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Tres Hermanas: COVID-19 Relief Fund Recipient
By ChristinaSeptember 30, 2020Grant Recipients
It's mid-September in Albuquerque's North Valley. This time of year, Tres Hermanas Farm's crop fields are normally dotted with volunteers and refugee farmers hard at work. But six months into an ongoing pandemic, the fields are quiet. And yet the farm is arguably feeding more people than ever before. Thanks to a grant from the New Mexico Farmers' Marketing Association's (NMFMA) COVID-19 Local Food Supply Chain Response Fund, Tres Hermanas Farm is now implementing a culturally appropriate Food Box Project in order to provide weekly food deliveries for 30 low-income refugee families hardest-hit by the health crisis.
Refugee Agriculture Partnership Program Project Coordinator, Peter Nardini, holds a basket of local onions to go into the culturally appropriated CSA style bags for refugees.
The Food Box Project is a collaborative effort between Tres Hermanas Farm, MoGro Mobile Grocery, the Better Together CSA, Gipsy Farms, New Mexico Harvest and others that utilizes NMFMA grant funds to identify refugee families who are facing a food crisis during the pandemic and deliver local produce provided by partnering farms directly to their homes. The project provides culturally appropriate food by customizing the box content to what recipients are familiar with: "A food box for Central African families could include corn, cassava, okra, yam, African eggplant, peppers, onions, carrots, and tomatoes," explains Refugee Agriculture Partnership Program (RAPP) Project Coordinator, Peter Nardini, "Whereas a box for Middle Eastern, Afghani, and eastern Asian families could include muskmelons, eggplant, spinach, potato, carrots, peas, onions, legumes (beans), tomatoes, and lettuces." Of these, only cassava and yams cannot be grown locally.
Before COVID-19, Tres Hermanas' main focus was their refugee farm training program—the only such program in the state of New Mexico—and the more than 2,500 refugees who currently reside in Albuquerque. "The refugee and asylee populations we work with have been forced to leave their homes in search of a brighter future," says Nardini. "These refugees come from all over the world—Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Cuba." The farm training program is run by the Lutheran Family Services Rocky Mountains Refugee and Asylee Program and is one of only twelve programs nationwide supported by the Refugee Agriculture Partnership Project, a grant program housed within the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement.
The Tres Hermanas farm training program is run by the Lutheran Family Services Rocky Mountains Refugee and Asylee Program and is one of only twelve programs nationwide supported by the Refugee Agriculture Partnership Project, a grant program housed within the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement. (Photo by Refugee Agriculture Partnership Program Project Coordinator, Peter Nardini.)
As part of the farm training program, Tres Hermanas organizes transportation and brings participating refugees to the farm, where they settle in for a full day of hands-on training in the field. Tres Hermanas then takes participants to several farmers' markets—including Albuquerque's Downtown Growers' and Nob Hill markets, and the Santa Fe Railyard Market—to sell the produce and learn their new country's way of selling and interacting with customers. Many of the participants come from an agriculture background, with prior experience growing crops to sell at market in their home countries. According to Nardini, the training program provides participants "the opportunity to do something that is familiar to them and that they know, as well as to grow vegetables from home that they may not be able to find here and to help them feel more grounded and connected in their community." As refugees advance in the program, they receive increased levels of professional development, including business planning and marketing strategies.
Because of the pandemic, however, Tres Hermanas has had to temporarily stop on-farm programming and farmers' market sales. But that doesn't mean the farm itself is on pause—thanks in part to the Food Box Project. "As bad as this pandemic has been, it has also created many opportunities for collaboration and shows how much farms and organizations that support local farming can accomplish by working together."
Nardini sees the Food Box Project as an opportunity to expand beyond the farm training program to better serve Albuquerque's growing refugee community. He hopes to grow the food box program into a subscriber CSA and expand into Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP); Women, Infant and Children (WIC); and Double Up Food Bucks program communities. By next fall, he anticipates having an established CSA with the food box patronage of 120 members: "We hope to create something sustainable out of this project so that refugee, asylee and immigrant families have access to culturally appropriate food boxes, in a system similar to a CSA."
By then, the refugee farm training program will hopefully be back in full swing, and their fields once again teeming with refugee farmers working towards their dreams—and helping to produce healthy, local produce for others in their newly adopted home.
This field of Chinese eggplant and okra is covered with an experimental plastic mulch to help keep the weeds at bay until the refugees can safely return to the farm.
This story is part of a series featuring the many farmers, ranchers, nonprofit organizations, and collaborative groups who received grants via the NMFMA's COVID-19 Local Food Supply Chain Response Fund. The Fund was designed to reduce economic hardship caused by market disruptions linked to the ongoing public health crisis and accelerate a sustained and equitable recovery among farmers and low-income communities. As of September, more than $400,000 has been distributed to 100+ producers and groups. The tireless work and generous spirit of these individuals help solidify New Mexico's local food system and ensure food access by those in need during an historic, global health crisis. Visit the NMFMA website to learn more and to contribute to the Fund.
By NMFMA Staff | September 2020


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A Tale of Two Rivers
By Chris Sweeney·
Photographs by Bob O'Connor
The majestic Charles River wasn't always so majestic. Through the 1980s, anyone who fell into its tea-colored depths was wise to seek medical care and a tetanus shot. Spanning 80 miles from Hopkinton into the lower basin that divides Boston and Cambridge, the Charles ran adjacent to some of our nation's earliest mills, stockyards, and munitions depots, withstanding centuries of industrial punishment and urbanization. Yet none of that compared with the damage done by antiquated sewer lines and illegal plumbing hookups that funneled billions of gallons of raw sewage into the river. Human excrement, urine, used sanitary napkins, sullied condoms, and anything else that could be flushed down a toilet found its way in there, accompanied by trillions of harmful microscopic bacteria. When the Standells cemented the river into pop culture with the 1966 hit "Dirty Water," they were actually being quite polite.
Then everything changed. The Environmental Protection Agency spent the 1990s shaming polluters in the press and suing them into submission. The water cleared up quickly, and today the Charles is among the most widely touted environmental rags-to-riches stories in the world. So much so that on a sweltering Tuesday afternoon in July, something extraordinary happened: 278 people jumped into it.
While swimming is not permitted, the Charles River Conservancy had organized the well-publicized dip to show how safe the water has become, and it is urging the city to build a permanent swimming dock near the Museum of Science. As the Boston area experiences its own renaissance, we are in love with the Charles like never before. "I've lived on this river or near this river for 20 years, and being in it just makes you feel differently," said Ed Lyons, a 44-year-old computer programmer, as he dried off near the bike racks. "The river defines the city."
What about our other famous river, though, the Mystic? Would Lyons take a swim in that? "Uh, no," he says, followed by a hearty laugh. "I hear there are a lot of cars at the bottom."
Less than a week after TV news crews captured families splashing around in the Charles, the Mystic River has its own moment in the spotlight when dozens of out-of-towners pile into a bus at PORT Park, in Chelsea. Industrial eyesores loom in every direction. To the right of a basketball court is a 50-foot-tall mountain of salt that will be used to melt snow on the roads this winter. To the left is a commercial dock set against a backdrop of oil tanks. Across the street sits the brick-and-mortar headquarters of Boston Hides & Furs, once deemed a public nuisance by the Chelsea Board of Health and ordered by the feds to pay nearly $1 million to settle allegations of overworking and underpaying its employees. This might seem like an odd spot for a bunch of tourists to kick off a bus tour, but it makes perfect sense if you're part of a disaster-preparedness conference organized by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Compared with the Charles, the main body of the Mystic is not very long, running 7 miles. Its northernmost tip, marked by two freshwater lakes, is pristine, with a shoreline dotted by mansions and the Tufts University Boathouse. As you head downstream, the river juts out into half a dozen polluted tributaries, including Winn Brook, in Belmont, which earned an F in water quality last year from the Environmental Protection Agency, and Mill Brook, in Arlington, which earned a D. The scenery along the shore deteriorates in the lower basin as you head past Everett and into Chelsea. Here the Mystic defines the city's southern border and branches off into two heavily trafficked industrial inlets: Island End River and Chelsea Creek.
"Along the Chelsea Creek we store 70 to 80 percent of the region's heating fuel and 100 percent of the jet fuel that's used at Logan International Airport," says our tour guide, Roseann Bongiovanni, who's talking over the PA system and pointing out the bus window. As a kid growing up in Chelsea, she says, there were no parks along the shores and the Mystic was just an afterthought, an invisible private-sector workhorse cordoned off by fences and security gates. She didn't even know her hometown had a waterfront.
Unlike the Charles, a pleasure garden for Cambridge and the Back Bay, the lower Mystic is a playground for polluters. Over the past two decades, episodes have included a 15,000-gallon diesel oil spill from an ExxonMobil terminal; MassPort's proposal to bury contaminated soil at the bottom of Chelsea Creek; Global Partners' plan to store carcinogenic asphalt along the shore; and a proposal by Cape Wind's parent company to put a diesel power plant near an elementary school. "I see a lot of raised eyebrows," Bongiovanni says, smirking at the skeptics on the bus. "You think this is crazy? This shit is crazy. I kid you not, this happened."
In light of the Charles River's remarkable makeover, the persistent onslaught of industrial pollution and development here seems cruelly lopsided. The most heavily industrialized parts of the Mystic are within eyeshot of our beloved Boston Harbor and right in the backyard of some of the city's trendiest neighborhoods. Eight of the most environmentally overburdened communities in the state are located along the Mystic River Watershed. These places, including Everett and Chelsea, tend to lag far behind their counterparts along the Charles in terms of household income and tend to have higher rates of cardiovascular disease and asthma.
Technically speaking, Everett, Chelsea, and East Boston are classified as "environmental justice communities" and should be afforded special safeguards to counter the decades-long laissez-faire approach to pollution in these working-class areas. Yet to those who've been paying attention, it looks like the regulators and legislators who control the Mystic's fate have thrown in the towel. "Over the years there has been a great deal of attention by officials at the highest level of government toward addressing pollution problems along the Charles," says Brad Campbell, president of the Conservation Law Foundation. "You haven't seen any such action along the Mystic."
How is it that two of the country's most historical rivers, located just miles from each other, forged such drastically different legacies? On a superficial level, the Charles is the river that Matt Damon crosses on the Red Line to visit his Harvard sweetheart, while the Mystic is where Sean Penn ruthlessly murders an innocent Tim Robbins. But it's far more than Tinseltown depictions—the rivers' divergent paths highlight Boston's deepest, longest-running divides.
While swimming is not permitted in the Charles, nearly 300 people jumped in one afternoon this summer as part of an event hosted by the Charles River Conservancy. / Photograph by Topher Baldwin/Charles River Conservancy
Hard as it may be to believe, the Charles and the Mystic started out on equal footing. They were both fertile fishing grounds that Native Americans stewarded for thousands of years. Then the first waves of European settlers arrived, and the rivers went to hell.
During the 1600s, the wide, deep swath of the Mystic near the present-day Blessing of the Bay Boathouse, in Somerville, is where some of the first tall ships built in the New World took to water. The inaugural vessel launched here belonged to John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and set out on its maiden voyage in 1631. Soon enough, shipbuilders flocked to the shores of the Mystic to take advantage of its strong tides and proximity to the ocean. Meanwhile, over on the Charles, the population of settlers was growing and the landscape was morphing. Businesses opened, trade picked up, and ships carrying loads of textiles, timber, and molasses became regular fixtures on the quiet backwaters that fed into the harbor.
As the American colonies coalesced, the two rivers served as a commercial and cultural backbone for the fledgling nation. The waterways were bloody flash points during the Revolutionary War, and later inspired the region's artists; in Lydia Maria Child's classic 1844 poem "Over the River and Through the Woods," the river she so excitedly traverses is the Mystic. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, on the other hand, preferred the Charles, as evidenced in his 1842 poem "To the River Charles," in which he likens it to "the stream of life."
In reality, by the time these poets were drawing inspiration from the rivers, both bodies of water were trashed with the heavy metals and toxic chemicals from America's first industrial boom. By 1865, Woburn was home to more than 20 leather tanneries, one of the most environmentally hazardous cottage industries a city could embrace, and the chemical runoff began slowly migrating through the Mystic River Watershed. Life wasn't any better on the Charles: The Boston Board of Health in 1872 issued a report describing the river as being "enveloped in an atmosphere of stench so strong as to arouse the sleeping, terrify the weak, and nauseate and exasperate nearly everybody."
In the late 19th century the two rivers' stories diverged. It started when the state and the city decided to turn the Charles's Back Bay from a shallow cesspool into an upper-crust neighborhood. Between 1857 and 1900, construction crews filled in the polluted mud flats, erected elegant brownstones, and outfitted the new neighborhood with world-class public amenities, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Boston Public Library. "Industry faded faster along the Charles," says Robert Allison, a history professor at Suffolk University. "The Back Bay was created to be an enclave of wealth."
Not long after the Back Bay was completed, Boston ensured that the town's movers and shakers had access to the Charles, setting aside a long stretch of the waterfront that would eventually become the Esplanade and link together large portions of the city's parkland. Over on the other side of the river, in Cambridge, the footprint of Harvard University continued expanding, and MIT opened its new campus just down the shoreline in 1916.
The towns in the Mystic River Watershed weren't so lucky. Instead of parks and elite institutions, they got a Converse rubber plant, a Monsanto sulfuric acid plant, a Ford assembly line, and the highest-capacity power plant in Massachusetts. During World War II, the Mystic was less a river and more a pipeline for the war effort. In the following decades, white flight hit the area: The outer suburbs swelled with the new middle class while cities such as Chelsea, East Boston, and Somerville filled with poorer Asian and Latino immigrants who didn't have the political capital or financial resources to beat back the tide of industrial pollution.
With the Mystic carrying Boston's commercial payload, the Charles was ready for its second act. There was just one major problem: It was still full of sewage.
On October 22, 1995, as rowers from around the world came to Boston to compete in the Head of the Charles Regatta, John DeVillars brooded. The river was in terrible shape and DeVillars, head of the EPA's New England division, wanted everyone to know it. In hopes of grabbing some headlines, he issued a provocative press release stating that the Charles was "notable not for its recreational potential but for the stench of sewage." He then boldly predicted that under his direction the EPA would resurrect the Charles River and have it fit for swimming within a decade.
It sounded ludicrous, but DeVillars, an appointee of President Bill Clinton with degrees from Harvard and Penn, knew that the Charles's problems were already on their way to being fixed. Thanks to a federal lawsuit filed the previous decade, the court had ordered the state to build the $3.8 billion Deer Island Sewage Treatment Plant to process the steady stream of raw sewage that overflowed into the Charles from the city's ancient sewer system.
That alone wasn't a cure. DeVillars still had to contend with illegal dumping all throughout the Charles River Watershed. It was common to find apartment buildings in Brookline, Watertown, or Milford with plumbing systems that flowed to the Charles. These jerry-built pipelines were public enemy number one as far as DeVillars was concerned. To take them down, he knew he needed to become the Eliot Ness of environmental law. "The EPA was more or less saying, 'Pretty please, won't you obey the law?'" DeVillars tells me. "After enough pretty pleases, it was time to take enforcement action."
Among the first targets the EPA went after was Brookline, a wealthy suburb with a politically active tax base that would be loath to see a lawsuit over their waste play out in the news. It was the exact type of high-profile case DeVillars needed to kick-start the agency's crackdown. "That enforcement action against Brookline was the shot heard 'round the Charles," he says. The EPA's willingness to go hard at Brookline was a wake-up call to nearby cities, and suddenly public works departments throughout the watershed were willing to work with the EPA in order to avoid costly lawsuits, hefty fines, and bad press.
In another display of its newfound regulatory might, the EPA took Boston University to task for two oil spills that had recently occurred in the Charles. As a result, the school had to cough up $771,000 to settle the case—the largest environmental penalty ever levied against an educational institution at the time. It wasn't long before Harvard announced that it was voluntarily launching a new strategy to mitigate runoff into the Charles.
DeVillars notes that the agency didn't rely solely on the stick of enforcement to get results. It gave ample warning to violators to get on board before it was too late. After all, he'd much rather fix the problem than stuff the EPA's docket with legal battles that could go on for years.
The one-two punch of relentless enforcement and infrastructure upgrades worked almost immediately. In 1999, the Charles was safe enough to swim in 65 percent of the time, up from just 19 percent four years earlier. In 2004, nine years after DeVillars promised a swimmable Charles, the river scored its first B+ ranking from the EPA. Looking back, DeVillars, who left the agency in 2000, describes the Charles as a laboratory in which the EPA was able to test legal pressure points, experiment with media strategies, and piece together broad coalitions. He had only one shot to prove that urban rivers could be quickly and dramatically revived, and he succeeded. Today, he stops short of saying it was easy, but he emphasizes that the EPA has in its arsenal some of the toughest environmental laws in the world. "The laws that were on the books in the 1990s when we began the Charles initiative are still on the books today," he says. "It's a question of using those tools as ambitiously and effectively as possible."
While DeVillars led the charge on the Charles, though, the Mystic still suffered. It was out of sight, out of mind. "The Charles was the primary if not sole focus," he says. "People come from all over the world to go to universities here or get medical care here or come for business here, and the Charles River is an important part of the image of Boston." It wasn't a hard choice, DeVillars says. The Charles was simply more marketable than the Mystic.
The Mystic River needs a John Devillars. Critics say the EPA has failed time and again to take meaningful enforcement actions against chronic polluters in the lower basin, where large parts of the waterway are state-zoned "Designated Port Areas" and development is restricted to water-intensive commercial pursuits.
There's little denying that companies occupying these lots play an essential role in Boston. We can't have a functioning international airport if we don't have an easy way to ship in the jet fuel and store it. We can't keep the roads clear in the winter if we don't have a channel deep enough to hold the giant ocean liners that haul several tons of salt across the Atlantic. But there's a right way to accommodate these activities, and at this moment things along the lower Mystic are far from right.
John DeVillars is widely credited with leading a cleanup of the Charles in the 1990s. / Photograph by Topher Baldwin/Charles River Conservancy
One of the best illustrations of regulatory inaction, says Campbell, of the Conservation Law Foundation, is the ExxonMobil terminal in Everett, not far from where the Island End River converges with the Mystic. Campbell says CLF's review indicated that ExxonMobil has violated its pollution discharge permit at this site at least 70 times since 2010, allowing a litany of chemicals to be swept into the Mystic. "We're not talking about trivial violations of a permit. These are not technical violations," he says. "The violations that we found were orders of magnitude in exceedance of their permit limits. And in many cases those exceedances were of very potent carcinogens."
To drive the point home, Campbell prints out a two-sided spreadsheet using EPA data showing each time that CLF believes ExxonMobil violated its permit over the past five years. On July 10, 2010, for instance, the spreadsheet shows the amount of the carcinogenic chemical chrysene discharged from the facility exceeded the allowable limit by 2,848 percent. It additionally shows that on April 20, 2015, the level of acenaphthene, also carcinogenic, exceeded the allowable limit by 4,481 percent. In response, a spokesperson for ExxonMobil says the Conservation Law Foundation's allegations are "factually inaccurate" and that the Everett terminal complies with federal and state regulations. Campbell strongly disagrees and announced that his foundation plans to sue the oil company for violating the Clean Water Act. "It's stunning," says Campbell, who claims that the EPA has not taken any enforcement action against Exxon. "As someone who has enforced the Clean Water Act for over 20 years, I am stunned that the EPA has allowed such egregious violations on a sustained basis, essentially with impunity."
The EPA takes issue with this perception. "We feel like we've been doing a lot and we've been enforcing to the best of our abilities," says Todd Borci, a water enforcement officer at the agency. To be fair, the EPA has scored a few victories. Borci points to a 2012 EPA consent decree imposed on Suffolk Downs after horse manure and urine contaminated Sales Creek, in Revere. In addition to a $1.25 million fine, the track agreed to fund $3 million worth of nearby environmental projects. That same year, Borci notes, the EPA nailed the Boston Water and Sewer Commission for having an illegal sewer hookup that spewed raw sewage into East Boston's Constitution Beach.
Ken Moraff, a director at the EPA who worked alongside DeVillars, points out that the agency has been gutted. The staff of the New England division is approximately 25 percent smaller than it was under DeVillars, he says, and its budget has been slashed. The leaner the agency gets, the harder it is to wage the long, complex legal battles that are hallmarks of environmental law.
All of these factors have culminated in a sense of environmental ennui, and it's the residents in the Mystic River neighborhoods who pay the price. "It's kind of a 'broken windows' theory," explains EK Khalsa, who led the Mystic River Watershed Association for nearly a decade. Every time someone is given a pass on a permit violation that would be enforced in other jurisdictions, he says, it reinforces the idea that it's possible to get away with things on the Mystic that you wouldn't get away with on the Charles. Every time lawmakers fail to allocate resources to set basic pollution limits on the Mystic, it falls farther behind the Charles.
Khalsa is sympathetic to the EPA's struggles, but doesn't accept them as excuses for setting the bar lower on the Mystic than it did on the Charles. "We should do what we did for the Charles in the Mystic," he says. "Part of our effort is to persuade the EPA that enforcement of regulations in the Mystic is one of the essential components of improving life for Mystic River communities."
It's hard to argue that the Charles's turnaround is anything short of sensational. But Khalsa worries that the ongoing disparity between the two rivers speaks to a wider trend in which affluence equals protection. "Are we going to barricade ourselves into a small number of communities, which are healthy and well?" he asks. Put another way, are we content to leave the less affluent living in communities contaminated by us all?
The most dramatic difference between the Charles River and the Mystic River isn't a matter of pollution or water quality. It's a matter of access.
We don't love the Charles because it scores a B+ from the EPA. We love it because it's a free destination open for anyone to enjoy. Should the urge strike, you can walk, run, or ride a bike along it for miles uninterrupted. There are public playgrounds, public exercise equipment, and public docks from which you can enjoy a spectacular sunset. In the fall people pile onto its bridges and shores to watch the best rowers in the world go head to head. In the summer we take to the Esplanade for fireworks and top-notch symphonic entertainment. It is an easily accessible oasis in the midst of a concrete jungle.
This is where the Mystic diverges so sharply from the Charles, and no community knows this better than Everett, where the Mystic's shores have been swallowed up by a power plant, pumping stations, and chemical companies for more than a century. "Frankly, one of the reasons that the Charles and the Mystic look so different," Khalsa says, "is the level of attention and the resources that have been applied to the parklands."
Hope, though, comes in all shapes along the Mystic. Medford has long had the Mystic River Reservation, and now Somerville has greened up the Assembly Square area. Now in Everett, hope is taking the form of a 629-room resort dreamed up by the billionaire casino magnate Steve Wynn. This summer Wynn began building his $2.1 billion casino on the same spot where Monsanto once manufactured sulfuric acid. For decades the parcel of land was rife with contaminated soil and sat vacant behind a chainlink fence.
As part of the proposal, Wynn set aside $30 million to haul out all of the tainted soil and build a 6-acre park along the Mystic. It will have a living shoreline and will be open to the public year round. If all goes as planned, there will be a water shuttle that ferries commuters and visitors to downtown Boston in 15 minutes, and tree-lined pathways for walkers, runners, and cyclists. Environmentalists have lauded the park project as a major step toward a connected green space along the Mystic.
Still, struggles remain. Next door to Everett, in Chelsea, Roseann Bongiovanni continues pressuring polluters and encouraging the community to embrace the Mystic as a river that's every bit as important as the Charles. In East Boston, not far up the road from the Condor Street Urban Wild park is a vacant lot that previously belonged to Hess Oil. The Boston Redevelopment Authority is now accepting proposals for the land and has narrowed its plans to three options: an organic composting facility, a salt mountain and distribution site, or a "maritime industrial hub."
Fran Riley, a 73-year-old who has lived in Eastie her entire life and can recall the oily stench that wafted from the abandoned Hess tanks, is glad to see that the city is doing something with the lot, though she is underwhelmed by the options. If it were up to her, she'd turn the space into protected parkland dedicated to the battles of the Revolutionary War that unfolded along the water. "Why can't we sit at the creek and ponder our thoughts?" she asks. "That whole area should look like the Charles River."
For now, though, if Riley's wish came true, it would simply mean a park that looks out at oil terminals, salt mountains, and tanker ships. The Mystic is still waiting for a hero.
Source URL: https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2016/10/09/tale-two-rivers-charles-mystic/
Copyright ©2020 Boston Magazine unless otherwise noted.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Pancharātra is a Sanskrit drama written by Bhasa. The plot is based on the Hindu epic Mahabharata.

The play takes its name from the period of five nights referred in the plot. Pancha(५) means Five(5) and Raatra means nights. The Pandavas were roaming in the forest for twelve years. Dronacharya who was the teacher of both the pandavas and kauravas knew Duryodhana's (leader of kauravas) reluctance to give the land to the Pandavas. He predicted a war and to avoid such a calamity he was looking for an opportunity. So he asked Duryadhona to perform sacrifice and at the sacrifice, Duryadhona took a bath and asked for gurudakshini (the act of repaying one's guru). Drona cleverly demanded half of the land for the Pandavas. Duryadhona agreed but on one condition that he would provide him with the whereabouts about the pandavas within five nights. Drona agreed and was successful and hence half of the kingdom was handed to the pandavas.

See also

 Sanskrit literature
 Sanskrit drama

Sanskrit texts
Indian plays


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If you want to vacation on the beach or in a remoter area, then you can enjoy camping and living in tents. There are several of these accommodations all over Australia. They are great for the budget conscious and cost watchers as they are cheap. If you are more adventurous and can carry a tent too, then just look for a park or an open wide space in the outback and camp, that will cost you only the price of a tent.


text:
Выр () — село в Репкинском районе Черниговской области Украины. Население 18 человек. Занимает площадь 0,33 км².

Код КОАТУУ: 7424483303. Почтовый индекс: 15014. Телефонный код: +380 4641.

Власть
Орган местного самоуправления — Клубовский сельский совет. Почтовый адрес: 15014, Черниговская обл., Репкинский р-н, с. Клубовка, ул. Новая, 2а. Тел.: +380 (4641) 4-11-23; факс: 4-11-23.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Репкинского района


text:
5 Potential Opponents: Manny Pacquiao
How good is it to see Manny Pacquiao back in boxing? Pacquiao wants to fight more and I think we'll see him in the ring sometime later in the year. Pac-man has a few opponents he could fight next and today we're going to look at some of those candidates.
5) Floyd Mayweather
We start the list with retired boxer, Floyd Mayweather - Pacquiao really wants this fight and a rematch interests many people. The first fight got millions watching with an explosive 4.6 million buy rate. Although Mayweather is retired, Pacquiao is desperate for this fight but we don't know if the fight will actually happen but it could potentially be Pacquiao's next fight.
4) The Winner of Terence Crawford Vs. Amir Khan
In a few weeks time, Terence Crawford will be defending his WBO welterweight champion against Amir Khan in Madison Square Garden. This will be a fantastic fight and Pacquiao verses the winner would be a great fight. Khan Vs. Pacquiao would just be fantastic, imagine the speed of the hands?! Crawford would be a good match for Pacquiao as well, either way - I want to see Pacquiao fight either one of those men.
3) Keith Thurman
Keith Thurman is the WBA super welterweight champion and at a record of 29-0, he is undefeated and has the potential to cause issues for pac-man. Thurman Vs. Pacquiao would be a great fight and it makes a lot of sense too.
2) Errol Spence Jr.
Errol Spence could fight Pacquiao sometime this year but I don't see it happening. After Spence dominated Mikey Garcia 2 weeks ago, he confronted Pacquiao and Manny just showed limited interest in the fight. Also, Pacquiao tweeted a poll recently about who he should fight next and Spence was no where to be found. I don't want to see this fight as I think Spence would just keep the offence on Manny for 12 rounds and pick up a decision victory over him and I don't want that to happen to a 40 year old Pacquiao.
1) Shawn Porter
I think this is the most likely option for Pacquiao and I definitely think this is the fight which will happen. Porter has only suffered two loss in his career, one against Keith Thurman and the other being against Kell Brook. Both of them are credible names however and Porter has won against big names like Paulie Malignaggi and Adrian Broner - who Pacquiao just recently defeated earlier this year. Porter and Pacquiao would be a really good fight, I hope we see this.


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Contact Form 7 is my all time favorite for adding contact forms. I have also tried Ninja forms, but the free plugin has limited features.


text:
Весели́н Александров Топа́лов (; род. 15 марта 1975, Русе) — болгарский шахматист, гроссмейстер (1992), чемпион мира по шахматам по версии ФИДЕ (2005).

Биография
Веселин Топалов научился играть в шахматы в 8-летнем возрасте и быстро добился прогресса в игре. В 1989 году в Пуэрто-Рико он выиграл звание чемпиона мира среди юношей до 14 лет. В 1990 году в Сингапуре Топалов завоевал второе место на чемпионате мира среди юношей до 16 лет. В 1992 году Топалов стал гроссмейстером.

6 декабря 1994 года на 31-ой шахматной Олимпиаде в Москве побеждает чемпиона мира Гарри Каспарова и становится членом символического клуба Михаила Чигорина. С 16 июня 2015 года, после победы над чемпионом мира Магнусом Карлсеном, является единственным в мире шахматистом, побеждавшим четырёх действующих чемпионов мира.

С середины 1990-х годов Топалов входит в группу сильнейших гроссмейстеров мира. Во время партии Топалов всегда заряжен на борьбу, его игра всегда бескомпромиссна, он не делает коротких ничьих, он всегда играет на победу, даже чёрными.

Веселин Топалов успешно играл на турнирах: Мадрид (1996) — 1—2 место, в Амстердам — 1—2 место, Лион — 1—2 место, Новгород — 1 место, Вена — 1—3 место, Дос-Эрманас — 1—3 место.

В 1999 году в Вейк-ан-Зее проиграл Гарри Каспарову. Эта партия считается одной из самых красивых в истории шахмат.

В 2002 году в Дортмунде болгарский гроссмейстер добился права играть в финальном матче претендентов. Победитель этого матча должен был играть с Владимиром Крамником за звание чемпиона мира по версии Профессиональной шахматной ассоциации). В финале Веселин Топалов проиграл Петеру Леко со счётом 1,5:2,5 (+1-2=1).

В 2005 году в Вейк-ан-Зее Топалов занял третье место, за Петером Леко и Вишванатаном Анандом, победив в турнире чёрными за 20 ходов Владимира Крамника.

В 2005 году в Линаресе, выиграв в последнем туре у Каспарова, занял второе место, набрав равное количество очков (8 из 12) с победителем турнира Гарри Каспаровым, уступив ему только по дополнительным показателям.

В мае 2005 года Топалов выиграл очень сильный турнир (XX категории) в Софии, с преимуществом в одно очко перед Анандом.

На 1 июля 2005 года Веселин Топалов имел второй, равный с Анандом, рейтинг ФИДЕ — 2788. Это высший рейтинг среди шахматистов Болгарии.

С 28 сентября по 16 октября 2005 года в аргентинском городе Сан-Луис проходил матч-турнир на звание чемпиона мира по шахматам ФИДЕ. Топалов набрал 10 очков из 14, занял первое место и стал чемпионом мира по шахматам ФИДЕ. Однако появились предположения о том, что Топалов во время игры якобы пользовался подсказками сильнейшей компьютерной программы Rybka. Позднее этот скандал угас.

В сентябре-октябре 2006 был проведён матч между чемпионом мира по версии ФИДЕ Веселином Топаловым и чемпионом мира по версии ПША Владимиром Крамником. Счет после 12 партий был равным, 6:6. В дополнительных, быстрых партиях победу со счётом 2½:1½ одержал Крамник. После данного поражения наступил небольшой спад, но к концу 2008 года Веселин снова возглавил рейтинг ФИДЕ.

В феврале 2009 года он выиграл Претендентский матч по шахматам чемпионата мира 2009 у Гаты Камского и вновь получил право побороться за шахматную корону. Его матч с Анандом, состоявшийся с 21 апреля по 11 мая 2010 года на родине Топалова в Болгарии (г. София), закончился поражением Топалова 5.5-6.5. Решающей стала последняя 12-я партия матча, в которой при счете 5.5-5.5 Топалов, играя белыми, проиграл Ананду.

Веселин Топалов является членом символических клубов победителей чемпионов мира Эугенио Торре (2005) и Ефима Боголюбова (2015).

Достижения
 1-е место (разделил) в Мадриде, 1993 год
 победа в матче против Ильескаса, 1994 год
 1-е место в Поляница-Здруй, 1995 год
 ничья в матче против Карпова (быстрые шахматы), 1995 год
 1-е место в Элените, 1995 год
 1-е место (разделил с Гарри Каспаровым) в Амстердаме, 1996 год
 1-е место в Новгороде, 1996 год
 1-е место в Вене, 1996 год
 1-е место (разделил) в Дос-Эрманасе (Dos Hermanas), 1996 год
 1-е место в Амстердаме, 1997 год
 четверть-финалист Чемпионата мира ФИДЕ 2000 года, в Дели
 1-е место в Монако, 2001 год
 1-е место в Дортмунде, 2001 год
 матч с Петером Леко в Дортмунде 1½:2½, 2002 год
 полуфиналист Чемпионата мира ФИДЕ 2004 года, в Триполи
 2-е место (Гарри Каспаров выиграл по дополнительным показателям) в Линаресе, 2005 год
 1-е место в Софии (M-Tel Masters), 2005 год — 6½ очков (+4-1=5)
 Чемпионат мира в Сан-Луисе (Аргентина), октябрь 2005 года — 10 очков (+6-0=8), 1-е место. Топалов становится Чемпионом мира ФИДЕ.
 1-е место в Софии (M-Tel Masters), 2006 год — 6½ очков
 1-е место в Софии (M-Tel Masters), 2007 год — 5½ очков (+3-2=5)
 1-е место в Бильбао, 2008 год
 1-е место в Нанкине, 2008 год
 претендентский матч с Гатой Камским в Софии 4½:2½, 2009 год

 1-е место Гран При ФИДЕ в Лондоне, 2012 год
 1-е место Гран При ФИДЕ в Цуге, 2013 год

Заявление о прекращении игры
В начале января 2017 года объявил о прекращении игры в официальных соревнованиях под эгидой ФИДЕ.
Российский сайт http://www.chess-news.ru разместил перевод этого заявления:

«Начиная с 2014 года преступная группировка "Макро и друзья", руководящая ФИДЕ с 1995-го по сей день, ведёт безобразную и позорную войну с Болгарской шахматной федерацией. А ведь Болгарская федерация считается одной из самых активных и успешных; за последние два десятилетия её вклад в шахматы трудно переоценить. Официально ФИДЕ и ЕШС потратили 200 тысяч евро на судебные разбирательства, борясь с нашей федерацией. И те же самые бесполезные и некомпетентные люди довели ФИДЕ до того, что она близка к банкротству.

Хватит. Так дальше нельзя, всему этому нужно положить конец.

Поэтому мы официально заявляем, что экс-чемпион мира ФИДЕ Веселин Топалов впредь не сыграет ни в каком турнире под эгидой ФИДЕ и ЕШС до тех пор, пока банда преступников "Макро и друзья" не оставят свои посты раз и навсегда». (http://www.chess-news.ru/node/22576)

Изменения рейтинга

Примечания

Литература
 Панеях А. «Веду жизнь профессионала» (интервью с В. Топаловым) // 64 — Шахматное обозрение. — 1995. — № 1/2. — С. 34—35.
 Гулиев С. Веселин Топалов : избранные партии экс-чемпиона мира по шахматам. — М. : Russian Chess House, 2016. — 454 с. — (Великие шахматисты мира). — ISBN 978-5-94693-471-8.

Ссылки

 Личная карточка Веселина Топалова на сайте 365chess.com
 Личная карточка Веселина Топалова на сайте OlimpBase.org

 Интервью с Веселином Топаловым
 35 ключевых позиций из партий Топалова

Шахматисты Болгарии
Участники шахматных олимпиад
Чемпионы мира по шахматам
Почётные граждане Пловдива


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