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NTU Ranking
World University Rankings By Field By Subject By Continent/Country
Sample Selection Indicators Field Categories Subject Categories
Introduction Background Features
Africa 0 Asia 0 Europe 0 North America 0 Oceania 0 South America 0
In order to explain the usage and limitations of this performance ranking system, the NTU Ranking has compiled the following list of frequently asked questions:
1. What are the features of this ranking system?
The features of this ranking system are that quality indicators account for 75% of the score; that it is the first ranking system employing h-index, an indicator reflecting both the quality and quantity of research papers; and that 50% of the score represents a university's short-term progress in research. It should be noted that this ranking system is based exclusively on the qualitative and quantitative performance of scientific papers. It does not assess the overall university performance in teaching, research, and administration. It also de-emphasizes performance indices used in other ranking systems that represent subjectively perceived reputations and extraordinary achievements. As such this ranking system serves as an objective and informative benchmarking tool for research universities in transitional and newly developed countries in assessing the achievement of science research.
2. What universities are the targets of evaluation for this ranking system?
This ranking system is designed for research universities especially those of transitional and newly developed countries. The objective indicators used in this ranking system measure both long-term and short-term research performance of each university. The ranking serves as a good benchmark from which universities around the world can map its relative position among peer institutions. It also allows each research university to track its annual progress in terms of its output of scientific papers.
3. Why do you use WOS and ESI databases of Clarivate?
The WOS and ESI databases of Clarivate were chosen because of their good, consistent data quality. The WOS and ESI databases have the following characteristics:
(1)	The data cover the longest time span and widest coverage among peer products: the databases of Thomson Reuters contain the longest period of citation data of any similar product. The earliest articles indexed in the databases date back to 1900, and citations to 1800.
(2)	The data are of high quality: WOS employs strict evaluation procedures to select and index only the core journals that form the basis of any given scientific discipline. Each year, WOS reviews over 2,000 journals, with only 10%-12% selected for inclusion. Journals included in WOS also receive constant review for continuing inclusion.
4. When do you extract data from the WOS and ESI databases?
We extract cumulative data of the last 11 years from the ESI database as soon as it updates each March. As for the WOS database, we used to extract data every January, however, we observed that research articles published in 2012 would continue to be indexed by database into early 2013. Accordingly, we decided to postpone the data extraction to April so that it would be more complete.
5. How did the revision of ESI in March 2014 affect the NTU Ranking?
The publication counting method for some institutions in ESI has changed since 2014. Some universities and their affiliated institutions are now considered single institutions, where they were considered separate institutions in the past. Moreover, journal articles are now indexed by publication year instead of database year. These two changes have led to the increment of the number of published journal articles.
6. How do you define what qualifies as an "affiliated institution" of a university?
In principle, we follow ESI's definition of affiliated institutions for each university. The affiliated institutions can be cooperating institutions and hospitals, research centers, and so on.
7. Has the classification of subjects changed?
Yes. In 2014, we placed Engineering Industrial (which was uncategorized in 2013) under Mechanical Engineering. In 2017, we placed Green & Sustainable Science & Technology under Chemical Engineering.
8. Why are there two overall performance-based rankings?
NTU Ranking offers two sets of ranking results indicating the overall performance of the universities. The first set is based on the original scores of the universities, and the second is the ranking result where the original scores have been further adjusted by university faculty numbers. After the 2007 ranking was released, many suggestions were made concerning the factor of faculty size, and therefore in 2008 this ranking system began offering adjusted rankings based on faculty number. However, the ranking based on the original scores is still considered the official result of the annual ranking project. Readers are reminded that the faculty number information used for the adjusted calculation was drawn from various sources, and thus it does not constitute a concrete basis for cross-institution or cross-domain comparisons.
9. What distinguishes this ranking system from the Academic Ranking of World Universities published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University?
The Academic Ranking of World Universities published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University uses certain indicators that measure extraordinary research achievement, including the number of Nobel laureates affiliated with that institution, the number of highly cited scholars, and numbers of papers in Nature and Science. However, these types of research achievement are usually beyond most universities, and therefore are of limited use for most institutions. The NTU Ranking, meanwhile, uses a set of indicators that are sensitive to short-term excellence in scientific papers, which are achievable for many universities. A university's annual progress will easily result in a change in ranking with this system, thus offering timely, accurate information for university evaluation.
10. What distinguishes this ranking system from the QS World University Rankings by the UK's Quacquarelli Symonds?
The QS World University Rankings emphasizes peer review, which accounts for 40% of the overall ranking. The nature of peer review is subjective, particularly when conducted in questionnaire-type ranking with the allotment of points, which could be confounded with assessment of university reputation. In contrast, the NTU Ranking is more objective in its data analysis.
11. What distinguishes this ranking system from the THE World University Rankings by the UK's Times Higher Education?
In Times Higher Education's ranking, peer review, research performance, and learning environment account for 33%, 38.5%, and 28.5% respectively of the overall scores. The results are objectively evaluated according to various aspects of universities, however, the average of citations in research performance accounts for 30%. It may cause bias. For instance, if several universities have similar numbers of citations, the university with fewer papers will have the higher number of average citations. In contrast, the NTU Ranking utilizes more objective methods and statistics to conduct its university ranking.
12. Can this ranking system replace other university rankings?
No. This ranking system evaluates performances of scientific papers only. The indicators are designed to compare the quality and quantity of each university's scientific papers (including sciences and social sciences) from both the long-term and short-term perspectives. The ranking does not indicate universities' overall performances in teaching, research, and administrative activities.
13. Does NTU ranking represent the overall academic performance of a university?
NTU Ranking evaluates a university's academic performance via comparing the quality and quantity of its scientific papers to other universities. Although scientific papers are the major part of a university's academic output, there are several dimensions such as published books, research projects, owning patents that can also represent a university's academic performance. Generally, the quantity and quality of a university's scientific papers is widely used for estimating the academic performance of the university, except for humanity field.
14. Does this ranking system take into consideration the size of the universities?
Yes. The number of papers from a university is naturally related to the size and history of that institution. This ranking system has used certain indicators such as the average citations per paper to balance the influences from university size and history. Even with the precaution the overall ranking results suggest that our ranking methodology is rather sensitive to the factor of university size. To offer an alternative view on the ranking, the project offers an additional ranking in which the original ranking is adjusted by faculty numbers. However, readers are reminded that the adjusted ranking employs a range of sources for faculty number information, and therefore the results must be treated with caution.
*About Reference Ranking
Adjusted reference ranking is presented to balance the overall ranking, which favors universities with greater number of faculty members. Four indicators significantly affected by university size are normalized by each university's number of full-time faculty; these include the number of articles in the last 11 years, number of articles in the current year, number of citations in the last 11 years, and the number of citations in the last 2 years.
15. Why are papers from the humanities disciplines not calculated in this ranking system?
In the humanities, research tends to take on regional characteristics and research output is often published in non-English journals or via monographic publications. Since A&HCI indexes mainly papers in English journals, it only weakly represents the worldwide scholarly performance and achievement of humanities researchers. It is for this reason that this ranking system excludes humanities disciplines from the analyses.
16. Why does the h-index indicator calculate performance data of the last two years only?
The h-index is a highly sensitive indicator. The number of papers published in two years is usually sufficient for h-index analyses (for example in 2005-2006, Harvard University produced 28,951 papers). Results from several recent studies also confirmed that two years for h-index is sufficient for evaluation of institutions. To determine the effective range of years for h-index performance measurement, we took a sample of 47 universities including Harvard and Tokyo Universities and analyzed their annual h-index performances within the ranges of 2 (2005-2006) and 11 (1996-2006) years. The results showed that the h-index values for 2 years and 11 years are highly correlated (.967), thus supporting our use of 2-year h-index values in this ranking project.
17. Some universities are presumed to rank higher than they actually do in NTU Ranking. Why is that?
NTU Ranking is based exclusively on the quantitative and qualitative performance of scientific papers. Its results can naturally differ from those of other ranking programs which evaluate different aspects of university performances. Further, the NTU Ranking is rather sensitive to certain factors, including university size, whether the university has a medical school, and how large a percentage social sciences departments account for of the entirety of the university. These aspects can affect universities' ranks in NTU Ranking and yield unexpected results.
18. Do universities with similar scores perform equally well in their scientific papers production?
Yes. One feature of NTU Ranking is that the score of the first-place university stands out among all universities. As such the score differences among all other universities are rather small. In other words, the scores are relative and indicative rather than absolute and rigid. A university with a slightly lower score is not necessarily inferior to its peer institutions with higher scores.
19. Why is there such a huge difference between the scores of the first- and second-place universities?
The huge gap between the first two universities in the ranking result is a prevalent phenomenon in academic rankings. For example, in the 2011 Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranking the difference between the first two institutions' scores reaches 27.4 points. Some ranking systems may try to lessen the gap in scores. For instance, the THE ranking has used the Z-scores to adjust the original scores in order to reduce the gap.
The first-placed Harvard University is large in size and has a medical school with great performance record (it published 41,895 papers between 2000 and 2011, which received 1,182,589 citations); it also has exceptional performance in terms of paper quantity and quality in most academic disciplines. Thus among the eight indicators used in 2011 NTU Ranking, Harvard ranks highest in all except the average number of citations. The second-placed Johns Hopkins University is also a large universityand with a medical school performing outstandingly (the school published 26,264 papers from 2000 to 2011, which received 664,976 citations). However, its quantitative and qualitative performance of papers examined from long-term and short-term perspectives fell significantly behind Harvard. There are also significant gaps in highly cited papers and high-impact journal papers between the two universities. All the phenomena contributed to the great difference in the two universities' scores.
20. Why does NTU Ranking standardize scores by T-score?
NTU ranking employs T-score to solve the problem of linear standardized methods causing lower-ranked universities receiving similar scores. This phenomenon can lead to difficulties in distinguishing between the performances of these universities. Through using T-score to standardize the scores, we can more effectively differentiate and identify the rankings of the universities.
21. Do lower ranks indicate poor academic performance of universities?
Not necessarily. Scientific papers performance constitutes only a part of a university's overall academic performance although it is a significant one. Any interpretation of poorer academic performance or reputation due to a university's lower rank in this ranking system is an over-inference. As explained elsewhere, certain factors such as university size, whether a university has a medical school, and how large a proportion the social scientific disciplines account for of the entirety of the university's scholarly research can significantly affect this ranking. These factors must be taken into consideration when one interprets the ranking results.
22. Are the indicators used in NTU Ranking too quantitative and thereby fail to assess the qualitative performance?
No. NTU Ranking highly emphasizes the qualitative performance of scientific papers. 75% of the indicators are designed for measuring qualitative performance.
In other words, although NTU Ranking employs exclusively objective statistical data, it conceptually assesses the quantity and quality of each university's scientific papers.
23. Will universities focusing largely on humanities and social sciences fall behind in the ranking or fail to be included in the ranking at all?
Very likely. The ranking is based exclusively on the journal papers indexed in SCI and SSCI databases. Humanities papers (A&HCI database) are outside the scope of the ranking. Further, a large gap exists between SCI and SSCI in terms of the numbers of journals included. SCI indexes 8,600 journals, while SSCI indexes 3,100. The discrepancy in the numbers of the indexed journal naturally results in less favorable rankings for those universities specializing in humanities and social sciences.
24. Will a university with a medical school rank higher?
Yes. Papers published in medical sciences journals and their citations are significantly higher than many other disciplines. Between 2000 and 2010, 2,116,193 clinical medicine papers were published, and they were cited 27,355,596 times; while in the fields of engineering 817,334 papers were published and were cited 3,887,615 times. The huge discrepancy in papers production and citations between the medical sciences and other disciplines naturally leads to favorable rankings for universities with medical school. To avoid high rankings caused by subject discipline differences, starting from 2008, NTU Ranking also offers field-ranking results.
25. Are larger universities more likely to rank higher?
Yes. The ranking has attempted to neutralize negative influences from university size through the use of indicators such as the average citations per paper. However, the ranking was still prone to favorable representation of larger institutions. Recognizing the potential biases resultant from university size, NTU Ranking offers an additional ranking which incorporates faculty numbers in the calculation of scores.
26. How should we interpret NTU Ranking results which might be very different from people's expectations?
The readers are reminded again that NTU Ranking is not a reputation ranking or a university ranking. It is based exclusively on objectively obtained data and measures scientific papers performance only. Thus the results can very likely differ from people's subjective perceptions about how well certain universities should do in relation to other universities. Although there may be gaps between NTU Ranking results and readers' expectations, the relative positions of the universities from the same country in NTU Ranking are generally consistent with social expectations.
27. Why are there so many indicators? Can they be combined or simplified?
In this ranking system, each indicator represents different criteria for measuring the performance of scientific papers. Although the incorporation of short-term indicators increases the complexity of the ranking, it also enhances the sensitivity of the ranking methodology and is able to prioritize universities with recent progress in research. Therefore, combining or simplifying these indicators may compromise the quality of the ranking results. Furthermore, all 8 indicators passed the significance test on regression, signifying the necessity for these indicators.
28. In compiling and analyzing scientific papers for the ranking process, was authority control used?
Yes. Generally speaking, on ranking projects project staff conduct authority control on the various forms of a university name to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the data. For university systems with several campuses, this project differentiates each campus by labeling it with the city name of each campus. For example, the various campuses of University of Texas are marked by their locations - Austin, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Dallas, Southwestern Medical Center, etc. - as a basis for analysis.
29. For universities that have consolidated or changed their names, were there adjustments in authority control?
Universities often change names, consolidate or reorganize. That is why each year before conducting ranking analysis, project staff verifies the universities selected as targets to ensure accuracy and objectivity of the rankings. For example, appropriate adjustments in authority control were conducted on the database before the University Louis Pasteur, Marc Bloch University and Robert Schuman University were acquired by the University of Strasbourg in January 2009.
30. How do you calculate the number of articles in high impact journal?
NTU Ranking ranks journals in subjects according to their impact factors. The top 5% of journals then are set as high impact journals. The university's number of journal articles published in these high impact journals are further calculated.
Note: Impact factor (called IF for short) is an average number of citations received within one year per journal which has published for the two preceding years. When the impact factor of a journal is higher, its research articles may have a greater influence on its related discipline.
31. Why does NTU Ranking adjust the indicator "h-index of the last 2 years" for subject-based and field-based rankings?
The h-index scores are more concentrated in rankings by subjects and fields as the numbers of papers at the subject and field levels are comparatively smaller. Many universities would thus receive identical h-index scores. For instance, among 570 sample universities in the field of Mechanical Engineering, there are 139 universities with identical h-index scores. Therefore, from 2013 the NTU Ranking has employed a new calculation adjusting the scores for "h-index of the last two years" to differentiate universities.
32. Are the ranking performance biased towards English-speaking countries, since the databases NTU Ranking employs mainly index English journals?
English-speaking countries do have an advantage in the ranking performance. The databases from Clarivate employed in our ranking to analyze the qualitative and quantitative performance of scientific papers consist mostly of English journals. However, non-English-speaking countries such as France, Germany, the Netherlands and China have shown substantial scientific results according to the 2011 results. Scientific results from non-English-speaking countries have also recently exceeded those from English-speaking countries; during the last 5 years, 12 universities in English-speaking countries fell out of the top 500 university ranking, and 105 universities showed lower university rankings.
Methdology
Sample Selection
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As a breeding company, there is a misconception that we only select for traits that have a clear, direct economic impact: selection for increased first quality egg production, improved livability and improved feed efficiency.
The improvements in the aforementioned traits have contributed significantly to a more sustainable egg industry, resulting in an affordable high-quality, animal protein. But today's definition of sustainability does not only consider the economy, the productivity and the environmental impact, but also animal welfare and public health. As our goal is to make a contribution towards a sustainable future, our breeding food, animal welfare, biosecurity, genetic resources, environmental impact, and reduced use of antibiotics are key parts of our breeding programs and daily operations. As the start of the value chain, we need to look beyond the requirements of today; our breeding programs should anticipate the changing needs of the future. Close communication with the distributors of day-old chicks and pullets together with egg producers is crucial in forecasting the future needs and trends. But it is also important that we are closely connected to academics and (N)GO's to safeguard our awareness of the latest developments in the field of academic research and government legislation.
In order to supply the best possible genetics for each market, an extensive gene pool is required: over 40 different elite lines are part of today's breeding program. This high number of genetically different elite lines is the result of successful mergers and acquisitions, which enables us to maintain these unique genetic lines in viable population sizes. This strategy is also clearly reflected in the motto of Hendrix Genetics: "Embracing the past, to catch the future". Each of our elite lines have their own specific characteristics for the different traits that we are selecting for. The focus on female lines is often to select for efficient first quality egg production and livability, while the male lines are selected with different emphasis on individual selection traits.
In our intensive field-testing program, we test 350,000 laying hens every year under field circumstances, which contributes towards the success of our birds. Within our field-testing program, we can identify the right crosses for the right market. We test a large variety of elite line crosses and from these birds we are able to record their egg production, egg quality traits, social interactions and their plumage condition. Most of our birds are tested in small family groups with group sizes ranging between 4 and 20 birds and consisting of full and half sibling (e.g. birds within the same group have the same sire).
For a few years we have tested our birds in large groups (over 60 birds per group) with the help of our automatic nest system. Daily egg production is recorded at the individual level with the aid of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID's). We can trace back the eggs to the individual, which will enable us to measure the various egg quality traits of those eggs linked to the individual birds. Only eggs that are being produced outside the automatic nests cannot be linked to individuals. As this is an undesired trait of laying hens, we are indirectly selecting against this behavior. Birds that are producing floor eggs will have a lower number of successfully recorded egg production.
Social interaction in relation to the birds' health and welfare have been part of our breeding program for many years. Together with Wageningen University and Research, we have developed a whole new range of genetic models to be used when selecting for animals and the direct and indirect effect on social interactions . This will result in improved genetic progress for traits that have in general low heritabilities (e.g. less than 20% of the phenotypic variation that you see is directly related to the birds' genetics).
Beginning in the early days of Hendrix Genetics, we have included birds with intact beaks in our field tests. In the early days, we tested less than 40,000 birds a year with intact beaks, but currently this number is over one third of all our birds tested annually, and this number is increasing every year! If birds are kept under challenging environments, mortality tends to be higher in flocks with intact beaks. We have found that mortality due to negative social interactions between birds has a much higher heritability compared to general mortality: h² > 0.15 for birds with intact beaks versus h² < 0.05 for birds with beaks that underwent beak trimming. Our field test program has resulted in improved general livability for all our birds. Besides looking at livability, we also look at the plumage condition of our birds kept in groups. Plumage condition is measured by scoring the condition of the feathers that are located on the neck and the back region. Feather scorings are taken twice and are considered when selecting for future generations of birds. Improved feather cover results in improved wellbeing of the birds as they are better able to maintain their thermoregulation, which is of major importance when birds have outdoor access. There is also a correlation between deteriorated plumage condition and negative social interactions, as worsened feather cover is often the result of feather pecking.
With two of our research partners, we have also started a selection experiment to divergently select for Natural Antibodies (NAbs). The goal of this project is to see if increased levels of NAbs will lead to improved disease resistance. If a clear relationship can be proven, we have a relatively easy method to further improve the health of our birds.
From our own birds, we register every treatment with antibiotics. Our intensive biosecurity program and the use of an effective vaccination program are the main reasons that only a very low number of our birds have received antibiotics during their lifetime. If antibiotics are applied, it is always under veterinary supervision and only for a short time to treat the specific disease. Sharing best practices in the field of biosecurity and helping others within the egg industry to bring their biosecurity to the next level is one of our goals.
With a sustainable breeding alone, we cannot make the difference. The increased genetic potential of laying hens, irrespective of the trait, can only be achieved when the developments in farm management, nutrition and disease control are going in the same direction.
Improvements within the entire sector to minimize production losses and to improve the health and welfare of the birds is the key towards an improved, sustainable egg industry. Cooperation and collaboration between all stakeholders within the egg sector is crucial for success.


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FiltrationMembraneNews & Insights
Singapore begins upgrading inaugural ceramic membrane water treatment plant
Upgrading of the Choa Chu Kang Waterworks (CCKWW) means that the plant will become the first in the country to employ the technology.
Water Technology Staff — October 28, 2015
Richard Sharrocks/iStock
SINGAPORE — Oct. 27, 2015 — Singapore's national water agency PUB announced that work will begin this year to install ceramic membrane technology at one of its water treatment plants, according to a press release.
Upgrading of the Choa Chu Kang Waterworks (CCKWW) means that the plant will become the first in the country to employ the technology, noted the release.
Ceramic membrane technology is one of the latest breakthroughs in membrane technology, stated the release. It is more energy efficient, with a much smaller footprint than existing membrane systems, while its life cycle cost is also expected to be lower.
The upgrade will take place later this year and the plant will become operational in 2018. The work will be undertaken by PUB in partnership with PWN Technologies (PWNT), which will introduce its CeraMac membrane technology.
Japanese ceramic membrane specialist Metawater will supply the membranes and the plant will be designed and built by UGL (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., reported the release.
On completion, CCKWW will have a daily capacity of 40 million gallons per day (mgd), making it one of the largest ceramic membrane plants for drinking water treatment in the world.
Go-ahead for the upgrade follows trials of the technology dating from 2011, which were designed to assess the efficiency and reliability of PWNT's ceramic membranes in water treatment, shared the release.
Ceramic membrane technology has been in use in Japan since 1998, producing more than 17 years of continuous operation with no known membrane breaks, replacements or membrane-related shutdowns. Japan now has more than 117 plants utilising similar technology to that being installed at CCKWW.
You can find the entire release here.
Tags:	ceramicSingapore
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Change happens constantly today, and the future is guaranteed to bring even more change. Organizations in today's chaotic business environment recognize that the ability to effectively manage change is not only a strategic advantage but is essential to doing business successfully.
Everyone adapts to change differently. One key to managing change successfully is having a feeling of control. Research has shown that individuals who overcome major crises, or handle a serious trauma, often demonstrate the attitude that they can handle whatever life throws at them. They look for what they can do and take action, even if they don't always have complete information about the change.
It helps to get clear on what you can and can't control and what you can possibly influence. Learning about change, its characteristics, and our responses to it can help change seem more manageable, lessening its negative impact and allowing us to adjust and regain our productivity quicker.
Since change is inevitable, we can look at it with a gloom and doom approach, or we can think of it as an opportunity to examine how we define ourselves, where we are going, and how we will accomplish our goals.
It often helps to remember that you have successfully managed many changes in the past and that you have what it takes to manage change in the future.


Financial results show that 2018 was a successful year of growth for Trxade Group Inc. (OTCQB: TRXD), an integrated drug purchasing and delivery solutions company with a platform that enhances supply chain efficiencies among health care buyers and sellers of pharmaceuticals, accessories and services. The company recently presented its report for the final quarter of 2018, highlighting a number of key accomplishments (http://ibn.fm/tPpOh).
Trxade has announced plans to continue working on its expansion and has already taken steps in this direction. At the end of February 2019, Trxade Group launched its MSO pharmacy network via a SyncHealth joint venture (http://ibn.fm/X5Obz). In addition, the Trxade network of validated independent retail pharmacies surpassed 10,000 members at the beginning of the year. This figure accounts for nearly 30 percent of U.S. independent pharmacists that purchase prescription drugs through the Trxade B2B platform.


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Researchers have found that people who worked more than 55 hours a week ran a 33 percent higher risk of a stroke than those working the standard 35-40 hours per week. (Photo: Microstock)
Excessive overtime raises risk of strokes
Do you work a lot? If your work weeks are longer than normal, you could be more likely of having a stroke, according to a new review.
Anne Lise Stranden
Published monday 31. august 2015 - 06:04
Swedish researchers found a clear link between long working hours and strokes. Strokes are caused by blood clots or haemorrhages in the brain. The recent meta-analysis was a review of 25 earlier studies covering 600,000 persons in Europe, the USA and Australia.
Professor David Russell of the Oslo University Hospital's Department of Neurology considers the study highly relevant. He has also conducted research on strokes.
"The study is the strongest evidence we have seen to date that there can be a link between quantities of work and an elevated risk of strokes."
"This is especially striking because of the magnitude of data from more than 600,000 men and women," says Dr Russell.
"It's important for people who have large workloads to control whether they have certain risk factors for strokes," says Professor David Russell. (Photo: Oslo University Hospital)
"The mechanism behind this is uncertain, but physical inactivity and stress can be important causes," he says.
Eleven hours per day
The researchers involved with the new meta-analysis found that the risk rises steadily the more a person works upwards of 40 hours per week.
The risk rose especially among persons who worked more than 11 hours per day, or more than 17.5 hours of overtime per week.
The researchers found that those who worked over 55 hours per week had a 33 percent higher risk of a stroke than ones working normal working hours and weeks of 35-40 hours.
Dangerous stress hormones
The researchers do not know why long working hours are so risky.
"A possible explanation is that persons who have long work days are more stressed. We know that high concentrations of stress hormones can raise the risk of clogged arteries and the development of blood clots which can cause strokes," said Professor of Epidemiology, Dr Hugo Westerlund to SVT News. He is one of the co-authors of the study.
But the researchers cannot rule out that people who work so much also have higher degrees of other risk factors that are having an impact.
It's bad to sit still
The researchers made adjustments for physical activity but not for whether the persons working had inactive jobs.
"Inactivity can also be a contributing cause of the higher risk, according to Westerlund, who is the division manager of epidemiology at the University of Stockholm's Stress Research Institute.
"We now know that it just isn't enough to be active in your leisure time. One should also avoid long periods [at work] of sitting still," he says.
The researchers have attempted to make allowances for as many other factors as possible, such as gender, age, medical risk factors and other health issues.
Too much work over a long time is worst
The researchers emphasise that it takes a long time for the risk of a stroke to increase among persons who work long hours.
"If you have lots of work for certain periods, you can avert serious hardening of the arteries by relaxing more. But if you continue at the same pace for a long time, stress can lead to harder arteries. Blood clots can be formed which lead to strokes," said Töres Theorell, another co-author and a professor emeritus in psychosocial medicine, to SVT.
He recommends people who need to work extremely long days and weeks to make sure they get some solid periods of rest. They should not work more than 55 hours a week for more than two or three weeks at a time.
"Employers should be aware that they can be partly responsible for their employees suffering strokes if they allow them to work terribly much," said Theorell.
He points out that in addition to the risk for the individual working person, the elevated risk amounts to a big problem for society.
16,000 Norwegians a year have strokes
About 16,000 Norwegians a year have strokes according to Dr Russell at the Oslo University Hospital. Many of these patients suffer new strokes soon afterwards. About 60,000 living Norwegians have had one or more strokes.
Strokes are the major cause of invalidity and hospital admittances and the third most common cause of deaths attributed to disease.
In a broader perspective, strokes are also a prime cause of disease-induced invalidity in the Industrialised West. While billions of dollars are spent rehabilitating patients who have suffered strokes, not enough is spent trying to prevent strokes from occurring in the first place.
Control these risk factors:
Professor Russell thinks it is especially important for people who are overworked to control the following risk factors for strokes:
Hypertension (high blood pressure),
Atrial flutter (abnormal heart rhythm),
Smoking,
High cholesterol,
Inactive lifestyle,
Narrowing of the carotid (throat) arteries.
Russell points out that there are many of these risk factors which we can do something about.
Another factor is genetic ― the risk gets higher if someone in the family has had a transient ischaemic attack (minor stroke) or a full stroke.
Read the Norwegian version of this article at forskning.no
Translated by: Glenn Ostling
Mika Kivimäki et al.: Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals. The Lancet. 19 August 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(
David Russell's profile
Avert strokes and heart attacks with a walk in the woods
A real work-out is best, but ordinary, low-intensity activities can help keep the dire consequences of a sedentary life at bay.
Blood poisoning doubles risk of heart attack and stroke
Patients with blood poisoning from pneumonia and urinary tract infection have a higher risk of heart attack and stroke than other hospitalised patients.
Foreseeing a future of fewer strokes and heart attacks
Increased health care costs in the gray-haired future might be smaller than feared as the incidents of stroke and heart attack are likely to fall in the decades ahead.
Future help for stroke patients with language problems
Brain researchers have found a new method of analysis to distinguish between stroke patients with language problem. The result may be individualised treatment for each patient.
Gets stroke patients back on their feet
A robot is now being built to help stroke patients with training, motivation and walking
brain forskning.no health preventive health stress sweden strokes work


Council of Scientific and Industrial Research has announced the joint CSIR UGC NET Result 2019 for junior research fellowship (JRF) and eligibility for lectureship (NET). The Examination was held on 16-12-2018. Candidates can download the CSIR UGC NET Dec 2018 Exam Results from this page directly.
Check your roll number from CSIR UGC NET 2019 Result.
At last take out hard copy of CSIR UGC NET Exam Result 2019 for further usage.
With the announcement of CSIR UGE NET Dec Exam Result 2019, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research shall also publish CSIR UGC NET Exam Cut Off. CSIR UGC NET 2019 Cut Off is the minimum qualifying marks that candidate needs to score to being considered qualified.
Candidates who will be qualified will be shortlisted in the CSIR UGC NET 2019 Merit List. Those who satisfied cutoff criteria will be featured in merit list only. Students, whose roll number is shortlisted in the Merit List with the rewarded junior research fellowship (JRF) and eligibility for lectureship (NET).
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research organized the Joint CSIR UGC NET Test for Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and Eligibility for Lectureship (NET) on 16-12-2018. Now the conducting authority has announced the CSIR UGC NET Dec 2018 Results.
CSIR UGC NET December Result has been uploaded on the official portal @csirhrdg.res.in. Applicants who have participated in the exam can download the CSIR UGC NET Result in PDF format by pressing the direct link which is facilitated above in this page.
Candidates to get more details about CSIR UGC NET Result 2019 may also go through the Official Link stated above. You can also bookmark our site by pressing CTRL+D key to get all latest updates and interesting facts directly.


text:
Renner and Weber Brewery, Mansfield Ohio
Date added: May 22, 2022 Categories: Ohio Industrial Brewery
The Renner and Weber Brewery was one of few remaining examples of 19th century industrial architecture in Mansfield and is one of Ohio's dwindling number of brewery structures. At one time there were over 75 breweries in Ohio, by the 1970s there were only 10 and most of these are in modern structures.
Mansfield was a brewing center of north central Ohio from 1850 to the early 1900's. The industry came to the city with early German settlers. Henry Weber arrived in Mansfield about 1860. He was from a family of brewers. Born in Schillingstadt, Germany he begain work in his father's brewery while still a boy. Young Henry came to the U.S. when only 24 and first settled in Pennsylvania and worked in a brewery. After a year he moved to Mansfield and worked at Frank & Eberle Brewery. In 1866 he formed a partnership with Martin Frank (Frank & Eberle) and opened the Union Brewery. That arrangement continued until 1883 when Weber bought out the Reiman & Aberle Brewery with George Renner and the brewery was renamed "Renner & Weber Brewery." The previous firm has existed on 4th St. since 1855. From that time (1883) great improvements were made in the building and the machinery. By 1900 the brewery had reached its present configuration and was producing 150 barrels of beer a day. Their popular Red Band Lager Beer was brewed until the brewery closed in 1942. The site of the brewery had been chosen because of the existence of the Big Spring which supplied early Mansfield settlers with water. After Renner & Weber enlarged the plant two more wells had to be drilled. Modern machinery and a refrigeration plant were also installed. Renner left Mansfield around 1900 and Weber died in 1910. The brewery was renamed the Eagle Brewery. The brewery operated through W.W. I, reopening after the repeal of the 18th Amendment, and continued until 1942 when W.W. II made it difficult to get needed new boilers and other equipment. The abandoned buildings sold in 1969 to a buyer whose intentions included a Rathskeller. His plans did not materialize. In 1976 or 1977 the brewery was again sold, and the new owner planned a complex of shops and restaurants.
In 1978 a major fire destroyed the building and it was demolished.
Status: Demolished in November 1978 after suffering a major fire
Location: 79 East 4th Street
City: Mansfield
County: Richland
Next Page Building Description


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Events from the year 1940 in Argentina

Incumbents
 President: Roberto María Ortiz (UCR-A – Concordancia)
 Vicepresident: Ramón Castillo

Governors
 Buenos Aires Province:
 until 7 March: Manuel Fresco
 7 March-13 March: Luis Cassinelli
 13 March-27 May: Octavio R. Amadeo
 27 May-4 June: Carlos Herrera
 from 4 June: Octavio R. Amadeo
 Cordoba: Amadeo Sabattini then Santiago del Castillo
 Mendoza Province: Rodolfo Corominas Segura

Vice Governors
 Buenos Aires Province: Aurelio Amodeo (until 7 March); vacant thereafter (starting 7 March)

Events

January

February
 Intervention of the Catamarca Province

March
 Intervention of the Buenos Aires province

April

May

June
 President Ortiz takes leave from work because of diabetes

July

August
 Construction of the first airplane made in Argentina, a curtiss 75
 Ortiz, during his leave from work, offers his resignation to the Congress amid a political controversy. The Congress does not accept it.

September

October

November
 The Congress discusses a proposal for economic reactivation made by minister Federico Pinedo

December
 Juan Tonazzi is appointed minister of War. He rearranges the top military personnel, promoting supporters of Agustín Pedro Justo

Date unknown
 Radio El Mundo starts the radio drama Los Pérez García, which would last up to 1969

Ongoing
 Argentina keeps a neutral stance in World War II, amid foreign pressure to join the war

Births
April 9 - Chunchuna Villafañe, model, actress and architect
April 30 - Ermindo Onega, footballer (died 1979)
May 15 - Carlos Bielicki, chess master
July 7 - Dora Baret, actress
August 17 - Eduardo Mignogna, film director and screenwriter (died 2006)
September 24 - Amelita Baltar, tango singer
October 17 - Carlos Heller, executive, cooperative banking leader, and politician
date unknown
Cacho Espíndola, actor
Alicia Dujovne Ortiz, journalist* Esteban Courtalon
 Esther Norma Arrostito
 Graciela Paraskevaidis
 Guillermo José Garlatti
 Guillermo Saucedo
 Gustavo Bergalli
 Horacio Usandizaga
 Jesús Taboada
 Jorge Ginarte
 Jorge Kissling
 José Rubinstein
 Juan Carlos Maccarone
 Juan Paletta
 Juan Rosai
 Leonardo Henrichsen
 Luis Brandoni
 Luis Cubilla
 Maria Teresa Luengo
 Mario Acuña
 María Cristina Laurenz
 Miguel Ángel Loayza
 Nacha Guevara
 Nestor Combin
 Osvaldo Lamborghini
 Osvaldo Álvarez Guerrero
 Raúl Zaffaroni
 Roberto Matosas
 Rodolfo Mederos
 Román Quinos
 Silvio Marzolini
 Wálter Machado da Silva

Deaths
 Enrique Mosconi
 Manuel Musto

See also
List of Argentine films of 1940

Bibliography

Years of the 20th century in Argentina

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Don Number 1 Movie Cast: Who's Who?
Don Number 1: Introduction
Don Number 1: The Cast
Don Number 1: The Plot
Don Number 1: The Locations
Don Number 1: The Music
Don Number 1: The Costumes
Don Number 1: The Action
Don Number 1: The Stunts
Don Number 1: The Effects
Don Number 1: The Conclusion
Find out who is playing who in the upcoming Bollywood movie "Don Number 1".
The iconic movie Don Number 1 is a story about a notorious international don, who is based in Kuala Lumpur. The don's main henchman is his right-hand man, Tiger (Raza Murad). Tiger is fiercely loyal to his boss and will do anything to protect him.
Don's other henchmen include:
– Tony (Gulshan Grover) – Tony is a sharp shooter who is often seen by Tiger's side. He is also very loyal to Don and is willing to die for him.
– Raghu (Ashok Saraf) – Raghu is another one of Don's henchmen. He is not as loyal as Tony or Tiger, but he is still very dangerous.
– Lucky (Javed Jaffrey) – Lucky is a small-time crook who becomes involved with Don's gang. He is not as dangerous as the other henchmen, but he is still a threat.
Don's main rival in the film is Jai (Amitabh Bachchan), a rival don who lives in Mumbai. Jai is just as ruthless as Don and will stop at nothing to destroy him.
The film also features:
– Pooja (Karisma Kapoor) – Pooja is Don's love interest. She does not approve of his lifestyle but still falls for him.
– Inspector Vijay (Shashi Kapoor) – Inspector Vijay is a police officer who is tasked with taking down Don.
The cast of Don Number 1 is a who's who of Bollywood actors and actresses. The film tells the story of a group of friends who turn to a life of crime to make ends meet.
The cast includes:
-Amitabh Bachchan as Don
-Ajay Devgan as Raghu
-Sanjay Dutt as Vijay
– Govinda as Inspector Jai Singh
– Karisma Kapoor as Sonia
– Paresh Rawal as Dada Bhai
– Johnny Lever as Birju
– Shakti Kapoor as Jai's superior officer
– Kader Khan as Dada Bhai's henchman
The film revolves around Don, a mafia don who is killed by one of his rivals. His son, Tony, takes over his position and sets out to avenge his father's death. Along the way, he must contend with the rival mafia families, as well as the police. The cast of Don Number 1 includes some of the biggest names in Bollywood, including Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt, Govinda, and Karisma Kapoor.
The 1997 action-comedy Don Number One was filmed on location in Thailand, Hong Kong, and India.
The movie follows the story of don Michael (played by Shahrukh Khan), who is trying to set up a drug trafficking operation in Thailand. However, things go wrong when he gets involved with the local mafia and is forced to flee to Hong Kong. There, he meets and falls in love with police officer Jasmine (played by Rani Mukerji).
eventually, Michael is able to set up his operation in India and becomes one of the most powerful drug lords in the country. However, Jasmine is still trying to track him down and put him behind bars.
The film also features Govinda as Michael's right-hand man, Prem Chopra as Michael's father, and Anupam Kher as police commissioner Jaisingh Puri.
Don Number 1 is a 1971 Hindi action thriller film directed by P. protective gear for their solo missions behind Don's operations, were brought in to provide the music for the film. The soundtrack was composed by Shankar Jaikishan, and the lyrics were written by Hasrat Jaipuri and Shaily Shailendra. The song "Aaj Ka Yeh Ghar" was sung by Mohammed Rafi and picturised on Amitabh Bachchan; the song "Yeh Jeevan Hai" was sung by Asha Bhosle and picturised on Parveen Babi; and the title track "Don" was sung by Kishore Kumar.
The costumes in Don Number 1 are colorful and elaborate, befitting a high-budget Bollywood movie. The lead character, played by Shahrukh Khan, is often seen in flashy suits and trendy shirts. Tim Curry plays the role of the villain, and he is outfitted in a number of different garish ensembles. The women in the film are also decked out in eye-catching outfits, with plenty of sequins and sparkles. Overall, the costumes help to create a festive and glamorous atmosphere.
Don Number One is an action-packed movie starring some of Hollywood's biggest names. Here's a look at the cast:
Tom Cruise as Don
This award-winning actor is best known for his roles in action movies. He's sure to bring his trademark intensity to the role of Don.
Mila Kunis as Anna
Anna is Don's love interest in the movie. Kunis is best known for her comedic roles, but she's also shown she can handle more serious material.
Jamie Foxx as Carter
Carter is one ofDon's friends and partners in crime. Foxx is an Oscar-winning actor who is equally at home in comedies and dramas.
Don (2017) is an Indian action thriller film co-written and directed by Rajkumar Hirani. The film stars Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma and Dia Mirza. Principal photography began in October 2016 and was completed in January 2017. The film was released on 3 January 2014.
Ranbir Kapoor as Don
A charming yet dangerous man who can charm anyone with his looks and deadly ways. He is the king of the underworld and does whatever it takes to stay at the top.
Anushka Sharma as Jasmine
A no-nonsense woman who has been brought up by her father to be a strong independent woman. She falls for Don's charms but quickly realizes that he is not the man for her.
Dia Mirza as POONAM CHANDRA
don's love interest in the film
The following is a list of the primary cast members in the movie Don Number 1 and the characters they portray.
-Shahrukh Khan as Don
-Priyanka Chopra as Roma
-Irrfan Khan as Vedha
-Arjun Rampal as Delhi ACP Deewan
-Om Puri as Mr. Kantilal Vora
-Boman Irani as KL Vohra
The final installment in the Don trilogy, "Don Number One" brings the story of the world's most famous mafia boss to a close. But who makes up the cast of this star-studded film?
Al Pacino returns to the role of Don Vito Corleone, with Diane Keaton once again playing his wife Kay. Their son Michael is played by Robert De Niro, while their daughter Connie is played by Talia Shire.
The rest of the cast includes John Cazale as Fredo, James Caan as Sonny, Robert Duvall as Tom Hagen, and Al Lettieri as Sollozzo. Also appearing in the film are Diane Lane as Michael's wife Apollonia, and Marlon Brando as Vito's father Don Ciccio.
Do You Have To Wear A Mask To The Movies?
Can You Rent The New Spiderman Movie?
Do Or Do Not, There Is No Try: The Movie
How Old Is Coraline In The Movie?
How Much Did The Demon Slayer Movie Make?


Discover the treasures of the Rhône Valley as the river cuts through the inland landscape of eastern France; it uncovers regions rich in wine, gastronomic cities and what you might call gorgeous landscapes.
The Rhône is intrinsically linked to its right tributary in the north, the serene Saône. This tributary river opens touring possibilities and tasting opportunities in beloved Burgundy - a great start or addition to any river cruise in these valleys.
Leading onto Lyon, with no less than fifteen Michelin starred restaurants mingled with authentic Lyonais 'bouchon' taverns, a true gastronomic wonderland awaits. This exciting city unveils from the heights of Fourvière, a Roman Amphitheatre and cityscapes to savour.
The distant Alps shadow these parts, a spectacular setting where riverbank vineyards and lavender fields reveal Provençal villages as you travel south. A short journey takes you to the meandering Ardèche, its rugged beauty carved into the landscape gorges forever. Nearing the Côte d'Azur and the mouth of the Rhône River, you'll see the ancient cities of Arles and Avignon. Steeped in history, their surroundings would have you believe that time stands still yet the bustle of modern life surrounds.
Itineraries can vary depending on the duration of the cruise and the river cruise supplier. The from price is based on the sample itinerary mentioned below.


text:
Number of new apartments to go up by yearend
Newsroom 20/08/2015 | 10:27
After posting the first signs of growth in 2014, the local residential market has maintained this trend in the first semester of 2015. Market representatives are expecting stable development through to yearend, too. One welcome change, however, is that the market is becoming increasingly mature, raising hopes of a sustainable growth cycle ahead.
Simona Bazavan
Confident in the first signs of growth posted last year, developers are expected to push the pedal on residential developments this year. Some 10,000 new housing units will be delivered in Bucharest and its surrounding areas by the end of 2015, beyond last year's level, said Viorel Mohorea, project manager, new homes division, at Coldwell Banker, during BR's 14th Realty event, held last month.
And who else is building? "On one hand there are those developers that have been active since before the crisis. New entrants are generally small local players, many of whom have already completed and sold successful projects and who are building larger projects. Some of them have been present so far only in southern Bucharest and are now upgrading to better areas of the city. So what we're seeing is that there are few foreign newcomers while local ones are increasingly active," commented Adrian Erimescu, co-founder and CEO of Imobiliare.ro. There are even office developers now expanding their business into residential, according to media reports.
First artists announced for the 12th edition of Summer Well
As for how the market will look at the end of 2015, most pundits forecast a stable evolution through to yearend, with the possibility of small price increases for new apartments. Sales targets are on the up given results from the first five months of this year.
For example, sales in the Cosmopolis residential project in Bucharest have been rising for the past three years; however, this year growth stood at around 30 percent. "While last year we sold on average some 27 units each month, this year we've sold on average 40. The developer will also deliver some 400 new apartments which it wants to sell by yearend," said Mohorea, whose agency is the developer's exclusive representative.
And the word of the day remains stability. "We hope to see a normal growth cycle that will last for more years. What we don't want is another boom period that after two years will be followed by another crisis," said Laszlo Csiki, CEO of Adama Group, a member of Immofinanz Group, during the Realty event.
Clients are getting demanding
"Buyers are more educated and asking more questions than they did in 2008, for example. They pay great attention to the neighborhood's development potential because they see the acquisition as a long-term investment and they often bring along consultants to advise them on the quality of the construction. This didn't happen very often before," said Mohorea.
Imobiliare.ro visitors are also more demanding in terms of the details provided by the real estate platform, according to Erimescu. "They are paying more attention to the available information – information about the neighborhood, access to public infrastructure, schools and so on. This is a clear change from a few years back when they needed far less information. Now they are very focused on the quality of the information requested. Their research also takes longer," he added.
Another aspect is that buyers are no longer willing to make off-plan acquisitions, except from well-established local developers, according to Andreea Comsa, managing director of Premier Estate Management.
All in all, most transactions today are closed by the intended owners, whereas back in 2008 many of the acquisitions were made by large, speculative investors who were looking to make a profit in six to eight months, added Mohorea. This doesn't mean, however, that investment buyers are no longer present on the market.
"There continue to be investors interested in apartment acquisitions given that property yields surpass interest rates on bank deposits. So there are still investors looking to buy apartments – probably not as many as in 2008 but they are nevertheless active. Also, because prices have stabilized, many buyers that have the necessary funds to make an acquisition, but have postponed it for years waiting for prices to go down even further, have started to buy," said Comsa.
And developers need to adapt to buyers' needs and preferences – present as well as future ones. "We need to be able to anticipate. Given that we are building a product today that will be available on the market in one, two years, we need to be able to anticipate how demand will look by then," said Csiki. The company is currently developing a EUR 3 million project in the Berceni neighborhood of Bucharest.
As for buyers' financing options, the government-backed Prima Casa scheme continues to be the market's main driver. "Prima Casa remains the leading financial option for Adama's clients; however, low interest rates mean that they are also opting for regular mortgages," added Csiki.
One positive development is the fact that more developers are offering their own financing programs. "This means that they have easier access to financing themselves," pointed out Erimescu.
Indeed, industry representatives believe that banks are more open to financing not only end buyers, but also developers. Although Adama is financing the EUR 3 million investment in the Berceni project from its owns funds, it says it has been approached by several small banks offering financing options.
All this should confirm once more that the market has entered a more sustainable growth cycle, say pundits.
Newsroom | 19/12/2022 | 18:45


text:
The USSR Chess Federation (, ) was the national organization for chess in the USSR. It was founded in 1924 and its headquarters were in Moscow. It was affiliated with the World Chess Federation. The USSR Chess Federation organized a USSR Chess Championship and published a newspaper called Шахматы в СССР (Chess in the USSR).

Administration

Board
The board consisted of a chairman, a deputy chairman, a secretary, and a treasurer.

Chairmen
 Nikolai Krylenko (1924–1938)
 Mikhail Botvinnik (1938–1939)
 Vladimir Herman (1939–1941 and 1945–1947)
 Boris Weinstein (1942–1945)
 Vladislav Vinogradov (1947–1949, 1952–1954 and 1961–1962)
 M. Kharlamov (1949–1952)
 Vladimir Alatortsev (1954–1961)
 Boris Rodionov (1962–1968)
 Alexey Serov (1968–1969)
 Dmitry Postnikov (1969–1972)
 Yuri Averbakh (1972–1977)
 Vitaly Sevastyanov (1977–1986 and 1988–1989)
 Aleksandre Chikvaidze (1986–1988)
 Vladimir Popov (1989–1991)

Soviet chess players
 Mikhail Botvinnik (1911–1995), chairman of the USSR Chess Federation (1938–1938) and world champion and USSR champion
 Garry Kasparov, world champion
 Anatoly Karpov, world champion
 Mikhail Tal, USSR champion and world champion
 Tigran Petrosian, world champion

See also

Chess organizations
Chess in the Soviet Union
Chess
Sports organizations established in 1924


text:
January 5, 2012 PS3, PSN, Sony No comments
SEGA Reloads The House of the Dead 3 and 4 Exclusively for PlayStation® Network
Two Installments of the Horror Arcade Shooter Coming Early 2012
Full details, plus a video, after the jump.
SEGA® of America, Inc. and SEGA® Europe Ltd. today announced that legendary horror arcade shooter The House of the Dead 3™ will be coming exclusively to PlayStation®Network on February 7, followed by the arcade shooter The House of the Dead 4™ this spring. Both titles have been updated with HD graphics, trophies, and complete PlayStation®Move support to give players the full arcade The House of the Dead™ experience in their living room. To see the new trailer for the return of these terrifying creature-shooting favorites, visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoPR1ucdNlI
"The House of the Dead has always been one of SEGA's most popular series, and over the years we have worked hard to bring that full arcade experience to console owners," said Haruki Satomi, Senior Vice President of Digital Business at SEGA of America. "The abilities of the PlayStation 3, as well as PlayStation Move, have let us get closer than ever before. The only thing these titles are missing is a need for quarters."
Originally released in 2002, The House of the Dead 3 introduced a number of new elements to the series, including "rescue events," a shot ranking and grading system that challenges players to shoot both quickly and accurately, and a Boss "cancel" bar that players must fill to fend off devastating attacks. Featuring unique-to-console gameplay mechanics, The House of the Dead 3 can be played using a PlayStation Move controller or a standard PlayStation controller.
The House of the Dead 4 arrived in arcades in 2005, and its upcoming release on PlayStation®Network will be the first time this extremely rare title has ever appeared on a home console. In addition to the run-and-gun-down-creatures gameplay players had come to know and love, this title introduced hidden "treasure rooms" that contain score-boosting items, as well as interactive sequences that force players to push away grabby enemies. Watch out for the biters!
House of the Dead 3 Announcement Trailer
For more information please visit http://www.sega.com/games/house-of-the-dead-3/
For more news, follow SEGA on Twitter @SEGA or "like" us on Facebook.
About SEGA® of America, Inc.
SEGA® of America, Inc. is the American arm of Tokyo, Japan-based SEGA® Corporation, a worldwide leader in interactive entertainment both inside and outside the home. The company develops, publishes and distributes interactive entertainment software products for a variety of hardware platforms including PC, wireless devices, and those manufactured by Nintendo, Microsoft and Sony Computer Entertainment. SEGA's global website site is located at www.sega.com.
About SEGA® Europe Ltd.
SEGA® Europe Ltd. is the European Distribution arm of Tokyo, Japan-based SEGA® Corporation, and a worldwide leader in interactive entertainment both inside and outside the home. The company develops and distributes interactive entertainment software products for a variety of hardware platforms including PC, wireless devices, and those manufactured by Nintendo, Microsoft and Sony Computer Entertainment Europe. SEGA Europe's web site is located at www.sega-europe.com.
Demo, House of the Dead, House of the Dead 3, House of the Dead4, Playstation 3, Playstation Network, PS3, PSN, sega, Sony


text:
Jean Lanvario, né le  à Crest (Drôme) et mort le  à Cannes (Alpes-Maritimes), est un aviateur français, pilote de guerre pendant la seconde guerre mondiale et pilote d'essai de nombreux prototypes.

Carrière militaire

Pendant la 2ème guerre mondiale, il est sergent pilote dans le groupe de Reconnaissance GR I/35.

En 1956, il fut pilote d'essai pour les appareils de transport Nord 2506 et Nord 2508 de la société Nord-Aviation.

En 1963, chef-pilote d'essais chez Nord-Aviation, il effectue le premier vol du prototype du C-160 Transall avec trois ingénieurs navigants à partir de Melun-Villaroche.

Distinctions
  Officier de la Légion d'honneur
  Croix de guerre 1939-1945 avec 8 citations
  Médaille de l'Aéronautique

Notes et références

Bibliographie

 .
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Marcel Rochaix
 Pierre Maulandi

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1918
Naissance à Crest (Drôme)
Aviateur français
Pilote d'essai
Militaire français de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Aviateur français de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Personnalité de la France libre
Décès en février 1996
Décès à Cannes
Décès à 77 ans
Officier de la Légion d'honneur
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Titulaire de la médaille de l'Aéronautique


Both our U.S. Senators are Republicans and after November we only have one Democrat in our seven member congressional delegation. . . .
The most shocking and telling story of the 2010 tsunami is the sweeping away of Democratic control of the State Legislature. This was the last bastion of Democratic control and the Republicans took both chambers. Both the House and Senate had been overwhelmingly majority Democratic for 136 years. However, the Senate went from having 20 Democrats, 14 Republicans and one independent, to having 22 Republicans, 12 Democrats and one independent. The House went from having 60 Democrats and 43 Republicans with two vacancies to having 62 Republicans and 43 Democrats. Then four more Democrats switched parties last week making the numbers in the House 66 Republicans and 39 Democrats. This gives the Republicans a filibuster proof majority in both the House and the Senate.
And, by the way, Roll, Tide!


At the European Association of Osseointegration (EAO) Congress, held in Vienna, dental clinicians  from the MALO CLINIC, Lisbon, reported positive results when JUVORA™, a PEEK polymer-based solution, replaces traditional metal and ceramic materials. Their findings were those of a two-year follow-up study  of dental restorations implemented according to the clinic's All-on-4* concept, using JUVORA full-arch implant supported prostheses on edentulous patients.
Evaluations by the patients themselves were also very positive, with 88% of patients reporting that their prosthetic fulfilled their expectations of "in mouth comfort" and 84% of patients felt that their "overall chewing feeling" was as expected when chewing their food. In contrast to that, similar evaluations for metal-acrylic resin mandibular full-arch implant-supported fixed prostheses reported a 79% patients´ satisfaction, both for the improvement in the ability to chew and the fulfillment of expectations.
The JUVORA dental disc is made entirely of implantable PEEK-OPTIMA™ polymer from Invibio Biomaterial Solutions. This implantable PEEK polymer possesses a number of outstanding properties, note the authors of the study, including biocompatibility, biostability, and compatibility with medical diagnostic imaging, that together indicate a favorable potential for metal replacement in dental prosthetics. In addition, PEEK provides superior chemical stability, mechanical behavior, shock absorption, and wear resistance, and therefore it is well suited to the demanding environment encountered by medical devices. In addition, its shock absorbing characteristics are superior to those of metal, while maintaining the possibility of CAD/CAM manufacture.
Read the full story at https://www.prweb.com/releases/malo_clinic_study_early_indications_for_positive_outcomes_using_peek_based_juvora_dental_prosthetics/prweb16069708.htm.


text:
Jonathan Pollak's Speech Before the Israeli Court That Sentenced Him to Jail for Unlawful Assembly
Jonathan Pollak was convicted and sentenced to three months in jail yesterday – for riding a bicycle in a demonstration that he did not organize, nor was anybody else arrested. Why Pollak, then? Because he is a leading Israeli Jewish activist in the fight against the Separation Barrier; because he preaches non-violence; because he comes from a high-profile family; because Israel is trying to stamp out the non-violent protest movement before it gets even more international press and support.
The law violated by Polak is another antiquated relic of the British mandate. One of the first things I learned in Ulpan thirty years ago is that Israel does not recognize the right to public assembly, that any gathering beyond several people needs a police permit. The law is the law, though in this case, as in others, it was applied selectively for one purpose only – to get Pollak.
Here is Jonathan's speech, which I have shamelessly lifter from the +972 website in order to give it greater circulation.
Your Honor, once found guilty, it is then customary for the accused to ask the court for leniency, and express remorse for having committed the offense. However, I find myself unable to do so. From its very beginning, this trial contained practically no disagreements over the facts. As the indictment states, I indeed rode my bicycle, alongside others, through the streets of Tel Aviv, to protest the siege on Gaza. And indeed, while riding our bicycles, which are legal vehicles belonging on the road, we may have slightly slowed down traffic. The sole and trivial disagreement in this entire case revolves around testimonies heard from police detectives, who claimed I played a leading role throughout the protest bicycle ride, something I, as well as the rest of the Defense witnesses, deny.
As said earlier, it is customary at this point of the proceedings to sound remorseful, and I would indeed like to voice my regrets regarding one particular aspect of that day's events: if there is remorse in my heart, it is that, just as I argued during the trial, I did not play a prominent role in the protest that day, and thus did not fulfill my duty to do everything within my power to change the unbearable situation of Gaza's inhabitants, and bring to an end Israel's control over the Palestinians.
His Honor has stated during the court case, and will most likely state again in the future, that a trial is not a matter of politics, but of law. To this I reply that there is hardly anything to this trial except political disagreement. This Court may have impeded the mounting of an appropriate defense when it refused to hear arguments regarding political selectiveness in the Police's conduct, but even from the testimonies which were admitted, it became clear such a selectiveness exists.
The subject of my alleged offense, as well as the motivation behind it were political. This is something that cannot be sidestepped. The State of Israel maintains an illegitimate, inhuman and illegal siege on the Gaza Strip, which still is occupied territory according to international law. This siege, carried out in my name and in yours as well, sir, in fact in all of our names, is a cruel collective punishment inflicted on ordinary citizens, residents of the Gaza strip, subjects-without-rights under Israeli occupation.
In the face of this reality, and as a stance against it, we chose on January 31, 2008, to exercise the freedom of speech afforded to Jewish citizens of Israel. However, it appears that here in our one-of-many-faux-democracies in the Middle East, even this freedom is no longer freely granted, even to society's privileged sons.
I am not surprised by the Court's decision to convict me despite having no doubt in my mind that our actions on that day correspond to the most basic, elementary definitions of a person's right to protest.
Indeed, as the Prosecution pointed out, a suspended prison sentence hung over my head at the time of the bicycle protest, having been convicted before under an identical article of law. And, although I still maintain I did not commit any offense whatsoever, I was aware of the possibility that under Israeli justice, my suspended sentence would be imposed.
I must add that, if His Honor decides to go ahead and impose my suspended prison sentence, I will go to prison wholeheartedly and with my head held high. It will be the justice system itself, I believe, that will need to lower its eyes in the face of the suffering inflicted on Gaza's inhabitants, just like it lowers its eyes and averts its vision each and every day when faced with the realities of the occupation.
Posted by Jerry Haber at 1:56 AM
jerry,
pollak was given a suspended sentence from a prior illegal assembly...his participation in this protest caused him to violate his probation.
you dont like the law? get it changed.
and why am i not surprised that an anarchist is one of your heroes.
"you dont like the law? get it changed"
Why am I not surprised that you don't back the civil disobedience of Gazan settlers, or, le-havdil, Martin Luther King, Jr. or Steven Biko (whose t-shirt Pollak wore at his trial)?
Sure, Pollak broke the law and should be prepared to pay the consequences. Which is what he is doing. But the law is immoral, and the selective application of the law is immoral. His being the only person arrested doesn't get him off the hook. But it shows that the motivation of his arrest was political. I haven't seen a single settler being arrested for violating the terms of his probation of being in an illegal, peaceful assembly.
Pollak is not a hero because he is an "anarchist," whatever that means. I admire him because he stays and fights the illegal and immoral oppression of millions of Palestinians -- and goes to jail because of it.
Tamar Orvell said...
Why do you troll this site? You offer no solutions. Your stance is carping. What are your aims? What do you care about? What are you willing to die for? Your persistent petty and hypercritical comments are so tedious.
tamar,
like all faux progressives, you only care to hear and read one side to every position...im here to give the other side
and sorry jerry...but "unarmed" protest is not civil disobedience...it is violence and terrorism
but if you can show me when mlk spoke about the rights of protesters to throw rocks...i will join your side
never mind that the arab/israeli conflict has nothing to do with civil rights, and your pal pollack doesnt believe in any rule of law..being the anarchist that he is
if the law is immoral (i dont believe that it is...as there are laws regarding unlawful assembly here in the states) get it changed.
you wont, because you and your comrades would prefer to bitch and moan.
personally, i think tossing the idiot in jail is stupid...just turns him into a martyr.
i wouldve given him community service...to work with those wounded by the same terrorists he so loves
let him look them in the eye and spew his garbage
as for your assertion that you havent seen a single israeli (wont use the term settler, as according to your arab pals...all of israel is occupied by settlers) being arrested and convicted for engaging in unlawful assembly...you arent looking hard enough
http://palestinenote.com/cs/blogs/news/archive/2010/08/11/30-settlers-arrested-during-protest-march-in-jericho.aspx
not hard to use the google....but your side only wins when it fudges the truth
shmuel said...
Unfortunately Israel denies the right of free assembly to all sides of the political spectrum, and its police use excessive violence against the right and left equally.
The brave Pollak would ironically find bed-fellows amongst the anti-disengagement from Gaza demonstrators of 2005 who were arrested for similar disruptions to the traffic.
Ironically, the only group who seem to be allowed to demonstrate with impunity and immunity are the Haredim who get away with stone throwing and trash burning.
Bacci40, you are welcome to leave comments on the site. But *please* improve your reading comprehension. The link you gave me was entirely irrelevant to my statement. So the settlers were arrested. Big deal. Do you have many Palestinians are arrested at demonstrations. Was I writing about arresting demonstrators? Geesh
Show me the settlers who have been arrested, CONVICTED, and sentenced to three months in jail for illegal assembly. Oh, and while you are it -- make sure that the settlers are arrested during a peaceful demonstration, where none of the other settlers were arrested.
The example you gave me was an arrest for illegally entering Area A and illegal assembly -- and is completely different from the case here.
It is really difficult to engage in a debate with somebody who is so intellectually challenged.
I agree with Shmuel that the "illegal assembly" law is an unjust law not only for the left but for the right and for the center. I also agree that the police uses excessive violence against protesters, left, right, and center.
I do not agree that the excessive violence is equal, and I am truly surprised that Shmuel can say that it is. How many rightwing nonviolent protesters have died or have been maimed, Shmuel? In Amona, when the police used excessive force against violent and non-violent demonstrators, the Knesset went nuts, investigations followed, and one policeman has been convicted (as I recall).
Also recall that the police, trained to handle demonstrators, only are called in for Israeli demonstrations -- not for Palestinian.
I agree with you that there is (unfortunately) more violence used against Palestinians as opposed to Jewish demonstrators.
But amongst left or right (Jewish) demonstrators the level of violence is similar.
With the notable exception of the 2000 Wadi Ara incident, this is probably due to the police exercising relatively more restraint (in Israel proper) than Mishmar Hagvul or regular army forces (in the territories) when quelling demonstrations.
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Zionist, Yes; Progressive, Maybe


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text:
search filter All contentAll journalsJournal of Experimental Biology
About JEB
Outstanding paper prize
Journal of Experimental Biology (8)
Stuart E. Reynolds
Cuticular plasticization in the tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae): possible roles of monoamines and cuticular pH
W. Reuben Kaufman, Peter C. Flynn, Stuart E. Reynolds
Journal: Journal of Experimental Biology
J Exp Biol (2010) 213 (16): 2820–2831.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.044412
SUMMARY The degree of plasticization of the alloscutal cuticle of a 'hard' (ixodid) tick, Amblyomma hebraeum , and a 'soft' (argasid) tick, Ornithodoros moubata , was assessed throughout the blood-feeding period. Cuticle viscosity was calculated from rate of creep of cuticle under constant load using a Maxwell model. Feeding-related plasticization (i.e. increased rate of extension under a constant load) occurred in A. hebraeum but not in O. moubata . Maxwell viscosity of unfed A. hebraeum cuticle was relatively high (~720 GPa s) but was significantly lower in feeding ticks. Small partially fed ticks displayed a viscosity of ~108 GPa s. Still lower values (42 GPa s) were observed in the largest of the engorged ticks. Following cessation of feeding, there was a significant but limited reversal in viscosity back to ~100 GPa s. The water content of cuticle of unfed A. hebraeum (23.4% of wet mass) rose sharply after the onset of feeding and reached a plateau value of 34.0% at a fed/unfed weight ratio of 3 and beyond. Ixodid ticks lay down new endocuticle during the feeding period. The observed increase in cuticle hydration suggests that both old and new cuticles are hydrated during feeding. Monoamines may play an important role in controlling cuticle viscosity. Dopamine (DA) injected into partially fed A. hebraeum caused plasticization. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT), which induces plasticization in the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus , had no statistically significant effect on tick cuticle. Octopamine (OA) and tyramine both caused cuticle stiffening (i.e. opposed plasticization). This suggests a possible inhibitory effect but co-injection of OA with DA did not reduce DA-induced plasticization. The mechanism leading to plasticization of tick cuticle may involve a change in cuticular pH. The viscosity of tick cuticle loops was highest at pH 8.0 (389 GPa s) and fell precipitously in the acidic range to a low value of 2.2 GPa s at pH 5.5–5.7. A cuticular pH of ~6.5 would account for the lowest viscosity observed under physiological conditions (42.4 GPa s for large, day 0, engorged ticks). The V-ATPase inhibitor, concanamycin A, was a potent inhibitor of DA-induced plasticization. These results are consistent with a model in which DA acts to cause plasticization through transport of H + ions into the cuticle. Measurement of cuticular ion (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) content did not suggest that plasticization is caused by any of these ions. Taken together, our results suggest that the mechanism of cuticular plasticization in feeding A. hebraeum is related to hydration, and involves the transport of H + ions into the sub-cuticular space by cells in the hypodermis. Feeding-induced plasticization was not observed in the rapid feeding tick, O. moubata .
Water Balance in Manduca Sexta Caterpillars: Water Recycling From the Rectum
STUART E. REYNOLDS, KAREN BELLWARD
J Exp Biol (1989) 141 (1): 33–45.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.141.1.33
Tobacco hornworm ( Manduca sexta ) caterpillars are able to regulate the water content of their body when fed on diets of markedly different water content. This regulation extends to the water content of food within the gut. Regulation of body water is achieved by adjusting the amounts of water lost with the faeces. The rectum is shown to be the principal site of water reabsorption from the faeces. The rate of rectal water absorption is shown to vary with the water content of the food and thus according to need. Water reabsorbed from the rectal contents is recycled and added to the contents of the midgut. The ultrastructural appearance of epithelial cells in the rectal wall is that expected of a fluid-transporting tissue. The ileum appears to play little or no part in water recycling.
Cardioactive Peptides from the CNS of a Caterpillar, the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca Sexta
Nicholas Platt, Stuart E. Reynolds
J Exp Biol (1985) 114 (1): 397–414.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114.1.397
1. A semi-isolated caterpillar heart bioassay was used to detect the presence of endogenous cardioactive material in the CNS of Manduca sexta larvae. 2. Cardioactivity was detected in all nervous tissue examined. Most activity (about 70% of the total in the CNS) was in the ganglia of the abdominal nerve cord (ANC). Cardioactivity was also detected in the abdominal transverse nerves, the proctodeal nerves and the corpora cardiaca/corpora allata. The source with the highest specific activity was the frontal ganglion. 3. Two factors, separable by Sephadex gel filtration, were distinguished in extracts of ANC: CAF 1, which has an estimated relative molecular mass ( M r) of about 4000, and CAF2 for which M r is probably less than 1000. Both factors are apparently peptides. Neither is similar to any known insect cardioaccelerator. 4. Both CAF 1 and CAF 2 are able to cause cardioacceleration when injected into tetrodotoxin-paralysed caterpillars. 5. CAF 2 is present in both larvae and in adults. CAF 1 is present only in the caterpillar. The larval heart responds to both factors; the adult heart responds only to CAF 2. 6. Partial purification of CAF 1 and CAF 2 by reverse-phase HPLC gives a single peak of bioactivity in each case. 7. The biological activity of CAF 1 is destroyed by α-chymotrypsin, but not by trypsin. CAF 2 is not attacked by trypsin or by α-chymotrypsin. Treatment with performic acid or cyanogen bromide destroys the activity of both CAF 1 and CAF 2.
Physiology of Pupal Ecdysis in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca Sexta : I. Evidence for Control by Eclosion Hormone
JAMES W. TRUMAN, PAUL H. TAGHERT, STUART E. REYNOLDS
J Exp Biol (1980) 88 (1): 327–338.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.88.1.327
The time of pupal ecdysis in Manduca sexta can be accurately predicted by the appearance of external markers late in pupal development. Eclosion hormone injections resulted in premature ecdysis of staged pharate pupae. The latency between injection and initiation of ecdysis movements was inversely correlated with dosage and served as the basis for a sensitive, rapid, and quantitative bioassay for the hormone. Behavioural responsiveness to the hormone arose about 8 h before normal ecdysis at 23 °C. When insects were injected at these early times the larval cuticle was not sufficiently digested to allow its rupture and these animals remained permanently trapped inside the larval cuticle. Measurement of eclosion hormone in the blood of pharate pupae showed the appearance of biological activity in the blood about 30 min before the onset of ecdysis. It is concluded that pupal ecdysis is under endocrine control and that the hormone involved is likely to be the eclosion hormone.
Physiology of Pupal Ecdysis in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca Sexta : II. Chemistry, Distribution, and Release of Eclosion Hormone at Pupal Ecdysis
PAUL H. TAGHERT, JAMES W. TRUMAN, STUART E. REYNOLDS
Eclosion hormone activity was found in the brain and ventral ganglia of pharate pupae of Manduca sexta . No activity was detected in the corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex. At the time of ecdysis the store of activity dropped by 50–75% in the ventral cord whereas the hormone level in the brain remained unchanged. Also, larvae whose brains were removed at the wandering stage subsequently showed pupal ecdysis behaviour and also had essentially normal levels of hormonal activity in their blood at the start of the behaviour. It was concluded that at pupal ecdysis the hormone responsible for the initiation of the behaviour is released from the ventral nerve cord rather than from the brain. The chemical characteristics of the pharate pupal eclosion hormone were determined. The factors from the brain and ventral nerve cord were both active in a number of adult and pupal eclosion hormone bioassays. Both showed an apparent molecular weight of 8500 daltons and an isoelectric point of about 5·0, values essentially the same as that seen for the adult form of the hormone. We concluded that pupal ecdysis and adult eclosion are triggered by the same hormone but for the former it is released from the ventral nerve cord and, for the latter, from the brain. The choice of release site may depend on whether or not the release is under circadian control.
Eclosion Hormone and Bursicon Titres and the Onset of Hormonal Responsiveness During the Last Day of Adult Development in Manduca Sexta (L)
STUART E. REYNOLDS, PAUL H. TAGHERT, JAMES W. TRUMAN
J Exp Biol (1979) 78 (1): 77–86.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.78.1.77
The blood titres of eclosion hormone in Manduca sexta indicate that the hormone is liberated into the blood during a span of about 20 min and then disappears with a half-life ( t ½ ) of about 45 min. Eclosion normally follows 2.5 h after the appearance of the hormone in the blood. Bursicon appears in the blood within 2 min after the newly emerged moth comes to rest at a wing spreading site. Hormone is apparently released during the following 10 min and then disappears with a t ½ of 40-50 min. The target tissues for the two hormones become responsive during the last day of development. The wing epidermis and nervous system appear to become sensitive to the eclosion hormone at about the same time, approximately 4 h before the hormone's release. Wings become responsive to bursicon about 2 h earlier. During the last day of adult development, Manduca show a precise onset of responsiveness to bursicon and eclosion hormone followed a few hours later by the gated release of the two hormones. This appearance of hormone sensitivity is likely to be due to a photoperiodically gated event which occurs late in adult development but prior to eclosion hormone release. The nature of this event is unknown. Note: Present address: School of Biological Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
Control of Cuticle Extensibility in the Wings of Adult Manduca At the Time of Eclosion: Effects of Eclosion Hormone and Bursicon
The wings of pharate adult tobacco hornworm moths, Manduca sexta , are relatively inextensible until 3 or 4 h before emergence from the pupal case. At this time the wing cuticle becomes plasticized, so that by the time of eclosion, the wings are readily extensible. This change in the mechanical properties of the wing cuticle is shown to be under the control of a factor from the head. This factor is present in the corpora cardiaca/corpora allata complex, and in the protocerebrum of the brain, being released into the blood prior to eclosion. It is able to act directly on isolated wings. The active principle was found to be indistinguishable in a number of ways from the hormone which triggers emergence from the pupal case, the eclosion hormone. Partial purification of the eclosion hormone failed to separate activity causing eclosion from activity causing wing cuticle plasticization. It is concluded that the same hormone is probably responsible for both effects. The cuticle plasticizing activity of the eclosion hormone forms the basis for a new, highly sensitive bioassay. Another factor, distinct from the eclosion hormone, is able to cause wing cuticle plasticization. This factor is found in the abdominal nerve cord, and is only released into the blood after eclosion has occurred. It is probably identical with the tanning hormone, bursicon, which is released at this time. The factor in the nerve cord which causes cuticle plasticization is indistinguishable from bursicon in a number of ways, including partial purification by gel filtration. Bursicon evidently causes a further increase in wing cuticle extensibility after eclosion, at the time of wing inflation.
Pharmacological Induction of Plasticization in the Abdominal Cuticle of Rhodnius
Injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) are found to cause plasticization of the abdominal cuticle of Rhodnius larvae. This plasticization is a direct action of 5-HT on some element in the body wall; the central nervous system is not required. It is probable that 5-HT acts directly at a receptor on the epidermal cells. The relationship between structure and plasticizing activity for a number of 5-HT analogues has been investigated. The receptor resembles other 'classical' 5-HT receptors in its requirements, but is unlike the 5-HT/diuretic hormone receptor of Rhodnius Malpighian tubules.