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marriage in Chesterfield 1916 help please
Author Topic: marriage in Chesterfield 1916 help please (Read 647 times)
RootsChat Veteran
Re: marriage in Chesterfield 1916 help please
« Reply #9 on: Saturday 03 August 19 20:04 BST (UK) »
I'd just like to thank all of you who have so kindly replied to my post, I really am very grateful to you.
I know that you cannot do a "look up" for marriages performed in a Registry Office, but I was hoping that it would be a marriage performed in a parish church; apologies, I should have stated this.
You have really done a brilliant job in obtaining all this wonderful data, and putting it together - I've been working from the Liverpool end, and am thrilled to have all the data you have given me, particularly that from the Derbyshire area.
Please, Ladyhawk, re:
The 3 Birth entries for the 3 Fergie children ie Harold Dudley 1886, Emma Lydia 1887 and Lillie 1892.
Please can you tell me how you found out that the MMN was Dudley?
(I can only find Lillie's Birth in Lancashire BMD, and this does not appear to give the MMN.)
Thanks very much again,
cuffie81
« Reply #10 on: Saturday 03 August 19 21:12 BST (UK) »
I couldn't see any marriage announcement in the newspapers but did find some items re. the family, which may be of interest.
Sheffield Daily Telegraph
Chesterfield Canadian
Private Peter Warner, eldest son of Mr Frank Warner, Chesterfield, has been seriously wounded while serving with the Canadian Infantry, a telegram to his father stating that he is dangerously ill in hospital. Private Warner was shot in the ear, the bullet passing up into the head. Leaving Chesterfield 14 years ago, Mr Warner went to the United States, where he secured a position as head butcher with an important firm in Detroit. Twelve months ago he crossed into Ontario, Canada, and enlisted in the Canadian Infantry at Windsor.
Derbyshire Courier
Bolsover Men Wounded
Private P. Warner
Private Peter Warner (30), eldest son of Mr and Mrs Frank Warner, Chellowdene, Chatsworth Road, Brampton, who was serving with the Canadian Infantry some six weeks ago, has succumbed to his injuries in a London Hospital. A telegram to this effect was received by the parents on Thursday morning. Private Warner received a gunshot wound in the ear, which penetrated into his head. He was educated at St Helen's Street School, and served his apprenticeship with Mr J Middleton, butcher. Migrating to America nearly 14 years ago, he became manager of a large stores at Detroit, and held positions at Chicago and New York. Together with his younger brother he answered the mother country's call for men over twelve months ago and became attached to the Canadian Infantry. He had been in France about seven weeks when he was wounded. It is understood that the remains will be brought to Chesterfield for internment.
Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald
Chesterfield Casualties
Corporal Anthony M Warner, Leicestershire Regiment, son of Mr Frank Warner, "Chellowdene," Brookside, Chesterfield, has written home stating that he has been wounded in the chest and leg, and has undergone an operation in the base hospital in France. "It was a narrow shave.", he writes. "Only half an inch from the heart, but I guess my luck was in. I don't know if I shall be lucky enough to get to 'Blighty.' I hope so; it would be a change, for, between you and me, it was hell where we were. Enough said!" Corporal Warner is married and his wife is at present living with her mother at the Buck Inn, Chesterfield. Before enlisting a year and a half ago he was engaged with his father in the fish-curing business, but he had previously spent five years in America. Mr Warner has another son serving with the Canadian Flying Corps. and another, Pte. Peter Warner, died of wounds in July 1916.
Later Mr Frank Warner
Chesterfield Tradesman Passes Away
The death of Mr Frank Warner, "Chellowdene," Brookside, removes another well-known Chesterfield personality. Mr WArner, who was 62 years of age, passed away on Monday in Sheffield Nursing Home following an operation. For almost forty years he had been in the business as a wholesale fish merchant in Station Road. He leaves a widow, two sons and three daughters, his eldest son having been killed in the war.
The funeral took places on Thursday, the first part of the service being held at St Thomas' Church, Brampton, where the Rev. F H Burnside officiated. The cortege afterwards left for Holymoorside, the internment being in the family vault in the little Churchyard, the Rev F H Burnside also carrying out the last rites. The family mourners were Mrs Warner (widow), Mr and Mrs A Warner (son and daughter-in-law), Mr and Mrs F Rignall (son-in-law and daughter), Mr Peter Warner (brother), Mr Arthur Warner, Leicester (brother), Mr Clement Warner (brother), Mrs F Garland?, Sheffield (sister), Mrs F Walker (sister), Mr A May (nephew), and Mrs Phillips, Stockton-on-Tees.
[Plus a number of other mourners and long list of wreaths and floral tributes. Article of also has photo of Frank.]
Death of Mrs F M Warner, Chesterfield
The death occurred on Saturday of Mrs Frances Mary Warner (78), of 690, Brookside, Chesterfield.
Mrs Warner was the widow of Mr Frank Warner who died in 1924 and sister-in-law of Mr Peter Warner, fish merchant, Chesterfield. She was born at Stanedge, her father, Mr May, being a well known farmer. She leaves three daughters and a son. A daughter, Mrs S E Bennett, is in Australia and a son, Mr Bernard Warner in Detroit. Mrs Warner's eldest son, Mr Peter Warner, died after being wounded in the last war.
The funeral took place at Holymoorside on Tues, being attended by members of the family. The arrangements were carried out by B Hattersley, 211, Chatsworth Road, Chesterfield. Tel 2820.
Anderson Banks Beard Brewer Caves Clarke Clinch Cooling Cuff Denton Gamble Gibson Gunn Hunt Mills Muncey Norris Notzke Reid Robinson Searle Smith Trundle Turner Weedon Wells Wilson
Quote from: kit54 on Saturday 03 August 19 20:04 BST (UK)
The MMN is available in the GRO's own births index, which were compiled from transcripts of original registers, rather than the original index. It's free to use but you need to open an account.
GRO Ordering Service - Most Customers Want To Know
https://www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content/certificates/most_customers_want_to_know.asp#OnlineIndex
KGarrad
« Reply #12 on: Sunday 04 August 19 07:11 BST (UK) »
No apology required!
It's a terminology issue.
A Marriage Certificate is issued for any marriage conducted under Civil Registration.
What you wanted was the Parish Register entry for the marriage - and that's not a certificate
Garrad (Suffolk, Essex, Somerset), Crocker (Somerset), Vanstone (Devon, Jersey), Sims (Wiltshire), Bridger (Kent)
Thank you once again for all your replies - I am delighted to have all of that, and am gratified for all that everyone has done for me. You all have really bent over backwards to help me and I have also learnt something along the way, which I'm sure will be useful in the future.
Can't thank you enough, you have been brilliant!


text:
Discovering Fossils
Introducing the palaeontology of Great Britain
Fossil Hunts
Fossil Hunting Guide
Conserving evidence
Above: A pyritised Echioceras ammonite from Charmouth (Dorset)
The modern use of the word 'fossil' refers to the physical evidence of former life from a period of time prior to recorded human history. This prehistoric evidence includes the fossilised remains of living organisms, impressions and moulds of their physical form, and marks/traces created in the sediment by their activities. There is no universally agreed age at which the evidence can be termed fossilised, however it's broadly understood to encompass anything more than a few thousand years. Such a definition includes our prehistoric human ancestry and the ice age fauna (e.g. mammoths) as well as more ancient fossil groups such as the dinosaurs, ammonites and trilobites.
The earliest reported fossil discoveries date from 3.5 billion years ago, however it wasn't until approximately 600 million years ago that complex multi-cellular life began to enter the fossil record, and for the purposes of fossil hunting the majority of effort is directed towards fossils of this age and younger.
Fossils occur commonly around the world although just a small proportion of life makes it into the fossil record. Most living organisms simply decay without trace after death as natural processes recycle their soft tissues and even hard parts such as bone and shell. Thus, the abundance of fossils in the geological record reflects the frequency of favourable conditions where preservation is possible, the immense number of organisms that have lived, and the vast length of time over which the rocks have accumulated.
How do fossils form?
The term 'fossilisation' refers to a variety of often complex processes that enable the preservation of organic remains within the geological record. It frequently includes the following conditions: rapid and permanent burial/entombment – protecting the specimen from environmental or biological disturbance; oxygen deprivation – limiting the extent of decay and also biological activity/scavenging; continued sediment accumulation as opposed to an eroding surface – ensuring the organism remains buried in the long-term; and the absence of excessive heating or compression which might otherwise destroy it.
Above: An earthquake causes sediment on the seafloor to mobilise, rapidly burying a skeleton on the seafloor. Image adapted from EVNautilus video.
Fossil evidence is typically preserved within sediments deposited beneath water, partly because the conditions outlined above occur more frequently in these environments, and also because the majority of the Earth's surface is covered by water (70%+). Even fossils derived from land, including dinosaur bones and organisms preserved within amber (fossilised tree resin) were ultimately preserved in sediments deposited beneath water i.e. in wetlands, lakes, rivers, estuaries or swept out to sea.
Fossilisation can also occur on land, albeit to a far lesser extent, and includes (for example) specimens that have undergone mummification in the sterile atmosphere of a cave or desert. However in reality these examples are only a delay to decomposition rather than a lasting mode of fossilisation and specimens require permanent storage in a climate controlled environment in order to limit its affects.
In the following example a fish is used to illustrate the stages associated with fossilisation within off-shore marine sediments. This is just one summarised example, in reality there are countless scenarios that create the conditions necessary for fossilisation in marine sediments.
Having reached adulthood and returned to its birth place to spawn, this particular fish reaches the end of its life and dies. Soon after death the body of the fish becomes water-logged and sinks to the seafloor (note that quite often the gases produced during decomposition cause the carcass to float back to the surface, so the final resting place may be some distance away). More often than not the carcass would be pulled apart and scattered by scavenging crustaceans and other fish, however on this occasion the absence of any large scavengers leaves the fish relatively undisturbed.
Above: A fish returns to its birth place to spawn
Above: Having spawned the fish dies and shortly after sinks to the seafloor
Although fossils can be found in sediments deposited in turbulent (high energy) environments near the coastline, complete/articulated skeletons require undisturbed conditions. A quiet seafloor with minimal light, low oxygen levels and a soft muddy composition are among the conditions suitable for preserving organic remains.
Decay and burial
After several weeks the fish is partially decomposed. Despite the calm conditions on the seafloor, several thousand meters into the bedrock pressure is building along an active geological fault. Suddenly the stressed rock slips, sending shockwaves to the rock above and causing the sediment nearby to mobilise. The mobile sediment travels across the seafloor burying the fish in the process, in what is often termed a rapid burial event. Once entombed beneath the sediment the remaining flesh and soft tissue are broken down by bacteria, leaving just the skeleton in the position of burial.
Above: After several weeks the soft body tissues have mostly decayed
Above: Tectonic activity induces nearby sediment to mobilise, burying the fish in the event.
Rapid burial is a common component for optimal fossilisation, as prolonged exposure would otherwise increase the likelihood of disturbance from scavengers and/or currents. Burial may also occur quickly if a high volume of sediment is deposited in the area following a period of heavy rain that delivers sediment from major rivers (for example).
Sediment accumulation and permineralisation
Over time the skeleton is gradually buried deeper by accumulating sediment. Slowly the weight of the sediment compacts the underlying areas, pressing the grains together, driving excess water out, and depositing minerals in the pores, and ultimately turning the soft sediment to hard rock – a process known as lithification.
As this process takes place, minerals contained within the waters-saturated sediment replace the original minerals in the skeleton and fill any voids formed as parts of the skeleton dissolve. The process of mineral replacement is known as permineralisation and results in a remineralised copy of the original skeleton.
Above: Several months pass and all that remains of the buried fish is its skeleton
Above: As times passes more sediment accumulates above the fish and the skeleton is gradually compressed and permineralised.
Uplift and exposure
Many millions of years pass and the rock remains buried deep within the bedrock; however tectonic forces associated with the collision between neighbouring continental plates have begun to buckle and uplift the bedrock, raising it above sea level and exposing it to erosion. Gradually, the exposed rock is stripped away, until eventually the top of the fish's skull is visible at the surface.
Above: Over time the rock is distorted and uplifted by geological forces associated with continental movement, raising it above sea level.
Above: The uplifted rock is exposed to weathering and gradually erodes away, eventually exposing the tip of the fish's skull at the surface.
Discovery and extraction
Finally, having lain beneath the ground for millions of years, the partially exposed skull is spotted by a palaeontologist, who undertakes a careful extraction of the skeleton. The process requires patience and precision work to avoid damaging the specimen; a generous amount of rock is retained around the specimen to protect it. For more information about fossil hunting and extracting fossils click here.
Above: A palaeontologist recognises the fish by the small area of skull exposed and begins to carefully extract the specimen.
Above: A Pomognathus fish from Houghton Quarry – the skull is clearly visible, and what parts of the skeleton remain are obscured within the chalk matrix.
Example fossils
Below are a selection of fossils discovered during the field trips undertaken to produce the website. Each photo is accompanied by a brief description of the specimen and where it was found.
Above: A large ammonite exposed within a split boulder on the foreshore at East Quantoxhead (Somerset)
Above: Pholidophorus fish skeleton with scales from Lyme Regis
Above: A large theropod dinosaur footprint at Ardley Quarry in Oxfordshire
Above: Visitors to Ardley quarry view part of the dinosaur trackway
Above: A Venericor bivalve found at Bracklesham Bay
Above: A Conulus echinoid preserved as flint found at Littlehampton
Above: A fossilised Zanthopsis crab carapace, found at Warden Point
Above: A Goniopholis crocodile tooth from Durlston Bay
Above: A fragment of turtle shell from Durlston Bay
Above: A Hypotodus shark tooth, found at Herne Bay
Join us on a fossil hunt
Discovering Fossils guided fossil hunts reveal evidence of life that existed millions of years ago. Whether it's your first time fossil hunting or you're looking to expand your subject knowledge, our fossil hunts provide an enjoyable and educational experience for all. To find out more click here.
Join us on a fossil hunt!
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Written and designed by Roy Shepherd © 2019. Special thanks to my wonderful wife Lucinda Shepherd, friend Robert Randell and various experts for their support and guidance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What is good in life? To crush your enemies, see them driven before you, and listen to this podcast with their women after they're gone. By Crom, it's our Conan episode!
We're FINALLY doing Conan the Barbarian, one of the greatest adventure movies of all time. Unfortunately, Matthew could not make it to the recording session, so in his place we brought our friends Poppy and Alex to join us and gab over how much we love this goddamn movie. This one's another long episode, as we had a lot to say on it!
Want to throw us some change to help pay the bills? Follow this link to our Pinecast Tip Jar!
Find out more on the Have Movies, Will Game Podcast website.


My daughter will be flying into Newark Liberty Airport and staying at the Doubletree Club in Jersey City. When my husband and I have flown into EWR we have always taken the train into NY Penn Station, but have stayed right in Manhattan. But with her staying in Jersey City (and never traveled there before) I am wondering if it would be better to use a taxi. Anyone know the approximate cost for a taxi and how long it would take? Her plane comes in around 2:15 p.m.
I think a cab from the cab stand will cost about $45 - $50. It might be cheaper if you call a car service, though you may have to wait a while for pickup. King Taxi or A1 are two popular ones in Jersey City. If you want to go by train you can take NJ transit to Newark Penn Station then the Path train to Exchange Place from there it's about a 10-15 minute walk to the Doubletree. The train is only advisable without a lot of luggage.
The link above will show you that taxi fares from Newark airport are fixed. The fare to Jersey City is $35 at the fixed rate. Bridge, tunnels, and toll roads are extra; the driver will most likely take the NJ Turnpike for a portion of the trip, so there will be a small charge for that, maybe $2 or so. With no traffic, it should take about 15-20 minutes to get to that location from the airport.
There are taxi ranks and dispatchers at the terminals. She should follow signs for "Ground Transportation" and/or "Taxi". She will tell the dispatcher the address she wants in Jersey City, and the dispatcher will write it down, with the fare and give it to her or the driver. That way the driver won't be able to charge any more than the fixed fare. Tipping is optional of course. There may be some charge for baggage, it would be posted.
"About 6 months ago, you could get from Newark airport to downtown for about $35 - this was the rate from the airport's taxi stands. Rates went up this year to about $46. I know this because I was shocked with the huge jump the last time I flew and went to get a cab home. I questioned the taxi stand person who said rates went up, I think in March(?). Seems like that web site hasn't been updated, which isn't so fair. I still don't understand how they can get away with such a huge price jump."
"If you want to travel by taxi from Newark Airport to downtown Jersey City area (and not pay the ridiculous fare to the cab drivers at the airport), call Budget Taxi at (201) 985-1888. They will come pick you up at the airport and will charge you $25 for the ride to downtown JC. This is the same fare they charge from downtown JC to Newark Airport. This is certainly a great deal.
You just need to call them soon after you plane arrives, give them ~10-15 minutes to get to the airport to pick you up."
I appreciate the advice. I was excited to hear about Budget Taxi and the cheaper fare. I did a little research on Budget and found a different phone number for them (201-222-8000). I decided to call them to check on their rates to the Doubletree. The dispatcher told me $40. I am wondering if they charge different rates for out-of-towners. Could the $25 fare be a special rate for Jersey City residents? Any ideas?? If the rates are too high I guess she will take the train.
There's no discount for locals.
I just called King Taxi (201) 200-1333 and they told me $25. You might want to try A1 Carma also , I think their cars are in better condition.
If you're not in a hurry and not carrying much luggage then the train is the cheapest option.
I don't understand how you can get a different taxi rate *unless* the taxi company is having you meet them at a different location, therefore, bypassing the dispatcher at the official taxi rank.
The airport is Port Authority property, and taxi rates is one thing that they have control over.
I'm sure that's the case. It would be just the same as arranging any other car service. I don't do this at NYC airports, but I do this all the time when I fly to O'Hare. Instead of waiting in the taxi stand line, I call an American taxi, and they meet me at prearranged location (usually a specific exit door at the arrivals level).


text:
Saudi Arabia launches air attacks in Yemen
The Saudi ambassador to the U.S. says Saudi Arabia and allies have launched air strikes against Houthi fighters who have tightened their grip on the southern city of Aden where the country's president had taken refuge. (Reuters)
By Ali al-Mujahed and
Karen DeYoung
Associate editor and senior national security correspondent
SANAA, Yemen — Saudi Arabia launched airstrikes early Thursday in neighboring Yemen, heading a coalition of Arab nations in an effort to dislodge Houthi rebels sweeping through that country.
The strikes were a startling turn of events that came as the Houthis, in control of Yemen's capital for months, barreled south toward the coastal city of Aden, seizing an air base along the way that was evacuated by U.S. Special Operations forces last week.
President Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi, who had taken refuge in Aden after fleeing Sanaa, the capital, was said to have escaped. His whereabouts were unknown.
The military operation was announced Wednesday evening in Washington by Saudi Ambassador Adel al-Jubeir, who said it would last until Yemen's "legitimate government" was restored.
Jubeir said the airstrikes began at 7 p.m. Washington time and were conducted by Saudi Arabia along with "partner nations in the Persian Gulf" and others, although he declined to specify any other participants. He said that some countries had already transferred military assets to Saudi Arabia and that others were on their way.
The United States was not involved in the operation, he said. But the White House announced late Wednesday that President Obama had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the operation. American forces were establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia to coordinate military and intelligence assistance, the statement said.
Jubeir said the airstrikes had targeted sites around the country, including Sanaa. "The operations are limited to defending the government and preventing its collapse," he said.
The gulf countries acted as Aden was close to being seized by the rebels, a victory that would give them control of the country's main sea gateway.
Hadi has been a key ally of Saudi Arabia and the United States, which has depended on his government to support its efforts against Yemen-based al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. AQAP holds patches of the country and views the Houthis as foes in the competition for influence and Yemen's modest oil wealth. U.S. efforts included training of Yemeni special operations forces and drone strikes launched from the al-Anad air base, about 35 miles from Aden.
[Who are the Houthis?]
On a broader level, Yemen represents a potential proxy battlefield for Shiite power Iran and the Sunni Gulf Arab states allied with Washington.
Houthi forces seized the al-Anad base this week and reportedly were already flying attack planes from there.
Mass funeral held in Yemen for victims of suicide bombers
People mourn victims of suicide bombers who killed at least 137 worshippers and wounded hundreds during March 20 prayers.
The campaign, with a coalition of Arab nations, is an effort to dislodge Houthi rebels sweeping through Yemen.
April 4, 2015 Yemenis search for survivors in the rubble of houses destroyed by Saudi-led airstrikes in a village near the capital city of Sanaa, Yemen. Since their advance began last year, the Shiite rebels, known as Houthis, have overrun Sanaa and several provinces. Hani Mohammed/AP
Wait 1 second to continue.
Saudi Arabia last launched military action in Yemen in 2009, conducting airstrikes against the Houthis near the Saudi border after it said its border guards had been fired upon.
Although the Saudis were also said to have massed ground forces along the border this week, any ground intervention would require a long and difficult trip through the heart of Houthi-held territory to reach Aden.
Hadi's government had appealed for military intervention from the Gulf Cooperation Council, which is anchored by the Saudis and includes Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Qatar. In an emergency meeting last weekend, Yemen also called on the United Nations to authorize foreign armed forces to enter its territory.
Jubeir said that Saudi Arabia and its partners had made every effort to prevent violence but that those attempts had been thwarted by the Houthis. They are now "in control of ballistic missiles and heavy weapons," in addition to Yemeni aircraft, he said.
Amid the widening chaos, Hadi's whereabouts remained unclear. Senior Yemeni security officials told The Washington Post that Hadi had left his stronghold in Aden, where his government sought a foothold after being driven from Sanaa by the Houthis.
Looters swarmed the presidential buildings in Aden, and fighting flared on several fronts on the edge of the city, said Anis Mansour, editor of the port city's Huna Aden newspaper.
"What is happening in Aden is an invasion," Mansour said.
Yemen's foreign minister, Riyadh Yaseen, told Al Jazeera from Egypt that Hadi was in a "secure" place in Aden. But later officials told the Associated Press that Hadi and top aides had escaped on two boats.
A senior member of the Houthi political committee, Dhaif Allah Alshami, denied that Hadi had slipped away by sea and said the rebels were seeking him in the city.
Alshami claimed the insurgents had taken over the compound where Hadi maintained his government after being driven from Sanaa. The deputy editor of the Almasdar news agency, Ali Alfaqeeh, said that the site has come under shelling and that there were no sign of Hadi's forces mounting a counteroffensive.
In Washington, White House press secretary Josh Earnest strongly condemned the Houthi offensive and accused former president Ali Abdullah Saleh of working with the rebels "to foment a lot of instability in the country."
"And so, we would call on them to stop that instability and that violence," he said.
Saleh was driven from power by Arab Spring-inspired uprisings in 2012 but has remained an important power broker in Yemen. Earnest said that the Obama administration still recognized Hadi as president.
He added that "there are elements of the Yemeni government that we continue to be in touch with" on counterterrorism operations aimed at the country's al-Qaeda affiliate, but he did not provide details. He said he could not confirm Hadi's location. But the White House statement issued Wednesday evening said that the U.S. government had been "in close contact with President Hadi and our regional partners."
In Aden, shopkeeper Abduljabar Mohammed said the streets emptied as the rebel attacks intensified.
"I have been hiding in my shop," he said by telephone. "The people are afraid and worried for their safety. We don't know what to expect."
Houthi-controlled state television said a nearly $100,000 bounty was being offered for the president's capture.
Some members of Hadi's inner circle, meanwhile, appeared to have run out of room. Rebels said they had captured the country's defense minister and a top aide near Aden.
[ Yemen's collapse also sinks U.S. counterterrorism strategy]
Security officials told The Post that Hadi fled his compound just hours after the rebels announced that they had taken the al-Anad air base.
Later, the rebels reported taking control of Aden's civilian airport.
The unraveling of Hadi's power over the past months has dealt a significant blow to U.S.-led efforts to wage drone attacks and other pinpoint strikes against suspected strongholds of the Yemen-based branch of al-Qaeda, which is considered among the terrorist group's most active networks. Meanwhile, the Houthi rebels have claimed increasing territory.
Last week, suicide bombers killed at least 137 people at two Shiite mosques in Sanaa in an attack linked to adherents of the Islamic State.
DeYoung reported from Washington. Brian Murphy in Washington contributed to this report.
Shiite rebels call for attacks against government
Yemen's ousted leader still casts a shadow
Today's coverage from Post correspondents around the world


Dennis Drewes has graciously taken his time to provide rehearsal Midi files (independent tracks by voice type) of the repertoire for the upcoming concert. This is no small effort, and small donation to Dennis for his time would be much appreciated. Donations may be made in person at rehearsal, or can be made through Paypal from his website. Thank you!
If you have technical problems with the files, please email Dennis directly.


"This tool is designed to be the gold standard level of information and should remove any doubt about where upcoming trains are and how many cars they have, and to provide a visual sense of how fast the trains are traveling," said LIRR President Phillip Eng.
The Long Island Rail Road has launched a beta test of an online tool that allows customers to see the real-time position of trains on a map and information about train lengths and locations of any trouble spots affecting train service, Metropolitan Transportation Authority LIRR President Phillip Eng announced on Tuesday.
To use the tool, riders can go to any web browser and navigate to mylirr.org. The first thing displayed is a list of LIRR stations with a customer's selected favorite stations displayed at the top. Tapping on a station gives a list of upcoming trains, organized by scheduled arrival time for the eastbound and westbound directions. Tapping on any listed train pulls up a map that shows that train's location within the LIRR system-wide map, which is overlaid on a geographically accurate map showing streets, parks, bodies of water, and more, all in a muted fashion that allows train service to be highlighted. As the train moves, the icon representing the train on the map moves as well.
To enable the tool to function, the LIRR has installed GPS transponders on all trains—nearly 600 GPS units in total. The GPS data supplements information from the LIRR's signal system to provide the tool with accurate real-time positions of trains. Areas in tunnels where GPS is unavailable use signal system data and station stops and intermediate waypoint beacons to identify train locations.
The tool supplements existing real-time offerings, including email and text messages service alerts available at MyMTAAlerts.com, MYmta, and the LIRR Train Time app, Eng noted.
The myLIRR tool is in beta, and the LIRR plans to amend and improve it based on customer feedback. Anyone who has suggestions for improvement should email: feedback@mylirr.org.
"We commend the LIRR for this move to provide riders with a more accurate and real time assessment of the location of their trains and encourage riders to provide feedback to the LIRR as it rolls out this new on line feature," added LIRR Commuter Council Chair Mark Epstein.


text:
Citizens Commission on Human Rights of Austin
CCHR Texas
Report Psychiatric Abuse: 800-572-2905
CCHR Texas Store
Suicide and Mass Violence: Why We Must All Insist on an Investigation of Mind-Altering Psychotropic Drugs
August 14, 2019 By CCHR Texas
Suicide and Mass Violence:
Why We Must All Insist on an Investigation of Mind-Altering Psychotropic Drugs
By Lee Spiller, Executive Director
Citizens Commission on Human Rights-Texas
In the wake of the recent spate of mass shootings, there's a story you probably missed. It's about a potential mass shooting that never happened. It was thwarted by a grandmother. (It's important to note that the defendant has only been accused, not convicted)
The case illustrates why more mental health treatment is the wrong answer to curbing violence.
On Friday, the US Justice Department issued a press release about the arrest of a young man accused of making false representations to a gun dealer while purchasing an AK-47. It also credited a grandmother for thwarting a potential mass shooting.
What's particularly disturbing is that when federal officials went to his hotel room to recover the firearms, they also found a bag with documents related to his history of depression, along with antidepressant drugs.
During the investigation, federal agents also visited the home of this young man's uncle, whose address had been used in the purchase of the firearm. According to the arrest affidavit, the uncle stated he'd been uncomfortable with the young man being there alone because he had weapons. His mail and medications were still delivered to the house.
The documents in this case tell the all too familiar story of a young man already accessing psychiatric treatment, already accessing psychiatric drugs, and as is all too common, becoming violent.
His case echoes that of Nikolas Cruz (Parkland), Devin Patrick Kelly (Sutherland Springs) Kendrex White (University of Texas stabbing) James Holmes (Aurora) Eric Harris (Columbine) and so many, many others.
As these cases clearly illustrate: assertions that more mental health treatment, easy commitment laws or any amount of mind-altering drugs can prevent mass violence are patently false.
With one in six Americans prescribed psychiatric drugs, even rare side effects happen with frightening regularity. That so many of these drugs are associated with potentially violent side effects makes it all too clear that this issue must be investigated in all cases of mass violence and suicide.
We must insist on an investigation of the presence, absence, or recent discontinuation from psychiatric drugs in all cases of suicide and mass violence.
Could the results of such investigation be scary? Perhaps, but only because they may very well confirm what medical experts have been saying for years: there IS a link between prescription psychotropic drugs and violence.
And that would raise the questions: "Why do we continue to rely so heavily on dangerous drugs for people in emotional distress?"
"Why aren't patients and families better educated about the influence of mind-altering substances?" After all, labels for many of these drugs warn you to avoid driving or operating dangerous machinery while under the influence.
Now is the time to speak up. Congress is currently formulating its response to these tragic events.
To find who represents you, go to https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members .
The Citizens Commission on Human Rights is a non-profit mental health watchdog whose primary purpose is to protect and promote human rights in mental health. Established in 1969 by psychiatrist Thomas Szasz and the Church of Scientology, CCHR has helped to enact more than 180 laws protecting individuals from abusive or coercive mental health practices since it was formed over 50 years ago. Mr. Spiller is a 22-year veteran of this effort, speaking internationally on protecting human rights in mental health. He's worked on exposing fraudulent psych hospital admissions, reducing drugging in foster care and nursing homes, curbing deadly restraints, education reform, and much, much more.
Filed Under: News Tagged With: #MassViolence, #MindAltering, #PsychotropicDrugs, #Suicide
Foster Home Crunch Strands Children in Psych Facilities
April 8, 2016 By Editor
Abused children in Texas are being left in psychiatric facilities longer than they were six years ago as the state's child protective services system grapples with federal court scrutiny and diminishing options, according to data obtained by The Texas Tribune.
Last year, 17,151 Texas children were removed from abusive homes. While the agency could not say exactly how many were placed in private and state psychiatric hospitals, data from 2009 to 2015 shows roughly 4,000 psychiatric admissions for foster care children each year.
But the number of total days foster care children together spend in psychiatric facilities past their initial 8 to 10 days of treatment covered under Medicaid has risen. In June 2009, children taken together spent a total of 10 extra days in the facilities. By August 2015 that number had grown to 768 days.
"I can say the capacity issue is part of the problem," said Julie Moody, a spokeswoman for the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, which oversees the foster care program. That capacity issue has been complicated by the agency's recent court loss, and in greater restrictions placed on relatives of abused children who are allowed to care for a child when the parents cannot.
Source: Foster Home Crunch Strands Children in Psych Facilities | The Texas Tribune
Filed Under: News, Texas Children News Tagged With: texas foster children
There's Little Outrage For 12,000 Kids Suffering in the Texas Foster Care System
February 16, 2016 By Editor
Houston police found the 16-year-old foster child in a park in early November 2013, just a few days after she ran away from a residential treatment center in northwest Houston.
Rosario, a baby-faced, black-haired girl who carried a little extra weight, said she'd been selling her body for money. The cops returned her to the center, Guardian Angels. According to court records, she felt tired and defeated. She was hundreds of miles away from her family in Corpus Christi. Her mother had just been released from prison after a seven-year stint for drug possession. Rosario just wanted to go home.
Rosario (not her real name) called her guardian ad litem and said, "I can't do this anymore. I can't take it. I'm tired. I want to go back to Corpus."
Source: There's Little Outrage For 12,000 Kids Suffering in the Texas Foster Care System HOUSTON PRESS
Filed Under: News Tagged With: texas foster children
Abbott should call a special session to fix foster care
Finding that foster children are "shuttled through a system where rape, abuse, psychotropic medication, and instability are the norm," a federal court recently ruled that Texans are violating the constitutional rights of our foster children by subjecting them to an unreasonable risk of harm. Gov. Abbott should boldly call a special legislative session to reform foster care and protect these children.
Child Protective Services caseworkers are responsible for too many children to ensure their safety. The court found that one worker for 20 children is about as high as you can safely go. In Texas, though, about a third of workers have caseloads of 21 to 30 children. About a tenth have caseloads of 31 to 36 children — and some even have caseloads of 36 or more children.
Source: Abbott should call a special session to fix foster care, by F. Scott McCown
San Angelo Psychiatrist Sentenced to Serve 71 Months in Federal
December 17, 2015 By Editor
San Angelo Psychiatrist Sentenced to Serve 71 Months in Federal Prison, also Fined $100,000 and Ordered to Pay More Than $1.8 Million in Restitution
AMARILLO, Texas — A licensed psychiatrist from San Angelo, Texas, Robert Hadley Gross, 58, was sentenced yesterday by U.S. District Judge Mary Lou Robinson to 71 months in federal prison, fined $100,000 and ordered to pay $1,832,869 in restitution, announced U.S. Attorney John Parker of the Northern District of Texas.
Gross pleaded guilty in September 2015 to one count of health care fraud stemming from a scheme he ran to defraud Medicare and Medicaid by submitting claims for services not rendered in the manner billed, including submitting claims for services allegedly rendered after patients' deaths. He has been in federal custody since his arrest in mid-October 2014 on related charges outlined in a federal indictment. Gross also must forfeit nearly $2 million seized from various accounts.
Source: San Angelo Psychiatrist Sentenced to Serve 71 Months in Federal CONCHO VALLEY
Filed Under: News Tagged With: healthcare fraud, psychiatrist jailed, psychiatry investigated
Unconstitutional Detentions by Medical Doctors. Are your rights at risk?
In true public-health emergency situations, state public-health authorities can quarantine and isolate individuals in order to prevent the spread of communicable and dangerous diseases and infections; these are public-health officials who issue the declarations, not doctors and nurses. There is substantial constitutional authority cited by state and federal governments in support of this power.1
Recent presidential executive orders have expanded and solidified this detention power. President Barack Obama signed an executive order on July 31, 2014, amending a previous executive order of Former President George W. Bush, that gives the federal government the power to, "detain and quarantine any individuals confirmed or suspected of having 'severe acute respiratory syndromes' that may be transmissible, except for influenza."2 Many groups see such orders as being on the thin edge of the knife that will then lead to coercive vaccinations.
Source: http://www.wholefoodsmagazine.com/columns/legal-tips/unconstitutional-detentions-medical-doctors
Editor's Note: This article is intended for information purposes only. Because state and municipal laws vary greatly, as do the circumstances of individual cases, readers are advised to contact an attorney for specific legal advice. © Scott C. Tips 2015
Filed Under: News Tagged With: involuntary detention
Emails reveal how agency grappled with doctor abuse case, aftermath
March 21, 2012 By Debbie Convery
Written By Andrea Ball
AMERICAN-STATESMAN STAFF
Shortly after 7 a.m. on Oct. 25, Austin State Hospital Superintendent Carl Schock was preparing to suspend a longtime child psychiatrist with a once-sterling history of service.
Dr. Charles Fischer, a well-regarded doctor with a seemingly unblemished 20-year career at the psychiatric hospital, had been under investigation for more than five months by the Department of Family and Protective Services over accusations that he abused patients in his care. Now the agency's report was in: Investigators believed that Fischer had sexually abused two teen boys at Austin State Hospital.
Schock had to take action.
"I need Dr. Fischer in my office at 8:30 this morning," he wrote in an email to several staffers at 7:07 a.m. that October day. "I will need someone to take him back to the unit, get his keys and badge and let him get the essentials out of his office (he can return at another pre-arranged time to get the rest)."
That email — released last month to the American-Statesman by the Department of State Health Services — is among hundreds that paint a behind-the-scenes picture of how agency officials responded to one of the biggest crises to hit the state hospitals in years.
In the days and weeks after the news broke, department officials scrambled to field media inquiries, provide information to advocacy groups and develop "talking points" for anxious parents calling to see if their children were safe. They drafted new patient safety policies, then had to sort through the logistics of those decisions.
Fischer, 59, has publicly denied all of the allegations against him through his attorney. Although law enforcement agencies such as the Austin Police Department and the Texas Rangers are investigating, the psychiatrist — whose medical license was suspended by the Texas Medical Board in November — has not been charged with any crime.
But the emails illustrate just how much fallout the agency faced from the allegations alone.
"Our hearts broke," said Carrie Williams, spokeswoman for the Department of State Health Services, which oversees the 10 state-funded psychiatric hospitals. "It was a very sad time for us, very difficult to wrap our minds around. We were shocked and sad and mad all at once."
On the afternoon of Oct. 24, a Protective Services investigator drove to Austin State Hospital and hand-delivered the state report that confirmed the abuse allegations against Fischer. A "confirmation" means that investigators have determined that a preponderance of evidence indicates there is reason to believe the purported abuse occurred.
A confirmed sexual abuse complaint at a state hospital is grounds for automatic termination.
After Fischer's Oct. 25 meeting with Schock, the doctor was taken back to his office by his supervisor, Christine Laguna. Then, Williams said, Laguna escorted him outside, walked him down the sidewalk and watched him get in his car and leave the Guadalupe Street campus. Fischer was officially fired on Nov. 14.
By then, the rumor mill had been churning for weeks. Though a few doctors had received an email about Fischer's termination, most employees were relying on gossip to explain their former colleague's absence. Laguna didn't know what to tell people.
"I really need to know what I can say since this email was sent and some info is out," she wrote in a Nov. 16 email to the hospital's medical director. One employee "said she knows the reason and that people … are talking. I know we can't control that, but I would suspect there is some truth to what is being said."
Later that day, supervisors were told that they could confirm to employees that Fischer was no longer at the hospital and that Protective Services had confirmed abuse allegations against him.
See the rest of the story here
Filed Under: News, Uncategorized
National Drug Take Back Day Points to Dangers of Psychiatric Drugs
November 1, 2011 By CCHR Texas
The Third National Prescription Drug Take Back Day was held on Saturday, October 29, 2011 from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. The biannual event promoted nationally by the Drug Enforcement Agency provides local venues for the proper disposal of unused prescriptions. One purpose of this event is to curb the prescription drug abuse epidemic, which is quickly becoming the most serious drug abuse problem in Texas. But the Citizens Commission on Human Rights Texas says that more needs to be done to keep highly abused drugs from being readily available to the public in the first place.
"The best way we know of to keep these drugs from being abused is to avoid them in the first place," said Lee Spiller, Policy Director for the Citizens Commission on Human Rights Texas. "Psychiatry relies on diagnoses that are simply voted into existence, often by psychiatrists who receive funding from drug companies. The result is millions of Americans receiving dangerous drugs that can then be abused, sold on the street, or stolen from parents' medicine cabinets."
Because of psychiatric labels, it is estimated that over 8 million children in the U.S. are taking mind-altering psychotropic drugs to treat a "mental disorder." Add to that the more than seven million Americans who currently abuse prescription drugs, according to the 2009 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, and it's little wonder that drugs now surpass motor vehicles as the leading cause of death in 2009. According to ListVerse.com, 5 of the top 10 highly abused drugs are used to treat so-called psychiatric disorders, including Seroquel (#9), Xanax (#7) and Adderall (#4).
A compilation of side effects for common psychiatric drugs, including the United States Food and Drug Administration's (US FDA's) adverse drug event reporting system, known as Medwatch, can be found on CCHR's website. Medwatch reports for Adderall include multiple reports each of suicidal ideation, homicidal ideation, completed suicide, completed homicide and death. The psychiatric drug Xanax, which is one of the three drugs that make up the highly abused and deadly "Houston Cocktail," has generated multiple reports each of suicide, death and murder.
Psychiatrist's License Revoked After Multiple Violations
October 19, 2011 By CCHR Texas
After merely disciplining the psychiatrist over sexual allegations, license now pulled for dangerous prescribing
Psychiatrist Alan T. Lloyd, 51, of San Antonio, had his license pulled by the Texas medical board last month after it discovered he had opened a joint checking account with one of his patients. Lloyd had also prescribed opiates and other dangerous drugs to the patient who had a history of drug abuse, the board found. In 2009, Lloyd was reprimanded for having sex with a woman he was treating.
"We are deeply concerned that it took the Medical Board this long to revoke a license," said Lee Spiller, Policy Director for the Citizens Commission on Human Rights. "It seems that more often than not, a license is revoked only after a psychiatrist has been disciplined time after time in cases that can profoundly affect the well-being of patients."
In the earlier case, the board found the woman was seeing Lloyd for psychotherapy twice a week when he began having sex with her. Although Lloyd denied that the relationship began while the woman was his patient, he agreed to a board order in 2009 that required him to pay a $10,000 fine and complete a course on "professional boundaries."
In Texas, having sex with a patient can be a felony crime. Despite that, Bexar County prosecutors said they hadn't received any referrals about the cases involving Lloyd from the medical board.
"The board felt that here was somebody who with the right sanction could be remediated," Hopper said to the Houston Chronicle. "The public reprimand is a red flag to any health care facility where he might want to have credentials."
"The District Attorney, not the Medical Board, should be making the decisions as to whether sexual abuse allegations against psychiatrists get prosecuted," said Spiller. "In our view, the Medical Board acted unilaterally in this case, avoiding a potential prosecution and exposing patients to potential harm. This is indicative of a captured agency that does more to protect doctors than it does to protect patients."
According to the Houston Chronicle, Lloyd's treatment of the patient with whom he opened the joint checking account began before he arrived in San Antonio in 2009, when he moved here from Houston with the woman he was accused of having a sexual relationship with while counseling for suicidal thoughts and depression.
The Texas Medical Board has been mum about the most recent case. Citing privacy rules, agency spokeswoman Leigh Hopper declined to answer questions to the Houston Chronicle about the second patient's gender, the circumstances surrounding the joint checking account or how the allegations surfaced.
Psychiatric Patient Death Reveals Alarming Hospital Conditions
Findings from a Federal inspection after the death of a psychiatric patient at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas County may cause the public hospital to be barred from participating in Medicaid and Medicare. A letter from The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services said that if it doesn't provide acceptable correction plans by Aug. 20 and complete those plans by Aug. 24, the Dallas County hospital would be removed from the Medicare program as of Sept. 2.
"It is rare for the government to take such action," CMS spokesman Bob Moos told the Houston Chronicle on Wednesday. "Two Parkland violations relating to infection control and emergency care issues are so serious that they triggered `immediate jeopardy' status. `That is the most severe finding we can have in a hospital, and it requires immediate attention."
The two-week Federal inspection was initiated after an investigation into a patient's death in the psychiatric emergency room in February. According to Dallas Morning News, CMS reported that a 49-year-old who suffered from schizophrenia and heart problems was "restrained before his death without close monitoring by a nurse and without effective training of the technicians who subdued him."
"Restraint deaths are preventable and tragic," said Lee Spiller, Director of Investigations for Citizens Commission on Human Rights-Texas. "This is made worse by psychiatry's reliance on dangerous drugs and barbaric treatments. It is made much worse by our state's lax regulation of psychiatric hospitals. While we are glad that the feds have their eye on Parkland, we believe our entire regulatory system needs to come under intense scrutiny. This needs to happen sooner rather than later."
Moos said that results from that investigation showed that a "full survey of the hospital was warranted." He said the specific findings from the hospital inspection wouldn't be publicly released until Parkland has submitted its plans of correction.
Parkland, a regional center for burns and trauma, is also the main teaching hospital for the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
If you feel your school is pressuring you to subject your child to unwanted psychiatric screening or treatment, call:
The Citizens Commission on Human Rights- Texas: 800-572-2905
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Texas Psychiatry News
Suicide and Mass Violence: Why We Must All Insist on an Investigation of Mind-Altering Psychotropic Drugs By Lee Spiller, Executive Director Citizens Commission on Human Rights-Texas In the wake of the recent spate of mass shootings, there's a story you probably missed. It's about a potential mass shooting that never happened. It was […]
Abused children in Texas are being left in psychiatric facilities longer than they were six years ago as the state's child protective services system grapples with federal court scrutiny and diminishing options, according to data obtained by The Texas Tribune. Last year, 17,151 Texas children were removed from abusive homes. While the agency could not say exactly how […]
Latest News on Foster Care and Child Drugging in Texas
School Mental Health – Know Your Rights!
Despite Warnings, the Texas Legislature Plans to Privatize Much of the Child Welfare System
What Led to the 'Broken' Foster Care System in Texas
What Happens After a Life Spent in the Texas Foster Care System?
Texas Foster Care System Faces Concerns About Overmedication of Children
Senate panel proposes $75.3 million to start fixing Child Protective Services
"Beat on me," foster care chief tells lawmakers. And they do.
State leaders order Child Protective Services overhaul
Texas not checking on thousands of kids at risk for abuse
Number of Texas children in foster care at all time high
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text:
On-Site Coverage: NCUA Reports Rise in Troubled Credit Unions
ALEXANDRIA, Va. -- The NCUA reported today that the number of troubled credit unions increased at the end of last year.
By Claude R. Marx | January 12, 2011 at 07:00 PM
ALEXANDRIA, Va. — The NCUA reported today that the number of troubled credit unions increased at the end of last year. NCUA CFO Mary Ann Woodson told the NCUA's Board today that there were 368 CAMEL 4 and 5 credit unions at the end of December, compared with 351 at the end of December 2009.
CommunityAmerica CU to Pay $8.5 Million Special Dividend
With these new announcements, the season total rises to 38 CUs paying $263.5 million in special dividends to 5.4 million members.


Thinking across boundaries between the hot shop and the torch, students will build beginning skills in both realms while working collaboratively to create larger works and structures. Wherever possible, low-tech problem-solving strategies will be deployed. This class will encourage working in response to objects, situations, and existing architectures. Be ready to create the precious and liberate it from its preciousness. Only soft glass will be used, all cane and tubing will be pulled from the furnace ultimately to be recycled.
Niko Dimitrijevic received his MFA from Ohio State University. Most recently, his work has manifested as installations using light or its properties to define a given space. He has been a member of both the Museum of Glass, Tacoma, and William Morris glassblowing teams. Kit Paulson received her MFA from Southern Illinois University. She has been working with glass continuously since 2001. She is currently an artist in residence at Penland School of Crafts, North Carolina.
Take a closer look at nature's design to find inspiration. In this course, students will strive to capture the essence of the natural world in blown and hot-sculpted forms by using traditional and unconventional techniques to create texture, color, and pattern. Using the garage and hot torches extensively, the class will work in teams to assemble complex forms. Students will team problem solve and create with intention while refining their skills. A variety of perspectives on sculpture will be provided by visits and demonstrations from visiting artists.
Kelly O'Dell became captivated by glass as a child while watching her father work in his studio at their home in Kealakekua, Hawaii. She earned a BFA in glass from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and soon afterward moved to Seattle where she assisted local artists and eventually became a member of the William Morris team. O'Dell has exhibited work and has taught across the United States and abroad. She has recently relocated to Lopez Island, Washington, with her husband, Raven Skyriver, and their son.
This course will help students strengthen their sculpting ability in borosilicate glass through an exploration of anatomy. Students will combine the worlds of fact and fiction by creating realistic works entwined with fanciful motifs while focusing on research, attention to detail, and most importantly, developing confidence as sculptors. We will discuss the significance of visualization, experimentation, and intention. Group and individual demonstrations will be given. Look forward to challenging yourself creatively and technically in this course.
Kimberly Thomas is known for her intentionally flawed and unusual characters. Using borosilicate glass as a core medium, she challenges viewers to face what makes them uncomfortable in order to offer them opportunities for fresh perspectives and personal development. Thomas graduated from the Rhode Island School of Design with a BFA in ceramics. In addition to her studio practice, Thomas is a professor of glass at Salem Community College in New Jersey, and guest instructor at various studios across the United States.
In this course, we will use vitreous enamels to apply images on two and three-dimensional glass with an emphasis on expanding dimensional space by layering between the front, back, and in-between spaces. We will combine and contrast personal iconography with ideas from contemporary art and culture using a variety of mark-making techniques such as glass painting, photo-resist sandblasting, etching cream, drawing with diamond bits, photo decals, and more. Come join us, and leave with an introduction to techniques, a great glass sample set, and memories!
Susan Stinsmuehlen-Amend's tendency to bend rules has led to provocative interpretations of glass traditions in her art. Her achievements include being the first woman president of the Glass Art Society and a recipient of its Lifetime Membership Award and two National Endowment for the Arts grants. Her work in glass and mixed media, architectural glass, and hot glass is included in many private collections and public institutions including the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Museum of Arts and Design, New York.


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What does it mean when a company goes into Receivership?
Updated: 3rd November 2020
How to Stop Your Company From Going into Administrative Receivership
If your company has defaulted on a debenture that was created before 15 September 2003 then you could be at risk of being put into receivership, in which case you should continue reading the guide below, especially if you're interested in saving your company. If you've defaulted on a debenture or loan agreement that was created after the above date then you're at risk of being put into company administration.
We explain what business rescue options are available to you as the business owner, and it is you as the director who stays in control and decides what route to take. It makes no sense for our client directors to feel pressured into something that they do not fully understand.
If you don't feel like reading all of the information below and you have a question about receivership, administration, or any other insolvency issue, feel free to ask one of our experts. You can also reach our free directors support line on 0800 644 6080.
What is Receivership?
Administrative receivership is a formal insolvency proceeding in which the holder of a floating charge (i.e. - the bank) appoints a receiver to assume control of a company with the goal of selling the company's assets or performing other actions to recoup the debt owed. If your company owes a secured debt of more than £750 and has failed to comply with a statutory payment demand or other payment request then it could be at risk of being put into receivership.
This process is commonly confused with administration, however the primary difference is that although a receiver takes full control of the company just as an administrator does in administration, they're not operating with the primary intention of rescuing the company and allowing it to continue as a going concern.
It should be noted that receivership has become much less common than administration since the Enterprise Act 2002 implemented changes that barred the ability to appoint a receiver in any security created after the date of 15 September 2003. Instead, secured creditors now appoint an administrator in most cases, as the majority of defaulted debentures are less than a decade old.
How Does Administrative Receivership Happen?
When a company is in need of funding it may apply for financing from the bank in the form of a loan. If the bank feels that a security is needed (to protect against taking a loss in the event of default), then it may require the borrowing company to sign a debenture that contains a fixed or floating charge. If this debenture was signed before the aforementioned date (15 September '03) and the borrowing company fails to adhere to the terms of the agreement, or does not comply with the debenture holder's request, then the lender can either issue a formal statutory payment demand or:
1) Appoint advisors to ascertain what the best course of action would be going forward (receivership or administration is not always the wisest option). These are known as independent bank reviews.
2) Appoint a receiver to assume control of the company's assets
How Does the Debenture Holder Decide to Appoint a Receiver?
When the indebted company starts to show signs of insolvency (i.e. - cashflow problems, overdrafts, ceiling borrowing, delinquent payments, etc.) the lender/bank may have their accountants conduct an investigation into the company's account to ascertain what the most ideal process is for recovering the amount owed or securing the debt even further. Before a receiver is appointed a number of preliminary efforts may be taken:
The bank/lender may request that the borrowing company submit regular reports or even a comprehensive revised business plan that contains details about how the company plans to repay the amount owed. This plan may need to include cash flow forecasts, and as such many struggling companies will need the assistance of an accountant or insolvency practitioner to comply with such a request.
The debenture holder may also require additional security in the form of personal guarantees from the directors. If these personal guarantees are defaulted on then the bank would be able to hold the directors personally liable for the debt in an insolvency proceeding.
Along with increasing security on the loan, the bank/lender may request a reduction in exposure (a lessening of the amount being borrowed) by requesting that the directors/shareholders contribute additional capital to the account.
If the borrowing company has clients that owe money on outstanding invoices, and those clients have a reliable history of paying on time and in full, then the bank/lender may recommend that the company considering invoice discounting and factoring or other forms of asset-based financing.
If the above measures are not satisfactory to the bank then they may have their advisors perform a more thorough review to determine if the company is viable, stable, and whether it has a likely prospect of recovery. Normally the accountants will recommend that the bank continues to collect on the debt and only provide additional lending if the directors of the company sign a personal guarantee secured by property for example. However, if the accountants feel that the bank is at risk of losing the money owed to them and that the borrowing company has no real prospect of recovery under the current management and circumstances, then they may recommend that a receiver be appointed to assume control of the business and its assets.
However, if the banks advisors feel that the bank is at risk of losing the money owed to them and that the borrowing company has no real prospect of recovery under the current management and circumstances, then they may recommend that a receiver be appointed to assume control of the business and its assets. .
What is the Role of the Appointed Administrator?
The main goal of the receiver is to receive the assets of a company with the goal of recovering the funds owed to the creditor that appointed them. Once the receiver is appointed they assume full control over the company and in most cases will not heed the recommendations of the directors.
They have the ability to sell some or all of the assets if this course of action seems like it may provide the best outcome for the appointing creditor (the bank/lender). The business can be sold as a whole or partially, or the receiver may decide to continue trading whilst a company voluntary arrangement (CVA) or other deal is worked out.
The receiver may dismiss some or all of the company's directors and employees. However, they must also abide by the regulations of UK insolvency law, which states that employee contracts must be adopted within 2 weeks of appointment.
Finally, the receiver must investigate the conduct of the insolvent company's directors to ascertain whether there is evidence of wrongful or fraudulent trading, and a reports must be sent to the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (DBERR).
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Receivership
Below are the pros and cons of a company entering into receivership, from the perspective of the insolvent company's directors:
Disadvantages of Receivership
Since receivership is a generally negative consequence of defaulting on a debt it makes sense that the disadvantages would be more significant than the advantages. Here are some of the most detrimental aspect of entering into receivership:
It is rare for a company that has entered into receivership to come out intact without any significant changes made to it.
Some or all of the assets may be sold at discounted prices.
Most cases end in liquidation and dissolution.
The directors and employees will probably lose their jobs, and any money owed to them will be difficult if not impossible to recover, as any funds raised during the sale of the company's assets must first be distributed amongst creditors before any leftover amount is appropriately distributed up amongst members/shareholders.
Advantages of Receivership
From the perspective of the directors of the company being put into receivership there aren't many true benefits, however there are a few relatively positive secondary results that can be considered somewhat advantageous:
The appointed receiver may be able to bring about a recovery through their expertise of business management. Although recovery is not always the outcome (liquidation is more common), if the receiver feels that continuing the business as a going concern will the best outcome for creditors then they may elect to do so.
Since the receiver will be assuming control of the insolvent company, their appointment actually reduces the likelihood that directors will be accused of wrongful or fraudulent trading, since the company will no longer be under the guidance of the directors. The longer a business is operated whilst insolvent the higher chance there is for the directors to be accused of some form of misconduct, especially if the company is in debt with no prospect of recovery.
The receiver may be able to raise the funds needed to repay preferential creditors.
Is it Possible to Stop Your Company from Entering Into Receivership?
Whether or not you'll be able to keep your company from being put into receivership will depend on how far along in the process you are, and how soon you take actions after becoming aware that your company is insolvent.
If you've already breached the terms of a secured debenture that contains a fixed or floating charge it is imperative to contact an insolvency practitioner as soon as possible to discuss the option of setting up a company voluntary arrangement (CVA) or initiating other informal negotiations.
In order to accurately determine whether it is too late to stop your company from going into receivership you'll need to discuss the particulars of your case with an insolvency practitioner. Call us today on 0800 644 6080 or send us an email for a free consultation.
Further Reading on Receivership
Receivership Advantages and Disadvantages
RBR Video - Administrative Receivership and LPA
What Does Receivership Mean
Receivership Process and Procedure
Creditor Pressure


Make a freezer paper stencil by tracing the trophy template onto the paper side of the freezer paper. Cutout the template with a craft knife. Working with a medium heat iron, attach the freezer paper to the base of the tie.
Using a foam paintbrush, paint the stencil with the Licorice paint. Allow the paint to dry and heat set with an iron.
Cut the studs into strips, place in a diagonal pattern onto the tie. Attach with an iron. Allow to cool and peel the paper to reveal the studs.


Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
1Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
5Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
received : 2013 March 18, rev-recd : 2013 May 28, accepted : 2013 June 03.
The objective of this study was to evaluate a newly-developed EASYPREP liquid-based cytology method in cervicovaginal specimens and compare it with SurePath.
Cervicovaginal specimens were prospectively collected from 1,000 patients with EASYPREP and SurePath. The specimens were first collected by brushing for SurePath and second for EASYPREP. The specimens of both methods were diagnosed according to the Bethesda System. Additionally, we performed to REBA HPV-ID genotyping and sequencing analysis for human papillomavirus (HPV) on 249 specimens.
EASYPREP and SurePath showed even distribution of cells and were equal in cellularity and staining quality. The diagnostic agreement between the two methods was 96.5%. Based on the standard of SurePath, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of EASYPREP were 90.7%, 99.2%, 94.8%, and 98.5%, respectively. The positivity of REBA HPV-ID was 49.4% and 95.1% in normal and abnormal cytological samples, respectively. The result of REBA HPV-ID had high concordance with sequencing analysis.
EASYPREP provided comparable results to SurePath in the diagnosis and staining quality of cytology examinations and in HPV testing with REBA HPV-ID. EASYPREP could be another LBC method choice for the cervicovaginal specimens. Additionally, REBA HPV-ID may be a useful method for HPV genotyping.
Cervical cancer is a common malignancy in women, though the incidence has decreased as a result of screening programs using cervicovaginal cytology. A recent investigation revealed that the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in the Republic of Korea were 15.5 and 4.0 per 100,000 people, respectively, in 2010.1 In cervical cancer screening programs, obtaining high specimen adequacy and definite cytological morphology is necessary for diagnosis. Because human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with cervical cancer, HPV testing is also performed for cervical cancer screening.
In March 2012, a novel LBC method, designated EASYPREP (YD Diagnostics Corp., Seoul, Korea) was developed in Korea. EASYPREP is the world's first fully automated thin layer cell preparation processor using centrifugation.
This study was conducted to describe the cytological findings of EASYPREP and to assess the additional immunocytochemistry and HPV testing with REBA HPV-ID (YD Diagnostics Corp.) using the same cytology specimens and determine whether the EASYPREP procedure is suitable in primary cervical cancer screening programs when compared with another widely used standard LBC system, SurePath (BD Diagnostics, Burlington, NC, USA). Additionally, the performance of the REBA HPV-ID, which is based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-reverse blot hybridization assay was evaluated by comparison with sequencing analysis.
The cervicovaginal cytology specimens were obtained from 1,000 patients with their informed consent at three hospitals between May 1 and August 31, 2012 after approval from the Institutional Review Board. The specimens were prospectively collected with the EASYPREP and SurePath methods at the same time for comparison. Each cervicovaginal sample was obtained using cervexbrush (SurePath) and cytobrush (EASYPREP). Initially, samples from the first brushing were placed into SurePath preservation solution and then samples from the second brushing were placed into EASYPREP preservation solution. The cytology specimens of both EASYPREP and SurePath methods were screened by three cytotechnologists and were subsequently diagnosed by two pathologists. For both the EASYPREP and SurePath methods, the cytological diagnosis was determined according to The Bethesda System with access to other relevant patient background information. The diagnoses of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and smear characteristics using the EASYPREP method were compared with the results of the SurePath method.
The specimen vials were processed in the automated smearing system following the manufacturer's instructions. All preparation procedures for LBC were processed automatically in the EASYPREP after vortexing and then transferred onto EASYPREP. In the EASYPREP 5 mL of gradient density reagent and 5 mL of preserved specimen were dispensed successively into the centrifugal tube, centrifuged for 3 minutes at 1,000 rpm and the non-diagnostic debris in the supernatant (including mucus, red blood cells and excess inflammatory cells from the sample) were removed by aspiration. The sample was then centrifuged for 7 minutes at 2,000 rpm and the residual gradient density reagent removed by aspiration. The pelleted cells were resuspended with EASYPREP suspension buffer, mixed and transferred to an EASYPREP slide chamber mounted on the EASYPREP slide. The cells were sedimented by gravity and attached to the slide by electronic charge for 10-20 minutes. After cells were completely attached onto the slide, excessive smeared cells were removed by repeating the washing step 3-4 times. Staining and coverslipping of specimen slides were performed according to laboratory procedures, and slides were examined under a microscope by trained cytotechnologists and pathologists.
EASYPREP cell samples were preserved at room temperature. Thereafter, 1 mL of specimen from the remnant cell suspension was used to extract HPV viral DNA within a week after preparing specimens for diagnosis.
REBA HPV-ID is a system for HPV genotyping that can identify the 18 high-risk groups (HPV genotypes 16, 26, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 73), 1 probable high-risk group (HPV genotype 34), and the 13 low-risk groups (HPV genotypes 6, 11, 40 42, 43, 44, 54, 70, 72, 81, 84, 87). DNA preparation was performed using the supplied DNA extraction solution according to the manufacturer's instructions. Specimens of 1 mL were centrifuged at 13,000 rpm and 4℃ for 5 minutes and the supernatant was discarded. Sterile distilled water (1.2 mL) was used to adjust the pellet volume. After vortexing, the homogenate was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm and 4℃ for 5 minutes and the supernatant was discarded. The resulting pellet was washed 2-3 times by homogenization as described above. The DNA extraction solution (50 µL; supplied by YD Diagnostics Corp.) was added to the pellet. The sample was immediately boiled at 100℃ for 10 minutes on a heat block and centrifuged at 17,590×g for 3 minutes (25℃). The resulting supernatant was transferred to a new 1.5 mL tube. A sample 3-5 µL of the supernatant was taken to be used as a template in the simultaneous PCR amplification of the HPV and β-globin gene. For HPV genotyping, PCR products were denatured by the addition of a denaturation solution after PCR amplification of the target region. The denatured DNA was added into each well in order to adjust the supplied membrane strip onto a provided blotting tray with hybridization solution and hybridization was processed at the appropriate temperature for 30 minutes. The hybridization solution was removed and the membrane was washed twice in a pre-heated washing solution. The alkaline-phosphatase enzyme reaction was performed for 30 minutes and chromogenic reaction for 10 minutes until the color was detected. The membrane was washed twice with distilled water and completely dried. The developed strips were placed onto the data sheet provided.
All EASYPREP slides for immunocytochemical analysis were processed with the EASYPREP processor according to the manufacturer's instructions. For immunocytochemical staining, slides were first fixed with spray fixative and then rinsed in 50% ethanol for 30 minutes. Antigen retrieval was first conducted for 20 minutes at 99℃ by heating with the microwave processor. Slides remained in the Coplin jar with distilled water at room temperature for 30 minutes. After blocking endogenous peroxidase activity, the slides were incubated with primary antibody for 30 minutes. Immunostaining with p63 (1:200, Zeta, Sierra Madre, CA, USA) and Ki-67 (1:50, MIB-1, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) was performed using the standard biotin streptavidin detection system (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). 3,3-Diaminobenzidine was used as the chromogen and the slides were counter-stained with hematoxylin. All stains were performed on the Dako Autostainer.
Sequencing analysis was performed for all specimens that were examined by REBA HPV-ID. For sequencing analysis, nested PCR was performed to amplify the target regions (GP5 and GP6).
Diagnosis between EASYPREP and SurePath methods were compared by the Pearson chi-square test. All p-values were 2-tailed; p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analyses were conducted using SPSS ver. 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
SurePath and EASYPREP thin layer slides were very similar in their overall appearance in the 17 mm in diameter round observation field of EASYPREP and 11 mm observation field of SurePath. The gross areas of EASYPREP and SurePath were 213.7 mm2 and 103.8 mm2, respectively. EASYPREP was 2.1 times larger than SurePath. Both preparations displayed a uniform layer of cells across their respective cellular areas. Mucus and red cells were removed, and the number of leukocytes was reduced or distributed randomly throughout the preparation. The individual cells showed even staining intensity. Air-dried artifacts and obscuring and overlapping cellular material and debris were largely eliminated. The inflammatory cells did not overlap with the epithelial cells, which allowed for easier visualization of epithelial cells, diagnostically relevant cells and infectious organisms. The red blood cells were cytolyzed at the smear specimens. Lactobacilli were confirmed outside of the cells as well as in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Candida infections were detected in 0.8% of specimens. There were no significant differences between EASYPREP and SurePath in the quality of preservation, cellularity, infectious organisms and specimen adequacy. EASYPREP and SurePath methods provided evenly distributed thin layers of cells. Total smeared cells of EASYPREP were calculated to average 129,585. The total squamous cells of SurePath were 78,406 on average. The amount of smeared cells of EASYPREP was 1.7 times higher than SurePath. The cell density (643 cells) under the 200× magnification field of EASYPREP was 1.2 times lower than that of SurePath (800 cells). Cellularity and staining quality were the same in the EASYPREP and SurePath methods.
Table 1 presents the results of cytological diagnosis performed on 1,000 cases using EASYPREP and SurePath methods. The mean age was 45±2.5 years. The diagnosis results using the EASYPREP technique were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) in 86.6% of cases, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) in 4.3%, atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) in 0.6%, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in 5.9% and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in 2.0% of cases. The squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was detected in 0.4%. The atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) and adenocarcinoma were detected in 0.1%, respectively. The cytological appearance for each diagnosis when using EASYPREP is presented in Fig. 1. The proportion of diagnostic results did not differ significantly between the two methods (p=0.087). The negative rate (86.6%) was slightly higher in the EASYPREP method and the detection rate of abnormal cells (14.0%) was slightly higher in the SurePath method. Table 2 shows diagnostic agreement between the EASYPREP and SurePath methods. Based on the standard of the SurePath method, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of EASYPREP were 90.7%, 99.2%, 94.8%, and 98.5%, respectively. The concordance rate of diagnosis was 96.5% in total, 99.2% in NILM, 80.0% in abnormal diagnosis cases more than ASC-US and 92.9% in abnormal diagnosis cases more than LSIL. The concordance of diagnosis with the two methods is presented in Table 3. Although the numbers are small, the 2 methods agreed exactly in AGUS and adenocarcinoma (1 case, 0.1%, respectively). Among the 860 cases of NILM diagnosed using SurePath, five cases were reported as ASC-US, one case as LSIL and one case as HSIL when using EASYPREP. Among 48 cases interpreted as ASC-US using SurePath, nine were reported as NILM, one as ACS-H and four as LSIL. Eight cases were interpreted as ASC-H when using SurePath, two of which were reported as NILM and two of which were reported as HSIL. A total of 59 cases were interpreted as LSIL when using SurePath, one of which was reported as NILM, four as ACS-US and one as HSIL. Among the 17 cases interpreted as HSIL when using SurePath, one was reported as ASC-H and one as LSIL. Six cases were interpreted as SCC when using SurePath, one of which was reported as NILM and one as HSIL. There was no inadequate specimen in either the EASYPREP or SurePath.
Cytological appearance of EASYPREP. (A) Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy. (B) Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. (C) High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. (D) Squamous cell carcinoma.
In all 5 different cases, dysplastic cells arranged in groups and reactive squamous cells demonstrated positive nuclear staining for p63 and Ki-67 (Fig. 2).
Target cells demonstrate positive nuclear staining for immunocytochemistry of p63 (A) and Ki-67 (B) using EASYPREP.
HPV genotyping was performed on 249 specimens examined cytologically using the REBA HPV-ID. Tables 4 and 5 show the results of REBA-HPV DNA genotyping using EASYPREP samples. Out of 249 cases, 123 (49.4%) cases were HPV positive and 126 (50.6%) cases were HPV negative. The positivity rate of the REBA HPV-ID for 41 abnormal cytological samples was 95.1%. The positivity rate of the REBA HPV-ID was 100.0% for SCC, 90.0% for HSIL, 100.0% for LSIL, 83.3% for ASC-H, and 100.0% for ASC-US. Based on the standard of REBA HPV-ID genotyping using SurePath samples, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of REBA HPV-ID genotyping using EASYPREP samples were 95.1%, 59.6%, 31.7%, and 98.4%, respectively. The 123 positive cases consisted of 84 cases of NILM, 12 of ASC-US, 5 of ASC-H, 9 of LSIL, 9 of HSIL, and 4 of SCC. The REBA HPV-ID positivity rate with normal cytological samples was 40.4% (84/208). Forty-nine (58.3%) cases had a previous clinical history including LSIL, HSIL and invasive cancer among the 84 normal cytology samples with HPV positivity. Among the patients who were HPV positive (123 cases), 44.7% (55/123) had single type infections and 55.3% had multiple HPV types (data not shown). HPV-16 was the most prevalent genotype observed in 22 cases (8.8%). The five most common HPV genotypes detected using REBA HPV-ID were HPV 16, 52, 18, 33, and 53 which were found in specimens that had an abnormal cytological diagnosis. The five most prevalent HPV genotypes detected using the REBA HPV-ID in the specimens with normal cytology were HPV 18, 54, 32, 66, and 45 (Table 5).
Sequencing analysis was performed to determine the accuracy and reliability of REBA HPV-ID with all specimens (249 cases) that were tested by REBV HPV-ID. The detection rate of HPV with sequencing analysis wa s 46.6% (116/249) (Table 6). The positivity rate of HPV with sequencing analysis for 41 abnormal cytological samples was 95.1%. The positivity rate of HPV with sequencing analysis was 100.0% for SCC, 90.0% for HSIL, 100.0% for LSIL, 83.3% for ASC-H, and 100.0% for ASC-US. HPV-16 was the most prevalent genotype observed in 18 (7.2%) cases. The HPV positivity rate with sequencing analysis with normal cytological samples was 37.0% (77/208). Based on the standard of the SurePath method, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of sequencing analysis were 95.1%, 63.0%, 33.6%, and 98.5%, respectively. The 116 positive cases consisted of 77 cases of NILM, 12 of ASC-US, 5 of ASC-H, 9 of LSIL, 9 of HSIL, and 4 of SCC (Table 6). The REBV HPV-ID had high concordance with sequencing analysis as considered by the gold standard of molecular diagnostics. As shown in Table 7, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of REBA HPV-ID except for specimens of 22 mixed infections in the sequencing analysis were 100.0%, 94.7%, 93.1%, and 100.0%, respectively. Seven samples could not be interpreted by sequencing analysis because they were not amplified using HPV-specific primer pairs. The cytological diagnosis of these samples was NILM. Table 8 shows the type-specific HPV results of REBA HPV-ID and sequencing analysis.
In this study, we analyzed the cytological characteristics using the EASYPREP method, a newly developed LBC technique and performed HPV DNA genotyping using residual cell suspensions.
EASYPREP is the world's first fully automated thin layer cell preparation processor using centrifugation. The entire operation process of the system is controlled automatically and is displayed to the user by the monitor. The automated smearing processors generally use the filter-membrane method. However, the filtering method is problematic when the physical morphology of cells changes while adhering to the slide, and in the loss of cells not transferring to the slide. Instead of using a filter, EASYPREP uses the centrifugal sedimentation and specific gravity which partially remove non-diagnostic debris (including mucus and red blood cells) and excess inflammatory cells from the sample.
SurePath also utilizes centrifugation but is a semi-automated processor in which preparation process is performed manually and can cause differences in slide quality depending on the operators.10 Because EASYPREP is a fully automated walk-away processor, the operator does not have to be concerned about the slide quality after placing the consumables and specimens in the processor. Furthermore various types of processing software are installed in EASYPREP in accordance with the specimen characteristics allowing for objective cell preparation, which is an advantage for maintaining quality control. Moreover EASYPREP's sample loading capacity is 64 specimens. A characteristic of the EASYPREP method is the composition of the cytology-specific preservation vial, which can be directly used as a centrifuge tube. The surface of the glass slide is pretreated in order to have a positive charge for optimal cell adhesion.
In this study, the cells processed by the EASYPREP method were evenly distributed in a monolayer without overlapping at the observation field. There were no significant differences in cellular distribution in the EASYPREP and SurePath methods. The gross areas of EASYPREP and SurePath were 213.7 mm2 and 103.8 mm2, respectively, EASYPREP was 2.1 times larger than SurePath. The total smeared cells of EASYPREP and SurePath were calculated as 129,585 and 78,406 on average, respectively. Because the total smeared cell count of EASYPREP was 1.6 times higher than SurePath, the possibility to detect abnormal cells could be high.11 The cell density (643 cells) under the 200× magnification field of EASYPREP was 1.2 times lower than of SurePath (800 cells). Although there was no significant statistical difference, the cell density of the EASYPREP method was less than the SurePath method due to the larger circle of smeared area in the EASYPREP method.
The proportion of diagnostic results using the EASYPREP method did not differ significantly from the SurePath method. The negative rate (86.6%) was slightly higher in the EASYPREP method than in SurePath (86.0%). The detection rate of abnormal cells (14.0%) was slightly higher in the SurePath method than EASYPREP method (13.4%). However, there were five cases of ASC-US, one case of LSIL and one case of HSIL when using EASYPREP among the 860 cases of NILM in SurePath. The patient diagnosed as LSIL in EASYPREP and as NILM in SurePath did not perform a follow up cervicovaginal cytology examination and biopsy. One case diagnosed as HSIL in EASYPREP and as NILM in SurePath was diagnosed as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 by punch biopsy.
Additionally, there were 11 cases diagnosed as ASC-US or ASC-H, one case as LSIL and one case as SCC in SurePath among the 866 cases of NILM in EASYPREP. One case diagnosed as LSIL in SurePath and as NILM in EASYPREP had positive HPV testing results and NILM on five follow-up cervicovaginal cytology examinations without biopsy. One case diagnosed as SCC in SurePath and as NILM in EASYPREP was diagnosed as SCC by punch biopsy. The authors detected necrotic materials only without atypical squamous cells on review of the EASYPREP slide.
Based on the standard of the SurePath method, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the EASYPREP method were 90.7%, 99.2%, 94.8%, and 98.5%, respectively. The concordance rate of diagnosis was 96.5% in total and 99.2% in NILM, 80.0% in abnormal diagnosis cases more than ASC-US and 92.9% in abnormal diagnosis cases more than LSIL. The disagreement of diagnosis between the two methods and the slightly low sensitivity of the EASYPREP method was possibly due to bias in specimen collection process in this study.
Moreover, the same EASYPREP specimen was used to assess additional immunocytochemistry. The positive nuclear staining for Ki-67 and p63 was successfully detected in this study, showing the EASYPREP specimen can be used for immunocytochemistry.
In conclusion, the EASYPREP method provided comparable results to the SurePath method in diagnosis and staining quality and the samples could be used for immunocytochemistry and HPV testing. The EASYPREP method is a feasible cytological procedure and could be another choice of LBC method for the cervicovaginal specimens. The REBA HPV-ID might be a very useful diagnostic method for HPV genotyping using EASYPREP residual samples.
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NILM, negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; ASC-US, atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance; ASC-H, atypical squamous cell cannot exclude high grade lesion; LSIL, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HSIL, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; AGUS, atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance; AC, adenocarcinoma.
HPV, human papillomavirus; NILM, negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; ASC-US, atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance; ASC-H, atypical squamous cell cannot exclude high grade lesion; LSIL, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HSIL, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; AGUS, atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance; AC, adenocarcinoma; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value.
HPV, human papillomavirus; NILM, negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; ASC-US, atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance; ASC-H, atypical squamous cell cannot exclude high grade lesion; LSIL, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HSIL, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; AGUS, atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance; AC, adenocarcinoma.
HPV, human papillomavirus; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value.