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Optimization and Application of Bioflocculant Passivated Copper Nanoparticles in the Wastewater Treatment
Impact of Lifting of Two Types of Barrels on Postural Control, Trunk Muscle Recruitment, and Kinematic Measures in Manual Workers
10.3390/ijerph16122184
Oliveira Gonçalves, I. de
Bandeira, A. Nunes
Coelho-Júnior, H. José
Silva Aguiar, S. da
Minucci Camargo, S.
Yukio Asano, R.
Batista Júnior, M. Luiz
Multicomponent Exercise on Physical Function, Cognition and Hemodynamic Parameters of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Ivan de Oliveira Gonçalves
1,*,
Alexandre Nunes Bandeira
Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
Samuel da Silva Aguiar
Samuel Minucci Camargo
Ricardo Yukio Asano
6 and
Miguel Luiz Batista Júnior
Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Integrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes 08780-911, Brazil
School of Physical Education, College UNISUZ, SP 08675-130, Brazil
School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-851, Brazil
Rehabilitation unit, Mãe Mariana Nursing Home, Poá, SP 08562-460, Brazil
School of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil
School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(12), 2184; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122184
Received: 4 April 2019 / Revised: 14 April 2019 / Accepted: 18 April 2019 / Published: 20 June 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Health Care Sciences & Services)
This paper reports on a quasi-experimental study that aimed to identify changes in muscle function (i.e., mobility, maximal walking speed, lower limb muscle strength, balance, and transfer capacity), cognition (i.e., executive function) and hemodynamic parameters of community-dwelling Brazilian older adults during a six-month multicomponent exercise program (MCEP). A total of 436 community-dwelling older adults performed functional, cognitive and hemodynamic assessments before and after a six-month MCEP. The program of exercise was performed twice a week over 26 weeks at moderate intensity. Results indicate that balance, mobility (i.e., usual and maximal walking speeds) and transfer capacity (p < 0.05) were significantly improved after the MCEP. Moreover, all hemodynamic parameters (i.e., systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures), except for heart rate (p > 0.05), were significantly reduced after the intervention. The current findings indicate that a six-month MCEP may provide physical and hemodynamic benefits in community-dwelling older adults. Nevertheless, our findings need to be confirmed in larger samples and better designed studies.
exercise; aged; rehabilitation; functional tests
According to the United Nations (UN), the ageing of the world's population is one of the most important topics in the 21st century, given its implications for nearly all sectors of society, including health, transportation, labor and financial markets, and economy [1]. Nowadays, the older population represents around 900 million people worldwide, and this prevalence is expected to double by 2050, where the number of older people may reach nearly two billion [1]. Nevertheless, it is important to mention that different patterns of the demographic transition of ageing population may be observed according to geographic characteristics, which may suggest that some countries may need more time and attention in the development of public health programs [1]. Projections for Brazil, for example, indicate a 14% increase in the prevalence of people aged 60 years or over until 2050, which is higher than the expected for Northern America (6.6%) and Oceania (6.0%) [1].
The age-related decline in physical and cognitive functions is one of the most remarkable changes observed in older people since these factors are directly associated with the subject's capacity to interact with the world. Indeed, according to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), independence (i.e., physical function) and autonomy (i.e., cognitive capacity) are inherently associated with the concept of health in older adults [2]. Furthermore, the cardiovascular system seems to be extremely assaulted by the aging process, given that blood pressure values increase exponentially according to age [3].
This phenomenon deserves attention because evidence has demonstrated that impairments in physical and cognitive functions are risk factors for the development of functional disability, sarcopenia, frailty, and institutionalization, to mention a few [4,5]. In addition, high blood pressure is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as early death [6]. Lastly, functional limitations, cognitive impairment, and cardiovascular disease are part of the concept of multimorbid in older adults and, consequently, collaborate with negative health outcomes, which places a considerable economic burden on health care systems [7].
Given the aforementioned observations, the development of therapies to counter-regulate age-related impairments in physical function, cognition and blood pressure has been a priority in public health research in the last decades. Among the numerous proposed therapies (e.g., hormonal replacement and diet), the practice of physical activity has received much attention, given its role as a preventive tool in the context of physical disability, cognitive decline, and development of chronic diseases [8,9]. However, evidence suggests that approximately 50% of the world's older population are physically inactive (less than 150 min of moderate intensity aerobic activity per week) [10]. Interestingly, a high prevalence of physical inactivity is observed in South American countries, mainly in Brazil, where physical inactivity accounts for more than 60% of the Brazilian older population [11]. These data deserve concern, since physical inactivity was responsible for 6% of the burden of coronary heart disease and 5.3 of the 57 million deaths worldwide in 2008 [10].
Many findings have demonstrated that different regimes of physical exercise—a structured form of physical activity—may improve physical function, cognition, and hemodynamic parameters of older adults. Indeed, older adults have shown improved mobility, transfer capacity, balance, executive function, memory, as well as significant reductions in blood pressure, after resistance and aerobic exercise training [8,9]. Nevertheless, some features of these regimes of exercise training may limit their use in public health programs, such as the high cost to acquire and maintain the equipment, the space needed to distribute the equipment, and the number of health professionals needed to prescribe the exercise [12].
On the other hand, it is possible to suggest that multicomponent exercise programs (MCEP), a kind of exercise training that combines different regimes of exercise (e.g., resistance, balance, gait, aerobic, and flexibility) in the same exercise session [13,14], could be a feasible alternative to public health programs aimed at maintaining or even improve physical and cognitive functions of community-dwelling older adults, since it allows the combination of different exercise regimes in the same exercise routine, thereby not requiring sessions of physical exercise with long duration while developing several physical capacities and skills [13]. Other features of MCEP should be highlighted, such as: (a) its dynamic characteristic, which may collaborate to a high adherence to the exercise program; (b) the sessions of exercise may be performed in groups, collaborating with improvements on social skills; and (c) the program of training can be primarily designed to use low cost equipment (e.g., elastic bands), collaborating with its implementation in any kind of setting (e.g., long-term care) and performance by individuals with or without physical and cognitive limitations.
This hypothesis is supported by a couple bodies of evidence that demonstrate significant improvements in the physical function [14,15,16,17,18], cognition [14,19,20,21], and hemodynamic parameters [22] of older adults who performed MCEPs. However, despite the beneficial effects of the abovementioned studies, most MCEPs are composed only by resistance, balance, and aerobic exercises [2,15,16,19], while few investigations combine many types of exercise [14,18,21]. Other limitations include the small sample sizes; the investigation of older adults with different conditions (e.g., frail) and from different settings; the lack of a pattern regarding the distribution of the exercise regimes in the MCEP, given that some studies prioritized resistance training, while others prioritized gait exercises; and the brief period of intervention. However, with respect to the latter, evidence indicates that minimum periods of intervention (≥6 months) may be necessary to cause cognitive changes in older adults [23,24,25].
Therefore, the present quasi-experimental study aimed to identify changes in muscle function (i.e., mobility, maximal walking speed, lower limb muscle strength, balance, and transfer capacity), cognition (i.e., executive function) and hemodynamic parameters of community-dwelling Brazilian older adults during a six-month MCEP.
Our hypothesis is that changes in the physical functioning, cognitive parameters, and hemodynamic parameters of community-dwelling older adults may be observed after our MCEP.
This was a quasi-experimental study aimed to identify changes in muscle function (i.e., mobility, maximal walking speed, lower limb muscle strength, balance, and transfer capacity), cognition (i.e., executive function) and hemodynamic parameters of community-dwelling Brazilian older adults during a six-month MCEP. All volunteers signed the informed consent form and completed all measurements. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Mogi das Cruzes and was developed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (1964, as revised in 1975, 1983, 1989, 1989, 1996 and 2000) and according to Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council.
The data presented here are a secondary analysis of data collected as part of a larger quasi-experimental study that investigated the changes in physical performance, cognition, and hemodynamic parameters of community-dwelling older adults with different chronic conditions during a MCEP. The findings regarding hypertensive [12,26], osteoarthritis [27], and diabetic [28] participants were previously published by our group. In these investigations, we found improved physical function in older adults with hypertension, diabetes mellitus type II, and osteoarthritis who practiced our six-month MCEP. In addition, blood pressure was reduced in hypertensive and diabetic people after the MCEP, but not in older adults with osteoarthritis and hypertension. Nevertheless, our MCEP seems to be limited to improving cognition. In the present investigation, the MCEP was investigated in the context of health promotion, regardless morbidities and comorbidities, as a tool to improve or at least preserve autonomy and independence and reduce cardiovascular risk. Therefore, data of published and unpublished studies were polled and analyzed as a single study.
3. Subjects
A total of 436 community-dwelling Brazilian older untrained volunteers (♂ = 50 (11.5%)) were recruited from a specialized senior center in a town located in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil. Volunteers were recruited by convenience and asked verbally by the medical team and researchers about their participation in the study. Candidates were eligible to be part of the present study if they were at least 60-year-old, lived in the community, showed independence to perform the ADL according to Katz Index (6 points), were able to ambulate independently without an assistive device, had no dementia according to age- and schooling-adjusted Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores [29], and signed the informed consent form. Exclusion criteria were as follows: nursing home residence, changes on pharmacological therapy during the investigation, missing values, physical (e.g., angina) and/or psychological (e.g., fear) discomfort during exercise sessions, pulmonary disease, neurological or psychiatric disease (e.g., Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease), musculoskeletal disorders, any kind of dizziness, blurred vision or light-headedness when rise or remain standing for long, which could indicate orthostatic hypotension and/or labyrinthitis, and were absent from more than three sessions of physical exercise. We also excluded participants who were prescribed hormone replacement therapy and/or psychotropic drugs. The presence of hypertension (HTN), type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and osteoporosis was not considered an exclusion criterion provided that the clinical symptoms were pharmacologically controlled. Candidates were interviewed and examined by a physician and a certified nurse for eligibility criteria.
4. Evaluations
All participants were instructed to refrain from any exhausting physical activity for a period of 96-h before and drinking alcoholic and caffeinated beverages 24-h before testing. Although alimentary ingestion was not controlled, participants were instructed to maintain their food intake during the study period. Baseline evaluations were performed 5 days before the beginning of the MCEP. Likewise, the final evaluations were performed on the fifth day after the last exercise session. We followed the methods of Coelho-Júnior et al. [30].
4.1. Morphological Measurements
A weight scale with a Filizola® (São Paulo, Brazil) stadiometer was used to measure body mass (kg) and height (cm). The body mass index (BMI) was determined by using the formula body mass (kg)/height (m2). An anthropometric tape (flexible and inextensible) (Sanny®, São Paulo, Brazil) was used to obtain all measurements (i.e., waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and neck circumference (NC)). Participants remained in a standing position, head held erect, eyes forward, with the arms relaxed at the side of the body, feet kept together, wearing light clothes. The WC was assessed at the mid-point between the last floating rib and the highest point of the iliac crest. HC was evaluated at the highest point of the buttocks. NC was measured right above the cricoid cartilage and perpendicular to the long axis of the neck.
4.2. Functional Parameters
All physical and functional tests were administered by two experienced assessors. One researcher was responsible for detailing the operational procedures, demonstrating the test before the evaluation, quantifying the performance, and evaluating the motor gesture. The other assessor ensured the safety of the participant. After explanation and before tests, volunteers performed a familiarization trial to ensure they understood the test. Then, the volunteers performed all tests twice, and the best result obtained in each test was used in the analysis. The tests were distributed in a room as stations and were performed in a circuited fashion one after the other. A one-minute interval between trials was provided. During all tests, verbal encouragement was provided to ensure that volunteers achieved the best possible performance without compromising safety.
4.3. One-leg Stand Test
The one-leg stand test was performed with the volunteers standing in a unipodal stance with the dominant lower limb, the contralateral knee remaining flexed at 90°, the arms folded across the chest, and the head straight [27]. A stopwatch (1/100 second accuracy) was activated when the volunteer raised their foot off the floor and was stopped when the foot touched the floor again. The maximum performance time was up to 30 s, considered the best test result.
4.4. Sit-to-stand Test
Volunteers were requested to rise from a chair (total height: 87 cm; seat height: 45 cm; width: 33 cm) five times as quick as possible with arms folded across the chest. The stopwatch was activated when the volunteer raised their buttocks off the chair and was stopped when the volunteer seated back at the end of the fifth stand [27].
4.5. Walking Speed Test
Walking speed (WS) was measured over 3 m. This distance was chosen because of space limitations. However, high concordance has been observed between the results recorded on 3 m and 6 m courses [27]. For the test, volunteers were required to walk five meters (including one-meter acceleration and one-meter deceleration) at their usual and fastest possible pace (without running). Before the evaluation, both feet of each volunteer were to remain on the starting line. The measurement was started when a foot reached the 1-meter line and was stopped when a foot reached the 4 m line. The 1 m intervals at the beginning and at the end of the course were used to avoid early acceleration and/or deceleration [27].
4.6. TUG Test
The TUG test involves getting up from a chair (total height: 87 cm; seat height: 45 cm; width: 33 cm), walking 3 m around a marker placed on the floor, coming back to the same position, and sitting back on the chair [27]. The subjects started the test wore their regular footwear, with their back against the chair, arms resting on the chair's arms, and with the feet in contact with the ground. A researcher instructed the volunteers to on the word "go", get up and walk as fast as possible without compromising safety in the boundary of three meters on the ground, turn, return to the chair, and sit down again. The stopwatch was activated when the volunteer got up from the chair and was stopped when the participant's back touches the backrest of the chair [31]. A longer time taken to perform the test indicates a lower performance.
4.7. Executive Function (EF)—TUG Cognitive Test
TUG cognitive test was accomplished to evaluate Executive Function (EF) [27]. This test is performed with the conventional TUG equally; however, a cognitive task (verbal fluency, animal category) must be accomplished during the motor task. Therefore, after the signal of the evaluator, the volunteer performed the route—stand up from the chair, walk three meters, turn around, walk three meters back, and sit down again—naming as many animals as he/she could remember. This task was performed aloud, allowing the evaluators to confirm if the volunteers were accomplishing the task. The time spans to complete were recorded for evaluation.
4.8. Hemodynamic Measurements
The procedures for measurement of blood pressure were adapted from the VII Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure [32]. In summary, volunteers remained in a sitting position on a comfortable chair for 15 min in a quiet room. After this period, an appropriate cuff was placed at approximately the midpoint of the upper left arm (heart level). An automatic, noninvasive, and validated arterial blood pressure monitor (Microlife-BP 3BT0A, Microlife, Widnau, Switzerland) was used to measure systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR). During blood pressure recording, volunteers remained relaxed in the sitting position, with parallel feet at one shoulder width, both forearm and hands on the table, supinated hands, backs against the chair, without move or talk. The volunteer did not have access to blood pressure values during measurement. The evaluation lasted approximately 80 s and was performed three times with 1 min of rest among the measurements. The mean of measurements of each volunteer was used in the final analysis. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was evaluated according to the following equation: MAP = (SBP + (2 × DBP))/3. The size of the arm cuff was selected after measuring the arm circumference of each participant (Sanny, São Paulo, Brazil). All volunteers were evaluated within the first month after the update of the medical records.
5. Multicomponent Exercise Program (MCEP)
The present MCEP was designed according to the definition of Tarazona-Santabalbina et al. [14], which states that a MCEP should include endurance, strength, coordination, balance, and flexibility exercises.
Each exercise session lasted ~60 minutes, and was performed twice a week, on nonconsecutive days, during 26 weeks under the supervision of an exercise physiologist at the fitness center of an institutional center for elderly care and living (Centro de Convivência do Idoso (CCI)), Poá, Brazil. The exercise routine was structured based on the combination of thirteen exercise stations each one composed by a resistance, balance/proprioception, coordination, flexibility exercise plus a brief gait (i.e., aerobic exercise). Six stations were composed by resistance exercises (i.e., five for lower limbs and one for upper limbs), four were composed by balance/proprioception exercises, two were composed by coordination exercises, and one was composed by flexibility exercises. Each exercise station was performed for one-minute, while aerobic exercises were performed for two-minute. The representation of the resistance, balance/proprioception, and gait exercises used in the present study may be observed in the Figure 1. Approximately 50 participants composed each session of exercise. Exercise intensity was controlled according to the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method using the adapted Borg scale [33] (i.e., CR-10), which was used to ensure that volunteers performed the exercises in the aimed intensity. This scale was composed of eleven numbers (i.e., 0–10) and eight descriptors (i.e., rest; very, very easy; easy; moderate; somewhat hard; hard; very hard; and maximal), which represents the perception of effort of the subject in front of an exercise load. The higher the reported number, the greater the sensation of effort. During the performance of functional —except for balance exercises—and resistance exercises, volunteers were instructed to maintain the physical activity intensity in 3–5—which represents moderate (i.e., 3), somewhat hard (i.e., 4), and hard (i.e., 5) descriptors. To that, a large picture of RPE scale (i.e., 4 m high and 1.30 m wide) was positioned on the wall in the gym's room. The increase in the exercise intensity was based on alterations in the cadence of the performance (i.e., faster), for functional exercises and walk. Moreover, for resistance exercises, volunteers could use elastic bands (EXTEX Sports, São Paulo, Brazil) and dumbbells to reach the intensity prescribed.
6. Statistical Analyses
Normality of data was tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. A Student-t test for dependent samples was used to intragroup comparisons. Cohen's effect size d was calculated to assess the magnitude of the results. The effect size was classified according to Rhea [34] for untrained volunteers. The level of significance was 5% (p < 0.05) and all procedures were performed using the GraphPad Prism 6.0 (San Diego, CA, USA). Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD), except for Tables 2, which are shown as Cohen's d.
No adverse events occurred during the sessions of exercise or during evaluations. The subjects were not absent for more than three sessions of physical exercise. The adherence to the physical exercise program was 100% (0 dropouts). Participants characteristics are shown in Table 1. The study sample included 436 (male = 50 participants (11.5%)) community-dwelling older adults. Volunteers presented an overweight/obesity phenotype according to BMI classification [35]. WC, HP, and NC values indicated a high cardiovascular risk in the studied sample [36]. The morphological parameters were not changed in response to the MCEP. Regarding the hemodynamic parameters, our findings suggest that SBP and DBP values were within a prehypertensive classification. These results are probably the product of an equilibrium between the proportion of hypertensive (58.9%) and normotensive (41.1%) participants. The most prevalent disease after HTN was osteoarthritis (31.7%), accompanied by osteoporosis (25.2%), T2DM (17.9%) and CVD (9.2%).
Physical and executive functions are shown in Figure 2. Significant changes in balance (one-leg stand (+46.5%)), mobility (usual (+16.7%) and maximal (+55.6%) walking speeds), and transfer capacity (TUG (−2.9%)) were observed after the MCEP. However, muscle strength (sit-to-stand) and executive function (TUGcog) were not altered. ES evaluation indicated a small classification for one-leg stand, and usual walking speed; accompanied by a trivial classification for sit-to-stand, maximal walking speed, TUG, and TUG-cog (Table 2).
Hemodynamic parameters are shown in Figure 3. SBP (−4.42%), DBP (−6.68%), and MAP (−5.17%) were significantly changed after the MCEP. HR (+ 0.39%) did not show significant changes. ES evaluation was classified as trivial, regardless of p value (Table 2).
The main findings of the present study indicate that significant changes in balance, mobility, transfer capacity, and blood pressure may be observed after a six-month MCEP composed by strength, balance/proprioception, coordination, and aerobic exercises.
Indeed, balance (one-leg stand (+46.5%)), mobility (usual (+16.7%) and maximal (+55.6%) walking speeds), and transfer capacity (TUG (−2.9%)) were significantly improved after our MCEP. These findings are in concordance with earlier studies that investigated several kinds of exercise training, including resistance [37,38] and power training [37]. Regarding MCEP, findings from our group [26,30] and other groups [14,15,16,17,18] have demonstrated that different designs of MCEP may improve physical function of older adults from different settings (e.g., community and long-term care facilities) with various comorbidities, such as frailty, HTN, T2DM, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and myocardial infarction.
In an elegant investigation, Freiberger et al. [16] found increased transfer capacity, balance, mobility, and lower-limb muscle strength in community-dwelling older adults who practiced a 24-month MCEP composed by aerobic, balance, and resistance exercises. These data are supported by Toto et al. [18], Kang et al. [17], and Ansai et al. [15], who also observed significant improvements in the physical function of community-dwelling older adults submitted to MCEPs.
It is worth mentioning that these studies varied widely regarding the primary variables, including the sample size, MCEP design, time of intervention, number and type of outcomes measures, etc., thus limiting comparisons across studies. Nevertheless, it should be stressed that, except for the trial of Freiberger et al. [16], most investigations have been performed in low sample sizes [14,18,19,20,21,22] and using short time of intervention (e.g., four weeks).
On the other hand, our study had a longer time of intervention (i.e., six months) and investigated a large sample (i.e., 436 volunteers) of older adults. In addition, our MCEP may be further explored in randomized clinical trials (RCT) as an interesting and profitable design of MCEP, given that some changes observed in the present study have not been found in other investigations. Indeed, in the trial of Ansai et al. [15], TUG performance was not changed after the 16-month MCEP. However, we observed that some beneficial changes in physical function may occur earlier than the reported by other studies. Freiberger et al. [16], for example, found that improvements in mobility, lower body muscle strength, and transfer capacity occurred at six months, balance at 12 months, and mobility at 24 months. On the other hand, significant changes in balance, transfer capacity, and mobility were observed after six months in the current study.
A possible explanation for these findings might be that, although some studies have proposed a MCEP, most were only composed by resistance, balance, and aerobic exercises [15,16,19,22], and the last two kind of exercises were poorly prioritized. In the present study, although resistance exercise was prioritized, we proposed a MCEP with a high volume of aerobic, balance, coordination and flexibility exercises. Therefore, combining different kinds of exercise training, as proposed by Tarazona-Santabalbina et al. [14], seems to be essential for the effectiveness of the MCEP [14].
The findings of the present study may have high external validity if confirmed by RCT studies, given that interesting changes in physical performance tests associated with a poor prognosis in older adults [39,40] were observed after our public health group-based MCEP.
The beneficial effects of the current MCEP may not be restricted to physical function since SBP (−4.42%), DBP (−6.68%), and MAP (−5.17%) were significantly changed after the MCEP, suggesting a reduced cardiovascular risk in these participants, given that slight decreases in SBP and DBP reduce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk [41]. These findings are supported by prior reports that exercise training, including MCEP, may collaborate in the management of blood pressure in patients at high and low cardiovascular risk [22,42].
Interestingly, a larger magnitude of changes in SBP and DBP was observed in the present study when compared to a recent meta-analysis [42] regarding the effects of endurance training (SBP = −3.5 mmHg and DBP = −2.5 mmHg), resistance training (SBP = −1.8 mmHg and DBP = −3.2 mmHg), and combined training (SBP = −3.5 mmHg and DBP = −2.2 mmHg). This phenomenon has been observed in other investigations in previous studies as well [22], given that a substantial decrease in SBP (6 mmHg) and DBP (2 mmHg) has been observed after a three-month MCEP.
Taken together, these findings indicate that multicomponent exercise should be widely explored in better designed studies, since it can be in the near future one more public health alternative in the management of blood pressure in older adults. Indeed, in addition to its effectiveness, MCEP seems to be easier to apply, cheaper, and more feasible when compared to other regimes of exercise, such as resistance and aerobic training.
Despite the significant changes observed in physical function and hemodynamic parameters, executive function was not altered after our MCEP. These results add evidence regarding the effects of MCEP on the cognitive function of older adults, given the previous studies reported conflicting results. In fact, many studies have demonstrated improved cognitive function in older adults after MCEP [14,19,20,21]. These data are supported by a recent systematic review [20], which demonstrated improved memory, attention, verbal fluency, inhibition, and global cognitive scores after MCEPs. The lack of consistency among the studies is probably due to the differences in the composition of the samples and MCEP designs. The findings of de Asteasu et al. [20] were based on cognitively healthy older adults and older adults with cognitive impairment, while the investigations of Suzuki et al. [19] and Tarazona et al. [14] were based on older adults with mild cognitive impairment and frailty, respectively. Regarding community-dwelling older adults, similar to the present study, Ansai et al. [15] investigated cognitively healthy older adults and did not observe significant changes in TUG-cog performance. Nevertheless, the authors found a worse performance in these participants when they were compared to volunteers who performed resistance training or remained sedentary for three months. Therefore, these data may suggest that our MCEP conferred a protective effect against executive dysfunction. However, the lack of a control group limits our interpretation.
Other methodological limitations should be mentioned to collaborate with future studies, such as a more detailed cognitive and scholar profile of the volunteers, the low prevalence of men, the inclusion of other regimes of MCEPs, and samples composed by volunteers from different settings (e.g., long-term care facilities) and conditions (e.g., sarcopenic), since we investigated community-dwelling older adults able to perform the ADL and ambulate independently without assistive device.
The current findings indicate that a six-month MCEP may provide physical and hemodynamic benefits in community-dwelling older adults. These findings indicate that multicomponent exercise may be a public health alternative in the management of mobility impairment and blood pressure in older adults, since, in addition to its effectiveness, MCEP seems to be easier to apply, cheaper, and more feasible when compared to other regimes of exercise, such as resistance and aerobic training. Nevertheless, our findings need to be confirmed in larger samples and better designed studies.
I.O.G. and M.L.B.J. conceived the study. H.J.C.J. and S.S.A. performed statistical analysis. I.O.G., H.J.C.H., S.M.C., S.S.A., R.Y.A., verified the analytical methods. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. I.O.G., H.J.C.H., S.S.A. and M.L.B.J. analyzed the data and they wrote the paper with input from all authors. M.L.B.J. approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the design and implementation of the research, to the analysis of the results and to the writing of the manuscript. Finally, all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank all members of Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology for helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants: 2010/51078-1, 2015/19259-0 and CNPq 311966/2015-2 to M.L.B.J.
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Figure 1. Representation of the resistance, balance/proprioception, and gait exercises used in the present MCEP.
Figure 2. Physical and executive functions. Values are mean ± S.D. TUG, Timed "Up and Go"; TUGcog, TUG with a cognitive task; * p < 0.05 versus baseline.
Figure 3. Hemodynamic parameters. Values are mean ± S.D. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate; * p < 0.05 versus baseline.
Table 1. Overall characteristics of the studies sample.
Older Adults (n = 436; ♂ = 11.5%)
Age (years) 66.0 ± 5.9
Weight (kg) 69.9 ± 14.0
Height (m) 1.56 ± 0.17
BMI (kg/m2) 28.7 ± 7.3
WC (cm) 97.5 ± 12.2
HC (cm) 106.3 ± 46.9
NC (cm) 36.8 ± 3.6
Physical function and cognition
One-leg stand (s) 15.9 ± 12.5
Sit-to-stand (repetitions) 10.7 ± 13.6
Usual walking speed (m/s) 1.25 ± 0.29
Maximal walking speed (m/s) 1.82 ± 1.01
TUG (s) 7.0 ± 1.5
TUG-cog (s) 7.8 ± 2.0
Hemodynamic
SBP (mmHg) 135.6 ± 63.7
DBP (mmHg) 79.0 ± 39.1
MAP (mmHg) 96.7 ± 35.9
HR (bpm) 76.9 ± 32.5
Morbidities (%)
Hypertension 58.9
Osteoarthritis 31.7
Osteoporosis 25.2
Diabetes mellitus type II 17.9
Myocardial infarction 9.2
Values are mean ± S.D. BMI, Body mass index; WC, Waist circumference; HC, Hip circumference; NC, Neck circumference; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; MAP, Mean arterial pressure; HR, Heart rate; TUG, Timed Up and Go; Cog, Cognitive.
Table 2. ES of functional, cognitive, and hemodynamic parameters.
Older Adults (n = 436)
Functional and cognitive
One-leg stand ES −0.65 (small)
Sit-to-stand ES −0.67 (small)
Usual walking speed ES −0.66 (small)
Maximal walking speed ES −0.07 (trivial)
TUG ES 0.12 (trivial)
TUG-cog ES −0.02 (trivial)
SBP (mmHg) ES 0.13 (trivial)
DBP (mmHg) ES 0.17 (trivial)
MAP (mmHg) ES 0.18 (trivial)
HR (bpm) ES −0.01 (trivial)
Cog, Cognitive; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; ES, Effect size; HR, Heart rate; MAP, Mean arterial pressure; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; TUG, Timed Up and Go.
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Oliveira Gonçalves, I.d.; Bandeira, A.N.; Coelho-Júnior, H.J.; Silva Aguiar, S.d.; Minucci Camargo, S.; Yukio Asano, R.; Batista Júnior, M.L. Multicomponent Exercise on Physical Function, Cognition and Hemodynamic Parameters of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122184
Oliveira Gonçalves Id, Bandeira AN, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Silva Aguiar Sd, Minucci Camargo S, Yukio Asano R, Batista Júnior ML. Multicomponent Exercise on Physical Function, Cognition and Hemodynamic Parameters of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(12):2184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122184
Oliveira Gonçalves, Ivan de, Alexandre Nunes Bandeira, Hélio José Coelho-Júnior, Samuel da Silva Aguiar, Samuel Minucci Camargo, Ricardo Yukio Asano, and Miguel Luiz Batista Júnior. 2019. "Multicomponent Exercise on Physical Function, Cognition and Hemodynamic Parameters of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122184
https://www.mdpi.com/482892


Due to its suitability for a wide range of applications, the Hitachi ZX210LC-6 is among the most popular models in our medium excavator range. Flexibility is assured thanks to the machine's attachment support system, which allows for the easy fitment of attachments. TRIAS II technology has resulted in a reduction in fuel consumption of 8% in ECO compared to the previous model, without any loss in productivity. In addition, the power boost feature has been increased by 10%, enhancing excavating performance and lifting power.


text:
Q: Magento Contact Form - Success but not receive - Same Domain I am running Magento 1.9.1.0
Suppose that my web domain is www.aaaaa.com
When I set "Send Emails To" as support@aaaaa.com at "System> Configuration> General> Contacts", the contact form returns a success message but nothing is actually sent to my email (support@aaaaa.com)
However, When I set it to a different domain, e.g. support@bbbbb.com, the contact form returns the same success message and this time the email is received correctly at support@bbbbb.com
How do I fix this issue? I wish to use the same domain. Please help.

A: Try to set cron job , take a look for cron job
Magento 1.9.1. Emails via CRON job
if your theme RWD than change this in contact file
<form action="<?php echo $this->getFormAction(); ?>" id="contactForm" method="post">

to
<form action="<?php echo Mage::getUrl(); ?>contacts/index/post/" id="contactForm" method="post">

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Q: GCP Project Migration - Maintain IDs I'm migrating a project from no organization to a new organization.  Will the project ID, dataset IDs, and any other IDs remain the same?  Are there any potential disruptions besides those mentioned in this document?

A: According to official documentacion, the project ID can only be modified when you're creating the project, after that you can not modify the project ID. So when you migrate your project to a new organization, the project ID will not change.
Regarding your question about the dataset's ID, once you create a dataset it can't be relocated, but you can make copies of a dataset, manually or using the BigQuery Data Transfer Service. When you copy your dataset to a new location, you can choose to create the new dataset with the same ID or use a different one.

To manually move a dataset from one location to another, follow this
process:
Export the data from your BigQuery tables to a Cloud Storage bucket in
either the same location as your dataset or in a location contained
within your dataset's location. For example, if your dataset is in the
EU multi-region location, you could export your data to the
europe-west1 Belgium location, which is part of the EU.
Copy or move the data from your export Cloud Storage bucket to a new
bucket you created in the destination location. For example, if you
are moving your data from the US multi-region to the
asia-northeast1 Tokyo region, you would transfer the data to a
bucket you created in Tokyo. For information on transferring Cloud
Storage objects, see Copying, renaming, and moving objects in the
Cloud Storage documentation.
After you transfer the data to a Cloud Storage bucket in the new
location, create a new BigQuery dataset (in the new location). Then,
load your data from the Cloud Storage bucket into BigQuery.


text:
SPICER. McMaster Has Control Of Staff and Organization Of National Security Council
By streiff | 4:00 PM on February 21, 2017
A couple of interesting things came out of Sean Spicer's daily show in regards to the appointment of H. R. McMaster as National Security Adviser.
First, he will have the authority to hire his own people and to change the organization of the National Security Council (within the constraints of the law). This is interesting. Allegedly, the sticking point in bringing retired Admiral Robert Harward on board was his insistence that he be allowed to replace staff, in particular Deputy National Security Adviser K. T. McFarland. When he was told no, he declined the offer.
Which brings us to the second part:
Adm. Robert Harward did not turn down an offer from the president to serve as national security adviser due to a dispute over hiring leeway, White House press secretary Sean Spicer said Tuesday, calling reports indicating that "100 percent false."
Several media outlets reported late last week that Harward had reservations about his ability to bring in his own staff.Spicer said Gen. H.R. McMaster, Trump's eventual choice for national security adviser, would have "100 percent" autonomy over who he could hire."He will have whatever he needs to implement a successful team," Spicer said.Harward ultimately decided against joining the administration at the time due to "financial and family" considerations, Spicer said."Admiral Harward made it very, very clear that he wanted this job," Spicer added, noting Harward had expressed interest in joining the national security team at a later date."I would urge people to actually talk to him," Spicer said.
Is Spicer telling the truth? Given the number of utterly fabricated stories that have been generated to make the administration look bad, it isn't unlikely. The fact that he basically says if you don't believe him to ask Harward is a fairly major challenge. If he's not telling the truth then it would seem that, given McMaster's reputation, that you wouldn't want to go there.
Either way, this should create an interesting fault line right away between Bannon, who seems to have installed several fellow-travelers on the NSC, and McMaster who will probably look to other military and academic acquaintances for senior position.
Former infantry officer, CGSC grad and Army Operations Center alumnus.
RedState member since 2004. Follow me on Twitter.
Read more by streiff
Tags: H. R. MCMASTER K. T. MCFARLAND NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL NSC TRUMP ADMINISTRATION

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
FILE - In this Dec. 9, 2015, file pool photo, crews work on a relief well at the Aliso Canyon facility above the Porter Ranch area of Los Angeles. A year after a leaking well near Los Angeles spewed natural gas for nearly four months and drove thousands of families from their homes, a White House task force is recommending dozens of changes to curtail leaks from the nation's 400 underground natural gas storage wells. (Dean Musgrove/Los Angeles Daily News via AP, Pool, File)
Interior department vows to amend methane rule after setback
Environmentalists lauded this week's vote
Check out this article! https://www.salon.com/2017/05/14/interior-department-vows-to-amend-methane-rule-after-setback_partner/
John Upton
This post originally appeared on Climate Central.
The Department of Interior plans to try to roll back rules limiting methane pollution and waste from fossil fuel drilling on federal lands, after a bid to repeal the regulations failed in the Senate.
Senators voted 51-49 Wednesday against an effort to repeal the Obama-era rules, with three Republicans joining all Senate Democrats in voting to oppose it.
Methane is a major component of natural gas, and it's also a health hazard and a major contributor to global warming. Some escapes from gas and oil operations to the atmosphere by venting or through leaks, and some is burned off in a process called flaring.
Sen. John McCain, a Republican from Arizona, called the control of methane "an important public health and air quality issue" in a statement after he helped vote down the repeal effort. But he called on the Trump administration to "revise and improve" Obama's rule.
While Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told Bloomberg he has "never been very comfortable" with the waste of natural gas from public land, his department said after the vote it had "flagged the Waste Prevention rule as one we will suspend, revise or rescind."
The methane rules were designed to reduce pollution and protect public resources, but they're opposed by gas and oil drillers, who characterize them as costly and burdensome. "The rule could impede U.S. energy production," the American Petroleum Institute's Erik Milito said in a statement.
Efforts to revise or repeal the rules may take years, with proposals to change or eliminate federal regulations requiring public hearings, and expert analysis needed to help overcome any legal challenges.
Environmentalists lauded Wednesday's vote. It handed them a rare recent victory over the gas and oil industry.
The environmentalists were joined in their celebrations by some fiscal conservatives. The nonprofit Taxpayers for Common Sense has been a leading critic of the repeal effort. That's because natural gas from public lands is a public asset, and reducing methane waste will help boost overall royalties received for it.
The Government Accountability Office estimated in 2010 that federal royalty payments could be boosted by $23 million a year by "economically" minimizing venting and flaring of methane using technology that's "currently available."
"This is great news, I think it's a victory for taxpayers," Ryan Alexander, president of Taxpayers for Common Sense, said after the vote. "We will definitely be working with the Department of Interior and talking to the different offices there to inform them of our opinions — and to make sure they're thinking about taxpayers."
California, Colorado and some other states have been moving in recent years to limit methane leaks by the gas and oil industry and by utilities, spurred in part by desires to reduce air pollution, slow global warming and prevent accidents.
"Some governments are starting to take methane seriously — up to a point," said Steve Weissman, associate director of the University of California, Berkeley's Center for Law, Energy, and the Environment.
Weissman warned that some leakage is inevitable so long as energy from fossil fuels is heavily relied upon.
"We should be able to go a long way to reduce methane leaks," Weissman said. "But as long as we withdraw and rely on natural gas, this very light gas will find passageways to freedom."
MORE FROM John Upton
Climate Central Gas Leak Methane Methane Pollution Natural Gas
Spike in greenhouse gas (that's not CO2)
Growing seaweed to combat climate change
Natural gas gets a Trump rebrand


The snacking daypart plays an integral role in our daily routines, whether it's to fight off hunger, combat boredom or substitute a full meal. But one thing is clear—the way consumers think about snacking has evolved, with choices including a wider variety of food and beverages than ever before.
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This seven part series is based on Americans for the Arts' new toolkit, The Arts Education Field Guide, which will be released during the first webinar. The Field Guide will illuminate ways to navigate the complex web of citizens, policymakers, government entities, and organizations that influence arts education from the school house to the White House and from the living room to the board room.
Each webinar in this series is free to members of Americans for the Arts and available for $35.00/webinar for non-members. To become a member today, click here.


text:
Certification Program for Compassionate Systems Master Practitioners:
Inaugural Cohort 2019-20
Michael McAfee, Ed.D.
President and CEO of PolicyLink since 2018, seven years after becoming the inaugural director of the Promise Neighborhoods Institute at PolicyLink. His results-driven leadership, depth of knowledge about building and sustaining an organization, and devotion to serving the nation's most underserved populations made him the obvious choice to lead the 20-year-old PolicyLink as Angela Glover Blackwell transitioned to founder in residence.
During his time at PolicyLink, Michael has played a leadership role in securing Promise Neighborhoods as a permanent federal program, led efforts to improve outcomes for more than 300,000 children, and facilitated the investment of billions of dollars in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty. He is the catalyst for a new and growing body of work — corporate racial equity — which includes the first comprehensive tool to guide private-sector companies in assessing and actively promoting equity in every aspect of their company's value chain. Michael carries forward the legacy to realize the promise of equity — just and fair inclusion into a society in which all can participate, prosper, and reach their full potential.
Michael also understands the urgency of now. The nation is rapidly becoming a majority people of color. In cities and towns across the country many people are embracing the concept of equity and intent on achieving racial and economic equity for all. At the same time, as the word is used more, the concept of equity is in danger of becoming diluted, just another catchphrase of civil society, leaving the true promise of racial and economic inclusion unrealized. Michael is determined that this will not happen.
Michael is ensuring equity does not become watered down. He is turning movement leaders' eyes toward redesigning the "rules of the game" so that all people in America — particularly those who face the burdens of structural racism — participate in a just society, live in a healthy community of opportunity, and prosper in an equitable economy. He is achieving this by enacting liberating public policies targeted to the 100 million people living in or near poverty, the majority of whom are people of color.
His legacy will lie in his efforts to stand in transformative solidarity with others, collectively charting a course to Win on Equity. He is building a well-planned, well-coordinated, well-executed, and sustained campaign that frees America's democracy from the oppressive blend of patriarchy, capitalism, and racism.
Before joining PolicyLink, Michael served as senior community planning and development representative in the Chicago Regional Office of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). While at HUD, he managed a $450 million housing, community, and economic development portfolio where he partnered with local leaders to create more than 3,000 units of affordable housing and 5,000 jobs and to ensure access to social services for more than 200,000 families. Before his public service, Michael served as the director of community leadership for The Greater Kansas City Community Foundation and Affiliated Trusts. He was instrumental in positioning the organization to raise $121 million from individual donors, an accomplishment recognized by the Chronicle of Philanthropy for receiving more contributions than any community foundation in America. Michael's commitment to the needs of people of color and those living in poverty extends to his work on the boards of Bridge Housing, Independent Sector, North Lawndale Employment Network, One Degree, and Sweet Beginnings, LLC, each of which is committed to creating opportunity for those among the 100 million economically insecure people in America.
Previously, Michael served in the United States Army and as Dean's Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. He earned his Doctor of Education in human and organizational learning from George Washington University and completed Harvard University's Executive Program in Public Management.
He is a sought-after speaker on community and economic development, leadership, organizational development, racial equity, and youth development. His articles have appeared in Academic Pediatrics, Cascade, published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia; Community Development Innovation Review, published by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco; Harvard Education Press, Stanford Social Innovation Review, and Voices in Urban Education, published by the Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University.
Michael lives in the Oakland Hills with his wife, Maja, and their two Brussels Griffons (Gigi and Griff). He is an avid off-road hiker and practitioner of yoga.
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"You go through all the phases of mourning," Schansman told Philadelphia's WCAU-TV on Friday. "At the moment, it's just mourning. And of course anger."
He told the TV station his grandson was studying international business in Amsterdam and was flying to meet his father, stepmom, brother and sister for a family vacation to Bali. The TV station said Quinn Schansman's father had worked at the Dutch Embassy in New York City in the 1990s.
Schansman told NJ.com that his grandson "was a big boy, very lively, and we'll all miss him."
The newspaper said the teen's family had lived in Fort Lee, New Jersey before returning to Holland.
The teen's great-aunt, Elizabeth VanArdenne, told the newspaper she was shocked.
"It's a horrible thing that happened to a young boy," she said. "And why? Because of power, and people fighting over it."
The Malaysia Airlines passenger jet was shot down in eastern Ukraine on Thursday, killing all 298 people aboard. The victims came from 13 countries and all walks of life. They included an acclaimed AIDS researcher from Amsterdam, a nun and teacher from Sydney, a Dutch senator and a World Health Organization spokesman.


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Modern Church publications
Modern Believing
Vol. 49:1 - Jan
Vol. 49:2 - Apr
Vol. 49:3 - Jul
Vol. 49:4 - Oct
Modern Believing online
New managing editor
Together In Hope
Video, audio & conference papers
Modern Believing editorial April 2008
Editorial by Paul Badham
from Modern Believing Vol 49:2
Pacifism and the Just War Traditions
This issue focuses on the themes of the MCU conferences of 2007 and 2008. Last year's conference was entitled 'Violence: a stubborn pandemic' and naturally one of the major issues was the contemporary relevance of the Pacifist and Just War traditions. We are delighted to be able to publish the paper given then on 'The Ethics of Pacifism and the Just War tradition' by Dr Tony Kempster, Vice-president of the International Peace Bureau, General Secretary of the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship and Chair of the Movement for the Abolition of War.
His position is a carefully argued presentation of the dangers of the resort to force in international affairs and an appeal to a functional pacifism. He does not exclude the possibility that war could sometimes be justified. His is not a fundamentalist form of pacifism and the argument of his paper is the stronger for that. What he does highlight is the dangers facing the world at the present time from the resort to violence and the contribution that the Second Gulf War has made to increasing that danger.
The kind of position for which Dr Kempster argues seems at least partly similar to that outlined by Barack Obama five months before the Iraq invasion. This speech given in Chicago on 2 October 2002 propelled Barack Obama from near obscurity to being the primary challenger to Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination for the American presidency:
I don't oppose all wars . . . What I am opposed to is a dumb war. What I am opposed to is a rash war . . . I know that even a successful war against Iraq will require a US occupation of undetermined length, at undetermined cost, with undetermined consequences. I know that an invasion of Iraq without clear rationale and without strong international support will only fan the flames of the Middle East, and encourage the worst, rather than the best, impulses of the Arab world, and strengthen the recruitment arm of Al Qaeda. I am not opposed to all wars, I am opposed to dumb wars.1
The issue of whether and under what circumstances war can be justified is the theme of the second article in this issue by David Branford. This explores how the consensus of opinion in the Church of England moved from the outright pacifism of the Lambeth Conference of 1930, to an acceptance of the legitimacy of the war against Hitler in 1940. The paper explores the championship of pacifism at a popular level by Dick Sheppard and at an academic level by the leading Modernist thinker Charles Raven. He then shows the factors which led peaceable thinkers like George Bell and William Temple to see war against Nazism as a cruel necessity.
Should the Anglican Communion split up?
The 2008 conference is entitled 'Saving the Soul of Anglicanism'. It will focus on the attempt to maintain the unity of the communion through a covenant which will prioritise the preservation of unity above the desire to bring Christian thinking into harmony with contemporary ethical insights. Faced with this possibility Richard Crossland argues the case for splitting up. His viewpoint is opposed in an article by Lorraine Cavanagh who believes that reconciliation and renewal remain a realistic option. This debate is crucial for the future development of Anglicanism.
The difficulty of keeping both sides together is highlighted at grass-roots level in a sermon preached by Paul Oestreicher which reflects his hope that the liberal and evangelical wings of the Cathedral in Coventry may be enabled to respect the integrity of each other sufficiently to continue to work together. Modern Believing does not normally publish sermons and we do not intend to change that policy. However we make an exception in this case because this sermon articulates particularly sensitively the very real predicaments which arise at a local level when different value systems clash within a single community. It happens also to be very apposite to our earlier discussions that Paul Oestreicher as a totally committed Christian pacifist uses the division in Christian moral judgement on issues of war and peace as analogous with the division of Christian moral judgement on the ethics of homosexuality. If Christians can accept their differences of opinion on an issue as fundamental as war and peace, how much easier it should be to accept difference of opinion on a secondary issue like the ethics of homosexuality!
Attitudes to Human Sexuality within the Methodist Church
Anglicans are not the only Church to have agonised over the issue of reconciling diversity of view within a single fellowship. Methodists too have faced the same issues. David Booth believes we can learn from each other on this and presents a detailed presentation of how the Methodist Church has sought to cope with the diversity of views currently held towards homosexuality.
The puzzle of why the crisis is happening now
What is very difficult to understand is why the crisis within the Anglican Communion over homosexuality is happening now, rather than 40 or 50 years ago. The historic Christian position was that homosexual practice was a very great evil which the State was right to prosecute. Such prosecutions reached their peak in the early 1950s and enjoyed strong support from Government, Judiciary and Press. Andrew Marr documents how between 1938 and 1955 criminal prosecutions of homosexual practice rose by 850 per cent under a massive police attempt to root out homosexuality from our society.2 Homophobia was very fashionable at the time and many lives were blighted. Against this background it was important that the Church of England Council for Moral Welfare in its report on The Problem of Homosexuality of 1954 foreshadowed the findings of the Wolfenden Committee of 1957, and recommended the decriminalisation of homosexual behaviour. This came about in 1967. The ten years of debate which led up to that Act represented a sea-change in public opinion and the bishops of the Church of England led by Michael and Ian Ramsey played a key role in bringing about public acceptance of that change. No bishop voted against any stage of the bill to decriminalise homosexual behaviour and this was absolutely crucial to its passing.
At the time that was a momentous change in moral thinking. It is worth recalling that 50 years ago the medical and psychiatric establishments were hostile to homosexual practice, and ethicists used to argue against it on principles of Natural Law and of evolutionary ethics as well as of Biblical Law. Not till 1973 did the American Psychiatric Association conclude that there was no scientific evidence for treating homosexuality as a disorder and not till 1992 did the World Health Organisation follow suit.3 Hence in the 1960s the churches were in the vanguard of a moral reformation which only gradually came to be all-but-universally accepted by the rest of society.
In arguing that society had no right to concern itself over what consenting adults chose to do in private the bishops of the Church of England in the 1960s made a decisive break with past understandings of scriptural authority and ecclesiastical tradition. It seems surprising that no division within Anglicanism occurred at that time. For in comparison with that change of heart, the present debate about whether or not homosexuals should be barred from the episcopate is like straining out a gnat having swallowed a camel.4 The tragedy is that the Church seems to outsiders to be fighting a desperate rearguard action against an ethical change which society has come to value and accept. Archbishop Desmond Tutu says he is now ashamed of his beloved Church which he thinks has become 'homophobic' on a journey 'From Calvary to Lambeth'.5 To some that may seem unjust since at every point the official line has protested against homophobia. But society judges by deeds not words and it seems inevitable that as long as it appears to be denying equal rights to some of its members the Church will be thought of as a homophobic institution.
The puzzle of why this Issue has become divisive
From the perspective of church history, it is surprising which issues turn out to be important in causing divisions within Christendom. The great schism of 1054 seems to have been more inflamed by controversy over whether priests should shave their beards than by the unauthorised addition of 'filioque' to the Nicene Creed. It remains obscure why Anglicans and Methodist grew apart despite the urging of John Wesley that they should stay together. It has also become clear from the perspective of the 21st century that the controversies of the Reformation are no longer as important for continuing division than subsequent developments within Roman Catholicism in the 19th and 20th centuries.
In the Church of the present day it might seem that the official differences of opinion between American and British churches over the status of homosexuals within the Church are nothing like as great as differences of opinion within all churches on issues of much more fundamental theological importance. For example whether God exists in reality as well as in our thinking about God might be thought an issue of major importance, as might the question of whether or not there is a life after death. Yet divisions of opinion over these issues seem far less to lead to institutional division. The same might be said of beliefs concerning the reality of the spiritual world. For example do angels exist? Or has secularism emptied our world of angels? This is the issue tackled in our final article by Howard Worsley. What he shows is the wide diversity of approach typical in contemporary society. He is aware that surveys show that many people believe themselves to have encountered angels and that belief in guardian angels is a significant feature of some people's religious experiencing. Yet for others a 'realist' belief in angels no longer seems compatible with a contemporary understanding of the nature of reality.
The next edition of Modern Believing will be edited by our US Editor, the Very Rev Dr Ian Markham, President and Dean of Virginia Theological Seminary. In 2009 the Annual Conference of the MCU will focus on Liberal Theology and so Modern Believing would welcome articles related to that theme.
Cited in Andrew Sullivan, 'The New Face of America' The Sunday Times, 16 December 2007, News review p. 1
Andrew Marr, A History of Modern Britain (London: Macmillan, 2007) pp. 134-139.
A Report of the Royal College of Psychiatrists summarised in The Times and the Church Times on 16 November 2007.
Cf. Matthew 23:24.
Desmond Tutu, 'From Calvary to Lambeth' Radio 4. 27 November 2007.
Revd Prof Paul Badham is Emeritus Professor of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David (Lampeter Campus) and a Modern Church Vice-president.
The theological journal of Modern Church.
Members can receive each edition on publication and access the full text of past editions on the Liverpool University Press website and in the ATLA Serials database. Click here for subscription options.
You can order single issues of the journal without subscribing by emailing subscriptions@liverpool.ac.uk
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After 7 weeks of learning to write jokes, students can expect to finish with 3-5 minutes of working material to be presented in a class show at Comedy Bar.
Every registration includes a FREE hardcover Comedy Bar branded notebook.
Cancelling your registration more than 1 week before scheduled class start date = a full refund with no penalties will apply.
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Deferrals can be made for a maximum of one term.


The Dorval Soap Box derby was held Sunday September 20th. The soapbox derby is hosted by Dorval Main Streets and the city of Dorval. All the soapboxes are provided for the kids so that all can have so much fun.
Mayor Edgar Rouleau was in attendance as were several other Dorval city Councillors. Also in attendance Dorval Lachine lasalle MP Isabelle Morin, and Liberal Candidate AnjuDhillon.
A great day of fun in the sun for these young racers and their friends and families.


SchoolsClick map icons below to view information for schools near 17947 Lake Azure Way Boca Raton, FL 33496.
MLS # RX-10482804: This property at 17947 Lake Azure Way, Boca Raton, FL 33496 is located in the Oaks At Boca Raton subdivision and is listed for $975,000. MLS # RX-10482804 has been on the market for 153 days.


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Archive for 400 group-D employees who had been named on a 2006 panel
CAT today restrained the railways from appointing 5,400 group-D employees who had been named on a 2006 panel
April 15, 2010 · Filed under 400 group-D employees who had been named on a 2006 panel, CAT today restrained the railways from appointing 5
Appointment of 5,400 group-D employees in Railways..
The central administrative tribunal today restrained the railways from appointing 5,400 group-D employees who had been named on a 2006 panel.
It asked the committee to draw up a fresh panel after scrutinizing all the 17 lakh applications filed in 2006, when Lalu Prasad was the railway minister. About 3,500 candidates whose names had not figured on the list had moved the tribunal in 2008. It said rules had not been followed during scrutiny of the applications.
Track deaths
Durgapur: Three railway gang men were run over by the Jammu Tawi Express from Calcutta near Durgapur on Friday. Police said they were inspecting the tracks.
3 lynched
Calcutta: Two men and a woman have been lynched in three separate incidents in North 24-Parganas' Basirhat area after they were suspected of being child lifters. Police said the bodies of the men, in their late 30s, were yet to be identified. The woman was Sonara Bibi, 38, said to be a mentally unstable widow.
Source: The Telegraph


It is with deep sorrow that we announce the death of Christopher Maithya Mativu former Deputy Secretary in the Office of the President which occurred on 18th April 2018 at the Nairobi Women's Hospital, Adams after a short illness.
Son of the late John Mativu Maithya and the late Theresia Mukenyi Mativu of Mwanyani village; Kauti sub-location; Kithembe location; Makueni County.
Beloved husband of Rose Muhonja Maithya. Loving father of Isabel Maithya of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Elvis Mativu, Victor Ngindu, Kevin Muthama and Brian Muhindi. Brother of Ann, Martin Mativu of Mbooni East, the late Margaret, Francis Muthenya, the late Assumpta and January Mutiso. Grandson of the late Joseph Maithya Mulala and Susan Itungwa Maithya.
Brother-in-law of Ida and Rachael. Uncle to Magdalena, Maundu, Samuel, Susan, Ndunge of A.P. Jogoo house, Augustine, Mark, Kioko and Pascalia. Nephew of Timothy Maithya & Mary, Benedeta, Mutu, Pauline, Lawrence Maithya, Mary, John Maithya, Rose, Sabina and Jane. Cousin of many.
Friends and relatives are meeting daily at Railway Club, Nairobi starting at 5:00pm and at the deceased's home in Kitengela for prayers and funeral arrangements. A fundraising will be held on 2nd May 2018 at the same venue. Burial will be held at his farm in Sultan Hamud (kwa Major Muiu) on 5th of May 2018 starting at 10:00am.
Chris, we loved you but God loved you more.
Rest in peace our beloved warrior.