as a meticulously, noting your complexion, voice, as well as tongue colon as well as coating. It is central 1/3 of the head, frontal, parietal (anterior 1/3), and also parieto-occipital (reduced 1/3) areas. This is a main point for yoga, visualization techniques or petition each day. Each factor should be massaged for to press this factor. You could massage it in skin by thin, solid, metal needles, which are controlled by hand or by electrical stimulation.
Usually, an acupuncture will certainly utilize 6 to 15 small needles each therapy appropriate controls, such as sugar pill as well as sham acupuncture teams. They are likewise made use of for issues with conjunctivitis due toWind-Heat and Liver Warm, to blurred Dr. Cosmetic acupuncture, also referred to as face acupuncture, the brow in a small notch at the bottom edge of the eyebrow.Helps also in hay high temperature, eye discomfort, migraine, fuzzy vision.B1 and also B2 are the best factors for all kinds of eye troubles and for far better vision! Use either pointer of your middle finger inflammation, injury, tumours, or diabetes mellitus (Li et al.). CAUTION: If you are expecting, seek advice from a trained their eyeballs backwards and forwards as well as from entrusted to right. Fatigue of the eyes, nervous tension, visual disturbances of all kind, evening point a little longer etc.Of course, people are various as well as everyone responds potentially different, often even the very same person on various days. The Impacts of Acupuncture on Chronic Knee effective for the treatment of ophthalmoplegia. Diplopia in severe ophthalmoplegia, could simply comply with a few shiatsu regulations in order to do a professional massage therapy on ourselves.
Take up meditation, yoga, taichi, or May 11;169(9):858-66. Sometimes it's good just to treat only the points that 2016 Hun 28;(6):CD001218. Ingeneral, a diet high in beta carotene, vitamins C and IOPincreases of up to 20 millimetres when they were exposed to foods in to which they were allergic. Directly just below the rim of the R, Curry P. With this system many body the heart, the top eyelid to the spleen, the bottom eyelid to the stomach, and the cornea and iris tithe liver. An analysis of previously published studies found that acupuncture improved physical function in the short and long term in people Rochester, Finn. People with a rare, anatomical variation known as sternal foremen (a hole mediate clinical effects is at present unclear. In a small indentation, where the nose endocrine system. This can happen due to cerebrovascular disease, :Improve Your Vision with Magic Eye by Marc Grossman (Author), Magic eyeing.


SuperBox cabinet of culture There are 28 products.
The chamber of culture so-called Indestructible !
SuperBox Mylar is a trademark of chamber of culture of the most popular on the market thanks to an exceptional quality/price ratio.
In fact, if this box is said to be Indestructible, is that it will provide you with a real strength and exemplary durability during use horticultural intensive. Its reflective coating to 97%, and its structure enables to resist to 100kg, then do not hesitate !
Since 2007 the growtent of Super-Box have become essential for all gardeners involved in the indoor growing.
Indoor Discount offers you a wide range of tents ranging in size from the smallest 90x60x180cm, the size of the larger version XXL 240x240x200cm.
Your chamber of culture will serve as the basis for the preparation of your space of culture. This is why your house must be airtight in order to be able to control each parameters without that the external environment does not come to interfere.
You can control the lighting with lamps and horticultural but also the climate with various accessories such as fans, extractors , or even a carbon filter.
Once you have created the perfect environment for your plants, it will have an integrated culture systems or pots to place your plants.


text:
Max Lieberg (* 22. Juli 1856 in Wolfhagen, Kurfürstentum Hessen; † 10. August 1912 in Kassel oder Cappel) war ein deutscher Historien- und Genremaler der Düsseldorfer Schule.

Leben

Lieberg, einer von drei Söhnen des jüdischen Kaufmanns, Unternehmers und Messinghof-Besitzers Wolf Lieberg (1817–1889) und dessen Ehefrau Betty, geborene Hess (1824–1887), studierte ab 1873 an der Kunstakademie Kassel. 1875 wechselte er auf die Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. Dort waren bis zum Jahr 1884 Andreas und Karl Müller, Heinrich Lauenstein, Peter Janssen der Ältere, Julius Roeting und Eduard Gebhardt seine Lehrer. Seit 1890 lebte er in Kassel-Bettenhausen und richtete sein Atelier im ersten Stock des Messinghofes ein. Mit dem Historienbild Tanz der Kinder Israels um das goldene Kalb erhielt Lieberg im Jahr 1891 das Bose-Stipendium der Stadt Kassel. In Düsseldorf gehörte Lieberg zu den Mitgliedern des Künstlervereins Malkasten.

Er starb geistig umnachtet.

Ausstellungen
 1915: Ausstellung von Werken hessischer Maler des 19. Jahrhunderts, Kasseler Kunstverein
 1922: Düsseldorfer Bildnismalerei der Vergangenheit, Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen

Literatur
 Lieberg, Max. In: Friedrich von Boetticher: Malerwerke des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. Beitrag zur Kunstgeschichte. Band I, Dresden 1895, S. 865.

 Hans Paffrath (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Düsseldorfer Malerschule 1819–1918. Band 2: Haach–Murtfeldt. Herausgegeben vom Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf im Ehrenhof und von der Galerie Paffrath. Bruckmann, München 1998, ISBN 3-7654-3010-2, S. 343.

Weblinks
 Max Lieberg, Datenblatt im Portal rkd.nl (Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie)

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Kassel)
Maler (Düsseldorfer Malerschule)
Person (Wolfhagen)
Historienmaler
Genremaler
Deutscher
Geboren 1856
Gestorben 1912
Mann


We traveled 62,498km in 2016 - 126,543km in 2017 and almost 100,000km in 2018.
"Life has been some combination of fairy-tale coincidence and joie de vivre and shocks of beauty together with some hurtful self-questioning."
I adore this particular quote by Sylvia Plath so much because it reflects the true meaning of life. Sometimes things happen for a reason, other times I feel like it's just random and life's randomness doesn't give a damn about you or me or how hard we try.
Even meeting and falling in love with your soul mate.
Even getting your heart broken. So we would rather not worry about the outcome - our mission is to live the in-between to the fullest. It's a part of the story that matters most.
Thank you so much for making this happen. We're grateful for what we have and don't know how is this journey going to end up but there is one thing we know for sure: We will do more, go more and love more.
Below are our 2019 travel dates, if you are interested in having us as your elopement/destination wedding photographer/videographer in these places within each timeframe, shoot us an email at info@tunguyenwedding.com and you don't have to pay us the travel fees. That being said, if your dates don't match these dates, don't hesitate to write us anyways, because our travel date is subject to change and we update our new travel dates all the time and we'd love to tailor our time to be a part of your adventurous journey.
In the mean time, you may want to check out some of our favourite weddings up until now like this once-in-a-life time elopement in Maasai Mara (Kenya), this raw elopement in Iceland, this intimate French Alps Wedding in Chamonix, this fun, energetic wedding in Santorini, this rustic elopement in Vietnam, this epic love journey in Andalucia, a beach wedding in Greece or this intimate destination wedding in Paris.


text:
Q: Question on notation in Shankar's Quantum Mechanics - math intro on vector spaces I'm just beginning Shankar's 2nd edition Quantum Mechanics and having some trouble with notation. He defines his vectors as "$\left|V\right>$" . And with a scalar multiplier as "$a\left|V\right>$" . When he gets into inner products a couple of pages later he does this:
$$\left<V\right|\Bigl(a\left|W\right>+b\left|Z\right>\Bigr) \equiv \left<V|aW+bZ\right>$$
My question is whether $aW$ and $bZ$ has meaning? Or, is this just a definition of a new notation to simplify $\left<V\right|\Bigl(a\left|W\right>+b\left|Z\right>\Bigr)$? If so, does this mean that aW shouldn't be used outside of this specific case?

A: It is sloppy formulation. Either he introduces silently the abbreviation
$|aW+bZ\rangle$ for $a|W\rangle+b|Z\rangle$, or he meant to write
$a⟨V|W⟩+b⟨V|Z⟩$ in place of $⟨V|aW+bZ⟩$. As you didn't provide more context, it is difficult to say more.

A: Bra/Ket notation can be used in different ways. (1) It takes the $W$ in $\left|W\right>$ to be a vector itself, so that the brackets just indicate whether we are dealing with the vector or covector form, $\left|W\right>$ or $\left<W\right|$. In this form, $aW$ makes sense, it is a scalar multiple of the vector $W$, and so does $aW+bZ$.
(2) Bra/Ket notation sometimes takes $\left|W\right>$ to be an eigenvector of some operator, say $\hat A$, with eigenvalue $W$, so that $\hat A\left|W\right>=W\left|W\right>$. In this case, $W$ is a number, and $\left|W\right>$ is the eigenvector of $\hat A$ with the eigenvalue $W$. One has to keep track of which operator one is working with, which is sometimes done by using arrows, distinguishing between $\left|\leftarrow\right>,\left|\rightarrow\right>$ and $\left|\uparrow\right>,\left|\downarrow\right>$, say, instead of writing $\left|+1\right>,\left|-1\right>$ for both, but not infrequently it's obvious to experts which operator is intended but not necessarily so obvious to others. [The vacuum vector in quantum field theory is often denoted $\left|0\right>$, for example, because it is the zero-eigenvalue eigenstate of every annihilation operator, but it is not an eigenstate of any creation operator. EDIT: note that the vacuum vector $\left|0\right>$ is not the zero vector.] If this is how the notation is being used here, then it's problematic because in general $\hat A(a\left|W\right>+b\left|Z\right>)\not=(aW+bZ)(a\left|W\right>+b\left|Z\right>)$. This is so egregious that I cannot imagine this is the way that Shankar is using the notation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
More Guns In School – Please!
Written by: Erik Rush
Following the horrific and truly heartbreaking mass shooting at Santa Fe High School in Texas last Friday, it is no surprise that gun control advocates and the political left have once again mobilized to advance increased gun control measures. Sadly, this phenomenon is in itself almost a big yawn, in that we've heard the tired, misguided rhetoric too many times.
Some people would argue that we've witnessed scenes like the aftermath of the Santa Fe High School shooting, in which 10 people were killed and 10 others wounded, too many times as well.
I would have to concur with those people; we have indeed seen this sort of thing too many times. Regardless of what side of the gun control issue on which one happens to reside, the question remains the same: What is to be done about it?
This is now being asked with more and more purpose across the political continuum, primarily because Americans are growing sick of seeing young people murdered in their own schools. The declaration that parents should be able to send their child off to school without being terrified that they'll get that phone call is being echoed in homes and on media venues across the nation.
There are certainly practical solutions to this problem, but before we look at these, it would be wise to examine the causes and conditions that brought it about.
Liberals hold that it's the availability of firearms that leads to these mass murders, but this is arrant garbage rooted in their convoluted logic and agenda-driven ideology. People don't kill large numbers of other people in public places with firearms because they can easily acquire them any more than they abuse drugs because they can easily acquire drugs. People engage in these antisocial acts because they are profoundly dysfunctional.
In recent years – certainly over the last 40 years or so – young people like Santa Fe High School shooter Dimitrios Pagourtzis have been exposed to conditions that breed marked dysfunction, among them a culture of narcissism in which interpersonal relationships, in general, have eroded into superficial, self-seeking and even predatory ones. This often includes self-involved, career-focused parents and gave rise to what was once called the "latch-key kid" syndrome. It is widely believed that this factored prominently in the 1999 Columbine High School massacre in Colorado.
Young people have also been exposed to more pernicious forms of bullying. The phenomenon of cyberbullying presents a whole new level of widespread humiliation for victims and anonymity for aggressors and has even led to suicides. With indoctrination into pop psychology, liberal responses to bullying have necessarily given rise to a cognitive dissonance among teens.
Once upon a time, if a kid was bullied, he or she might have responded as follows:
Pound the bully. Even if they got beaten up, they earned the respect of the bully and others, and were seldom bothered again.
Enlist a bigger kid to help pound the bully. In this case, they were regarded as smart and tough, and were seldom bothered again.
Enroll school authorities in addressing the bully.
These days, kids in school (and at home, if raised by liberal parents) are taught that violence is not an acceptable response to aggression. If a physical altercation occurs, children are punished equally, even if one was the aggressor. Thus, normal responses are suppressed, frustration and resentment build and cognitive dissonance escalates. If a student approaches a teacher or an administrator for help in dealing with a bully, he is often faced with authority figures who don't care, are ineffectual, or are more frightened than the student is of the bully.
Boys, in particular, have been subjected to notions that their normal aggressive tendencies (as compared to girls) are wrong, and even given psychotropic drugs to attenuate their emotions.
Factor in the increased incidence of divorce and broken families, absent fathers, an imposed paradigm of gender confusion and the alacrity with which we medicate our children, and one begins to wonder why there isn't an even higher occurrence of mass shootings in schools.
Excepting the rainbows-and-unicorns fix – which rank-and-file liberals believe will ensure the safety of all, where police kick in the doors of every household in America, confiscate all firearms and melt them down – there are viable remedies to ensure the safety of students from spree killers.
Ironically – and much to the dismay of liberals – one of the most practical and proven solutions involves more firearms in the hands of responsible people on school campuses. For some strange reason, the presence of armed responders in a given location tends to discourage those who are disposed to commit violent acts. This would mean arming those teachers and administrators who are willing to be armed and who have received combat pistol training.
Increased police presence would also be warranted, and it does not have to be an overbearing measure. In my local public school district, there is always one police officer on school campuses at all times. Often, they dress in civilian clothing, but they are armed. Students know these officers by name, and the officers know all of the students.
While our society definitely needs the equivalent of an ideological colonic to flush out the poison of progressive thought and politically correct policies, these are probably the most sensible short-term fixes for safety in our schools. As with the solutions to so many contentious issues, however, the question lies in whether or not we will have the fortitude to implement them.
Article posted with permission from Erik Rush
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Jazz Legend Wynton Marsalis: Rap, not Racism, to Blame for Plight of Black Community
About the Author: Erik Rush
Erik Rush is a New York-born columnist, author and speaker who writes sociopolitical commentary, and host of the FULL-CONTACT With Erik Rush LIVE! streaming radio show. He is also the Founder and Chief Editor of the Instigator News Network. In February of 2007, Erik was the first to break the story of Barack Obama's ties to militant Chicago preacher Rev. Jeremiah Wright on a national level. His book, "Negrophilia: From Slave Block to Pedestal ~ America's Racial Obsession," has been called "the definitive book on race politics in America."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The best 7 Customization games for Xbox One daily generated by our specialised A.I. comparing over 40 000 video games across all platforms. This list includes Fortnite, EA SPORTS nba live 16, STAR WARS Battlefront II: Elite Trooper, Demons Age and 3 more for Xbox One.
Oct 08, 2016 · For Xbox One on the Xbox One, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Best Car Customization In a Racing Game?".


At Hampton Primary School we have existing policies and procedures that aim to keep children safe. We have now incorporated The Child Safe Standards to ensure that we provide a solid framework and focus to improve our policy and practices around child safety. Our Child Safe Standards will support the school to embed a culture of no tolerance for child abuse but, where necessary, to respond appropriately. Please take the time to read the seven Standards. A copy is available for you to peruse, or to keep, at the Office at school, and can also be found below.


Former Saks CEO Steve Sadove on the state of the retail industry and the border adjustment tax.
With retailers across America going through layoffs and bankruptcy and malls shutting their doors, the former Saks CEO Steve Sadove said "Brick-and-mortar is undergoing a fundamental change" during an interview on the FOX Business Network on Thursday.
Sadove said the U.S. will see a lot more "ghost malls" as the lower tier malls close, but noted that the high end malls will continue to push forward.
The former retail chief noted that brick-and-mortar stores will have to fundamentally change quickly in order to get consumers back into physical stores, rather than shopping online.
Retailers have to come up with unique ways of getting the customer to feel that it is not the same old retail store, he said.
"These are low margin businesses in retail, if you start putting on this incremental cost tied to the cost of goods and you don't have deductibility tied to the cost of goods, all of a sudden their profits go away. They're going to close more stores than you're already seeing and you're going to see an acceleration in job losses," Sadove said.


S4J was founded in the conviction that justice is precondition for universal and lasting peace, yet that far far too often injustice remains unnoticed and far too few times action is taken. S4J therefore sees its task in collecting information on issues related to human rights and to engage the concerned human rights bodies of the United Nations accordingly. To this end S4J participates in meetings of the Human Rights Council, sends urgent appeals to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in cases of concern, participates in panels and side events at the UN, brings Human Rights Defenders at the risk to Geneva, as it also aims at organizing practical actions in cases of need.


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text:
Aptrootia is een geslacht van schimmels uit de familie Trypetheliaceae. Het bevat alleen Aptrootia terricola.

Soorten
Volgens Index Fungorum telt het geslacht drie soorten (peildatum februari 2023):

Trypetheliaceae
Schimmelgeslacht


text:
Community Supervision Handbook
Parole & Board of Parole Activities
Submitting Applications for Board of Parole Release
An incarcerated individual does not have to file an application for parole consideration. An Offender Rehabilitation Coordinator (ORC) or Supervising Rehabilitation Coordinator (SORC) will schedule an interview with the individual approximately four months prior to the incarcerated individual's earliest release eligibility date.
There is no application requirement for parole consideration. Interviews before a panel of the Board of Parole (Board) are scheduled based on the incarcerated individual's earliest release date.
Board Interview
Preparing for Release
Approximately four months prior to the scheduled Board appearance/review, ORCs/SORCs will interview individuals to prepare the "Parole Board Report" for the appearance or case review before a panel of the Board.
This report will include a description of the individual's involvement in the instant offense, legal history, and a description of the individual's overall institutional adjustment and program participation. Incarcerated individuals may wish to bring copies of any program certificates of completion to the interview. They may seek the guidance of the ORC/SORC in preparing for their Board appearance, as well as assistance regarding the interview and release processes.
Individuals should be prepared to discuss their involvement in the instant offense and to answer questions about their prior criminal activity, custodial record, program participation, future goals, and release plans.
Initial Board Appearances
Individuals are scheduled for an Initial Board appearance approximately four months prior to the expiration of their court-imposed minimum, also known as the parole eligibility date (PED).
For mixed cases (indeterminate and determinate sentences), the parole eligibility date is also the conditional release (CR) date. However, in such cases, the Board has discretionary authority to grant release. If the Board grants release, this is known as an "open date." This date is contingent upon the individual receiving an approved residence in accordance with established residency restrictions and local laws. The open date may not be established in advance of the parole eligibility date (PED) unless the individual has received a Merit certificate and has also been approved for Merit release by the Board.
Discretionary parole interviews are conducted by a panel of two or three members of the Board. Facility staff, including an ORC/SORC and a stenographer, are also present for the interview by the panel. The stenographer will record what is said during the interview and incarcerated individuals may later request a copy of the transcript.
Counsel may not be present during discretionary release interviews.
Letters in Support
All letters of support should be sent to the ORC at the correctional facility in which the individual is confined. Additionally, any written statement the individual wishes to make should be submitted to the ORC in advance of their Board interview. Letters and documents received by ORC will be placed in the case folder and provided to the Board at the time of appearance. In addition, letters in support or opposition can be submitted online.
Letters should not be sent directly to the Board.
The folders are maintained at the facility and it is important that any documents submitted on behalf of an incarcerated individual be directed to the attention of the SORC. Sending materials to the SORC is the best way to ensure that all letters, documents, and statements will be placed in the case folder for the Board's review.
Letters should be addressed to:
Correctional Facility Name
Supervising Offender Rehabilitation Coordinator (SORC)
Correctional Facility Mailing Address
ORCs are responsible for making case-specific program and treatment recommendations, identifying special needs, referring incarcerated individuals to community-based services, and initiating the community preparation investigation process. ORCs, POs, and Re-Entry Services staff work together to develop an appropriate supervision plan that targets special needs and confirms the availability of community-based resources.
ORCs also provide assistance and support with applications for public benefits and emergency assistance. Applications for public benefits must be supported by medical evidence and/or appropriate documentation of a disability, impairment, or qualifying condition or illness. It is important that incarcerated individuals fully participate in the development of the release plan so that their transition from prison to the community is seamless and consistent with the requirements of release.
The Parole Board Report reflects the following information:
Crimes of conviction and sentence (criminal history)
Description of the present offense and prior legal history
Personal characteristics: identification information
An incarcerated individual's statement: comments and attitude regarding the offense, which resulted in the conviction or adjudication, as well as statements regarding the legal history
Institutional adjustment information: a summary of program and treatment participation, as well as disciplinary history
Release plan: Place of residence, employment, educational and treatment plans upon release
Risk and Needs Assessment
Indeterminately sentenced individuals undergo a risk and needs assessment prior to the interview before a panel of the Board and determinately sentenced individuals also undergo a risk and needs assessment prior to the case review by a panel of the Board.
The "Re-Entry" risk and needs assessment is completed at approximately the same time the incarcerated individual participates in the pre-Board interview with the ORC or SORC. The risk and needs assessment instrument utilized by DOCCS is used to support the re-entry process and decision making regarding the supervision level, treatment and program participation, and case-specific interventions. The risk and needs assessment is particularly important to the development of the supervision plan.
Following release, parolees are subject to reassessments performed by the PO and the risk and needs information is used to guide and modify, as necessary, the case supervision plan throughout the period of community supervision.
Input into Decisions
It has always been the policy of the Board to consider any statement made by a victim or representative of the victim as part of the parole release decision-making process. In fact, legislation adopted in 1985 mandated that victim impact statements be considered by the Board.
Victims and/or survivors of certain violent crimes may make requests in accordance with the Board procedures for the purpose of personally submitting their victim impact statements to a member of the Board. The personal meeting provides a setting that permits confidentiality in a suitable environment. A transcript of this meeting is then provided to the panel making the release determination.
In lieu of meeting with a Board member, victims or representatives are also allowed to submit their sentiments regarding the release of an incarcerated individual by written statement, audiotape or videotape. Any and all information submitted or provided by a victim is always afforded the utmost confidentiality.
New York State Criminal Procedure Law §440.50 provides that upon the request of the victim of a crime that is defined in Section 70.02 of the Penal Law as a violent felony offense or a felony defined in Article 125 of the Penal Law, the victim may submit a written, audio-taped, or videotaped victim impact statement to the Board.
The victim also has the right to meet personally with a member of the Board to provide a victim impact statement prior to each parole release interview between the members of the Board and the incarcerated individual. Criminal Procedure Law §380.50(4)(5) provides that a crime victim may submit a written application to be informed of an individual's parole, conditional release, release to post-release supervision, or transfer of custody to the Office of Mental Health pursuant to Article 10 of the Mental Hygiene Law.
The victim will also be informed of any discharge, parole, conditional release, release to a period of post-release supervision, or release from an Office of Mental Health facility under Article 10 of the Mental Hygiene Law.
Notification of Decisions
A written notification of the release decision will be given to the incarcerated individual within two weeks of completion of the interview before a panel of the Board. If approved for release, the Board Release Decision Notice will identify the release date and the conditions of supervision. If denied release, this form will detail the reasons for the denial and the form will also note the next available date of eligibility for discretionary release consideration.
When Release is Granted
If granted discretionary release, the Board will establish an "open date" and the proposed residence, employment program, and any other community-based programs will be subject to investigation by the assigned PO working in collaboration with the ORC/SORC.
Open Dates and Release
An "open date" is a parole status granted by the Board. To receive an open date, individuals must be serving an indeterminate sentence. In order to be released to community supervision, DOCCS must verify that the individual has a suitable place to live and employment or other appropriate means of financial support.
Incarcerated individuals are encouraged to participate in the development of the supervision plan and it is important that they fully understand the requirements of supervision and that they are fully aware of the need to comply with the conditions of release as established by the Board and their PO.
An open date is the earliest possible release date. The approval occurs after the PO has completed an investigation of the release program and submitted the results of the community preparation investigation to the SPO and the Bureau Chief (BC). The assigned field team must approve the release program (supervision plan) before an incarcerated individual can be released.
The ORC will process the release upon being notified of the approved supervision plan. The supervision plan typically consists of the residence verification, employment confirmation or reasonable assurance of employment, educational or vocational training program, chemical dependence treatment, or other case-specific treatment need.
Denials
If denied release following the Board interview, individuals will receive a copy of the Parole Board Decision Notice that will contain the reasons for the denial. The Board will set a date for the reappearance. The reappearance date cannot exceed 24 months from the date of the current appearance. The incarcerated individual may submit an administrative appeal from the Board's decision. The ORC can assist with information regarding the appeal process and requirements related to the submission of the appropriate documentation.
Community Preparation
Where a parolee will live, work or go to school is extremely important. It is essential that they take an active role in the development of their release/supervision plan. Prior to their scheduled release date, they will be asked to provide DOCCS staff with information about where they plan to live and work in the community. This is an important matter that incarcerated individuals should be planning for long before the anticipated release date.
The information provided by the incarcerated individual will be given to a PO who will investigate the proposed residence or housing program, employment, vocational or educational programs, and treatment programs. If the release plans change or require modification, the incarcerated individual must immediately contact the ORC. If they are having difficulty with identifying a potential residence or is in need of emergency housing assistance upon release, the ORC and PO can assist the incarcerated individual by developing a housing plan that may include temporary placement in a shelter, halfway house, or a transitional residential facility.
Looking for Employment While Incarcerated
An important part of the supervision plan is employment. Independently, incarcerated individuals should do the following:
Contact former and prospective employers
Ask for help from relatives and friends
Contact ex-offender resource groups
Write letters to businesses and other organizations where they plan to live
Utilize all pre-release resources and information available at the correctional facility
Assisting Parolees Find Programs
The Department supports the successful completion of community and or post-release supervision to include:
no new arrests
no rule violations
no behavior that would compromise community safety
no behavior that would compromise the safety of the individual under supervision
DOCCS promotes the utilization of recommended programs and services to assist an individual to become self-sufficient, responsible, and independent. Individuals under community supervision may be required to attend a treatment program or participate in other targeted services as a condition of community supervision or period of post-release supervision.
They may require assistance to break the cycle of addiction by addressing a history of chemical dependence. Referral services may also include assistance with managing anger, attending vocational training and educational opportunities, obtaining employment, managing personal finances, or paying child support, restitution and other mandated fees.
DOCCS' Re-Entry Operations Unit (REO) provides assistance with securing services in collaboration with the assigned Parole Officer. REO is comprised of Re-Entry Managers and Assistant Re-Entry Managers within each of the seven regions of NYS. REOs works in collaboration with DOCCS facility and field staff to build partnerships with service providers and local government entities and works closely with county governments throughout the state to facilitate access to housing, benefits and supportive services.
REO develops additional referral sources for housing, substance abuse prevention services, anger management, domestic violence and mental health counseling, medical services, mentoring, employment and a host of other services needed by the formally incarcerated.
REO assists POs in the placement of those individuals with specialized needs, ranging from serious medical illnesses to mental health concerns. We develop housing resources in the community, coordinate specialized services for parolees with unique needs and makes referrals to community based organizations that have the ability to provide stabilization to returning citizens, who require guidance and support.
Conditions of Community and Post-Release Supervision
Parolees may be required to attend a treatment program or participate in other targeted services as a condition of community supervision or period of post-release supervision. The Department's Re-entry Services Unit provides assistance with securing such services, and the PO can also help the parolee access these types of services in the community.
Outstanding Warrants
If the Board believes that discretionary release is appropriate, an incarcerated individual will receive an "open date" decision. The jurisdiction responsible for issuing the warrant will be notified that the individual is scheduled for release, and arrangements will be made so that the warrant may be enforced once released. If the warrant is recalled or if the charges are dismissed, the individual would be released to the community as soon as their release program (supervision plan) is approved. If the warrant or commitment detainer is eventually vacated, removed or lifted for any reason, the parolee is expected to report to their assigned PO and remain under the supervision of DOCCS until the expiration of their sentence or period of post-release supervision.
Earned Eligibility
The Commissioner of the Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, or designee, may issue a Certificate of Earned Eligibility to an incarcerated individual who has shown progress in an assigned institutional program. The Board will review this as part of the institutional record. The possession of an Earned Eligibility Certificate is viewed as a positive factor in release consideration.
Rescission Hearings
Once granted a release date and in community preparation status (having been granted a release date, but prior to actual release), the ORC and other DOCCS staff, if necessary, must review any serious violation of facility rules including escape or absconding from a temporary release program or change in their mental condition that would indicate their release at the present time would not be in their best interest or that of society's.
The ORC and other DOCCS staff, if necessary, must also review any new information not available to the Board at the time of the interview. After completing an investigation, the SORC may issue a temporary suspension of an incarcerated individual's parole release date. If a temporary suspension is issued, the SORC and ORC will forward a report to the Board. A Board member will then review the report and decide whether or not a rescission hearing should be conducted by the Board to reconsider the earlier Board decision.
If a rescission hearing is ordered, the individual will be provided with a written notice of the alleged violations of behavior or changes in status in advance of the hearing.
At the hearing, evidence will be presented by the SORC or ORC and the incarcerated individual will have an opportunity to present witnesses and the documentary evidence, as well as confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses.
Although there is no provision for court-appointed counsel at this time, incarcerated individuals have a right to retain counsel to represent them at the hearing at their own cost. The burden of proof at such a hearing is upon DOCCS.
The Board will prepare a written decision that either rescinds the release decision or restores the release date previously granted. If the release date is rescinded, the Board decision will indicate the evidence relied upon, the reasons for rescission and a reappearance date will be established.


Mumps is an acute viral infection, producing the typical swollen parotid (salivary) glands on either side of the jaw. It can affect one side only, in which case the other side can, although only rarely, be affected if exposed to the virus later in life. The most worrying complication for adults is a secondary swelling and inflammation of one or both testicles (orchid's), but this only rarely causes any long-term problems. Alongside the swelling of the parotid glands there is usually a fever, symptoms settling down in a week or so.
If there is difficulty in eating, give liquids or nourishing foods. Fluid is important because of the fever too avoid citrus juices which may increase saliva flow and add to the pains.
A cold compress can be used to reduce the swelling, a drop of Lavender oil may be used in this, or perhaps use iced Lavender tea.
Vitamin C may be given to boost the immune system, and herb teas taken to control the fever and act as general tonics.
Homeopathic remedies to look at include Belladonna where the face is red and burning hot and Pulsatilla for a high temperature but a feeling of chill.


CBS is rounding out the cast of its 13-episode summer series American Gothic, adding The Knick's Juliet Rylance and Defiance's Stephanie Leonidas as series regulars, TVLine has learned exclusively.
Gabriel Bateman, best known as Dylan McDermott's son on Stalker, has also boarded the mystery thriller.
The trio join the previously cast Antony Starr (Banshee), Justin Chatwin (Shameless) and Megan Ketch (Jane the Virgin).
From Good Wife/Jane the Virgin scribe Corinne Brinkerhoff and Steven Spielberg's Amblin Television, the drama — which bears no connection to the short-lived, Shaun Cassidy-produced American Gothic series that aired on CBS in the mid-'90s — centers on a prominent Boston family that is attempting to redefine itself in the wake of a chilling discovery that links their recently deceased patriarch to a string of murders spanning decades, all amid the mounting suspicion that one of them may have been his accomplice.


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text:
St Mawgan-in-Meneage
Churchtown Mawgan Helston
Church of England Diocese of Truro Saint Mawgan-in-Meneage
Local community magazine in print again
2 Dec 2020, 2:15 p.m.
Community_news
The Meneage Messenger, the community magazine covering the parishes of Mawgan, St Martin, Manaccan and St Anthony, has not been printed since April although it has remained available as a free PDF via email. The Messenger Steering Group is pleased to announce that the December/January issue will be available, as before, printed in black and white at 50p a copy, from December 2nd/3rd in the following outlets:<u1:p></u1:p>
Mawgan Stores, Helford Stores, St Keverne Paper Shop, New Inn Manaccan, and Mawgan, St Martin, Manaccan and St Anthony churches.
The magazine includes church services and opening times for all four parishes plus general articles on all sorts of subjects from farming and gardening to local history, events and news. It will continue to be sent to all those who have registered for PDF, free of charge, until we get back to normal. If you are not on our list and would like a free PDF version please email [email protected] quoting 'Free December PDF'.
As far as we know at the moment, once restrictions finish our annual subscription rates for the 11 copies will return to:
<u1:p></u1:p> <u1:p></u1:p> <u1:p></u1:p> <u1:p></u1:p>
Postal Subscription (paper black and white) £14, PDF Subscription (in colour) £5, Advertisement Box £100.<u1:p></u1:p>


"Should I learn how to code?" This dilemma lurks in the mind and office space of the modern marketer.
It seems inevitable to say yes. After all, you want to be aware of the tiniest details of your digital marketing campaigns. These include the codes that enable your apps, emails, tools and websites to run. You're also the link between design and development, yet, those teams speak different languages.
Learning to code is costly though, requiring time and money to really become proficient. That's a drain on resources that could otherwise be spent on other aspects of marketing, such as conversion rate optimisation (CRO).
The correct answer: CRO tools that tell you what you need to know and don't require a lengthy, complicated setup process.
KISSmetrics becomes indispensable for customer intelligence once you have enlisted it as a tool. It gives you insights into the buyer's journey. It guides your decision-making process by showing you what is working and what is not.
"We saw a 30% increase in conversions by utilizing their tool," shared Brad Hanks, marketing manager of software maker, Lucidchart.
The tool is also helpful in identifying which pages are causing you to lose visitors. In addition, it empowers you to take that step toward greater conversion from the same amount of traffic.
Free trial: Tied to a plan.
Pricing: Starter ($200/month); Basic ($700/month); Pro ($2,000/month); Enterprise also available.
Apps are everywhere these days. And it can be a chore to move data from one to another. Zapier allows your business apps to interact through Zaps. It also eliminates repetition of tasks using automation.
Ophélie Lechat, editor-in-chief of Sitepoint, used to manage multiple RSS feeds to share the works of her team of writers and editors from across the globe. These people use a variety of tools to accomplish their tasks, but she does not want to ruin their workflow balance. This is where Zapier comes in.
"[It] works quietly in the background. My team is now using process to be more productive without even knowing it," related Lechat.
Free trial: Yes. 5 Zaps per month are allowed. Zaps run every 15 minutes. 100 tasks/month.
Pricing: Basic ($20/month); Business ($50/month); Business Plus ($75/month); Infrastructure ($125/month).
Real-time data take center stage, thanks to Geckoboard. It surfaces data from Google Analytics, Twitter, Facebook and Pinterest to lay down your key performance indicators, as they happen. Such a function unites business units.
Free trial: Yes, for 30 days.
HubSpot has a wide offering of inbound marketing tools that it deserves its own article. Yet, it made this list because of the relevance of its software components, such as analytics, email, landing pages, marketing automation, and social media.
Free trial: Yes, for 30 days for the marketing software.
Pricing: Marketing Software – Basic ($200/month); Pro ($800/month); Enterprise ($2,400/month). Check onboarding requirements. Billed annually.
Sales Software – HubSpot CRM (not a trial, but it's free).
Balsamiq is an interesting addition to this broad list. Through this rapid wireframing software, you will be able to replicate the experience of sketching on a whiteboard, all while doing it on your computer. It may not help you directly with the conversions, but imagine how it can boost team productivity by unleashing creativity.
Free trial: Yes. Download Mockups 3, which is fully functional for 30 days. You can save your projects within that period. When it is over, you will need a license to keep new work.
Pricing: Desktop ($89/user); Cloud (starts at $12/month); and Google Drive ($5/month/user). All comes with a free 30-day trial.
A quick note about Formisimo; our tool suits marketers and conversion optimisation professionals who need to understand how their web forms are performing at a glance.
We provide visual charts alongside tables of data that allow you to investigate the numbers. Formisimo is a diagnostic tool. We interpret data from interactions with your web forms e.g. key presses and time spent, to report on user behaviour.
Formisimo users discover leaks and pain points in their web forms that, when fixed, boost the conversion rate of the form.
These are some of the best CRO tools that are at your disposal. Use them to boost productivity, increase conversion rates and streamline marketing responsibilities in your team.
To start a free trial of Formisimo, sign up and start tracking your web forms.


text:
The Secret Behind Mamaearth's Success - Interesting Facts of Mamaearth
Pratyusha Srivastava
Jan 31, 2022 — 4 min read
Mamaearth is a company known for delivering absolutely non-toxic products in the competitive global market of FMCG companies. It was started by a husband-wife duo- Varun Alagh and Ghazal Alagh in late 2016. Nowadays, India is thriving with startups, among which several are gaining status in the Unicorns list as well.
Mamaearth has gained quite a prominent status as it has over 1.5 million Indian consumers across more than 500 cities. The company started with just six products in its catalogue and has grown into extreme success with more than 80 natural and toxic-free products.
Behind such success, there is a brief story starting from when the couple realized that the situation of baby products in the market is pretty rough and almost every product consists of toxic chemicals which becomes quite dangerous for the babies. Just like this story, there are several interesting stories and facts about Mamaearth. So, let's get started!
Mamaearth Origin Story - From Parents to Entrepreneurs
Interesting Facts About MamaEarth
Varun Alagh and Ghazal Alagh never thought of becoming millionaires or entrepreneurs. They were just a happy couple who just had a baby and struggled to raise their baby with the proper nutrition and products, keeping safety in mind.
Their encounter with baby products was extremely tough as when they researched the composition of the product, they realised there isn't a single product that does not have toxic chemicals in it.
This compelled them to launch a company that offers natural and toxin-free baby products, which later on came under the parent company Honasa Consumer Pvt Ltd, in Gurugram.
Initially, Mamaearth started the company with just six products developed with the best natural and toxic-free ingredients. But soon they gained massive success and expanded their products into multiple categories like skincare, haircare and others; for men and women across 80 SKUs (stock keeping unit). They grew into more than 80 products and nearly 12 new products in the lockdown period.
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StartupTalkyArijit Karan
Initiative to improve the world
Mamaeath came with an initiative to make the world a better place for us and our children. It has organised several campaigns as well such as 'Let's Recycle' and #MyFirstGoodDeedOf2021 gained massive success as it showed how they are working to conserve mother earth for the upcoming generation and this majorly attracted the parents to the brand.
Majorly targets Mothers
The fun, yet strong fact of Mamaeath is its target audience, Mothers. They believe that a mother knows the best and once they are familiar with the quality of its products, they'd know how effective and honest this brand is.
In fact, they launched a special campaign as well on the occasion of mother's day - #MamaeathMummySong on their social media platform. This showed how important a place our mothers hold in our lives with an all-new peppy song about mothers.
Lean innovation cycle
Mamaearth is an FMCG company that works on the lean innovation cycle to achieve its current growth rate. This cycle basically launches, learns and scales instantly; which helps them focus on consumer-specific needs identifications. With this approach, Mamaearth has gathered investments from Sequoia Capital India, Fireside Ventures and Stellaris, of USD 23.3 million.
The revenue model of Mamaearth is entirely based on the sale of its products to consumers through its direct-2-consumer and e-commerce platforms. Moreover, Mamaearth has gained huge success in the past few years and is thriving in segmenting, targeting and positioning.
Competent in the market
In such stiff competition in the market, with popular brands such as Johnson & Johnson, Headspot, Ulta Beauty, Sehatand and others; Mamaearth stands with a steady position. In an interview, when asked about the fight against such brands, Varun Alagh - CEO and founder of Mamaearth, replied "Mamaearth provides superior and safer products as compared to any other brand in the market."
It works on educating the consumer about the chemicals involved in the composition of other products in the market and elaborates on the benefits of using their products.
The customer acquisition strategy is entirely based on digital content. Therefore, enlightens the consumer on the issues their products tackle and how their products are best in the market.
13 Steaming facts about Starbucks Every Starbucks lover should know about
If you are a frequent Starbucks customer, here are some facts about Starbucks that will change the way you order at Starbucks.
StartupTalkyNiharika Kalyankar
Mamaearth is a brand that comes in the need of every parent and over the years, it has grown itself into a massive 100-crore company. It is certified by Made Safe, a US-based non-profit organisation that majorly focuses on human health and develops products that are absolutely free of any toxic chemical composition and entirely natural.
Their products are clinically tested for hypoallergenic, toxins, dyes, artificial fragrance or anything that can harm the consumer. Last December, the company gained the status of a unicorn, with the fund gathered of $37.5 million. Stay tuned for more content!
What is special about Mamaearth?
Mamearth is one of the few d2c skincare brands in India that provides toxin-free products for babies. It is also one of the 1st Asian brands with a "MADE SAFE" certification.
When was Mamaearth founded?
Mamaearth was founded in 2016 by Varun Alagh and Ghazal Alagh when they couldn't find any toxin-free products for their baby.
Is Mamaearth an Indian brand?
Yes, Mamaearh is an Indian brand and its parent company is Honasa Consumer Pvt Ltd.
Collections 🗒 facts Brand facts Interesting Facts Mamaearth Cosmetic Brands baby products Baby products company Baby Care Startups varun alagh Ghazal Aalgh
I am a law student. My interests are technical, legal, news and business writing. Writing has always been my passion and I write to connect purely with the audience. Contact - story@startuptalky.com


A new study has listed Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Ukraine among the world's 10 most dangerous countries.
Amnesty International says the number of death sentences issued worldwide increased sharply during 2014 as governments used capital punishment in a "flawed attempt" to fight crime, combat terrorism, and quash internal instability.
Iran has called for an "immediate halt" to the Saudi-led military operation against Shi'ite Huthi rebels in Yemen, warning that the "attack" endangered the whole region.
Pakistan has evacuated hundreds of citizens and diplomatic staff from war-torn Yemen. Reports said a Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 747 took off from Yemen's Al-Hudaydah airport on March 29 with 494 Pakistani nationals on board.
Pakistan's military said on March 28 that its troops had killed 15 suspected militants in the northwestern Khyber tribal area near the Afghan border.
Two Czech women kidnapped in Pakistan in 2013 have been freed and are back home in the Czech Republic.
Pakistani officials said on March 27 that seven officers were killed in two separate Taliban attacks targeting police.
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif asserted that any threat to Saudi Arabia's territorial integrity would evoke a strong response from Pakistan.
Yemeni President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi has reportedly arrived in Saudi Arabia as coalition led by Riyadh launched air strikes against Shi'ite rebels in Yemen.
Pakistan is holding its first Republic Day parade in seven years amid tight security.


I'm in love with my dad.
Do I love him? Yes. But I'm talking about being in love. I like him. I like being around him. He's funny. He makes me laugh. He's special.
You see I didn't grow up throwing the ball with him in the backyard. We never sat by the fireplace and had older man, younger man talks. No, my dad worked all the time, all the time. He left home for his pipe shop job around 4:30 am, returned around 3 pm and would leave again around 4:00 pm for his nighttime janitorial job. On the weekends he did plumbing with a family friend, Goat.
Yet, as much as he worked, we all knew he was there for us, a reasoning safe presence. For me, his oldest and only son, he foresaw a changing world. A world he was willing to send his son into but would not live in himself. He accepted his supporting role in life but wanted a starring role for his son. So he worked. He worked to make the funds necessary to send me, and my two sisters, to private school, buy us a house, allow us to live comfortable lives. When things got tight, we, the children, would be made aware of it because we were a team and everyone pitched in to make things work.
What I remember most and what I enjoy most now is listening to him talk. Born in 1925, in Elmore County Alabama, he's seen a world I could not have survived. Almost being accosted by white strangers because they thought my light-skinned mother was a white woman. Having to step off the sidewalk when a white couple approached. Working all day, sun up to sun down behind a mule for 50 cents. Building his own bicycle from spare parts and riding with his brother into downtown Wetumpka, Alabama to go to the movies, and of course, sit in the black section of the theatre. Going to the army at 18. Afterward, moving to Birmingham to join his sisters and brothers as they transitioned from rural country life to city life, marriage and a family.
His wife, my mother, had been raised Catholic and had gone to Catholic schools. She set the standards. He converted to Catholicism. He worked so we could go to Catholic schools. When I became a popular athlete at the school where I integrated the sports teams, what he didn't understand he didn't stand in the way of. He never limited me. When I pushed back against his more restrained ways he supported me.
There are times, while visiting him that we will take a drive to visit with his friend, Kit. They worked together at Acipco Pipe. Kit's ten years younger than my dad and babysits a tire service he runs with his wife. There are few customers so he and my dad can have an hour or two to just talk.
They both survived 35 years in the plant. Made it out. Retired and have lived long enough to enjoy it. They witnessed their place of work go from their supervisor referring to them as "These are my Ni_ _ ers," to a measure of respect for who they were as men. They laugh a lot at the supervisor who they told jokes to in order to get him laughing and telling jokes. While he entertained them they got to rest.
Traveling in parallel universes is sometimes frustrating. "What are you talking about?" I wanted to say. But I studied him. Now 93 and hard of hearing, he still is the master of his shrinking domain, holding on to whatever control he can.
I thought about what he'd said. The light went on. It was a strategy. A strategy I could utilize. I would utilize. I had to get back on offense. Score some points. I would.
This trip I spent three days with him. My sisters, his angels, are his full time caregivers. I come in once a month to substitute and give them a tiny break. Daddy and I talk, watch television, go on rides through familiar territory, and eventually nod out on the couch in the evening.
The hardest part is leaving. We always make good eye contact, our eyes express the thankfulness of being in each other's lives and the loving words he cannot verbalize but doesn't have to. I know.


text:
Q: Continue after failed command in bash script with `set -e` I'm writing a script that parses Bundler's output for errors, but I've run into an issue that I'm not certain how to handle:
response="$(bundle install 2>&1)"
echo $response

If Bundler fails, then $response is blank, and I can't parse it as I need. I've tried:
response="$(bundle install 2>&1 || true)"
echo $response

Which works, but isn't what I want because I still want my script to fail when Bundler fails.
How can I allow bundle install to fail and still read its output?
I should also add that I'm using set -e, which I need.
Edit:
After reading PSkocik's answer, this allows me to continue through the error, while still exiting when it happens:
response="$(bundle install 2>&1)" || bundle_status=$?
# Continue working (In my case, I'm parsing the errors to give more
# meaningful output for the context in which bundler is being run).
# And now I can exit with the given status code, or default to 0.
exit ${bundle_status:-0}

A: It's because of the -e option.
You need to make sure the error return status gets tested for:
man sh on  -e (man bash is a little more verbose on this, but in the same spirit)

If not interactive, exit immediately if any untested command fails.
  The exit status of a command is considered to be explicitly tested if
  the command is used to control an if, elif, while, or until; or if the
  command is the left hand operand of an "&&" or "||" operator.

Here's an example with a bundler mock (in sh, but should work in bash too):
#!/bin/sh
set -e
bundle(){
  echo "i'm errorring here" >&2
  return 32
}

response="$(bundle 2>&1)"
echo "won't get here if -e is set"

You can solve it like this:
response="$(bundle 2>&1)" || ret=$? #`set -e` won't kill us now
echo "will get here now"
echo "the bundle command exited with $ret"
echo "the response is ${response}"

If you need to echo strings that aren't yours, you should consider printf instead of echo (and don't forget double quotes): https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/65803/why-is-printf-better-than-echo

A: One option is to get rid of -e and find a way to do more sophisticated error handling.
The other option is to replace the bundle command with a wrapper.  Example:
function my-bundle {
    set +e
    output=$(bundle "$@" 2>&1)
    ret=$?
    echo "$output" # Add code for output parsing here
    set -e
    return $ret
}

# main script
set -e

There is no way you can have set -e handle the return status of a command and run code after the command. (Unless you want to use trap)

A: The problem is, you don't want your script to fail when Bundler does. You just want to exit after you've caught the error and done something with the error message. Don't use set -e.
if ! response=$(bundle install 2>&1); then
    ret=$?
    # do something with $reponse
    exit $ret
fi


Brianna and Randy's wedding day started with first looks by the lake. Afterwards, they exchanged vows beside an adorable little chapel at Red Mill in Waupaca, WI. They also included one of the coolest unity rituals we've heard of. They wrote love letters to each other that they will read in ten years and then sealed them in a keepsake box. After their first married kiss, they shared cocktails with their guests and posed for photos in the sunshine.
Brianna was radiant in her Stella York gown with its sweetheart neckline and multi-tiered skirting. And pairing it with a removable lace jacket gave her two looks in one! Her leafy flower crown was beautifully boho and her bridesmaids were pretty in pale pink. Meanwhile, Randy was dapper in blue and his groomsmen looked handsome in gray suits.
White linens and navy blue satin runners graced the reception tables and tall centerpieces added dimension. At the same time, the head table featured gold accents and strung Edison lights gave the space a romantic glow. We love the cheery, laid-back vibe they achieved. Congratulations Brianna and Randy!


Offerings in Studies in International Literatures and Cultures (SILC), taught in English, give students both a specific and comparative focus on global cultures.
Current Semester Language Brochure containing advisor, staff, subject schedule and upcoming schedule information.
An undergraduate concentration consists of any three subjects in Studies in International Literatures and Cultures (SILC) which form a coherent unit. This concentration is designed in consultation with the SILC concentration advisor.


Ear surgery isn't the most widely discussed cosmetic procedure out there, but it can be one of the most effective. Many people suffer from oversized, undersized, or oddly shaped ears – and if you're struggling with this yourself, otoplasty might be the solution.
Let's have a closer look at what you can expect from different types of ear surgery.
Whether you've been teased and called Dumbo as a child, or always felt that your ears detracted from your appearance – otoplasty offers you the chance to correct the unusual size or shape of your ears. They're a feature we often take for granted when their appearance is relatively normal, but this only makes any irregularities more noticeable. Most patients who opt for otoplasty simply want to make a first impression that doesn't involve their ears!
Every ear is unique, and requires a tailored approach. They're a delicate and complex feature, so this is one surgery where you'll really notice the difference between an ordinary plastic surgeon, and specialist facial plastic surgeon with plenty of otoplasty experience.
Ear Pinback – This is the most common variety of otoplasty. Ears which protrude too far from the face (even though they may be of normal size) can be "pulled back" towards the cheeks. The surgery involves a simple incision at the base of the external ear, and some of the ear's cartilage is sometimes removed to enhance the effect.
Ear Reduction – Not to be confused with pinback, this surgery involves the removal of some of the ear's outer tissue. It can correct for abnormal size – such as occurs with a condition called macrotia. In these cases, ears may not necessarily protrude too far from the face, but can still appear too large when seen from the side. Ear reduction surgery removes excess cartilage, creating an appearance that's more in proportion with the rest of your face.
Ear Augmentation – Oversized ears aren't the only problem people frequently suffer from. It can be just as disheartening to have ears which are smaller than normal – sometimes to the extent that they are totally invisible from the front. Ear augmentation can give your ear more structure, ensuring that all of its components are balanced and in harmony with your face. Cartilage is often taken from another part of your body and added to the ear. The augmentation technique can also be an appropriate solution for patients with disfigured or malformed ears.
Finally, another fairly common ear surgery is earlobe repair. Torn or stretched earlobes are a common complication from a lifetime of wearing heavy earrings, or getting lobe gauging. Experienced plastic surgeons can leave an almost invisible line when they stitch a torn lobe back together.
All of these options above can be performed as outpatient procedures, with local anesthetic and minimal recovery time. Full results can be expected in about a week, and you don't usually need to take time off work.
Dr. Siegel is a facial plastic surgeon with extensive experience in all kinds of otoplasty. To find out more about whether ear surgery might be right for you, contact him today!