text:
Schaeffer Solutions: Developing Innovative Payment Models for Prescription Drugs
Innovative payment models, like the Netflix model, expand access for vulnerable populations while reducing costs and preserving incentives to innovate.
Schaeffer Center fellows have long championed innovative prescription drug payment models and reforms, urging policymakers and private sector leaders to look to value-based options such as pay-for-performance or subscription models. While much work remains to be done, federal and state leaders have heeded this call for innovation. Through timely analysis, peer-reviewed publications, op-eds, and media engagement, the Schaeffer Center has and will continue to be the go-to resource for insight and policy solutions focused on innovative payment models for prescription drugs.
Pharmaceutical Pricing and Medical Innovation
Informing the Debate: Diagnosing the Issue
When it comes to healthcare, all can agree that we should pay for "value." But how one defines value often depends on where they sit and what their incentives are. For payers, including employers, health insurers and the government, value often means short-term savings over long-term financial or health benefits. This might lead payers to limit access to expensive drugs even though doing so leads to worse health outcomes and higher long-term costs.
Consider an employer's drug formulary, for example. As branded drug prices have risen, employers have shifted costs to patients by placing these drugs on higher formulary tiers. In many cases, drug tiering incentivizes patients to switch to less expensive generic drugs, but it can also lead to reduced access, worse health outcomes, lower productivity, and higher healthcare costs for medicines that do not have a cheaper option.
Government price controls are another often-cited solution to addressing high costs. Schaeffer Center experts have shown that price controls would harm long-term population health by reducing incentives for drug development. These long-term effects are often masked during the legislative process, leaving members of Congress without the information needed to consider these tradeoffs and weigh the short- and long-term consequences of drug pricing proposals.
Our best estimate — published in the journal Health Affairs — is that once controls are fully implemented, life expectancy at older ages would be reduced by about 3%. This may not seem like a lot, but that is similar to the effect if the U.S. "forgot" how to reopen blocked cardiac arteries after a heart attack.
Dana Goldman, writing in STAT
Raising this issue in an op-ed for STAT, Dana Goldman argued the Congressional Budget Office's (CBO's) 10-year budget window underestimates the long-term impact proposed federal legislation that would cap drug prices will have on new drug development and innovation. This is because the process to develop and win approval for new drugs can take 15 years. The 10-year budget window thus misses the window when new legislation might have its most significant effects. Schaeffer experts and their colleagues have raised similar concerns about the long-term effects of global budget caps on innovation.
Chronic "short-termism" in the healthcare system is among the reasons why Schaeffer Center experts have encouraged policymakers and the private sector to rethink what it means to promote value in healthcare and to invest in long-term solutions. Below are just some of the examples of innovative payment models that could help meet these needs.
Policy Solution: Pay-for-Performance Models for Prescription Drugs
Clinical pay-for-performance programs, such as Medicare's hospital value-based payment program, are generally uncontroversial and accepted as key to improving quality and outcomes. Schaeffer Center experts argue that similar initiatives for prescription drugs—where reimbursement remains dominated by price-per-dose payments—are long overdue.
Yet, our nation's pharmaceutical manufacturers and health insurers have traditionally priced drugs per dose rather than by effectiveness. This can distort the incentives for payers and patients — as in the case of standalone Medicare drug plans that actually penalize insurers for encouraging patient adherence. As an alternative to the price-per-dose approach, value-based pricing seeks to better align incentives between payers and providers. The system links pricing to a drug's benefits as demonstrated in clinical trials and other data-driven methods that are reproducible and transparent.
Citing a new class of cardiovascular drugs known as PCSK9 inhibitors, Goldman and Darius Lakdawalla argued that the dominant price-per-dose model is outdated and limited for many types of drugs, especially novel drugs. As they explain, drug manufacturers set a single price for each dose based on the expected (not actual) value to the group of patients that stands to gain the most—even though the clinical benefits of a new drug vary across patient groups. When the expected value to some patients is high, it leads to high prices for every patient, including those who stand to gain only moderate amounts from a new drug. High prices, in turn, lead payers to restrict access and impose high cost-sharing even for high-need patients.
A pay-for-performance model offers a different path. Under this model, a payer and a drug manufacturer agree that reimbursement will be tied to achieving certain clinical outcomes. If, for instance, a new PCSK9 inhibitor does not reduce mortality or strokes as the drug manufacturer claims it will, the manufacturer bears some financial risk. This model better aligns incentives between payers and clinicians, to the benefit of patients. Payers only pay high prices for new drugs or treatments that work. And innovators know that they will be compensated if their intervention works, which incentivizes the further development of new cures and treatments.
Ultimately this kind of system, which elevates the hard proof to the market, will enhance competition and that will bring down prices.
David Agus and Dana Goldman, writing in Fortune
Beyond PCSK9 inhibitors, Schaeffer Center fellows have highlighted the potential of pay-for-performance contracting for oncology drugs and other expensive biopharmaceuticals. They have also urged policymakers and the private sector to consider postponing major financial rewards until a drug's efficacy is established, which would allow each drug to be priced based on its clinical benefits.
Policymakers and the private sector have slowly embraced pay-for-performance models for prescription drugs. For instance, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care agreed to pay the full price for Amgen's PCSK9 inhibitor if Amgen fully refunded the cost of the drug for patients who had a stroke or heart attack. Federal officials at the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) explored a similar arrangement for a first-of-its-kind gene therapy used to treat leukemia. Although this arrangement was later abandoned, CMS agreed to pay the full price of the drug only if patients responded to it by the end of the first month of therapy.
Questions have been raised about the effectiveness of some pay-for-performance agreements, suggesting additional study may be needed. But public and private payers—from state Medicaid programs in Colorado, Michigan, and Oklahoma to insurers like Aetna and UPMC Health Plan—continue to pursue these novel models for drugs to treat conditions that include seizures, retinal dystrophy, skin infections, and heart attacks.
Policy Solution: Revisiting the Medicaid "Best Price" Rule
"The law here is complex, and moving to a pay-for-value model for drugs will require close coordination between manufacturers, payers and regulators,"
Darius Lakdawalla and his coauthors write in the Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law.
Under federal law, drug manufacturers must extend their lowest, "best price" offer to state Medicaid programs. This means that state Medicaid programs can always buy a drug at the cheapest price at which the manufacturer can afford to sell.
Schaeffer Center experts have argued that this best-price rule is well-intentioned but contributes to market dysfunction by inflating drug prices in the private sector. If a large share of the drug manufacturer's patients are Medicaid enrollees, the manufacturer is incentivized to charge higher private sector prices to collect a higher best price payment from state Medicaid programs. By incentivizing higher, not lower prices, the best rule undermines—or at least creates uncertainty for—payers and manufacturers that want to pursue value-based contracting.
CMS agreed and recently amended the best price rule to further enable value-based contracting in Medicaid and beyond. CMS noted that the prior rule "hinder[ed] providers, insurers and prescription drug manufacturers in their efforts to develop innovative payment models for new drug therapies and other innovative treatments
Policy Solution: The Netflix Model
Schaeffer Center experts have also developed and analyzed drug license or subscription models—also known as the Netflix model—since at least 2008. Under the licensing model, individuals could purchase an annual drug license that would provide unfettered access to a clinically optimal number of, say, statin prescriptions each year. This model, Dana Goldman and colleagues argued, provides a better balance of patient access, payer costs, and drug manufacturer profitability.
New blockbuster treatments for hepatitis C—which afflicts nearly 3 million Americans and can lead to liver failure and death—presented an opportunity for state Medicaid programs to test this hypothesis. These new drugs are highly effective but expensive, leading some states to restrict access except for the sickest patients. Restrictions were devastating: in Louisiana, only 384 patients were treated in 2017 even though an estimated 35,000 Medicaid beneficiaries had the hepatitis C virus. In response to these concerns, Neeraj Sood and colleagues argued that a novel state-based strategy was needed and that CMS's best-price rule, discussed above, should be addressed in enabling states to use this model.
State and federal officials agreed, recognizing that existing efforts would not be enough to eradicate hepatitis C. In 2019, Louisiana, with CMS's blessing, launched a modified subscription model where the Department of Health and the Department of Corrections would pay a fixed price per treatment to Gilead Sciences up to a certain cap. Once that cap is reached, Louisiana will receive additional treatments at no cost through the end of 2024, with the goal of treating at least 30,000 people by then. Louisiana's model was discussed at length during a 2019 Schaeffer Center event that featured Louisiana Department of Health Secretary Rebekah Gee, Sood, and other policymakers and experts.
Louisiana is not alone. Other states—including Colorado, Michigan, Oklahoma, and Washington—have explored or adopted the subscription model for hepatitis C and other costly treatments. This model is particularly attractive for states because treatment costs are predictable from one year to the next. Assuming the Netflix model remains successful, states could extend it to other types of drugs, such as naloxone and pre-exposure prophylaxis. In the meantime, manufacturers of other therapies, such as insulin, may soon offer subscription models for their products as well.
On the Horizon: The Future of Innovative Payment Models
Realignment of incentives has never been more important as policymakers confront the COVID-19 pandemic, looming Medicare insolvency, and new high-priced treatments and cures. As a new Congress considers additional action on prescription drug prices, analysis and commentary by Schaeffer Center experts will prove critical to ensuring that federal leaders balance short-termism with long-term gains and incentives for innovation. In the meantime, state and private sector leaders are likely to continue to lead the way in championing novel arrangements.


Context helps us unconsciously define and remember new words. Why not use it to learn new languages, too? Ese is a browser extension that translates a percentage of on-screen text into a new language you want to learn. As your fluency improves, you can translate more and more text.


Interview to the guru founder of Transition Towns, get inspired!
Rob Hopkins at Degrowth Conference in Venice tells us what is Transition about and how easily you can start the movement in your own town.
Thanks Rob for the interview!
Alla Conferenza sulla Decrescita tenutasi a Venezia, ho chiesto a Rob Hopkins di spiegarci il successo delle Transition Twons (città in Transizione – sito italiano) e quali sono i primi passi da compiere per chi comincia.
Japan responds to peak oil and energy issues with the green concept of Transition Towns. There are 24 such communities from the North to the South of the country, all of them founded in the early 2000s.
Fujino – one of the first Transition Towns to be born in Japan – is the closest one to Tokyo (only 50 kilometers away). Around 20 out of 10.000 locals make up the core Transition Group, yet "locals are very open-minded towards transition's ideas" – states Mr. Hide Enomoto of Transition Fujino.
In fact, it might be that these concepts are not so new to Fujino people. The fundamentals of Transition Network – founded in 2008 by Rob Hopkins in Great Britain – are permaculture and resilience; in other words, it's all about finding a clever way to adapt ourselves to socio-environmental changes by building integrated communities.
After all, the principles of sharing and community – not to mention that of "reverence" towards nature – are deeply rooted in millenary Japanese culture, from Confucianism to Shintoism. According to permaculture – which is not merely a cultivation method – human communities should mimic the natural ecosystems, efficiently organized as every little part of the system has a specific role and shares its abilities, relying in its turn on the others' support.
So what does this mean from a practical point of view? In Fujino, people live ordinarily – eating, working, chatting, and having fun. To get around, they use an hybrid (and shared!) car, which takes advantage of slopes and has a minimum fuel stock in case of need.
Wooden houses with hay-insulated roofs lay side-by-side with one another to form a nagaya – literally "a long house" – to foster the sense of community and facilitate communication. As for the diet, most of the people at Fujino's community eat vegetarian or macrobiotic food, although this is not mandatory: there are also people eating animal products. In fact, this one – like many others in the community – is a free choice.
For preserving freedom of choice and expression is the first step towards feeling naturally free.


The idea of mixing concrete might be one that novice DIY fans might baulk at but it's worth putting some time into it as it's a valuable skill.
Being able to mix small amounts of concrete is very handy for repairs to walls and paths in the garden, driveway patches and other areas of hard-standing. You can use it to fix fence posts in place and even patch internal concrete floors without having to employ contractors.
The real skill with concrete is knowing which components to use, which percentages of sand, cement and other aggregates to use, then where and how to control the setting, particularly over large areas and in different weather conditions. But mixing up a small batch for a repair job is something that should be within the capabilities of most DIY beginners, although you are encouraged to practise first.
We aren't going to attempt to turn you into a master of concrete in this article, that would be foolhardy. So we will restrict ourselves to hand mixing of small amounts to use around the garden and home. There won't be any need for a mixer either.
Get hold of your materials first. We will forget about any added aggregates and stick to a simple sand and cement mix. Six parts of sand to one of cement is a good general purpose mix for a mortar for laying bricks or blocks, but you need to go as high as four to one for an area that will be permanently wet, like a pond liner. You'll need a supply of water as well, of course.
A thick sheet of plastic or tarpaulin over a wooden board makes a good platform for mixing. You need the wood to give a hard surface to shovel against and the sheet helps to keep everything together and uncontaminated. Put the sand and concrete on the tarpaulin and mix it all together thoroughly with a spade or shovel.
Shape the dry mix into a hummock and make a well in the centre. This is where you will add the water, but that needs preparation first. You need to add a plasticiser which will help the mix remain malleable while you work it into whatever you are repairing. A few drops of washing up liquid in a bucket will work, or you can buy a commercial plasticiser.
Get a bucketful of water and mix the plasticiser in, then pour some into the middle of your hummock. Then gradually draw the cement and sand mix into the well, mixing thoroughly as you work your way round. Add water slowly and keep the mortar mix on the dry side initially. It's much easier to add some more water than it is to mix up a new dry sand and cement load to add if you've already made it too damp.
Getting the mortar to the right consistency is something that comes from experience. You need to be able to modify the amount of water you add depending on all sorts of factors -- how dry the materials are to start with, whether there is more or less water in the atmosphere, and of course the job you are doing. But generally you should be aiming for a consistency that will pour slowly. Then apply it to the job in hand.
Other articles in this section go into concrete in more depth, covering how to apply it and different mixes for larger projects like shed bases and laying patios and paths. But practice on the small jobs first before you tackle the big ones.


text:
Q: Change Images on Custom CheckBox in WPF All I have created the following custom CheckBox which uses images instead of a CheckBox. This works well however, I want to be able to change the images as required. Ideally I would like to use application resources Properties.Resources.SomeImage16 (a .png file). The XAML is
<Style x:Key="styleCustomCheckBox"
       TargetType="{x:Type CheckBox}">
    <Setter Property="Template">
        <Setter.Value>
            <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type CheckBox}">
                <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">
                    <Image x:Name="imageCheckBox"
                           Width="16"
                           Height="16"
                           Source="F:\Camus\ResourceStudio\Graphics\Images\UnPinned16.png"/>
                    <ContentPresenter VerticalAlignment="Center"/>
                </StackPanel>
                <ControlTemplate.Triggers>
                    <Trigger Property="IsChecked" Value="False">
                        <Setter TargetName="imageCheckBox"
                                Property="Source"
                                Value="F:\Camus\ResourceStudio\Graphics\Images\Pinned16.png"/>
                    </Trigger>
                    <Trigger Property="IsChecked" Value="True">
                        <Setter TargetName="imageCheckBox"
                                Property="Source"
                                Value="F:\Camus\ResourceStudio\Graphics\Images\UnPinned16.png"/>
                    </Trigger>
                </ControlTemplate.Triggers>
            </ControlTemplate>
        </Setter.Value>
    </Setter>
</Style>

With implementation
<ListBox SelectionMode="Single" >
    <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">
        <CheckBox Style="{StaticResource styleCustomCheckBox}"
                  HorizontalAlignment="Left"
                  VerticalAlignment="Center"
                  Margin="4,0,4,0"/>
        <TextBlock VerticalAlignment="Top"
                   Text="SomeRecentDocument.resx"/>
    </StackPanel>
</ListBox>

How can I change the images used for the custom CheckBox (i.e. change the pinned/un-pinned to tick/cross etc.) without having to create a new style/template?
Thanks for your time.

A: As already mentioned @HighCore the need for the ability to use vector graphics. In this case, to use the Path, where in Data to the specified coordinates on which the object is drawn (MSDN).
Advantages:

*

*Do not store it in the files, smaller size

*Dynamically changing color, size and the whole shape
Minuses (in my opinion):

*

*You can not always find the right Data for the Path
About minus: There are special sites (www.modernuiicons.com) and utilities for converting the image to Data.
Change the style of CheckBox using the Path:
Style
<Style x:Key="styleCustomCheckBox" TargetType="{x:Type CheckBox}">
        <Setter Property="FontFamily" Value="Verdana" />
        <Setter Property="FontSize" Value="14" />

        <Setter Property="Template">
            <Setter.Value>
                <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type CheckBox}">
                    <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">
                        <Path x:Name="MyPin" Width="18" Height="18" Stretch="Fill" Fill="#FF000000"
                              Data="F1 M 56.1355,32.5475L 43.4466,19.8526C 42.7886,20.4988 42.298,21.2123 41.9749,21.9932C 41.6519,22.7741 41.4903,23.5729 41.4903,24.3895C 41.4903,25.1942 41.6529,25.987 41.9779,26.7679L 34.0577,34.6821C 33.3918,34.3372 32.6991,34.0776 31.9796,33.9032C 31.2601,33.7288 30.5298,33.6415 29.7885,33.6415C 28.623,33.6415 27.4953,33.8526 26.4052,34.2748C 25.315,34.697 24.3419,35.3342 23.4856,36.1865L 30.2344,42.9174L 25.9027,47.9032L 22.6532,51.8425L 20.5988,54.5836C 20.1212,55.2892 19.8823,55.753 19.8823,55.975L 19.8645,56.0701L 19.9002,56.088L 19.9002,56.1474L 19.9358,56.1058L 20.0131,56.1236C 20.2351,56.1236 20.6989,55.8888 21.4045,55.419L 24.1457,53.3765L 28.0849,50.1151L 33.0945,45.7775L 39.8016,52.5025C 40.6579,51.6462 41.2961,50.6731 41.7163,49.5829C 42.1365,48.4928 42.3466,47.367 42.3466,46.2056C 42.3466,45.4603 42.2603,44.729 42.0879,44.0115C 41.9155,43.294 41.6548,42.6003 41.3069,41.9304L 49.2202,34.0161C 50.0011,34.3372 50.7939,34.4978 51.5986,34.4978C 52.4192,34.4978 53.2189,34.3362 53.9979,34.0132C 54.7768,33.6901 55.4894,33.2015 56.1355,32.5475 Z "/>

                        <ContentPresenter VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="10,0,0,0" />
                    </StackPanel>

                    <ControlTemplate.Triggers>
                        <Trigger Property="IsChecked" Value="False">
                            <Setter TargetName="MyPin" Property="Data" Value="F1 M 32.3691,30.2225L 33.2253,29.3901L 15.361,11.5258C 13.9814,12.7067 12.6951,13.9936 11.5148,15.3738L 26.6252,30.4842C 27.743,30.1631 28.8767,30.0025 30.0263,30.0025C 30.8191,30.0025 31.6,30.0759 32.3691,30.2225 Z M 45.5039,49.3629L 60.6292,64.4826C 62.0123,63.2996 63.3017,62.0101 64.4846,60.6268L 46.6218,42.7866L 45.7834,43.619L 45.9439,44.7726L 45.9915,45.9261L 45.8785,47.6713L 45.5039,49.3629 Z M 56.1355,32.5475L 43.4466,19.8526C 42.7886,20.4987 42.298,21.2123 41.9749,21.9932C 41.6519,22.7741 41.4903,23.5729 41.4903,24.3895C 41.4903,25.1942 41.6529,25.987 41.9779,26.7679L 34.0577,34.6821C 33.3918,34.3372 32.6991,34.0776 31.9796,33.9032C 31.2601,33.7288 30.5298,33.6415 29.7885,33.6415C 28.623,33.6415 27.4953,33.8526 26.4052,34.2748C 25.315,34.697 24.3419,35.3342 23.4856,36.1865L 30.2344,42.9174L 25.9027,47.9032L 22.6532,51.8425L 20.5988,54.5836C 20.1212,55.2892 19.8823,55.753 19.8823,55.975L 19.8645,56.0701L 19.9002,56.0879L 19.9002,56.1474L 19.9358,56.1058L 20.0131,56.1236C 20.2351,56.1236 20.6989,55.8888 21.4045,55.419L 24.1457,53.3765L 28.0849,50.1151L 33.0945,45.7775L 39.8016,52.5025C 40.6579,51.6462 41.2961,50.6731 41.7163,49.5829C 42.1365,48.4928 42.3466,47.367 42.3466,46.2056C 42.3466,45.4603 42.2603,44.729 42.0879,44.0115C 41.9155,43.294 41.6548,42.6003 41.306,41.9304L 49.2202,34.0161C 50.0011,34.3372 50.7939,34.4978 51.5986,34.4978C 52.4192,34.4978 53.219,34.3362 53.9979,34.0132C 54.7768,33.6901 55.4894,33.2015 56.1355,32.5475 Z " />
                            <Setter TargetName="MyPin" Property="Fill" Value="Gray" />
                        </Trigger>
                    </ControlTemplate.Triggers>
                </ControlTemplate>
            </Setter.Value>
        </Setter>
</Style>

Using
<StackPanel Orientation="Vertical" HorizontalAlignment="Center">
    <CheckBox Height="35"
              Style="{StaticResource styleCustomCheckBox}"
              Content="MySolution1" />

    <CheckBox Height="35"
              Style="{StaticResource styleCustomCheckBox}"
              Content="MySolution2" />
</StackPanel>

Output

We can also store the Path's in resources, and refer to them as like this:
<Path x:Key="MyPath" Data="F1 M 38,19C 48.4934,19 57,27.5066 ... />

...

<Setter TargetName="MainPath" Property="Data"
        Value="{Binding Source={StaticResource MyPath}, Path=Data}" />

Edit
To specify arbitrary icons, I created two attached dependency properties (string type):

*

*IsCheckedOnData

*IsCheckedOffData
IsCheckedOnData contains Data value by IsChecked = "True", IsCheckedOffData value  by IsChecked = "False".
Now you need only to determine the strings of icons and define such a resource (for example).
Full example:
XAML
<Window x:Class="CustomCheckBoxHelp.MainWindow"
    xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
    xmlns:local="clr-namespace:CustomCheckBoxHelp"
    xmlns:sys="clr-namespace:System;assembly=mscorlib"
    WindowStartupLocation="CenterScreen"
    Title="MainWindow" Height="350" Width="525">

<Window.Resources>
    <sys:String x:Key="Up">
        F1 M 37.8516,35.625L 34.6849,38.7917L 23.6016,50.2708L
        23.6016,39.9792L 37.8516,24.9375L 52.1016,39.9792L 52.1016,
        50.2708L 41.0182,38.7917L 37.8516,35.625 Z
    </sys:String>

    <sys:String x:Key="Down">
        F1 M 37.8516,39.5833L 52.1016,24.9375L 52.1016,35.2292L
        37.8516,50.2708L 23.6016,35.2292L 23.6016,24.9375L 37.8516,39.5833 Z
    </sys:String>

    <Style x:Key="styleCustomCheckBox" TargetType="{x:Type CheckBox}">
        <Setter Property="FontFamily" Value="Verdana" />
        <Setter Property="FontSize" Value="14" />

        <Setter Property="Template">
            <Setter.Value>
                <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type CheckBox}">
                    <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">
                        <Path x:Name="MyPin" Width="18" Height="18" Stretch="Fill" Fill="#FF000000"
                              Data="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource TemplatedParent}, Path=(local:CustomCheckBoxClass.IsCheckedOnData)}" />
                        <ContentPresenter VerticalAlignment="Center" Margin="10,0,0,0" />
                    </StackPanel>

                    <ControlTemplate.Triggers>
                        <Trigger Property="IsChecked" Value="False">
                            <Setter TargetName="MyPin" Property="Data"
                                    Value="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource TemplatedParent}, Path=(local:CustomCheckBoxClass.IsCheckedOffData)}" />
                            <Setter TargetName="MyPin" Property="Fill" Value="Gray" />
                        </Trigger>
                    </ControlTemplate.Triggers>
                </ControlTemplate>
            </Setter.Value>
        </Setter>
    </Style>
</Window.Resources>

<Grid>
    <StackPanel Orientation="Vertical" HorizontalAlignment="Center" Background="Beige">
        <CheckBox Height="35"
                  local:CustomCheckBoxClass.IsCheckedOnData="{StaticResource Up}"
                  local:CustomCheckBoxClass.IsCheckedOffData="{StaticResource Down}"
                  Style="{StaticResource styleCustomCheckBox}"
                  Content="MySolution1" />

        <CheckBox Height="35"
                  local:CustomCheckBoxClass.IsCheckedOnData="{StaticResource Up}"
                  local:CustomCheckBoxClass.IsCheckedOffData="{StaticResource Down}"
                  Style="{StaticResource styleCustomCheckBox}"
                  Content="MySolution2" />
    </StackPanel>
</Grid>
</Window>

Code behind
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
    public MainWindow()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }
}

public class CustomCheckBoxClass : DependencyObject
{
    #region IsCheckedOnDataProperty

    public static readonly DependencyProperty IsCheckedOnDataProperty;

    public static void SetIsCheckedOnData(DependencyObject DepObject, string value)
    {
        DepObject.SetValue(IsCheckedOnDataProperty, value);
    }

    public static string GetIsCheckedOnData(DependencyObject DepObject)
    {
        return (string)DepObject.GetValue(IsCheckedOnDataProperty);
    }

    #endregion

    #region IsCheckedOffDataProperty

    public static readonly DependencyProperty IsCheckedOffDataProperty;

    public static void SetIsCheckedOffData(DependencyObject DepObject, string value)
    {
        DepObject.SetValue(IsCheckedOffDataProperty, value);
    }

    public static string GetIsCheckedOffData(DependencyObject DepObject)
    {
        return (string)DepObject.GetValue(IsCheckedOffDataProperty);
    }

    #endregion

    static CustomCheckBoxClass()
    {
        PropertyMetadata MyPropertyMetadata = new PropertyMetadata(string.Empty);

        IsCheckedOnDataProperty = DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("IsCheckedOnData",
                                                            typeof(string),
                                                            typeof(CustomCheckBoxClass),
                                                            MyPropertyMetadata);

        IsCheckedOffDataProperty = DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("IsCheckedOffData",
                                                            typeof(string),
                                                            typeof(CustomCheckBoxClass),
                                                            MyPropertyMetadata);
    }
}

Note: In the style I have not used TemplateBinding because TemplateBinding doesn't work outside a template or outside its VisualTree property, so you can't even use TemplateBinding inside a template's trigger. Therefore, we must use the construction {RelativeSource TemplatedParent} and a Path equal to the dependency property whose value you want to retrieve.

A: Sorry, I don't yet know how to reference an image in those resources, but if you can add the images into a folder named Images in your application root directory, then you will be able to reference the images simply like this:
<Image Source="/ApplicationName;component/Images/SomeImage16.png" />

A: As you mention you can change the checkbox trigger by checked and unchecked. And the image will display corresponding trigger. Your xml code is good for me.I just remove the trigger true portion.because the false portion by default in focus and after click the checkbox image UnPinned16.png is visible. And agan click image Pinned16.png is visibale .
<Style x:Key="styleCustomCheckBox"
       TargetType="{x:Type CheckBox}">
    <Setter Property="Template">
        <Setter.Value>
            <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type CheckBox}">
                <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">
                    <Image x:Name="imageCheckBox"
                           Width="16"
                           Height="16" Source="F:\Camus\ResourceStudio\Graphics\Images\UnPinned16.png"/>
                    <ContentPresenter VerticalAlignment="Center"/>
                </StackPanel>
                <ControlTemplate.Triggers>
                    <Trigger Property="IsChecked" Value="False">
                        <Setter TargetName="imageCheckBox"
                                Property="Source"
                                Value="F:\Camus\ResourceStudio\Graphics\Images\Pinned16.png"/>
                    </Trigger>
                </ControlTemplate.Triggers>
            </ControlTemplate>
        </Setter.Value>
    </Setter>
</Style>

And I am using this checkbox under a textblock
<CheckBox Style="{StaticResource styleCustomCheckBox}"
                  HorizontalAlignment="Left"
                  VerticalAlignment="Center"
                  Margin="4,0,4,0"/>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Movie Review: Gladiator (2000)
An epic drama set in the glory days of the Roman Empire, Gladiator is a rousing story of one noble warrior's quest for revenge against the evil forces of a corrupt Emperor. Director Ridley Scott reinvigorated the grand historical epic genre, while star Russell Crowe established himself as a charismatically intense hero, comfortable in any epoch.
The Roman Empire, in 180 AD. Ageing Emperor Marcus Aurelius (Richard Harris) is in poor health and reaching the end of his life. His army, under the command of General Maximus (Crowe), crushes the Germanic tribes and the Empire stands unchallenged. Marcus has a power-hungry but weak, unworthy and immoral son Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix), and a clever daughter Lucilla (Connie Nielsen), who long ago was Maximus' lover. Maximus is a phenomenally skilled warrior and strategist, but longs to return to his farm in Spain, where his wife and son are waiting.
Maximus, preparing to give the battle order: At my signal, unleash hell.
With corruption running rampant through Rome, several Senators, including Gacchus (Derek Jacobi) and Gaius (John Shrapnel), are disillusioned with the Emperor and seek the creation of a Republic. Marcus regrets a life preoccupied with warfare, and decides that the respected and honourable Maximus should succeed him as Emperor to bring political stability and good governance back to the Empire. Before Marcus can publicly announce his decision, Commodus kills him and seizes power and orders the death of Maximum.
Maximus escapes, but his wife and son are brutally killed by Commodus' men. The former general is sold into slavery, eventually becoming the property of Proximo (Oliver Reed), who owns a stable of gladiators in the far reaches of the Empire. Maximus proves himself a popular killing machine, and establishes a reputation among the blood thirsty crowds as "the Spaniard". He also befriends fellow slave gladiators Juba (Djimon Hounsou) and Hagen (Ralf Möller).
In Rome, Commodus struggles to rule, while Lucilla is caught between loyalty to her brother, worry about his intentions towards her young son, and the restless Senators. Commodus tries to improve his popularity by sponsoring 150 days of games, including returning gladiator battles to the Colosseum. Eventually Proximo and his men are invited back to compete, allowing Maximus to return to Rome. He is single-mindedly determined to find his revenge against Commodus, but first has to survive the brutal gladiator battles.
Maximus, revealing his identity: My name is Maximus Decimus Meridius. Commander of the Armies of the North. General of the Felix Legions. Loyal servant to the true Emperor, Marcus Aurelius. Father to a murdered son, husband to a murdered wife – and I will have my vengeance, in this life or the next.
Inspired by actual history but very much a work of fiction, Gladiator offers more than 150 minutes of rollicking action and tumultuous human conflict. The film is unrelenting in offering up awe-inspiring scenes of combat and carnage interspersed with healthy doses of character development driven by themes of loyalty, mistrust, ambition and cold revenge. At its core the film is about a conflict between two men who both insist on having their own way with history, and neither will settle until the other is destroyed.
The battle scenes deliver tense excitement, Scott able to mix close combat with enough strategic perspective to maintain coherence. Whether the death and destruction is unleashed deep in the Germanic forests or the relatively tighter confines of the Colosseum, Scott and cinematographer John Mathieson adopt an often jerky soldier's eye view of battle, with just enough wider shots to provide context. There is plenty of blood, gore and dismemberment to convey ferocity, with individuals who matter frequently placed in harms way to ensure that the danger registers.
But the strength of the film lies ultimately with character depth rather than stacks of corpses. As simple as the story is, it is also undoubtedly compelling. Maximum is as pure and humble as a man as he is merciless as a battle warrior, a loyal soldier who kills Rome's enemies as needed but always yearns to return to the peacefulness of home. Commodus is his antithesis, morally bankrupt, power hungry despite being undeserving, and caring much less about the glory of Rome than personal adulation. Heroes and villains don't come much more white and black than what Gladiator offers, but both men are presented as unyielding and flawed. Maximus allows his quest for revenge to consume him, while Commodus becomes obsessed with the need to publicly usurp and humiliate the popular gladiator once he returns to Rome.
In the wings are two other characters facing moments of truth. Lucilla is forced to navigate the treacherous path where her brother is an unworthy Emperor, her young son is heir apparent and therefore in mortal danger, and her former lover is intent on causing mayhem in the hallways of power. Proximo's story is much more modest: a former gladiator himself, Proximo finds himself in possession of the purest killing machine that can provide him with unlimited riches. But Proximo grows to realize that the Spaniard is destined for a higher purpose, and men like Proximo get to choose their side of history, but don't get to shape the outcome.
Proximo, to Maximus: Then listen to me. Learn from me. I wasn't the best because I killed quickly. I was the best because the crowd loved me. Win the crowd, and you will win your freedom.
Visually, Scott offers a spectacular recreation of Rome in all its glory, including breathtaking views of a reconstructed Colosseum brought back to raucous life. Many scenes feature seemingly thousands of extras, with live actors blended seamlessly with CGI effects. And in one battle, a few angry tigers enter the fray to join in the bloodletting. In the middle of it all, Russell Crowe commands the action with unflappable self-belief, oozing star power with the confidence of a man on a mission he believes to be absolutely righteous. Joaquin Phoenix manages the unenviable task of creating a hateable villain, his Commodus consisting of insidious lies, barely concealed deceit, and soulless betrayal in the pursuit of power.
Oliver Reed and Connie Nielsen offer commendable support in the main secondary roles. Reed passed away partway through filming, and his scenes where completed with the help of doubles and imaginative computer trickery. Djimon Hounsou gets a rather underwritten role as another gladiator in Proximo's stable who befriends Maximus.
Gladiator is a towering achievement, a celebration of the clash between the worst and the best that manhood offers: from pathetic selfish self-aggrandizement to saving the soul of an Empire.
Labels: Djimon Hounsou, Film Review, Joaquin Phoenix, Movie Review, Oliver Reed, Richard Harris, Russell Crowe
This is a great movie.. I love it..

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ostrom's framework to analyse the sustainability of social-ecological systems has attracted great interest in the last years. It was not conceived to characterise systems, but its nature and structure make it very appealing to be used with this objective. However, its use to characterise three social-ecological systems where common-pool resource management is central created some methodological struggles and difficulties for comparing outcomes. This paper aims to present some adaptations developed for improving the framework's comprehensiveness and practical applicability at local level, such as a transdisciplinary description of the second-level variables, the definition of a set of third-level variables to facilitate and enrich the descriptions and additional guidelines for gathering the information and planning data searching processes at local level. The whole process of adapting and applying the framework was the result of collaboration among scientists, and local researchers and stakeholders. The adapted framework permitted a comprehensive and comparable characterisation of the socialecological systems analysed and facilitated its use by the local communities.


Lana Cordaro writes about relationships, relationship advice and dating tips on her Blog at lanacordaro.tumblr.com. I've been to her blog and I've noticed that she doesn't only provide you with the fun advice, but some important things everyone needs to know in a relationship to protect themselves emotionally and physically. This is something many bloggers won't talk about. But Lana's work and write up on such issues is commendable.
If you are looking to start following a relationships blog, then this is the best one you can follow.
Lana Cordaro Provides you with some great advice and the blog is absolutely worth checking out.
This entry was posted in Website Reviews on November 17, 2018 by Rajesh Sharma.


text:
Q: How do you parse a paragraph of text into sentences? (perferrably in Ruby) How do you take paragraph or large amount of text and break it into sentences (perferably using Ruby) taking into account cases such as Mr. and Dr. and U.S.A?  (Assuming you just put the sentences into an array of arrays)
UPDATE:
One possible solution I thought of involves using a parts-of-speech tagger (POST) and a classifier to determine the end of a sentence:
Getting data from Mr. Jones felt the warm sun on his face as he stepped out onto the balcony of his summer home in Italy.  He was happy to be alive.
CLASSIFIER
Mr./PERSON Jones/PERSON felt/O the/O warm/O sun/O on/O his/O face/O as/O he/O stepped/O out/O onto/O the/O balcony/O of/O his/O summer/O home/O in/O Italy/LOCATION ./O He/O was/O happy/O to/O be/O alive/O ./O
POST
Mr./NNP Jones/NNP felt/VBD the/DT warm/JJ sun/NN on/IN his/PRP$ face/NN as/IN he/PRP stepped/VBD out/RP onto/IN the/DT balcony/NN of/IN his/PRP$ summer/NN home/NN in/IN Italy./NNP He/PRP was/VBD happy/JJ to/TO be/VB alive./IN
Can we assume, since Italy is a location, the period is the valid end of the sentence? Since ending on "Mr." would have no other parts-of-speech, can we assume this is not a valid end-of-sentence period? Is this the best answer to the my question?
Thoughts?

A: Just to make it clear, there is no simple solution to that. This is topic of NLP research as a quick Google search shows.
However, it seems that there are some open source projects dealing with NLP supporting sentence detection, I found the following Java-based toolset:

openNLP

Additional comment: The problem of deciding where sentences begin and end is also called sentence boundary disambiguation (SBD) in natural language processing.

A: Looks like this ruby gem might do the trick.
https://github.com/zencephalon/Tactful_Tokenizer

A: Take a look at the Python sentence splitter in NLTK (Natural Language Tool Kit):
Punkt sentence tokenizer
It's based on the following paper:
Kiss, Tibor and Strunk, Jan (2006): Unsupervised Multilingual Sentence Boundary Detection.  Computational Linguistics 32: 485-525.
The approach in the paper is quite interesting. They reduce the problem of sentence splitting to the problem of determining how strongly a word is associated with following punctuation. The overloading of periods after abbreviations is responsible for most of the ambiguous periods, so if you can identify the abbreviations you can identify the sentence boundaries with a high probability.
I've tested this tool informally a bit and it seems to give good results for a variety of (human) languages.
Porting it to Ruby would be non-trivial, but it might give you some ideas.

A: This is a hard problem if you really care about getting it right. You'll find that NLP parser packages probably provide this functionality. If you want something faster, you'll need to end up duplicating some of that functionality with a trained probabilistic function of a window of tokens (you'd probably want to count a line feed as a token, since i may drop a period if it's the end of a paragraph).
Edit: I recommend the Stanford parser if you can use Java. I have no recommendation for other languages, but I'm very interested in hearing what else is out there that is open source.

A: Unfortunately I'm not a ruby guy but maybe an example in perl will get you headed in the right direction. Using a non matching look behind for the ending punctuation then some special cases in a not behind followed by any amount of space followed by look ahead for a capital letter. I'm sure this isn't perfect but I hope it points you in the right direction. Not sure how you would know if U.S.A. is actually at the end of the sentence...
#!/usr/bin/perl

$string = "Mr. Thompson is from the U.S.A. and is 75 years old. Dr. Bob is a dentist. This is a string that contains several sentances. For example this is one. Followed by another. Can it deal with a question?  It sure can!";

my @sentances = split(/(?:(?<=\.|\!|\?)(?<!Mr\.|Dr\.)(?<!U\.S\.A\.)\s+(?=[A-Z]))/, $string);

for (@sentances) {
    print $_."\n";
}

A: Agree with the accepted answer, using Stanford Core NLP is a no brainer.
However, in 2016 there are some incompatibilities interfacing the Stanford Parser with the later versions of the stanford core nlp (I had issues with Stanford Core NLP v3.5).
Here is what I did to parse text into sentences using Ruby interfacing with Stanford Core NLP:

*

*Install the Stanford CoreNLP gem:

gem install stanford-core-nlp

*Then following the instructions on the readme for Using the latest version of the Stanford CoreNLP:

Using the latest version of the Stanford CoreNLP (version 3.5.0 as of
31/10/2014) requires some additional manual steps:

*

*Download Stanford CoreNLP version 3.5.0 from http://nlp.stanford.edu/.

*Place the contents of the extracted archive inside the /bin/ folder of
the stanford-core-nlp gem (e.g. [...]/gems/stanford-core-nlp-0.x/bin/)
or inside the directory location configured by setting
StanfordCoreNLP.jar_path.

*Download the full Stanford Tagger version 3.5.0 from http://nlp.stanford.edu/.

*Make a directory named 'taggers' inside the /bin/ folder of the stanford-core-nlp gem (e.g.
[...]/gems/stanford-core-nlp-0.x/bin/) or inside the directory
configured by setting StanfordCoreNLP.jar_path.

*Place the contents of
the extracted archive inside taggers directory.

*Download the bridge.jar file from https://github.com/louismullie/stanford-core-nlp.

*Place the downloaded bridger.jar file inside the /bin/ folder of the
stanford-core-nlp gem (e.g.
[...]/gems/stanford-core-nlp-0.x/bin/taggers/) or inside the directory
configured by setting StanfordCoreNLP.jar_path.

Then the ruby code to split text into sentences:
require "stanford-core-nlp"

#I downloaded the StanfordCoreNLP to a custom path:
StanfordCoreNLP.jar_path = "/home/josh/stanford-corenlp-full-2014-10-31/"

StanfordCoreNLP.use :english
StanfordCoreNLP.model_files = {}
StanfordCoreNLP.default_jars = [
  'joda-time.jar',
  'xom.jar',
  'stanford-corenlp-3.5.0.jar',
  'stanford-corenlp-3.5.0-models.jar',
  'jollyday.jar',
  'bridge.jar'
]

pipeline =  StanfordCoreNLP.load(:tokenize, :ssplit)

text = 'Mr. Josh Weir is writing some code. ' +
  'I am Josh Weir Sr. my son may be Josh Weir Jr. etc. etc.'
text = StanfordCoreNLP::Annotation.new(text)
pipeline.annotate(text)
text.get(:sentences).each{|s| puts "sentence: " + s.to_s}

#output:
#sentence: Mr. Josh Weir is writing some code.
#sentence: I am Josh Weir Sr. my son may be Josh Weir Jr. etc. etc.

A: Try looking at the Ruby wrapper around the Stanford Parser. It has a getSentencesFromString() function.

A: Maybe try splitting it up by a period followed by a space followed by an uppercase letter? I'm not sure how to find uppercase letters, but that would be the pattern I'd start looking at.
Edit: Finding uppercase letters with Ruby.
Another Edit:
Check for sentence ending punctuation that follow words that don't start with uppercase letters.

A: The answer by Dr. Manning is the most appropriate if you are considering the JAVA (and Ruby too in hard way ;)). It is here-

There is a sentence splitter:
  edu.stanford.nlp.process.DocumentPreprocessor
  . Try the command: java
  edu.stanford.nlp.process.DocumentPreprocessor
  /u/nlp/data/lexparser/textDocument.txt

oneTokenizedSentencePerLine.txt . (This is done via a (good but
    heuristic) FSM, so it's fast; you're
    not running the probabilistic parser.)

But a little suggestion if we modify the command java edu.stanford.nlp.process.DocumentPreprocessor /u/nlp/data/lexparser/textDocument.txt > oneTokenizedSentencePerLine.txt
 TO  java edu.stanford.nlp.process.DocumentPreprocessor -file /u/nlp/data/lexparser/textDocument.txt > oneTokenizedSentencePerLine.txt . It will work fine as you need to specify what kind of file is being presented as input.
So -file for Text file, -html for HTML, etc.

A: I've not tried it but if English is the only language you are concerned with I'd suggest giving Lingua::EN::Readability a look.

Lingua::EN::Readability is a Ruby module which calculates statistics on English text. It can supply counts of words, sentences and syllables. It can also calculate several readability measures, such as a Fog Index and a Flesch-Kincaid level. The package includes the module Lingua::EN::Sentence, which breaks English text into sentences heeding abbreviations, and Lingua::EN::Syllable, which can guess the number of syllables in a written English word. If a pronouncing dictionary is available it can look up the number of syllables in the dictionary for greater accuracy

The bit you want is in sentence.rb as follows:
module Lingua
module EN
# The module Lingua::EN::Sentence takes English text, and attempts to split it
# up into sentences, respecting abbreviations.

module Sentence
  EOS = "\001" # temporary end of sentence marker

  Titles   = [ 'jr', 'mr', 'mrs', 'ms', 'dr', 'prof', 'sr', 'sen', 'rep',
         'rev', 'gov', 'atty', 'supt', 'det', 'rev', 'col','gen', 'lt',
         'cmdr', 'adm', 'capt', 'sgt', 'cpl', 'maj' ]

  Entities = [ 'dept', 'univ', 'uni', 'assn', 'bros', 'inc', 'ltd', 'co',
         'corp', 'plc' ]

  Months   = [ 'jan', 'feb', 'mar', 'apr', 'may', 'jun', 'jul',
         'aug', 'sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec', 'sept' ]

  Days     = [ 'mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri', 'sat', 'sun' ]

  Misc     = [ 'vs', 'etc', 'no', 'esp', 'cf' ]

  Streets  = [ 'ave', 'bld', 'blvd', 'cl', 'ct', 'cres', 'dr', 'rd', 'st' ]

  @@abbreviations = Titles + Entities + Months + Days + Streets + Misc

  # Split the passed text into individual sentences, trim these and return
  # as an array. A sentence is marked by one of the punctuation marks ".", "?"
  # or "!" followed by whitespace. Sequences of full stops (such as an
  # ellipsis marker "..." and stops after a known abbreviation are ignored.
  def Sentence.sentences(text)

    text = text.dup

    # initial split after punctuation - have to preserve trailing whitespace
    # for the ellipsis correction next
    # would be nicer to use look-behind and look-ahead assertions to skip
    # ellipsis marks, but Ruby doesn't support look-behind
    text.gsub!( /([\.?!](?:\"|\'|\)|\]|\})?)(\s+)/ ) { $1 << EOS << $2 }

    # correct ellipsis marks and rows of stops
    text.gsub!( /(\.\.\.*)#{EOS}/ ) { $1 }

    # correct abbreviations
    # TODO - precompile this regex?
    text.gsub!( /(#{@@abbreviations.join("|")})\.#{EOS}/i ) { $1 << '.' }

    # split on EOS marker, strip gets rid of trailing whitespace
    text.split(EOS).map { | sentence | sentence.strip }
  end

  # add a list of abbreviations to the list that's used to detect false
  # sentence ends. Return the current list of abbreviations in use.
  def Sentence.abbreviation(*abbreviations)
    @@abbreviations += abbreviations
    @@abbreviations
  end
end
end
end

A: I'm not a Ruby guy, but a RegEx that split on
 ^(Mr|Mrs|Ms|Mme|Sta|Sr|Sra|Dr|U\.S\.A)[\.\!\?\"] [A-Z]

would be my best bet, once you've got the paragraph (split on \r\n).  This assumes that your sentences are proper cased.
Obviously this is a fairly ugly RegEx.  What about forcing two spaces between sentences

A: Breaking on a period followed by a space and a capitalized letter wouldn't fly for titles like "Mr. Brown."
The periods make things difficult, but an easy case to handle is exclamation points and question marks. However, there are cases that would make this not work. i.e. the corporate name of Yahoo!

A: Well obviously paragraph.split('.') won't cut it
#split will take a regex as an answer so you might try using a zero-width lookbehind to check for a word starting with a capital letter. Of course this will split on proper nouns so you may have to resort to a regex like this /(Mr\.|Mrs\.|U\.S\.A ...) which would horrendously ugly unless you built the regex programmatically.

A: I think this is not always resoluble, but you could split based on ". " (a period followed by and empty space) and verifying that the word before the period isn't in a list of words like Mr, Dr, etc.
But, of course, your list may omit some words, and in that case you will get bad results.


text:
Additional Therapeutic Areas
Discovery Compounds
Medical Information Request Form
Our Medicine
Corporate Offices (US and UK)
Home > Careers > Culture
We're a dynamic, fast-paced biopharmaceutical company, where everyone has the ability to make a significant impact.
Intercept started as a vision in our CEO's small New York City apartment, and while we're now 500 people and growing, we've never lost our entrepreneurial spirit.
Nimble and dynamic environment
Intercept's size and stage of growth provides employees with the unique opportunity to be part of a nimble and growing company that also has a proven commercial track record, with one successfully-marketed product and a second indication on the horizon.
Passionate, present and accessible leaders
From small group lunch-and-learns to one-on-one meetings, our executives are invested in our employees' success and professional development. Our size and agility foster an environment that celebrates self-motivated leaders at every level who want to make their mark.
Revitalized, desirable locations
It all started in New York City, and our U.S. headquarters remain in the heart of NYC's burgeoning biotech scene.
Our headquarters are conveniently located in Hudson Yards, the city's next great neighborhood.
Other major offices are also located in dynamic locations, including the biotech hub of San Diego, as well as London's bustling Kings Cross neighborhood.
For more information, contact us at careers@interceptpharma.com
10 Hudson Yards, 37th Floor|New York, NY 10001|T: 844-782-ICPT
© 2020 Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
YOU ARE NOW leaving interceptpharma.com
You are now leaving Intercept Pharmaceuticals' corporate website and entering a site intended for U.S. audiences only.
You are now leaving Intercept Pharmaceuticals' corporate website. Intercept does not control or endorse the content of this external site.
The link you have selected will take you outside of Intercept Pharmaceuticals' corporate website.
The site you will be entering is intended for U.S. audiences only.
If you are a healthcare provider looking for product information, visit ocalivahcp.com.
You have selected a link that will take you to a site maintained by a third party who is solely responsible for its contents. Intercept provides this link as a service to its website visitors. Intercept is not responsible for the content or the privacy policy of any third party websites.
Close this window to return to Intercept Pharmaceuticals' site or click 'Continue' to proceed.
This website uses cookies. These cookies allow us to recognize, distinguish and count the number of visitors to our site, helping us to provide you with a good experience while browsing our website. Please check the box to acknowledge the use of cookies. To find out more about this, please see our privacy policy.


text:
from nova.api.openstack.compute.contrib import floating_ip_pools as fipp_v2
from nova.api.openstack.compute.plugins.v3 import floating_ip_pools as\
                                                      fipp_v21
from nova import context
from nova import network
from nova import test
from nova.tests.unit.api.openstack import fakes

def fake_get_floating_ip_pools(self, context):
    return ['nova', 'other']

class FloatingIpPoolTestV21(test.NoDBTestCase):
    floating_ip_pools = fipp_v21

    def setUp(self):
        super(FloatingIpPoolTestV21, self).setUp()
        self.stubs.Set(network.api.API, "get_floating_ip_pools",
                       fake_get_floating_ip_pools)

        self.context = context.RequestContext('fake', 'fake')
        self.controller = self.floating_ip_pools.FloatingIPPoolsController()
        self.req = fakes.HTTPRequest.blank('')

    def test_translate_floating_ip_pools_view(self):
        pools = fake_get_floating_ip_pools(None, self.context)
        view = self.floating_ip_pools._translate_floating_ip_pools_view(pools)
        self.assertIn('floating_ip_pools', view)
        self.assertEqual(view['floating_ip_pools'][0]['name'],
                         pools[0])
        self.assertEqual(view['floating_ip_pools'][1]['name'],
                         pools[1])

    def test_floating_ips_pools_list(self):
        res_dict = self.controller.index(self.req)

        pools = fake_get_floating_ip_pools(None, self.context)
        response = {'floating_ip_pools': [{'name': name} for name in pools]}
        self.assertEqual(res_dict, response)

class FloatingIpPoolTestV2(FloatingIpPoolTestV21):
    floating_ip_pools = fipp_v2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Extraordinary Ordinary People
Everybody's got an extraordinary story
Brie Salzman: Cheesemonger Extraordinaire
Extraordinary Ordinary People by Andy Kushner	Brie Salzman: Cheesemonger Extraordinaire
Facebook Twitter Embed Instagram	Subscribe
When you hear the name Brie, do you conjure up images of delicious cheeses spread over a board, paired with meats and wine? That's exactly what Brie is all about. Now a Certified Cheese Professional recognized by the American Cheese Society, Brie had humble beginnings the same as all of us. His upbringing in New York City was a tumultuous one, filled with fond memories as well as some bitter ones with his parents. He decided to get away and move to Barcelona after he finished college, where his love for all things related to food and cheese were realized.
In this week's interview, Andy and Brie share an all-encompassing chat about his passion and devotion to the art of cheese. The two also discuss how family has played a role in shaping Brie's profession, the various kinds of cheeses he might recommend depending on the situation, and how Brie enjoys some of the greatest pleasures in life. Listen to the full interview right here.
Brie Salzman [Facebook]
M. Fromage Article
Marty Dread: Hawaii's Reggae Ambassador
Extraordinary Ordinary People by Andy Kushner	Marty Dread: Hawaii's Reggae Ambassador
Being Hawaii's "Reggae Ambassador" is a title Marty Dread takes pretty seriously. The singer songwriter grew up on the island of Maui from the time he was eight years old, and always had a creative soul. In high school he was at a crossroads in life, when he thought he might want to pursue his aspiring career as a watercolor artist, after his mother. But a pinnacle moment unfolded that opened Marty's eyes to the power of music, and showed him just how influential this medium could be.
Marty and Andy have a jovial chat about his long and accomplished songwriting and recording career. The two share stories about their most inspiring singers and performers like Stevie Wonder, Willie Nelson, Bob Marley, Michael McDonald, and others. You can also hear about how Marty writes lyrics centered on social issues and change, how he became the gateway for reggae artists to become mainstream on Maui, and even hear a few of his original songs performed live during the interview. Listen to it all right here.
Marty Dread
Marty Dread [Facebook]
Pure Aloha
Still The One
What Happened to Peace on Earth
Brett Culp: Obstacle Or Opportunity
Dave Russell: Grammy Award-Winning Recording Engineer
Branden Chapman: Behind-The-Scenes of the Recording Academy and The Grammys
Chef Roy Yamaguchi: Creating Exquisite Cuisine, Culture & Community
Simon T. Bailey: How To Harness Your Brilliance and Turbo Charge Your Business


text:
Police: Man Lying in Road Struck by Car, Killed
by: Jeremy Kohus
HERMINIE, Pa. (AP) – Authorities say a man apparently lying in the road in front of a western Pennsylvania high school was struck and killed by a car.
Officials in Westmoreland County said the accident happened shortly after 1:40 a.m. Monday in front of Yough High School in Sewickley Township.
State police said the pedestrian was apparently lying in the northbound lane of Lowber Road when he was hit by a car.
Police said the driver reported seeing what appeared to be an object in the road and swerved, but hit the man's torso and head. State police said the driver stopped and called 911.
Fifty-four-year-old David Pedder of North Huntingdon Township was pronounced dead at the scene. A ruling on the cause and manner of death was delayed pending toxicology tests.
Marshall County / 15 mins ago


text:
The Streaming Wars & the Coming Free Music Apocalypse
If Apple Music succeeds it could mean the end of free music on the internet. Are you ready?
Yoh Phillips
The world was supposed to end on the Mayan calendar's final date. It felt like one of those crazy doomsday predictions that you didn't take seriously, but the glimmer of possibility kept you wondering. The end of days theories were impossible to escape, especially after Hollywood turned the fear into a blockbuster movie. Drake even created an acronym for living life like the end is coming. Harold Camping used his Christian radio station to proclaim the rapture twice that year. The final days became an event, an eagerness to see if the premonition was true. There was more excitement than fear, and on what was supposed to be the last day in history, life turned out to be more party than apocalypse. Disaster averted, normalcy restored...for now.
It's the year 2015 and once again, a potential doomsday is upon us. The pending disaster will make Y2K look like a baby shower. What I'm foreseeing is the end of an era, the last days of a regime, the apocalypse of free music. Since I can remember, music on the internet came without rules or restrictions, or at least without rules or restrictions we were forced to take seriously. From the forgotten days of Limewire and Megaupload to today's Soundcloud and Audiomack, music has always been easily accessible. It spoiled us, music became the birthright of anyone with a WiFi connection, our inheritance for being born in such a glorious generation. Every album I could think of was a Google search away. New songs floated across my timeline and in two clicks I was listening, another click I had downloaded. My parents didn't have this luxury, the only way they acquired music was through purchase or borrowing. The music industry considered our privilege pirating, hated the low revenue generated by legal outlets like YouTube and Spotify, and has spent the better part of the new millennium trying to restore the ancient order, to kill the world of free music.
Apple recently unveiled their streaming service, Apple Music. The same company that brought innovation with iPods, iPhones and iTunes, the company primarily responsible for popularizing downloadable albums, found themselves behind the innovation curve when it came to streaming and finally entered the battle ground against Spotify and Tidal. The difference between the services are relatively minor, similar features, similar music libraries, but Apple Music and Tidal have two fundamental characteristics that could change everything again: exclusivity, and no free listening option.
That's why Apple unveiling Drake and announcing that his next album will be an Apple Music exclusive is a huge deal. This is the same Drake that broke the U.S streaming record by accumulating 17.3 million streams in three days with If You're Reading This It's Too Late. The biggest rapper in the world turned down a seat within the Tidal castle to be Apple's trump card, and so think about what will actually happen when that album drops. It won't be on Spotify or Tidal, they may not even make it immediately available on iTunes. You'll have to subscribe and sign up for Apple Music or risk missing out on all of Twitter quoting the new meme-able lines. The same goes for Tidal. When Wayne's "Glory" was released exclusively through Tidal I naively thought I'd be able to find it instantly, but it took longer than anticipated, Audiomack links were taken down swiftly, YouTube streams complete with the songs so sped up or slowed down to escape detection it was unlistenable. Hours went by before it landed on Soundcloud. Patience is a virtue I rarely had to practice when finding music over the last few years, but that first experience with "Glory" may be just a small taste of the very near future.
There will always be the savvy, the outlaws, those who can navigate the back alleys of the internet. But the average person isn't going to use torrents when they have an enormous amount of music streaming at their fingertips. So if the subscription models works on a mass level, as the labels are hoping, it will become hard to resist joining a subscribed side yourself. Exclusivity is a key component when trying to entice fans to become subscribers, I can't imagine the artists aligned with Tidal will have their product on Spotify and Apple Music. Will Jay's next album even be available on iTunes? The streaming services are starting to resemble cable television, everyone will have the basic package but will have to pay extra for packages with the premium stuff like HBO. Apple Music will make Drake into Game of Thrones. Don't have HBO or Apple Music? Too bad, you're not seeing the show or hearing the album unless you're willing to travel to the the darkest depths of the internet. You know the sites that require you to cut off Norton and pray for the best. Right now we know Walking Dead is on AMC, Monday Night Football is on ESPN. Soon we'll have to memorize which service all our favorite artists are aligned with as well.
After over a decade of being plagued by leaks and downloads, the labels might have finally defeated their adversary - the free music consumer. Instead of trying to sell single albums, they are selling subscriptions that package an extensive library of albums along with our most popular artists. It's an old experience modernized thanks to applications and smartphones. The open world of music is shrinking, we are looking at a future where you won't be able to casually send links to your friends, only the ones in your circle that is under the same service. Music goes from the open of the 2000s back to an exclusive club with a cover charge. The unanswered questions are piling up. Will these streaming services come equipped with their own player? It'd be self-defeating to make that player embeddable, so what will happen to blogs when they aren't able to embed the latest singles? Websites will just be links to the streaming sites that can only be used by subscribers. What happens to Billboard when albums are no longer purchased at all but streamed via a subscription service? Right now my only real limitation to listening to every song I could possibly want to is time, soon we could ironically return to something closer to the pre-internet explosions. If you didn't buy it, you didn't hear it. We could be witnessing a seismic shift.
Maybe, I'm overreacting. There's no way they can stop us, we are the internet, and we are invincible. Maybe not. Case in point, Tyler The Creator has an interview with Seth Rogen you won't find through Google or Twitter. It's an exclusive for subscribers that download and joined his Golf Media application. He has found a way to curate content behind a veil that can only be seen by his most diehard fans. It's oddly unsettling, almost shocking, to hear about something existing on the internet that I really, genuinely, actually can't find without paying, to see "who's got the link?" comments on Reddit met with only silence. That's how deeply spoiled we've all become, actually not being able to have something we want seems like a violation of the laws of nature, gravity turned upside down. Maybe that attitude will prove to be hubris, the arrogance of an era that came and went. Maybe the internet won't always win.
That kind of music bunkering is the end goal of the labels, and by extension Apple Music. Streaming isn't just the future, the industry wants streaming to become the only option. Back in the day you had to get your music from the record shops, Mom and Pop stores, Best Buy, F.Y.E. That system was destroyed and decerntralized by the web, but now it's being resurrected. We could be living in the last days of free music my friends. They want the music industry back the way it was. They want us to pay again. Is it really so unthinkable that they'll get what they want?
[By Yoh, aka The ApocYohlypse, aka @Yoh31]
Jay Z, Spotify & How You Can Avoid The Streaming Wars
Mad at Hov for taking his music off of Spotify and Apple Music?
The Hypocrisy of Kanye West's Streaming Wars Twitter Rant
Kanye wants to let "the kids have the music," but Tidal being purchased by Apple alone doesn't do that.
The Importance of Collecting Songs In the Streaming Era
Music streaming services are convenient, but they aren't to be trusted.
Music Streaming is the Future, Follow or Die
TV and movies are fighting the future, but if they want to survive in the 21st century they need to follow music's lead.
Remembering Limewire, My Introduction to Downloading Music Online
Limewire was a free program that gave a generation of kids free music and cost the music industry millions.
Music Festivals Have Lost Their Soul
Music festivals will never mean what they meant one summer in 1970.
Pirate Bay Founder Tells the Harsh Truth About Music Streaming
It took a pirate to truly make me realize just how easily streaming services could wipe away my entire music collection.
Chance The Rapper Signs Petition to Make Free Music GRAMMY Eligible
Free music isn't eligible for the GRAMMYs, stupidly cutting out great artists like Chance. Now you can help change that.


text:
HomeFarming NewsCovid-19: New measures in marts from Wednesday
Covid-19: New measures in marts from Wednesday
Mart Managers of Ireland has introduced new measures which will take immediate effect from Wednesday (March 18th), as concerns over Covid-19, continue to grow, writes Catherina Cunnane.
In a statement to this publication, a spokesperson said: "Our marts have been using some of these measures over the past number of sales and collectively, we have put forward these guidelines, which we will all be adhering to over the coming weeks, in order to continue trading while also complying with government guidelines and maintaining health and safety standards for both farmers and staff."
Everyone entering the mart must sign in, so the mart has a log of all people on-premises;
Buyer's entry only permitted – No other members of the public will be permitted to yard or ring;
Animals – cattle and sheep are unloaded by members of staff. Sellers must remain in vehicles and give cards, dispatch dockets and contact information to a member of staff when unloading;
Sellers can either be phoned prior to the sale of their stock and be permitted entry only then or can leave a reserve price for stock with mart, or conditional sale. "This will be agreed between the seller and mart."
Sanitising will be increased and adhered to by all mart staff and persons entering mart. Gloves and sanitizer will be available on arrival.
Buyers must keep a safe distance from staff in office area;
No purchaser should attend mart if they are feeling unwell in any way;
Children are strictly forbidden;
Buyers must be kept at least two metres apart in the sales ring. "A member of staff will make sure that this happens. We ask that customers will show understanding in this regard."
Canteens will remain closed for the next two weeks;
As with entry, all livestock will be loaded by members of staff.
'Safest possible way for everyone'
"We hope that farmers and members of the public will understand the need for these changes and will work with marts, in order for us to carry out sales in the safest possible way for everyone."
Farmers are asked to contact their local marts with any queries that they may have.
"We also look forward to a time when all marts can return to normal business practices which allowed for a more farmer-friendly social setting."
"We feel that if we all work together the quicker that time will come. Keep safe everyone." the statement concluded.
sheep prices
Major ag show postponed due to Covid-19
Covid-19: Limit of 70 per ring at Ennis


What do you get when you subscribe to Hodgepodge? Discover you ARE an artist with our mix of art lessons, helpful homeschool habits for multiple ages, recipes, reviews and more. It's a Hodgepodge!
Receive your copy of our FREE Getting Started in Chalk Pastel Art ebook! Not only are there free art tutorials included, there is also a discount code for 15% your purchase of any of our art curriculum.
Slow Cooker Batch Cooking – it's the super supper saver!
Return of the Routine – 6 Simple Steps for Success is practical motivation and help for any time of the year.
Plus a link to download our free Homeschooling in Georgia ebook.
What Are the Free Hodgepodge Subscriber-Exclusive Tutorials?
How Can You Receive Your Free Tutorials?
It is simple – to receive our free, subscriber-only art tutorials, you simply need to subscribe to Hodgepodge! Enter your email address in the subscribe box. You will receive a welcome email – complete with links at the bottom directly to the tutorials. Including the summer trees art tutorial.
I really like free – don't you?


❶Samuel Bryan, who was an anti-Federalist argued that a Union would become a Tyranny due to its huge size and how Congress wouldn't be able to understand the interests of its citizens. Time allotted is your discretion.
Counter Arguments To Fed 10 Madison's Rebuttal to Counter Arguments The main argument to Federalist paper 10 was that a Republic the size of the Union would not last due to the immense size and diverse interests of the areas, mainly the North and the South at the time.
The North mainly focused on Trade and Commerce while the South focused on Agriculture, the counter arguers mainly the Anti-Federalist emphasized on economic interest differences which would make it seem likely that the Union wouldn't last.
Samuel Bryan, who was an anti-Federalist argued that a Union would become a Tyranny due to its huge size and how Congress wouldn't be able to understand the interests of its citizens. Anti-Federalists mainly derived some of their theories against the constitutional Union from Montesquieu about how a Republic government can only be small and that a large one couldn't possibly exist for long periods of time. Madison argued that a larger republic would be able to handle all of the diverse interests.
He argued that with representatives, in a small republic that the people could be fooled due to how easy a representative could be chosen. But in a larger republic, it is more likely to have competent representatives from a bigger group of candidates. A simple example would be that a candidate would have to bribe more individuals in a large republic than a small one to get elected to abuse the system.
Since a large republic with representatives who are competent are elected, it has a much better chance of understanding the interests of the people and prevent one group from rising out on the top and seizing power. Popular presentations See more popular or the latest prezis.
However, those who supported the U. Constitution and therefore, a stronger central government, responded with their own arguments collectively known as the Federalist Papers. Constitution provides the best solution to protect minority rights. Students will understand the following: The institutions and practices of government created during the Revolution and how they were revised between and to create the foundation of the American political system based on the U.
Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The student understands the issues involved in the creation and ratification of the United States Constitution and the new government it established.
Analyze the features of the Constitution, which have made this the most enduring and widely imitated written constitution in world history. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the key details and ideas. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including analyzing how an author uses and refines the meaning of a key term over the course of a text e.
Analyze in detail how a complex primary source is structured, including how key sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text contribute to the whole. When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens.
To secure the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed. Let me add that it is the great desideratum by which this form of government can be rescued from the opprobrium under which it has so long labored and be recommended to the esteem and adoption of mankind.
From this view of the subject it may be concluded that a pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; a communication and concert result from the form of government itself; and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual.
The two great points of difference between a democracy and a republic are: The effect of the first difference is, on the one hand, to refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations.
The question resulting is, whether small or extensive republics are more favorable to the election of proper guardians of the public weal; and it is clearly decided in favor of the latter by two obvious considerations: In the first place, it is to be remarked that, however small the republic may be, the representatives must be raised to a certain number, in order to guard against the cabals of a few; and that, however large it may be, they must be limited to a certain number, in order to guard against the confusion of a multitude.
In the next place, as each representative will be chosen by a greater number of citizens in the large than in the small republic, it will be more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice with success the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried and, the suffrages of the people being more free, will be more likely to center in men who possess the most attractive merit and the most diffusive and established characters.
It must be confessed that in this, as in most other cases, there is a mean, on both sides of which inconveniences will be found to lie. By enlarging too much the number of electors, you render the representative too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests; as by reducing it too much, you render him unduly attached to these and too little fit to comprehend and pursue great and national objects.


text:
Happy Fathers Day: Celebrate by honoring these DILFs in 2021
Author : jaguarlong
Fathers' Day 2021 is upon us, and even though the day is almost gone, we at Film Daily celebrate dads all year round. After all, dear old Dad is part of the reason for our existence. Even if he's not your bio dad, the dads in your life, be they step or adopted, helped shape who you are.
However, there's a sexier side to Fathers' Day than just celebrating your own dad. Of course, we're talking about DILFs: sexy dads we absolutely go nuts for. Whether they're extremely sculpted or have that classic dad bod, these dads in 2021 are just . . . mmmm! Delicious! That said, these dads are still dads, raising their kids to be bright, capable people.
So after you're done barbecuing with the dads in your life, listening to them regale you with their favorite dad jokes & advice, sit back, relax, and celebrate some of our favorite DILFs this year!
Guardians of the Galaxy & Parks and Recreation heartthrob Chris Pratt has two adorable kids: Jack and Lyla. Jack is nine, and he shares custody with his ex-wife Anna Faris. Faris & Pratt released a statement about putting Jack's needs first during their split in 2017: "Our son has two parents who love him very much and for his sake, we want to keep this situation as private as possible moving forward".
Lyla is Chris Pratt's daughter from his marriage to Katharine Schwarzenegger, daughter of famous dad Arnold. Lyla will turn two in August.
Jim Halpert from The Office is also a dad IRL. He's currently married to his A Quiet Place costar Emily Blunt, and they have two adorable kids: Hazel & Violet.
While hosting Saturday Night Live in 2021, Krasinski had the initials H + V on his short. Why? His stylist revealed on Instagram that Krasinski "wanted to have his daughters' initials monogrammed on his shirt". Awww!
Unfortunately, his kids weren't old enough to understand then, so Krasinski had to explain that his hosting spot on SNL was like if they went on their favorite show, Paw Patrol. Krasinski told the audience on SNL: "And they were like, 'What? You're on Paw Patrol?' And I was like, 'No, no, no, no.' And they were like, 'Call us when you're on Paw Patrol.'"
Deadpool star Ryan Reynolds has three kids with his wife, Blake Lively: James, Inez, and Betty. His youngest daughter even got her own Taylor Swift song! Swift included both James & Inez's names in the same song on her album Folklore before Reynolds & Lively even announced Betty's name to the world.
However, it's not all sunshine & rainbows in the Reynolds household, as Betty developed an obsession that parents in 2021 know all too well: "Baby Shark". Reynolds joked on social media that to quash her "do-do-do-do-do-do" obsession, he was going to show her Lively's 2016 film The Shallows about a shark attack. Yikes!
British actor Idris Elba (The Wire, The Jungle Book — since it's Fathers' Day, we'll forget Cats happened) has two kids: Isan, who's turning nineteen this year, and seven-year-old Winston. Isan was named the 2019 Golden Globes Ambassador and focused her role on normalizing mental health discussions among Black teens.
On being a dad, Idris Elba told Cosmopolitan in 2015: "I love being a dad, it's an important part of my life. . . . as much as it's nice to be busy and working, ultimately children don't raise themselves. You've got to be there to help them and guide them through it. That's one thing I try my very best to do."
Neil Patrick Harris & David Burkta
Gideon & Harper are Hollywood & Broadway star Neil Patrick Harris's kids with his husband David Burkta. On The Wendy Williams Show, Burkta explained Gideon & Harper were conceived with "two different women involved. There was an egg donor, a wonderful woman who was anonymous. We took two of our best guys and implanted them into her eggs, two different eggs".
While Harris & Burkta aren't sure which kid came from which of "their guys", they have guesses based on their kids' personalities and further praised their kids for having "incredible palates" — they'll even eat oysters!
https://groups.google.com/g/stream-your-favorite-movie-or-tv-show/c/tR1lSD1RMBI
https://groups.google.com/g/stream-your-favorite-movie-or-tv-show/c/3woRKLyJfoY
https://groups.google.com/g/stream-your-favorite-movie-or-tv-show/c/scnAkcTU1hg
https://groups.google.com/g/stream-your-favorite-movie-or-tv-show/c/mKqm7KWaUIA
https://groups.google.com/g/stream-your-favorite-movie-or-tv-show/c/Va_zq_UDa2w
Collaborative Robot Market - Industry Size and Global Share 2021
- Collaborative Robot Market Report, Growth Analysis 2021: Impact of COVID-19, Business Insights of Leading Players, Segments and Emerging Technologies


Despite the Great Recession and looming "student loan debt crisis", college education remains the most proven, invaluable lifetime investment and serves as the most reliable path to upward mobility and socioeconomic class reassignment. Mfume suggests that "the value added" of even one year of college can be transformative. As higher education professionals and partners continue to advocate for new and improved college retention and graduation measures, The College Completion Glass-Half-Full or Half-Empty? Exploring the Value of Postsecondary Education presents a new paradigm for higher education, one that focuses on "the value added" of postsecondary education as well as on student success beyond the traditional measure of college graduation rates, a model which merges conventional practices and supports for students with non-traditional partnerships with, and advocacy from, successful non-completers.


Easter Break In The Sun? Six Destinations To Consider!
Although the days are getting slightly longer, it's still mid-winter. Infact February is experiencing some very chilly weather due to icy weather influenced by Siberia. At least we are not experiencing the temperatures as those experienced in Pyeongchang, South Korea for the opening ceremony of the winter Olympics – minus 20! If you and your… Read More Easter Break In The Sun? Six Destinations To Consider!


WARNING OF US MILITARY ATTACKS AGAINST THE REVOLUTION. NEED FOR REINFORCED CIVIL AND MILITARY UNION.
READ: "COMPILACIÓN DE DOCUMENTOS DOCTRINARIOS DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS" by the Venezuelan general de brigada Jesús Antonio Barrios Quintero, published by the Hormiguero Editores (*) at the Bolivarian Military University.
It is not every day that you meet a soldier at a book-fair keen to buy works of revolutionary politics. It is not every day that you can hear of, and discuss, a book written by a general de brigada, like Jesús Antonio Barrios Quintero, who presents his own book : 'Compilación de documentos doctrinarios de los Estados Unidos'.
The book was published at the Bolivarian Military University (UMB) in the 'Hormiguero Editions'. The 'doctrinaire' US documents in question are all recent, 2015. They set out clearly that even under the presidency of Obama – Nobel Peace Prize Winner – "the US never dropped the Monroe Doctrine" and "are still viewing Venezuela as a threat to the national security of the United States".
This is why all the US presidential advisors, political and military, keep up their sleeves a series of measures aimed at Venezuela. From economic and financial embargos to sanctions against the country; from the threat to detain Venezuelan government officials, to the organisation of violent oppositions to the Maduro government; from various incitations to break-up the Latin-American integration of Mercosur, Unasur and even Celac, to the devising of direct military interventions. All this is shored up by the contribution of the Colombian authorities (7 US military bases are located in Colombia, most of them near the Venezuelan border) and that of the South American countries considered reliable.
The book's introduction highlights the profound re-structuring of the Venezuelan Armed Forces introduced by the Bolivarian Revolution at the very start of Hugo Chavez' presidency. The creation of the Bolivarian Military University (UMB) in 2010 was part of the changes made to guarantee "the integral defence of Venezuela and its consolidation as a world power-energy supplier". This accompanied the setting up of a National Bolivarian Armed Forces and a technically and scientifically well-trained Bolivarian Militia. Those organisations were built on the modern concepts, and the realities, economic and social, wanted by the socialist project of national development (Foundation Decree). The troop training conception of the UMB represents a radical change; it tears the Venezuelan military chiefs away from their ancient submission to the US doctrines under which they used to be formed.
Besides this, Venezuela develops a type of civilian and military union. It creates popular militias with cadres being formed also at the UMB. This is how the putschist right-wing in Venezuela has lost, in this matter also, most of its traditional points of support. Apart from a few individuals, this right wing did not draw the bulk of the army behind itself, in violent opposition to the Maduro government. All its attempts at state coups failed, mostly due to the Bolivarian military remaining loyal and supportive of the Maduro government.
In a separate article, we point out the importance of the Workers Production Councils. In these, the Maduro government stimulates a civil and military union at every level. The aim is to defeat the economic war of imperialism. The aim is to incorporate, among other things, soldiers' and workers' militias in the Workers Production Councils.


text:
Camporotondo Etneo es una localidad italiana de la provincia de Catania , región de Sicilia, con 4.018 habitantes.

Evolución demográfica

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de la provincia de Catania

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia