text:
'use strict';
var isA = require("Espresso/oop").isA;
var oop = require("Espresso/oop").oop;
var init = require("Espresso/oop").init;

var trim = require("Espresso/trim").trim;
var isA = require("Espresso/oop").isA;

var oop = require("Espresso/oop").oop;

var ModelNodeInterface				= require("Espresso/Config/Definition/ModelNodeInterface");
var BaseNode						= require("Espresso/Config/Definition/BaseNode");
var Processor						= require("Espresso/Config/Definition/Processor");
var InvalidTypeException			= require("Espresso/Config/Definition/Exception/InvalidTypeException");
var InvalidConfigurationException	= require("Espresso/Config/Definition/Exception/InvalidConfigurationException");
var format							= require("util").format;

function ArrayNode( name, parent ){
	if(!isA(this,"Espresso/Config/Definition/ModelNodeInterface"))
		init(this,ModelNodeInterface);
	init(this,BaseNode,name,parent);
	oop(this,"Espresso/Config/Definition/ArrayNode");

	this.__.allowObject = false;
	this.__.ignoreExtraElements = false;
}

/**
 * Retrieves the children of this node.
 *
 * @return array The children
 */
function getChildren()
{
  if( QT_DEBUG&QT_CONFIG ) console.log("ArrayNode::getChildren()");
    return this.__.children;
}

/**
 * Sets whether to add default values for this array if it has not been
 * defined in any of the configuration files.
 *
 * @param bool $boolean
 */
function setAddIfNotSet($boolean)
{
  if( QT_DEBUG&QT_CONFIG ) console.log("ArrayNode::setAddIfNotSet()");
	this.__.addIfNotSet = !!$boolean;
}

/**
 * Sets whether false is allowed as value indicating that the array should be unset.
 *
 * @param bool $allow
 */
function setAllowFalse($allow)
{
  if( QT_DEBUG&QT_CONFIG ) console.log("ArrayNode::setAllowFalse()");
	this.__.allowFalse = !!$allow;
}

function setIgnoreExtraElements( ignore, remove )
{
  if( QT_DEBUG&QT_CONFIG ) console.log("ArrayNode::setIgnoreExtraElements()");
	this.__.ignoreExtraElements = !!ignore;
	this.__.removeExtraElements = remove == null ? true : !!remove;
}

/**
 * Sets if deep merging should occur.
 *
 * @param bool $boolean
 */
function setPerformDeepMerging($boolean)
{
  if( QT_DEBUG&QT_CONFIG ) console.log("ArrayNode::setPerformDeepMerging()");
	this.__.performDeepMerging = !!$boolean;
}

/**
 * Sets the node Name.
 *
 * @param string $name The node's name
 */
function setName($name)
{
  if( QT_DEBUG&QT_CONFIG ) console.log("ArrayNode::setName()");
	this.__.name = $name;
}

/**
 * Checks if the node has a default value.
 *
 * @return bool
 */
function hasDefaultValue()
{
  if( QT_DEBUG&QT_CONFIG ) console.log("ArrayNode::hasDefaultValue()");
    return this.__.addIfNotSet;
}

/**
 * Retrieves the default value.
 *
 * @return array The default value
 *
 * @throws \RuntimeException if the node has no default value
 */
function getDefaultValue()
{
  if( QT_DEBUG&QT_CONFIG ) console.log("ArrayNode::getDefaultValue()");
    if (!this.hasDefaultValue()) {
        throw new RuntimeException(format('The node at path "%s" has no default value.', this.getPath()));
    }

    var $defaults = [];
    for ( var i=0; i<this.__.children.length; ++i ) {
    	var child = this.__.children[i];
        if (child.hasDefaultValue()) {
            $defaults.push( child.getDefaultValue() );
        }
    }

    return $defaults;
}

/**
 * Adds a child node.
 *
 * @param NodeInterface $node The child node to add
 *
 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException when the child node has no name
 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException when the child node's name is not unique
 */
function addChild( node )
{
  if( QT_DEBUG&QT_CONFIG ) console.log("ArrayNode::addChild()");
	if(!isA(node,"Espresso/Config/Definition/NodeInterface"))
		throw new TypeException('$node',"Espresso/Config/Definition/NodeInterface");

    var name = node.getName();
    if (!(isInteger(name) || (isString(name)&&name.length>0))) {
        throw new InvalidArgumentException('Child nodes must be named.');
    }
    for( var cName in this.__.children ){
	    if ( cName === name )
	        throw new InvalidArgumentException(format('A child node named "%s" already exists.', name));
    }

    this.__.children[name] = node;
}

/**
 * Finalizes the value of this node.
 *
 * @param mixed $value
 *
 * @return mixed The finalised value
 *
 * @throws UnsetKeyException
 * @throws InvalidConfigurationException if the node doesn't have enough children
 */
function finalizeValue(value)
{
  if( QT_DEBUG&QT_CONFIG ) console.log("ArrayNode::finalizeValue()");
    if (false === value) {
        var $msg = format('Unsetting key for path "%s", value: %s', this.getPath(), JSON.stringify(value));
        throw new UnsetKeyException($msg);
    }

    var children = [];
    for( var name in this.__.children ){
    	children.push(this.__.children[i]);
    }

    if(children.length < value.length && !this.__.ignoreExtraElements)
    	throw new RuntimeException('value contains too many elements');

    for( var i=0; i<children.length; ++i) {
    	var child = children[i];
        if (i>=value.length) {
            if (child.isRequired()) {
                var $msg = format('The child node "%s" at path "%s" must be configured.', name, this.getPath());
                var $ex = new InvalidConfigurationException($msg);
                $ex.setPath(this.getPath());

                throw $ex;
            }

            if (child.hasDefaultValue()) {
                value.push(child.getDefaultValue());
            }

            continue;
        }

        try {
            value[i] = child.finalize(value[i]);
        } catch ($e) {
        	if(isA($e,"Espresso/Config/Definition/Exception/UnsetKeyException"))
        		delete value[i];
        	else
        		throw e;
        }
    }

    return value;
}

/**
 * Validates the type of the value.
 *
 * @param mixed $value
 *
 * @throws InvalidTypeException
 */
function validateType($value)
{
    if ((!Array.isArray($value)&&!(isObject($value)&&this.__.allowObject)) && ( !this.__.allowFalse || false !== $value)) {
        var $ex = new InvalidTypeException(format(
            'Invalid type for path "%s". Expected array, but got %s',
            this.getPath(),
            getClass($value,true)
        ));
        var $hint = this.getInfo();
        if ($hint ) {
            $ex.addHint($hint);
        }
        $ex.setPath(this.getPath());

        throw $ex;
    }
}

/**
 * Normalizes the value.
 *
 * @param mixed $value The value to normalize
 *
 * @return mixed The normalized value
 *
 * @throws InvalidConfigurationException
 */
function normalizeValue(value)
{
    if (false === value) {
        return value;
    }

    if(Array.isArray(value))
    	return normalizeArrayValue(this,value);

    return normalizeObjectValue(this,value);
}

function normalizeArrayValue(self,value){
	if(!Array.isArray(value))
		throw new TypeException('value',"ARRAY");

	var normalized = [];
	var children = [];
	for( var name in self.__.children ){
		children.push( self.__.children[name]);
	}

	if( value.length > children.length ){
		if(!(self.__.removeExtraElements||self.__.ignoreExtraElements))
			throw new InvalidConfigurationException(format('Value exceeds number of children.'));
	}
	for( var i=0; i<value.length; ++i ){
		var val = value[i];
		if( i<children.length ){
			normalized.push( children[i].normalize(val));
		} else if( ! self.__.removeExtraElements ){
			normalized.push( val );
		}
	}

	return normalized;
}

function normalizeObjectValue(self,value){
	if(!self.__.allowObject)
		throw new RuntimeException('.allowObjectAsValue() must be set, if You want to use objects value.');
	if(!isObject(value))
		throw new TypeException('value',"OBJECT");

	var normalized = [];
	var children = [];
	for( var name in self.__.children ){
		children.push( self.__.children[name]);
	}
	var values = [];
	for( var name in value ){
		values.push( value[name] );
	}
	if( values.length > children.length ){
		if(!(self.__.removeExtraElements||self.__.ignoreExtraElements))
			throw new InvalidConfigurationException(format('Value exceeds number of children.'));
	}
	for( var i=0; i<values.length; ++i ){
		var val = values[i];
		if( i<children.length ){
			normalized.push( children[i].normalize(val));
		} else if( ! self.__.removeExtraElements ){
			normalized.push( val );
		}
	}

	return normalized;
}

/**
 * Merges values together.
 *
 * @param mixed $leftSide  The left side to merge.
 * @param mixed $rightSide The right side to merge.
 *
 * @return mixed The merged values
 *
 * @throws InvalidConfigurationException
 * @throws \RuntimeException
 */
function mergeValues( leftSide, rightSide )
{
    if (false === rightSide) {
        // if this is still false after the last config has been merged the
        // finalization pass will take care of removing this key entirely
        return false;
    }

    if (false === leftSide || !this.__.performDeepMerging) {
        return rightSide;
    }

    var children = [];
    for( var name in this.__.children ){
    	children.push( this.__.children[name] );
    }

    for( var i=0; i<rightSide.length; ++i ) {
        if (  i >= leftSide.length ) {
            if (!this.__.ignoreExtraElements) {
                var $ex = new InvalidConfigurationException(format(
                    'You are not allowed to define new elements for path "%s". '
                   +'Please define all elements for this path in one config file. '
                   +'If you are trying to overwrite an element, make sure you redefine it '
                   +'with the same name.',
                    this.getPath()
                ));
                $ex.setPath(this.getPath());

                throw $ex;
            }
            leftSide.push( rightSide[i] );
        } else {
        	leftSide[i] = children[i].merge(leftSide[i], rightSide[i]);
        }
    }

    return leftSide;
}

function setAllowObject( boolean ){
	this.__.allowObject = !!boolean;
}

function isObject( target ){
	return (null!==target&&(typeof target === 'object'));
}

ArrayNode.prototype = Object.create( BaseNode.prototype );
ArrayNode.prototype.getChildren				= getChildren;
ArrayNode.prototype.setAddIfNotSet			= setAddIfNotSet;
ArrayNode.prototype.setAllowFalse			= setAllowFalse;
ArrayNode.prototype.setAllowObject			= setAllowObject;
ArrayNode.prototype.setIgnoreExtraElements	= setIgnoreExtraElements;
ArrayNode.prototype.setPerformDeepMerging	= setPerformDeepMerging;
ArrayNode.prototype.setName					= setName;
ArrayNode.prototype.hasDefaultValue			= hasDefaultValue;
ArrayNode.prototype.getDefaultValue			= getDefaultValue;
ArrayNode.prototype.addChild				= addChild;
ArrayNode.prototype.finalizeValue			= finalizeValue;
ArrayNode.prototype.validateType			= validateType;
ArrayNode.prototype.normalizeValue			= normalizeValue;
ArrayNode.prototype.mergeValues				= mergeValues;

module.exports = ArrayNode;


At LifeSound AV, technology is not the end, but rather a means to an end. Your audience doesn't care about acoustic prediction models, digital system processing, gain before feedback, or Ohm's Law. What they DO care about is how the message reaches them – clarity of speech, fullness of sound, razor sharp visual elements – an enveloping environment that invites them to soak in every moment of… the message. At LifeSound AV, our mission is to remove every barrier between your audience and what really matters. We sweat the details so all the audience sees and hears is the really important stuff… THE MESSAGE.
LifeSound AV began in 1996 in Goshen, Indiana as an outgrowth of owner Jon Beachy's father Marvin's recording studio, New Life Sound. After moving to Macon, Georgia in 2000, Jon continues to operate the company as a family owned and operated business. In 2012, New Life Sound re-branded itself as LifeSound AV to better reflect the wider variety of services they have offered in recent years. Owner Jon Beachy brings a lifetime of A/V experience to his work, including growing up in a full-time family gospel singing group, drumming as a member of his home church's worship team for thirteen years, serving on a church staff as audio director of a six-campus church for four years, and continues to volunteer as the lead audio engineer for his home church.
LifeSound prides itself in a craftsman approach to system design and integration, providing personal service and support. A small staff dedicate themselves to giving each of our customers the best possible experience.


text:
Experience Downtown
Student Guide to Downtown
About HDR
Plan A City Event
Become a Friend of Downtown
Current HDR Projects
Downtown Promotions
Design & Beautification
HDR Store
Downtown Directory / Multiple Layouts
Loft, Multiple Layouts, Parking, Security Entrance System
250 Metro is a mixed-use property specializing in professional office space and luxury apartments. Amenities include hardwood floors; 10-ft. ceilings; and private, off-street parking. The Metro Building was built in 1946, and purchased by Schewel Furniture Company in 1981. It was used as a warehouse and distribution for furniture and accessories. more
540-434-6872•
Colonnade at Rocktown
1-3 Bedrooms, Emergency Maintenance Service, Fitness Center, Multiple Layouts, Parking, Pet-Friendly (case-by-case), Security Entrance System
The Colonnade at Rocktown is conveniently located near the Friendly City Food Co-op, post office, and Local Chop & Grill House. The complex offers one-, two-, and three-bedroom apartments with access to a 24-hour fitness center and off-street parking. Select corner units provide exceptional views of downtown. more
Website•
Facebook•
Denton Center Apartments on Court Square
1 Bedroom, Mixed-Use Building, Multiple Layouts, Parking, Studio
Step outside your door, and you're right on Court Square in the heart of downtown. These one-bedroom, studio-style apartments above Larkin Arts feature hardwood floors and on-site laundry. The Denton Building offers a limited number of private parking spaces and is conveniently located close to the Water Street parking deck. more
540) 289-5790•
Keezell Apartments
1-2 Bedrooms, Free Wi-fi, Mixed-Use Building, Multiple Layouts, Parking, Pet-Friendly (case-by-case), Security Entrance System, Studio
Built in 1907, The Keezell Building has a strong history with modern renovations such as beautiful arched windows and elevator access, with 12-foot ceilings on the 1st-3rd floor studio apartments. Located in the same building is The Yellow Button, a trendy clothing boutique and Lola Mo's Delicatessen making it easy to grab food on-the-go anytime. more
Sancar Flats at West Rock
1-2 Bedrooms, Multiple Layouts, Parking, Security Entrance System
Sancar Flats at West Rock offers one- and two-bedroom apartments on the north end of downtown. The Metro Sancar Building, originally built in the 1930s, has housed many textile manufacturers over the years. It was purchased in 2005 by a Harrisonburg-based investment group and converted to upscale apartments that range in size from 600 to over 1,700 square feet. more
The Crawford Building
affordable, Multiple Layouts
The Crawford Building, originally built in 1912, is located at the corner of N. Main and W. Wolfe St. and was renovated in 2014 to offer a variety of affordable, one- and two- bedroom apartments and townhouses. This convenient location is within two blocks of Court Square and Friendly City Food Co-op, and is directly across the street from Kline's Dairy Bar. more
The Livery Lofts
1 Bedroom, Free Wi-fi, Loft, Multiple Layouts, Parking, Security Entrance System, Studio
The historic livery building offers 12 efficiency and one-bedroom apartments on the corner of Water and Liberty Streets. Each unit features top-of-the-line appliances and throwback 50s style refrigerators while preserving the rich architectural history of the building with exposed ceilings, wood work, and historically preserved windows. more
Twitter•
The LOFTS at 83 South Main
1 Bedroom, Free Wi-fi, Loft, Multiple Layouts, Studio
The LOFTS at 83 South Main are one of Harrisonburg's newest developments. Built in the 1880s, the exterior retains the look and feel of historic downtown Harrisonburg. However, the interior has been completely reconstructed, remodeled and updated to include spaces for urban lofts on the second, third and fourth floors. Choose from a studio or one-bedroom unit (320-585 square feet) featuring new appliances, exposed brick, spacious baths, and floor to ceiling windows to enjoy the views of Harrisonburg. more
The Walton Hotel
2 Bedrooms, Free Wi-fi, Mixed-Use Building, Multiple Layouts, Parking, Pet-Friendly (case-by-case), Security Entrance System
Rent an apartment just above The Golden Pony! The Walton Hotel includes five upscale apartments located on the north end of downtown. This historic building has been converted from a hotel into spacious apartments with bamboo flooring, stainless steel appliances, washer and dryer, and custom cabinets with solid surface counters. more
HARRISONBURG DOWNTOWN RENAISSANCE
217 S. Liberty Street #204 , HARRISONBURG VA 22801
217 S. Liberty Street #204
HARRISONBURG VA 22801
540.432.8922•Contact Us
Development, Support, Hosting & Maintenance by Digital Minerva Web development, web design, WordPress hosting, digital marketing, and content management, near you in Harrisonburg Virginia DIGITAL MINERVA LABS Design by MATT + THE LEECHES
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Increased use of recommended maternal health care as a determinant of immunization and appropriate care for fever and diarrhoea in Ghana: an analysis pooling three demographic and health surveys
McGlynn N, Wilk P, Luginaah I, et al.
McGlynn N, Wilk P, Luginaah I, et al. 2015. Increased use of recommended maternal health care as a determinant of immunization and appropriate care for fever and diarrhoea in Ghana: an analysis pooling three demographic and health surveys. Health Policy and Planning. 30.
Children born to mothers who received health care services during pregnancy and/or delivery have higher vaccination rates than children whose mothers received less or no care.
Key Evidence: Use of recommended maternal health care services — defined as at least 4 antenatal care visits, having a skilled attendant at birth, and delivery in a health facility — was a predictor of timely vaccination of mothers' infants in a study conducted in Ghana. Compared to children whose mothers received one or two of these services, infants born to mothers who received all three interventions were roughly 30% more likely to be fully vaccinated by 12-23 months of age, while children whose mothers received none of these services were only about half as likely to be fully vaccinated. Investing in maternal health, which creates familiarity with the health system and increases mothers' knowledge about disease prevention, can improve the health of both the mother and her children beyond infancy.


Home Ball Fittings Ball SO Cross 1.0"
Ball SO Cross 1.0" has a rating of stars based on reviews.
Note: The Chrome plated finish is a great match for Stainless and/or Nickel either brushed/satin or polished.
The side outlet ball cross provides an easy way to join 4 to 5 tubes at 90 degree angles to one another. Perfect for applications such as hand rails, booth partitions, food shields, cart corrals and public guidance rails, the side outlet ball cross offers a traditional look and outstanding support. Simply insert the tubing into each opening of the side outlet ball cross for a snug fit and fast assembly. The side outlet ball cross will hold securely when screwed to the tubing. For added strength a metal adhesive/epoxy may be applied. The side outlet ball cross functions similarly to a ball cross but with an additional opening.
As with all of 4rails.com products, the side outlet ball cross is available in ANY finish and in a variety of sizes to fit most tubing. The larger neck and heavier material of our commercial-grade side outlet ball cross is ideally suited for the most demanding applications and will provide superior support when compared to less substantial products.
Use the side outlet ball cross in conjunction with other ball fittings, such as ball ends, single outlet balls, 135 degree ball elbows, 90 degree ball elbows or universal angle balls for a uniform look and to securely connect tubing for virtually any application.
The side outlet ball cross is suitable for both interior and exterior use.


Have you thought about getting one of those FUE hair transplants but want to know a bit more about the procedure such as how safe it is and what the side effects are? Any Follicular Unit Extraction transplant is a complex procedure and in this article I'll cover common questions you may have about the process.
Basically, in a process called "blunt dissection", 1-4 round punches of hair and tissue are collected. Using forceps, a follicular unit is extracted which can then be transferred and implanted into the balding area using a stereo microscope.
The aim of such a procedure is to fill in the missing hair on a bald spot for a more natural, dense appearance that blends in with the rest of your hair.
How is FUE different from a standard hair transplant?
In a standard hair transplant, scars are created as strips of scalp are removed from the donor area. FUE in contrast does not cause scarring.
The individual hair follicles need to be dissected and individually implanted into your scalp which is extremely time consuming for a surgeon. About 500-600 individual follicles are placed in a day.
This is partly why FUE hair transplants are considered better, because they can be carried out in half the time. The downside to this is that it is about double as expensive than a traditional hair transplant.
FUE hair transplants have been shown to have a faster healing time and a lower rejection rate, but standard hair transplants prevail because they are so much cheaper than FUE but have almost comparable results.
What Do I Need to Know Before Getting a Hair Transplant?
The first thing you need to look for is a reputable surgeon that you can trust. Look for positive testimonials, and read the negative reviews too.
Use your best judgment too, for example are the negative reviews from people who seem to have too high expectations? Are the positive ones from people who only just had the procedure done and haven't seen results yet?
Another thing to think about is effectively communicating with your surgeon, once chosen. Find out how soon you should see results. Tell them your worst area of balding so they can cover as much of that as they can in the first session so you can see results there first.
Is There a Hair Transplant Alternative?
These all depend on what is causing your balding. For example, a Vitamin D deficiency is a common cause of hair loss and can be remedied by getting enough sunshine every day or taking a supplement.
The best alternative to hair transplants is using Har Vokse. This is a dual action hair regrowth system that has thousands of happy customers from all over the world who have successfully regrown previously bald areas on their scalp.
Dual action means that it comes in tablet form and a scalp spray. You can treat common deficiencies that cause hair loss whilst encouraging growth from the inside and out.


Next > What are you going to do?
Happy Holidays to you and your family MWM and a very Happy New Year!
Happy Holidays to you and your family. Here's to many more great chats in 2016!
Thank you so much; I'm looking forward to them already!


SJRBSS provides insights of research advancements and understandings in the field of business and social sciences and all its relevant aspects. It publishes articles and case studies that consider significant importance in the relevant fields of business and social sciences. The primary purpose of the Swiss Journal of Research in Business and Social Sciences (SJRBSS) is to publish scholarly research articles in the fields of business and social sciences. The SJRBSS is recognized as a primary instrument for projecting insights in business and management research.


text:
Q: How can I get an interface from a class? Type objType = displayed.GetType ();
displayable = (IDisplayable)objType.GetInterface ("IDisplayable");

The code above is giving me an error "Cannot cast from source to destination".
I would like to get a class' interface and store it in a variable.

A: Type.GetInterface returns a Type, not an object.
To get an interface instance from an object, just cast the object.
displayable = (IDisplayable)displayed;

If that still gives you the same error, double-check that the type of displayed does, indeed, implement the interface IDisplayable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


There are several ways that our kids learn character, but the most important and effective method is INTENTIONAL character training. We can talk about how important character training is, and how we hope our kids will develops Godly character. However, the truth is that it doesn't just happen. It takes work, time, teaching, and training.
It requires a plan of what you want them to learn, and how you are going to teach it to them. You need to be intentional about training your kids in character if you really want to see them grow and become more like Christ.
1. Take advantage of opportunities that come up in the day.
Often we fail to take advantage of those teaching moments that we have during normal daily life. For example, when one of the kids helps a younger one, comment on how kind they are being.
If one of them picks up toys without being told praise them for showing initiative. If one of them walks away from an argument, make a big deal about them being a peacemaker.
The more you talk about the good character traits that they are showing, the more they will try to please you in those areas. Kids just love to make their parents happy, and the best thing we can do is let them know WHAT pleases us so they can repeat it.
I would suggest using character charts to help you look for the good in your child's behavior, as well as to keep them encouraged.
2. When correction is necessary, always point them to God's Word.
Show them what God says about the behavior, and pray with them about doing what God says is right. This shouldn't be done in a negative way, but a positive way.
I know how much you love God, and that you want to please Him, but when you acted like that (did that, said that…) God wasn't pleased. Let's go to His Word and see what He says about that, and find some answers.
Training & Correcting the Heart With Scripture is a great resource for finding verses that relate to the issue you are dealing with. It covers the most common behaviors kids struggle with, and gives Scripture to go with each one.
3. Give them Godly role models.
One of the best ways to teach your kids what Godly character looks like in every day life, is to introduce them to Godly role models. This can be adults in the church, relatives that are a good example, or even reading biographies to them about great Christians.
4. Pray daily for their character to grow and develop.
One of my favorite things to tell parents is that we need to work as thought it all depends on us, and pray as though it all depends on God. We need to do our part to diligently teach and train our kids to have Godly character, but then ask God to do His work in their heart.
Even when you get discouraged and don't see the results as soon as you were hoping, you need to stay faithful in working AND praying, trusting God will do His part.
5. Praise good character more than good grades or physical appearance.
If you praise them for being smart or pretty, they will think that is what you value. (And really they have no control over if they are smart or pretty.) Let them know how thrilled you are when you see them making wise choices, or being kind to a sibling, doing school work with a good attitude, etc.
Brag about their character to the grandparents or your spouse when they can hear you. That will just encourage their heart, and make them realize how pleased you are about them showing good character.
6. Teach daily character lessons in a fun, practical way that will help them apply the lessons to their daily lives.
Making sure that our kids are being taught regular character lessons is much more important than making sure they learn math or history everyday.
I found that when we took the first part of our day and gave it to God by getting into His Word, and working on character training, God blessed the remaining part of the day. It's easy to fall into the trap of thinking that you are too busy and don't have time for that, but in reality, we make time for what is important to us.
God says that faith and character should come before knowledge (academics), so it only makes sense that He will bless our day when we follow His priorities.
**They don't have to be long and drawn out.
Depending on their ages, I always suggest stopping the lesson BEFORE they get bored with it. You want them to enjoy and look forward to learning about Godly character, so keep it short.
**Make the lessons practical, but fun.
Most kids, regardless of their age, will enjoy lessons more if you do some hands on activities to demonstrate what you are teaching, if you do some role playing with right and wrong responses, or play some kind of game to illustrate and help make the lesson more applicable.
I am going to share some of my favorite Character Training Curriculums to help you get started, if you aren't sure where to begin.
If you want to be more intentional about character training, I encourage you to join me for the free 10 day Building Godly Character Intentionally Challenge!


A wedding planner is your fairy godmother or father. On hand to ensure your day is stress-free, within budget and magical. From full planning to on-the-day co-ordination these wedding experts are on hand to make your day magical.


To save on the cost of your mortgage and to be environmentally conscious, we do not mail monthly mortgage statements to our customers. We use coupon books that are sent out to customers after their mortgage closing. For your first payment, please use the coupon you received at closing.
Customers interested in a recurring bill pay option can enroll using our Payment Advantage online service. To sign up, customers will need to enter general information regarding their account, including an account number. After an account is set up, customers can choose from an array of recurring payment options and view account information online, including your next payment, mortgage balance, insurance and tax information. Recurring payments through Payment Advantage are FREE for all enrolled customers.
Customers wishing to make a one time payment will need their account loan number to sign in and make a payment. Once in the system, you can enter your banking information to complete the transaction. A processing fee of $5.00 will apply.
We also accept Check or money order through the mail or at our New Britain office and online through your own bank's "online pay" system. No credit card or cash payments allowed.
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We will also need an updated W9 and a copy of your name change documentation. Download the IRS standard W9 form.


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HomeArts & EntertainmentKanye's 'Life of Pablo' wildly entertaining, but not best
Kanye's 'Life of Pablo' wildly entertaining, but not best
April 7, 2016 The Duquesne Duke Arts & Entertainment Comments Off on Kanye's 'Life of Pablo' wildly entertaining, but not best
Creative Commons Kanye West is one of music's most polarizing figures, and that's no different on his new album, "Life of Pablo." The record has a handful of shocking moments, but isn't his best album front to back.
By Serena Johnson | The Duquesne Duke
Kanye West is one of music's most polarizing figures, and that's no different on his new album, "Life of Pablo." The record has a handful of shocking moments, but isn't his best album front to back.
Just when you thought you'd never hear a gospel album about nasty sex at a Vogue party, Kanye West gives us "The Life of Pablo," an alleged "masterpiece" intermixed in both its mess and mystery.
Love it or absolutely hate it, "Pablo" transfixes you like a train wreck – you're cringing, you're concerned but you're listening. Yeezy's no stranger to this motif; while his skillset certainly incited his notoriety, he's managed to make a career out of shamelessly challenging the status quo to prove itself for a Man vs. Society brawl.
His lyricism as of late has infamously shaken listeners to their cores with all of the brutal honesty and self-obsession he serves the public without a care in the world. But while some tracks miss the mark, there's no doubt that by the end of the album, we're reminded of one very important thing: Kanye West doesn't care about your comfort. And sometimes that's pretty dope.
Initially, the album seems rather disorganized due to the shifts in instrumental intensity and countless vocal appearances, but it's clearly much more than a mixed bag of noises. "Pablo" is a journey through West's seemingly schizophrenic psyche. When thought of as more of a stream-of-consciousness piece rather than a disaster, even the track listing alone has a lot of artful intention in exploring the artist's many faces.
We're all used to the narcissistic genius that pats himself on the back and romances thick bombshells, but we're reintroduced to the other sides of West that we've probably forgotten – Spiritual Kanye ("Father Stretch My Hands Pt. 1" and "Lowlights"), Lonely Kanye ("Real Friends"), and now Family Man Kanye ("Wolves" and "FML") – but that isn't to say we don't definitely get a bitter taste of the in-your-face gusto that, surprisingly, most can't get enough of.
"No Parties in L.A." is the best track on the album by a long shot. With rapid-fire stanzas and an excellent verse from Kendrick Lamar, it's the track that the entire album should've sounded like and probably what fans wanted to hear.
There are still a few more honorable mentions, though. "Freestyle 4" gives us two minutes of audacious filth complemented by an elegant string sample from Goldfapp's "Human;" "30 Hours" is impressively cutthroat ("My ex says she gave me the best years of her life / I saw a recent picture of her, I guess she was right.") And the final track that particularly shines would have to be "Facts (Charlie Heat Version)", a Yeezy-fied form of Drake and Future's "Jumpman" complete with the familiar flow and repetition but enhanced by an entirely better sound.
Oh, and if you want a good laugh, check out "I Love Kanye," a lighthearted acapella ode to the meme surrounding the notion of West's self-adoration. It's obviously not supposed to be taken too seriously, but it's cute.
Now, the downside of all of this is that if one were to hear the aforementioned tracks on their own as singles, there'd definitely be some disappointment in the rest of the album. "Ultralight Beam," the record's initial track, is certainly a delight for music aficionados, but could easily be read as an "acquired taste" in regards to the general public.
Speaking of appeasing the masses, though, while devout fans might be a little let down, "Real Friends," a largely relatable ballad with a haunting outro and "Frank's Track" are artistically weak, but definitely crowd pleasers.
"Wolves" isn't necessarily bad – at times it's even quite good – though it's sure to unnerve even the uneasily offended as it's always a decent idea to avoid comparing oneself and one's wife to Mary and Joseph, but the man released an album dubbed "Yeezus," so let that sink in before any harsh judgments are made.
And for listeners looking for the blatant social commentary Kanye's provided in his previous works, this album isn't going to be a winner. There's definitely some controversial content in "Feedback" with overt references to police violence against minorities and West goes right for the jugular in typical Kanye fashion, but it essentially begins and ends there.
The bad apples could potentially ruin the bunch, though. "Famous" is a good turn-up track but will definitely leave preteens that really like horses forming a vicious mob outside of the rapper's home (Note to Kanye: Beware of pitchforks and teardrops on guitars.) Songs like "Waves" and "FML" are just downright boring.
This isn't his best album. Point, blank, period. But above all, Kanye West is an entertainer and accompanied by a star-studded list of vocalists and songwriters; At the very least, listeners will be thoroughly entertained.
Duquesne Tennis' Julianne Herman dominating during freshman year
Political Pendemonium
Kid Cudi changes pace with unexpected gem "Speedin' Bullet 2 Heaven"
January 11, 2016 The Duquesne Duke Arts & Entertainment Comments Off on Kid Cudi changes pace with unexpected gem "Speedin' Bullet 2 Heaven"
By Serena Johnson | The Duquesne Duke Amidst crackling, retro static, muffled mutters croak over a lo-fi electric guitar sequence. This leaves curious listeners with a staggering sense of perplexity that the mad scientist behind […]
Earl Sweatshirt's Feet of Clay messy, but interesting
November 14, 2019 The Duquesne Duke Arts & Entertainment Comments Off on Earl Sweatshirt's Feet of Clay messy, but interesting
Sean Armstrong | Staff Writer 11/14/19 Earl Sweatshirt's latest album, Feet of Clay, is a 15-minute disjointed, chaotic jazz session with a little bit of rapping thrown in. Feet of Clay is sonically similar to […]
'Revival' buries Eminem six feet under
January 18, 2018 The Duquesne Duke Arts & Entertainment 1
By Sean Armstrong | Staff Writer 01/18/2018 The brand new Eminem album, Revival, is more like a burial. Being billed as a self proclaimed resurrection of a dying career, the newest release begs the question: […]


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Public sector security purchases and monetary dominance in a monetary union without a fiscal union
Speech by Peter Praet, Member of the Executive Board of the ECB,at the Conference The ECB and Its Watchers XVI,Contribution to the Panel on Low-interest-rate Policy and Non-standard Monetary Policy Measures: Effectiveness and Challenges, Frankfurt am Main, 11 March 2015
The Governing Council decision to start purchases of public sector securities has demonstrated its ability to meet the mandate of price stability and bring inflation rates back to levels below but close to 2 percent. With this policy, it makes full use of all legal and effective monetary policy instruments. The design of such purchases has taken into account the specificities of the institutional set-up, notably the fact that the euro area is a monetary union that is not a fiscal union. This is an assertion of monetary dominance, in compliance with the principles enshrined in the Maastricht Treaty.
Nevertheless the overall success of the euro area depends on all stakeholders doing their job.
Thank you very much to the organisers for inviting me to participate this morning. [1] In my contribution I would like to address the topic of this panel from a particular perspective, namely monetary dominance and the purchase of public sector securities in a monetary union without a fiscal union.
To preview my reasoning, monetary dominance is not about how the central bank implements its policy – i.e. the assets that it buys – it is about how much control the central bank has over its policy – i.e. why it buys those assets.
Indeed, the independence that has been given to the ECB (and, in particular, the purpose of the monetary financing prohibition enshrined in Article 123 of the Treaty) is precisely to ensure that the central bank has full control over its balance sheet – that it cannot be forced by governments into monetising deficits or inflating away debts – and hence that monetary dominance is preserved.
The decision taken by the Governing Council in January to expand the purchase programme to include public sector securities as well as the specific design elements of the programme, demonstrate that we can make full use of all instruments of monetary policy to deliver on our mandate of maintaining price stability. This is an assertion of monetary dominance, in compliance with the principles enshrined in the Maastricht Treaty.
Conceptual Aspects
Central bank purchases of public sector securities are a sensitive topic because, by definition, they constitute the most direct link between central bank actions and the budget constraint of the fiscal authority. The existence of this link naturally leads to the question: which constraints or institutional safeguards are necessary to have in place so that a central bank can fulfil its mandate of maintaining price stability?
A "single economy" perspective
Let me start with the case of a single economy perspective – by which I mean a country with one central bank and one fiscal authority – and I will then turn to a monetary union with one central bank and many fiscal authorities.
The relationship between monetary and fiscal policy from a single economy perspective goes back to the classical paper by Thomas Sargent and Neil Wallace on the 'unpleasant monetarist arithmetic'. [2] The premise of their argument is that the central bank contributes to the budget of the government via seigniorage income. In its canonical version, this income stream captures the ability of the central bank to issue non-interest bearing central bank liabilities in exchange for interest-bearing assets (either outright or via revolving refinancing operations). The issuance of central bank money comes with a positive return differential, leading to an income stream that is eventually returned to the fiscal authority.
For the central bank to be unconstrained in its ability to ensure stable prices, it is crucial that in all states of the world the amount of that seigniorage income will be solely determined by monetary policy concerns. In other words, drawing on the taxonomy established by Sargent and Wallace, the central bank must be able to exercise monetary dominance. As we all know, monetary dominance, when translated into the realm of institutional design, corresponds closely to the concept of a strictly independent central bank bound by a statute that assigns it to the pursuit of an overriding objective of price stability. This, in turn, is the single most important requirement for the ability of the central bank to deliver price stability.
The second, and more controversial, concept I would like to mention goes back to the so-called 'Fiscal theory of the price level', as originally presented by Chris Sims, Michael Woodford and Eric Leeper. [3] It is conceptually different from Sargent and Wallace. It establishes a link to the budget constraint of the government, which operates through revaluations of outstanding amounts of nominal government debt, via adjustments in the price level. The idea is that such revaluations have the ability to ensure that government debt, when perceived to be on an unsustainable path, can be stabilised without outright default. In this concept, the requirement of the independent central bank that actively engages in setting its policy in the exclusive pursuit of its objective of price stability is no longer sufficient to ensure that the central bank has control over the price level. What is also needed is a solid fiscal framework that ensures that the fiscal authority follows sound fiscal policies which are sustainable at the going price level.
What is striking about this theory is that there is no room for the possibility of outright government default. This can be defended under the conditions of a fiat currency in a closed economy. But these narrow conditions have led to a controversial reception of the theory in the profession – after all, we can all cite examples where countries have defaulted outright rather than implicitly through price level adjustments. At the same time, this theory offered an early conceptualisation of a relevant insight that was well understood by the founding fathers of the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe: an independent central bank with a clear mandate of maintaining price stability should be supported by a fiscal framework which ensures sound fiscal policies.
A "monetary union without a fiscal union" perspective
To what extent can this theoretical apparatus be exactly applied to the special environment of a monetary union with a single monetary policy and many fiscal policies? The economic literature suggests that, in general terms, it remains valid, but with the requirements for ensuring monetary dominance becoming stricter.
The reason is that in a monetary union the single monetary policy establishes a link between otherwise separated budget constraints of the many fiscal authorities. This can be easily seen if one assumes that central bank incomes or losses from monetary policy operations are shared between governments before they are returned to them. Under this assumption, central bank purchases of government debt from any single member country, will in fact affect the budget constraints of all the other member countries.
The fact that in a monetary union without a fiscal union the single monetary policy establishes a crucial link between otherwise separated budget constraints of governments has been addressed in a number of thoughtful studies (like the ones from Bergin or Chari and Kehoe [4]). At the risk of over-simplifying their nuanced messages, these studies suggest that compared to a single economy, more binding constraints and institutional safeguards are required in a monetary union in order to protect a stability oriented monetary policy. In particular, monetary dominance needs to be credibly exercised against a large number of fiscal authorities. Consequently, this calls for a governance structure which not only endows the single central bank with a large degree of independence, but it should also entail a fiscal framework which recognises that sound fiscal policies in every single member country are a matter of common concern.
Central banks' balance sheet structure
These issues can be further understood if one reflects on the structure of the central bank's balance sheet in a monetary union compared with a single economy. To illustrate what I mean it is instructive to draw a comparison with the single economy case and carry out the following experiment: let us try to import to the euro area Marvin Goodfriend's taxonomy where he contrasts monetary policy versus credit policy, which he applied to the United States. [5]
Goodfriend argues that genuine monetary policy exists only when the central bank purchases and sells Treasury securities. When the central bank engages in operations that carry credit risk, such as lending to the private sector, this is not monetary policy, but credit policy and, ultimately, fiscal policy. Goodfriend draws the conclusion that the Federal Reserve should avoid credit policies – in which it became heavily engaged when the crisis started – and stick to proper monetary policy based on confining itself to the Treasury market.
But the notion that Treasury securities do not carry credit risk – so that Treasury securities are treated as nominally risk-free from the central bank's perspective – can only arise in an institutional framework in which there is full consolidation between the balance sheet of the central bank and the balance sheet of the fiscal authority. It is only in such a case that Treasury securities can become risk-free in nominal terms. The reason is that a central bank can consider as nominally risk-free a security if and only if the central bank itself is ready to guarantee its full and timely payment in cash in all states of the world.
In a monetary union without a fiscal union like the euro area, however (i.e. in an environment where governments do not pool sovereign risks), there is no outside risk-free asset from the point of view of the single monetary policy. The only risk-free assets in the euro area are the ECB's own liabilities. All other assets including Treasury securities carry credit risk and can in theory fail to be converted at par into cash. Therefore, the ECB's monetary policy always involves credit risk: private or public. There is no distinction on that front.
Implications for euro area governance
Applying these various insights to the euro area governance framework, it is clear that they provide a strong analytical framework and full backing to rationalise the institutional architecture in the Economic and Monetary Union. That is, the strong independence of the ECB with a deliberately focused mandate on maintaining price stability as a primary objective, which also receives protection from the prohibition of monetary financing; and a well-defined fiscal framework organised around the Stability and Growth Pact and supported by the no-bail out clause, which – absent a common risk-free asset - is intended to underpin medium-term sustainability.
However, it is also clear that the experience of the crisis has given us new information on how this framework operates. We have learned two key lessons in particular.
The first is that focusing only on monetary-fiscal interactions may be insufficient to ensure monetary dominance. A central bank may also find its choices constrained by the situation in the financial sector – so-called "financial dominance". For instance, without a credible supervisory framework, a central bank may unwittingly end up in a position of financing counterparties that it thinks are illiquid but solvent – as it would be appropriate by its own statute - but transpire to be outright insolvent. Or, even worse, without an effective resolution framework, a central bank may find itself in a position of deliberately funding banks that are not viable because failing to do so may mean that the banks fail in a disorderly manner with systemic risks for the economy and ultimately, for price stability. The bank-sovereign nexus aggravates this captivity: a central bank may be prevented from tightening monetary conditions as would be otherwise appropriate, if it fears that, by doing so, banks may suffer losses and see their fragile health conditions undermined.
In all of these instances, the fiscal authority may not be the most proximate cause of the problems. We should think of this as a new dimension of risks to central bank independence and refer to this as financial dominance.
From an institutional perspective, this financial dominance problem has now been acknowledged by elevating governance of the banking sector to the European level through Banking Union. The Single Supervisory Mechanism reduces the risk of supervisors showing excessive forbearance towards insolvent banks. And the Single Resolution Mechanism, implementing the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive, provides a framework for banks to safely fail. Moreover, to the extent that bank failures do still spill over to sovereigns and threaten their market access, the position of the ECB vis-à-vis governments is protected by the design features of Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT), where the requirement for an ESM programme preserves monetary dominance.
The second lesson from the crisis is that the governance framework, in particular on the fiscal side, did not perform as expected. In certain countries, government debt dynamics could only be stabilised with external assistance. The fiscal framework has of course now been strengthened through revisions to the Stability and Growth Pact and through the Fiscal Compact. But these new additions remain largely unproven.
Extended asset purchase programme in the context of monetary dominance
It is in this overall context that one needs to understand both the rationale for the ECB's recent decision to expand its asset purchase programme (APP) to include purchases of public sector securities, and the specific framework within which they are implemented to take into account the institutional set-up in the euro area.
In terms of the rationale, the key point about this decision is that it reaffirms the central pillar of monetary dominance which is our commitment to our mandate.
We acted because we saw a real risk of not achieving our price stability objective over the medium-term. One may argue that we could have tolerated a deviation of inflation from our aim (namely to stabilise inflation around levels not far from 2% in the price stability range) for longer. Yet in my view this would have extended the notion of the medium term to temporal dimensions that would have been hardly justifiable on the basis of accountability to our objective. By making the medium term too elastic one inevitably increases the degree of discretion and even arbitrariness in delivering on the monetary policy mandate. As I have explained in more detail elsewhere, the mandate is meaningful only if exercised and assessed within reasonable time limits. [6]
Through acting, we also clearly demonstrated our independence and that we retain full control over our actions. Expanding our asset purchases at a critical juncture demonstrated that we were not dominated in any form. Indeed, the expanded purchase programme represents a continuation of the credit easing measures undertaken over the June-October 2014 period. The Governing Council considered that the outright purchases of public sector securities were the best instrument that could be activated on a sufficient scale to strengthen the measures already in place and deliver on our mandate.
Yet it is important to understand that our programme is also designed to take into account the specific institutional setup of the euro area, notably in terms of the fiscal set-up, and the implications that has on monetary dominance. Factors determining loss-sharing arrangements, the country portfolio composition as well as modalities upholding the prohibition of monetary financing, to name but a few, are crucial parameters that have been carefully chosen. The programme has deliberate safeguards to keep fiscal incentives in place and provide adequate protection for the central bank.
Let me emphasise four crucial elements.
First, purchases of public sector securities are subject to limited loss-sharing. Loss-sharing is reserved for those purchases that are done by the ECB or fall on securities issued by supranational European institutions, amounting in sum to 20%. The remaining 80% of all purchases – falling on purchases done by NCBs – will not be subject to loss-sharing. This mix corresponds approximately to the current allocation of fiscal responsibilities in the euro area, preserving thereby needed incentives for fiscal discipline of euro area governments.
Second, purchases of public sector securities are allocated across issuers from the various euro area countries on the basis of the ECB's capital key. This fixed key respects that our public sector security purchases are guided by the ECB's mandate to ensure price stability for the euro area as a whole. But it also effectively limits our degree of discretion towards individual governments, which in turn preserves incentives.
Third, purchase limits on the issue and issuer of public sector securities have been introduced to avoid a blocking minority for collective action clauses, as well as the Eurosystem becoming overly dominant in the sovereign bond market. In addition, the use of a blackout period averts any direct influence on the price formation in the primary market. These elements are important in the context of upholding the prohibition of monetary financing.
Fourth, the eligibility criteria for purchasing public sector securities are clear: securities are required to achieve the Eurosystem harmonised CQS3 rating scale. In other words, this means that we purchase as a rule only sovereign securities that are assigned an investment grade assessment by at least one external credit assessment institution. For those securities that do not reach the required rating, they can only become eligible if a rating waiver applies, which in turn requires the successful adherence to an EU-IMF adjustment programme. Similar to the logic underpinning OMT, this ensures that the central bank has an additional layer of protection vis-à-vis governments with potentially unsound policies.
Forward looking aspects
The strongest defence for monetary dominance, however, will be the success of our programme in strengthening economic activity in the euro area and bringing inflation back close to 2%. And looking at the impact of our monetary policy measures taken since the summer, according to the recent flow of data these measures now appear to be working their way through markets and the economy.
The nominal cost of bank borrowing for euro area NFCs has declined sharply with some convergence across countries. Indeed according to ECB staff analysis, the pass-through to lending rates in the second half of 2014 was faster than what would be implied by model estimates. Moreover, this was particularly the case for corporate lending rates in Italy and Spain. The cost of borrowing for euro area households is also showing further signs of a moderate decline as well as an increased convergence across countries. Over the course of last year, euro area households' cost of borrowing for house purchases declined by approximately 50 basis points. While lending for house purchases was explicitly excluded from the targeted longer-term refinancing operation (TLTRO), we are seeing that those banks in more stressed economies which participated in last year's two TLTROs have reduced their lending rates to households, albeit less notably than to NFC's.
But the easing of price conditions for credit is only the first link in the chain that the summer measures have set in motion. The picture emerging from the January 2015 Bank Lending Survey attests that euro area banks are engaged in a sustained net easing concerning loans to NFCs and with a continued decline in the disparity across countries. This was mainly driven by the improved cost of funding - across all main market instruments- and balance sheet conditions. But unlike in the past, when improved funding conditions for banks were hardly passed along to their customers, the measures that we took over the summer have generated enough competitive pressures for banks to make their lending behaviour more responsive to the pace at which they see an improvement in their funding situation. Banks have started curtailing lending margins. As lending rates have been reduced in lockstep with the pace of reduction in market rates, demand for loans – once torpid – has been revived as well. Improvements in the net demand for loans to NFCs continued into the final quarter of last year across almost all euro area countries. Why? Because, by reducing the interest rate charged on the marginal loan, a bank makes the investment project that stand behind that marginal loan a profitable project. By reducing lending rates, more investments will break even, and more investors will ask for loans. Importantly, the increase in loan demand that we have observed was largely driven by the respondents financing needs for fixed investment and marked its first positive contribution since mid-2011. Looking ahead, the indications bode well for future economic activity, as euro area banks expect both a further easing of credit standards as well as a continued increase of net NFC loan demand.
Loan dynamics have also continued to recover, with the growth in credit to the private sector turning positive in December for the first time since mid-2012. Moreover, we have also seen a measurable improvement in indicators of business and consumer confidence. Overall, I think it is fair to say that we are seeing positive effects from the credit easing measures introduced last year.
In terms of our overall monetary policy tool-box, it should be kept in mind that the expanded asset purchase programme is just one element among a suite of others – including, for example, also OMT - which comprise the ECB's comprehensive policy response to all contingencies which may arise in the future. The APP offers broad-based interventions to address base-risks to price stability for the euro area as a whole. In contrast, OMT has a clear country dimension and offers contingent interventions to address tail risks and extreme events.
The APP will contribute towards a sustained adjustment in the path of inflation towards 2%. But as monetary policy provides its contribution, other policy areas need to contribute decisively. Fiscal policy should support economic growth, while ensuring debt sustainability in compliance with the Stability and Growth Pact.. The Macro Imbalances Procedures should be applied strictly. And structural reforms should be implemented promptly and with determination. The overall success of the euro area depends on all stakeholders doing their job.
Let me conclude.
What I have outlined in my remarks today is that purchases of public sector securities in a monetary union that is not a fiscal union are a valid tool to overcome restrictions arising from the lower bound on monetary policy rates such that monetary policy can meet its price stability objective. The Governing Council decision has demonstrated that we are unconstrained in our ability to meet our mandate, and could make full use of all legal and effective monetary policy instruments. And the design of such purchases has taken into account the specificities of the institutional set-up.
This is an assertion of monetary dominance, in compliance with the principles enshrined in the Maastricht Treaty.
But the overall success of the euro area depends on all stakeholders doing their job. The ECB does not exist in a vacuum.
[1]I would like to thank Leopold von Thadden and John Hutchinson for their contributions to this speech.
[2]Sargent, T. and Wallace, N., Some unpleasant monetarist arithmetic, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, Fall, 1-17, 1981.
[3]Leeper, E., Equilibria under `active' and `passive' monetary and fiscal policies, Journal of Monetary Economics, 27, 129-147, 1991; Sims, C., A simple model for the determination of the price level and the interaction of monetary and fiscal policy, Economic Theory, 4, 381-399, 1994; Woodford, M., Monetary policy and price level determinacy in a cash-in-advance economy, Economic Theory, 4, 345-380, 1994.
[4]Bergin, P., Fiscal solvency and price level determination in a monetary union, Journal of Monetary Economics, 45, 37-53, 2000; Chari, V. und Kehoe, P., Time inconsistency and free-riding in a monetary union, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 40/7, 1329-1355, 2008.
[5]Goodfriend, M., Central Banking in the credit turmoil: an assessment of Federal Reserve practice, Journal of Monetary Economics, 58, 1-12, 2011.
[6]See my speech on monetary policy and balance sheet adjustment, Sintra, 27 May 2014.
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Why we must fight to nationalise the banks – by Matt Wrack
sachai February 26, 2017 July 3, 2018 Banking and finance, FBU, Labour, Momentum, Political education, Public ownership, Socialism, Trade unions
In 2012 the Fire Brigades Union successfully proposed to TUC Congress that the labour movement should respond to the capitalist economic crisis and austerity by demanding public ownership of banking and high finance. Successfully in the sense that the policy was passed – not successfully in the sense that the TUC did not carry it out and that few other unions have raised the idea, let alone campaigned for it. Now that the FBU is reaffiliated to Labour, it is hopefully something that can be raised there. With the possibility of a new banking crisis, this debate could be live again very soon too.
The same year, FBU General Secretary Matt Wrack wrote the following article making a socialist case for public ownership.
The economy staggers from crisis to crisis. Overly optimistic government predictions are refuted by the harsh reality of a double-dip recession. The crisis has devastated the lives of workers in Britain and across the world. Austerity measures mean real wages cut, unemployment, pensions destroyed and public services slashed. They are on a scale not seen before.
The aim is to make working people pay for a crisis we did not cause. We need to set out clearly what lies behind the crisis.
The Con-Dem coalition argues that further privatisation and deregulation is the route out of recession but it was the deregulated private finance sector that sparked the crisis. The government's arguments need to be challenged. The banks cannot be allowed to carry on the way they've done before. We need a sharp break with the practices of the past.
The labour movement should place on the agenda the call for a publicly owned finance industry which would provide a public service to industry and working people.
Taking over the banks will enable the state to plan investment. Instead of investment bankers gambling with money in financial markets, funds could be switched to creating millions of sustainable jobs and investing in the housing, public services and infrastructure we need. The privately owned banking system created a huge credit bubble that burst and triggered the biggest economic slump in Britain for generations.
When the crisis broke, the government took shares in RBS and Lloyds and took over mortgage lenders Northern Rock and Bradford & Bingley. The taxpayer advanced £133 billion to restore the capital of these banks.
So far, only £14bn of the original cash outlay has been recovered. The banks are still rigging interest rates, laundering illegal cash, gambling in exotic financial assets and paying their top executives grotesque salaries and bonuses.
Three-quarters of the assets of Barclays bank are invested in trading on the stocks, bonds and currency markets. Barclays's elite traders and top executives took £1bn home between them this year to "reward" this gambling.
Banks still engage in outright deceit and law-breaking. Barclays was caught out over the Libor scandal, HSBC in laundering Mexican drug money and Standard Chartered with Iranian banks. The banking system is not doing its job in providing loans on reasonable terms to help the economy recover.
Banks are needed to provide financial services to firms and households. Most workers have wages paid directly into a bank. We need to be able to access our money. Sometimes we need to be able to borrow money. At other times, we need to save.
In addition, we need banks to raise funds and provide credit to finance investment and growth across an economy. This is what banking as a public service should be about. Britain's big banks dispose of £6 trillion in funds. Yet they earmark just £200bn of this to investment in industry, a measly 3 per cent of the total.
Four years after the crisis began, bank lending is falling, not rising. The banking sector stands indicted by these figures. Having been bailed out by the taxpayer the banks continue to fail to assist in any sort of recovery.
Regulation failed to stop banks collapsing and bringing down the economy. More regulation won't work now. It's expensive, bureaucratic and ineffective. Despite the mess the banks have caused, we are still told we should leave them as they are because they make money. But a survey of the period from 2002-2008 shows that the finance sector paid £203bn in tax, while manufacturing paid nearly twice as much. Tax revenue from the finance sector during that period was less than the estimated up-front costs of the bank bailout of £289bn.
Some argue that the banks should be broken into smaller units so that competition can flourish and the monopoly of the big five can be broken. But the banks are too interconnected – if one goes down, they can all go down like a row of dominos.
In any case, the crisis did not start with the big banks. In Britain, it started with the smaller lenders like Northern Rock. More regulation or a break-up of the banks will not make them operate in the interests of the wider economy. Their main objective will still be to maximise profits for their shareholders and bonuses for their top executives. Private ownership means profit comes before everything else. New regulations can be bypassed. That will continue as long as banks are under private ownership.
The public has no control over the banks' decision-making, even in banks that are majority state-owned. Only public ownership of the major banks with a new democratic structure of control can turn banking into a public service. A publicly owned banking system could finance a mass programme of useful public works, to create jobs and modernise infrastructure.
We therefore welcome that for the first time in history, the TUC has adopted the policy of the public ownership of the banks.
In the past, Margaret Thatcher attacked us not because she was mad, but because she was acting in the interests of the ruling class . Today, in the face of economic crisis, this same class wants to restructure the economy in the interests of capitalism and make the working class pay. But local communities will not sit back and see their services destroyed. In this fight, we must take direct action such as occupying hospitals or schools.
We must see the end of this government at the earliest opportunity. But what happens next? Under New Labour we had attacks on jobs, wages and conditions. No one wants to see the Coalition government that attacks us replaced by another Labour government that attacks us. We need a change in policy.
The resources are there. But they are in the hands of the billionaires, not in our hands. We need to ask ourselves what sort of society we want – one where spivs and gamblers decide what happens or where the majority decides?
We face a huge challenge. We must rise to the occasion and act decisively in the interests of our class.
Motion passed at the 2012 TUC Congress
Public ownership of the banks
Congress notes the disastrous role of the banks over the past five years.
Congress condemns the scandalous levels of pay and bonuses for senior bankers, while workers are expected to pay for the economic crisis.
Congress condemns the interest rate-fixing by Barclays and other banks, which demonstrates again that the banking industry fails to operate in the interests of the majority of people.
Congress notes that despite the tax payer funded bail-outs and quantitative easing, the banks have failed to provide adequate lending and investment to assist economic growth and the creation of jobs.
Congress calls on the TUC to organise a thorough inquiry into the banking crisis. This should involve finance experts, trade unionists working within the sector and representatives of mortgage holders, small businesses and others affected by the crisis.
Congress believes that the de-regulated, free market model that has dominated for the past three decades has been exposed as a failure; a major change of direction is needed.
Congress believes the economic chaos and devastation sparked by the major banks and financial institutions should be ended through full public ownership of the sector and the creation of a publicly owned banking service, democratically and accountably managed.
Congress believes that the banking and finance industry should be developed as a key public service.
This new form of banking could play a central role in building a sustainable economy, investing in transport, green industries, housing, creating jobs and assisting the recovery in the interests of working people.
Proposed by: Fire Brigades Union
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Percent Simplifies Alternative Investing With its Accessible and Global Capital Platform
Written by: Brandon Rossman
Brandon Rossman
Brandon has covered all corners of the finance industry as a multimedia reporter for news outlets such as WUFT and WINK News. Early in his television news career, Brandon developed a reputation for leading interviews with financial portfolio managers, investment bankers, and venture capitalists, among other industry leaders. He writes with a journalistic hunger for the truth.
Experts share their tips and advice on BadCredit.org, with the goal of helping subprime consumers. Our articles follow strict editorial guidelines.
In a Nutshell: Percent takes a straightforward diversified approach to alternative investing with its global capital platform. Investors can put their money into accounts that lenders use to fund startups and small businesses. Investors choose where their money goes and are not locked into the investment for years. The minimum investment requirement can be as low as $500, with terms that allow investors to retrieve their money in nine months or less. Percent's platform also allows users to get involved in emerging markets around the world, helping underbanked nations receive financial support. Only accredited investors can use Percent, but the company is looking into how it can expand its reach to others.
Investing in the future is a critical part of securing financial stability after retirement. That's why I try to put any amount that I can into my retirement accounts each month, so I don't have to work for longer than I want to.
But there are investment opportunities outside of traditional accounts — including a 401(k) or Roth IRA. These investments, commonly referred to as alternative investments, allow investors to put their money into nontraditional assets. These assets include physical products, such as wine or collectibles, or private debt and equity.
Everyday investors often cannot invest in alternative assets without qualifying as an accredited investor first. Accredited investors have a special status that allows them to invest outside of traditional accounts.
To qualify as an accredited investor, you must have an income of $200,000 a year by yourself or $300,000 a year with a spouse in each of the prior two years. You can also qualify by having a net worth of over $1 million, excluding the value of your primary residence.
There are other ways to earn accreditation that have nothing to do with earnings or net worth. Professionals who hold specific securities licenses can invest in alternative platforms. Interested investors can receive those licenses after taking a course and passing an exam.
Percent is a private credit investment platform that is working to expand its footprint to allow all types of investors.
The platform provides capital to people and companies who make loans to small businesses, startups, and businesses in emerging markets. When these businesses and individuals cannot access public credit markets, they turn to private credit to fund their operations.
Accredited investors on Percent's platform can pick and choose exactly where their money goes. They can fund small businesses, startups, litigation finance, and many other loans. Because Percent is providing private debt, investors make money on the interest the debt earns.
Two attributes that make Percent so enticing are its shorter terms and lower minimum investment requirement. Some investment offerings mature in just a few months, and investors can put as little as $500 into the offering.
The platform also provides transparency into its offerings, and has products on the site that educates investors so they can make an informed decision with their money.
"One of our overarching missions has been to create a platform that has investors' best interests in mind, which can lead to shorter durations and lower minimum investments for transactions — and overall, set investors up for success," said Nelson Chu, Percent Founder and CEO.
Offering Short-Term and Lower Minimum Investments
Percent has been in business since 2018 as a way for investors to bolster their portfolio. The company's founder saw a revolution start from the popularity of alternative investments such as cryptocurrencies.
For the most part, however, alternative asset investing was neither accessible nor approachable. Investments can take years to mature, and alternative assets usually require a higher minimum investment.
Percent solves the accessibility and approachability issues with its private credit platform. Investors can try the platform with only $500. Percent's investment terms are also short term, and many of them are for terms of less than a year.
Percent says its platform is a private version of public credit, or debt. The company is a capital markets provider solution for the people and companies who make the loans. Small business lenders who have businesses they lend to raise capital from companies such as Percent.
Percent has a solid track record of performance gains and plenty of data to lean on.
Investors indirectly provide capital to small businesses, consumers, factories, manufacturers, and many other industries. Instead of going one-by-one and creating a loan for each instance, investors put their money into a basket of thousands of loans.
Percent specifically provides the capital or supports the finding of the capital for companies who operate and provide loans to consumers and small businesses. As long as the assets are performing, investors earn the interest on the loan.
People on the platform can also invest in Latin America, Europe, and other emerging markets that are embracing more technology. Investors can directly make a difference in underbanked populations by funding their businesses.
"Making global funding available makes for really interesting opportunities where we can support the evolution of capital markets in those countries," Chu said. "Our products help create impacts to consumers and small businesses, which is fantastic."
Providing Information and Emphasizing Transparency
Percent said its users typically start out by investing $500 or $1,000 in short-term investments. After getting familiar with the platform, they start putting in more.
Getting investors comfortable with the platform is one of Percent's missions. Short-term, low minimum investments help investors learn more about the platform and how they can use it to make money.
According to Percent, investors tend to add more money into their account as they get more comfortable and understand the platform better. The site's average portfolio is in the tens of thousands.
Nelson Chu, Percent Founder and CEO
Percent works to be as transparent as possible to earn the trust of investors. The company said it is one of, if not the only, investment platforms that provides post-close monitoring of investments.
"Our ability to provide that information is a novel concept in private markets that we've tried to make the standard," Chu said. "Investors can have comfort in knowing how their accounts are performing."
Percent helps educate investors on what private credit is and how to develop their own sector theses. Using the site's information, investors can find investment offerings that are suitable for their level of risk.
Percent offers a number of tools and resources to help users make informed investment decisions, including educational materials and market insights. The platform also has a team of investment professionals available to answer questions and offer guidance.
"We try to guide users to make them as comfortable as possible and give them as much information as possible," Chu said. "We work on various campaigns to keep feeding them more and more information."
Educating Investors and Optimizing Products
Percent's main goal is to make its investment platform available to as many people as possible. Unfortunately, regulatory hurdles make it difficult for everyday investors to get involved with alternative investments.
To go around income and net worth requirements, Percent recommends interested investors take the class and test to earn a license to earn accreditation. Over time, however, Percent does expect the definition of accreditation to loosen.
Alternative investing does create additional risk factors to look into, but Percent said its diversified products can mitigate some of the risk. With a potential recession looming, Percent is staying ahead of any financial downturns.
Structuring its products as short-term investments makes it easy to feel more confident in Percent's platform. The company also just successfully launched a new asset class in venture debt.
Percent is in the process of essentially redesigning the entire investor experience so users have more information at their fingertips. The redesign will allow investors to see when it's the right time to invest, and also how much demand a deal has.
Percent said it will continue to provide information that is more interactive and more detailed than has ever been done in private credit.
"We want to get to a point where it is as easy as investing in a stock," Chu said. "That is the ultimate level of accessibility. Now, we are looking into how we open it up to a broader audience. We'll continue to offer unique products on that front."
Brandon Rossman touts years of experience interviewing big-name financial advisors, investment bankers, and authorities on lending and portfolio management for television news stations throughout the state of Florida. He strives to find the truth and accurately report practical ways to build better credit. When not researching his next story, Brandon can usually be found on the golf course.
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Is Indigenous constitutional recognition salvageable? We have to hope so
4 May 2015 | General Interest
Co-chair of the National Congress of Australia's First Peoples, Kirstie Parker, is the latest leader to dissect the constitutional recognition debate and the parties involved.
Writing in The Guardian newspaper, Ms Parker discusses the events that have led us to the current deadlock, considering arguments from the Recognise campaign and its supporters, as well as the constitutional conservatives, or con cons.
The recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the Constitution seemed imminent three years ago when an expert panel – tasked with advising on a model and process – delivered its recommendations to the Prime Minister, but things have since stalled.
"Those recommendations represented a pragmatic appraisal of what enough Australians might support at a referendum on the issue," Ms Parker writes.
"They paired removal of existing discriminatory clauses within the constitution with meaningful recognition, preservation of the Australian government's ability to pass laws for the benefit of Indigenous Australians, and a prohibition on racial discrimination by governments."
Since the expert panel reported its findings in January 2012 two joint select committees have deliberated over the wording such recognition should take, with the second of these, lead by Aboriginal MP Ken Wyatt, due to report in June.
Those opposed to the inclusion of recognition argue that such changes to the constitution would compromise its interpretation, exposing legislation to excessive judicial review.
Cape York leader Noel Pearson, concerned that a lack of support will lead to a failed referendum, has also recently shifted his support from the views of the expert panel to an alternate series of more compromised measures. These include:
the removal of existing discriminatory clauses,
symbolic recognition outside the constitution (in the form of a declaration of recognition), and,
practical recognition within the Constitution, through the enshrinement of an Indigenous advisory and consultative body to the Parliament.
As Ms Parker explains, "Like any other issue, there is a wide breadth of opinion amongst our people on recognition.
"Polling by congress and others indicates broad support for constitutional reform, as long as it is meaningful. There's a smaller proportion that is outright opposed to any inclusion of our peoples in the constitution.
"In between, there are many who are becoming increasingly disillusioned and cynical about the way things are headed generally in Indigenous affairs.
"We have seen threats to close down remote Aboriginal communities, poor government engagement with communities, chaotic grant processes, funding cuts to key organisations (including congress), funding insecurity for health, legal, childcare and other services, the continuation of punitive measures such as income management – even those most supportive of constitutional reform ask whether they can trust their hearts with a government that does such things."
Progress towards a decision on constitutional recognition is due to rise in the coming months, with the joint select committee preparing to deliver its final report. National Congress are also planning to convene a national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander meeting to discuss the issue.
"The observation by American academic, author and activist Cornel West that 'you've got to be a thermostat rather than a thermometer. A thermostat shapes the climate of opinion, a thermometer just reflects it' rings true for all of those engaged in this debate. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander aspirations should be at the forefront of it."
Visit The Guardian website to read the feature from Ms Parker.


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Flight stats for Woodhill - did you know?
Woodhill is 149 km from Auckland Intl Airport (Auckland, New Zealand).


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Tom Brady's Sexiest Photos
Paige Kindlick
Tom Brady heading to the New England Patriots training camp in 2018. The hunky quarterback would go on to lead the team to victory in Super Bowl 53 in Feb. of 2019. Tom became the winningest player in Super Bowl history, earning his sixth ring at age 41 and shows no sign of slowing down. He's spent his entire career with the Patriots and celebrated his 19th anniversary of being drafted by the team in 2000, when he was picked as the 199th player in the draft. In a social media post showing him shirtless with his stats next to him from back on that day, he wrote "More 19 years ago today the @patriots took a chance on the guy in this photo: Me (199) . Thank you to EVERYONE who's helped me to prove them right!" Tom has gone on to become who many consider the greatest player of all time in the NFL, and his six Super Bowl rings prove that case. He's showing no signs of slowing down as his health and training regimine are so disciplined and stong that he's playing at the most elite level in the game into his 40's, which is extraordinary.
Tom Brady plays for the Bucs
Tyler Kaufman/AP/Shutterstock
Tom Brady warms up before before the Tampa Bay Buccaneers play against the New Orleans Saints on September 18, 2022. Tom and his team won the game!
September 19, 2022, 8:40AM
Tom Brady sports Tampa Bay Buccaneers kit for first time
Tampa Bay Buccaneers/ MEGA
Tom Brady is seen for the first time in his new uniform for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The 42-year-old NFL quarterback is now playing for a new team with a number 12 shirt, after 20 years with the New England Patriots. Brady is set to join fellow Buccaneers, including wide receivers Mike Evans and Chris Godwin and tight ends Rob Gronkowski, O.J. Howard and Cameron Brate. During his two decades with the New England Patriots, Brady won six Super Bowl titles and three NFL MVPs, was named to the Pro Bowl 14 times and was a First-Team All-Pro selection three times. 16 Jun 2020 Pictured: Tom Brady is seen in his Tampa Bay Buccaneers uniform for the first time. Photo credit: Tampa Bay Buccaneers/ MEGA TheMegaAgency.com +1 888 505 6342 (Mega Agency TagID: MEGA681209_001.jpg) [Photo via Mega Agency]
June 16, 2020, 6:20PM
Tom Brady On The Field
Tom Brady stretches before a game. The New England Patriots quarterback holds the NFL record for most Super Bowl wins, with six rings.
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Tom Brady Heading To The Stadium
Tom Brady getting his stoke on ahead of a game by arriving at the stadium wearing heaphones. He has a steely look of determination to win.
Tom Brady Playing Football With Kids
Tom Brady plays football with a group of kids during the Best Buddies Charity Football Game. He's a father of three himself and great with children.
Tom Brady After Winning Super Bowl XLIX
Tom Brady celebrates after winning Super Bowl XLIX in 2015. He led the team to victory over the Seattle Seahawks.
Tom Brady Steps Out In A Suit
Tom Brady steps out of court in a suit. He landed in trouble with the NFL over the deflategate scandal where he was ultimately suspended for four games.
Tom Brady Looking Determined
Tom Brady watching the action on the field from the sidelines. He always looks so serious and determined with his head in the game.
Tom Brady In A Super Bowl Ad
Courtesy of Intel
Tom Brady for Intel, Super Bowl 51 Ad. We're totally digging that v-neck T. And wait, is he eating carbs?
Tom Brady Arrives To Training Camp
Tom Brady arrives for training camp looking super hunky in a tight shirt. He gave the cameras one of his handsome smiles as he passed by.
Tom Brady At The Met Gala With Gisele Bundchen
NFL Player Tom Brady and model Gisele Bundchen attend the Costume Institute Gala Benefit to celebrate the opening of the "American Woman: Fashioning a National Identity" exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art on May 3, 2010 in New York City.
Tom Brady With Wife Gisele Bundchen On The Red Carpet
NFL player Tom Brady and model Gisele Bundchen arrive at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Costume Institute Gala, Superheroes: Fashion and Fantasy, held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art on May 5, 2008 in New York City.
Tom Brady With His Kids On The Beach
SplashNews
Tom Brady is the cutest dad as he carries one of his kids down the beach. He's the father of two sons Jack and Ben, and a daughter Vivian.
Tom Brady Speaking During A Press Conference
Tom Brady speaks during a press conference. He's sporting a TB12 cap which is his line of health and performance products, as well as his best selling book.
Tom Brady Out And About
Tom Brady totally channels Clark Kent in his framed glasses and buttoned sweater. He's known for his sharp fashion sense when not in his Patriots uniform.
Tom Brady Smiles For A Photo
Tom Brady in a suit, sigh. He's married to a super model, has the most Super Bowl wins of any NFL player and he's ridiculously handsome.
Tom Brady At The University Of Michigan
Tom Brady walks the field during a college football game at the University of Michigan. The school is his alma mater where he played NCAA football.