text:
Security Bulletin
Microsoft Security Bulletin MS08-071 - Critical
Vulnerabilities in GDI Could Allow Remote Code Execution (956802)
This security update resolves two privately reported vulnerabilities in GDI. Exploitation of either of these vulnerabilities could allow remote code execution if a user opens a specially crafted WMF image file. An attacker who successfully exploited these vulnerabilities could take complete control of an affected system. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts with full user rights. Users whose accounts are configured to have fewer user rights on the system could be less impacted than users who operate with administrative user rights.
This security update is rated Critical for all supported editions of Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2008. For more information, see the subsection, Affected and Non-Affected Software, in this section.
The security update addresses the vulnerabilities by modifying the way GDI validates file size parameters and performs integer calculations to prevent overflow conditions. For more information about the vulnerabilities, see the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) subsection for the specific vulnerability entry under the next section, Vulnerability Information.
Recommendation. Microsoft recommends that customers apply the update immediately.
Known Issues. None
Affected and Non-Affected Software
The following software have been tested to determine which versions or editions are affected. Other versions or editions are either past their support life cycle or are not affected. To determine the support life cycle for your software version or edition, visit Microsoft Support Lifecycle.
Affected Software
Maximum Security Impact
Aggregate Severity Rating
Bulletins Replaced by this Update
Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
Windows XP Service Pack 3 Remote Code Execution Critical None
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Service Pack 2 Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition Service Pack 2 Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
Windows Server 2003 with SP1 for Itanium-based Systems and Windows Server 2003 with SP2 for Itanium-based Systems Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
Windows Vista and Windows Vista Service Pack 1 Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
Windows Vista x64 Edition and Windows Vista x64 Edition Service Pack 1 Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
Windows Server 2008 for 32-bit Systems* Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
Windows Server 2008 for x64-based Systems* Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems Remote Code Execution Critical MS08-021
*Windows Server 2008 server core installation affected. For supported editions of Windows Server 2008, this update applies, with the same severity rating, whether or not Windows Server 2008 was installed using the Server Core installation option. For more information on this installation option, see Server Core. Note that the Server Core installation option does not apply to certain editions of Windows Server 2008; see Compare Server Core Installation Options.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Related to This Security Update
Where are the file information details?
The file information details can be found in Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 956802.
Why does this update address several reported security vulnerabilities?
This update contains support for several vulnerabilities because the modifications that are required to address these issues are located in related files. Instead of having to install several updates that are almost the same, customers need to install this update only.
I am using an older release of the software discussed in this security bulletin. What should I do?
The affected software listed in this bulletin have been tested to determine which releases are affected. Other releases are past their support life cycle. To determine the support life cycle for your software release, visit Microsoft Support Lifecycle.
It should be a priority for customers who have older releases of the software to migrate to supported releases to prevent potential exposure to vulnerabilities. For more information about the Windows Product Lifecycle, visit Microsoft Support Lifecycle. For more information about the extended security update support period for these software versions or editions, visit Microsoft Product Support Services.
Customers who require custom support for older releases must contact their Microsoft account team representative, their Technical Account Manager, or the appropriate Microsoft partner representative for custom support options. Customers without an Alliance, Premier, or Authorized Contract can contact their local Microsoft sales office. For contact information, visit Microsoft Worldwide Information, select the country, and then click Go to see a list of telephone numbers. When you call, ask to speak with the local Premier Support sales manager. For more information, see the Windows Operating System Product Support Lifecycle FAQ.
Severity Ratings and Vulnerability Identifiers
Vulnerability Severity Rating and Maximum Security Impact by Affected Software
GDI Integer Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-2249
GDI Heap Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-3465
Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 Critical
Remote Code Execution Moderate
Remote Code Execution Critical
Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows XP Service Pack 3 Critical
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Service Pack 2 Critical
Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 Critical
Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition Service Pack 2 Critical
Windows Server 2003 with SP1 for Itanium-based Systems and Windows Server 2003 with SP2 for Itanium-based Systems Critical
Windows Vista and Windows Vista Service Pack 1 Critical
Remote Code Execution Low
Denial of Service Critical
Windows Vista x64 Edition and Windows Vista x64 Edition Service Pack 1 Critical
Windows Server 2008 for 32-bit Systems\* Critical
Windows Server 2008 for x64-based Systems\* Critical
Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems Critical
**\*Windows Server 2008 server core installation affected.** For supported editions of Windows Server 2008, this update applies, with the same severity rating, whether or not Windows Server 2008 was installed using the Server Core installation option. For more information on this installation option, see [Server Core](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms723891(vs.85).aspx). Note that the Server Core installation option does not apply to certain editions of Windows Server 2008; see [Compare Server Core Installation Options](http://www.microsoft.com/windowsserver2008/en/us/compare-core-installation.aspx). GDI Integer Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-2249 -------------------------------------------------- A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that GDI handles integer calculations. The vulnerability could allow remote code execution if a user opens a specially crafted WMF image file. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could take complete control of an affected system. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts. To view this vulnerability as a standard entry in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures list, see [CVE-2008-2249](http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=cve-2008-2249). #### Mitigating Factors for GDI Integer Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-2249 Mitigation refers to a setting, common configuration, or general best-practice, existing in a default state, that could reduce the severity of exploitation of a vulnerability. The following mitigating factors may be helpful in your situation: - An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could gain the same user rights as the local user. Users whose accounts are configured to have fewer user rights on the system could be less impacted than users who operate with administrative user rights. - In a Web-based attack scenario, an attacker could host a Web site that contains a Web page that is used to exploit this vulnerability. In addition, compromised Web sites and Web sites that accept or host user-provided content or advertisements could contain specially crafted content that could exploit this vulnerability. In all cases, however, an attacker would have no way to force users to visit these Web sites. Instead, an attacker would have to convince users to visit the Web site, typically by getting them to click a link in an e-mail message or Instant Messenger message that takes users to the attacker's Web site. - Users who have installed and are using the [Office Document Open Confirmation Tool](https://www.microsoft.com/download/details.aspx?familyid=8b5762d2-077f-4031-9ee6-c9538e9f2a2f) for Office 2000 will be prompted with Open, Save, or Cancel before opening a document. The features of the Office Document Open Confirmation Tool are incorporated in Office XP and later editions of Office. #### Workarounds for GDI Integer Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-2249 Workaround refers to a setting or configuration change that does not correct the underlying vulnerability but would help block known attack vectors before you apply the update. Microsoft has tested the following workarounds and states in the discussion whether a workaround reduces functionality: - **Turn off metafile processing by modifying the registry** Customers who have applied MS07-017 or customers using Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008 can disable metafile processing by modifying the registry. This setting will help protect the affected system from attempts to exploit this vulnerability. To modify the key, follow these steps: **Note** Using Registry Editor incorrectly can cause serious problems that may require you to reinstall your operating system. Microsoft cannot guarantee that problems resulting from the incorrect use of Registry Editor can be solved. Use Registry Editor at your own risk. For information about how to edit the registry, view the "Changing Keys And Values" Help topic in Registry Editor (Regedit.exe) or view the "Add and Delete Information in the Registry" and "Edit Registry Data" Help topics in Regedt32.exe. 1. Click **Start**, click **Run**, type **Regedit** in the **Open** box, and then click **OK**. 2. Locate and then click the following registry subkey: HKEY\_LOCAL\_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\GRE\_Initialize 3. On the **Edit** menu, point to **New**, and then click **DWORD**. 4. Type **DisableMetaFiles**, and then press ENTER. 5. On the **Edit** menu, click **Modify** to modify the DisableMetaFiles registry entry. 6. In the **Value data** box, type **1**, and then click **OK**. 7. Exit Registry Editor. 8. Reboot the computer. **Impact of workaround.** Turning off processing of metafiles may cause the appearance of the output from software or system components to decrease in quality. Turning off processing of metafiles may also cause software or system components to fail completely. This workaround has been identified to have a potentially significant functionality impact and should be evaluated and tested carefully to determine its applicability. Examples include the following: - You cannot print on the computer. - Some applications on the computer may be unable to display Clipart. - Some scenarios that involve OLE rendering may break. This most often occurs when the object server is not active. For more information on this setting read [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 941835](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/941835). **How to undo the workaround.** 1. Click **Start**, click **Run**, type **Regedit** in the **Open** box, and then click **OK**. 2. Locate and then click the following registry subkey: HKEY\_LOCAL\_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\GRE\_Initialize 3. On the **Edit** menu, click **Modify** to modify the DisableMetaFiles registry entry. 4. In the **Value** data box, type **0**, and then click **OK**. 5. Exit Registry Editor. 6. Reboot the computer. You may have to restart your computer for this change to take effect. - **Read E-mail in Plain Text** To help protect yourself from the e-mail attack vector, read e-mail messages in plain text format. Microsoft Outlook 2002 users who have applied Office XP Service Pack 1 or a later version and Microsoft Outlook Express 6 users who have applied Internet Explorer 6 Service Pack 1 or a later version can enable this setting and view e-mail messages that are not digitally signed or e-mail messages that are not encrypted in plain text only. Digitally signed e-mail messages or encrypted e-mail messages are not affected by the setting and may be read in their original formats. For more information about how to enable this setting in Outlook 2002, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 307594](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/307594). For information about this setting in Outlook Express 6, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 291387](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/291387). **Impact of workaround:** E-mail messages that are viewed in plain text format will not contain pictures, specialized fonts, animations, or other rich content. Additionally: - The changes are applied to the preview pane and to open messages. - Pictures become attachments so that they are not lost. - Because the message is still in Rich Text or HTML format in the store, the object model (custom code solutions) may behave unexpectedly. #### FAQ for GDI Integer Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-2249 **What is the scope of the vulnerability?** This is a remote code execution vulnerability. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could take complete control of an affected system. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts with full user rights. **What causes the vulnerability?** The vulnerability is caused by a buffer overflow when GDI improperly processes a malformed header in a specially crafted WMF image file. **What is GDI?** The Microsoft Windows graphics device interface (GDI) enables applications to use graphics and formatted text on both the video display and the printer. Windows-based applications do not access the graphics hardware directly. Instead, GDI interacts with device drivers on behalf of applications. For more information about GDI, visit the [Windows GDI Start Page](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536795.aspx). **What is the Windows Metafile (WMF) image format?** The WMF image format is a 16-bit metafile format that can contain both vector information and bitmap information. It is optimized for the Windows operating system. For more information about image types and formats, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 320314](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/320314). Additional information about these file formats is also available at the [MSDN Library Web Site](http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/gdicpp/gdiplus/aboutgdiplus/imagesbitmapsandmetafiles/metafiles.asp). **What might an attacker use the vulnerability to do?** An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could run arbitrary code. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts with full user rights. **How could an attacker exploit the vulnerability?** This vulnerability requires that a user view a specially crafted image file. In an e-mail attack scenario, an attacker could exploit the vulnerability by sending an e-mail with a specially-crafted WMF image file embedded in it to the user and convincing the user to view or preview the email. An attacker could also embed a specially-crafted WMF image file in an Office document and convince the user to open the file. In a Web-based attack scenario, an attacker would have to host a Web site that contains a WMF image file that is used to attempt to exploit this vulnerability. In addition, compromised Web sites and Web sites that accept or host user-provided content could contain specially crafted content that could exploit this vulnerability. An attacker would have no way to force users to visit a specially crafted Web site. Instead, an attacker would have to convince them to visit the Web site, typically by getting them to click a link in an e-mail message or Instant Messenger message that takes them to the attacker's site. **What systems are primarily at risk from the vulnerability?** Workstations and terminal servers are primarily at risk. Servers could be at more risk if administrators allow users to log on to servers and to run programs. However, best practices strongly discourage allowing this. **What does the update do?** The update addresses the vulnerability by modifying the way GDI performs integer calculations to prevent an overflow condition. **When this security bulletin was issued, had this vulnerability been publicly disclosed?** No. Microsoft received information about this vulnerability through responsible disclosure. Microsoft had not received any information to indicate that this vulnerability had been publicly disclosed when this security bulletin was originally issued. This security bulletin addresses the privately disclosed vulnerability as well as additional issues discovered through internal investigations. **When this security bulletin was issued, had Microsoft received any reports that this vulnerability was being exploited?** No. Microsoft had not received any information to indicate that this vulnerability had been publicly used to attack customers and had not seen any examples of proof of concept code published when this security bulletin was originally issued. GDI Heap Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-3465 ----------------------------------------------- A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that GDI handles file size parameters in WMF files. The vulnerability could allow remote code execution if a third-party application uses a specific Microsoft API to copy a specially crafted WMF image file. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could take complete control of an affected system. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts. To view this vulnerability as a standard entry in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures list, see [CVE-2008-3465](http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=cve-2008-3465). #### Mitigating Factors for GDI Heap Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-3465 Mitigation refers to a setting, common configuration, or general best-practice, existing in a default state, that could reduce the severity of exploitation of a vulnerability. The following mitigating factors may be helpful in your situation: - An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could gain the same user rights as the local user. Users whose accounts are configured to have fewer user rights on the system could be less impacted than users who operate with administrative user rights. #### Workarounds for GDI Heap Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-3465 Workaround refers to a setting or configuration change that does not correct the underlying vulnerability but would help block known attack vectors before you apply the update. Microsoft has tested the following workarounds and states in the discussion whether a workaround reduces functionality: - **Turn off metafile processing by modifying the registry** Customers who have applied MS07-017 or customers using Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008 can disable metafile processing by modifying the registry. This setting will help protect the affected system from attempts to exploit this vulnerability. To modify the key, follow these steps: **Note** Using Registry Editor incorrectly can cause serious problems that may require you to reinstall your operating system. Microsoft cannot guarantee that problems resulting from the incorrect use of Registry Editor can be solved. Use Registry Editor at your own risk. For information about how to edit the registry, view the "Changing Keys And Values" Help topic in Registry Editor (Regedit.exe) or view the "Add and Delete Information in the Registry" and "Edit Registry Data" Help topics in Regedt32.exe. 1. Click **Start**, click **Run**, type **Regedit** in the **Open** box, and then click **OK**. 2. Locate and then click the following registry subkey: HKEY\_LOCAL\_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\GRE\_Initialize 3. On the **Edit** menu, point to **New**, and then click **DWORD**. 4. Type **DisableMetaFiles**, and then press ENTER. 5. On the **Edit** menu, click **Modify** to modify the DisableMetaFiles registry entry. 6. In the **Value data** box, type **1**, and then click **OK**. 7. Exit Registry Editor. 8. Reboot the computer. **Impact of workaround.** Turning off processing of metafiles may cause the appearance of the output from software or system components to decrease in quality. Turning off processing of metafiles may also cause software or system components to fail completely. This workaround has been identified to have a potentially significant functionality impact and should be evaluated and tested carefully to determine its applicability. Examples include the following: - You cannot print on the computer. - Some applications on the computer may be unable to display Clipart. - Some scenarios that involve OLE rendering may break. This most often occurs when the object server is not active. For more information on this setting read [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 941835](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/941835). **How to undo the workaround.** 1. Click **Start**, click **Run**, type **Regedit** in the **Open** box, and then click **OK**. 2. Locate and then click the following registry subkey: HKEY\_LOCAL\_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\GRE\_Initialize 3. On the **Edit** menu, click **Modify** to modify the DisableMetaFiles registry entry. 4. In the **Value** data box, type **0**, and then click **OK**. 5. Exit Registry Editor. 6. Reboot the computer. You may have to restart your computer for this change to take effect. #### FAQ for GDI Heap Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-3465 **What is the scope of the vulnerability?** This is a remote code execution vulnerability. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could take complete control of an affected system. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts with full user rights. **What causes the vulnerability?** The vulnerability is caused by a heap overflow when GDI improperly processes a malformed file size parameter in a specially crafted WMF image file. **What is GDI?** The Microsoft Windows graphics device interface (GDI) enables applications to use graphics and formatted text on both the video display and the printer. Windows-based applications do not access the graphics hardware directly. Instead, GDI interacts with device drivers on behalf of applications. For more information about GDI, visit the [Windows GDI Start Page](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536795.aspx). **What is the Windows Metafile (WMF) image format?** The WMF image format is a 16-bit metafile format that can contain both vector information and bitmap information. It is optimized for the Windows operating system. **What might an attacker use the vulnerability to do?** An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could run arbitrary code. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts with full user rights. On Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, an attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could cause the affected application to become non-responsive. The application would need to be restarted to restore functionality. **How could an attacker exploit the vulnerability?** This vulnerability requires a third-party application make a copy of a WMF file through this API. Depending on the behavior of the third-party application, this could lead to remote code execution in the context of the logged on user. We are not currently aware of any remote avenues for accessing this vulnerability using Microsoft products. **How do I determine if a third party application is affected?** Users are encouraged to contact their third-party software vendors whose products process or potentially copy WMF files to determine if they are affected. **What systems are primarily at risk from the vulnerability?** All currently supported Windows systems are at risk. **What does the update do?** The update addresses the vulnerability by modifying the way GDI handles file size parameters to prevent buffer overflow conditions. **When this security bulletin was issued, had this vulnerability been publicly disclosed?** No. Microsoft received information about this vulnerability through responsible disclosure. Microsoft had not received any information to indicate that this vulnerability had been publicly disclosed when this security bulletin was originally issued. This security bulletin addresses the privately disclosed vulnerability as well as additional issues discovered through internal investigations. **When this security bulletin was issued, had Microsoft received any reports that this vulnerability was being exploited?** No. Microsoft had not received any information to indicate that this vulnerability had been publicly used to attack customers and had not seen any examples of proof of concept code published when this security bulletin was originally issued. ### Update Information Detection and Deployment Tools and Guidance ------------------------------------------- Manage the software and security updates you need to deploy to the servers, desktop, and mobile systems in your organization. For more information see the [TechNet Update Management Center](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=69903). The [Microsoft TechNet Security Web site](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=21132) provides additional information about security in Microsoft products. Security updates are available from [Microsoft Update](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=40747), [Windows Update](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=21130), and [Office Update](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=21135). Security updates are also available from the [Microsoft Download Center](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=21129). You can find them most easily by doing a keyword search for "security update." Finally, security updates can be downloaded from the [Microsoft Update Catalog](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=96155). The Microsoft Update Catalog provides a searchable catalog of content made available through Windows Update and Microsoft Update, including security updates, drivers and service packs. By searching using the security bulletin number (such as, "MS07-036"), you can add all of the applicable updates to your basket (including different languages for an update), and download to the folder of your choosing. For more information about the Microsoft Update Catalog, see the [Microsoft Update Catalog FAQ](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=97900). **Detection and Deployment Guidance** Microsoft has provided detection and deployment guidance for this month's security updates. This guidance will also help IT professionals understand how they can use various tools to help deploy the security update, such as Windows Update, Microsoft Update, Office Update, the Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA), the Office Detection Tool, Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS), and the Extended Security Update Inventory Tool. For more information, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 910723](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/910723). **Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer** Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) allows administrators to scan local and remote systems for missing security updates as well as common security misconfigurations. For more information about MBSA, visit [Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer](http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/tools/mbsahome.mspx). The following table provides the MBSA detection summary for this security update. | Software | MBSA 2.1 | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------| | Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 | Yes | | Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows XP Service Pack 3 | Yes | | Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Service Pack 2 | Yes | | Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 | Yes | | Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition Service Pack 2 | Yes | | Windows Server 2003 with SP1 for Itanium-based Systems and Windows Server 2003 with SP2 for Itanium-based Systems | Yes | | Windows Vista and Windows Vista Service Pack 1 | Yes | | Windows Vista x64 Edition and Windows Vista x64 Edition Service Pack 1 | Yes | | Windows Server 2008 for 32-bit Systems | Yes | | Windows Server 2008 for x64-based Systems | Yes | | Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems | Yes | For more information about MBSA 2.1, see [MBSA 2.1 Frequently Asked Questions](http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/tools/mbsa2/qa.mspx). **Windows Server Update Services** By using Windows Server Update Services (WSUS), administrators can deploy the latest critical updates and security updates for Windows 2000 operating systems and later, Office XP and later, Exchange Server 2003, and SQL Server 2000. For more information about how to deploy this security update using Windows Server Update Services, visit the [Windows Server Update Services Web site](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=50120). **Systems Management Server** The following table provides the SMS detection and deployment summary for this security update. | Software | SMS 2.0 | SMS 2003 with SUSFP | SMS 2003 with ITMU | Configuration Manager 2007 | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|---------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------| | Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows XP Service Pack 3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Service Pack 2 | No | No | Yes | Yes | | Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition Service Pack 2 | No | No | Yes | Yes | | Windows Server 2003 with SP1 for Itanium-based Systems and Windows Server 2003 with SP2 for Itanium-based Systems | No | No | Yes | Yes | | Windows Vista and Windows Vista Service Pack 1 | No | No | See **Note for Windows** **Vista** **and Windows Server 2008** below | Yes | | Windows Vista x64 Edition and Windows Vista x64 Edition Service Pack 1 | No | No | See **Note for Windows** **Vista** **and Windows Server 2008** below | Yes | | Windows Server 2008 for 32-bit Systems | No | No | See **Note for Windows** **Vista** **and Windows Server 2008** below | Yes | | Windows Server 2008 for x64-based Systems | No | No | See **Note for Windows** **Vista** **and Windows Server 2008** below | Yes | | Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems | No | No | See **Note for Windows** **Vista** **and Windows Server 2008** below | Yes | For SMS 2.0 and SMS 2003, the SMS SUS Feature Pack (SUSFP), which includes the Security Update Inventory Tool (SUIT), can be used by SMS to detect security updates. See also [Downloads for Systems Management Server 2.0](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sms/bb676799.aspx). For SMS 2003, the SMS 2003 Inventory Tool for Microsoft Updates (ITMU) can be used by SMS to detect security updates that are offered by [Microsoft Update](http://update.microsoft.com/microsoftupdate) and that are supported by [Windows Server Update Services](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=50120). For more information about the SMS 2003 ITMU, see [SMS 2003 Inventory Tool for Microsoft Updates](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sms/bb676783.aspx). SMS 2003 can also use the Microsoft Office Inventory Tool to detect required updates for Microsoft Office applications. For more information about the Office Inventory Tool and other scanning tools, see [SMS 2003 Software Update Scanning Tools](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sms/bb676786.aspx). See also [Downloads for Systems Management Server 2003](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sms/bb676766.aspx). System Center Configuration Manager 2007 uses WSUS 3.0 for detection of updates. For more information about Configuration Manager 2007 Software Update Management, visit [System Center Configuration Manager 2007](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb735860.aspx). **Note for Windows** **Vista** **and Windows Server 2008** Microsoft Systems Management Server 2003 with Service Pack 3 includes support for Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 manageability. For more information about SMS, visit the [SMS Web site](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=21158). For more detailed information, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 910723](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/910723): Summary list of monthly detection and deployment guidance articles. **Update Compatibility Evaluator and Application Compatibility Toolkit** Updates often write to the same files and registry settings required for your applications to run. This can trigger incompatibilities and increase the time it takes to deploy security updates. You can streamline testing and validating Windows updates against installed applications with the [Update Compatibility Evaluator](http://technet2.microsoft.com/windowsvista/en/library/4279e239-37a4-44aa-aec5-4e70fe39f9de1033.mspx?mfr=true) components included with [Application Compatibility Toolkit 5.0](https://www.microsoft.com/download/details.aspx?familyid=24da89e9-b581-47b0-b45e-492dd6da2971&displaylang=en). The Application Compatibility Toolkit (ACT) contains the necessary tools and documentation to evaluate and mitigate application compatibility issues before deploying Microsoft Windows Vista, a Windows Update, a Microsoft Security Update, or a new version of Windows Internet Explorer in your environment. Security Update Deployment -------------------------- **Affected Software** For information about the specific security update for your affected software, click the appropriate link: #### Windows 2000 (all editions) **Reference Table** The following table contains the security update information for this software. You can find additional information in the subsection, **Deployment Information**, in this section.
Inclusion in Future Service Packs The update for this issue may be included in a future update rollup
Installing without user intervention Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4:
Windows2000-kb956802-x86-enu /quiet
Installing without restarting Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4:
Windows2000-kb956802-x86-enu /norestart
Update log file Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4:
kb956802.log
Further information See the subsection, Detection and Deployment Tools and Guidance
Restart Requirement
Restart required? Yes, you must restart your system after you apply this security update
HotPatching Not applicable
Removal Information Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4:
Use Add or Remove Programs tool in Control Panel or the Spuninst.exe utility located in the %Windir%\$NTUninstallKB956802$\Spuninst folder
File Information See Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 956802
Registry Key Verification Microsoft Windows Service Pack 4: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Updates\Windows 2000\SP5\KB956802\Filelist
Deployment Information
Installing the Update
When you install this security update, the installer checks whether one or more of the files that are being updated on your system have previously been updated by a Microsoft hotfix.
If you have previously installed a hotfix to update one of these files, the installer copies the RTMQFE, SP1QFE, or SP2QFE files to your system. Otherwise, the installer copies the RTMGDR, SP1GDR, or SP2GDR files to your system. Security updates may not contain all variations of these files. For more information about this behavior, see Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 824994.
For more information about the installer, visit the Microsoft TechNet Web site.
For more information about the terminology that appears in this bulletin, such as hotfix, see Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 824684.
This security update supports the following setup switches.
Supported Security Update Installation Switches
**/help** Displays the command-line options.
Setup Modes
**/passive** Unattended Setup mode. No user interaction is required, but installation status is displayed. If a restart is required at the end of Setup, a dialog box will be presented to the user with a timer warning that the computer will restart in 30 seconds.
**/quiet** Quiet mode. This is the same as unattended mode, but no status or error messages are displayed.
Restart Options
**/norestart** Does not restart when installation has completed.
**/forcerestart** Restarts the computer after installation and force other applications to close at shutdown without saving open files first.
**/warnrestart\[:x\]** Presents a dialog box with a timer warning the user that the computer will restart in *x* seconds. (The default setting is 30 seconds.) Intended for use with the **/quiet** switch or the **/passive** switch.
**/promptrestart** Displays a dialog box prompting the local user to allow a restart.
Special Options
**/overwriteoem** Overwrites OEM files without prompting.
**/nobackup** Does not back up files needed for uninstall.
**/forceappsclose** Forces other programs to close when the computer shuts down.
**/log:path** Allows the redirection of installation log files.
**/extract\[:path\]** Extracts files without starting the Setup program.
**/ER** Enables extended error reporting.
**/verbose** Enables verbose logging. During installation, creates %Windir%\\CabBuild.log. This log details the files that are copied. Using this switch may cause the installation to proceed more slowly.
**Note** You can combine these switches into one command. For backward compatibility, the security update also supports the setup switches that the earlier version of the Setup program uses. For more information about the supported installation switches, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 262841](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/262841).
Removing the Update
Supported Spuninst.exe Switches
**Verifying That the Update Has Been Applied**
Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer
To verify that a security update has been applied to an affected system, you may be able to use the Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) tool. See the section, Detection and Deployment Tools and Guidance, earlier in this bulletin for more information.
File Version Verification
Because there are several editions of Microsoft Windows, the following steps may be different on your system. If they are, see your product documentation to complete these steps.
Click Start, and then click Search.
In the Search Results pane, click All files and folders under Search Companion.
In the All or part of the file name box, type a file name from the appropriate file information table, and then click Search.
In the list of files, right-click a file name from the appropriate file information table, and then click Properties. Note Depending on the edition of the operating system, or the programs that are installed on your system, some of the files that are listed in the file information table may not be installed.
On the Version tab, determine the version of the file that is installed on your system by comparing it to the version that is documented in the appropriate file information table. Note Attributes other than the file version may change during installation. Comparing other file attributes to the information in the file information table is not a supported method of verifying that the update has been applied. Also, in certain cases, files may be renamed during installation. If the file or version information is not present, use one of the other available methods to verify update installation.
Registry Key Verification
You may also be able to verify the files that this security update has installed by reviewing the registry keys listed in the Reference Table in this section.
These registry keys may not contain a complete list of installed files. Also, these registry keys may not be created correctly when an administrator or an OEM integrates or slipstreams this security update into the Windows installation source files.
Windows XP (all editions)
Reference Table
The following table contains the security update information for this software. You can find additional information in the subsection, Deployment Information, in this section.
Inclusion in Future Service Packs The update for this issue will be included in a future service pack or update rollup
Installing without user intervention Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows XP Service Pack 3:
Windowsxp-kb956802-x86-enu /quiet
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Service Pack 2:
WindowsServer2003.WindowsXP-kb956802-x64-enu /quiet
Installing without restarting Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows XP Service Pack 3:
Windowsxp-kb956802-x86-enu /norestart
WindowsServer2003.WindowsXP-kb956802-x64-enu /norestart
Update log file KB956802.log
Removal Information Use Add or Remove Programs tool in Control Panel or the Spuninst.exe utility located in the %Windir%\$NTUninstallKB956802$\Spuninst folder
Registry Key Verification Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows XP Service Pack 3:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Updates\Windows XP\SP4\KB956802\Filelist
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Updates\Windows XP Version 2003\SP3\KB956802\Filelist
Note For supported versions of Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, this security update is the same as supported versions of the Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition security update.
**/integrate:path** Integrates the update into the Windows source files. These files are located at the path that is specified in the switch.
**/norestart** Does not restart when installation has completed
Windows Server 2003 (all editions)
Installing without user intervention For all supported 32-bit editions of Windows Server 2003:
Windowsserver2003-kb956802-x86-enu /quiet
For all supported x64-based editions of Windows Server 2003:
For all supported Itanium-based editions of Windows Server 2003:
Windowsserver2003-KB956802-ia64-enu /quiet
Installing without restarting For all supported 32-bit editions of Windows Server 2003:
Windowsserver2003-kb956802-x86-enu /norestart
Windowsserver2003-KB956802-ia64-enu /norestart
HotPatching This security update does not support HotPatching. For more information about HotPatching, see Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 897341.
Registry Key Verification HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Updates\Windows Server 2003\SP3\KB956802\Filelist
#### Deployment Information **Installing the Update** When you install this security update, the installer checks to see if one or more of the files that are being updated on your system have previously been updated by a Microsoft hotfix. If you have previously installed a hotfix to update one of these files, the installer copies the RTMQFE, SP1QFE, or SP2QFE files to your system. Otherwise, the installer copies the RTMGDR, SP1GDR, or SP2GDR files to your system. Security updates may not contain all variations of these files. For more information about this behavior, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 824994](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/824994). For more information about the installer, visit the [Microsoft TechNet Web site](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=38951). For more information about the terminology that appears in this bulletin, such as *hotfix*, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 824684](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/824684). This security update supports the following setup switches.
**Note** You can combine these switches into one command. For backward compatibility, the security update also supports many of the setup switches that the earlier version of the Setup program uses. For more information about the supported installation switches, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 262841](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/262841).
Windows Vista (all editions)
Installing without user intervention For all supported 32-bit editions of Windows Vista:
Windows6.0-KB956802-x86 /quiet
For all supported x64-based editions of Windows Vista:
Installing without restarting For all supported 32-bit editions of Windows Vista:
Windows6.0-KB956802-x86 /quiet /norestart
Removal Information WUSA.exe does not support uninstall of updates. To uninstall an update installed by WUSA, click Control Panel, and then click Security. Under Windows Update, click View installed updates and select from the list of updates.
Registry Key Verification Note A registry key does not exist to validate the presence of this update.
#### Deployment Information **Installing the Update** When you install this security update, the installer checks whether one or more of the files that are being updated on your system have previously been updated by a Microsoft hotfix. For more information about the terminology that appears in this bulletin, such as *hotfix*, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 824684](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/824684). This security update supports the following setup switches. | Switch | Description | |-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **/?, /h, /help** | Displays help on supported switches. | | **/quiet** | Suppresses the display of status or error messages. | | **/norestart** | When combined with **/quiet**, the system will not be restarted after installation even if a restart is required to complete installation. | **Note** For more information about the wusa.exe installer, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 934307](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/934307). **Verifying That the Update Has Been Applied** - **Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer** To verify that a security update has been applied to an affected system, you may be able to use the Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) tool. See the section, **Detection and Deployment Tools and Guidance**, earlier in this bulletin for more information. - **File Version Verification** Because there are several editions of Microsoft Windows, the following steps may be different on your system. If they are, see your product documentation to complete these steps. 1. Click **Start** and then enter an update file name in **Start Search**. 2. When the file appears under **Programs**, right-click on the file name and click **Properties**. 3. Under the **General** tab, compare the file size with the file information tables provided in the bulletin KB article. 4. You may also click on the **Details** tab and compare information, such as file version and date modified, with the file information tables provided in the bulletin KB article. 5. Finally, you may also click on the **Previous Versions** tab and compare file information for the previous version of the file with the file information for the new, or updated, version of the file. #### Windows Server 2008 (all editions) **Reference Table** The following table contains the security update information for this software. You can find additional information in the subsection, **Deployment Information**, in this section.
Windows6.0-KB956802-ia64 /quiet
Windows6.0-KB956802-ia64 /quiet /norestart
#### Deployment Information **Installing the Update** When you install this security update, the installer checks whether one or more of the files that are being updated on your system have previously been updated by a Microsoft hotfix. For more information about the terminology that appears in this bulletin, such as *hotfix*, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 824684](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/824684). This security update supports the following setup switches. | Switch | Description | |-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **/?, /h, /help** | Displays help on supported switches. | | **/quiet** | Suppresses the display of status or error messages. | | **/norestart** | When combined with **/quiet**, the system will not be restarted after installation even if a restart is required to complete installation. | **Note** For more information about the wusa.exe installer, see [Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 934307](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/934307). **Verifying That the Update Has Been Applied** - **Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer** To verify that a security update has been applied to an affected system, you may be able to use the Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) tool. See the section, **Detection and Deployment Tools and Guidance**, earlier in this bulletin for more information. - **File Version Verification** Because there are several editions of Microsoft Windows, the following steps may be different on your system. If they are, see your product documentation to complete these steps. 1. Click **Start** and then enter an update file name in **Start Search**. 2. When the file appears under **Programs**, right-click on the file name and click **Properties**. 3. Under the **General** tab, compare the file size with the file information tables provided in the bulletin KB article. 4. You may also click on the **Details** tab and compare information, such as file version and date modified, with the file information tables provided in the bulletin KB article. 5. Finally, you may also click on the **Previous Versions** tab and compare file information for the previous version of the file with the file information for the new, or updated, version of the file. ### Other Information #### Acknowledgments Microsoft [thanks](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=21127) the following for working with us to help protect customers: - Jun Mao of [VeriSign iDefense Labs](http://labs.idefense.com/) for reporting the GDI Integer Overflow Vulnerability (CVE-2008-2249) - Juan Caballero, working with the [Bitblaze group at Carnegie Mellon University and UC Berkeley](http://bitblaze.cs.berkeley.edu/), for reporting the GDI Heap Overflow Vulnerability (CVE-2008-3465) #### Microsoft Active Protections Program (MAPP) To improve security protections for customers, Microsoft provides vulnerability information to major security software providers in advance of each monthly security update release. Security software providers can then use this vulnerability information to provide updated protections to customers via their security software or devices, such as antivirus, network-based intrusion detection systems, or host-based intrusion prevention systems. To determine whether active protections are available from security software providers, please visit the active protections Web sites provided by program partners, listed in [Microsoft Active Protections Program (MAPP) Partners](http://www.microsoft.com/security/msrc/mapp/partners.mspx). #### Support - Customers in the U.S. and Canada can receive technical support from [Microsoft Product Support Services](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=21131) at 1-866-PCSAFETY. There is no charge for support calls that are associated with security updates. - International customers can receive support from their local Microsoft subsidiaries. There is no charge for support that is associated with security updates. For more information about how to contact Microsoft for support issues, visit the [International Support Web site](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=21155). #### Disclaimer The information provided in the Microsoft Knowledge Base is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. Microsoft disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers be liable for any damages whatsoever including direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, loss of business profits or special damages, even if Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers have been advised of the possibility of such damages. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages so the foregoing limitation may not apply. #### Revisions - V1.0 (December 9, 2008): Bulletin published. - V1.1 (December 10, 2008): Updated the **Severity Ratings and Vulnerability Identifiers** table to list the security impact for GDI Heap Overflow Vulnerability - CVE-2008-3465 as Remote Code Execution for Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows XP Service Pack 3, Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Service Pack 2, Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2, Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition Service Pack 2, and Windows Server 2003 with SP1 for Itanium-based Systems and Windows Server 2003 with SP2 for Itanium-based Systems. *Built at 2014-04-18T13:49:36Z-07:00*


With Idhammar's CMMS and OEE Systems, you can be confident you've chosen the right solutions to enhance the efficiency and productivity of your business; but it doesn't stop there.
Idhammar Systems has an enviable reputation for delivering professional, cost-effective services including professional Implementation Services, Systems Training, and Consultancy to ensure that your system is effective within your environment.
Our clients are at the heart of everything we do – and as such, we have a long track record of very satisfied customers – wherever they are in the world. Idhammar Systems' dedicated Customer Support Group also provides a number of valuable and tailored support services that our customers benefit from.
With a proven track record of collaboration with our customer's IT teams, Idhammar Systems ensures its software solutions operate in line with your IT strategy and help you to achieve your business goals.
Prior to implementing your system, we can also help your internal implementation team with a Cost Benefit Analysis and assist with writing the business case by calculating your return on investment, and setting achievable targets against which to measure success.
The Idhammar Systems Help Desk operates during normal UK business hours from 8.30am to 4.30pm on Monday to Friday and may be accessed either by phone on +44 (0) 117 920 9401, by email or by completing the Help Request Form.
Idhammar Systems understands the added value of intelligent, flexible manufacturing software and maintenance systems which supports our efforts towards world-class manufacturing."


Kenya Aeronautical College January 2018 Intake is ongoing. Applicants are to apply after making sure that they meet the admission requirements and qualify for application.
Copies of your KCSE certificates and Leaving Certificate or Equivalents.
We hold 3 intakes per year on the months of January , May and September.
We accept payment of the registration fee on MPESA number 0727588730.
We accept payment through Kenya Aeronautical College – National Bank – Wilson Airport Branch – A/c 0102085656900.


text:
Q: Can't submit answers Since a few minutes ago, I haven't been able to submit any answers on Stack Overflow:

This seems to happen on every question; I tried using both Firefox and Chromium. According to my profile page, I'm not blocked from answering. The question isn't deleted, locked, or closed. I can comment fine. What's going on?
… well, I assume it's happening to everyone, since the last fifty or so questions have gone unanswered.

A:
Who knew that being able to post a question doesn't guarantee being able to post an answer?
I will answer discussion posts and write some PHP as penance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Make sure that you have plenty of time – your first great investment!


A touchstone for the development of Whitney Education is the American philosopher and educator John Dewey (1859–1952) and his classic 1934 text Art as Experience.
According to Dewey, aesthetic experiences present us with unique opportunities to integrate perception and knowledge in profound and lasting ways. Our programming encourages visitors to slow down, look closely, and engage directly with works of art.
At the Whitney, we approach museum education as an experimental process in which art helps us to better understand the world around us and inspires creative thinking far beyond the Museum's walls.
The Education Department strives to make the Whitney a dynamic platform for audiences to experience art as integral to their own lives and the world around us. Whitney educators work in multifaceted ways as facilitators, translators, advocates, and producers as well as teachers. We are committed to an approach that privileges research, responsiveness, and reflection. As educators, we create opportunities for visitors with different needs, experiences, and interests to make meaningful connections with art. We challenge ourselves and our audiences to think creatively, embrace new ideas, and consider American art and culture in all its complexity.


What lies behind 'ZFS Cloud Storage, Mails, MySQL'? How can this combination benefit your web presence in general? What exactly are the advantages of making use of ZFS?
ZFS is one of the most highly developed file systems these days and it outshines any other file system in terms of speed, functionality and stability. The speed at which info is processed on a hosting server using ZFS is much greater, so not simply will any websites hosted on the hosting server be read and executed much faster, but also backups could be created a lot quicker and with greater frequency without affecting the general performance. Additionally, ZFS uses checksums - digital algorithms that are employed to identify damaged files. Whenever the file system identifies that there's an issue with a particular file, it fixes it using a good copy from another hard disk in the RAID. Both the checks and the repairs are carried out right away, so the information saved on ZFS-based web servers will be safe at all times since it practically cannot get corrupted. One more advantage of ZFS over other file systems is that there's no limit for the total number of files that could be saved within a single account or on the hosting server as a whole.
The website hosting packages that we offer you are set up on our ZFS-powered cloud hosting platform and if you host your websites with us, you shall enjoy all the advantages of this file system. All servers that are a part of our cluster system work with ZFS and feature solid state drives and a lot of RAM. As a result, your websites shall operate many times faster than if they were running on a hosting server with the normal setup which you will find with other Internet hosting providers. For better performance, we employ the ZFS file system on all clusters - not simply the ones where your files are stored, but also those that manage the databases and the e-mails. The file system offers much better loading speeds and guarantees the integrity of your Internet site because if a production server fails, we can switch to a backup one and it'll have the latest version of your site or the latest e-mails that you have received. The higher backup speeds also allow us to generate 4 daily backups of all your content - files, databases and e-mails. This makes our web hosting plans the best solution for your sites if you are searching for a fast and reliable service.


"For the Romans, a villa was always a residence located outside the city walls. Beyond that, the concept is so all-encompassing and vague that as early as 37 B.C. Varro could contrast a simple farming villa with a villa in the Campus Martius full of works of art. This contrast can only be understood in terms of an historical process. The villa was for a very long time the place where a farmer lived and worked. A farm consisted of the villa and the ager, the land and property. Both together can also be called a praedium or fundus. Both concepts were used down to late antiquity. For a more precise designation, one always connected the praedium with a place name, for example praedium Tusculanum. Cicero thus speaks in abbreviated form of his Tusculanum, Pompeianum, Puteolanum, in order to designate his various villas. On the other hand, fundus is used in connection with the first owner, whose name was preserved for a very long time. With the expansion of urban luxury to the living quarters of the villa a distinction arose between the villa urbana and the working part, the villa rustica. In extreme cases the villa rustica could even be totally lacking. This happened in the vicinity of Rome and on the coast. The old designation villa for farmhouse is maintained until late antiquity, so that a wide range of possible residences outside the city can be called a villa. Another complicating factor is the similarity of the villa to the horti, the gardens located before the city wall. From the first century B.C., these gardens (which from early times were used, along with the town house, or domus, as a temporary residence) were furnished in a similar way to the more distant country villas. A sharp distinction can no longer be drawn, for example when Pompey's residence in his garden is called a villa (Asconius, in Pro Milone XXI). Theoretically, at least, in these horti the gardens were more noticeable than the buildings. This is shown by the pertinent criticism of Pliny (NH XIX.50).
"Finally, in the middle of the first century A.D., the expression praetorium appears next to villa as the designation for the residence. It refers originally to the headquarters of the commander of a Roman legion and was perhaps at first used for imperial villas. It quickly took on a more general meaning.
"By villa are thus meant different kinds of buildings with very different functions. The Roman villa received its constant characteristic (at least in central Italy) through the way it was used, which distinguishes it from later related phenomena. The prerequisite for its origin is the concentration of property into the hands of a small class, which often owned enormous estates. Usually, these were not located in a single place but were widely scattered. The members of this upper class composed the most important government bodies in Rome, but often came from areas far from the capital city. Unlike the medieval and late-antique feudal lords, who were mainly resident on their estates, the Roman upper class tended to live in Rome itself. They therefore usually visited their villas for only a part of the year, and for the choice of season, the climate was generally decisive. The Roman villa is historically significant because of the fact that its owners visited them not simply for country recreations like hunting (as is known from other periods). Rather, the Roman villas were sites of intensive cultural life, places where art and literature could be enjoyed in a way that was more free and more relaxed than in Rome. One can even speak of the villa as an 'artistic and educational landscape'...."


text:
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Where am I? South Africa » South Africa > Gauteng > Johannesburg Metropole > Johannesburg > Braamfontein > Braamfontein Precinct, Johannesburg
Braamfontein Precinct, Johannesburg
Date: 19/10/2018 | Posted in Braamfontein | Gauteng | Johannesburg | Johannesburg Metropole | Sightseeing | South Africa | Tourism | Tourist Attractions
Nelson Mandela Bridge Copyright Christy Strever
Braamfontein, north of the city of Johannesburg, is the butterfly emerging from its urban decay, through the vision and enthusiasm of the regeneration initiative. The unveiling of the Nelson Mandela Bridge in 2003 and the opening of the Constitutional Court in 2004 were the regeneration catalysts, with the execution headed by the Johannesburg Development Agency and property owners.
The Braamfontein Management District (BMD), a non-profit company to which all ratepayers in the area contribute, worked on the fundamentals of crime prevention and keeping the streets and area clean and well maintained.
It did not take long for Neil Fraser, Adam Levy and a number of talented property developers to realise the potential of upgrading the basically solid buildings into a very attractive precinct of mixed use.
Adam Levy, Property Developer
Office, residential and lifestyle spaces are integrated, from penthouses with amazing city skylines, to accommodation suited to modern student life; from high end boutiques and hip office spaces to workshops and studios for the design community; from art galleries to fashionable rooftop spaces, nightclubs and trendy eateries to theatres and ballet, all giving Braamfontein a feel of a chic lifestyle with a stylish buzz.
Down Ameshof Street, on the corner of Bertha Street, is one of Joburg's best-known public artworks: the Eland Sculpture by Clive van den Berg. It is a poignant reminder that only 12 decades ago this was grassland where eland roamed free. In fact, Braamfontein was once a huge, successful farming area, supplying the gold mining industry in Johannesburg.
On a more business-like note, Braamfontein, home to Sappi, Liberty Life, JD Group and other multinationals who have upgraded their buildings, is now marketed as the fourth-largest node for office space in the city of Johannesburg.
Braamfontein is also home to the South Africa's premier educational institution, the University of the Witwatersrand which draws students from far and wide, and to other educational institutions including Rosebank College, Lyceum College, Damelin College, Boston City Campus & Business College and John Orr Technical High School, 5th Dimension College of Visual Arts, Birnam Business College and Oval International.
Just around the corner, Constitutional Hill, is home to the highest court in the land, and is considered to be one of the top tourist experiences in the country. A visit takes one through our political history, from the inequities of the prison once housed there, to our new constitution, considered one of the best in the world.
Braamfontein is home to the Joburg Theatre, formally the Civic Theatre, and the Alex Theatre at 36 Stiemens Street, hosts not only local versions of Broadway hits like "Rent," but also cocktail soirees in its scarlet-coloured Play bar. Like Braamfontein itself, the Alex is where old meets new.
The theatre complex has a square linking it to the large head offices of Sappi and Liberty. The square itself is not that remarkable but you can sit on the edge of a water feature and watch ballet dancers practicing their routines behind the glass facade of the South African Ballet Theatre!
Wits University has opened the Wits Art Gallery, which houses over 9000 pieces covering a comprehensive collection of historical and contemporary African Art.
Found at University Corner, Corner Bertha (extension of Jan Smuts Avenue) and Jorissen Streets, you will not be disappointed with your visit to this gallery.
After your wander through the various exhibitions of African art, relax in the café with a drink and bite to eat whilst checking out the upcoming events and exhibitions for your next visit.
The award-winning Neighbourgoods Market offers an assortment of goods from local artisan producers, purveyors, gourmet merchants, speciality cooks, regional farmers and estates, as well as a selection of local designers.
The same high standards of quality and experience that have become the benchmark of the original Cape Town market at the Biscuit Mill can be found in abundance at the Johannesburg edition.
The market runs every Saturday from 09.00 to 15.00. Special events also take place, such as the We Love Real Beer Festival and the Barrel and Vine. Secure parking is located near 73 Juta Street on the corner of Juta and Melle Streets – also Handicap Accessible.
There are plenty of great eateries on offer from pubs to restaurants.
One of Adam Levy's best renovations in Juta Street must be the Milner Park Hotel and Kitchener's Bar. He has turned this old wreck (second oldest pub in Jozi) into a set of creative-industry offices.
But it is the ground floor bar and restaurant that makes the building so astonishing. Walk in here and you will find a row of men propping up the bar counter at 11am in the morning.
It is dark, smoky and a bit dingy, but full of atmosphere that takes you back to what Joburg must have been like in its early years.
Randlords, on the 22nd floor of South Point Towers in de Korte Street, has become a signature of luxury and style. Voted the best rooftop venue in the country it has a 360-degree view of the Johannesburg skyline and an avant-garde interior design.
This exclusive venue is not cheap, but is well worth the experience. As the lounge hosts events like corporate functions, parties and weddings, be sure to book ahead to avoid being turned away at the door!
The Great Dane at 5 De Beer Street, is an intimate bar with a gourmet hotdog menu with regular DJ appearances from Thursday-Saturday.
The Post is a casual coffee shop and light meal eatery open for breakfast and lunch at 70 Juta Street. It aims to serve the best coffee in the city, offering early morning breakfasts and simple freshly prepared lunches.
There are many high end boutiques scattered around.
PUMA has launched its epic new concept store in Braamfontein on the corner of De Korte and Melle Streets, and like McDonald's and the Branson Centre of Entrepreneurship, becomes another global player to throw its weight behind the area's regeneration.
Getting to and from Braamfontein is very easy. It is close to Johannesburg Park Station and taxi ranks as well as the Gautrain station and BRT bus network. It is also in an excellent position for easy access to Johannesburg city, the colourful music capital of Jozi, Newtown, and the fashionable northern suburbs.
More info on the Johannesburg area
Jukani Wildlife Sanctuary, The Crags,Plettenberg Bay Garden Route
Right in the heart of the Garden Route, just outside the picturesque town of Plett lies one of the most unique interactive ..
Marakele National Park, Waterberg, Limpopo
The beautiful Marakele National Park in the Waterberg, Limpopo, has the Big 5 and the largest colony of Cape Vulture in the world
Serendipity Eco 4x4 Trails, Modimolle, Waterberg
If you're looking for a weekend getaway where you can take the family on a scenic (yet challenging) drive, or an adrenaline boost
Posted in Braamfontein | Gauteng | Johannesburg | Johannesburg Metropole | Sightseeing | South Africa | Tourism | Tourist Attractions | Follow responses with your RSS Feed | No Comments
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Complementary milk replacer feed for calves and piglets.
For oral administration via feed for calves up to 2 months and piglets up to 28 days of age.
Dosage: to be mixed at a maximum of 10% into feed.
Bag of 25 kg or jar of 2500 gram.


text:
package luis

import (
	"bytes"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

const (
	StreamContent string = "application/octet-stream"
	JsonContent   string = "application/json"
)

//Client:
type Client struct {
	key string
}

//NewClient: New oxford client based on key
func NewClient(key string) *Client {
	c := new(Client)
	c.key = key

	return c
}

//Connect :with API url and data, return response byte or error if http.Status is not OK
func (c *Client) Connect(mode string, inUrl string, data *bytes.Buffer, useJson bool) ([]byte, *ErrorResponse) {
	client := &http.Client{}
	fmt.Println("connected: ", mode, inUrl, data)

	r := &http.Request{}
	if data == nil {
		r, _ = http.NewRequest(mode, inUrl, nil)

	} else {
		r, _ = http.NewRequest(mode, inUrl, data)
	}

	if useJson {
		r.Header.Add("Content-Type", JsonContent)
	} else {
		r.Header.Add("Content-Type", StreamContent)
	}

	r.Header.Add("Ocp-Apim-Subscription-Key", c.key)
	ret := new(ErrorResponse)
	resp, err := client.Do(r)

	if err != nil {
		log.Println("er:", err)
		ret.Err = err
		return nil, ret
	}

	body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	if err != nil {
		log.Println("er:", err)
		ret.Err = err
		return nil, ret
	}

	if resp.StatusCode > http.StatusAccepted {
		ret.ErrorCode = resp.StatusCode
		ret.Err = errors.New("Error on:" + string(body))
		log.Println("Error happen! body:", string(body))
		return body, ret
	}

	return body, nil
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Dump the old gear. If your PFD's color is fading, it is time for a new one. Unfortunately gear ages, and needs to be replaced, some of it will make you uncomfortable - the sleeping pad that wont hold air, the rain fly on the tent that doesn't shed water anymore - and some will be unsafe, like the above mentioned PFD. I need to follow this tip myself as my beloved Astral 300r needs to go. I shall lead by example and make that happen. Sorry old friend. It's your time.


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text:
Home Universities Colleges Programs
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Canada Forest and Forestry News from Canadian Universities
Canadian Campus Newswire
Forest and Forestry - Press Releases | Science and Technology
Food Chain Faces Serious Sting, Says U of G Prof
University of Guelph | November 16, 2006
The decline of the buzzing sound from bees may be music to some people's ears, but a University of Guelph professor is part of a team of researchers that say shrinking pollinator populations in North America pose a serious threat to our plants, food chain and economy....[continue]
UW launches geomatics program, analyzes environment with computing tools
University of Waterloo | November 14, 2006
What are the forces driving land use change in the Amazon? Where is the best location for a business looking to expand? What areas of a city have higher rates of childhood asthma? How far back from a river does the risk of flooding and property damage extend?...[continue]
Forest Policy Expert to Speak at UNBC
University of Northern British Columbia | November 14, 2006
One of North America's leading experts in sustainable forest policy will be speaking at UNBC later this week as the keynote speaker in the annual Doug Little Memorial Lecture....[continue]
Third annual Reach for Dalhousie kicks off next Friday
Dalhousie University | November 10, 2006
Dalhousie will stage the third annual "Reach for Dalhousie" event Friday, November 17th. Reach for Dalhousie is a contest that owes its origins to the CBC's old Reach for the Top, but has developed in new directions with new teaching technology....[continue]
DAVID MACLEAN TO CHAIR MODEL FOREST NETWORK
University of New Brunswick - Saint John | November 10, 2006
David MacLean, dean of forestry and environmental management at the University of New Brunswick in Fredericton, has been elected chair of the Canadian Model Forest Network. His one-year term begins immediately....[continue]
Students launch exciting new careers through ABE
Malaspina University College | November 8, 2006
Malaspina University-College's Adult Basic Education (ABE) program is helping Mike Bates and Laura Painter launch exciting new careers....[continue]
2,500 Original Art Items Donated to Cape Breton University $500K James Nearing and Florence Giovannetti-Nearing Dragon Lair's Collection
University College of Cape Breton | November 7, 2006
Cape Breton novelist, Frank Macdonald, has been nominated for the largest and most international literary prize of its kind, the IMPAC Dublin Literary Award....[continue]
U of G Gets $4.7 Million for International Projects
University of Guelph | November 6, 2006
The University of Guelph has received nearly $5 million from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) to enhance resource-poor livelihoods in Ghana and to restore the tsunami-affected areas of Sri Lanka, it was announced today....[continue]
Reel Life: StFX Welcomes 2006 Women's Film Festival
St. Francis Xavier University | November 3, 2006
A series of edgy, independent films shot through a feminist lens will be showcased during the 2006 Women's Film Festival at StFX, which will run Nov.8 to10....[continue]
International researchers convene to explore governance of natural resources in a complex world
Brock University | October 27, 2006
Researchers at Brock and Wilfrid Laurier University will lead a two-day international workshop on Oct. 27 and 28 at Wilfrid Laurier to address the challenge of natural resources use and protection in a complex and increasingly connected world. Participants at the workshop will take stock of recent developments in the governance of natural resources (e.g., fisheries, wildlife, forests), and identify new directions for research and policy....[continue]
BU Visual and Aboriginal Arts Department presents The Horror Show at The Glen P. Sutherland Gallery of Art
Brandon University | October 25, 2006
On Wednesday, November 1, 2006 at 7:00 p.m. the Brandon University Visual and Aboriginal Arts Department will open Horror Show the latest exhibit at the Glen P. Sutherland Gallery of Art, located on Victoria Avenue between 20th Street and 21st Street (gallery entrance is on north side of building, facing the parking lot.)...[continue]
Brain Gain: UVic Attracts Scientific Star From the U.S.
University of Victoria | October 25, 2006
The University of Victoria has attracted one of the world's leading protein chemists to head the UVic-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre....[continue]
EXPERTS EXPLORE PROFESSIONALISM, POLITICS AND RESEARCH IN TEACHER EDUCATION
University of New Brunswick - Fredericton | October 25, 2006
Cutting-edge education experts from coast to coast will offer keynote addresses at the Atlantic Educators' Conference in Fredericton, Nov. 17 and 18. The public is welcome to attend the keynote addresses at no charge....[continue]
Greenhouse offers a little slice of paradise
McMaster University | October 25, 2006
Arthur Yeas is a plant's best friend. The greenhouse technician cares for more than 1,000 plants in McMaster's Biology Greenhouse, where he has worked for the past 30 years....[continue]
Malaspina's new Faller Training program gets corporate backing
Malaspina University College | October 18, 2006
Malaspina University-College's new Faller Training program, offered in partnership with the BC Forest Safety Council, has received full industry backing with a list of generous donations....[continue]
UNB HOSTS INTERNATIONALLY RENOWNED AQUATIC ECOLOGIST JUDY MEYER
University of New Brunswick - Saint John | October 16, 2006
The Canadian Rivers Institute (CRI) at the University of New Brunswick is pleased to bring internationally-renowned aquatic ecologist Judy Meyer to Saint John and Fredericton as the dynamic guest speaker for the fourth annual H.B.N. Hynes Lecture....[continue]
UNB Announces First Harrison McCain Faculty Awards
The University of New Brunswick is announcing almost $200,000 in awards to faculty members as part of the first-ever Harrison McCain Faculty Awards....[continue]
BC Government Invests in World Class Forest Research Centre
University of Northern British Columbia | October 16, 2006
UNBC is a key player in one of the world's most advanced forest research laboratories. EvaluTree is a partnership involving UNBC, UVic, and the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (PAPRICAN), which is based in Vancouver....[continue]
BCIT-Canfor partnership wins Global Best Award
British Columbia Institute of Technology | October 13, 2006
The British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT) and Canfor Corporation have teamed up to win The Conference Board of Canada's 2006 Global Best Award in Enterprise Education Partnerships....[continue]
Noble savage or sophisticated existentialist?
University of Regina | October 10, 2006
There is a common perception that indigenous people can only be experts on nature – that they are noble savages or millenary guardians of the rainforest....[continue]
Chester Ronning Centre for the Study of Religion and Public Life
Augustana University College | October 10, 2006
Canadians have been called to rethink our nation's international commitments. We face both new and persistent challenges: terrorism, conflict between nations, poverty, ecological crises, and pandemics....[continue]
3 CBU grads receive prestigious scholarships
University College of Cape Breton | October 6, 2006
Three recent Cape Breton University science graduates are amongst the recipients for the 2006 National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Grants and Scholarships competitions....[continue]
New Malaspina University-College Board Chair announced
Malaspina University College | October 5, 2006
Mr. Robin Kenyon was acclaimed as the new Board of Governors Chair during the regular meeting of the Board last week....[continue]
Chinese delegation gets economic lowdown from SFU
Simon Fraser University | October 5, 2006
With Simon Fraser University political scientists as their personal tour guides, six high-level academicsandcivic officials from China are visiting B.C. October 9-13 to get a primer on BC's economy....[continue]
Tibetan refugees face human rights abuses: Study
McMaster University | October 4, 2006
For 40 years, there has been a steady stream of Tibetans fleeing their homeland, seeking asylum in India and Nepal....[continue]
UNBC Participates in Major Northern Research Program
University of New Brunswick - Saint John | October 3, 2006
The University of Northern British Columbia will play a leading role in one of the biggest research projects ever undertaken in northern Canada....[continue]
University of Windsor researcher provides "sound evidence" of Ivory-Billed Woodpecker's existence
University of Windsor | September 26, 2006
University of Windsor Biology professor Dan Mennill and his team of researchers are part of an international group that has just published evidence of the existence of the elusive Ivory-Billed Woodpecker, a magnificent bird thought to have become extinct half a century ago....[continue]
Grand Opening of the Glen P. Sutherland Gallery of Art at Brandon University
Brandon University | September 26, 2006
Join us on Saturday, September 30, 2006 from 3:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. as Brandon University marks a very special occasion: the grand opening of the Glen P. Sutherland Gallery of Art....[continue]
University/College career fair
Wilfrid Laurier University | September 25, 2006
More than 230 employers and over 3,000 students and alumni of the area's four post-secondary institutions will meet and talk about careers and employment opportunities at the 13th annual Career Fair on Wednesday, September 27 at RIM Park in Waterloo....[continue]
BCIT carpentry students construct relief home for tsunami victims
British Columbia Institute of Technology | September 25, 2006
Sixteen BCIT carpentry students recently completed the construction of a Britco Structures demonstration hybrid panelized and pre-cut home designed for Indonesian tsunami relief housing....[continue]
Mount Allison students to represent New Brunswick at Climate Change Conference
Mount Allison University | September 21, 2006
Two fourth-year Mount Allison students are leaving next week to represent New Brunswick undergraduate researchers at the Atlantic Centre for Global Change and Ecosystem Research Conference (ACGCER) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia....[continue]
Annual University/College Career Fair Sept. 27
University of Guelph | September 20, 2006
More than 240 employers and some 3,000 students and recent graduates of the region's four postsecondary institutions will meet to talk about careers and employment opportunities at the 13th annual Career Fair on Wednesday, Sept. 27, at RIM Park in Waterloo....[continue]
Second annual World Rivers Day brings 100 events to BC, celebrations around the globe
Rivers may not be the first thing that comes to mind when planning a visit to Taiwan, but British Columbia Institute of Technology instructor Mark Angelo will make a whirlwind trip there to help celebrate the second annual World Rivers Day on Sunday, September 24....[continue]
UNBF Graduate Students Awarded $620,000 for Social Sciences Research
University of New Brunswick - Saint John | September 15, 2006
Eighteen graduate students at the University of New Brunswick in Fredericton will receive a total of $620,000 in support of their research from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)....[continue]
Lakehead Professor Receives Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Forestry Profession
Lakehead University | September 14, 2006
A Lakehead University forester has received a major award from the Canadian Institute of Forestry (CIF). Dr. Mathew Leitch, an Assistant Professor with the Faculty of Forestry and the Forest Environment, has been awarded the James M. Kitz Award for his forestry-related research....[continue]
UBC Research Major Contributor to World's First Tree Genome
University of British Columbia | September 14, 2006
An international team of scientists, including seven from the University of British Columbia, has completed the world's first physical map and sequencing of a tree genome -- and the third plant ever sequenced -- providing important insight into the future development of alternative fuels, forest health and wood quality....[continue]
UNBC Researchers to Connect with Businesses and Industry in the Peace River Region
University of Northern British Columbia | September 13, 2006
A dozen UNBC researchers will be participating in a Fort St. John workshop designed to connect the University with the research and education needs of businesses and industry in the Peace River region. The session will be held on Tuesday, September 19 and is being co-presented by Sci-Tech North and UNBC....[continue]
UNBC Professor Hosts Photography Exhibition on Campus
Stunning black and white photographs of western Newfoundland are being exhibited by UNBC professor Michael Rutherford from September 18 to November 3....[continue]
UNB Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management Announces Dean's List for 2005-06
University of New Brunswick - Saint John | September 7, 2006
Nineteen students in the faculty of forestry and environmental management at the University of New Brunswick in Fredericton have earned a place on the Dean's List for 2005-06....[continue]
a studio: fine arts faculty exhibition, Sept. 15
Mount Allison University | September 7, 2006
The Owens Art Gallery is pleased to announce the opening of a studio, a new exhibition of recent works by the faculty of the fine arts department, Mount Allison University....[continue]
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This is the framework for the back of the house that looks out over the canyon. It will be all glass so this frame had to be constructed off site and then trucked in. Wowsa!
That is certainly going to be tall.
I had to come visit you when I saw that our Y word was the same. Great minds think alike. lol! Yes, it's tall, but what a lovely view you are going to have.
Beautiful! I love seeing progress on your house. I can't wait to see when it's finished. That is certainly a beautiful view!
WOW! What a wonderful view through what I think will be a big window!!! I am jealous! We used to have a fairly decent view of the Catalinas from our back yard until my crazy and mean-spirited back-yard neighbor blocked it with an Italian cyprus! That thing gets bigger and wider every year! I was thinking of importing some insects that only eat Italian cyprus. The woman has a very bad reputation in our neighborhood!!!
I don't know how I missed the building of the house. I read all about it now and I'm up-to-date. Can't wait to read the rest of the story.
Oh my. Now I know why you have put up with the nightmares of building your own home. That view is just awesome.
You will stare out a window with that view for hours. How wonderful to see the framing start!
Fabulous! You better put a comfy chair right in front, 'cause you're never going to want to leave that view!
Yikes! Is right, that's gonna be amazing!
Yikes is right! That is going to give you an amazing view for sure!!
Yikes, Indeed! Wow, I can't wait to see the completed house with that AMAZING glass window! That view is just so amazing!
I'm imagining you standing in front of that view on a sunny winter morning, coffee in hand, drinking in the landscape – Wow!
Will be incredible when completed – I love our own tall windows but as the years have gone by, we have hired a window cleaning crew to take care of them…ladders and knee replacements don't work well together.
Your view will be inspirational to start each day and sip that wine with the setting sun.
WoW! That really is tall, but what a magnificent view!
I think your house will be fabulous when it's all finished. Imagine the fun you'll have going through all your "before" photos, sipping that wine & looking out over the canyon!
That's going to be a phenomenal view! Congrats!
It will be spectacular of a view, and I hope your house will be done soon for you!
Wow! I can't wait to see when your home is completed! It is going to be gorgeous! Love the views!
Thank you my dear friend for your lovely visit and kind, kind comment on my Y post. Have a wonderful rest of the weekend!!!
This is going to be phenomenal. I can't even comprehend how astonishing your house is going to be!
Put the tea kettle on…I'm heading your way.
Okay…well maybe I'll wait until the snow is gone again!


text:
MCG 24th Edition: Evolving Evidence in Ambulatory Care for DME and Genetic Medicine
MCG Certification and the Commitment to Evidence-Based Practice
Ambulatory Care and the 23rd Edition: Updates to DME, Genetic Medicine, Procedures, and Specialty Medications
Improving Pediatric Care: Evidence-Based Solutions to Support Better Patient Outcomes
Advances in medical evidence led to significant changes in four Ambulatory Care guidelines in the 24th edition. New medical literature supported the addition of clinical indications to guidelines on tests and treatments related to conditions that include prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, neuroendocrine cancer, and respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
High-Frequency Chest Compression Device
The High-Frequency Chest Compression Device guideline, previously designated "Current Role Remains Uncertain," was given indications for use in two types of bronchiectasis (i.e., cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis). It is one of several airway clearance techniques that may be appropriate for these patients, as its use improves clinical outcomes in a manner comparable to other respiratory clearance devices.1,2 In addition, two recently published specialty society guidelines support the use of the device in these populations and emphasize the need to consider individual patient factors when selecting an airway clearance device, including the availability of caregiver assistance and patient tolerance of technique.3,4
Genetic Medicine – Oncology
Three guidelines that were previously designated "Current Role Remains Uncertain" now have clinical indications in the 24th edition. First, the Pancreatic Cancer (Hereditary) – Gene Panel guideline may be indicated when a focused germline gene panel for pancreatic cancer is requested; this change was based on several studies that noted the incidence of germline mutations in patients initially diagnosed with sporadic pancreatic cancer.5,6,7 A specialty society guideline recommends evaluation for germline gene mutations in patients at all stages of pancreatic cancer because of systemic surveillance implications.8
Two separate guidelines were collapsed to form one single guideline titled "Paraganglioma-Pheochromocytoma (Hereditary) – Gene Testing and Gene Panel," and the scope now includes both gene panels and single-gene testing; in addition, clinical indications for gene panels were added. Patients with these tumors rarely present with distinct clinical manifestations to guide a targeted single-gene strategy, and there is a large number of potential genes that can be mutated in this condition. A gene panel is appropriate for most patients unless a patient is known to be at risk for a specific hereditary mutation.9,10
Finally, the Prostate Cancer – BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes guideline also received new clinical indications based on studies that demonstrate a higher incidence of prostate cancer in mutation carriers than non-carriers.11,12,13 There is also a greater likelihood of prostate cancer and more advanced disease at diagnosis for a given PSA in mutation carriers as compared with non-mutation carriers. Guidelines recommend enhanced prostate cancer surveillance in men with known BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.14,15
– Barbara Moore, MD, Associate Managing Editor, and Stacey Popko, MD, MBA, Managing Editor, MCG Health (March 17, 2020)
Image courtesy Shutterstock/COREDesign
Morrison L, Innes S. Oscillating devices for airway clearance in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD006842.
Lee AL, Burge AT, Holland AE. Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD008351.
Hill AT, et al. Treating cough due to non-CF and CF bronchiectasis with non-pharmacological airway clearance: CHEST Expert Panel Report. Chest 2018;153(4):986-993.
Castellani C, et al. ECFS best practice guidelines: the 2018 revision. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2018;17(2):153-178.
Prospective study of germline genetic testing in incident cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2018;124(17):3520-3527.
Deleterious germline mutations in patients with apparently sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2017;35(30):3382-3390.
Association between inherited germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes and risk of pancreatic cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association 2018;319(23):2401-2409.
Stoffel EM, et al. Evaluating susceptibility to pancreatic cancer: ASCO provisional clinical opinion. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2019;37(2):153-164.
NGS in PPGL (NGSnPPGL) Study Group, et al. Consensus statement on next-generation-sequencing-based diagnostic testing of hereditary phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 2017;13(4):233-247.
Muth A, et al. Genetic testing and surveillance guidelines in hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.
Page EC, et al. Interim results from the IMPACT study: evidence for prostate-specific antigen screening in BRCA2 mutation carriers. European Urology 2019;Online.
Gleicher S, Kauffman EC, Kotula L, Bratslavsky G, Vourganti S. Implications of high rates of metastatic prostate cancer in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Prostate 2016;76(13):1135-1145.
Cheng HH, Pritchard CC, Montgomery B, Lin DW, Nelson PS. Prostate cancer screening in a new era of genetics. Clinical Genitourinary Cancer 2017;15(6):625-628.
Giri VN, et al. Role of genetic testing for inherited prostate cancer risk: Philadelphia prostate cancer consensus conference 2017. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2018;36(4):414-424.
Carroll PR, et al. Prostate Cancer Early Detection. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology [Internet] National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). v 2.2019.