Earlier in the week, I went to CrossFit. I'd done a decent amount of mobility and skill work before, so I was feeling tender. After a warm-up, we went straight into front squat — working up to 3 sets of a 5 rep max.
I knew I had a decision to make. My lower back felt sore. Working under my capability was the right decision, but, deep down I didn't want to come across as a wuss.
Most people started off light, but quickly got to their working weight. Instead, I slowly worked up to 100lbs over 4 sets. Now, 100lbs for 5 reps isn't easy, or hard for me. But, I decided to stick at 100lbs and focus on the quality of the movement. I was squatting some of the lightest weight amongst the group, but I didn't care.
Each set was slow and intentional. I took my time to get in position. I pushed my elbows as high as possible. My stance was the right width — my toes pointed out (but not too far). I took the time to get my core tight, look straight ahead and get my chest up. Then, a deep breath.
I descended slowly and in a controlled fashion, keeping everything tight. I made sure my knees didn't drift inwards. I went down low — but only as low as I could keep my form. I paused at the bottom. Then, I drove up, keeping everything tight and controlled. On the way up, I breathed out through my nose. I paused at the top, taking just a few seconds. Then, repeat.
I don't think I've ever been so present and focused on the quality of the movement before.
Nothing too tricky there. But, I was worried about lower back impact.
I started off at a reasonable pace (it's a conditioning workout after all), mostly prioritising quality of movement, over pace. About a third of the way in, I intentionally slowed up and focused more on the quality of movement.
I came second last out of the group, with 177 reps.
Despite coming second last, I felt really good at the end of the session. Weirdly, my placing and output wasn't important. What mattered was the quality of practice, avoiding an injury and getting out of breath. I nailed all three.
So, I'm proud of that session, even though I pretty much came last. What I'm most happy about, is what led me to consciously approach the session in that way.
A year or so ago, Crossfit was my number one priority. I knew I needed to do mobility, but I saw it as a boring necessity (which I struggled to be consistent with). I was active on the side with some running and biking too.
Fast forward to today. Mobility and skill work is my number one priority. Being able to move freely, without pain and do cool stuff is what I care most about. Crossfit has been relegated to the 'keep active' group — along with running, biking, swimming etc.
Now, there may well be a time that I want to prioritise Crossfit higher. And when I do, I will push harder in the sessions. But, it will be when I have a better foundation of mobility and bodyweight strength. Even then, CrossFit will probably just be the highest priority in the 'keep active' group. Skill and mobility work will likely always be at the heart of my training.
That's a big thing for me to say, and really mean. It shows a maturity in my training and thinking. It's like I said in 'How I think about everything' — viewpoints and approaches to different areas of life have to constantly evolve. I'm not talking change for changes sake. But, change because of learning and getting smarter. My fitness goals and approach have shifted in the last 6 months in that very way.
So, even though I came close to last in my Crossfit class, I pretty much had the a perfect fitness day. I did some wrist mobility and a GMB workout (mix of mobility and bodyweight skill / strength work) at lunch. I cycled 5 miles in the afternoon. I went to Crossfit in the evening. It doesn't get much better than that.
As I said at the beginning of this — no one likes being last. But, sometimes other stuff is more important. Being last might be the exact right place to be, for that moment in time. Even two time Crossfit Games Champion, Mat Fraser had to get comfortable with being thrashed by the high school track team to get better at running.
P.S — I want to give a lot of credit to GMB for this shift in my thinking. The thing I love about GMB, is it's much more than a type of workout. It's a philosophy and a method. Not only has it got me super excited to practice skills, it's also pushing me to be more mindful and present with any movement or activity I do.


More Images of the Touchscreen Computer - Needs More Steam!
This entry was posted on Saturday, June 30th, 2012 at 4:25 pm	and is filed under Steampunk Computer. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


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Violent Start to June: 10 Shot in 4 Hours in Chicago
Police stand near the scene of a shooting in Chicago.NBC Chicago
June 1, 2014, 9:17 PM UTC
FROM NBC CHICAGO
The month of June started off violent in Chicago with 10 people shot in less than four hours overnight.
The latest shooting took place around 3:45 a.m. in the 1900 block of North Tripp Avenue where police said a 26-year-old man was shot in the back of the head.
The man was driving on the block when a dark-colored SUV pulled behind his vehicle and opened fire before fleeing eastbound from the scene.
The man was taken to John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County where he was listed in stable condition.
Just before 3 a.m., a 49-year-old woman was shot in the city's Little Village neighborhood.
The woman was standing with a group near the intersection of Washtenaw Avenue and 24th Street when a man approached on foot and fired into the group, striking her in the abdomen, according to authorities.
The woman was taken in critical condition to Mount Sinai Hospital, said Chicago Police News Affairs Officer Jose Estrada.
Around 12:30 a.m., a man was killed and five women were injured in a shooting in the city's South Austin neighborhood.
Police said a group was standing on a corner in the 500 block of North Lavergne when someone came out of an alley and opened fire.
A 17-year-old man was shot in the back and was pronounced dead at Mount Sinai Hospital, according to police and the Cook County Medical Examiner's office.
A 17-year-old woman and a 14-year-old girl were both shot in the buttocks and listed in stable condition at Mount Sinai Hospital, police said.
A 22-year-old woman suffered a wound to her back from bullet fragments and was taken in stable condition to West Suburban Medical Center. A 19-year-old woman was also being treated at West Suburban Medical Center for a wound to the arm.
A 19-year-old woman was shot in the thigh and taken to Stroger Hospital, police said.
Just after midnight, police said two people were shot in the 4300 block of Cermak Road.
The two were shot while standing in a group outside. Police said someone came from an alley and fired into the group.
A 28-year-old woman was shot in the shoulder and taken in serious condition to Mount Sinai Hospital. An 18-year-old man was shot in the thigh and transported himself to Mount Sinai Hospital in stable condition.
According to the Chicago Tribune, the group was shooting a music video for rapper Lil Kemo.
At least three people have been killed and 10 others shot across the city since Friday.
Around 10:15 p.m. Saturday a 33-year-old man was shot in the leg and arm in the 2600 block of East 83rd Street. The man was walking with a friend when someone approached them on foot and fired at them. He was taken to Advocate Christ Medical Center in critical condition, police said.
Around 10:30 p.m., a 16-year-old boy was killed in a shooting in the 3800 block of North St. Louis Avenue. The teen was walking with a group when shots were fired from a light-colored vehicle, striking the teen in the chest. He was pronounced dead at Illinois Masonic Medical Center.
Fifteen minutes earlier, a 35-year-old man was shot in the 1800 block of South Racine Avenue in the city's Pilsen neighborhood. He took himself to Stroger Hospital with a wound to the buttocks and was listed in stable condition.
Around 9:20 p.m. a man walked into Holy Cross Hospital with a graze wound to his ankle. The man told police he had been shot in the 7900 block of South Paulina Street in the Gresham neighborhood but no crime scene was found, Estrada said.
Around 7:40 p.m. two people were shot in the 7900 block of South Champlain Avenue. A 23-year-old man was taken to Advocate Christ Medical Center in stable condition with a wound to the leg and 25-year-old woman refused treatment for a graze wound to the top of her foot.
Ten minutes earlier, a 26-year-old man was shot in the 7100 block of South Seeley Avenue. The man was standing in an alley when he heard shots and felt pain, police said. He was taken to Holy Cross Hospital in good condition with a wound to his shoulder.
Around 4:15 p.m., police said a 24-year-old man was shot while standing in the 8500 block of South Marquette Road. He was taken to Advocate Christ Medical Center in critical condition.
At 3:19 p.m. a 21-year-old man was fatally shot in the 700 block of East 87th Street. The man suffered multiple gunshot wounds to the body and was pronounced at the scene, police said.
Earlier Saturday, around 1:15 a.m., a 21-year-old woman was shot while walking with a group in the 2000 block of West 68th Street. Police said shots were fired from a passing black car and the woman was driven to Holy Cross Hospital by a friend where she was listed in good condition.
At least one person was killed and two others wounded Friday.
Police said the city has seen a 7 percent increase in shootings compared to 2013 and an 11 percent increase in shooting victims.
The year so far, however, is tied with 2013 for the fewest murders in the first five months of the year since 1963.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


You are at:Home»Coinbrief»Bitcoin»Press Release: BitcoinExpo 2014 in Shanghai Has Revealed the AGENDA. LAST TICKETS AVAILABLE!
Press Release: BitcoinExpo 2014 in Shanghai Has Revealed the AGENDA. LAST TICKETS AVAILABLE!
The BitcoinExpo 2014 in Shanghai is right behind the door scheduled to start on Friday September 19th with a Bitcoin Party! The Expo has already revealed the agenda on the website. You can look forward to three days full of fun, business, friendly atmosphere, professional speakers, big partners, exhibitors and many other special people from the world of Bitcoin and Digital Currencies. Some of the expo major partners are BUMarket, BitBays, Bitcoinmarketing, BITSTICKERS, Black Arrow, MaCoin, BTC ROBOT, Yuanbao, Seoul Bitcoin, ALCHEMINER, Ybex and PRYPTO.
Now let´s take a look at the program. As mentioned before, Networking will start at the Bitcoin Party on Friday evening. The organizers and partners of the Expo have prepared a Bitcoin raffle with many valuable surprises, for example Trezor, a Bitcoin safe made by Hardware wallet sponsor SatoshiLabs.
Registration will start on Saturday morning at 8 am. The conference will officially start at 9:00AM with a Keynote Speech. Speeches will be divided into two rooms called Satoshi Room and Cryptocurrency Room. During Saturday you can look forward to respected speakers like Sergey Nazarov, Leonhard Wesse, Aurélien Menant, Jehan Chu, Rich Teo, Jacob Hansen, Mike Gropp, John Reyes-Freeman and Nathan Kaiser. There will also be a workshop and panel discussions: at 9:45 am – Security Workshop, at 11:00-12:00 am Bitcoin in Asia Panel and at 12:00 am Trading Panel. The first day will end with a Networking Reception at 7:00 pm.
Sunday is filled with as many interesting speakers as Saturday. Aaron Koenig will be the first to speak in the morning at 9:00 and the program will continue with the Mining Workshop created by Michael Cao. Attendees will also be able to attend wonderful speeches of Brad Chun, Arthur Hayes, Martin Westhead, Evan Mo, Vitalik Buterin, David Johnston, Pavel Kravchenko, Leon Li, Lo Wong. Very anticipated is also the Regulation Panel from 1:30 till 2:30 pm.
As you can see BitcoinExpo 2014 has much to offer. When interested there is still a possibility to buy some of the last tickets left! There are also last minute partnership opportunities if your company would like to be on board. See you all in Shanghai!


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To make things even easier, we have thousands of locations across the country where you can get tested in no time at all. Each facility within the city of Decatur, Alabama provides testing for the most common STDs, including herpes, gonorrhea, HIV, chlamydia, syphilis, and hepatitis. If you want to get tested for more than one STD at once, we can provide this as well. Just order our 10 Test Panel, which will test for all of them at once.
Every year, more and more people in Decatur, AL are diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases. These are spread through unsafe sexual practices, and sharing needles during drug use. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention tracks these numbers to look for trends, and to find better ways to educate the population about these diseases. The current statistics for Arizona may surprise you.
With this high rate of infection in Decatur, AL, proper screening and treatment is vital to prevent the spread of more disease. Many STDs don't present recognizable symptoms, leaving infected persons passing on the disease without knowing they are even infected. The only sure way to know if you're infected is to get tested and treated regularly.


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Pathway-based Toxicology – Emerging Science & Policy
Home / MAPP / Emerging Technologies / Pathway-based Toxicology / Pathway-based Toxicology – Emerging Science & Policy
Overview (← previous page)
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) AOP Project
The OECD held a Workshop on Using Mechanistic Information in Forming Chemical Categories in 2010, one of the first workshops to gather scientific expertise to guide further AOP development (OECD, 2011). The 2010 workshop focused on the use of AOPs in building chemical categories for read-across, how AOPs might be used in Approaches to Integrated Testing and Assessment (IATA) and in identifying Key Events. For the purposes of the Workshop, an AOP was defined as "a narrative which delineates the documented, plausible, and testable processes by which a chemical induces molecular perturbations and the associated biological responses which describe how the molecular perturbations cause effects at the subcellular, cellular, tissue, organ, whole animal and (if required) population levels of observation" (Table 1; OECD, 2011). Based on discussion of several case studies, AOPs were further defined as being based on a single, defined MIE that is linked to a specific in vivo hazard outcome. The workshop also discussed development of a template that would summarized all of the information supporting the AOP, including "1) the level of qualitative understanding of the AOP; 2) consistency of the experimental data; 3) confidence in the AOP, and 4) level of quantitative understanding of the AOP" (OECD, 2011).
Since the 2010 workshop, OECD has published guidance and a template for development that is currently undergoing further revision (OECD, 2013). The published Guidance includes a description of the elements and uses of AOPs, a glossary of terms, and a template for developing an AOP. The goals of this guidance are to provide consistency in structure and facilitate harmonized use of AOPs.
According to the OECD Guidance, an AOP consists of three main elements: one molecular initiating event (Anchor 1), one Adverse Outcome (Anchor 2), and any number of intermediate events. While in reality an MIE can be associated with a number of adverse effects, and similarly an adverse effect can result from a number of different MIE, to streamline the development and use of AOPs, OECD has defined an AOP as being a linear pathway from one MIE to one adverse outcome. A full description of an MIE should include cellular/tissue location – as immediately elicited intermediate events may be similar in two different AOPs, but differ in cell-type or tissue location (for example, metabolic transformation of a chemical to an electrophilic species may occur in both skin sensitization and liver fibrosis – only in keratinocytes for the former and hepatocytes for the latter). In order for an intermediate event to be identified as a "key event," it must be able to be evaluated experimentally and causally linked to the adverse outcome. A key event may be shared between two or more AOPs. The Guidance describes the process for evaluating weight-of-evidence for each step in development of an AOP.
Similar to the IPCS MoA frameworks described above, the OECD guidance suggests evaluation following the Bradford-Hill principles. In addition, the guidance recommends evaluating the confidence in each element of the AOP, specifically to address the following: how well characterized are the MIE, adverse outcome, and each intermediate or key event? What are the limitations of the evidence used to support the AOP? What are the specific parameters of the AOP (e.g., life stage, tissue, etc.)? To what degree are the AOP elements conserved across species?
AOPs have a number of potential uses, including 1) supporting chemical category formation and "read-across" (predicting the toxicity of one chemical based on results from a related chemical), 2) priority setting for further testing, 3) hazard identification 4) classification and labeling, and 5) risk assessment. As use progresses from 1–5, a corresponding increase in the level of evidence and certainty is necessary for adequate confidence. An AOP can also form the basis for an integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) or an integrated testing strategy (ITS) that would be designed to increase the certainty of any decision made regarding a particular substance (OECD, 2013).
There are currently more than 20 AOP projects in the OECD work plan, including pathways and case studies (an AOP that is related to one specific chemical). In addition, OECD is collaborating with the European Commission Joint Research Centre and the US EPA to develop the AOP Knowledge base (AOP KB; described in more detail in the next section).
The AOP Knowledge Base and related projects
To develop a system of AOPs that covers the broad spectrum of biological pathways that are likely to be involved in human health and ecological risk assessment, it is necessary to create a unified knowledge base for AOPs and their supporting evidence that integrates information from all scientific sectors, including toxicology, drug development, disease, medicine and research. An Adverse Outcome Pathway Knowledge Base (AOP KB) is currently being developed by the OECD Extended Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics (EAG MST) and is being implemented by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). The AOP KB is an IT system to capture, manage and share AOP information and will consist of three modules: 1) AOP-WIKI, a text-based tool allowing the management of AOP-related knowledge (AOPs, Key Events, relationships between them) in a Wikipedia-like environment, 2) a graphical tool implementing quantitative models depicting the relationship between two events in an AOP (Effectopedia) and 3) an Intermediate Effects Database (AOP Network tool) to manage information about intermediate effects triggered by chemicals.
The first available module, the AOP Wiki, leads AOP developers through the steps necessary to capture the scientific information needed to document an AOP – following and implementing OECD guidance on how to describe AOPs. The Wiki also provides a collaborative space for groups to develop AOPs independent of geography or organizational boundaries. Currently a beta version of the AOP Wiki is available only for OECD AOP development teams but the goal is to eventually make this publicly accessible with registration.
Author(s)/Contributor(s):
Catherine E. Willett, PhD
Humane Society of the United States


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Are You Ready for the Switch to Digital?
Published December 2, 2008 • Updated on December 3, 2008 at 1:31 pm
Connecticut television stations are preparing viewers for the switch to digital television in February. NBC 30/WVIT and other local stations will participate in an Analog Shut off test Wednesday.
For thirty minutes at 12:00 p.m and 5:00 p.m. Wednesday, NBC 30 and other Connecticut television stations will interrupt the over-the-air analog feed with a special message instructing viewers how to prepare for February's transition.
The switch from analog to digital broadcast television is called the Digital TV or DTV Transition. The U.S. Congress has mandated that on February 17, 2009, all stations must stop broadcasting in analog and switch entirely to a digital broadcast. The Connecticut Broadcasters Association held an informational press conference Tuesday to help explain how everyone can get ready for the switch.
The only people affected by the switch are people who don't have cable or a satellite provider. Those providers are already prepared.
People receiving their television signal with an antenna or rabbit ears need to purchase a digital converter. The government is providing $40 coupons toward the purchase of the converters.
Click here to get more information on the DTV transition or to get a converter coupon.
In Connecticut, only about 5% of the population doesn't have cable or satellite television.


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'Strangers: Prey at Night' Trailer #2 Brings Masked Maniacs Out of Hiding
Strangers: Prey at Night Trailer #2 Brings Masked Maniacs Out of Hiding
— January 5th, 2018
in Movie Trailers
The masked killers are back in a brand new trailer for Strangers: Prey at Night. The original Strangers was released nearly a decade ago and, despite being a financial success, never managed to get a sequel going. That all changes very soon, as The Strangers 2 is coming our way on March 9, 2018. Now, Aviron Pictures has released a brand new, full-length trailer for the horror sequel that doubles down on the tension.
This new trailer for The Strangers: Prey At Night is probably everything that fans of the original could hope for. It keeps the premise familiar enough, with three very unsettling murderers wearing masks terrorizing an unsuspecting group of people. Yet, this time, it's an entire family in a very different setting at a secluded trailer park. As for the footage itself? It's pretty slick and incredibly intense. There's a creaky swing set, which is always a sign of bad things to come in horror movies and a whole lot of violence. Also, there's an interesting shot with a bunch of smashed cell phones. So it looks like this poor family can't just call the police.
The Strangers focused on a married couple who were having some difficulties in their relationship, who then found themselves being tortured at the hands of three masked maniacs. The Strangers 2 sees a family on a road trip who go to stay at a mobile home park with some relatives, only to find it's been mysteriously deserted. Then, the same three masked psychopaths pay them a visit, with violent results. There's no way this happy family is making it out of this one all in one piece.
Related: Strangers 2 Begins Shooting This Summer, Story Details Revealed
Bryan Bertino, director of The Strangers, co-write the sequel with Ben Ketai. This time around, Johannes Roberts (47 Meters Down) takes over directing duties. The cast includes Christina Hendricks, Martin Henderson, Bailee Madison and Lewis Pullman. The Strangers: Prey At Night hasn't been rated yet, but we're guessing it's going to have to be R-rated, based on this new footage. This isn't the kind of movie that can afford to pull any punches by going for a PG-13 rating. Plus, the first movie was R-rated, so it only makes sense.
Though critics didn't love The Strangers (currently boasting a 45 percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes), the movie grossed $82.3 million on just a $9 million production budget. It's also gone on to gain a lot of favor with horror fans as an excellent example of home invasion horror. 2017 was a banner year for horror movies at the box office. Can this long-awaited sequel help make 2018 a year for the record books as well? We'll know soon enough. Be sure to check out the poster and new trailer for The Strangers: Prey At Night, courtesy of Aviron Pictures, for yourself below.
Topics: The Strangers 2, The Strangers
14 New Horror Movies to Get Excited for in 2018
Psychopaths Unite in Creepy Strangers 2: Prey at Night Poster
Strangers 2: Prey at Night Trailer Is Here and It's Terrifying
Strangers 2 First Look, Release Date and Title Revealed
Strangers 2 Gets Mad Men Star Christina Hendricks in the Lead
Laurent Briet to Direct The Strangers 2


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T. Sloan
Veröffentlichungen von T. Sloan zu Thompson, A. ->
weitere Veröffentlichungen von T. Sloan:
Properties of Periodate Oxidized Starch (1956)
The structure of the nucleon from deep inelastic lepton scattering and the nature of the strong interaction (1986)
Social structure and personality development: The individual as a productive processor of reality - by Klaus Hurrelmann. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1988. (1990)
Prompt production of heavy quarks - EMC results (1989)
Understanding major life decisions: A life history approach (1992)
Neutron interactions in liquid 2 3 He (1997)
Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier: The Mother of Modern Chemistry (1998)
Finite element analyses of isotropic and anisotropic cohesive soils with a view to correctly predicting impending collapse (1980)
The quark structure of the nucleon from the cern muon experiments (1988)
Changing the subject: Psychology, social regulation and subjectivity - Review of by Julian Henriques, Wendy Hollway, Cathy Urwin, Couze Venn, and Valerie Walkerdine. London, U.K.: Methuen, 1984. (1992)
Determination of hydrate thermodynamic reference properties from experimental hydrate composition data (1984)
Numerical analysis of charge transport in semi-insulating GaAs with two contacts (1996)
Diffusion of methyl ethyl ketone in polyisobutylene: Comparison of spectroscopic and gravimetric techniques (1997)
Multicomponent diffusion of methyl ethyl ketone and toluene in polyisobutylene from vapor sorption FTIR-ATR spectroscopy (1998)
Vapor-liquid equilibria for the ternary system N2 + CO2 +n-C4H10 at 250 and 270 K1 (1994)
Veröffentlichungen zu Thompson, A.
1 Thompson, A.. The Composition of Pyrodextrins
In: American Chemical Society: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, ISSN 1520-5126, Vol. 80, No. 24 (1958), p. 6618-6620
Thompson, A..
Wolfrom, M. L..
2 Thompson, A. Additions and Corrections: Acid Reversion in Relation to Isomaltose as a Starch Hydrolytic Product.
Thompson, A.
Wolfrom, M. , Quinn, E.
3 Thompson, A.. 6-O-β-Maltosyl-α-D-glucopyranose Hendecaacetate
4 Thompson, A.. Tetraacetates of D-Glucose and D-Galactose
Wolfrom, M. L.. , Inatome, M..
5 Thompson, A.. Isomaltose Phenylosazone and Phenylosotriazole
6 Thompson, A.. Acid Reversion Products from D-Glucose
In: American Chemical Society: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, ISSN 1520-5126, Vol. 76, No. 5 (1954), p. 1309-1311
Anno, Kimiko. , Wolfrom, M. L.. , Inatome, M..
7 Thompson, A.. Preparation of Crystalline Anhydrous β-Gentiobiose
8 Thompson, A.. Acid Reversion in Relation to Isomaltose as a Starch Hydrolytic Product1
Wolfrom, M. L.. , Quinn, E. J..
9 Thompson, A.. The Structure of Maltotriose1
10 Thompson, A.. Degradation of Amylopectin to Panose
11 THOMPSON, I. A. A. A. Domínguez Ortiz, "The Golden Age of Spain 1516-1659" (Book Review)
in: Bulletin of Hispanic studies., Vol. 50, No. 3 (1973), p. 278
REVIEWS OF BOOKS mehr
THOMPSON, I. A. A.
12 THOMPSON, I. A. A. R. Pike, "Aristocrats and Traders: Sevillian Society in the Sixteenth Century" (Book Review)
REVIEWS mehr
13 THOMPSON, I. A. A. G. Parker, "The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567-1659" (Book Review)
in: Bulletin of Hispanic studies., Vol. 52, No. 1 (1975), p. 79
REVIEW OF BOOKS mehr
14 THOMPSON, I. A. A. Harry A. Miskimin, "The Economy of Later Renaissance Europe, 1460-1600" (Book Review)
19 Thompson, I. A. A. The Armada and administrative reform: the Spanish council of war in the reign of Philip II
in: English Historical Review., Vol. 82, No. 325 (1967), p. 698
20 Thompson, I. A. A. Mallett and Hale, "The Military Organization of a Renaissance State. Venice c. 1400 to 1617" (Book Review)
in: English Historical Review., Vol. 101, No. 398 (1986), p. 171
SHORT REVIEWS mehr
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Writing and giving a eulogy is a way of saying goodbye to someone who has died while at the same time leaving those who have come to the service of remembrance with a fond memory of the deceased. Not an easy task!
While some people welcome the chance to speak during a funeral service, others find it too difficult a job.
There is no wrong or right way to write a eulogy, however, each one is as individual and unique as the speaker who's delivering it and the person whose life it is celebrating. If you've volunteered to write and deliver a eulogy for a friend or relative, here are some tips and advice on how to give a fitting tribute.
Even if you're used to speaking in public, it can be difficult to find the right words for a eulogy. Not only will you be concerned with getting it right and setting the appropriate tone, but you'll also have your own grief to contend with. But remember, this is an opportunity to talk in personal terms about someone who has meant a great deal to you – as well as to others – and therefore you can bring that person to the minds of all present and help them say their goodbyes, too.
When thinking about what to say, consider your audience. Will it include close friends and family only, or will others be present like co-workers or neighbors? Think about what they will want to hear. That doesn't mean suppressing your own thoughts about the deceased – people don't automatically become saints once they die – but rather being a little selective about what memories you share with the audience. It's always better to error on the side of pleasant memories to leave with everyone.
People want to hear something uplifting and inspiring about someone they've lost and who was important to them. As well as an opportunity for people to say goodbye, a funeral is a celebration of someone's life. While the occasion may likely be highly emotional, there's no need to make it one full of somber and depressing words. Don't be afraid to include a little humor in your eulogy.
A eulogy should bring the deceased to life in the minds of the audience and give them something with which to remember him or her by. You can do this by telling little stories about the deceased; the sad as well as the happy times they had, and the out-of-the-ordinary events that they experienced. Talk about the deceased's endearing little habits, their hobbies and interests; this will help build a picture in people's minds. Also talk about what he or she meant to you, and the relationship you enjoyed with them. Recount one or two tales of times the two of you spent together to illustrate the true nature of the deceased and why you will miss them.
You may want to speak to others who were close to the deceased to make sure that your facts are correct. If you've been asked to write a eulogy for someone you didn't know personally, then you should base it on the impression you've gained about the deceased through talking to his or her friends and family.
When delivering a eulogy, some people like to have it written out in front of them, word for word. If you adopt this method, then make sure that you review the eulogy and rehearse it to ensure it doesn't sound too stilted or forced. Remember that we don't speak in perfect sentences. Some people prefer to have a page of key points with them and use these to glance at during their delivery. If you're reading a poem, however, it's obviously best to have it written out word for word, unless you are able to memorize it.
Most eulogies are structured in chronological order, starting with the deceased's childhood and running through the highlights of his or her life. However, there's no rule that says you have to do it this way. You can use a theme for your eulogy, perhaps something that everyone associates with the deceased, and decide on several key points based on this theme.
There's no real need to tell your audience why you're doing what you're doing – they will know. You can, however, tell the audience what your relationship to the deceased was, which will almost certainly be touched upon in your eulogy anyway.
End with a short note of farewell to the deceased, perhaps the last thing you would have wanted to say to him or her. If you choose to end the service with a song, you can explain why you've chosen it and its significance.
Dress appropriately for the occasion; keep any individual statements strictly to words for the deceased. While you may feel a little exposed standing in front of an audience while delivering your eulogy, the audience will be able to hear you better than if you're sitting. Practicing and rehearsing your eulogy before the funeral service will help you not only to polish the text, but also to control your emotions when speaking.
Don't worry if your emotions get the better of you when you deliver the eulogy. Everyone will understand. Delivering a eulogy is never an easy task. No one's expecting you to give a word-perfect delivery, nor are they expecting you to remain completely composed while doing so. Your audience is on your side and you are all sharing the one goal: to say goodbye to someone you loved, remembering them for the unique person they were.


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Rid science of secrecy culture 2
Technology transfer as described in the profile of Susan Searle ("Imperial mint maker", THES, March 28) forms only a part of the spectrum of valuable and dynamic activities that occur at the academic-industrial interface.
Forward-thinking individuals at Cambridge University recognised the value of links with technology-based industry in the late 1960s. In 1970, Trinity College established the Cambridge Science Park and the university set up Wolfson Cambridge Industrial Unit. In 1987, St John's College opened its Innovation Centre and the industrial unit was made responsible for providing support to academics wishing to exploit their intellectual property. In 2000, it became part of the larger and better resourced Research Services Division.
Prior to 2000, the university had major collaborative agreements with Hitachi, Toshiba, Glaxo, Rolls-Royce, Unilever and Microsoft, had spun off some 30 companies and had generated about £1 million a year in income from licensing and sales of software.
Richard Jennings


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An Act Relative to Non-Resident Firearm License Fees
Latest News: S.1434 was filed for the 191st General Court by Sen. Mike Moore.
What it does: This bill cleans up the non-resident LTC language making it a "shall issue", extends the license to six years, establishes a prohibited person, and more.
Why it is important: Currently a non-resident that wishes to exercise their Second Amendment rights in the Commonwealth must obtain a one year temporary license at a cost of $100. Under the current administration those applicants must submit to an interview and are often restricted without cause. This is patently unfair to law abiding individuals who wish to legally exercise their human right of self defense while visiting Massachusetts.
SECTION 1. Section 131F of Chapter 140 of the Massachusetts General Laws, as appearing in the 2010 Official Edition, shall be amended by deleting the following sentence;
"Such license shall be valid for a period of one year but the colonel may renew such license, if in his discretion, such renewal is necessary."
And replacing it with the following: Such license shall be valid for a period of six years.
SECTION 2. Section 131F of Chapter 140 of the Massachusetts General Laws, as appearing in the 2010 Official Edition, shall be amended by deleting the second paragraph in its entirety and replacing it with the following
A license issued under this section shall be marked "License to Carry Firearms". The fee for an application for the license shall be $40, which shall be payable to the licensing authority and shall not be prorated or refunded in case of revocation or denial. The licensing authority shall retain $20 of the fee; $20 of the fee shall be deposited into the general fund of the commonwealth. A license issued under the provisions of this section to a non-resident who is in the employ of a bank, public utility corporation, or a firm engaged in the business of transferring monies, or business of similar nature, or a firm licensed as a private detective under the provisions of chapter one hundred and forty-seven, and whose application is endorsed by his employer, or who is a member of the armed services and is stationed within the territorial boundaries of the commonwealth and has the written consent of his commanding officer, may be issued for any term not to exceed six years, and said licenses shall expire in accordance with the provisions of section one hundred and thirty-one.


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text:
Step on It! is een Amerikaanse western uit 1922 onder regie van Jack Conway.

Verhaal

De cowboy Vic Collins lijdt zware verliezen door veedieven. Hij wordt verliefd op Lorraine Leighton uit Kansas. Hoewel de veedieven hun sporen uitwissen, wordt Lorraine er door iedereen van verdacht dat ze hun aanvoerster is. Vic wil die roddel niet geloven, ook al geeft ze hem een klap op zijn hoofd met de kolf van een geweer, terwijl ze aan het vechten is met een veedief. Uiteindelijk vertelt ze dat ze de boeven wil vangen, omdat haar broer door hun schuld in de cel is beland. Met de hulp van Lafe Brownell kunnen ze de veedieven arresteren.

Rolverdeling

|-
|||Vic Collins
|-
|||Mevrouw Collins
|-
|||Pidge Walters
|-
|||Lorraine Leighton
|-
|||Noisy Johnson
|-
|||Letty Mather
|-
|||Lafe Brownell
|-
|||Bowman
|}

Externe link

Film uit 1922
Amerikaanse film
Western
Film van Jack Conway

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home > Journals > Journal of Orthoptera Research > Volume 15 > Issue 1 > Article
1 June 2006 A comparison of three sampling techniques used to estimate the population density and assemblage diversity of Orthoptera
Tim Gardiner, Julian Hill
Tim Gardiner,1 Julian Hill2
1Centre for Environment & Rural Affairs (CERA), Writtle College, Chelmsford, Essex, UK, CM1 3RR. Email: tg@writtle.ac.uk
2Faculty of Land & Food Resources, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
J. of Orthoptera Research, 15(1):45-51 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1665/1082-6467(2006)15[45:ACOTST]2.0.CO;2
Comparison of the three sampling methods
We undertook a comparative study in 2004 at Writtle College, Chelmsford, Essex, UK, using box quadrat, open quadrat and transect sampling techniques, to ascertain the significance of emigration and immigration of individuals from survey plots during sampling and the implications for abundance estimation and subsequent calculation of assemblage diversity. Both open quadrat and transect techniques consistently produced underestimates of total Orthoptera density, Chorthippus nymph density and Chorthippus parallelus adult density, when compared to box quadrat sampling, although the differences between techniques were not statistically significant. We suggest that these underestimates of density using the former techniques were due to individuals escaping from the observer during sampling, whereas individuals jumped onto the high sides of the box quadrats.
Both open quadrat and transect monitoring tended to miss the tettigoniids Metrioptera roeselii and Conocephalus discolor, leading to underestimates of species richness when compared to box quadrat sampling. We suggest that if surveyors wish to ascertain bushcricket abundance or species richness at a study site, methods that constrain movement of individuals, such as box quadrats, should be used.
Ecologists have frequently quantified the density of populations of Orthoptera in grassland ecosystems, often as indicators of the effects of changes in land management on species conservation (for instance, van Wingerden et al. 1992, Wettstein & Schmid 1999, Bolger et al. 2000, Gardiner et al. 2002). Many of these studies have attempted to make objective measures of population size in the area of interest using mark, release, recapture techniques (MRR: Richards & Waloff 1954, Southwood 1978, Evans et al. 1983, Greenwood 1996) or biocenometers (Isern-Vallverdu et al. 1993). These methods produce data on the total number of individuals per unit area and allow other ecological indicators, such as insect biomass, to be measured (Isern-Vallverdu et al. 1993). However, problems with these methods are the high labor requirement and slow rates of sampling.
Constraints on the rate of sampling often dictate that ecological studies are not conducted using the most precise and accurate methods (New 1998). Therefore, to estimate population size, a strategy of subsampling is necessary to ensure adequate coverage of the survey site. In the majority of UK grassland systems, the sampling methods used to estimate the abundance of Orthoptera have included box quadrats with high sides to prevent individuals migrating away from survey plots (Grayson & Hassall 1985, Cherill & Brown 1990), open quadrats, which lacked physical barriers to control emigration of individuals (Clarke 1948, Richards & Waloff 1954, Gardiner & Pye 2001, Gardiner et al. 2002, Gardiner et al. 2003), and transects (Gardiner et al. 2005b). Transects are a commonly used method of recording insect abundance, particularly for butterflies (Pollard & Yates 1993) and grasshoppers (Wettstein & Schmid 1999). This technique involves a set route walked by an observer at a slow strolling pace, recording any individuals of the target species sighted within agreed parameters (e.g., in a 0.5-m strip in front of the recorder). These three relatively quick and inexpensive sampling techniques require grasshoppers to be flushed out of the sward and then identified visually (Gardiner et al. 2005a). In most studies, flushing of grasshoppers is conducted by brushing the vegetation with a pole, which causes the grasshoppers present in the survey plots to jump upon disturbance, allowing visual identification by an observer. The methods are much affected by the locomotion of the grasshoppers upon disturbance and by the skill of the observer in identifying jumping or flying species. Early data by Clarke (1948) demonstrated that the movement of Chorthippus parallelus could lead to an underestimation of population size, as the majority of grasshoppers jumped when disturbed, but then burrowed down into the vegetation upon landing. If observation of the species was not achieved quickly after the initial sighting, the grasshopper might be overlooked, leading to an underestimation of abundance. In addition, such visual surveys are feasible only at very low population densities.
Estimations of grasshopper density might also be affected by the sampling behavior of the surveyor. For example, is a stationary observer peering into a constrained survey area (e.g., a box quadrat) likely to see more grasshoppers than one who is walking a transect, where grasshoppers on the periphery of the observer's vision could escape undetected?
Open quadrat and transect methods can also suffer from the emigration and immigration of individuals from and to plots during sampling, leading to incorrect estimations of orthopteran abundance at a survey site. Box quadrats seem to provide a solution to these migration errors, with the high sides (>50-cm height) preventing the majority of resident individuals from escaping during quadrat positioning or from entering the plot subsequently. Use of box quad-rat sampling also allows orthopterans to be more easily captured, weighed and classified (instar, sex, species: Grayson & Hassall 1985, Cigliano et al. 2002) than in open quadrat and transect sampling. However, it is important to note that all sampling methods provide only an estimation of the number (density of individuals m−2) of Orthoptera present and not the actual population size (Gardiner et al. 2005a). It is almost impossible to quantify total population size at a survey site, especially where contagious (or clustered) distributions of Orthoptera and tall vegetation are present. For example, in tall vegetation, Orthoptera may remain hidden deep in the foliage, whilst in heterogeneous swards, clusters of Orthoptera may be missed by random sampling methods.
Our objective was to examine and compare population density estimates obtained using box quadrat, open quadrat and transect sampling techniques. The analysis aimed to ascertain the significance of emigration and immigration of individuals from survey plots during sampling and the implications for abundance estimation and subsequent calculation of assemblage diversity.
Study site for comparison of methods.—The study site was located on an area of pasture (O.S. grid reference TL664067; lat 51° 44′ 05″N, long 0° 24′ 33″ E) on the Writtle College Estate, Chelmsford, Essex, UK. The vegetation was dominated by Lolium perenne, interspersed with small patches of bare earth. The overall grasshopper density (of all species combined) at the study site in previous years was 0.48 adults m−2, with Chorthippus albomarginatus and C. parallelus the most abundant species; Chorthippus brunneus was comparatively rare (Gardiner et al. 2002).
Small populations of Chorthippus grasshoppers are known to occur in L. perenne grasslands in the surrounding area. For example, assemblage densities at nearby sites ranged from 0.01 adults m−2 to 0.13 adults m−2 (Gardiner et al. 2002), suggesting that the study site was representative of the local grasshopper populations.
The experiment was conducted in an area of homogeneous vegetation where the sward height was uniformly <20 cm, thus ensuring that Orthoptera could be readily flushed and visually identified. Areas of grassland with tall, dense vegetation (>50 cm in height) were avoided, as there was the possibility that grasshoppers may have remained hidden deep in the foliage, thus avoiding detection.
The approximate size of the Writtle College Estate is 210 ha, mainly comprised of mixed farmland and horticultural areas, with some designated conservation sites. A high proportion of the arable area (amounting to 45% of the total) has been cropped with winter cereals (wheat and barley) for many years. The estate extends over many different soil types, but most originate from glacial boulder clay and have variable pH (5.8 to 8.1) and high moisture content in winter (Neate 1979). Southeast Essex has a relatively dry, temperate climate, characterized by an average air temperature of 10°C (normalized range −5 to 32°C) and annual rainfall of approximately 550 mm.
Sampling methods for Orthoptera density.—Ten surveys were conducted at the study site starting on 25 May 2004, with repeat surveys occurring at approximately 10-d intervals (weather permitting) throughout the summer, and with the last survey date being 30 August. On each survey occasion, 3 sampling methods (box quadrat, open quadrat and transect) were used to search 40 m2 by the observer. The observer had approximately 5 y experience of estimating grasshopper densities in UK grasslands and had extensive experience of using all three methods.
It was possible to accurately determine adult grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) to species on sight. However, grasshopper nymphs are difficult to place to species visually (Richards & Waloff 1954). In preliminary surveys of the experimental areas on the Writtle College Estate in previous years (1999 to 2001), only three Chorthippus species were identified: therefore nymphs on the plots could be confidently assumed to belong to this genus and any nymphal individuals flushed were recorded as Chorthippus spp. nymphs.
Box quadrat design and method of counting Orthoptera.—Box quadrats, with high sides (>50 cm), trap Orthoptera within the boundaries of the quadrat and "a chase" after any escaping individuals is therefore not required (Cherill & Brown 1990, Ausden 1996). The method reduces the effect of migration from a site during a survey. For this reason data collected using box quadrats were compared against other sampling techniques where Orthoptera can more easily escape from the surveyor. The box quadrat used in this study had an area of 1 m2 (1 × 1-m) with sides of 0.6 m height, constructed from wood (Grayson & Hassall 1985). The quadrat was dropped over the vegetation from a height of 0.5 m, trapping grasshoppers and bushcrickets inside and allowing visual identification and counts in situ. Orthoptera were occasionally observed to escape from the plots as the quadrat was dropped onto the vegetation. The location of box quadrat placement was determined by random coordinates selected before the surveys commenced. The x and y coordinates (to the nearest m) of a predetermined corner of the quadrat were taken from a random number table.
Within the quadrat, Orthoptera were flushed from the sward using a pole (diameter: 50 mm, length: 1 m) and quite often jumped onto the wooden quadrat sides where they could be easily identified. On each of the survey occasions, 40 box quadrats were searched for Orthoptera (total area searched 40 A thorough search period, to ensure complete coverage of the vegetation within a quadrat, required approximately 30 s, although the authors acknowledge that in higher density populations (e.g., >2 m−2) a longer search period (>60 s) may be required to record all visible individuals. A fixed 'no-find' period can be adopted, after which surveying of a plot is terminated [e.g., 10 min as in Bridle et al. (2002)]. All surveys commenced in the late afternoon (1600 to 1800) when Orthoptera are less active and therefore easier to identify (Marshall & Haes 1988). Air temperatures just before surveys began varied from 19 to 25°C.
Open quadrat sampling for Orthoptera.—Open quadrat sampling does not control displacement of Orthoptera during a counting period and therefore it is possible that individuals can escape before identification has been confirmed or appear though not originally present. The technique used for the open quadrat study has been reported in detail previously by Gardiner et al. 2002. The observer marks out the corners of each 2 × 2-m quadrat with poles, without disturbing the grasshoppers within by casting shadows. The insects are then flushed by brushing the vegetation with a pole (same dimensions as for box quadrat surveys) and flushing proceeds from one edge of the quadrat to the other, sweeping the vegetation in an arc of 180°. Only grasshoppers within the quadrat at the start of the sweep are recorded, with those leaping in from outside discounted. On each of the survey occasions, 10 randomly located quadrats (positions determined using a random number table as in the box quadrat sampling) were flushed for Orthoptera (total area searched 40 m2). Again, as with the box quadrat sampling, it took the observer approximately 30 s to search and identify the Orthoptera in each quadrat. All surveys commenced in the late afternoon (1600 to 1800) and air temperatures just before surveys, varied from 19 to 25°C.
Transect counts.—At the study site, eight transects of 10-m length were established on each of the survey occasions (total area searched 40 m−2). Each transect was walked at a slow pace (2 km/h) and the number of Orthoptera individuals flushed in a 0.5-m strip in front of the observer counted (in an identical fashion to that reported by Isern-Vallverdu et al. 1993). Each transect walk took the observer approximately 18 s to complete and to identify and record the Orthoptera present. Transect surveys of Orthoptera assemblages by Wettstein & Schmid (1999) used a similar walking speed (1.2 km/h) to survey grasshoppers in a 1 × 20-m strip. All surveys commenced in the late afternoon (1600 to 1800) and air temperatures as surveys commenced varied from 19 to 25ºC.
Sweep sampling to determine species composition and developmental stage on each survey occasion.—Sweep-net sampling was undertaken at the study site on each survey occasion to determine the relative abundance of the developmental stages of Orthoptera. The method used was similar to that reported in other studies (Evans et al. 1983, Karpakakunjaram et al. 2002, O'Neill et al. 2002): a 30-cm diameter net was used to sweep the vegetation once back and forth in a 180° arc (one sample) at a height of 5 cm, the arc covering approximately 3 m. The number of adults and nymphs of grasshoppers and bushcrickets in 20 such sweep samples was recorded on every sampling occasion (10 survey dates) using the key of Capinera & Sechrist (1999) as a general guide to developmental stage. As the key may not be exactly applicable to UK Orthoptera, where there was doubt re the developmental stage of any individual, it was released without classification. Sweep netting was conducted in the late afternoon (1600 to 1800, air temperature 19 to 25°C) on every survey occasion.
Statistical analysis.—All three methods gave a direct measurement of the number of Orthoptera per unit area on the sampled quad-rats or transects (Duffey et al. 1974), and the data were compared as the number of individuals m−2. For each survey occasion, the total counts of all species combined, Chorthippus spp. nymphs and C. parallelus adults for each 2 × 2-m open quadrat, 10-m transect section and box quadrat, were reported as a total density m−2 for each sampling unit. These data were analysed using Friedman's two-way ANOVA (Heath 1995). The number of species per survey obtained using each sampling technique was also compared using Friedman's two-way ANOVA statistic, with sampling technique and survey occasion as the factors.
Assemblage diversity estimates were calculated using Version 3.02 Species Diversity and Richness software (Pisces Conservation Ltd, IRC House, The Square, Pennington, Lymington, Hampshire) from data collated from each of the three methods. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H', Kent & Coker 1992) was calculated for each survey occasion for all methods, using the total number of individuals recorded for each Orthoptera species. The median assemblage diversity for the whole season using each sampling technique was compared using Friedman's two-way ANOVA.
To ascertain whether data collected using the open quadrat and transect methods demonstrated similar trends to that produced using the box quadrats, we used Spearman's rank correlation (Heath 1995). Data included in the correlation analysis were the total number of Orthoptera m−2, density of Chorthippus spp. nymphs, density of C. parallelus adults (other species were not abundant enough for analysis), species richness and assemblage diversity. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 10 (SPSS 1999) according to the methods of Mead et al. 1993.
Assemblage composition.—Five Orthoptera species were recorded at the study site. The most abundant species was C. parallelus, with the proportion of the total number of individuals being >60% and about the same for all three sampling methods (Fig. 1). Metrioptera roeselii and Conocephalus discolor however, were recorded at a greater incidence in box quadrats (combined proportion: 25%) compared to the open quadrat (combined proportion: 13%) or transect methods (combined proportion: 6%). The relative abundance of C. albomarginatus was similar for box quadrat and open quadrat sampling techniques (12% and 13% of total individuals respectively). However, this species formed a much higher proportion of the total Orthoptera number in the transect counts (23% of total individuals). C. brunneus was recorded using the box and open quadrat techniques, but not by transect counting.
Proportion for each Orthoptera species of the total number of individuals recorded for each sampling technique.
Species richness.—Species richness estimates are presented in Table 1. The median species richness per survey for box and open quadrat techniques were identical (three species); however, for the transect sampling method the median species richness was two species per survey. The method of sampling the grassland area had a significant impact on species richness estimates (Friedman's ANOVA: 8.27, d.f. 2, p<0.05).
Number of Orthoptera species recorded using each sampling technique; species absent from open quadrat and transect recording but observed in box quadrat sampling.
The tettigoniids, M. roeselii and C. discolor, discovered when using box quadrat counting, apparently often went unobserved when using open quadrat and transect survey techniques. Consequently, estimates of species richness were lower with open quadrat and transect sampling on several occasions, notably when most Orthoptera were in the late instar (3rd, 4th) stage of development. C. brunneus (a rare species at the site, Fig. 1) was frequently unobserved using the transect and open quadrat methods, despite being recorded during the box quadrat sampling.
Assemblage diversity.—Assemblage diversity estimates were not significantly different among the three sampling techniques (Table 2; Friedman's ANOVA statistic: 3.26, d.f. 2, p>0.05). However, diversity estimates obtained using open quadrat and transect sampling had considerably greater variability than estimates derived using the box quadrat technique.
Assemblage diversity (H′) estimates using each sampling technique.
Orthoptera abundance.—The highest densities were reported on 21 June by all three methods (Fig. 2). Early (25 May-04 June) and late (26 July-20 August) in the monitoring season, both open quadrat and transect techniques underestimated the abundance of Orthoptera when compared to the box quadrat counts. The median Orthoptera densities m−2 for the whole monitoring season, produced using box quadrat (0.88 individuals m−2), open quadrat (0.69 individuals m−2) and transect (0.57 m−2) sampling methods, were not significantly different (Friedman's ANOVA statistic: 2.60, d.f. 2, p>0.05).
Density estimates m−2 of Orthoptera (all species and life stages combined) using each sampling technique.
Abundance of nymphs.—Only nymphs and C. parallelus adults were in sufficient abundance at the study site to warrant individual analysis. The trends for Chorthippus spp. nymphal abundance were similar for all three sampling methods, with a peak density on 21 June observed for all three techniques (Fig. 3). A considerable underestimation (when compared to the box quadrat) of nymphal abundance using both open quadrat and transect techniques was observed on 4 June; contrastingly, an overestimation of abundance occurred using the open quadrat compared to the other techniques on 21 June when densities were at their highest. However, the median nymphal densities m−2 for the whole monitoring season, using box quadrat (0.50 individuals m−2), open quadrat (0.48 individuals m−2) and transect (0.41 individuals m−2) sampling methods, were not significantly different (Friedman's ANOVA statistic: 0.06, d.f. 2, p>0.05).
Density estimates m−2 of Chorthippus spp. nymphs (top) and Chorthippus parallelus adults (bottom) using each sampling technique.
Abundance of Chorthippus parallelus adults.—Akin to Chorthippus spp. nymphal abundance, C. parallelus adult density followed a similar trend for all three sampling methods, although peak density was determined on 13 July for all three techniques (Fig. 3). A large underestimate of adult abundance using the transect technique occurred on 13 July. However, the median C. parallelus adult density m−2 for the whole monitoring season, produced using box quadrat (0.10 individuals m−2), open quadrat (0.09 individuals m−2) and transect (0.10 individuals m−2) sampling methods, was not significantly affected by sampling technique (Friedman's ANOVA statistic: 3.44, d.f. 2, p>0.05).
Correlation of open quadrat and transect data with box quadrat estimates.—Highly significant correlations (p<0.01) between the abundance estimates of total Orthoptera (all species combined), Chorthippus spp. nymphs and C. parallelus adults using open quadrat and transect techniques, and estimates from box quadrat sampling were observed (Table 3). Estimates of assemblage diversity were also significantly correlated between box quadrat sampling and open quadrat (p<0.05) and transect sampling (p<0.01). Although species richness was significantly correlated between box and open quadrat sampling (p<0.05), no such relationship was detected for the transect technique, suggesting that patterns of species richness using this method did not follow the overall trend produced by the box quadrat surveys.
Spearman's rank correlations (rs values displayed) between assemblage attributes, recorded from box quadrat sampling and open quadrat and transect techniques.
Both open quadrat and transect sampling methods produced statistically similar estimates of the density of Orthoptera m−2 (Fig. 2), and of Chorthippus spp. nymphs and C. parallelus adults (Fig. 3), throughout the season (May–August), when compared to box quadrat estimates. Density estimates using open quadrat and transect techniques also seemed to follow the seasonal patterns of abundance displayed from the box quadrat counts (Figs 2, 3; Table 3). However, on 4 June, there was a substantial underestimate of the abundance of Chorthippus spp. nymphs using the open quadrat and transect sampling methods (Fig. 3).
One explanation for the underestimation of density using open quadrat and transect flushing techniques could be emigration. During sampling, grasshoppers were observed escaping from the survey area before identification (of developmental stage/species) could be completed; therefore these individuals were not counted. However, with box quadrat counting, in approximately 50% of box quadrats, individuals attempting to escape jumped onto the quadrat sides thus allowing their easy identification. It may be very easy for individuals on the periphery of the observer's vision to escape without being counted in a high-density population and some confusion (and overestimation of numbers due to counting the same individuals twice) can be caused when multiple individuals are flushed at the same time, especially if there is a need to confirm species identification.
The data reported in this paper suggest that migration of individuals during sampling had no significant effect on the density estimates of nymphal and adult Orthoptera at the study site. A comparison between the species richness and assemblage diversity using each sampling technique was also undertaken (Tables 1 and 2). M. roeselii and C. discolor were not recorded on several occasions using the open quadrat and transect methods, whereas they were identified within the box quadrats. Overlooking these two species led to an underestimate of species richness on many occasions which affected subsequent assemblage diversity calculations. It may be better to use sweep-sampling techniques, which have been thoroughly tested in the field, to determine the species richness of Orthoptera assemblages, particularly in grasslands (sward height < 50 cm) with moderate or high densities of grasshoppers (> 2 adults m−2; Gardiner et al. 2005a).
The two bushcricket species at the study site may have emigrated from the survey plots before identification could be confirmed. In-deed, M. roeselii and C. discolor were observed to jump onto the box quadrat sides on numerous occasions, allowing easy identification; with the other methods where emigration was not controlled, they may well have escaped unnoticed, particularly C. discolor, as it is a very small elusive bushcricket that often adopts a cryptic posture on the vegetation (Marshall & Haes 1988). C. discolor individuals often flatten their bodies against grass stems and extend their hind limbs when approached by an observer. This cryptic behavior is often accompanied by movements of the individual around a grass stem so as to keep the perch between themselves and the observer (G. Morris pers. comm.). Macropterous forms of M. roeselii (f. diluta) and C. discolor are highly mobile and able to escape readily from the observer before identification has been confirmed. The behavior of the observer differed between the sampling techniques and may also have led to bushcrickets being overlooked, particularly when transect counting, because the observer is constantly on the move (with only short stops to record sightings) and unable to spend time searching the vegetation in any detail. However, during open and box quadrat counts the observer was able to inspect the vegetation with more care due to a stationary position; therefore individuals on the periphery of the survey areas may not have escaped detection as easily as with transect counting. Both M. roeselii and C. discolor can however be detected by their stridulation (Marshall & Haes 1988), and it may be possible to record their presence and abundance using bioacoustic techniques (Gardiner et al. 2005a).
Over the course of the season, assemblage diversity determined using open quadrat and transect methods was not significantly less than the box quadrat diversity index, indicating that both methods may be used to ascertain assemblage diversity in a study of UK grass-lands with some confidence, especially where relative differences are of interest. Where the abundance and species richness/assemblage diversity of bushcrickets is the main focus of the study, more precise methods such as box quadrats or sweep sampling should be used. However, the low densities of elusive species such as C. discolor and M. roeselii would mean that a high number of box quadrats would need to be placed in grasslands to accurately determine abundance.
This study provides data on the abundance of Orthoptera throughout the season in a UK grassland, which may be useful in determining the optimum survey dates (although this will depend on weather conditions in different years) to maximize detection rates. It would seem that immature grasshoppers are in highest numbers in June or early July (peak on 21 June) and surveys for nymphs should be undertaken at this time. C. parallelus adults were in highest abundance on 13 and 26 July and declined rapidly after the latter date; therefore there may be a narrow time window for surveying adults of this species in L. perenne grasslands.
Caution must be exercised in relating the results from this study of assemblages of improved L. perenne grassland to other sites. For example, densities of Orthoptera were relatively low in this study (densities mostly <2 individuals m−2) when compared to acid grassland where densities can exceed 4 adults m−2 (Gardiner et al. 2002). The accuracy of open quadrat and transect techniques may be severely reduced in such high-density populations due to migration of individuals during counting (Gardiner et al. 2005a). Further research is needed into the efficiency of open quadrat and transect methods at a range of sites with differing vegetation types and Orthoptera densities.
In conclusion, open quadrat and transect methods may provide fairly accurate and quick estimates of nymphal and adult Orthoptera abundance in UK grasslands, providing that the same surveyor undertakes the monitoring. Species richness and assemblage diversity may be underestimated using both methods in comparison to box quadrat counts, although the differences may be small. Therefore, when viewing data collected using these techniques, it is important to state the limitations of the sampling. When the objective of the study is to determine bushcricket presence, box quadrat counts or sweep sampling are more suitable, reflecting the tendency of both C. discolor and M. roeselii to be overlooked by open quadrat and transect counting.
The authors wish to thank Writtle College for funding this project. Thanks are also extended to two anonymous referees and Dr Glenn Morris whose comments were extremely constructive and helpful in revising this paper.
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Journal of Orthoptera Research
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Tim Gardiner, Julian Hill "A comparison of three sampling techniques used to estimate the population density and assemblage diversity of Orthoptera," Journal of Orthoptera Research, 15(1), 45-51, (1 June 2006)


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text:
Doctor Who recap: 'The Lie of the Land'
By Nivea Serrao
June 03, 2017 at 10:03 PM EDT
Simon Ridgway/BBC America
S10 E8
Last week left us wondering what life under the Monks — yeah, that's their official name for now — would be like. This week we learned that, like all great dystopian societies ruled by evil overlords, it's filled with rewritten history, wholesale propaganda, and of course, memory police. It's a place where owning a box of comic books or even remembering the Monks have only been on Earth for six months (instead of from 1975) is a serious offense.
Amid all this is Bill. She's been searching for both Nardole and the Doctor (who's been part of the Monk's broadcasts) for months to no avail. Luckily she's got some emotional, if not physical, support from her birth mother, whose spirit she still talks to, as we've seen in previous episodes. Not that she has to look for too long: As it turns out, Nardole tracks her down!
"Nardie" has been looking for the Doctor as well, but with more luck. He's tracked him down to this ship where he's being held captive. So after a hearty round of well-deserved hugs, both companions hop onto a supply ship and sneak on board, eager to rescue the Doctor from the Monk's clutches. Only it seems he doesn't want to be saved. He even calls his guards and the Monks and sets them on Bill. Upset at his betrayal, and for struggling through the Monks' attempts to mentally control her for months, Bill draws a gun and shoots the Doctor.
And just like that, he reveals that this whole thing was an act to see if she was under the control of the Monks. The Doctor's been working on rescuing and deprogramming people one by one. His entire retinue of guards is free from the Monks' control. Now reunited, Bill and the Doctor go to consult "the one person almost as smart as me": Missy.
The "Mistress," it seems, is attempting to turn over a new leaf — with the Doctor's help, of course. As a result, she confirms the Doctor's theory that the Monks are controlling the world's population through their memory and perception centers. She also tells him that he will have to kill, or render brain-dead, the person who formed the psychic link with the Monks in the first place. The Doctor expressly states that this is not an option. Missy points out that this is her saving the world because she wants to.
Later, with Nardole and the rest of the rebels, Bill calls out the Doctor about know this was the solution. This is why he never sought her out earlier. He argues that he wanted her back by his side because it is the safest place in the world. However, the Doctor is able to come up with a plan. He's going to plug his brain into the device transmitting the memories of the Monks through Bill's psychic link. That should definitely override everything and fix the situation. He also decides it's a great opportunity to rid the world of "racism and people who talk in the cinema."
So, armed with headphones and tapes with Bill reiterating the truth about the Monks, they head into the Monks' headquarters in the center of London — but not before the Doctor points out that there are only 12 Monks controlling the whole world. Their secret to global domination? Those massive statues of themselves they put up all over the world in every part of every city. It's funny because its both a practical plan and also Evil Dictator 101. As lame as their name kind of is, these villains are both smart and efficient.
However, like all great plans, things go south quickly. They get into a skirmish with the Monks that is very reminiscent of Mockingjay Part 2. Alan, one of the guards, takes a bullet to his Walkman. Now inundated with the Monks' propaganda, he holds a gun up to the Doctor's head… But resident bad-arse Nardole takes him out with a well-executed Torovian Neck Pinch.
Once inside the main room where the device is, the Doctor hooks himself up to the device, or rather, what appears to be a Monk's open brain. In any case, it doesn't quite work as easily as he expected. Even his megamind isn't strong enough to withstand the Monks' device fighting back. When he wakes up, he's all tied up and Bill is bidding him and Nardole goodbye…
(Recap continues on page 2)
Despite his protests, Bill hooks herself up. It doesn't take long until her own memories start getting corrupted… until she starts thinking of her mother. Turns out, Bill keeping her alive in her mind all these years has created a window to a world without the Monks, so that memory can't be corrupted. Slowly, that begins to be transmitted into the world. And, as the Doctor notes, this glimpse of freedom is all you need. People start rebelling. And just like that, the Monks literally rush into their pyramid and take off.
Later on, the Doctor tells Bill that people like her are what make saving the earth so worth it. Also her 3,000-word paper on "the mechanics of free will" is due — like she didn't just earn her paper by saving the whole world. But she's not the only one with homework: The final scene reveals Missy in the Vault, the Doctor by her side, and tears streaming down her face. She's remembering all the people she's responsible for killing and their names. No one warned her about this. The Doctor sympathizes but tells her this is a step in the right direction.
We've been speculating about what's inside the Vault and who Bill's mother is, and this episode touches on both. It was Missy all along, only she's attempting to turn over a new leaf, and Bill isn't special after all (or so it seems for now). I'm intrigued by Missy's attempts to be good. It gives her a different kind of motivation than she's had in the past, and allows her to be shaped by recent events — not to mention it gives Gomez and Capaldi a new dynamic to play in their characters' relationship. However, there is the matter of her "previous" or "other" adventures and how she met the Monks then. Could she know their true form? Could she be working with them as part of a long con? That's probably what's going to happen. But I'm enjoying Missy's remorse for now.
As for Bill's mum, I'm a little relieved by the first sort-of reveal. I like the idea of Bill being a regular girl because it reiterates the role of the companion as a surrogate for the audience. She is meant to represent us, and so far, she's succeeding. I do quite like the fact that it was her memories of her mother and love for her that saved the day. I wonder if it was so effective because it was as pure as what Bill felt for the Doctor, the very thing that made her a worthy person to accept the Monks' offer without dying. (I suspect it's why the Doctor's attempt failed.) Having said all that, I still suspect that there has to be a little more to how we've been introduced to Bill's relationship with her mother and the way she interacts with her imagining of her. Nardole pointed out that there was something not entirely normal about the whole thing, but that may have been just because it was the thing that eventually saved the day. In any case, I still want Bill to meet her mother in some way. Also, I appreciate that she hasn't pulled a Rose yet and gone back in time to see her. Though that's probably because she's very science fiction savvy.
One thing I did notice this week though is that the stakes for this season have always gotten a lot more steeper — at least for me — when it turns out that Bill (and sometimes Nardole) is in grave danger. This, of course, stems from the fact that we know the Doctor can't ever truly be in that much danger, and that he's clever enough to think his way out. His companions have never been so lucky: Over the years we've seen all kinds of fates befall them. That's what makes me hope that Bill and Nardole a) don't get separated in case this shapes up to be their last season too b) both of them stick around for the next Doctor.
I do wonder what it meant for Bill to be able to shoot the Doctor so easily (and repeatedly at that) when it came down to it. Sure, she was technically trying to save the world, and the whole thing was a test on the Doctor and Nardole's part, but it was definitely a cruel one as seen in how she reacted. Mackie, for her part, sold every inch of the emotional arc in that scene. It also offered us yet another fake-out in terms of the Doctor's future regeneration — though I wonder if that had any effect on Bill, because I don't think she quite knows what it even means for the Doctor to regenerate yet.
One thing that was impressive about this episode was how well it was able to maintain and manage the whole dystopian vibe, at different times evoking 1984, The Handmaid's Tale, and even the Mockingjay Part 2 with that sequence in the pyramid. In doing so we got some interesting ruminations on the kinds of power structures that keep these kinds of systems in place, especially when memory and perception get involved. Nardole and the Doctor even comment on it at different points ("However bad a situation is, if people think that's how it's always been, they put up with it. It's 90% of the job done." / "History was saying to you, 'I have some examples of fascism to look at. No? Fundamentalism? Oh okay. You carry on.'").
Any Who, next week is another standalone adventure, this one penned by Mark Gatiss and featuring the Ice Warriors, which should be nothing short of cool cool cool.
Doctor Who recap: Mirror mirror, on the wall
Doctor Who recap: An old foe returns in a solid but underwhelming season finale
Doctor Who recap: Love and death in 1947 India
Doctor Who recap: The Doctor faces her deadliest foe in a delightful New Year's special
Doctor Who recap: Not so itsy-bitsy spiders
Doctor Who recap: A happy reunion
Doctor Who recap: One Pting leads to another
Doctor Who recap: 'The Lie of the Land'


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text:
Timing Calorie Intake Synchronizes Circadian Rhythms Across Multiple Systems
Summary: Time-restricted eating influences gene expression over more than 22 regions in the brain and body. The findings have implications for a range of health disorders in which time-restricted eating appears to have potential benefits.
Source: Salk Institute
Numerous studies have shown health benefits of time-restricted eating including increase in life span in laboratory studies, making practices like intermittent fasting a hot topic in the wellness industry.
However, exactly how it affects the body on the molecular level, and how those changes interact across multiple organ systems, has not been well understood.
Now, Salk scientists show in mice how time-restricted eating influences gene expression across more than 22 regions of the body and brain. Gene expression is the process through which genes are activated and respond to their environment by creating proteins.
The findings, published in Cell Metabolism on January 3, 2023, have implications for a wide range of health conditions where time-restricted eating has shown potential benefits, including diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and cancer.
"We found that there is a system-wide, molecular impact of time-restricted eating in mice," says Professor Satchidananda Panda, senior author and holder of the Rita and Richard Atkinson Chair at Salk.
"Our results open the door for looking more closely at how this nutritional intervention activates genes involved in specific diseases, such as cancer."
For the study, two groups of mice were fed the same high-calorie diet. One group was given free access to the food. The other group was restricted to eating within a feeding window of nine hours each day.
After seven weeks, tissue samples were collected from 22 organ groups and the brain at different times of the day or night and analyzed for genetic changes. Samples included tissues from the liver, stomach, lungs, heart, adrenal gland, hypothalamus, different parts of the kidney and intestine, and different areas of the brain.
The authors found that 70% of mouse genes respond to time-restricted eating.
"By changing the timing of food, we were able to change the gene expression not just in the gut or in the liver, but also in thousands of genes in the brain," says Panda.
Nearly 40% of genes in the adrenal gland, hypothalamus, and pancreas were affected by time-restricted eating. These organs are important for hormonal regulation. Hormones coordinate functions in different parts of the body and brain, and hormonal imbalance is implicated in many diseases from diabetes to stress disorders. The results offer guidance to how time-restricted eating may help manage these diseases.
Interestingly, not all sections of the digestive tract were affected equally. While genes involved in the upper two portions of the small intestine—the duodenum and jejunum—were activated by time-restricted eating, the ileum, at the lower end of the small intestine, was not.
The authors found that 70% of mouse genes respond to time-restricted eating. Image is in the public domain
This finding could open a new line of research to study how jobs with shiftwork, which disrupts our 24-hour biological clock (called the circadian rhythm) impact digestive diseases and cancers. Previous research by Panda's team showed that time-restricted eating improved the health of firefighters, who are typically shift workers.
The researchers also found that time-restricted eating aligned the circadian rhythms of multiple organs of the body.
"Circadian rhythms are everywhere in every cell," says Panda. "We found that time-restricted eating synchronized the circadian rhythms to have two major waves: one during fasting, and another just after eating. We suspect this allows the body to coordinate different processes."
Next, Panda's team will take a closer look at the effects of time-restricted eating on specific conditions or systems involved in the study, such as atherosclerosis, which is a hardening of the arteries that is often a precursor to heart disease and stroke, as well as chronic kidney disease.
About this diet and genetics research news
Author: Press Office
Contact: Press Office – Salk Institute
Image: The image is in the public domain
Original Research: Open access.
"Diurnal transcriptome landscape of a multi-tissue response to time-restricted feeding in mammals" by Shaunak Deota et al. Cell Metabolism
Diurnal transcriptome landscape of a multi-tissue response to time-restricted feeding in mammals
80% of genes are differentially expressed or rhythmic under TRF in at least one tissue
TRF decreases genes involved in inflammatory signaling and glycerolipid metabolism
TRF increases genes involved in RNA processing, protein folding, and autophagy
TRF causes multi-tissue rewiring of BCAA, glucose, and lipid metabolism
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is an emerging behavioral nutrition intervention that involves a daily cycle of feeding and fasting. In both animals and humans, TRF has pleiotropic health benefits that arise from multiple organ systems, yet the molecular basis of TRF-mediated benefits is not well understood.
Here, we subjected mice to isocaloric ad libitum feeding (ALF) or TRF of a western diet and examined gene expression changes in samples taken from 22 organs and brain regions collected every 2 h over a 24-h period.
We discovered that TRF profoundly impacts gene expression. Nearly 80% of all genes show differential expression or rhythmicity under TRF in at least one tissue. Functional annotation of these changes revealed tissue- and pathway-specific impacts of TRF.
These findings and resources provide a critical foundation for future mechanistic studies and will help guide human time-restricted eating (TRE) interventions to treat various disease conditions with or without pharmacotherapies.
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Kate wanted Charlotte's dress remade before the Harry-Meghan wedding