text:
DOI:10.1097/JCP.0b013e318172b479
Methylphenidate for the Treatment of Apathy in Alzheimer Disease: Prediction of Response Using Dextroamphetamine Challenge
@article{Herrmann2008MethylphenidateFT,
title={Methylphenidate for the Treatment of Apathy in Alzheimer Disease: Prediction of Response Using Dextroamphetamine Challenge},
author={Nathan Herrmann and Lana S. Rothenburg and Sandra E. Black and Michelle Ryan and Barbara A. Liu and Usoa E. Busto and Krista L. Lanct{\^o}t},
journal={Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology},
N. Herrmann, L. Rothenburg, +4 authors K. Lanctôt
Psychology, Medicine
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
Apathy is a common behavioral symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD), being present in up to 70% of patients. Apathy in AD and non-AD populations has been associated with dysfunction in the dopaminergic brain reward system, suggesting that pharmacotherapeutic targeting of this system may be an effective treatment for apathy in AD. We therefore performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of methylphenidate in a sample of 13 apathetic AD patients (6 men, 7 women; age…
Delusions
Physiological Sexual Disorders
Adverse event
The Apathy in Dementia Methylphenidate Trial 2 (ADMET 2): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
R. Scherer, Lea T. Drye, +126 authors Oliver Lu
With a larger sample size and longer follow up, ADMET 2 is poised to confirm or refute the original ADMET findings, which found that treatment of apathy in AD with methylphenidate was associated with significant improvement in apathy.
Effect of methylphenidate on attention in apathetic AD patients in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
K. Lanctôt, Sarah A. Chau, +7 authors J. Mintzer
The results suggest MPH can improve attention and apathy in AD; however, the effects appear independent in this population.
Apathy Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease: Interim Results of the ASCOMALVA Trial.
R. Rea, A. Carotenuto, E. Traini, A. Fasanaro, V. Manzo, F. Amenta
Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD
The combination ofdonepezil with choline alphoscerate is more effective than donepezil alone in countering symptoms of apathy in AD, which suggests that the availability in brain of a higher amount of acetylcholine could affect apathetic in AD subjects with spared executive functions.
Safety and efficacy of methylphenidate for apathy in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
P. Rosenberg, K. Lanctôt, +5 authors ADMET Investigators
Methylphenidate treatment of apathy in Alzheimer's disease was associated with significant improvement in 2 of 3 efficacy outcomes and a trend toward improved global cognition with minimal adverse events, supporting the safety and efficacy of methylphenidates treatment for apathy.
Effect of Methylphenidate on Attention in Apathetic Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Association with Apathy Changes in a Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial
Sarah Chau
Emerging evidence supports the use of methylphenidate (MPH) for the treatment of apathy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate the additional effects of MPH on attention in an…
Methylphenidate for apathy and functional status in dementia of the Alzheimer type.
P. Padala, W. Burke, +4 authors F. Petty
The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry
Methylphenidate was well tolerated in these patients with DAT and apathy improved with the use of methylphenidate, and there was no correlation between changes in the AES and depression scores.
Effect of Methylphenidate on Apathy in Patients With Alzheimer Disease: The ADMET 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.
J. Mintzer, K. Lanctôt, +12 authors D. Shade
Methylphenidate was found to be a safe and efficacious medication to use in the treatment of apathy in Alzheimer disease and the odds ratio of having an improved rating on the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Clinical Global Impression of Change at 6 months.
Designing a trial to evaluate potential treatments for apathy in dementia: the apathy in dementia methylphenidate trial (ADMET).
Lea T. Drye, R. Scherer, +4 authors J. Mintzer
The design decisions made for ADMET are important elements to be considered in trials assessing the safety and efficacy of medications for clinically significant apathy in Alzheimer disease.
View 10 excerpts, cites background, methods and results
Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatment for Apathy in Alzheimer Disease
C. Theleritis, K. Siarkos, E. Katirtzoglou, A. Politis
Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology
Standardized and systematic efforts primarily focused on the study of apathy in AD may establish a benefit from individualized treatment for specific disease groups that would stem from a combination of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions.
Is Methylphenidate Effective in Reducing Apathy among Alzheimer's Disease Patients?
J. Rinaldi
OBJECTIVE The objective of this selective EBM review is to determine whether or not "Is methylphenidate effective in reducing apathy among Alzheimer's disease patients?" STUDY DESIGN Systematic…
View 18 excerpts, cites methods and background
The spectrum of behavioral responses to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer disease.
M. Mega, D. Masterman, S. O'Connor, T. Barclay, J. Cummings
Archives of neurology
Donepezil has psychotropic properties, and pretreatment behaviors help predict patients' responses to treatment, and cognitive response did not change significantly with donepezil treatment within any group.
Methylphenidate May Treat Apathy Independent of Depression
P. Padala, F. Petty, S. Bhatia
The Annals of pharmacotherapy
A 47-year-old woman with a 20-year history of recurrent major depression was diagnosed as having significant apathy with lack of initiative and motivation and over the course of a 4-week treatment regimen with methylphenidate, her apathy improved, as measured by the Apathy Evaluation Scale.
Methylphenidate and nortriptyline in the treatment of poststroke depression: a retrospective comparison.
L. Lazarus, P. Moberg, P. R. Langsley, V. Lingam
Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation
The hospital charts of elderly stroke patients with major depression who were treated with either methylphenidate or nortriptyline were retrospectively reviewed and suggest that the rapid effects ofethylphenidate may be especially useful to speed recovery from depression so that patients can participate more fully in rehabilitation programs.
View 1 excerpt, references methods
A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease
H. Feldman, S. Gauthier, J. Hecker, B. Vellas, P. Subbiah, E. Whalen
The data suggest that donepezil's benefits extend into more advanced stages of AD than those previously investigated, with very good tolerability.
Methylphenidate in post liver transplant patients.
L. Plutchik, S. Snyder, M. Drooker, L. Chodoff, P. Sheiner
Psychosomatics
Methylphenidate appears to be an effective, rapidly acting agent in this setting at dosages of 10-20 mg/day, with minimal side effects, and may have a significant role in the care of an ever-increasing population of organ transplant recipients with multiple medical problems and associated disabilities.
Influence of striatal dopamine transporter availability on the response to methylphenidate in adult patients with ADHD
J. Krause, C. Fougère, K. Krause, M. Ackenheil, S. Dresel
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
AbstractIn this study, we investigated whether availability of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) may have an influence on the response of adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity…
Relative lack of cognitive effects of methylphenidate in elderly male volunteers
Danielle Turner, T. Robbins, L. Clark, A. Aron, J. Dowson, B. Sahakian
The results of this study demonstrate that, in elderly subjects, the cognitive effects of methylphenidate are grossly attenuated and distinct from the profile previously described in younger volunteers, and it is suggested thatmethylphenidate may not be appropriate as a pharmacological intervention in elderly patient groups, such as those reporting age-related cognitive decline.
View 2 excerpts, references background and results
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Therapies and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease
Z. Wynn, J. Cummings
Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
Evidence suggests that ChE-Is have psychotropic effects and may be of value in managing neuropsychiatric behavioral symptoms in AD and further studies will be necessary to fully understand the potential of these agents.
A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD
P. Tariot, P. Solomon, J. Morris, P. Kershaw, S. Lilienfeld, C. Ding
Slow dose escalation appears to enhance the tolerability of galantamine, minimizing the incidence and severity of adverse events and significantly benefits the cognitive, functional, and behavioral symptoms of AD.
Methylphenidate treatment of negative symptoms in patients with dementia.
I. Galynker, C. Ieronimo, C. Miner, J. Rosenblum, N. Vilkas, R. Rosenthal
The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences
Negative symptoms in dementia patients appear responsive to methylphenidate treatment, and this effect may underlie putative changes in symptoms of depression observed by other researchers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Brains Eden is a massive game jam participated in by 150 students from around the globe, giving them 48 hours to make original games based around a surprise theme. This years theme was displacement and we were there on the Monday to be part of the final day.
March's Search For A Star blog is now live over at Develop Online, covering details about the second round process and why Exient have been a strong supporter of the competition for the past three years.
Microsoft get on board for Search For A Star 2015!


Partner with LA. Noonberg  Ownership  Visiting instmctor  -Fall semester  Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  .,_;:.
II,  DLA Piper Rudnick Profit Sharing and I(k) Savings Plan, Bank Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma  Retirement account remains fund DLA Piper Rudnick (former law firm), managed Bank Oklahoma. Other than selecting funds which place retirement monies, have decision-making authority investments.
II,  1984, now with LexisNexis Matthew Bender, Albany, New York  Royalty agreement with co-authors Linda Schuett, John Lynch, Richard Bourne sale book.
II,  Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  Paid teach appellate advocacy course.


Intake Bolt Hole Spacing: 1.55"
Air filter Bolt Hole Spacing: 1.63"
Direct fit replacement part. I am extremely pleased with this purchase.
Great product and SUPER fast shipping. This is made from fine iron and with high durability. I have no doubt that I will get many years of use out of this carburetor. Will buy from you again!
We have a 49cc mini quad that was leaking gas. We replaced the carburetor with this one and it's running great again.
product was in good condition when arrived. perfect replacement for my broken one. attached it right up and started up first pull. so far no complaints.
It was easy to find, price was right and it worked perfectly! Thanks for making my experience ordering on-line comfortable!
The carburator works like it should, however the needle does stick open at times and you have to shake the engine to get the float to unstick and seal the needle and seat.
The carburetor I got was exactly what I wanted. Put it on and mini dirt bike started right up. No adjustments needed at all. Fast shipping and a good price.
exactly what i needed,,works wonderful!!


Dialog, a Thomson business, has announced that it has added the TRADEMARKSCAN-Australia database to the Dialog platform, providing greater coverage for the Asia-Pacific region. Dialog also offers trademark coverage for Japan and South Korea. TRADEMARKSCAN-Australia (File 656 on Dialog), produced by Thomson CompuMark, contains more than 482,000 unpublished applications, and published registrations filed with IP Australia from 1906 to the present. In addition the file includes: images for approximately 40% of the trademarks 3-D, sound, and smell trademarks; Disclaimers, disclaims part of the mark which cannot be protected; and Oppositions, typically a different company opposing a mark for non-use.


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Q: How often should I brush my animals? I'm aware you need to brush them to prevent them from getting sick, but now that I am getting a pretty large amount of livestock and brushing them all takes a long time as well as big chunk of my stamina. Can I effectively skip a few days to just brush a few in batches and still prevent them from getting sick?

A: While brushing your animals everyday is not necessary, not brushing your animals raises Stress and causes them to get dirty, which isn't going to earn you points if you're aiming to enter them in the Livestock Festivals. When animals get too stressed, they stop producing and can get ill and die.
Now you can avoid the effects of Stress by talking to them, letting them outside to graze, and taking them to the Safari. Taking animals to the Safari costs 100G per head of livestock, but it reduces their Stress much more quickly than any other activity.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Thanks a lot to Buffdady for spotting this. According to him, it's the first time he's heard of it, and he couldn't find anything on it on the internet. He says the price for it is $19.99.
We can't tell if it fires both darts at once, or if it can just do one at a time. It based on a previous wrist blaster design by Spynet, it should be direct push, even though it only gets 20 feet. It should be a fun blaster to use, with some usage for HvZ and assassins.
Foam From Above got his package yesterday, and I got mine today. Expect unboxing videos and range tests later today.
Urban Taggers received another concept photo from another source of his. People were thinking the Hailfire was going to have 4 clips, but this one is showing 3. What do you guys think?


Here's what you need to know about Doom Eternal's Extra Lives.
Looks like we may not see mod support for Doom Eternal.
RAGE 2 will feature a social component but not a 'typical' multiplayer experience.
Get ready for the Doom Eternal unveil.
New technology will address the shortcomings of the original Rage.
DOOM Eternal brings hell to Earth!
id Software won't implement lootboxes in upcoming RAGE 2.
4K Patches for Xbox One X and PS4 Pro land today!
DOOM's shaping up to be a pretty solid Switch title.
As usual, take it with a pinch of salt.
Expect a custom-crafted experience for the Switch.
You'll have to download it seperately.


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The Boyfriend
Author(s): Laura Southgate
Erica is 17 and in her last year of high school. Donny is 42 and everywhere in her yoga class, at German Club, in her parents spare room . . .
The story of a young woman who finds herself subject to the gravitational field of a charismatic man, The Boyfriend is a cautionary tale about blindly accepting traditional love narratives. This clear-eyed, dismaying and often hilarious examination of sexual desire, trauma and growth is a remarkable debut and a perfect novel for our time.
Laura Southgate was born in Wellington in 1978. She holds an MA in English from the University of Auckland and in 2018 gained an MA in Creative Writing from the International Institute of Modern Letters at Victoria University of Wellington. She won the Adam Foundation Prize for The Boyfriend, which is her first book.
Publisher : Victoria University Press
Imprint : Victoria University Press
BIC subject : F
Author : Laura Southgate


text:
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Called survival of the fittest natural selection,healthy foods to eat while pregnant and nauseous feeling,emergency battery pack lights,best survival bivi bag decathlon - PDF Review
This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr.
Herbert Spencer Quote"This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. On the other hand, we may feel sure that any variation in the least degree injurious would be rigidly destroyed. Evolution Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Darwins Observations Living Organisms and Fossils Darwin collected and preserved fossils Darwin collected and preserved fossils Fossils resembled organisms that were still alive – other looked completely unlike any creature he had ever seen.
Darwins Observations The Galapagos Islands The Galapagos Islands Most influenced Darwin Most influenced Darwin Although islands were so close together, the islands had very different climates. Darwins Observations Galapagos Islands continued Saw that giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from one island to another. An Ancient, Changing Earth James Hutton and Charles Lyell Recognized that Earth is many millions of years old. Hutton and Lyell Volcanoes release hot lava and gases now, just as they did on an ancient Earth.
Lamarcks Theory of Evolution Proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. Lamarks Theory According to Lamarck's theory, a given giraffe could, over a lifetime of straining to reach high branches, develop an elongated neck. Population Growth Malthus (an economist) – observed that babies were being born faster than people were dying. Carrying Capacity The largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support. Darwins Arguments Natural Variation and Artificial Selection Argued that species were not perfect and unchanging. Darwins Arguments Natural Variation and Artificial Selection Artificial Selection: Nature provided the variation among different organisms, and humans selected those variations that they found useful.
Evolution by Natural Selection The Struggle for Existence: Means that members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life. Survival of the Fittest The concept of fitness, Darwin argued, was central to the process of evolution by natural selection. Evolution by Natural Selection Descent with Modification: Principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record Fossils that had formed in the different layers of rock were evidence of gradual change over time. Evidence of Evolution Geographic Distribution of Living Species Species now living on different continents had each descended from different ancestors.
Evidence of Evolution Similarities in Early Development In their early stages of development, chickens, turtles, and rats look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestry.
Evidence of Evolution Homologous Structures: Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues. Evidence for Evolution Vestigial Structures are structures that are the reduced forms of functional structures in different species. Analogous Structures Analogous structures can be superficially similar in construction, but are NOT inherited from a common ancestor. Analogous Structures * While analogous structures do not indicate close evolutionary relationships, they do show that functionally similar features can evolve independently in similar environments.
Evidence of Evolution Comparative Biochemistry- the more closely related species are the greater the number of amino acid sequences will be shared. Charles Robert Darwin, FRS was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. Through the process of evolution special adaptations are made to ensure the species survival. This preservation of favourable variations and the rejection of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection. Beagle Sailed around the world Sailed around the world Made numerous observations Made numerous observations and collected evidence that and collected evidence that led him to propose his led him to propose his hypothesis.
However, because some animals on each continent were living under similar ecological conditions, they were exposed to similar pressures of natural selection. As animals evolve they become more and more complex, from one celled to multi cellular, from aquatic to land living, amphibian to reptile, the list is endless.
This means only the most adapted will pass on their genes, so their offspring will also be strong and well adapted.
The "hypothetical archimollusc", is the ansesctor of all mullusk and is predicted to have looked like the picture on the right. The law is not the survival of the 'better' or the 'stronger,' if we give to those words any thing like their ordinary meanings. But when abuse has gone too far, when the time of reckoning finally comes, she is equally slow to be appeased and to turn away her wrath.
It doesn't happen as often as it should, because scientists are human and change is sometimes painful. The shape of a tortoises shell could be used to identify which island a particular tortoise lived. And the processes that changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present.
He reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone. Presented evidence that demonstrating the process of evolution has been taking place for millions of year.
A predator that is the fastest or has a particular way of catching prey can catch more prey.
Darwin called the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment fitness.
Example: The wing of an eagle & the wing of a insect have the same function (both enable the organism to fly) – but are constructed in different ways & from different materials. Geographic distribution-distributions of fossils and living organisms found around the world. Yet it could also be viewed harmful, and that its means the animal must find more food to feed more muscle. While this animal is hypothetical, there are no fossils of it, it is very likely it exsisted and scientists have produced this diagram through extensive research of the mollusc anatomy and the course of evolution in general. Common Descent: The principle that says all species – living and extinct – were derived from common ancestors. These fossils are similar to some animals and plants today but seem more rudimentary, this is because the animal or plant has evolved and changed over time.
A change in DNA sequence results in a change of MRNA, which changes the codon, the amino acids and finally changes the proteins you're body are ordered to make.
Also said that awesome geological features could be built up or torn down over long periods of time.
Examples: Some cows gave more milk than others & some plants bore larger fruit than others. Prey that are faster, better Prey that are faster, better camouflaged, or better protected camouflaged, or better protected avoid being caught. An adaptation is any inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival.
An example of this selection is if there were three types of moths, white (an extreme), grey (an average), and black (an extreme). There are two types of genetic drift, the Founders effect and the bottleneck effect.The founders effect, is when a small group of species relocates causing the gene pool to get smaller. The brown beetle can hide in the bark but is easily spotted by a specific bird and thus has few offspring. The decrease in population is caused by a random disaster, such as a drought or earthquake, which means the genes that are left might not be the best or most useful alleles. For instance if there are two populations of beetles seperated by a mountain and one of the populations is green and the other is brown.
If one brown beetle moves to the green population it will change the alleles in that population.
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Email preview text (often called the preheader) is so important it can make the difference between someone opening your email or ignoring it. This article explains what it is and how to write for it.
Using positive language is a great way to make sentences short and snappy.


Rowinski Group considers the FDA's efforts to facilitate communication pathways between medical technology companies and payors relevant because these pathways may offer companies opportunities to begin reimbursement planning for their medical or digital technology well before it is cleared or approved by the FDA.
Since 2011, the FDA has continued to put into place processes intended to facilitate communication between medical technology companies and U.S. public and private payors. The objective is to expedite patient access to new medical technologies by shortening the time between a technology's FDA regulatory clearance/approval and a payor(s) coverage/reimbursement decision. Medical technologies include devices, digital health, diagnostics and imaging systems.
This News-brief highlights the FDA's most recent effort to bridge the communication gap between payors and medical technology manufacturers and their representatives and third-party packagers and distributors, collectively referred to as firms.
The FDA effort is a pre-released guidance document. It is considered pre-released because the document is currently under review by the OMB (Office of Management and Budget) but we can get a preview of what to expect once OMB completes its review.
The (pre-released) document's objective is to help ensure information provided by firms to payor(s) is unbiased, factual, not false or misleading, and is within the appropriate background and context. For cleared/approved medical technologies the FDA considers the exchange of information from firms to payors to be a form of labeling and is regulated by the FDA as such.
For medical technologies not cleared/approved and unapproved uses of cleared/approved technologies the FDA (currently) does not intend to enforce applicable post marketing labeling and submission requirements. However, the FDA is clear for these technologies the information from firms to payors also must be factual, not false or misleading. In response the pre-released guidance document outlines information the FDA believes is not misleading and false while allowing for the exchange of information to help firms and payors plan and budget for future coverage and reimbursement decisions.
The guidance document uses a Frequency Asked Questions (FAQ) format to summarize answers to common questions related to communications of health care economic information from firms to payors for: 1) cleared/approved devices, 2) unapproved devices, and 3) unapproved uses of cleared/approved devices. If you would like a copy of the pre-released FDA guidance document contact Daniel Zimmerman at d.zimmerman@reimbursement.consulting or hover over and click on SEND US A MESSAGE found in the lower left-hand corner of our website www.reimbursement.consulting.
We continue to monitor FDA's efforts to enhance patient access with a focus on facilitating company -payor communications. We will post updates as they become available. In the meantime, published on our website are links with more information on this FDA effort www.reimbursement.consulting.
Rowinski Group serves medical technology innovators who are financing, developing or selling medical devices, digital health technologies, diagnostics and imaging systems for the U.S. health-care market. The innovators we work for include companies (private and publicly traded), investment firms and governments located in the U.S., the Eurozone and Asia.
We help innovators to secure reimbursement and other monetization pathways for their medical technology and to build professional relationships with U.S. health insurance payers. Our main office is based in the San Francisco-Silicon Valley area, 10 miles (16km) south of the San Francisco airport and 30 miles (48 km) north of the San Jose airport.


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   if ~ishold
      box on
      title('X explained variance (cumulative)');
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   if nargout > 0
      varargout{1} = h;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
How NASA's top illustrators use data to draw invisible interstellar objects
By Georgina Torbet September 10, 2020
Everyone loves a beautiful space image, and it seems like every week there's a stunning new visual for us to marvel at, from Hubble photographs of distant nebulae to the entire universe imaged in the X-ray wavelength.
Photographing Jupiter
The role of artistry
Telling a story through color
Working in the non-visible light spectrum
Color calls out physical processes
More than a pretty picture
Illustrating the unseen
Illustration reflects the scientific method
Pop culture plays a role
Predicting the science
Show 5 more items
But how do scientists get from a bunch of ones and zeros captured by a telescope to the images we love and admire? And how do you visually show something like an exoplanet which is so far away we can only barely detect it?
We spoke to two of NASA's top illustrators and image processors to find out.
Plenty of NASA missions have cameras on board, which capture images that can be processed and shared with the public. Missions like the Juno craft sent to Jupiter collect an enormous amount of data which show the planet in rich, beautiful detail.
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Many of the images you've seen from Juno were processed by Kevin Gill, a software engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He explained the image processing involved, which begins with data arriving from the spacecraft in grayscale, as the camera takes images using one of three filters: Red, green, and blue.
Gill's job is to take these three filtered images and overlay them to create a true-color image. But there's a complication, as a craft like Juno spins as it takes images. So distortion caused by this spinning has to be corrected for as well. For some jobs Gill will use specialty image software, like that produced specifically for the Cassini mission. But with images like those from Juno, he performs processing using off-the-shelf software like Adobe Photoshop.
Kevin Gill's processed Juno image showing Jupiter's Great Red Spot
Gill's personal pipeline for processing data from craft like Juno or Cassini is even available as open source software on Github, and NASA makes huge amounts of its data publicly available, so anyone who is interested can perform this kind of processing themselves at home.
The images created by image processors like Gill are important for scientific research, and are used for tasks such as correlating with radar or other types of imaging. But there is a public outreach purpose as well.
In fact, the JunoCam camera on Juno was added purely for public outreach, making it one of the first missions to have this emphasis on the visual element of science communication. "We're seeing stuff a lot of times for the first ever time," Gill said. "So there's an opportunity for scientists and the public alike to see brand-new, dynamic interactions between things."
In the case of some tasks, like creating a realistic image of Saturn from Cassini data, true colors and accuracy are most important, Gill said: "With Cassini, if I want to tell a true color story, I need to approach it pretty scientifically. I want to make sure it's accurate to what the camera produces and what is actually out there."
A Cassini image of Saturn, processed by Kevin Gill NASA/JPL-Caltech
But with other projects, the aim may be to use color to bring out specific features. "There's a bit of artistry involved … Knowing the different color balances and what's good for being visually appealing, what makes for a good attention-grabbing image."
There is a degree of personal signature to each image processor's individual work, so experienced processors like Gill can identify who processed a Juno image just by looking at it and seeing the choices made in color and calibration. "There are certain color filter combinations I like to use that I think brings out a certain story or aspect of the different planets," he explained.
To highlight aspects of interest, image processors can work using particular styles of colorization. This can pop up an interesting feature which others can research in more depth.
Colorization helps to identify features we might otherwise miss, but Gill wants to make sure people understand what they're seeing. "I don't want to trick people," he said. "If I make a false color image, I want it to be obviously false color … So if I do an infrared, you'll see strong reds or strong blues, it'll look false color. Because I don't want people to be confused as to what they're seeing."
Saturn in the infrared by Kevin M. Gill, using false color to show clouds in the planet's atmosphere NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute/Kevin M. Gill
But there's a real advantage to doing processing of images using data outside of the visible light spectrum. "Saturn, if you look at it in true colors, it's kind of bland and beige with minimal features. But once you break into the infrareds, it really comes alive."
Illustrating the infrared wavelength is the specialty of Robert Hurt, a visualization scientist based at Caltech who does many of the illustrations for NASA releases. Among his other work, he supported the recently retired Spitzer Space Telescope mission by processing the images captured by the telescope.
"We want to show data in the most beautiful light possible without distorting or altering just for the sake of making it look cool," Hurt said. "It's a process of bringing out what's intrinsically in the data."
NASA's Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescopes have teamed up to expose the chaos that baby stars are creating 1,500 light-years away in a cosmic cloud called the Orion Nebula. NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Megeath (University of Toledo) & M. Robberto (STScI)
Spitzer captures data in the infrared wavelength, so this requires a bit more interpretation before it can be presented as an image. The data from Spitzer's infrared camera needs to be translated to the visible light spectrum, but this translation can be kept accurate by preserving relationships between shorter wavelengths and longer wavelengths.
The infrared data is effectively shifted to fit into our color vision spectrum, which Hurt says is a natural way to present it: "Color is a wildly diverse concept which expands across the spectrum," he said. "There's nothing particularly special about what we call visible light, other than it's biologically interesting to us."
Sometimes colors need to be not just shifted, but changed to bring out the visibility of particular features. Even then, the colors need to accurately represent some aspect of the phenomenon, such as variation in brightness.
"When you look at colors in a picture, color is equivalent to physics," Hurt explained. "If this part of the area looks red, and another part looks green, it's because there's different physics operating in those two areas … Color is our way of calling out different processes."
An image from the Hubble Space Telescope showing the star-forming region Sh 2-106. Light from glowing hydrogen is colored blue in this image. NASA & ESA
Visible light is only a small slice of the entire light spectrum, from 0.4 microns in wavelength to 0.7 microns, so on average looking in the visible light wavelengths will show similar physical processes. That's why images from visible light wavelength instruments like Hubble tend to show subtle variations with delicate pastel colors, primarily picking up light from stars.
But when you look beyond this narrow band and into other regions like infrared, you can see entirely different processes. The main camera on Spitzer spanned the wavelengths from 3.5 microns to 8 microns, with other instruments able to see in the 24 micron range and above. This means it covers a much broader band than visible light instruments, so it can pick up a wider range of processes such as light from illuminated dust clouds or the thermal glow of warm dust.
A mosaic by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope of the Cepheus C and Cepheus B regions. This image combines data from Spitzer's IRAC and MIPS instruments. NASA/JPL-Caltech
This image shows data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, from the IRAC instrument, with colors corresponding to wavelengths of 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0 m (shown as blue, green, orange and red). NASA/JPL-Caltech
"By sampling over a greater part of the spectrum, you have this opportunity to pick up more variation in physics," Hurt explained. That's why Spitzer and other infrared images have such vivid colors once they're translated to our visible spectrum, because they're showing a wider range of different processes.
In practice, Hurt said, there tended to be two color palettes used by Spitzer: One for data from the main Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), which shows dust in shades of orange and red and starlight in shades of cyan; and one for data from both IRAC another instrument, the Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS), which is shifted to show dust in green and the areas where stars have formed and are heating that dust up in red. Each palette brings out different features in the data.
These Spitzer images are created primarily for the benefit of the public, Hurt said, "but because what we're doing is trying to create a scientifically valid representation of the data, it actually has utility across the field." These kinds of images can help researchers see their area of study in a broader context. "If you can make a really well-rendered image with really good dynamic range, where the colors that emerge from the image are actually reflective of varying proportions of light from different portions of the spectrum, then that itself can have utility."
With Spitzer, that means showing final processed images to researchers, who might spot something there they hadn't seen before.
Spitzer even took a survey of the entire plane of the Milky Way called GLIMPSE (Galactic Legacy Infrared Midplane Survey Extraordinaire), the results of which required a lot of complex processing to present visually as the center of the galaxy is extremely bright and the edges are very dim. Once complete, the team printed out the visualization on a 160-foot-long banner and hung it up at an astronomy conference, allowing many researchers to see their area of study literally contextualized for the first time.
Interpreting visual data from telescopes is one thing. But how do you go about illustrating space phenomena that we can't see — whether that's a distant exoplanet or a fundamentally strange object like a black hole?
In the case of exoplanets, for example, we often know very little about a given planet — perhaps its size and its distance from its star, which would mean illustrating it as a featureless gray ball. But we can speculate about further features, based on factors like its density, its mass, and whether its orbit is tidally locked.
This illustration shows the possible surface of exoplanet TRAPPIST-1f, one of a series of illustrations of the TRAPPIST-1 system done by Robert Hurt and his colleague Tim Pyle. NASA/JPL-Caltech
This is where illustrators often confer with researchers who use computer modeling to identify what models would be consistent with the data. And that might mean a water-covered ocean world in the habitable zone, or a hot lava world where metals are molten, or even a very low-density cotton candy puff planet.
"What I want is something that looks as cool as what [readers] saw in Guardians of the Galaxy or Star Trek, but by looking at that picture, I want that to help them understand the article they're reading," said Hurt, who illustrates for NASA as well as doing image processing.
"It's trying to find that compromise between technical accuracy and what actually effectively communicates an idea … That is, for me, the fun part. Finding that balance in what you're doing to tell that story."
The art of illustration also reflects the way that scientific knowledge changes over time, especially in the case of exoplanets where we are quickly gaining new insights.
The planet 55 Cancri e, for example, orbits very close to its star and is one of the hottest rocky worlds we know. It was first discovered in 2004, but Hurt has illustrated it multiple times since then and every time has been different.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt (SSC)
NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt (IPAC)
Does it have an atmosphere? Is there lava on its surface? Is it covered in volcanoes giving off gases which obscure the view? "All of these have been plausible hypotheses based on the data at different stages, and each one has gotten its own unique illustration," Hurt said.
This results in multiple illustrations which show the progress of scientific knowledge over time: "The fact that the art changes one year to the next, I don't see as a flaw," he said. "That actually becomes a visual record of our evolving scientific understanding."
As illustrations are designed to be communicative, they need to speak to the public in a language they can understand. And pop culture has a big impact on how we think about and picture space.
Black holes, for example, are one of the universe's most dramatic and mind-bending phenomena. Their gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light waves, can escape their gravitational pull. And that makes them visually strange, to say the least. They bend light that passes nearby to them, resulting in a bizarre warped appearance.
Historically, black holes were generally shown in illustrations as plain black bowling balls, even when scientists knew that wasn't accurate. Hurt wanted to show gravitational warps around them in his illustrations, but many people, especially those in communications and not science, said it was visually confusing to see these warping lines around them.
A black hole in Interstellar
"Well it should be confusing!" Hurt said. "This is what it actually looks like." The strangeness of seeing an object warping gravity around it is part of the story that these images are telling. "I want you to be curious as to why that looks weird. Let's use the art to explain something."
But then the movie Interstellar came out, with support from astrophysicist Kip Thorne and visual effects company DNEG. They developed code to simulate relativistic light distortion around a black hole, using even more accurate rendering than astronomers have access to, which led to the publication of two papers. This movie showed the gravitational distortion around a black hole, and this became part of the public's vernacular.
Now, you see images of black holes with light distortion everywhere, even in the opening credits of animated comedies like Star Trek: Lower Decks. The prominence of black holes illustrated with gravitational warping has changed the public's understanding of the phenomena.
Images of space aren't just beautiful to look at or helpful in understanding complex phenomena: They can even predict and inspire scientific findings.
Hurt illustrated the entire Milky Way in 2008, based on the most up-to-date information available, but there were some sections where he had to make assumptions or use artistic interpretations to fill in gaps in our knowledge.
The Milky Way galaxy, illustrated by Robert Hurt NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt (SSC/Caltech)
Since the publication of this image, more research has been done, some of which tests the assumptions that Hurt made. For example, there's a small section of an upper region of one of the spiral arms which he filled out based on assuming symmetry with the other arms.
Years later, researchers mapped the region and found that it corresponded almost exactly with what Hurt had drawn. "That was the best of all worlds," Hurt said. "When your artwork actually can predict subsequent discovery."
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Q: Find longest route in 2D array So I got this assignment which I am not sure how to aprroach. I got a 2D array in which some cells are forbidden to visit. Then I need to traverse the whole array choosing the longest route without entering the forbidden cells. I can also not "go back" and take another turn, the traversal should always go "forward". The output should be the number of cells visited and in the correct order. The algorithm should be farily scalable, at least for an array with 100x100 cells. Below is a picture showing the task.

As in the picture above, there is really just two solutions: Either follow along the edge and then go down one cell and then up again, just like the example. Or it could just have followed along the complete edge. The number to cells visited should still be the same; 12.
Now I have searched alot on this and found many variations and to my understanding, I should be able to use maybe Djikstras, Bellman-Ford, A* algorithms or some kind of Depth/Breadth-first graph traversal. But I am totaly stuck and not sure where to go from here.

A: This problem is NP-hard, as shown in A. Itai, C. Papadimitriou, J. Szwarcfiter, Hamiltonian paths in grid graphs. So no exact polynomial time algorithm exist.
In practice, the problem of you size should be solvable by modern Constraint Solvers. The review of the methods how to make Constraint Problem for the longest path search could be found at Q. Pham, Y. Deville, Solving the Longest Simple Path Problem with Constraint-Based Techniques.


A recent High Court tussle pitted London music remixer Richard Dearlove against rap megastar Sean Combs from the US. What could they possibly be fighting about and was the might of the former 'Puff Daddy' right?
London's own music producer has won a battle against the famous entertainer and entrepreneur Sean Combs over the right to use the name "Diddy".
Richard "Diddy" Dearlove had been operating under the name "Diddy" for over 12 years when the P Diddy, formerly known as Puffy and Puff Daddy before that, decided to rebrand himself by dropping the "P".
Mr Dearlove found that people in the business were confusing him with the international rap star and commenced an action in passing-off. Mr Dearlove had not registered the word "Diddy" as a trade mark. Therefore, trade mark infringement is not an issue here. The action was listed for hearing in the High Court on 23 October.
The parties reached a settlement on this matter. As part of the deal, Sean Combs has agreed to pay over £110,000, the bulk of which is in respect of legal costs. Additionally, the global superstar is no longer allowed to trade under the name "Diddy" in the UK, which is likely to involve an expensive rebranding exercise – this is where it is really going to hurt!
– this confusion would cause damage to Mr Dearlove.
The tort of passing off is used to prevent a party from exploiting the goodwill belonging to another. Therefore, the goodwill element is key to making a successful passing off claim. Had Mr Dearlove accumulated sufficient goodwill in the name "Diddy" in the context of his trade?
Okay, so let us try and put this to scale. Sean Combs has an estimated personal fortune of £195 million. His ventures are far reaching and diverse, including acting, music, a clothing line, a reality TV show, to name a but a few. Mr Richard "Diddy" Dearlove is a music producer who is best known for creating a dance remix of "Atomic" by Blondie. Mr Dearlove has been using the mark "Diddy" since 1992 but has only had one chart hit under the "Diddy" name.
"This is my name. I've been successful too. I'm not a global megastar but what I do is valid".


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Palestine: How about that–the exit polls were wrong
What was it that I said yesterday (in the immediately previous post) about not trusting exit polls in the political and security context of Palestine? What was it I said about the multi-seat plurality races being especially hard to estimate based on exit-poll sampling, even under the best of conditions for the polling itself?
From the Jerusalem Post:
Exit polls on the night of the vote gave the ruling Fatah Party a slight victory, a finding that was dramatically reversed on Thursday when Fatah and Hamas leaders said Hamas had won a clear majority of the 132-seat legislature.
The discrepancy may have been due to a reluctance by some voters to admit to pollsters that they were abandoning the ruling party. The polling errors appeared especially glaring in district races, where smaller numbers of voters were surveyed. [my emphasis]
Not only would a smaller sample be a problem, but so would the basic process of estimating from that sample, given that a typical pattern of multi-seat plurality systems (as I have noted in more detail in past posts) is that voters do not necessarily give all their 'nominal' votes to candidates of the same party or even use all of the nominal votes they are entitled to use.
The story goes on to say that Hamas apparently won a "large majority" in the district races, just as I suspected they would, because their voters would be more likely to vote the full slate than would voters of the internally divided Fatah.
In fact the scale of the Hamas win in the distrists vastly exceeds what I could have imagined. Another Post story says that Hamas won nearly all of them, and 75 seats overall. Yet another story I read (at Ynet) said that Hamas might have won 80 overall.
I have not yet seen updated votes totals, but remember–the vote estimates that were reported last night from exit polls might prove to be much closer to reality than the seat results, because the nominal (district) and PR-list seats are allocated completely separately (in 'parallel') in Palestine's variant of a mixed-member system. A multi-seat district plurality system–Palestine's nominal tier–can produce wide divergence between votes and seat shares, especially when one major party has a more cohesive electorate than the other. This is precisely what I have meant in past posts when referring to the votes-seats conversion probably benefiting Hamas relative to Fatah–and that was evident even in the estimates that the exit pollsters gave.
Moreover, this electoral system is a ticket-splitter's dream. Not only do the list votes (which surely is what the exit poll was reporting) not have to match the candidate votes, but (reiterating here) within a district voters can split among candidates of different parties.
These factors compound not only exit-poll estimation, but also any systematic real-results relationship between votes and seats.
With a clear majority in the parliament, Hamas will now have to form the government. Palestine has a semi-presidential system with a relatively strong presidency, but requires that the cabinet have the confidence of the parliament. Already, the cabinet has resigned.
I will leave it to others more versed in the Middle East to assess the significance of this result.
This entry was posted in Mixed-member, Palestinian Territories, Plurality (FPTP, etc.), VOTES. Bookmark the permalink.
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0 thoughts on "Palestine: How about that–the exit polls were wrong"
Nina Merchant says:
Hi Prof. Shugart. Given what you've said about the electoral system and the nature of exit polling in that system, I curious to know whether you think exit polling is useful at all in this type of parallel system at all. Is there anyway to mitigate these factors, or is the nature of the system just unsuited for reliable results from exit polling?
I am also curious to know who (or which entities) commissioned polls. Sometimes US pollsters only have a cursory understanding of the electoral systems in other countries and don't exactly ask the right questions. But given high profile of these elections, I would be surprised if unexperience pollsters were used.
Professor Matthew Søberg Shugart says:
Nina raises good questions. I am not competent enough about sampling and extrapolating methodologies to be certain of the answers, but the Palestinian context had many factors (which I outline in the post) that would make proper estimation difficult. I recommend two posts from Charles Franklin on this topic: One from last night comparing the three separate exit polls (a luxury he notes we no longer have in the US), and a follow-up today.
My take on what we can generalize from this would be the following: Parallel system would tend to pose more challenges than a pure SSD plurality system, which in turn would be more difficult than MMP, which in turn is very slightly more difficult than pure PR. Don't hold me to that precise ranking of difficulty, but I am reasonably confident that a parallel sysem is more challenging than the others just mentioned. I must admit that I know nothing about the record of accuracy of any exit polls in Japan since their parallel system went into effect, or other "simple" parallel systems–those with single-seat plurality districts and a separate PR tier (also found, in various forms in Russia and several other countries). If anyone out there knows about exit polls in these systems, please post!
A multi-seat plurality system would be even harder than any of the above. Well, Palestine combines both of those hard systems: multi-seat plurality and paralell allocation (with multiple votes). And then there are the problems of people not being willing to speak openly in face-to-face interviews, the lack of experience conducting polls there (because electoral democracy is new to Palestine), etc.
And it is not as though exit polls have an unblemished record even in the US, predicting a single national election result in a setting with lots of experience to build on and little fear (though perhaps growing reluctance) on the part of voters to speak to pollsters!
Jonathan Edelstein says:
Nina, most of the polls were conducted by Palestinian universities or public research agencies. For the most part, the Palestinian pollsters are experienced people with good reputations, and they have a decent track record at predicting the results of municipal elections. Whatever the errors in the polling process, they weren't due to lack of experience or local knowledge.
Thanks for the info Prof. Shugart. Prof. Malesky was entertaining us the other night with stories about selection bias in US exit polls. Just for fun, the night of the election, he looked up the data for exit polling in Ohio and found that females, aged 18-30 were way overrepresented. Which, of course, we all know now, but it must have been fun to pinpoint it then. It seems that hiring male college students to do the interviews will do that.
I just brought up the pollster question becuse USAID often contracts with US-based democracy and governance development NGOs or for-profit development firms to commission public opinion and exit polling. The results from these can sometimes be mixed.
"hiring male college students to do the interviews will" lead to "females, aged 18-30 [being] way overrepresented."
That's great! (Not for the accuracy of the results, however!)
Wilfred Day says:
We should be grateful to Palestine for giving the world a lesson in the perils of the parallel system.
Hamas just got 45.35% of the vote, and should not have had a majority.
For the first real Palestinian election, all parties other than Fatah had asked, of course, for proportional representation. Fatah, of course, being the dominant party, wanted to keep FPTP. So they compromised on a half-proportional system. "Parallel" like Japan. Half the seats by PR lists, and half by single seats. But unlike Germany and the other MMP jurisdictions, the list seats were not compensatory.
The idea was, Fatah would sweep the single seats as usual, enjoying the "winners' bonus," but letting the smaller parties have a taste of proportionality.
But Hamas swept the local seats, and got the "winners' bonus" that Fatah had expected.
Hamas got 30 of the 66 list seats, but 46 of the 66 local seats, total 76 of 132..
http://www.elections.ps/pdf/result_seat_distribution_EN.pdf
Fatah got 42.08% of the vote, and 27 of the 66 list seats, plus 16 of the 66 local seats, total 43.
Four local seats went to independents, nine list seats to smaller parties.
If they had MMP, the results would have been:
Hamas: 58 (46 local, 12 top-up list)
Fatah: 54 (16 local, 38 top-up list)
PFLP: 6 list
Badil ("The Alternative"): 4 list
"Independent Palestine" (left wing of Fatah): 3 list
The Third Way: 3 list
Local independents: 4
No doubt Fatah would have led a coalition of those willing to recognize and negotiate with Israel.
What an electoral tragedy.
Clarification: The local seats (nominal tier) in Palestine are not FPTP. They are multi-seat districts, averaging about 4 seats each. This would tend to increase disproportionality relative to FPTP–if most of the leading party's voters gave used all their votes on candidates of that party. We will need detailed data to know, but I suspect most did, hence the large seat bonus.
An additional caveat: Is the 45.4-42.1 vote split party-list vote? Presumably. It is possible that the candidate votes were somewhat different. Still, a large majority of seats on 45% of the vote sounds about right, given the rules, which I agree were a very bad choice. Bad both for being parallel, as you note, and worse still for having a multi-seat plurality (block vote) nominal tier instead of FPTP.
Of course the clarification is correct (with the minor quibble that 3 of the local seats are indeed single-seat districts). My Canadian bias crept in here; from time to time in our electoral history we have had some multi-seat districts, within the context of the FPTP system, so I think of them as part of the genus FPTP (if you will excuse the botanical analogy.) But that's no excuse for writing "single seats" when I meant "local seats."
Hamas actually got almost exactly 42 percent of the nationwide vote to Fatah's 38.98 percent. The results table on the CEC site only lists the parties that made the proportional representation threshold, so it doesn't reflect the total number of votes cast (which was 1,035,164).
But I agree with the basic premise of Wilfred Day's comment – Fatah outsmarted itself big time.
kao_hsien_chih says:
I'm assuming the nominal tier was block vote?
This is interesting: rather analogous to Taiwan's last two legislative elections that produced widely divergent results in terms of legislators elected for each party/bloc with rather similar votes for each party/bloc; but I'd guess there's a lot more room for coordination failure for poorly organized parties if there are multiple ballots.
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5,735 new cases of coronavirus infection were detected in Lithuania, and 17 people died - Saturday 22nd January 2022 06:27 AM
NATO maintains defensive capabilities, including in Romania. "NATO will not give up its ability to protect and defend each other, including through the presence of troops in the eastern part of the Alliance." - Saturday 22nd January 2022 06:27 AM
Polar air wave in Romania - Saturday 22nd January 2022 06:27 AM
TV Brasil program presents science perspectives for 2022 - Saturday 22nd January 2022 06:27 AM
New infection record. Over 144 thousand new cases
World Nicole World Saturday 01st January 2022 07:28 AM REPORT
Almost 127,000 infections were recorded on Thursday. These numbers have been growing rapidly in recent days. Most cases are in Lombardy; over 41 thousand.
11.7 percent of the tests were positive; this ratio is stable.
More than 150 more places were taken in hospitals. There are 1,260 patients with Covid-19 in intensive care, and more than 11,000 in other departments.
Health Minister Roberto Speranza said that serious consideration should be given to introducing a mandatory enhanced Covid-19 pass in all workplaces, issued only on the basis of vaccination or cure. Covid passports based on testing would thus be excluded. According to the media, the Italian government will make a decision on this matter in early January.
New restrictions in Italy
The Italian government decided on Wednesday to lift the quarantine for vaccinated people who came into contact with the infected. He also made a decision that you would not be able to board buses, subways and other transport unless you were vaccinated against Covid-19 or had passed the disease.
The decree adopted by the Council of Ministers extended the use of an enhanced sanitary pass, issued only on the basis of vaccination or recovery from Covid-19.
From January 10, it will be required in hotels and guesthouses, at events organized after civil and religious celebrations, at fairs, congresses, ski lifts and slopes, at swimming pools, in sports facilities, in cultural institutions and in all means of transport, including local ones.
The decree also stipulates that people who have been in close contact with an infected coronavirus, but who have been vaccinated, after the third dose or have recovered in the last four months, will be released from preventive quarantine.
Such persons are required to wear FFP2 masks until the tenth day after the last contact with the infected person and perform the test five days after such contact with the infected person.
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Seize Greater Control of iTunes Through Windows Scripts By Paul Ferson � Posted on Jan 28, 2015 Jan 25, 2015 in Windows Whether you love it or loathe it, there�s no disputing that iTunes is a leading option for playing music whether on a Mac or a PC.... Here is a selection of 80+ Visual Basic scripts that I have written to be used with iTunes for Windows. The general method of use is to download a script (double-click or right-click and use Download or Save link as...) to a folder of your choice, e.g. your Desktop, Downloads folder or create a folder at\iTunes\Scripts.
Scripts that can be used by iTunes in conjunction with other applications, such as browsers, sundry audio software, databases, and so on. Retro Scripts Old and In The Way scripts� how to order ppv foxtel If you use iTunes to organize your media, you've probably run into the roadblock of adding files it doesn't support (like MKVs). Here's how to trick iTunes into supporting the files you want.
Now, inside iTunes, you should see a Scripts menu (an icon of a scroll, just left of Help). The "Refresh" item on that menu will force it to re-read the tags for all tracks that you have selected. The "Refresh" item on that menu will force it to re-read the tags for all tracks that you have selected.
Introduction. This collection of scripts can be used to control iTunes. You can use them from the command line, in a batch (command) file, or you can assign them to the special controls keys on a multimedia keyboard (such as "Play", "Next", or "Previous").
AppleScripts for iTunes will be accessible from the iTunes Script menu when they have been installed in a special "Scripts" folder�actually, installed in one or the other of two special "Scripts" folders. Whichever one you use depends on who'll be using the scripts.


was calling ch just now. happy to hear that she's fine and busy studying her medical course… get advice from her that i should stop eating meat and taking vege nows and must lost pounds…. well i guess if i would did that… i rather put my life to ends… life is full of suffering… must enjoy of what i have now… haha… that's my concept for living… it is good to be single as i do not have to care about what others think…. there's no string attached and i could live on my style.
if u work when other ppl work, and rest when other ppl rest, and enjoy when other ppl enjoy, in return, u will get what other ppl get. if u want to get what other ppl don, then effort must be commited and sacrifices of rest and enjoyment must be made when u are still capable to, then you will get what other ppl don get.


text:
/**
 * A client to Dialogflow API
 *
 *
The interfaces provided are listed below, along with usage samples.
 *
 *
======================= AgentsClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing [Agents][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Agent].
 *
 *
Sample for AgentsClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (AgentsClient agentsClient = AgentsClient.create()) {
 *   AgentName name = AgentName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]");
 *   Agent response = agentsClient.getAgent(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= ChangelogsClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing
 * [Changelogs][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Changelog].
 *
 *
Sample for ChangelogsClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (ChangelogsClient changelogsClient = ChangelogsClient.create()) {
 *   ChangelogName name = ChangelogName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[CHANGELOG]");
 *   Changelog response = changelogsClient.getChangelog(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= DeploymentsClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing
 * [Deployments][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Deployment].
 *
 *
Sample for DeploymentsClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (DeploymentsClient deploymentsClient = DeploymentsClient.create()) {
 *   DeploymentName name =
 *       DeploymentName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[ENVIRONMENT]", "[DEPLOYMENT]");
 *   Deployment response = deploymentsClient.getDeployment(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= EntityTypesClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing
 * [EntityTypes][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.EntityType].
 *
 *
Sample for EntityTypesClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (EntityTypesClient entityTypesClient = EntityTypesClient.create()) {
 *   EntityTypeName name =
 *       EntityTypeName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[ENTITY_TYPE]");
 *   EntityType response = entityTypesClient.getEntityType(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= EnvironmentsClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing
 * [Environments][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Environment].
 *
 *
Sample for EnvironmentsClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (EnvironmentsClient environmentsClient = EnvironmentsClient.create()) {
 *   EnvironmentName name =
 *       EnvironmentName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[ENVIRONMENT]");
 *   Environment response = environmentsClient.getEnvironment(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= ExperimentsClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing
 * [Experiments][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Experiment].
 *
 *
Sample for ExperimentsClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (ExperimentsClient experimentsClient = ExperimentsClient.create()) {
 *   ExperimentName name =
 *       ExperimentName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[ENVIRONMENT]", "[EXPERIMENT]");
 *   Experiment response = experimentsClient.getExperiment(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= FlowsClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing [Flows][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Flow].
 *
 *
Sample for FlowsClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (FlowsClient flowsClient = FlowsClient.create()) {
 *   AgentName parent = AgentName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]");
 *   Flow flow = Flow.newBuilder().build();
 *   Flow response = flowsClient.createFlow(parent, flow);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= IntentsClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing [Intents][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Intent].
 *
 *
Sample for IntentsClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (IntentsClient intentsClient = IntentsClient.create()) {
 *   IntentName name = IntentName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[INTENT]");
 *   Intent response = intentsClient.getIntent(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= PagesClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing [Pages][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Page].
 *
 *
Sample for PagesClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (PagesClient pagesClient = PagesClient.create()) {
 *   PageName name = PageName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[FLOW]", "[PAGE]");
 *   Page response = pagesClient.getPage(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= SecuritySettingsServiceClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing security settings for Dialogflow.
 *
 *
Sample for SecuritySettingsServiceClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (SecuritySettingsServiceClient securitySettingsServiceClient =
 *     SecuritySettingsServiceClient.create()) {
 *   LocationName parent = LocationName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]");
 *   SecuritySettings securitySettings = SecuritySettings.newBuilder().build();
 *   SecuritySettings response =
 *       securitySettingsServiceClient.createSecuritySettings(parent, securitySettings);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= SessionsClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: A session represents an interaction with a user. You retrieve user input
 * and pass it to the [DetectIntent][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Sessions.DetectIntent] method to
 * determine user intent and respond.
 *
 *
Sample for SessionsClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (SessionsClient sessionsClient = SessionsClient.create()) {
 *   DetectIntentRequest request =
 *       DetectIntentRequest.newBuilder()
 *           .setSession(
 *               SessionName.ofProjectLocationAgentSessionName(
 *                       "[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[SESSION]")
 *                   .toString())
 *           .setQueryParams(QueryParameters.newBuilder().build())
 *           .setQueryInput(QueryInput.newBuilder().build())
 *           .setOutputAudioConfig(OutputAudioConfig.newBuilder().build())
 *           .build();
 *   DetectIntentResponse response = sessionsClient.detectIntent(request);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= SessionEntityTypesClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing
 * [SessionEntityTypes][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.SessionEntityType].
 *
 *
Sample for SessionEntityTypesClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (SessionEntityTypesClient sessionEntityTypesClient = SessionEntityTypesClient.create()) {
 *   SessionEntityTypeName name =
 *       SessionEntityTypeName.ofProjectLocationAgentSessionEntityTypeName(
 *           "[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[SESSION]", "[ENTITY_TYPE]");
 *   SessionEntityType response = sessionEntityTypesClient.getSessionEntityType(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= TestCasesClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing [Test Cases][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.TestCase]
 * and [Test Case Results][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.TestCaseResult].
 *
 *
Sample for TestCasesClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (TestCasesClient testCasesClient = TestCasesClient.create()) {
 *   AgentName parent = AgentName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]");
 *   testCasesClient.batchDeleteTestCases(parent);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= TransitionRouteGroupsClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing
 * [TransitionRouteGroups][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.TransitionRouteGroup].
 *
 *
Sample for TransitionRouteGroupsClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (TransitionRouteGroupsClient transitionRouteGroupsClient =
 *     TransitionRouteGroupsClient.create()) {
 *   TransitionRouteGroupName name =
 *       TransitionRouteGroupName.of(
 *           "[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[FLOW]", "[TRANSITION_ROUTE_GROUP]");
 *   TransitionRouteGroup response = transitionRouteGroupsClient.getTransitionRouteGroup(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= VersionsClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing [Versions][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Version].
 *
 *
Sample for VersionsClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (VersionsClient versionsClient = VersionsClient.create()) {
 *   VersionName name =
 *       VersionName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[FLOW]", "[VERSION]");
 *   Version response = versionsClient.getVersion(name);
 * }
 * }

 *
 *
======================= WebhooksClient =======================
 *
 *
Service Description: Service for managing [Webhooks][google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3.Webhook].
 *
 *
Sample for WebhooksClient:
 *
 *
{@code
 * // This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
 * // It will require modifications to work:
 * // - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
 * // - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
 * // https://cloud.google.com/java/docs/setup#configure_endpoints_for_the_client_library
 * try (WebhooksClient webhooksClient = WebhooksClient.create()) {
 *   WebhookName name = WebhookName.of("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]", "[AGENT]", "[WEBHOOK]");
 *   Webhook response = webhooksClient.getWebhook(name);
 * }
 * }

 */
@Generated("by gapic-generator-java")
package com.google.cloud.dialogflow.cx.v3;

import javax.annotation.Generated;


The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Denver Area Office and Colorado Mountain College – West Garfield Campus (CMC) continue to recognize the value of maintaining a collaborative relationship to foster safer and more healthful American workplaces. To that end, OSHA and Colorado Mountain College – West Garfield Campus hereby renew the Alliance signed October 5, 2012, and renewed May 14, 2015, with a continued emphasis on the oil and gas industry as well as a new focus on general industry and construction activities. Specifically, both organizations are committed to providing Colorado Mountain College – West Garfield Campus students, clients and other employers in the community with information, guidance, and access to training resources that will help them protect the health and safety of workers and understand the rights of workers and the responsibilities of employers under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act).
This renewal agreement provides a framework and objectives for the Alliance's activities. Alliance participants will summarize specific activities and timeframes for completion in a written work plan. The work plan covers [dates]. The work plan will be reviewed annually and may be revised at any time with the concurrence of the Alliance signatories.
Through the Alliance, the organizations will continue to address hazards and issues related to oil and gas drilling, servicing and support activities, focus four construction hazards and other areas of emphasis for establishments in western Colorado. The Alliance will also explore and implement selected options to evaluate the effectiveness of the Alliance and measure the impact of its overall effort on improving workplace safety for employers and workers. In renewing this Alliance, OSHA and CMC recognize that OSHA's State Plan and On-site Consultation Project partners are an integral part of the OSHA national effort, and that information about the products and activities of the Alliance may be shared with these partners for the advancement of common goals.
To convene or participate in forums, roundtable discussions, or stakeholder meetings with industries such as upstream oil and gas industry and others to help forge innovative solutions in the workplace or to provide input on safety and health issues.
To develop effective training and education programs for CMC constituents and other local employer and employee groups regarding topics including, but not limited to recordkeeping, oil and gas drilling and servicing, safety and health management program elements, and current OSHA initiatives and to communicate such information to constituent employers and workers.
To develop effective training and education programs for Western Slope employers and employees to promote understanding of workers' rights, including temporary workers, including the use of the OSHA complaint process, and the responsibilities of employers and to communicate such information to workers and employers.
To deliver or arrange for the delivery of SafeLand and other courses related to oil and gas safety and health. OSHA and CMC will deliver at least two additional courses related to oil and gas safety issues or other current emphasis areas per year.
To develop information on the recognition and prevention of workplace hazards, and to develop ways of communicating such information (e.g., print and electronic media, electronic assistance tools, and OSHA's and the CMC's Web sites) to employers and workers in the industry.
To speak, exhibit, or appear at OSHA's or CMC conferences, local meetings, or other events.
To work with other Alliance participants on specific issues and projects on oil and gas safety issues as opportunities are available, that are addressed and developed through the Alliance Program.
An implementation team made up of representatives of each organization will develop a plan of action, determine working procedures, and identify the roles and responsibilities of the participants. In addition, they will meet at least three times per year to track and share information on activities and results in achieving the goals of the Alliance. OSHA team members will include a representative of the Denver Area Office.
This agreement will remain in effect for three years. Either signatory may terminate it for any reason at any time, provided they give 30 days' written notice. This agreement may be modified at any time with the written concurrence of both signatories.
Signed this 15th day of October, 2017.


text:
Q: C - Not echoing system() commands I have a script in C that basically moves files in the BG, then downloads a new file and replaces it. I want to know how to not Echo the command when it is being sent out.
IE:
system("mv /var/www/post.php /var/www/oldstuff/post2.php");
system("wget http://mywebsite.com/post.php.txt -O /var/www/post.php");

It creates an output like:
root@localhost:~# ./replace
--2014-03-03 19:58:18--  http://website.com/post.php.txt
Connecting to 46.19.143.250:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 34643 (34K)
Saving to: `/post.php.txt'

100%[=====================================================================================>] 34,643      --.-K/s   in 0s

2014-03-03 19:58:18 (320 MB/s) - `/post.php.txt' saved [34643/34643]
Finished Replacing Post!
root@localhost:~# _

I dont want it to show the wget log.
Just echo out "Finished Replacing Post!"

A: system("wget -q http://mywebsite.com/post.php.txt -O /var/www/post.php");

From the manual:
-q
--quiet
    Turn off Wget's output.