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RESEARCH NEWS from Swansea University Library
– Swansea University Information Services & Systems (ISS) –
Library Research Support
Tag: Research Funding
RCUK – Strategic Vision 2011-2015
January 26, 2011 ~ ISS Research Support	~ Leave a comment
Research Councils UK have published their Strategic Vision This document sets out the themes and priorities for 2011 to 2015. It addresses:
Research to address societal changes
Digital Economy, Energy, Global Food Security, Global Uncertainities, Lifelong Health & Wellbeing, Living with Environmental Change.
RCUK's relationship with HE sector
Wakeham Review & full economic costings; managing demand for research funding; allocating funding to research that addresses strategic priorities; encouraging the sharing of estates costs and the sharing of resources…
Funding people & projects; training for a highly-skilled workforce, economic growth and sustainability of the research base; facilities and infrastructure.
Increasing our economic and societal benefits; choosing our research priorities; embedding impact; the evidence base of impact.
Working with the Technology Strategy Board; working with government departments; global partnerships; partnerships with society.
Invest in your libraries to help researchers
August 20, 2010 ~ ISS Research Support	~ Leave a comment
A new research report University Investment in the Library, Phase II: An International Study of the Librarys Value to the Grants Process suggests that there is a direct correlation between funding spent on university libraries and successful research funding applications. The report is available online, or you can read the article in the THES.
ESRC launches Peer Review College
July 14, 2010 ~ ISS Research Support	~ Leave a comment
The ESRC has announced that it has established a college of peer reviewers to provide expert advice and assessment of proposals to its programmes.
The college consists of around 1,800 experts from the UK and overseas, from Higher Education and from the private, government and independent sectors.
More details are available on the ESRC website.
Blue skies? Willets, the REF, Research Impact and Research Funding
July 9, 2010 July 9, 2010 ~ ISS Research Support	~ Leave a comment
Today, 9th July, the universities and science minister, David Willetts, in a speech to the Royal Institution, confirmed that the REF is to be postponed for a year. The problem with measuring economic impact of research would appear to be the primary reason. He has stressed the need to find a reliable measure of impact that would find consensus within the academic community. However, he also expressed the view that the significance of scientific research could not always be measured by its short-term economic impact, as with the unexpected benefits of blue skies research. ""The surprising paths which serendipity takes us down is a major reason why we need to think harder about impact." Over the next year, the lessons of the pilot exercise and the experiences of other countries (e.g. Star Metrics in the USA) will be drawn upon.
Willetts rejected the previous government's thinking on funding of scientific research and innovation.
You're supposed to put money into university-based scientific research, which leads to patents and then spinout companies that secure venture capital backing. The mature business provides tax revenues for the Government, jobs for the local area, a nice profit for the university.
Yet, he said, on average only 3% of university income ever came from commercialisation of intellectual property.
There were better ways of "harvesting the benefits from research". Amongst these he said he favoured "clusters", which he defined as "low-risk environment for high-risk activity", citing the example of computer games and media companies based around Abertay University.
Government backing for research does make economic sense, he said, and the Research Councils' funding of scientific research was effective in "generating wider benefits across the economy as a whole". There may be cuts ahead, but essentially the dual funding system was working and he supported the Haldane principle.
In terms of his own thinking on policy for supporting and developing the research base, he believes that:
Publicly funded research facilities ( Government support for "shared facilities – research platforms if you like – which private companies could not develop on their own")
Public procurement contracts given to innovative SMEs ("A purchasing contract can be as effective a way to get money to an innovative small business as a grant or a capital investment: this is particularly important at times when banks are so reluctant to lend."
Public competitions for new technologies ("And it need not be Government which sets the prize or the challenge – it can happen in marketplaces on the web too.")
You can read the speech in full on the BIS website or read reports from THE & The Engineer.
Royal Society makes its case for Government investment in Scientific Research
March 9, 2010 May 14, 2010 ~ ISS Research Support	~ Leave a comment
In a wide-ranging report,The Scientific Century: Securing Our Future Prosperity, the Royal Society makes its case for government investment in scientific research and improving education in the sciences.
Warning of the dangers of any crude assessment of research impact, the report nonetheless regards recent clarifications from HEFCE regarding this element of the Research Excellence Framework (REF) as being reassuring. It goes on to warn against the effects of any cuts in funding to academic scientific research, with a reminder how cuts in the mid-1980s led to researchers struggling "to remain at the cutting edge of their disciplines, using old equipment that they could not afford to replace". Investing in scientific research now, they argue, is vital: "Science and innovation are investments that are essential to short-term recovery and, more importantly, to long-term prosperity and growth."
Recommendations of the report align strategically with investment in: interdisciplinary research (including a call for a reform of research funding and assessment in relation to this); overseas collaboration; improved skills training (including 'transferrable skills') for PhD students in the sciences; and a call to create "strong global challenge research programmes, led by RCUK, to align scientific, commercial and public interests".
The report can be read in full on the Royal Society website at:http://royalsociety.org/the-scientific-century/
HEFCE publishes RAND Europe report on Research Impact Methodologies
December 9, 2009 ~ ISS Research Support	~ Leave a comment
News that HEFCE have just published Capturing Research Impacts: A review of international practice is of particular interest for Swansea University since we will be participating in the HEFCE Pilot Exercise on Research Impact.
This is the report Hefce commissioned from RAND Europe to bring together knowledge gained from international experiences in assessing research impact. The review will help inform development of this new aspect of the REF. Notably, the review "suggests that the work of the Australian RQF Working Group on Impact Assessment might provide a basis for developing an approach to impact in the REF". (See previous entries on this blog regarding the RQF.)
RAND Europe has already established experience in this area. See for example, Exploring the impact of arthritis research
Full report and executive summary are available at: http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/rdreports/2009/rd23_09/
Funding the Research Base – 1994 Group Policy Report
November 2, 2009 ~ ISS Research Support	~ Leave a comment
Last month the 1994 Group's policy report, "The importance of the HE research base in addressing major global challenges and ensuring the UK's future prosperity". was published. The report argues in favour of the dual funding system and warns against spreading QR funding too thinly across the HE sector. Several case studies are provided to illustrate the impact of QR funded research in tackling "global challenges". Whilst acknowledging the need for collaboration and building links with business and industry, the report makes clear that the research base in the Arts & Humanities must not be ignored.
Investment must be made in new ideas and world leading research in the arts, humanities and social sciences, in addition to STEM subjects and medicine. Innovation draws on the entirety of the research base and, accordingly, the whole academy must be sustainable financially.
There is also a warning against Hefce's new REF proposals placing too much emphasis on economic impact of research:
As part of REF, it is also important that the Funding Councils recognise the widest range of impacts that excellent research might have across different disciplinary areas, rather than focusing overly on economic impact interpreted in its narrowest sense.
The report urges the Government to "develop a national research policy that will target funding and support mechanisms" and makes the following recommendations:
Increase Government investment in research on a longer-term basis to enable universities to retain the scope to respond flexibly and rapidly to emerging challenges.
Protect and enhance QR funding to allow universities autonomy and the capacity to invest in new and emerging areas, grow and support new talent, protect declining but important subjects, and initiate collaborations with new academic and business partners.
Distribute QR funding according to excellence, while ensuring critical mass in world class research areas within our research intensive universities.
Support increased collaboration between universities and businesses at a regional, national and global level to build on signifi cant advances made on enterprise development that have been enabled by the Higher Education Innovation Fund
Complement investment in STEM subjects and medicine with continuing investment in new ideas and world-leading research in arts, humanities and social sciences, as innovation draws on the entirety of the research base.
Ensure our future intellectual sustainability by providing the necessary resources to train the world-leading researchers of the future.
The report, and several case studies illustrative of the impact of QR funded research in meeting global challenges, are available from: http://www.1994group.ac.uk/researchenterpriseexcellence.php
Open Access self-archiving rights for Book Chapters
ESRC - Lifelong Health and Wellbeing (LLHW)
Scientific Conference Posters Online Repository
How do I find lists of the most highly regarded journals in the field of business, economics, management and finance?
Emerging Sources Citation Index
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College of Engineering Library Inductions
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Chuck Strouse
Ryan Tannehill
Photo by George Martinez
Dolphins Quarterback Ryan Tannehill Heads to the Tennessee Titans on a One-Year Contract
Chuck Strouse | March 15, 2019 | 3:20pm
Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill, who has been a cornerstone of the team since 2012, was traded to the Tennessee Titans Friday.
The Dolphins will get a fourth-round pick in 2020 and a seventh-round pick this year, while the Titans will receive Tannehill and a sixth-round pick in 2019. According to Ian Rapoport of NFL Media, the deal is a one-year contract worth $7 million guaranteed, plus a chance to increase to $12 million based on playing time.
The news was announced on Twitter by Tannehill's agents at SportsTrust Advisors.
Please read web version for embedded content
It was widely rumored that Tannehill, once expected to be the team's savior, would leave. He had a wildly uneven season last year that ended badly. The team's head coach last season, Adam Gase, was replaced by Brian Flores, a former assistant coach for the New England Patriots.
The Fins have virtually no backup QB. The only two on the depth chart are Luke Falk, a rookie from Washington state; and Jake Rudock, a three-year veteran out of Michigan. Both have had minimal playing time under center.
One possibility is Tuanigamanuolepola "Tua" Tagovailoa, the quarterback of NCAA champion Alabama Crimson Tide. The 21-year-old, a committed Christian, has played two years for Nick Saban, who formerly coached the Dolphins. Tua will not be available next year. The hashtag #tankfortua has become popular as some teams reportedly ponder intentionally losing games next year to gain a good spot in the NFL Draft when Tua graduates.
Another possibility is Kyler Murray, the Heisman Trophy winner from Oklahoma, who worked out with the Dolphins yesterday. But he is likely to be drafted by the Cardinals, who hold rights to the number-one pick.
Teddy Bridgewater, an injured Miami Northwestern High graduate whom the Dolphins had courted, signed this week with the New Orleans Saints.
The Titans' current quarterback is the oft-injured Marcus Mariota, the former second-overall pick in the 2015 NFL Draft.


You are here: Home / Blog / Uncategorized / Don't settle for simmering super!
Don't settle for simmering super!
Superannuation may be a long-term investment strategy but that doesn't mean you should leave it on a mental back burner. In fact, ignoring your super leaves it at risk of stagnation when it could be cooking up a healthy retirement nest egg.
Reviewing your current super strategy doesn't have to be an overwhelming process and it could be a great way to beef up your retirement savings.
Is your super still meeting your needs?
If it's been a while since you began your superannuation policy, you may discover the choices you made are no longer the most appropriate. To find out, check with your fund to see how your money is being invested and compare this with what else the fund has on offer.
Balanced: this option is designed to suit most people most of the time, offering above average returns with below average risk. The mix might hold 60 – 75% of its investments in shares and property with the rest in cash, bonds and fixed interest.
Growth: this option offers higher average long-term returns, but with potential for more ups and downs. Losses are often higher in bad years and happen in four or five years out of 20. Growth options usually hold around 85% of funds in shares and property with the balance in cash and fixed-interest investments.
Conservative: these portfolios tend to deliver lower average returns than growth options but with less risk of loss in any year. They typically hold around 70% in low-growth, low-risk cash and fixed interest deposits with the balance in shares and property.
Cash investments in short-term deposits with Australian institutions: these offer relatively low, stable returns with no risk of loss. The downside is the risk that returns won't keep pace with inflation.
When deciding what's best, it's important to consider your attitude to risk and how close you are to retirement. For example, if you've got 20 years of work left, a growth option may be more suitable for you than for someone with only a few years left until retirement. That's because you'll have time up your sleeve for the market to recover from any downturns.


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Muminmuseet är ett museum vid Andparken i Tammerfors, med konstsamlingen Mumindalen, som omfattar över 2.000 konstverk som Tove Jansson donerade till Tammerfors konstmuseum mellan 1986 och 1997.

Samlingen fanns i Tammerfors Konstmuseums byggnad sedan 2012, efter att tidigare visats på Tammersfors huvudbibliotek Metso (Tjädern). 17-18 juni 2017 invigdes ett helt nytt och världens enda Muminmuseum i Tammerforshuset dit samlingarna flyttats.<ref>[https://www.moomin.com/sv/blog/varldens-enda-muminmuseum-oppnas-med-folkfest-det-nya-tammerforshuset-17-18-6/ Världens enda muminmuseum öppnas med folkfest i det nya Tammerforshuset 17-18 juni 2017.] Läst 20 september 2017.</ref>
Samlingen behöll dock sitt namn "Tammerfors konstmuseums samling Mumindalen".

Muminhuset
En central del av konstsamlingen är Muminhuset, vilket byggts av Tove Jansson, Tuulikki Pietilä och Pentti Eistola. Detta blåa femvånings modellhus byggdes av Tove Jansson, Tuulikki Pietilä och Pentti Eistola i slutet av 1970-talet. Den ursprungliga idén var att göra det runt, som Jansson alltid framställde det i sina Mumin-illustrationer, men eftersom det skulle ställas i ett hörn vid Bratislavas illustrationsbiennal 1979 byggdes det kantigt. Det byggdes inte efter ritningar, utan på fri hand, våning för våning. Det följer heller inte någon speciell arkitekturell stil, utan flera stilar. Markvåningen skissades av Tuulikki Pietiläs bror, arkitekten Reima Pietilä.

Från början var en världsturné planerad för huset efter biennalen 1979, men det blev istället bara en nordisk turné 1980–83. Huset fördes sedan till Tove Janssons ateljé, eftersom det var i behov av lagningar efter turnén. Det visades upp igen vid Tammerfors konstmuseum 1986, innan det slutligen fick en permanent plats i det nybyggda museet Mumindalen, där det förevisats sedan 1987. Fotografier av huset finns som illustrationer i Skurken i muminhuset'', den sista av Janssons fyra bilderböcker om Mumintrollen.

Se även
Temaparken Muminvärlden i Nådendal

Källor

Noter

Externa länkar
Muminmuseets webbplats

Museer i Tammerfors
Mumintrollen
Seriemuseer
Litterära museer

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How Syngas is Used
Why Syngas is Important
Global Need and Resources
The Future of Gasification
Gasification 101
The Real Cost of Energy
SGT: How It Works
Feedstock tests
Annuals and Proxies
History of SGT
Joint Venture Plants
Licensed SGT Projects
E-ALERTSIGNUP
About SES
Power / iGAS
Substitute Natural Gas
DRI for Steel Production
Chemicals & Fertilizer
Clean. Economic. Sustainable.
Growth With Blue Skies
Synthesis Energy Systems, Inc.
Synthesis Energy Systems, Inc. Reports Fiscal 2015 Second Quarter Financial Results and Provides Business Update
Synthesis Energy Systems, Inc. Reports Fiscal 2015 Second Quarter Financial Results and Provides Business Update 37.4 KB
HOUSTON, Feb. 12, 2015 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Synthesis Energy Systems, Inc. (SES) (Nasdaq:SYMX) today reported financial and operating results for its fiscal 2015 second quarter, ended December 31, 2014.
"During our fiscal 2015 second quarter we have gained good traction, deploying our technology, even in the face of some short-term challenges. We achieved two key sales milestones in China in December. The Innovative Coal Chemical Design Institute (ICCDI), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of our partner in China, Suzhou Tianwo Science and Technology, has been awarded three projects from China Aluminum Company (CHALCO), which will use SES gasification technology supplied from our TSEC Joint Venture. This order represents seven SES gasification systems which will create clean energy syngas fuel, replacing the need for expensive natural gas and improving the economics of three industrial plants," said Robert W. Rigdon, SES President and CEO. "Also in December, together with TSEC, we signed a framework agreement with Dengfeng Power Group for a series of engineering and evaluation studies for a 160 MW distributed power generation plant. This undertaking is intended to lead to another important first order in China for the combined SES and GE technologies power plant model, and potentially unlocks China for a cleaner coal distributed power product.
"TSEC reports to us that its China pipeline is strong and forecasts more near-term orders. The SES global business development pipeline is also healthy, topping 40 projects across market verticals that include distributed power, with collaborator GE, Direct Reduced Iron with partner Midrex Technologies, and industrial conglomerates like CHALCO eager to economically and cleanly unlock the energy in low-cost indigenous natural resources with SES gasification technology," continued Rigdon.
"Our short-term challenges this past quarter have been due to declining methanol commodity prices," said Rigdon. "The ZZ methanol plant reported $3.7 million in revenue for the quarter from sales of 12,268 tonnes of methanol. Methanol prices have decreased significantly which caused a non-cash impairment charge under applicable accounting rules on the ZZ Joint Venture facility of $20.9 million increasing our operating loss for the fiscal second quarter to $26.1 million. The ZZ Joint Venture is currently selling methanol and is carefully managing its cash. SES is not putting any funds into the ZZ Joint Venture and has no intention to do so at this time."
Rigdon concluded: "Our operations team in China is evaluating and pursuing new opportunities with the potential to repurpose the ZZ gasifier systems, and is focused on gaining formal acceptance of the Yima gasification systems which opens the door for us to monetize that investment. Separately, we have launched a strategic Technology Company partnering initiative to accelerate growth of the company which we believe has the potential to both greatly strengthen our ability to close and deliver orders, as well as generate cash in the transaction and lower our overhead run rate significantly. In addition, we have contained our ZZ Joint Venture costs, which effectively lowers our annualized general and administrative expenses (excluding the ZZ Joint Venture general and administrative expenses) to just under $8 million as of December 31, 2014. We believe these steps, in combination with our cash on-hand, create a much stronger cash position for the company over the next two to three quarters and simultaneously improve our ability to convert pipeline projects to orders."
Recent Corporate Highlights
China Joint Venture: SES's China joint venture with Suzhou Tianwo Science and Technology (TST): Jiangsu Tianwo-SES Clean Energy Technologies (TSEC):
Industrial Fuels: China Aluminum Company - The Innovative Coal Chemical Design Institute (ICCDI), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of TST, was awarded three industrial syngas supply plant projects, valued at $105 million dollars, by China Aluminum Company (CHALCO), China's largest alumina and primary aluminum producer, in December. ICCDI will serve as the general contractor providing engineering and construction of the three projects, and TSEC will supply seven SES gasification systems to produce approximately 175,000 NCM/hr of industrial syngas as a clean energy fuel for three existing aluminum manufacturing plants, located in the Shandong, Henan and Shanxi provinces.
Distributed Power: Dengfeng Power Group - SES and TSEC signed a framework agreement for cleaner coal distributed power in China with Dengfeng Power, in December. The initial phase of the program will be a pre-feasibility study for the first of several planned 160 MW distributed power generation plants designed to utilize two SES XL3000 advanced fluidized bed gasification systems; gasification equipment provided by TSEC, and four GE model LM2500+G4 aero-derivative gas turbines and related power generation equipment. Upon the completion and successful results of the feasibility studies, and requisite government approvals, the first plant is expected to be built in Dengfeng, Henan Province. It is intended to serve as a model for additional projects in Dengfeng (up to 600 MW total), as well as elsewhere in Henan Province and in other regions of China. Dengfeng Power, an industrial conglomerate specializing in thermal power generation whose products include aluminum, other non-ferrous metals and cement, and who operates power generation plants and coal mines in Henan Province, is funding the program and will serve as the owner and operator of the first project.
Distributed Power Business: Collaborative efforts with General Electric and regional partners, IEG and Tuten, continue. Work on the first identified 160 MW distributed power project, that combines SES technology and the XL3000 with GE aero-derivative gas turbines, for K-Electric in Pakistan has completed the initial feasibility phase and we believe the results are positive. We are working to get the project into the next phase which is to develop the complete design, the Power Purchase Agreement, the EPC agreement and the equity and debt arrangements for the project. Additionally, proposals for the distributed power product offering are currently in review with prospective customers in Japan, western and southern Africa, and China.
Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) Steel Business: SES and Midrex Technologies, Inc., a division of Kobe Steel, are progressing business development efforts in both China and India. This next-generation, clean and efficient DRI product offering combines SES technology and the XL3000 gasification system with the industry-leading MIDREX® Direct Reduction Process to utilize abundant low-quality coals, versus natural gas, to convert iron ore into high-purity DRI.
India Initiative: India's new government leadership's improved business environment for GDP growth has opened two near-term opportunities for SES in areas of high demand. In the fertilizer industry, SES is actively engaged in a rigorous qualification process for becoming the technology and equipment supplier to convert coal into syngas for a DRI steel facility and separately for a high profile coal gasification-based ammonia-to-fertilizer project funded by both private and government entities.
Plant Operations:
Synthesis Energy Systems (Zao Zhuang) New Gas Company Joint Venture (ZZ) - This past quarter, the ZZ Joint Venture facility in Shandong Province, China, sold 12,268 tonnes of methanol which generated approximately $3.7 million in revenues. Due to continued falling methanol commodity prices, the ZZ JV switched off the gasifiers in December, when prices dipped below the point where there was a positive contribution from the gasification section. The ZZ JV has continued to produce methanol from coke oven gas (COG). Also in December, Red Leaf and the pipeline company completed the pipeline for the additional supply of COG, which ran for several days, but the ZZ JV made a strategic decision and turned off the Red Leaf COG until such time as methanol price strengthens significantly. The ZZ JV methanol operation is currently generating adequate cash to pay all its fixed and variable costs except for the COG feed stock from the ZZ JV partner, Xuecheng Energy.
Yima Joint Venture Methanol Plant (Yima) - Yima has been operating during this past quarter at reduced capacity, under improved operational management guided by parent company, Henan Coal and Chemical Industry Group, while it continues to complete systems and commissioning work that was not completed properly by the prior JV leadership team. The target is to reach 100% rates during summer 2015, at which time the plant can move into its originally intended operating phase of producing 300KTPY of chemical grade methanol. SES's focus for Yima is to achieve formal acceptance of the gasifier systems.
Corporate News:
Ms. DeLome Fair joined the SES executive team as Senior Vice President, Gasification Technology in December. Her 25-year gasification career spans leadership positions with GE Energy and Chevron/Texaco. Prior to joining SES, Ms. Fair led GE Energy's global team of 135 engineers in the U.S., India and China, as General Manager, Gasification & Process Systems Technology. In that post, she was responsible for engineering to GE's global gasification business, including business development support, execution of customer orders, new product development, services, and project management. Previously, Ms. Fair's expertise in gasification and IGCC technology led to her appointment as GE's Chief Consulting Engineer for gasification.
Fiscal Second Quarter 2015 Financial Results (Unaudited)
The Company reported $3.9 million of revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2014, versus $5.9 million revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2013. The decrease in revenue was primarily due to a decrease in methanol prices.
The Company's operating loss for the second quarter of fiscal 2015 was $26.1 million versus an operating loss of $1.3 million for the second quarter of fiscal 2014. The increase in operating loss was primarily due to a $20.9 million impairment loss of ZZ's long-lived assets.
The net loss attributable to stockholders for the second quarter of fiscal 2015 was $25.6 million, or $0.35 per share, versus a loss of $1.4 million, or $0.02 per share, for the prior year's second quarter primarily due to the impairment of assets.
As of December 31, 2014, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $13.7 million and working capital of $3.6 million.
SES's President and CEO, Robert W. Rigdon, CFO and Corporate Secretary, Roger L. Ondreko, and COO, Charles Costenbader, will hold a conference call to review the Company's financial results and provide an update on corporate developments beginning at 4:15 p.m. EST on February 12.
To access the live webcast, please log on to www.synthesisenergy.com. Alternatively, interested parties may participate in the SES telephone conference call by phoning (866) 652-5200 (U.S.) or (412) 317-6060 (Int'l). Callers should request the "Synthesis Energy Systems, Inc. call." Interested parties can pre-register for the call at: http://dpregister.com/10060479.
An archived version of the SES conference call webcast will be available on the company's website through March 13, 2015. A telephone replay of the call will be available beginning approximately one hour after its completion and will be available through March 13, 2015. Interested parties can access the telephonic replay by phoning (877) 344-7529 (U.S.) or (412) 317-0088 (Int'l). The PIN access code for both the live call and replay is: 10060479.
About Synthesis Energy Systems, Inc.
Synthesis Energy Systems (SES) is a Houston-based technology company focused on bringing clean high-value energy to developing countries from low-cost and low-grade coal and biomass through its proprietary gasification technology based upon U-Gas®, licensed from the Gas Technology Institute. The SES Gasification Technology enables greater fuel flexibility for both large-scale and efficient small- to medium-scale operations close to fuel sources. Fuel sources include low-rank, low-cost high ash, high moisture coals, which are significantly cheaper than higher grade coals, many coal waste products, and biomass feedstocks. For more information, please visit: www.synthesisenergy.com
This press release includes "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, trends and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. Among those risks, trends and uncertainties are the ability of our ZZ joint venture to effectively operate XE's methanol plant and produce methanol; the ability of our project with Yima to produce earnings and pay dividends; our ability to develop and expand business of the Suzhou Tianwo Science and Technology Co. Ltd. joint venture in the joint venture territory; our ability to successfully partner our technology business; our ability to develop the SES power business unit and marketing arrangement with GE and our other business verticals, including DRI steel, through our marketing arrangement with Midrex Technologies, and renewables; our ability to successfully develop the SES licensing business; our ability to reduce operating costs; our ability to make distributions and repatriate earnings from our Chinese operations; our limited history, and viability of our technology; commodity prices, including in particular methanol, and the availability and terms of financing; our ability to obtain the necessary approvals and permits for future projects; our ability to raise additional capital, if any, and our ability to estimate the sufficiency of existing capital resources; the sufficiency of internal controls and procedures; and our results of operations in countries outside of the U.S., where we are continuing to pursue and develop projects. Although SES believes that in making such forward-looking statements our expectations are based upon reasonable assumptions, such statements may be influenced by factors that could cause actual outcomes and results to be materially different from those projected by us. SES cannot assure you that the assumptions upon which these statements are based will prove to have been correct.
David Castaneda
Arsen Mugurdumov
IR@synthesisenergy.com
Susan Roush
PR@synthesisenergy.com
TABLES FOLLOW
Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
Product sales and other -related parties $ 3,731 $ 5,914 $ 7,945 $ 5,914
Technology licensing and related services 151 — 151 —
Total revenue 3,882 5,914 8,096 5,914
Costs and Expenses:
Costs of sales and plant operating expenses 5,261 4,030 11,042 4,127
General and administrative expenses 2,299 2,183 4,368 4,605
Stock-based compensation expense 949 472 1,234 1,518
Depreciation and amortization 572 565 1,145 1,130
Impairment of long-lived assets 20,914 — 20,914 —
Total costs and expenses 29,995 7,250 38,703 11,380
Operating loss (26,113) (1,336) (30,607) (5,466)
Non-operating (income) expense:
Equity in losses of joint ventures — — — 1
Foreign currency gains, net (36) (31) (27) (43)
Interest income (10) (11) (20) (16)
Interest expense 74 122 138 192
Net loss (26,141) (1,416) (30,698) (5,600)
Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests (548) 19 (589) (3)
Net loss attributable to stockholders $ (25,593) $ (1,435) $ (30,109) $ (5,597)
Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted $ (0.35) $ (0.02) $ (0.41) $ (0.09)
Basic and diluted 73,224 63,720 73,211 63,695
2014 June 30,
Certificate of deposit-restricted 1,634 —
Accounts receivable-related party, net 679 676
Prepaid expenses and other currents assets 1,485 873
Inventory 556 865
Total current assets 18,082 21,821
Property, plant and equipment, net 10,666 31,499
Intangible assets, net 973 1,049
Investment in joint ventures 34,813 34,856
Other long-term assets 1,976 2,481
Total assets $ 66,510 $ 91,706
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Accrued expenses and accounts payable $ 7,982 $ 7,167
Line of credit 3,269 —
Short-term bank loan 3,269 3,251
Total current liabilities 14,520 10,418
Commitment and contingencies
Stockholder's Equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value: 200,000 shares authorized: 73,224 and 73,107 shares issued and outstanding, respectively 732 731
Accumulated deficit (196,093) (165,984)
Total stockholders' equity 53,222 81,934
Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries (1,232) (646)
Total stockholder's equity 51,990 81,288
Total liabilities and stockholder's equity $ 66,510 $ 91,706
©2020 Synthesis Energy Systems, Inc.


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"New to Me" Reviews, Reviewin' the Box
Mill Creek Musings: The Mystery of Mr. Wong (1939)
Date: November 23, 2012Author: Lindsey 0 Comments
Welcome to Mill Creek Musings, a segment in which I work my way through the three low-price Mill Creek film sets that I own, reviewing each film for content and quality along the way. The Mystery of Mr. Wong marks my sixth viewing from the 50 Dark Crimes set.
Brendan Edwards (Morgan Wallace) is a wealthy (and kind of smarmy) gem collector who has come into possession of "the eye of the daughter of the moon," an enormous and cursed sapphire that was stolen from China.
Edwards and his wife, Valerie (Dorothy Tree), are hosting a party at their home. Mr. Wong (Boris Karloff), a detective friend of theirs, shows up at the party. Brendan confesses that he feels his life is in danger – and while he's putting on a performance with his wife and another party-goer, Brendan is shot and killed.
(Image via Wrong Side of the Art)
Mr. Wong immediately jumps into detective mode to solve the death of his friend, and he soon discovers that the precious gem has been stolen from Brendan's safe. Mr. Wong must work to solve the murder and find the gem before more people turn up dead.
The Mystery of Mr. Wong (1939) is the second in a series of six Monogram "B" features, five of which star Boris Karloff in the title character of Chinese detective James Lee Wong. The film series is based on a serialized story in Collier's Magazine. William Nigh directs this installment, which was adapted for the screen by Scott Darling.
The Mr. Wong series was Monogram's answer to the success of the Charlie Chan and Mr. Moto films, and it works. Boris Karloff is fantastic, and more than capable of carrying the series. He obviously isn't buyable as a Chinese man, but he plays his detective role well.
This is the first film in the series that I've seen, but also a positive is that it stands alone well, much like all of the films in the Thin Man series. Watching them together is great, but you won't be lost if you skip one or watch them out of order.
The Mystery of Mr. Wong draws the viewer in right away with the mention of suicides in the past, some obnoxious singing, a love triangle (or is it a quadrangle?) and a disgruntled man who is married to a sneaky and beautiful young woman. And then… a MURDER! Absorbing the audience from the beginning, the plot doesn't let up, especially after the murder occurs.
A string of new deaths and injuries keeps the viewer hooked. On top of that, the intrigue of cursed antiques and thievery adds more complication to the plot. Lots of great mini-mysteries pop up within the larger mystery of finding out who killed Brendan Edwards.
Karloff's performance carries them film, but aside from him the cast gives pretty good performances all around. In certain moments they teeter on the edge of both over-exaggerated and stiff, but in general they get the job done.
In terms of quality, Mill Creek's print of the film is pretty solid. There are no huge problems in terms of either audio or visual quality. The dialogue is clear, and the picture is generally high-contrast with not many defects.
Overall, The Mystery of Mr. Wong is a formulaic detective film that's very fun to watch. It makes me want to watch the rest of the films in the series. The score: 4/5
(The Mystery of Mr. Wong is in the public domain. Watch it for free at the Internet Archive!)
1930s4 to 4.9 ratingboris karloffdetectivedramaentertainmentfilmmonogram picturesmoviemysteryreviewseriesthe mystery of mr. wong
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Review — Star Wars Prequel Trilogy
February 1, 2017 February 1, 2017 Kasey-Rayn
Whenever anyone mentions the Star Wars franchise, the prequel trilogy is always scorned or its existence isn't even acknowledged. Everybody says the movies are bad, and in comparison to the original trilogy, they are bad. But they aren't atrocious, just fuddled. The general plot and themes behind everything that was going on wasn't terrible in concept, simply execution. I won't be giving each movie its own review, because frankly I don't think each merits an entire five hundred or more words, especially since they all have the same problems. For this review, I will be spoiling stuff, because the movies aren't recent. So in case you haven't seen them (and have somehow managed to not know how it ends) you have been warned.
In my opinion, the single biggest problem with the movies is that there is basically no protagonist. Luke is obviously the main character in the original trilogy, but there's nobody that fits that role here. I would hardly even call Anakin a major character in Episode I, and in Episode II he does get a lot of screen time, but his screen time is all romance stuff and isn't really important to the major plot. (It could be argued that the development of his character is important to the major plot, but while that is true, it could have been handled better. You don't have to devote an hour or more of screen time to show the love between him and Padme. Heck a lot of that could be done or even implied during other scenes.)
These movies had a lot of little things that either didn't make sense or were flat-out stupid, too. Jar Jar Binks is a prevalent example, and his existence infuriates me to no end, but at least he isn't much of a character in Episodes II and III. Midichlorians are also super dumb, because it implies there is a science behind this magic/religion, and that sort of thing must be handled very carefully, not thrown halfheartedly at the audience. The movies also didn't do a good job developing obviously important characters, like Count Dooku, General Grevious, Mace Windu, etc. (As a side note, I understand that most of these people get a lot more love in the animated series, but if you're going to introduce Grevious for the first time in the third episode and kill him without really explaining why he's so important, maybe you should have just left him out of the movie entirely.)
A lot of people also bash on the politics in the trilogy as well, but I actually didn't mind it so much. Politics are never black and white, so it's a great way to make Anakin conflicted and for the Emperor to use that to turn him to the Dark Side.
There are two things that these movies did really well, though. First is the fact that the Emperor's plan was executed with an efficient and flawless ruthlessness that I would expect for such a character. Forging a secret army, playing people to push him into more power, and making allies turn against each other is exactly what I wanted to see. (As for the scene where he actually turns Anakin to the Dark Side, that was kind of pathetic, but you can't have everything I suppose.)
The second thing: Order 66. That entire scene where we see the clone troopers turn against the Jedi was awesome with how sad it managed to be. The audience watches, helpless, as the Jedi Order is betrayed and systematically killed. Especially the snippets where Yoda obviously feels something had just gone terribly wrong, those heartstrings were pulled man. This scene was by far the most powerful moment in any of the movies.
To sum this all up, the prequel trilogy isn't awful, just bad. It doesn't compare to the original trilogy, but at least the lightsaber battles are pretty cool. Also, there are some pretty cool YouTube videos of a guy fixing the plot of the prequel trilogy, and the script he proposes is actually really compelling! I recommend you go watch them (he does curse a bit though).
Categories: Reviews Tags: classics, sci-fi, Star Wars
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Music Line Up
Nuthill - the Wood Zone
One Planet Food Village
A message from Alex Macaulay, SEStran Partnership Director
SEStran welcomes the return of the Big Tent in 2012 and the opportunity to renew our support for Scotland's biggest green festival.
This year we are again working with the Big Tent to ensure that festival goers can travel to the event sustainably. A shuttle bus service will be available, together with facilities for cyclists. People sharing their journey by car through TripshareSEStran.com get free parking all weekend.
Car sharing helps reduce the event's carbon footprint - and a full car means fewer vehicles on the roads, fewer parking problems at the event and less impact on Fife's environment.
SEStran is hosting an exhibition stall at Big Tent again this year and sponsoring a debate on sustainable transport planning. The event is an excellent platform for promoting our goal of creating a sustainable transportation system for South East Scotland, based upon making public transport the mode of choice for most journeys, while encouraging car sharing and alternative transport choices including; walking and cycling, which reduce traffic congestion, cut pollution and help improve public health.
To find out more about sustainable transport, visit our exhibition stand, or log onto the SEStran website at www.sestran.gov.uk.
GETTING HERE (2012 - for information only)
Getting to Big Tent Sustainably
Big Tent is located just on the edge of the village of Falkland in Fife. It's just north of Glenrothes. Dundee and Edinburgh are both under an hour.
For those coming by car, please follow the AA signs to the festival. If you have bought tickets for Family Camping Package 1 then you follow the AA signs for the BLUE ROUTE. All other visitor traffic should follow the AA signs to the car park (so that's day and weekend visitors, Family Camping Package 2, Camping Package 3 and campervans). There is no access to the festival through the village of Falkland for cars (except disabled badge holders). See map for directions
Come on foot, bike, bus or train - or tripshare!
The nearest train stations are at Ladybank and Markinch. There are bus services from both stations - use Traveline to plan your journey or see the Big Tent shuttle bus service below.
If you are camping and planning on coming to the Big Tent on Friday, there's regular bus services to Falkland (use Traveline to plan your journey). You need to get off at the Palace bus stop and walk through the village to the campsites. This will take you around 15 minutes. We will have meeters and greeters at the bus stops to help show you the way (and help with luggage if required). The route for pedestrians will be signed. See map for directions. When you get to your campsite you are just minutes from the main festival site.
As well as the regular bus service to Falkland, we are operating a Big Tent shuttle service on Saturday and Sunday. Cost: £4 return per day. Children under 16 are free. No travelcards are accepted on these buses (if you have a travelcard you may wish to consider using the standard bus services to Falkland - use Traveline to plan your journey). Single fares back from the festival will also cost £4.
Route 1: Glenrothes bus station, Markinch railway station, Freuchie, Falkland High Street (Big Tent).
Buses will run on Saturday and Sunday from Glenrothes bus station at 10.00am, 10.30am, 11.00am, 11.30am, 12.00pm, 12.30pm, 1.00pm, 1.30pm, 2.00pm. 2.30pm, 3.00pm, 3.30pm, 5.00pm, 6.30pm and 7.30pm.
On SATURDAY the return buses will run from Falkland High Street (Big Tent) at 6.00pm, 7.00pm, 8.00pm, 10.00pm, 10.40pm, then at 11pm and every 20 minutes until approximately 12.30am.
On SUNDAY the return buses will run from Falkland High Street (Big Tent) at 6.00pm, 7.00pm, 8.00pm, 10.00pm, 10.30pm, 11.00pm 11.30pm, 12.00am.
Bus stops:
Glenrothes - Stance 16, Markinch - outside the Railway Station, Freuchie - outside the Church. As a guide only, the bus will take approximately 10 minutes from Glenrothes to Markinch and approximately 10 minutes from Markinch to Freuchie. We cannot provide exact times.
Route 2: Cupar railway station, Ladybank railway station, Collessie (at main road), Auchtermuchty, Strathmiglo the Falkland (Big Tent).
Buses will run on Saturday and Sunday from Cupar Train Station at 10.00am, 12noon, 2pm, 4pm.
Buses will run from Falkland High Street (Big Tent) at 8.00pm, 11.30pm, 00.30am on Saturday and 8.00pm, 10.30pm, 11.30pm on Sunday.
Cupar - outside of Lidls, opposite the Railway Station, Ladybank - outside the Railway Station, Collessie - bus stop on the A91, Auchtermuchty - opposite High Street on the Low Road (A91), Strathmiglo - on the A912 (Sandygates). As a guide only, the bus will take approximately 15 minutes from Cupar to Ladybank, approximately 7 minutes from Ladybank to Collessie road end, approximately 7 minutes from Collessie to Auchtermuchty and approximately 6 minutes from Auchtermuchty to Strathmiglo. We cannot provide exact times.
If you are coming by train then bike we recommend you get off at Ladybank Railway Station and then use the back roads to Falkland. Sustrans have provided a helpful map for this route.
By TripshareSEStran
Big Tent liftshare - linking passengers and drivers to car-share and split the travel costs.
If you need a lift - or if you have space in your car - try the Big Tent liftshare. It's really quick to register and you can do it through Facebook! When four of you drive together, you each quarter your travel costs (giving you more festi spending money!) - plus you help the environment. As the biggest car-share company in the UK, you're sure to find a match with liftshare! Follow this link to find out more.


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Per Ludvig Nyström, född 2 mars 1887 i Rasbo församling, Uppsala län, död 14 maj 1943 i Kungsholms församling, Stockholm, var en svensk överste. Nyström var chef för persiska gendarmeriet från mars 1915 till december 1916. Han är begravd på Rasbo gamla kyrkogård.

Bibliografi
 Fem år i Persien som gendarmofficer, Bonnier, 1925
 Karoliners ättlingar, Bonnier, 1926

Referenser

Svenska överstar
Svenskar i Iran
Svenska militärer under 1900-talet
Personer från Rasbo socken
Födda 1887
Avlidna 1943
Män


Awakening Your Inner Genius | Book Releases on Feb 12 2013!
See, you can score in the highest ranges of IQ…and fail to succeed in life. You can work incredibly hard…and never realize your dreams. You can stumble across beautiful opportunities…only to watch them wither and die.
There's something else—something considered unfathomable by many—that lies behind greatness. And in Awakening Your Inner Genius, you're going to be taken on an adventure to discover what that is, and how you can use it to transform your life.


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Home / Instituitions / Minority blocks approval of EC's ¢1.8b request for election 2020
ghanapolitics 4 weeks ago Instituitions, Members of parliament Leave a comment 11 Views
The Minority in Parliament has blocked the approval of a ¢1,890,000,000 billion budgetary allocation to the Electoral Commission (EC) for election 2020 on grounds that it failed to furnish the House with a detailed breakdown of what the funds will be used for.
Deputy Minority Whip, Ahmed Ibrahim said the Minority will not support the release of the funds until they are fully aware of how it will be used.
In an interview with Joy News's Kwesi Wilson-Parker, he said the Finance Minister has already released ¢1 billion, which they believe should be enough for the elections, and does not understand why the EC wants more and has asked Parliament to push for the remaining ¢890,000,000.
"Why is ¢1 billion not enough," he quizzed, adding that if the EC wants the Minority's support in pushing for the release of the funds, it must provide justification for it.
"Convince us. If we are going to appeal to the Finance Minister to add the reaming amount what is going to be our negotiating card.
"Let us know the detailed cost of the items you expect to spend the money, then when the Finance Minister comes, [we will make a case for you]," he said.
Mr Ibrahim who is also MP for Banda said the EC has been asked to submit to Parliament detailed estimates and expenditure for 2019 and the same for 2020 but has yet to make that available.
He said until that is done, they [Minority] will not support the release of that much money for election 2020 when there are other very important issues such funds can be used to address.
"You cannot write global figures. You don't need ¢2 billion for election 2020. The ¢1 billion you have is enough," he said.
The Deputy Minority whip further accused the Majority of 'shielding' the Commission anytime it is laid before the House adding that "Right from March, this House has been struggling to have a committee of a whole meeting with the EC."
He believed that as a country, money must be disbursed and utilised judiciously.
"If you cannot account for how you spend ¢345 million – last year's budget – how can you say that we should give you ¢2 billion. Give us details of the expenditure," he challenged.
Source: Myjoyonline.com
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Innovation a focus for Altona Refinery
The latest in refining technology and equipment was on show for the team at Altona Refinery at a trade day in June.
The annual event provides suppliers with the opportunity to showcase the latest tools, technology and equipment available, all which can help to increase the safety and efficiency of maintenance activities at the refinery.
Altona Refinery Maintenance, Reliability and Engineering Manager Andrew Williamson said that Altona Refinery was continually looking at ways to innovate and make improvements to its operations.
"We place the highest priority on operating flawlessly in all aspects of our business. This event is a fantastic opportunity for our team to review how the latest advances in tool and equipment technology can help to make our business safer and more efficient.
"In addition, the trade day really does highlight the number and variety of businesses and suppliers regularly engaged by our refinery, many of them local to Melbourne's west," he said.
Mr Williamson said finding opportunities to improve our business is the way Altona Refinery can continue to be competitive and efficient.
"Investment in technology saw us increase the refining capacity of Altona Refinery in 2017 from 80,000 to 90,000 barrels of refined fuel products per day," he said.
"Over the past five years, we have invested more than $400 million in improving the safety, reliability and capability of our operations at in Melbourne's west so that we can continue to be a reliable supplier of choice for locally-refined, high-quality fuels to Victoria well into the future," he said.
Photo — The trade day was an important opportunity to showcase the latest in refining tools and technology.


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The Barabar Hill Caves (Hindi बराबर, Barābar) are the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India, dating from the Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE), some with Ashokan inscriptions, located in the Makhdumpur region of Jehanabad district, Bihar, India,  north of Gaya.

These caves are situated in the twin hills of Barabar (four caves) and Nagarjuni (three caves); caves of the -distant Nagarjuni Hill are sometimes singled out as the Nagarjuni Caves. These rock-cut chambers bear dedicatory inscriptions in the name of "King Piyadasi" for the Barabar group, and "Devanampiya Dasaratha" for the Nagarjuni group, thought to date back to the 3rd century BCE during the Maurya period, and to correspond respectively to Ashoka (reigned 273–232 BCE) and his grandson, Dasharatha Maurya.

The sculptured surround to the entrance to the Lomas Rishi Cave is the earliest survival of the ogee shaped "chaitya arch" or chandrashala that was to be an important feature of Indian rock-cut architecture and sculptural decoration for centuries. The form was clearly a reproduction in stone of buildings in wood and other plant materials.

The caves were used by ascetics from the Ajivika sect, founded by Makkhali Gosala, a contemporary of Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, and of Mahavira, the last and 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. The Ajivikas had many similarities with Buddhism as well as Jainism. Also present at the site are several rock-cut Buddhist and Hindu sculptures and inscriptions from later periods.

Most caves at Barabar consist of two chambers, carved entirely out of granite, with a highly polished internal surface, the "Mauryan polish" also found on sculptures, and exciting echo effects.

The caves were featured – located in a fictitious Marabar – in the book A Passage to India by English author E. M. Forster. These were also shown in the book The Mahabharata Secret by Indian author Christopher C. Doyle.

Caves at Barabar Hill

Barabar Hill contains four caves: Karan Chaupar, Lomas Rishi, Sudama and Visvakarma. Sudama and Lomas Rishi are the earliest examples of rock-cut architecture in India, with architectural detailing made in the Mauryan period. Similar examples include the larger Buddhist Chaitya, found in Maharashtra, such as in Ajanta and Karla Caves. The Barabar caves greatly influenced the tradition of rock-cut architecture in the Indian subcontinent.

 Lomas Rishi cave has an arch-like shape facade that imitates contemporary timber architecture. On the doorway, a row of elephants proceed towards stupa emblems, along the curved architrave.
 Sudama cave was dedicated by Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka in 261 BCE. The arches of Sudama cave have bow shape. The caves consist of a circular vaulted chamber with a rectangular mandapa.
 Karan Chaupar (Karna Chaupar) consists of single rectangular room with polished surfaces, contains inscription which could be dated to 245 BCE.
 Visva karma cave, reachable by Ashoka steps hewn in the cliff, consists of two rectangular rooms.

Lomas Rishi cave

The cave of Lomas Rishi is probably the most famous of the caves of Barabar, because of its beautifully carved door. It is on the southern side of Barabar granite hill, and is adjacent to Sudama cave, which is on the left. Lomas Rishi consists of two rooms: a rectangular room measuring 9.86x5.18m, and a circular, semi-hemispherical room 5m in diameter, which is accessed from the rectangular room by a narrow rectangular passage.

This cave has an arched facade that probably imitates contemporary wooden architecture. On the periphery of the door, along the curve of the architrave, a line of elephants advances in the direction of stupa emblems. This is the characteristic form of the "Chaitya arch" or chandrashala, to be an important feature of architecture and sculpture in the rock for many centuries. It is clearly a stone reproduction of wooden buildings and other plant materials. According to Gupta, Lomas Rishi's immediate successors are the Kondivite and Guntupalli caves.

Lomas Rishi has no Ashoka inscription, perhaps because it has never been completed due to structural rock slide problems. It is generally considered, however, that it was also created around 260 BCE, like the other caves, because of the similarity of the internal structure and the degree of finish of the rock, the walls being perfectly polished, with the exception of the vault whose digging was interrupted. It has a much later inscription of Anantavarman above the entrance, from the 5th century CE.

According to Gupta, the theory that Lomas Rishi would not have received Ashoka's inscription because it was in a state of incompleteness, is undermined by the fact that the cave of Vivaskarma, another cave of Barabar, although it is not finished, was nevertheless consecrated by Ashoka. The consecration of a cave could therefore be done in the course of work. This could induce that Lomas Rishi, with its bas-reliefs, is actually posterior to Ashoka. Gupta actually believes that Lomas Rishi is posterior to both Ashoka and his grandson Dasaratha, and would have been built at the end of the Maurya Empire, under the reign of his last Emperor Brihadratha, and abruptly halted in 185 BC with the assassination of Brihadratha and the coup d'état of Pushyamitra Sunga, founder of the Sunga dynasty. Pushyamitra Sunga is also known to have persecuted Buddhists and Ajivikas, which would explain the immediate cessation of work. According to Gupta, the abrupt interruption of the works is suggested by the lack of finishing, even approximate, of the ground, with for example the abandonment in the state of some pikes of the rocks which would have required only a few minutes of chipping to be removed in order to obtain a fairly regular floor.

Questions of date and religious affiliation
Ashoka dedicated the caves of Sudama and Visvakarma to the ascetics called "Ajivikas" in the 12th year of his reign, when his religious evolution towards Buddhism was not yet fully completed. The precise identity of the Ajivikas is not well known, and it is even unclear if they were a divergent sect of the Buddhists or the Jains.

Later, Ashoka built the caves of Lomas Rishi (without dated inscription, but posterior to Sudama on architectural grounds) and Karna Chopar (19th year of his reign), at a time when he had become a firm advocate of Buddhism, as known from the Edicts of Ashoka. It was initially thought that Karna Chopar may have been dedicated to the Buddhists, based on a former reading of the inscription at the entrance of the cave, corrected by Harry Falk in 2007: the new reading shows that Karna Chopar too had been dedicated to the Ajivikas. Since Lomas Rishi has no dedicatory inscription, it has been suggested that it may had been dedicated to the Buddhists. The affiliation of Lomas Rishi to Buddhism, although unproven, would be coherent with the fact that the architecture of the gate of Lomas Rishi became a reference for the development of the Chaitya arch in Buddhist cave architecture for the following centuries, whereas the Hindus or the Jains caves essentially did not follow this architectural example. This would also mean that the decorated gate of Lomas Rishi was a Buddhist invention, which was emulated in Buddhist architecture in the following centuries. After the Barabar caves, the earliest known rock-cut Buddhist monasteries date to the 1st century BCE in the Western Ghats in western India, such as the Nasik Caves.

Sudama cave

The Sudama cave is located on the southern side of Barabar granite hill. It is close to Lomas Rishi, and on its left. It consists of two rooms: a rectangular room measuring 9.98x5.94m, and a semi-hemispherical room 6m in diameter, which is accessed from the rectangular room by a narrow rectangular passage. This is probably the first cave in the group to have been dug. This cave was dedicated by Emperor Ashoka in 257 BCE (12th year of his reign) as evidenced by an inscription in Brahmi using his protocol name (Priyadarsin, "He who brings joy") found in the entrance of the cave, whereas the cave of Lomas Rishi did not receive a dedicatory inscription:

The ceiling of the Sudama cave is arched. The cave is composed of a circular vaulted chamber and a vaulted room with the rectangular form of mandapa. The interior walls of the cave represent a technical feat: they are perfectly flat and polished granite surfaces, creating a mirror effect. On the other hand, the plane surfaces reverberate the sound, creating a very pronounced echo phenomenon. This characteristic is common to all the caves of Barabar, and, by amplifying the vibrations and the harmonies, seems to be favorable to the songs of the monks.

All of Barabar's caves share this interior polished appearance to a greater or lesser extent, with the exception of Lomas Rishi Cave, which, although designed on the same model, is only half-finished for its interior.

Karan Chaupar cave

Karan Chaupar, also known as Karna Chaupar, is on the northern side of the Barabar granite hill. It consists of a single rectangular room with polished surfaces, 10.2x4.27m in dimensions. It contains an inscription of Ashoka dating from the 19th year of his reign, about 250 BCE, located outside, immediately to the right of the entrance. Initially, it was thought from E. Hultzsch's 1925 translation, that Ashoka's inscription from Karna Chopar Cave does not mention the Ajivikas, and seems rather to refer to the Buddhist practice of retirement (vassavasa) during the rainy season. In addition, the inverted swastika with upward arrow at the end of the inscription ( ) would be more of a Buddhist character. All this suggested that this cave was planned for Buddhist monks. However, Harry Falk has recently shown with a new reading that the cave was indeed dedicated to the Ajivikas.

Traditional reading of the inscription:

This reading of the inscription has been corrected by Harry Falk in 2007, who after cleaning the stone and inspecting it read:

In particular, Falk reconstructs the last line as 𑀲𑀼𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀔𑀆𑀚𑀺𑀯𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀤𑀺𑀦𑀸 (Su[p]i[y]ekha (Ajivikehi) dinā), which means "Supriyekṣā was given to the Ājivikas".

The cave has a rock-cut bench at one end, probably to sit or sleep.

In the entrance hall an inscription from the Gupta period mentions "Daridra Kantara" ("The Cave of the Beggars"). A mound decorated with later Buddhist sculptures is also near the entrance, another element which suggested the belonging of this cave to the Buddhists.

Visvakarma cave

The Visvakarma cave, also called Viswa Mitra, is accessible by the "steps of Ashoka" carved into the cliff. It is a hundred meters and a little east of the main granite hill . It consists of a rectangular room entirely open to the outside, a sort of elongated porch, and an unfinished semi-hemispherical room: the rectangular space measures 4.27x2.54m, and the circular room is 2.8m in diameter . One goes from the rectangular room to the half-hemispherical room by a narrow trapezoidal passage. On the floor of the porch, four holes were made, which are thought to allow the cave to be closed with a wooden picket fence.

The cave of Visvakarma was offered by Ashoka to the Ajivikas in the year 12 of his reign, about 261 BCE:

Visvakarma cave, despite the fact that it is not finished, was nonetheless consecrated by Ashoka. This somewhat questions the theory that Lomas Rishi's cave would not have received Ashoka's inscription because it was in a state of incompletion. This could justify that Lomas Rishi, with his bas-reliefs, is actually posterior to Ashoka, as late as 185 BCE. This does not explain, however, why Visvakarma, consecrated in 260 BCE, has been interrupted, in the absence of a significant problem in the rock, whereas 7 years later Ashoka dedicated Karan Chaupar cave, perfectly finished, a short distance from there. Visvakarma is also the only cave that does not have "historical" inscriptions after Ashoka.

Nagarjuni Caves

The nearby caves of Nagarjuni hill were built few decades later than the Barabar caves, and consecrated by Dasaratha Maurya, Ashoka's grandson and successor, each for the Ajivikas sect. They are 1.6 kilometers east of the Barabar Caves. The three caves are:

 Gopika (Gopi-ka-Kubha), on the southside of the hill, excavated by the king Dasharatha grandson of Ashoka, according to an inscription.
 Vadithi-ka-Kubha cave, on the northside of the hill, located in a crevice, and devoted to Ajivika followers by Dasharatha.
 Vapiya-ka-Kubha cave, on the northside of the hill, also devoted to Ajivika followers by Dasharatha.

Gopika cave
Also called Gopi or Gopi-ka-Kubha or simply Nagarjuni, Gopika cave is the largest of all the caves of the Barabar complex (). It consists of a single large oblong room of 13.95x5.84m. The two ends of the room have the particularity of being circular, contrary to the other caves. The cave lies on the south bank of the hill, dug by King Dasharatha grandson of Emperor Ashoka, according to the inscription that was engraved above the front door:

The cave also has the "Gopika Cave Inscription" in the entrance corridor, dated to the 5-6th century CE.

Vadathika and Vapiyaka caves

These two caves are a little higher on the north side of the hill, 300m as the crow flies (). Although small, they are very beautiful, perfectly carved, caves.
 Vadathika Cave. It is located in a crevasse in the rock. It consists of a single rectangular room sized 5.11x3.43m, with a porch at the entrance of 1.83x1.68m. This cave was consecrated by Dasharatha Maurya, the grandson and successor of Ashoka, for the sect of Ajivikas.

The cave also has a much later Hindu inscription, the Vadathika Cave Inscription.

 Vapiyaka Cave, also called "Well Cave" from the meaning of its name . It consists of a single rectangular room of dimensions 5.10x3.43m. This cave was also dedicated to the Ajivikas sect by Dasharatha, with an inscription equivalent to that of the cave of Gopika. This cave also has a beautiful vaulted hall, entirely made of perfectly polished granite. It has an inscription identical to its neighbor, except for the name of the cave, as well as a number of short inscriptions of the Gupta era.

Technology

The caves were carved out of granite, an extremely hard rock, then finished with a very nice polishing of the inner surface, giving a mirror effect of a great regularity, as well as an echo effect.  This large-scale polish is reminiscent of polishing on smaller surfaces of the Maurya statuary, particularly visible on the pillars and capitals of the Ashoka pillars.

Commenting of Mauryan sculpture, John Marshall once wrote about the "extraordinary precision and accuracy which characterizes all Mauryan works, and which has never, we venture to say, been surpassed even by the finest workmanship on Athenian buildings".

Import

This remarkable and large-scale polishing technique, and in many ways without parallel, seems nevertheless to have been derived from polishing techniques in Achaemenid statuary, the stone-working techniques having spread in India after the destruction of the empire by Alexander the Great in 330 BC and the displacement of Persian and Perso-Greek artists and technicians. This know-how seems to have disappeared again after the Maurya period, none of the later caves such as the Ajanta caves having this characteristic of polished surfaces.

The very act of digging artificial caves in the rock, of which the Barabar caves represent the oldest case in India, was probably inspired by the caves dug in the rock of the Achaemenids, as is the case in Naqsh-e Rostam. It seems, however, that in India there had been an ancient tradition of ascetics using caves.

Local development

According to Gupta, the polishing of rocks could have a local origin, citing the existence of polishing technologies of the neolithic, as  visible in various stone tools such as axes. There is, however, no trace of evolution from these neolitical tools to polished stone architecture, and the Barabar caves are essentially a sudden technological break with no local history, suggesting the import of these techniques from another culture. Nor are there any known examples of stone architecture in India before the Maurya period. According to Gupta, the Son Bhandar Caves could be such an intermediate step, although relatively unique, and subject to questioning its chronology, since it is generally dated to the 2nd-4th centuries of our era.

Inscriptions by Ashoka (circa 250 BCE)

The Ashoka inscriptions of the Barabar Caves were engraved during the 12th year and the 19th year of Ashoka's reign (about 258 BCE and 251 BCE respectively, based on a coronation date of 269 BCE), for the dedication of several caves to the sect of the Ajivikas, a sect of ascetics, which flourished at the same time as Buddhism and Jainism. The words "Ajivikas" were later attacked by the chisel, probably by religious rivals, at a time when the Brahmi script was still understood (probably before the 5th century CE). However, the original inscriptions being deep, they remain easily decipherable.

The Ashoka inscriptions in the Barabar Caves are part of Ashoka's "Minor Rock Edicts", and appear in the three caves named Sudama, Visvakarma and Karna Chopar. Lomas Rishi, meanwhile, has no Ashoka inscription (only an inscription of Anantavarman above the entrance, 5-6th century CE), perhaps because she did not never been completed due to structural rock slide problems.

Ashoka and the construction of the caves
In addition to the inscriptions indicating that they were made in the 12th year of Ashoka's reign (250 BC), it is generally considered that the construction of the Barabar caves itself also dates from his reign. The fact that the cave of Vivaskarma was not consecrated by Ashoka during the 12th year of his reign, but only seven years later, argues for the hypothesis of a gradual construction of the caves under Ashoka. Similarly, the fact that the caves on Nagarjuni Hill were not consecrated by Ashoka but by his successor Dasaratha, suggests that these caves were only built after the reign of Ashoka.

Inscriptions by Dasaratha Maurya (circa 230 BCE)

Dasaratha Maurya, Ashoka's grandson and regnal successor, wrote dedicatory inscriptions in the three other caves, forming the Nagarjuni group (Gopika, Vadathi and Vapiya caves) of the Barabar hills. It is generally considered that their construction dates from his reign.

The three caves were offered to the Ajivikas upon the accession to the throne of Dasaratha, confirming that these were still active around 230 BCE, and that Buddhism was not the exclusive religion of the Mauryas at that time.

The three caves are also characterized by an extremely advanced finish of the granite walls inside, which again confirms that the technique of "Mauryan polish" did not die out with the reign of Ashoka.

Hindu inscriptions of the 5-6th century CE

Several Hindu inscriptions of the Maukhari king Anantavarman of the 5-6th century CE also appear in the caves of the Nagarjuni group, in the same caves where the dedicatory inscriptions of the grandson of Ashoka, Dasaratha, are also located: the Gopika Cave Inscription and the Vadathika Cave Inscription, as well as an inscription of Anantavarman above the cave entrance of Lomas Rishi. There are also a number of short inscriptions from the time of the Gupta Empire, generally inscribed in the entrance halls, and distributed in almost all the caves. Only the cave of Vivaskarma has received no inscriptions subsequent to his dedicatory inscription of Ashoka.

Related caves

There is another cave with the structure and polishing qualities of the Barabar caves, but without any inscription. This is the Sitamarhi Cave, 20 km from Rajgir, 10 km south-west of Hisua, also dated of the Maurya empire. It is smaller than the Barabar caves, measuring only 4.91x3.43m, with a ceiling height of 2.01m. The entrance is also trapezoidal, as for the Barabar caves.

Finally, the Jain Son Bhandar Caves in Rajgir, generally dated to the 2nd-4th centuries CE, nevertheless share a broad structure reminiscent of the caves of Barabar and some small areas of irregular polish, which leads some authors to suggest that they may actually be contemporary to, and even earlier than, the Barabar caves, and would conveniently create a precedent and an evolutionary step to the Barabar Caves.

Access by means of transportation

The monument is accessible by the Barabar hill road which connects to the Barabar-Panari-Diha Road which is further connected to NH-83 Patna-Gaya Road (west) and SH-4 (east), via the Belaganj Barabar Road.

There are no direct public transport connections, as the nearest bus and/or railway stations are located more than 15 km away in Jehanabad, Gaya and Makhdumpur. Furthermore, Gaya Airport is located to the south and Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport in Patna (80 km away).

Hindu statuary
Outside the caves on the top of the hill, about 600 meters away (), are located the Hindu temple of Vanavar Shiv Mandir and many examples of small Hindu statuary.

See also

 Kumhrar
 Edicts of Ashoka
 List of colossal sculptures in situ

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Detailed notes on the Barabar Caves and its use as Marabar Caves in E. M. Forster's A Passage to India
 Barabar Caves and Nagarjuni Caves, description by Wondermondo

Caves of Bihar
Buddhist caves in India
Buddhist sites in Bihar
Caves containing pictograms in India
Maurya Empire
History of Bihar
Indian rock-cut architecture
Jehanabad district
Archaeological sites in Bihar
Buddhist monasteries in India
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India
Former populated places in India
4th century BC in India
3rd century BC in India
3rd-century BC religious buildings and structures
4th-century BC establishments in India
Tourist attractions in Bihar
Mauryan art