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Home > Courses > Course Search Results > University of Tasmania > Bachelor of Marine and Antarctic Science with Honours - Specialisation
Bachelor of Marine and Antarctic Science with Honours - Specialisation
The Bachelor of Marine and Antarctic Science with Honours (Specialisation) is a four-year program with embedded Honours. The initial specialisation to be offered is Physical Oceanography. It will provide students with training in advanced physical oceanography and mathematics, as well as training in scientific research principles and techniques such that graduates have the capacity to conduct physical oceanography research appropriately and with a reasonable degree of autonomy.
Year 12 or equivalent, mature entry available; prerequisites may apply
Chemistry; Geology; Geographic information systems and remote sensing; Marine and Antarctic governance; Modelling and technology; Physical oceanography; Physics; Marine Biology; Physical oceanography (specialisation)
For more information visit: http://www.utas.edu.au/courses/cse/courses/k4c-bachelor-of-marine-and-antarctic-science-with-honours-specialisation
Provider CRICOS: 00586B (TAS); 03058B (NSW)
Life Scientist, Marine Biologist, Physicist,
Course.Info@utas.edu.au
Hobart 52.5 Yes Full time 4 years
Hobart 52.5 Yes Part time 9 years
Why study with us: We are Australia's fourth oldest university and our institution is classed within the top two per cent of universities worldwide. Tasmania is an affordable place to live, with a stunning natural environment and a welcoming community. For students looking for an exceptional, personalised university experience that will shape their future success, there is no better place to study.
The university's campuses in Hobart, Launceston and Burnie are large enough to offer students a focused and engaged learning environment with excellent facilities, but still small enough to ensure students receive the personalised advice and guidance not available at larger institutions.
Beyond Tasmania we also have three Sydney facilities, Rozelle and Darlinghurst, which offer nursing and paramedicine, and our Australian Maritime College study centre in Darling Harbour, which offers a range of marine and maritime programs.
College of Arts, Law and Education
College of Health and Medicine
College of Sciences and Engineering
Tasmanian School of Business and Economics
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies
Menzies Institute for Medical Research
Our students have access to a range of services to help them have a successful and enjoyable university experience. These include clubs, societies, gyms and sports teams.
As well as our orientation activities, our UniStart program is delivered on all campuses and online to help students develop the skills required for independent learning and success at university, such as critical reading, academic writing, and understanding academic assessment. Our Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) program offers helpful unit-specific study sessions led by students who have previously succeeded in the same unit.
Student advisors are also located within each college and offer individual help with challenges such as navigating systems or processes and physical or mental health. Students also have access to counselling 24 hours a day.
Admission and selection
Prospective students can apply for study at any time, and many of our courses have a midyear intake. We pride ourselves on supporting both academic high achievers and those who may not have a conventional academic history, including mature-aged students, career-changers and students without an ATAR.
The university offers a range of generous scholarships across all areas of study for both domestic and international students. Awards are based on merit and equity and reward excellence and improve access for new and continuing students.
Our international exchange program gives students the opportunity to study part of their course at universities around the world, including partner institutions in Asia and the USA. The university actively encourages students to undertake exchange and to assist we offer a range of financial assistance options.
Our university offers more than 100 undergraduate degrees and more than 150 postgraduate programs across a wide range of disciplines. Our programs are accredited and professionally recognised by industry and professional bodies in Australia and abroad.
Study Mode Part-time internal Full-time internal
Bachelor of Engineering - Environmental (Honours) / Bachelor of Arts
Bachelor of Science (Honours) - Enhanced Program for High Achievers
Bachelor of Health - Public Health Professional Honours
Bachelor of Environmental Science (Honours)
Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Honours) / Bachelor of Environmental Engineering (Honours)
Bachelor of Science / Bachelor of Laws (Honours)
Bachelor of Conservation Biology (Honours)
Bachelor of Science - Global Challenges (Advanced) (Honours)
Bachelor of Laws (Honours) / Bachelor of Arts
Bachelor of Laws (Honours) / Bachelor of Science
Bachelor of Science - Geospatial Science (Honours)
Bachelor of Science - Research (Advanced) (Honours)
Bachelor of Environmental Science/Bachelor of Laws (Honours)
Bachelor of Science (Honours)
Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) / Bachelor of Environmental Science
Bachelor of Environmental Management (Honours)
University of Queensland, The (UQ)
Bachelor of Engineering Civil (Honours) / Bachelor of Environmental Science
University of the Sunshine Coast (USC)
Bachelor of Engineering - Civil and Environmental (Honours)
Bachelor of Engineering - Environmental Engineering (Honours)


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"I feel so bad for her." The Bachelor's Vanessa Sunshine has passionately defended Cass Wood.
Jessica Staveley
Senior News Writer
To keep up to date with The Honey Badger, AKA Nick Cummins, and all the best Bachelor 2018 news, cast and roses, check out our Bachelor hub. It's a blast.
Vanessa Sunshine's elimination from The Bachelor last week was up there with one of the most conflicting exits in the show's history.
While we're pretty sure she really didn't want to be there, part of us was genuinely sad to see the 27-year-old leave without a rose.
But there's a silver lining to Vanessa Sunshine's exit – now that she's back outside the Bachie mansion, she's blessing us with blunt Instagram rants and telling us everything we need to know about the other contestants.
Speaking to Who magazine, the Melbourne legal secretary has defended fellow contestant 23-year-old Cass Wood, who has been labelled as "obsessed" with the Honey Badger.
"I feel so bad for her," Vanessa told the publication.
"She isn't crazy. I have a good five years on Cass and she was younger when they dated and her feelings are real," she added.
"What you are seeing is a young woman in love with a man who she is fighting for. She is putting it all out on the table and wanting reassurance from him that he feels the same way and he isn't giving that to her."
Speaking to Mamamia on Friday, Vanessa shared why she wishes we'd all stop talking about the show's 'villains' Romy, Cat and Aleisha.
"I'm going to be really honest, I just think giving them the self-labelled title of 'the trio', 'the mean girls' or villains, it almost glorifies their behaviour," she said.
"To me, Cat, Romy and Aleisha, the way they get their self-worth is by belittling, berating and bullying other people, and that's what it was, it was bullying. The way they justify their behaviour is by scapegoating other people, and they constantly hit below the belt.
"Even if I didn't like someone, I would never go out of my way to belittle or degrade someone or attack their physical appearance, I'm not interested in that."
In a video rant shared to Instagram following her elimination, Vanessa also explained why she didn't appear to fall head over heels for Bachelor Nick Cummins.
"I will never ever put someone on a pedestal, who hasn't earned the right to be there," she said.
To catch up on all the latest Bachelor gossip, join us for the latest episode of Mamamia's Bach Chat podcast.
Take the below quiz to work out which Bachelor date suits you best!
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


On this page: this page is to help you to decide whether to use a quotation, summary or paraphrase. Read the advice and/or answer the questions below to help you choose.
Related pages: Referencing, Reference Machines for in-text citation, a book, an article in a journal, an edited book, a newspaper or magazine article, or an Internet reference.
the reader (often your English teacher).
The authors' words will be difficult for your reader to understand.
Your reader is your teacher and your teacher wants to know if you understand the author correctly.
1. Everything the author writes is important.
2. The quotation will not make your text too long.
3. You haven't used many quotations already.
Not all of the authors words are necessary; e.g. if the author gives examples or explanations that you don't need to put in your text.
If paraphrasing or quoting will make your text too long.
The first question is to help you decide whether to use a paraphrase. Do you think that your reader will understand what the author wrote?
a. Yes, I think the reader will understand.
b. No, I'm not sure if the reader will understand.
c. I'm sure the reader will not understand.
O.K You think that your reader will understand. The second question to help you to decide whether to use a paraphrase is, 'Do you need to show the reader that you understand the author'?
a. Yes, my reader wants to check to see if I understand.
b. No, it's not necessary.
Now you need to choose between a quotation and a summary. Ask yourself, 'Is every word that the author wrote essential'?
a. Yes, everything is important.
b. No, there are some things I can miss out, such as examples and explanations.
To help you to decide you need to think about your word limit. Is the text too long to quote?
a. Yes, I will go over my word limit.
b. No, it's not too long.
The text is not too long. The next question to help you decide is, 'Have you already written a summary in your text'?
a. Yes, I've already done a summary.
b. No, I haven't done a summary yet.
You have already done a summary, so now you can choose between a quotation and a paraphrase. Ask yourself, 'Have I already done a quotation in my text'?
Use a paraphrase to explain what the author says to your reader. Don't forget to reference it with the author's family name, date of publication and page number. Click here to see how.
If the quotation is one or two lines long you can include it inside a paragraph. If it is more than 2 lines you should put it in a separate paragraph and indent it from both sides. Don't forget to reference it with the author's family name, date of publication and page number. Click here to see how.
A summary should contain the main points from the author's text. Don't forget to reference it with the author's family name, date of publication and page number. Click here to see how.


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Pay and Perks
Pay & Perks
Planday
DBS Check
Hacks, tips and insight from the Healthcare industry.
Care leaders urge Government rethink on Mental Capacity (Amendment) Bill
Care leaders have urged the Government to urgently rethink its Mental Capacity (Amendment) Bill as it enters a crucial stage in Parliament.
The leaders have outlined concerns about the legislation that aims to provide legal safeguards under the European Convention on Human Rights and replaces the existing Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DoLS) with Liberty Protection Safeguards (LPS).
Professor Martin Green, chief executive of Care England, said: "The Bill in its current form is simply unworkable and should it be railroaded through Parliament there are real dangers that the people that it seeks to protect will suffer a great injustice and inadequate safeguards.
"The Government needs to go back to the first principles and align the Bill with the recommendations of the Law Commission which itself conducted an extensive in depth study of the situation."
The leaders say the proposals undermine the safeguards that protect people who lack the capacity to make decisions about their care. They argue it introduces a conflict of interest for registered managers who would be responsible for carrying out assessments, leaving providers open to the allegation they are depriving people of their liberty to fill a vacancy.
The group is also uneasy about the reform's focus on saving money, arguing it calls into question the motives for the legislation.
There are also concerns about the financial impact on care providers of fulfilling their LPS responsibility when the sector is under enormous strain.
Judy Downey, Chair of the Relatives and Residents Association, said: "It is neither fair nor appropriate to give care home managers these new responsibilities for vulnerable and often isolated people. It requires them to be judge and jury about decisions in which they themselves could be involved.
"Our helpline hears too many stories of conflicts of interest within families or with care homes, which benefit from the independent professional oversight now provided by Best Interest Assessors. Care home managers are already overburdened with a range of ever-increasing responsibilities in what is a demanding and challenging role."
Minster Care Group service rapped for lack of leadership
Carer allegedly told dementia resident she had eaten her imaginary budgie, court told
Campaigners call for legal pledge on care in Queen's Speech
Residents get on board at care home's virtual railway station
The Fremantle Trust celebrates across the board top food and hygiene rating
Swindon care home celebrates CQC Outstanding
Investor interest in UK care home market at historic high, says Knight Frank
Lack of staff forces 'semi-rural' care home closure
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Many business owners want to appeal to more potential customers, but they don't want to spend a lot of money to do it. On method for doing so is marketing with email. If you don't know much about this marketing method, continue reading. This article will help you figure it out.
Pick an audience to target. Encourage your subscribers to invite their friends to join your list too. Make it easy for people to invite interested friends by including a "Subscribe" link in every email message you send out. This can help you grow your readers organically.
TIP! Only use email marketing to target people who have give you permission to contact them. Emailing random people is considered spam and could get you in trouble with your ISP or web host.
Try using different techniques when you are marketing via email. Online books or articles will be greatly helpful. You may even be able to find a local workshop or class to get hands-on teaching to help you learn.
Use A/B testing to test out different combinations in your subject line. Split the mailing list in half. Use a different subject line for each half of the list, while keeping the rest of the email the same. This allows you to determine which subject lines lead to subscribers opening your emails, and which get deleted without a second thought.
Be sure to get permission prior to contacting any consumer through email. Most people just delete email that they have not requested. You are also taking the risk of being reported as a spammer, and violating the policies implemented by your ISP, resulting in your address being blacklisted.
TIP! Every email should contain one clear message. Don't overwhelm your reader with a ton of text! Formulate one text only, and make sure it is brief and concise.
Limit your marketing email messages to only one each week. Your customer base is likely made up of people who are busy and receive many messages each day. Sending more than one a week may make them skip or delete your messages without regarding your work.
In general, do not send important marketing email on or around major holidays. Most people will be busy celebrating and will not check their emails until they go back to work. Yet, there may be exceptions to this. Emails about special promotions like Black Friday are exceptions to this.
If you want your marketing emails to be effective, give your customers lots of options. Let the subscriber dictate how often they would like to get messages from your business, how much personal information they relinquish to you, and how many emails they would like from you in a given period of time. The more control they have over the process, the more comfortable they will be.
TIP! It is important that you obtain subscriber consent before you begin emailing them. Businesses that are taken seriously do not send out mass mailings via email.
Be sure you have a persistent strategy. It is essential that you have the correct clients in mind, or your work is worthless. Reaching out to an audience that is not appreciative of your efforts will be a waste of everyone's valuable time.
Do not use email messages that require graphical elements in order to present key facts. Many modern email clients – web-based ones, especially – will not display images automatically. Your emails can seem unreadable and unattractive if they rely too much on pictures. You should always use text for your important information and use alt tags to describe your images.
Personalize and customize all of the emails you use for marketing. This doesn't just mean addressing your customers by their first names. Take into account whatever information you have about your subscribers. Take your subscribers and group them together based on interests. Create emails that are tailored to their interests.
TIP! Use active and passive forms of feedback to improve your email-based campaigns. Active feedback is obvious: ask for suggestions and opinions from your readers.
Make sure all of the marketing emails you send are short. The content you choose should be direct and to the point. This shows that you respect your readers' valuable time. Also, readers will read the whole email this way. This can be vital since you probably end your emails with a link to your site to encourage your reader to find out more.
Develop a list that specifically targets your customer's preferences and needs. This can be accomplished by encouraging your loyal customers, along with their many contacts, to sign up for your email dispatches. Making your email list customers feel special by offering them special deals that aren't available to the average walk in customer and they will feel privileged to be on that list.
TIP! Your email subscribers are very likely to be reading your emails from a mobile device such as a smartphone. These gadgets have lower resolutions than modern computer monitors, so you won't have as much space to use.
As you now realize, any company can use marketing with email to attract customers for much less money than with other marketing methods. Given the low cost, you really should give marketing via email a try. Use what you've learned in this article and develop an marketing via email strategy that works!


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Little Book of Rugby Union (HB)
Book£2.99
Product code: 0954456157Released: 28 February 2008127 pages
The Little Book of Rugby, written by Paul Morgan, editor of Rugby World, and Adam Hathaway, is crammed full of facts and figures for the rugby fan.
The A-Z format covers topics as far and wide as England and Australia, the Calcutta Cup and the World Cup, and Oxford and Cambridge and the Barbarians.
On the player side we have profiles on Johnno, Jason and Jonny all rolled into one, and it says a lot about the stature of South African icon Francois Pienaar that he is the only player to have an entire chapter devoted to him!
Informative and entertaining in equal measures, this is the perfect book for the rugby follower.
John Ireland Rugby Tankard
On Trial - The Modern Navy – State Of...
Great British Steam - LNER
Royal Air Force Story DVD
Supermarine Spitfire - The Pilot's View DVD
617 The Last Days of the Vulcan Squadron DVD


Part day bag, part business brief and part overnighter, the Cabin Bag is a hybrid piece that is the essential companion of any urban professional. Supreme organization for all of your tech gadgets plus a relaxed and casual style to make it easy to navigate your world, day to night.
Part day bag, part business brief and part overnighter, the Briggs & Riley Kinzie Street Cabin Bag is a hybrid piece that is the essential companion of any urban professional. Supreme organization for all of your tech gadgets plus a relaxed and casual style to make it easy to navigate your world, day to night.


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« Russian footballer Alexandr Kerzhakov
Russian athlete Dmitri Nossov »
Marat Safin and Anna Druzyaka
Happy together Marat Safin and Anna Druzyaka
Marat Safin and Anna Druzyaka. The famous Russian tennis player Marat Safin has fallen in love for the third time! and with the same person – fashion model Anna Druzyaka. Handsome tennis player Marat Safin, now successfully forging a career of a politician, has deleted himself from the list of bachelors. Not so long ago in an interview, he admitted: "I'm no longer bachelor, I live with someone I love."
Fashion model Alyona Ahmadullina
Last fall, Marat was attributed an affair with a designer Alyona Ahmadullina. But tennis player broke up with Alyona and went back to his ex-girlfriend, Model Anna Druzyaka. He returned to Anya and lives with her. According to Marat's mother the couple is not going to register their relationship. Marat recently told that he would never put a stamp in the passport. "No, I'm not going to get married. Actually, I do not recognize all these formalities. If people love each other, then they don't need these stamps" – as if to prove to his mother Safin said in an interview with "Komsomolskaya Pravda".
Beautiful couple Marat Safin and Anna Druzyaka
Interestingly, Marat and Anna began to meet for the third time. Their first romantic relationships lasted from 2007 to 2009, interrupted by the sudden love of tennis player to the lead singer of the "Blestyashchie" Anastasia Osipova. Safin sought her with perseverance of champion: waiting at the stage door of the club for hours, where she performed, flew across the ocean to be near for only two or three hours, gave snowdrops in January. And later in life of Safin for some time appeared Alyona Ahmadullina.
Walking in New York city Marat Safin and Anna Druzyaka
However, Marat confessed – "I had had some mistakes in the past, actions for which I now have to pay. And now I want to be perceived not only as an athlete, but as a serious man and politician". Beautiful blue-eyed blonde Anna Druzyaka was born November 12 1983 in Moscow.
Handsome sportsman Marat Safin
Marat Safin began his professional career in 1997, and held the No. 1 world ranking in 2000 and April 2001. He won his first Grand Slam title at the 2000 U.S. Open. In December 2011, Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party. Marat Safin represents the Nizhny Novgorod region.
Gorgeous blonde Anna Druzyaka
Model Anna Druzyaka
Girlfriend of Marat, Anna Druzyaka
Glamorous Fashion model Anna Druzyaka
Fashion photo. Anna Druzyaka
In a black hood. Marat Safin
Tennis player Marat Safin
Young and Famous Marat Safin
Just a dream man, Marat Safin
Sitting in an armchair. Marat Safin
Putting a T-shirt on, Marat Safin
During a game. Marat Safin
Bright tennis player Marat Safin
Moment of a game. Marat Safin
Champion with a cup, Marat Safin
Laughing Marat Safin
Russian tennis player Marat Safin
dni.ru/sport
fashionmodeldirectory.com
Artistic forging by Alexander Mashakov
Russian snowboarder Alyona Alekhina
Queen of Russian romance Anastasia Vyaltseva
Vladimir Putin against decadent West


One of MPGA's primary activities is to engage in legislative and rule-making activities. This includes actively participating in writing, sponsoring and supporting legislation or regulation at the state and federal levels to promote or enhance the interests of professional Maine Guides, and to conserve the natural resources that are essential to the future of the guiding profession.
Working to develop a clear definition of an independent contractor.
Protecting the Grand Lakes Stream salmon and bass fishery.
Preventing unnecessary saltwater fishing license requirements from being enacted.
Protecting bear hunting by opposing a referendum financed by animal rights organizations from Washington, DC and other states.
Protecting trapping throughout northern Maine by opposing a lawsuit filed by an animal rights organization from California.
Convincing the state to review the scientific basis for creating ecological preserves.
Preventing overly restrictive license renewal regulations involving additional background checks and even license loss due to speeding tickets.
Changing the rules so guides may use Type 3 life vests when on fresh water instead of cumbersome Type 1 vests.
Adding an experience requirement to the Master Guide license so it is more meaningful to customers.


Border Roads Organization Recruitment 2013: Border Roads Organization has released a recruitment notification for the various jobs through online application form. This Recruitment detains are officially published in website www.bro.nic.in. Candidates who are interested for this jobs they apply through online application form. Border Roads Organization recruitment total 936 jobs through online application form. Last date for submission of applications 04.07.2013. Candidates who are eligible for this jobs of Border Roads organization recruitment they need to download online application form from the website www.bro.nic.in and duly filed form should be sent before closing date. This various jobs are Supervisor store, Laboratory assistant, Hindi Typist, Vehicle mechanic, Driver mechanical Transport, Operator Excavating Machinery, Driver road Roller. Required detais of this recruitment of border roads organization of jobs like age, qualification, selection, how to apply are mentioned below.
Total number of posts: 936.
Age limit: Candidates must have age 18-27 years as on last date of receipt of application and age relaxation is applicable as per rules.
Educational qualifications: Candidates must posses matriculation, 10+2, Degree gorm recognized board/ university. Candidates possessing heavy motor driving licence for post no. 6& 7. Post wise qualification details visit official website.
Application Fee: General and Ex- serviceman candidates & OBC candidates have to pay the fee 50/- in the form of demand draft in favour of Commandant, GREF center, Pune- 411015.
Selection process: Seection os candidates for the recruitment of Border Roads Organization is based on the written test, Interview and physical efficiency test.
How to apply: Candidates who are interested for this border roads Organization recruitment of various jobs they apply through online application form. These online application form can be download from the website www.bro.nic.in. And duly filed form affix recent pass port size photo graph and all required documents and superscribed envelop containing application with "APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF _________"Category UR/SC/ST/OBC, WEIGHTAGE PERCENTAGE IN QUALIFICATION_________ at top of the envelop. Should be reach to the address commandant dighi camp, Pune 411015 with in 45 days from the date publication of this advertisement.
Candidates must visit www.bro.nic.in for the details of border roads organization recruitment of various jobs and online application form.
Closing date for submission of application is with in 45 days form the date publication this advertisement.


Have you been called a worrier? Is your mind always racing? You may have anxiety or an anxiety disorder.
Learn what you can do to cope and some practical strategies to help keep you feeling calmer.
Find out about treatment options including therapy and medications.


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CrystalDiskInfo 8.14.2 [Update]
Samsung partners with Harman to take on Amazon's Alexa
Dreyer Smit Neowin @dreyer_smit · Sep 4, 2017 14:42 EDT · Hot! with 15 comments
Samsung Electronics, and Harman Executives shake hands outside Messe Berlin Exhibition Center at IFA 2017
Earlier this year we reported on rumors that Samsung was working on its own speaker with the Bixby assistant baked into a system that was codenamed 'Vega'. With the success of devices like Amazon's Echo and Google's Home, it would not be too surprising to hear that the largest smartphone maker was venturing into this growing market as well with Samsung CEO, Yoon Boo-keun pledging to launch an 'unrivaled' AI-powered device within the next year at a press conference held on August 31.
Both Samsung and Harman - the automation and audio-visual solutions provider Samsung purchased for $8 billion back in March - had a meeting behind closed doors at IFA 2017 discussing their combined efforts for Samsung to take on the market leaders in the home automation space among other things.
According to the CEO of Harman Denish Paliwal, the joint venture between it and Samsung aims to build the best AI platform, as noted during an interview with The Korean Herald:
"A significant level of joint research and development of the device is underway. The Samsung speaker will have a better AI platform than Google Assistant and Amazon's Alexa.
What we are going to launch will be a whole new ecosystem. It will be a platform that will be able to connect all devices and home appliances."
Samsung isn't the only company attempting to make inroads in the home-automation market. At this year's IFA conference, Sony announced its Google Assistant-powered speaker simply named 'LF-S50G' that has a striking resemblance to Apple's HomePod.
Apple announced the HomePod speaker at its World Wide Developers Conference in June this year, which has a retail price of $349, and launches this December in the US. Harman has also announced several speakers powered by Alexa and Google Assistant at IFA 2017, joining its Cortana-powered device that was announced earlier this year, with it remaining to be seen how the partnership with Samsung effects these products, if at all.
Source and image: The Korean Herald
For more IFA 2017 coverage, follow us at @NeowinFeed on Twitter!
Samsung speaker
You can now order KFC with your smile in China
EE rolls out 4G home broadband in the UK
Windows 10 Build 19044.1499 (KB5009596) in Release Preview Channel contains a ton of fixes in Front Page News
Samsung makes breakthrough in MRAM 'brain-mimicking' technology
Samsung gives users an efficient way to manage appliances with its AI-driven Samsung Home Hub
Samsung's H-Cube solution to allow efficient integration of 6 HBMs, and lower cost benefit
Samsung ranks fifth in Interbrand's Best Global Brands 2021


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Ice Hockey: Devils throw it away
COACH Glenn Mulvenna was fuming.
Cardiff Devils 2, Dundee Stars 3
He could scarcely contain his frustration after a match in which the Cardiff Devils outgunned one of the best teams in Britain - and then threw away the chance of victory.
Dundee, forced back for long periods and outshot 38-23, snatched what had looked an unlikely winner following a defensive error with two minutes 33 seconds left.
"It was stupid," blasted Mulvenna immediately after the match. "We are making simple, but crucial mistakes at the wrong time and they are hurting us.
"We put pressure on Dundee, we had most of the play. We were physical and they were backing off the puck.
"Then in the last few minutes we decided to get cute. That's not our style. We've been getting better and we didn't give too much away, but then we made a mistake.
"Dundee are a talented and offensive side, but we shut them down. It's frustrating getting beaten like that. With the score at 2-2 we had to try and do something cute in front of our own net.
"In the last five minutes guys must be aware of what their jobs are."
The Devils were raw, physical and intense in a bloody clash --Mike Ware, Warren Tait and Jonathan Phillips all spilled blood on the ice and played on.
But Cardiff also listened to Mulvenna's plea to `play smart' and stayed out of the penalty box. Skipper Mike Ware and Dundee's Chris Conaboy went in after a fight, but Cardiff kept their hits hard, but fair.
The result in Cardiff's first Findus British National League match of the season was bitterly disappointing, but it was a fiercely contested thriller against the reigning champions.
Dundee's first line of Ken Pristlay, Teeder Wynne and Tony Hand is rated the best in the FBNL and would also be a huge threat in Superleague.
But Mulvenna wasn't interested in talking about how well his team played, saying: "I will never be happy with a defeat. It might as well have been 10-1.
"Dundee have a quality team, but take a look at our roster. We have a team who can and did match them or better. We let our chance slip away, but we'll learn
Wales NewsWales live breaking news plus traffic, weather and travel updates (Sunday, January 19)All the latest news, sport, weather and travel from across the country


On the biggest week of professional golf as the best players travel to Augusta for the US Masters which starts today, a Ballyshannon man made history on Saturday last at the course.
Donal Scott, a Irish PGA Professional, was inside the ropes as caddie to Irish amateur international Olivia Mehaffey at the Augusta National Women's Amateur Championship.
It was a first for women golfers at a course that did not allow female members until 2012.
34-year-old Scott, who progressed from being one of the most enthusiastic young golfers at Bundoran Golf Club, is now one of the most respected coaches in Irish golf, amateur and professional.
"It was an amazing experience, very special. It was the first time a women's tournament was held there," said Scott, who had gone to the US as part of the support team for Olivia, but then they were informed that coaches could act as caddies and the Ballyshannon man got the dream job.
"I met Olivia about five years ago when I was coaching for the Irish Ladies Golfing Union and we have been working together since."
Scott is a very busy coach and rarely gets time to play much golf nowadays. He was a most enthusiastic young golfer, and that enthusiasm is still there in his coaching role.
"If I won the lotto in the morning, I would still want to continue golf coaching for free," he said.
He has graduated to his present position thanks to hard work, initially under the direction of Bundoran Golf Club professional David Robinson and then after completing his degree in sportsmanagement at UCD, he did his PGA apprenticeship under a former Bundoran Golf Club colleague Gareth McShea, who is the professional at Edmonstown in Dublin.
"I still have the enthusiasm for golf, but now it is for coaching. I suppose I knew after graduating that I was never going to make it playing, but I have developed a passion for coaching. I'm always checking out others, how they swing it, how the putt and chip.
"After deciding that I wasn't going down the road of playing I have dedicated my efforts to be the best coach," said Scott, who paid tribute to the role played by David Robinson in Bundoran and Gareth McShea in Dublin in his career.
"Every time I get home, and it is only about four times a year now, Jim and Nancy (parents) are glad to see me and I'm always made feel welcome at Bundoran Golf Club. I would have great friends in Dublin in the McFaddens and we have the annual Memorial Outing in memory of Patrick McFadden."
Donal spent seven years in Edmonstown before joining the ILGU coaching group, and he has progressed through the ranks to being one of the national coaches for the group at present.
He also carries out coaching with personal clients, both amateur and professional, and does consultancy work with the Danish squad as well as being involved with the Paddy Harrington Maynooth Foundation, which helps college golfers who might not want to take up scholarships in the US.
On Tuesday Donal was at Heathrow Airport in London en route home from his big week in Augusta and could rightly claim to have one up on his mentors David Robinson and Gareth McShea, but he quickly replied: "I'm not sure if I will ever have one up on them boys!"
He has been to many venues with teams as Irish national ILGU coach including to British Opens at Woburn and Kingsbarns.
His involvement as coach with Olivia Mehaffey has taken him to the US a few times a year and he keeps a close eye on all those involved in the High Performance group at national level.
He feels that there is great potential for Women's golf with the likes of Stephanie Meadows and Leonie Maguire have her breakthrough win last weekend.
"I can see Olivia follow in their footsteps and their breakthrough will give other girls the belief. There is a tipping point and there is no reason which Irish girls can make the grade."
But for now the highlight of a very busy career has been that Augusta experience. "It is a place rich in history and before we went out on the course, those involved were given a tour of the clubhouse, the Founders Room.
"Being out on the course you get an overload of the senses, playing a shot off the pine needles at the 13th, the famous 12th and 16th. You think of Jack Nicklaus's putt on 17, or Sandy Lyle's shot from the bunker on 18 or Bubba Watson. It was an amazing experience."
There will be plenty of stories for Donal to tell to Jim and Nancy and to the McFaddens and especially to David Robinson and Gareth McShea, because he really does have one up on them now. The pupil was a Master for a day!


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Esta é uma lista de indicações brasileiras ao Prémio Emmy Internacional, prêmio entregue anualmente pela Academia Internacional das Artes e Ciências Televisivas desde 1973. O Brasil já foi indicado 167 vezes ao Emmy desde 1976 quando o fundador da TV Globo, o jornalista Roberto Marinho, foi homenageado pela Conselho Internacional da Academia Nacional de Artes e Ciências Televisivas com o Directorate Award Citation. Em 1981, o país vencia sua primeira estatueta com o musical A Arca de Noé, série baseada no disco homônimo do músico Vinicius de Moraes, e produzida pela TV Globo. Ao todo são 26 vitórias brasileiras, 18 somente da TV Globo. Em 2020, o Brasil ganhou dois prêmios Emmy, nas categorias Melhor Telenovela (Órfãos da Terra) e Melhor Comédia (Ninguém Tá Olhando).

Dramaturgia

Telenovela

Telefilme ou Minissérie

Série Dramática

Série de Comédia

Atriz

Ator

Programa de Artes Populares

Diretor

Série de Curta Duração

Artes e entretenimento

Programa de Entretenimento sem Roteiro

Programa Artístico

Documentário

Notícias e Atualidades

Noticiário

Programa de Atualidades

Programas Infantis

Programa de entretenimento infantil pré-escolar

Programa de entretenimento infantil sem roteiro

Série de Animação

Programa Digital

Programa Factual e Entretenimento

Telefilme / Minissérie

Série Infantil

Série Live Action

Programa Infantojuvenil

Especial Unicef

Conteúdo Digital

Programa para Jovens e Crianças

Programa de Ficção

Programa de não-ficção

Resumo

Ligações externas
 Official Website

Listas de prémios por artista
Listas de televisão do Brasil

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home > National > Vaccination drive in Delhi at 81 places, 4 days a week: CM
Vaccination drive in Delhi at 81 places, 4 days a week: CM English.Lokmat.com
Vaccination drive in Delhi at 81 places, 4 days a week: CM
Author : IANS | January 14, 2021 01:52 PM
New Delhi, Jan 14 Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal on Thursday said that the vaccination drive will be ...
New Delhi, Jan 14 Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal on Thursday said that the vaccination drive will be carried out at 81 centres across the national capital from January 16, on four days in a week.
Arrangements are in place to vaccinate 100 person daily at each of these 81 centres, ensuring inoculation of over 8,000 persons every day. The number of centres will be subsequently increased to 175, and then to 1,000, he added.
The vaccination in the first phase will be conducted on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.
Addressing a press conference virtually, two days ahead of the launch of the world's largest vaccination drive in India, Kejriwal said that the vaccination process for other diseases will be taken up on Wednesdays and Fridays so that these did not suffer.
"The vaccination drive against coronavirus will begin from January 16 across the country and the Delhi government has made all preparations. I reviewed the preparations today (Thursday) in a meeting with officials," Kejriwal said.
The Aam Aadmi Party leader said that the Delhi government had received 2.74 lakh vaccine doses so far. "As two doses will be administered to each person, and given the 10 per cent extra doses given by the Centre to deal with damage cases, these vaccine doses will be sufficient for 1.30 lakh healthcare workers," Kejriwal said.
Kejriwal said he hoped that the Centre will provide more doses very soon as the numbers were not enough to inoculate all healthcare workers.
In all, 2.40 lakh healthcare workers have registered for the vaccination drive in Delhi in the first phase.
The Drug Controller General of India has approved 'Covishield' and 'Covaxin' vaccines for emergency use. The Oxford University and AstraZeneca have developed 'Covishield', which has been manufactured in India by Serum Institute of India in Pune. Bharat Biotech has developed 'Covaxin'.
( With inputs from IANS )
Tagsdelhi , Aam Aadmi Party , New Delhi , Arvind Kejriwal , Central drugs controller , The new delhi municipal council , Delhi south-west , `delhi , Drug controller general of india , Delhi capital
Over 500 lawyers write to CJI seeking physical hearing resumption in SC, call virtual system a 'failure'
Armed forces acknowledge contributions by veterans, assure them full support
Urdu Bulletin: Stories on SC committee for talks with farmers, Tejas LCA jets covered prominently
An engaging account of history of Indian tennis
Ganga conservation to be part of UP syllabus
Farmers' protest enters 50th day amid biting cold, fog


Usually, we are not fans of RV parks. However, we were visiting Vancouver during a summer holiday weekend and wanted to have a site reserved in advance. The weekly rate was $300 during summer plus $15 tax (Canadian Dollars).
The sites were rather close together, but separated by large privacy bushes which was really nice! Each site also has a picnic table and full hook-ups. The location was easily accessible of Hwy 1 which was convenient for us to head east to the National Parks afterwards. It was a 45-60 min drive to downtown Vancouver and 15-20 min to Abbotsford. There are also restaurants and stores nearby in Aldergrove.
We have ATT/Rogers and our speed was super fast at the site. There is also WiFi but we found out data plan was slightly more reliable.
There was a pool/hot tub which were usually pretty busy with families. They have free donuts/coffee on Sundays and also have a free book exchange. Bathrooms were very nice, but cost $1 Looney to shower. Laundry was on-site for a Tooney each.
While this park is not cheap, we would stay again if visiting Vancouver.
about Eagle Wind RV Park?


IECN photo San Manuel Casino: A rendering of the $500 million expansion project that will include the casino's first onsite hotel, pools, and elevated entertainment experience.
The San Manuel Band of Mission Indians held a ceremony to officially begin its major expansion project through Yaamava', a celebratory event and groundbreaking ceremony on Wednesday, July 22.
The expansion is set to include San Manuel Casino's first onsite hotel, a world-class entertainment venue, and an array of state-of-the-art amenities, including new dining experiences, retail and event spaces, and more.
This $550 million project is a major step forward for the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians and the surrounding community that brings employment opportunities as well as enhanced entertainment experiences to our casino guests.
The project, slated to be complete in early 2021, will entail a 750,000-square-foot total build-out to include a 2400-stall parking garage, approximately 450 rooms, and hotel projected to be 14 – 17 stories high.
Modern Luxury – Casino patrons will now have the added option of staying at the destination itself at the casino's first onsite, luxury hotel.
Regional Economic Growth – San Manuel Band of Mission Indians is among the top 10 private employers in San Bernardino County, currently supporting more than 4,900 employees and generating more than $1 billion in annual economic activity in the San Bernardino region; the San Manuel Casino expansion is set to add even more employment opportunities for the region.
Elevated Entertainment – Visitors and guests will enjoy some of the world's best entertainment that rivals top destinations such as Las Vegas at San Manuel Casino's new world-class entertainment venue.
San Manuel Casino is located at 777 San Manuel Blvd., Highland, CA 92346, and can be reached by calling 1-800- 359-2464. For more information visit www.sanmanuel.com.


A glance upon flowers appearing from the water. The luminous pattern of this insanely beautiful creation shows those flowers moving in a mystical motion. The luxurious ivory flower embroidery is embracing your breasts and mesmerizingly complementing your cleavage. Following across your waist completing the body with a high leg shape. The transparency of the creation leaves room for imagination of the wilder kind: the free and unrestrained.
The "Poetica" body holds a rich combination of rigid light tulle with ivory embroidery, silk straps and golden decorations. These gold details are strapped in with our signature weave detail and cross further into the piece and so shaping to underline the breast with a natural push and comfortable support. With it revealing the enticing cleavage as the center of this artwork. Subtle straps lead to the back of this piece for a barely there look.
This ''Poetica'' shape supports a larger cup as well, going up to a DD/E-cup with size large. The adjustable straps give you the comfort to create your own fit.
This piece is handmade in our atelier in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Shaping craftsmanship and straps for stable support of the breasts.
A rich combination of ivory Swiss embroidery on rigid light tulle with silk straps and golden decorations from France.


Under the bathroon sink organization - C.R.A.F.T.
I've been on an organizing frenzy. Check out the junk drawer and under the kitchen sink.
I love these things…$6.33 only at Lowes.
Here is a close up and an HERE is an earlier attempt to organize under the sink.
All of the stuff…who would have guessed we have 4 things of sunscreen, 2 nail polish removals, 3 rubbing alcohols, and 2 mouth washes!
White shelf= organization miracle. Thank you Lowes.
Love the organization, makes you ready to tackle anything the day throws at you!
I have recently been in both Home Depot and Lowes looking for organization-type items for our new home and I have to say that Lowes sure beats Home Depot hands down in this category. I was surprised by all the neat items they had (especially for the kitchen, pantry and closets). I can't wait to get started!
Thanks for the inspiration, I shall start with my bathroom!
how brave of you to reveal the 'before' to us!


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Compare Translations for 2 Chronicles 33:3
2 Chronicles /
2 Chronicles 33 /
2 Chronicles 33:3 (ASV) For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down; and he reared up altars for the Baalim, and made Asheroth, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (BBE) For he put up again the high places which had been pulled down by his father Hezekiah; and he made altars for the Baals, and pillars of wood, and was a worshipper and servant of all the stars of heaven;
2 Chronicles 33:3 (CEB) He rebuilt the shrines that his father Hezekiah had destroyed, set up altars for the Baals, and made sacred poles. He bowed down to all the stars in the sky and worshipped them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (CEBA) He rebuilt the shrines that his father Hezekiah had destroyed, set up altars for the Baals, and made sacred poles. He bowed down to all the stars in the sky and worshipped them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (CJB) For he rebuilt the high places which Hizkiyahu his father had smashed; he erected altars for the ba'alim, made sacred poles and worshipped all the army of heaven and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (CSB) He rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had torn down and reestablished the altars for the Baals. He made Asherah poles, and he worshiped the whole heavenly host and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (DBY) And he built again the high places that Hezekiah his father had broken down; and he reared up altars to the Baals, and made Asherahs, and worshipped all the host of heaven and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (ESV) For he rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had broken down, and he erected altars to the Baals, and made Asherahs, and worshiped all the host of heaven and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (GNT) He rebuilt the pagan places of worship that his father Hezekiah had destroyed. He built altars for the worship of Baal, made images of the goddess Asherah, and worshiped the stars.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (GNTA) He rebuilt the pagan places of worship that his father Hezekiah had destroyed. He built altars for the worship of Baal, made images of the goddess Asherah, and worshiped the stars.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (GW) He rebuilt the illegal places of worship that his father Hezekiah had torn down. He set up altars dedicated to other gods--the Baals--and made a pole dedicated to the goddess Asherah as King Ahab of Israel had done. Manasseh, like Ahab, worshiped and served the entire army of heaven.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (HNV) For he built again the high places which Hizkiyahu his father had broken down; and he reared up altars for the Ba`alim, and made Asherot, and worshiped all the host of the sky, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (JUB) For he rebuilt the high places which Hezekiah, his father, had broken down, and he raised up altars for the Baalim and made groves and worshipped all the host of the heavens and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (KJV) For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down, and he reared up altars for Baalim, and made groves, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (KJVA) For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down , and he reared up altars for Baalim, and made groves, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (LEB) And {he rebuilt} the high places that Hezekiah his father broke down, and he set up altars for the Baals, made Asherahs, and bowed down to the host of heaven and served them.
Chronicles II 33:3 (LXX) And he returned and built the high places, which his father Ezekias had pulled down, and set up images to Baalim, and made groves, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (MSG) He rebuilt the sex-and-religion shrines that his father Hezekiah had torn down, he built altars and phallic images for the sex god Baal and the sex goddess Asherah and worshiped the cosmic powers, taking orders from the constellations.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (NAS) For he rebuilt the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down; he also erected altars for the Baals and made Asherim, and worshiped all the host of heaven and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (NCV) Manasseh's father, Hezekiah, had torn down the places where gods were worshiped, but Manasseh rebuilt them. He also built altars for the Baal gods, and he made Asherah idols and worshiped all the stars of the sky and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (NIRV) Manasseh rebuilt the high places. His father Hezekiah had destroyed them. Manasseh also set up altars to the gods that were named after Baal. He made poles that were used to worship the goddess Asherah. He even bowed down to all of the stars. And he worshiped them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (NIV) He rebuilt the high places his father Hezekiah had demolished; he also erected altars to the Baals and made Asherah poles. He bowed down to all the starry hosts and worshiped them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (NKJV) For he rebuilt the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down; he raised up altars for the Baals, and made wooden images; and he worshiped all the host of heaven and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (NLT) He rebuilt the pagan shrines his father, Hezekiah, had broken down. He constructed altars for the images of Baal and set up Asherah poles. He also bowed before all the powers of the heavens and worshiped them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (NRS) For he rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had pulled down, and erected altars to the Baals, made sacred poles, worshiped all the host of heaven, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (NRSA) For he rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had pulled down, and erected altars to the Baals, made sacred poles, worshiped all the host of heaven, and served them.
Divrey Hayamim Bais 33:3 (OJB) For he rebuilt the high places which Chizkiyahu Aviv had demolished, erected mizbechot for Ba'alim, and made Asherot, and worshiped all the tzva HaShomayim, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (RHE) And he turned, and built again the high places which Ezechias his father had destroyed: and he built altars to Baalim, and made groves, and he adored all the host of heaven, and worshipped them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (RSV) For he rebuilt the high places which his father Hezeki'ah had broken down, and erected altars to the Ba'als, and made Ashe'rahs, and worshiped all the host of heaven, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (RSVA) For he rebuilt the high places which his father Hezeki'ah had broken down, and erected altars to the Ba'als, and made Ashe'rahs, and worshiped all the host of heaven, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (TMB) For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down, and he reared up altars for the Baalim, and made Asherah poles, and worshiped all the host of heaven and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (TMBA) For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down, and he reared up altars for the Baalim, and made Asherah poles, and worshiped all the host of heaven and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (WBT) For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down; and he reared up altars for Baalim, and made groves, and worshiped all the host of heaven, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (WEB) For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down; and he reared up altars for the Baals, and made Asheroth, and worshiped all the host of the sky, and served them.
2 Chronicles 33:3 (WYC) And he turned, and restored the high places, which Hezekiah, his father, had destroyed. And he builded altars to Baalim, and made woods, and worshipped all the knighthood of heaven, and praised it. (And he turned, and restored the hill shrines, which his father Hezekiah had destroyed. And he built altars to the Baalim, and made idol groves, or sacred poles, and worshipped all the host of heaven, that is, the moon, and the stars, and the planets, and praised them.)
2 Chronicles 33:3 (YLT) and he turneth and buildeth the high places that Hezekiah his father hath broken down, and raiseth altars for Baalim, and maketh shrines, and boweth himself to all the host of the heavens, and serveth them.
Commentaries For 2 Chronicles 33
Manasseh's and repentance. (1-20) Amon's wicked reign in Judah. (21-25)
Verses 1-20 We have seen Manasseh's wickedness; here we have his repentance, and a memorable instance it is of the riches of God's pardoning mercy, and the power of his renewing grace. Deprived of his liberty, separated from his evil counsellors and companions, without any prospect but of ending his days in a wretched prison, Manasseh thought upon what had passed; he began to cry for mercy and deliverance. He confessed his sins, condemned himself, was humbled before God, loathing himself as a monster of impiety and wickedness. Yet he hoped to be pardoned through the abundant mercy of the Lord. Then Manasseh knew that Jehovah was God, able to deliver. He knew him as a God of salvation; he learned to fear, trust in, love, and obey him. From this time he bore a new character, and walked in newness of life. Who can tell what tortures of conscience, what pangs of grief, what fears of wrath, what agonizing remorse he endured, when he looked back on his many years of apostacy and rebellion against God; on his having led thousands into sin and perdition; and on his blood-guiltiness in the persecution of a number of God's children? And who can complain that the way of heaven is blocked up, when he sees such a sinner enter? Say the worst against thyself, here is one as bad who finds the way to repentance. Deny not to thyself that which God hath not denied to thee; it is not thy sin, but thy impenitence, that bars heaven against thee.
Verses 21-25 Amon's father did ill, but he did worse. Whatever warnings or convictions he had, he never humbled himself. He was soon cut off in his sins, and made a warning for all men not to abuse the example of God's patience and mercy to Manasseh, as an encouragement to continue in sin. May God help us to be honest to ourselves, and to think aright respecting our own character, before death fixes us in an unchangeable state.
2 Chronicles 33:1-10 . MANASSEH'S WICKED REIGN.
1, 2. Manasseh . . . did that which was evil in the sight of the
2 Chronicles 33:11-19 . HE IS CARRIED UNTO BABYLON, WHERE HE HUMBLES HIMSELF BEFORE GOD, AND IS RESTORED TO HIS KINGDOM.
11. the captains of the host of the king of Assyria--This king was Esar-haddon. After having devoted the first years of his reign to the consolidation of his government at home, he turned his attention to repair the loss of the tributary provinces west of the Euphrates, which, on the disaster and death of Sennacherib, had taken the opportunity of shaking off the Assyrian yoke. Having overrun Palestine and removed the remnant that were left in the kingdom of Israel, he despatched his generals, the chief of whom was Tartan ( Isaiah 20:1 ), with a portion of his army for the reduction of Judah also. In a successful attack upon Jerusalem, they took multitudes of captives, and got a great prize, including the king himself, among the prisoners.
took Manasseh among the thorns--This may mean, as is commonly supposed, that he had hid himself among a thicket of briers and brambles. We know that the Hebrews sometimes took refuge from their enemies in thickets ( 1 Samuel 13:6 ). But, instead of the Hebrew, Bacochim, "among the thorns", some versions read Bechayim, "among the living", and so the passage would be "took him alive."
bound him with fetters, and carried him to Babylon--The Hebrew word rendered "fetters" denotes properly two chains of brass. The humiliating state in which Manasseh appeared before the Assyrian monarch may be judged of by a picture on a tablet in the Khorsabad palace, representing prisoners led bound into the king's presence. "The captives represented appear to be inhabitants of Palestine. Behind the prisoners stand four persons with inscriptions on the lower part of their tunics; the first two are bearded, and seem to be accusers; the remaining two are nearly defaced; but behind the last appears the eunuch, whose office it seems to be to usher into the presence of the king those who are permitted to appear before him. He is followed by another person of the same race as those under punishment; his hands are manacled, and on his ankles are strong rings fastened together by a heavy bar" [Nineveh and Its Palaces]. No name is given, and, therefore, no conclusion can be drawn that the figure represents Manasseh. But the people appear to be Hebrews, and this pictorial scene will enable us to imagine the manner in which the royal captive from Judah was received in the court of Babylon. Esar-haddon had established his residence there; for though from the many revolts that followed the death of his father, he succeeded at first only to the throne of Assyria, yet having some time previous to his conquest of Judah, recovered possession of Babylon, this enterprising king had united under his sway the two empires of Babylon and Chaldea and transferred the seat of his government to Babylon.
12, 13. when he was in affliction, he besought the Lord his God--In the solitude of exile or imprisonment, Manasseh had leisure for reflection. The calamities forced upon him a review of his past life, under a conviction that the miseries of his dethronement and captive condition were owing to his awful and unprecedented apostasy ( 2 Chronicles 33:7 ) from the God of his fathers. He humbled himself, repented, and prayed for an opportunity of bringing forth the fruits of repentance. His prayer was heard; for his conqueror not only released him, but, after two years' exile, restored him, with honor and the full exercise of royal power, to a tributary and dependent kingdom. Some political motive, doubtless, prompted the Assyrian king to restore Manasseh, and that was most probably to have the kingdom of Judah as a barrier between Egypt and his Assyrian dominions. But God overruled this measure for higher purposes. Manasseh now showed himself, by the influence of sanctified affliction, a new and better man. He made a complete reversal of his former policy, by not only destroying all the idolatrous statues and altars he had formerly erected in Jerusalem, but displaying the most ardent zeal in restoring and encouraging the worship of God.
14. he built a wall without the city . . . on the west side of Gihon . . . even to the entering in at the fish gate--"The well-ascertained position of the fish gate, shows that the valley of Gihon could be no other than that leading northwest of Damascus gate, and gently descending southward, uniting with the Tyropoeon at the northeast corner of Mount Zion, where the latter turns at right angles and runs towards Siloam. The wall thus built by Manasseh on the west side of the valley of Gihon, would extend from the vicinity of the northeast corner of the wall of Zion in a northerly direction, until it crossed over the valley to form a junction with the outer wall at the trench of Antonia, precisely in the quarter where the temple would be most easily assailed" [BARCLAY].
17. the people did sacrifice still in the high places, yet unto the Lord their God only--Here it appears that the worship on high places, though it originated in a great measure from the practice of heathenism, and too often led to it, did not necessarily imply idolatry.
2 Chronicles 33:20-25 . HE DIES AND AMON SUCCEEDS HIM.
20, 21. Manasseh slept with his fathers . . . Amon began to


text:
J Cancer: 52,978-986 (1 992) 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Itit.
Publication of the InternationalUnion Against Cancer Publicationde I'Union InternationaleContre le Cancer
PROLIFERATION OF HUMAN COLON CANCER CELLS: ROLE OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR AND TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTORa Shuang HUANG,Jose M. TRUJILLO and Subhas CHAKRABARTY' Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Univeruty of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Human colon cancer cells produce and secrete a variety of polypeptide growth factors. The functional role of these growth factors, however, is poorly understood. Though the secretion of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like activity and EGF-related molecules by human colon cancer cells in culture has been reported, it is not known whether colon cancer cells produce and secrete EGF, and the functional role of EGF in the growth control of these cells i s also unknown. We have shown that EGF acts as a potent growth stimulator on the moderately differentiated Moser colon cancer cell line and as an inhibitor on the highly metastatic KMl2SM cell line. In the present study, we show that EGF is produced by human colon cancer cells and characterize the levels of EGF mRNA expression and EGF protein secretion from 8 human colon cancer cell lines. The cell-surface EGF receptors on these cell lines were also characterized by radiolabeled ligand binding and Scatchard analyses. All the cell lines expressed EGF mRNA and secreted EGF. Both high- and low-affinity subtypes of EGF receptor were detected on 7 of the cell lines. These lines also secreted transforming growth factor (TGF)(I. Some cell lines exhibited a proliferative response t o treatment with either exogenous EGF or TGFa, while others did not respond t o treatment with these growth factors. Antibody-blocking experiments, using anti-EGF or antiEGF receptor antibody, suggested that these cell lines could be broadly classified into 2 groups in terms of their autocrine or paracrine growth regulation via the cell-surface EGF receptor: (I)cells that utilized EGF and/or TGFa; and (2) cells that did not utilize EGF or TGFa (via the cell-surface receptor), even though they secreted abundant amounts of these growth factors.
o 1992 Wilq-Liss, Inc.
Polypeptide growth factors play a critical role in regulating cell growth and differentiation (Sporn and Roberts, 1988; Smith et al., 1989; Bogler et al., 1990; Barnard et al., 1990). Abnormal expression of growth factors and their receptors or abnormal responses to growth factors, or both. may be involved in cellular transformation and in the maintenancc of the transformed phenotype (Laiho and Keski-Oja, 1989; Cross and Dexter, 1991). Human colon-cancer cells in culture produce and secrete molecules with transforming growth factor (TGF)a-like and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like activity into the media (Coffeyet al., 1986; Hanauske et ~ l . 1987; , Anzano et al., 1989). It has also been reportcd that human colon cancer cell lines express T G F a mRNA (Coffey et al., 1987). T G F a is a growth-stirnulatory factor in colon cancer and colon epitheliumderived cells (Mulder and Brattain, 1989; Watkins and Levine, 1991; Markowitz et al., 1990). The physiological properties of E G F are nearly identical to those of T G F a (Moses et al.. 1989: Donaldson et al., 1989). E G F acts as a mitogen on many cell types, and most cell types possess cell-surface E G F receptors (Donaldson et al., 1989). Both E G F and T G F a bind to the same cell-surface receptor, through which they mediate their biological action. We have shown that E G F acts as a potent growth stimulator in the moderately differentiated human colon-cancer Moser cell line and is a potent growth inhibitor of the metastatic human colon cancer KM12SM cell line (Huang et a/., 1991). Thus, E G F may function as an important growth-control molecule in human colon-cancer cells. Human colon-cancer cells have been reported to respond to treatment with exoge-
nous E G F (Wan etal., 1988; Mulder and Brattain, 1989; Gross et al., 1991). Endogenous production and secretion of E G F by human colon-cancer cells, however. have not been reported. In this communication, we report the characterization of E G F expression and secretion in 8 human colon-cancer cell lines. Cell-surface E G F receptors were also characterized by radiolabeled ligand binding and Scatchard analyses. All the cell lines expressed E G F mRNA and secreted E G F protein (1.0 to 167.5 ng/mg cell protein) and T G F a (0.8 to 9.4 ng/mg). The proliferative responses of some of these cell lines to treatment with exogenous EGF, TGFa, anti-EGF antibody and anti-EGF receptor antibody were also characterized. The results of antibody-blocking experiments suggested that, in some cell lines, both E G F and T G F a played a growthstimulatory role via the cell-surface E G F receptor, while other cell lines were incapable of responding to these growth factors via the cell-surface E G F receptor even though they secreted E G F and TGFa. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material Human recombinant EGF, T G F a and monoclonal antibody (MAb) to human E G F receptor were purchased from Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, NY). The anti-EGF receptor antibody recognizes an antigenic determinant located on the extracellular domain of the receptor, immunoprecipitates a 175-kDa protein from A431 cell lysates, inhibits A431 cell growth, and competes with E G F for the ligand binding site (information supplied by manufacturer). MAb to human E G F was purchased from Oncogene Science (Manhasset, NY). T G F a radioimmunoassay kits were purchased from Biomedical Technologies (Stoughton, MA). Both the anti-EGF and anti-EGF receptor antibodies blocked the binding of '251-EGF to the human coloncarcinoma Moser cells cultured in monolayer (data not shown). W e have previously shown that the anti-EGF antibody blocks the proliferative effect of both exogenous and endogenously produced EGF, and the anti-EGF receptor antibody blocks the proliferative effect of endogenously produced E G F and T G F a in human colon cancer cells (Huang et af., 1991). Cell lines Human colon-cancer cell lines FET, JVC, RCA, CBS, C E O and HCT116 were obtained from Dr. M.G. Brattain, Baylor College of Medicine. The biological properties of these cells have been well characterized (Brattain et al., 1984: Mulder and Brattain, 1989). SW480 and HT29 cell lines were obtained from the ATCC (Rockville, MD). All cells were cultured in supplemental McCoy's medium containing 5% FBS at 37°C in a humidified COz incubator.
'To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed, at the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Box 073, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Received: August 3, 1992.
EGF, TGFa AND COLON CELL PROLIFERATION
Qitantificaiion of EGF and TGFa secretion To measure secreted EGF and TGFa, the media of exponentially growing cells in 25-cm' culture flasks were removed. The cells were then washed thoroughly several times with serumfree medium and cultured for another 3 days in serum-free medium. The serum-free conditioned media were then harvested for the determination of E G F and T G F a concentrations. E G F was quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition method as described previously (Huang et al., 1991). Briefly, serum-free conditioned media wcre used to inhibit binding of anti-EGF antibody to insolubilized E G F in the ELISA wells. The amounts of E G F in the media were estimated from a calibration curve using varying amounts of E G F to inhibit binding of anti-EGF antibody to insolubilized EGF. The amounts of E G F in media were then expressed as ng EGF/mg cell lysate protein. T G F a was quantified with a T G F a radioimmunoassay kit (Biomedical Technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA analyses by Northern hybridization Northcrn hybridization was performed as previously described (Huang et al., 1991) using a 32P-labeled synthetic anti-sense oligonucleotide (20 bp corresponding to the 5' end of the coding sequence of the mature human E G F protein) as a probe. A 32P-labeled GAPDH cDNA was used as a control probe (Huanget al., 1991).
culture plates. Cells were briefly washed with an acid-salt solution (0.2 M acetic acid, 0.5 M NaCI) to remove endogenous E G F bound to its cell-surface receptors before the addition of radiolabeled E G F in the binding assay. Data were analyzed by the Scatchard method using a microcomputer and the LIGAND program, and were evaluated for best fit in a 2-site ligand-binding model. RESULTS
EGF and TGFa secretion The amounts of E G F and T G F a secreted into 3-day conditioned media by 8 human colon-cancer cell lines are shown in Table I. Three of the cell lines (JVC, SW480 and C E O ) secreted negligible amounts of E G F (1.0-1.7 ng/mg cell protein) by comparison with FET, RCA, CBS, HT29 and HCTl16 cells, which secreted 81.8-167.5 ng EGFimg cell protein. The HCT116 cell line secreted the most E G F (Table I). Northern hybridization analyses showed that all the cells expressed E G F mRNA (Fig. la). The levels of E G F mRNAs were quantified by densitometric scanning of the autoradiograph and expressed as ratios of the amount of E G F to GAPDH probes bound (Fig. 1b). FET cells expressed the greatest amount of E G F mRNA and HT29 the next greatest. The amount of TGFu secreted by these cell lines was considerably lower than the amount of E G F secreted (Table I). The concentrations of T G F a secreted ranged from 0.8 to 9.4 ngimg cell protein, with the JVC cell line secreting the most.
Responses to treatment with exogenous EGF and TGFa Proliferative responses The proliferative responses of the cell lines to treatment Proliferative responses to treatment with EGF, TGFa, with E G F and T G F a were examined next. Figure 2 shows that anti-EGF antibody and anti-EGF receptor antibody were measured as described previously (Huang et a/., 1991) with one the cells could be broadly classified into 3 groups, based on modification. The assays were performed in 96-well tissue- their proliferative responses to EGF: (1) responsive (FET and culture plates, and the number of cells in the wells was JVC); (2) intermediately responsive (RCA and CBS); and (3) estimated by the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoI-2-yl)-2,5- relatively unresponsive (SW480, HT29, G E O and HCTll6). diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (Carmichael et al., Both the F E T and JVC cell lines responded to E G F treatment 1987; Fan et al., 1989; Heo ef al., 1990). Briefly, 2,500 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Most responsive was the FET (counted in a hemocytometer) per well were seeded into cell line, which showed a maximum increase in growth of over tissue-culture plates and allowed to attach overnight. The 60% compared to untreated control cells over a 4-day culture media (McCoy's medium containing 5% FBS) were then period (Fig. 2a). Figure 3 shows the proliferative responses of these cell lines replenished with fresh media containing EGF, TGFa, antiE G F antibody, or anti-EGF-receptor antibody in the concen- to TGFa. These cells could be broadly classified into 2 groups: trations indicated in "Results". The media in control wells (1) responsive (FET, JVC, and RCA) and (2) relatively were replenished with fresh media without growth factors or unresponsive (CBS, SW480, HT29, G E O and HCTl16). A antibodies. Preliminary experiments showed that, under iden- maximum increase in growth of 30% relative to that of tical conditions using saturating concentration of the anti-EGF untreated control cells over a 4-day culture period was obor anti-EGF receptor antibodies (indicated in Figs. 4 and 5 ) , served in the most responsive FET and JVC cells (Fig. 3). the binding of I2'I-EGF to the Moser cells was completely Overall, the cell lines that responded to exogenous E G F also blocked (data not shown). An irrelevant MAb to nucleolar responded to exogenous TGFa. protein B23 (Chan et al., 1989) was also used as control. This antibody had no effect on the cells' proliferation. TABLE I - EGF AND TGFa SECRETION BY HUMAN COLON-CANCER After 4 days of culture, 40 WI MTT solution (2 mg/ml in CELL LINES PBS) wcre added to each well. The cells were then incubated EGF TGFa Cell line in a humidified COz incubator for 3 hr for development of blue (na/mr cell protein) (nr:mr cell protein) formazan crystals. The solution in the wells was then carefully FET 109.9 f 20.2 3.0 t 0.8 removed by aspiration, and 200 p1 dimethylsulfoxide were JVC 1.7 f 1.1 9.4 f 0.5 added to each well. The culture plates were then gently shaken 7.1 2 1.2 RCA 81.8 f 12.4 on a horizontal shaker until the formazan crystals were CBS 85.4 f 8.6 7.1 2 2.1 completely dissolved. The optical density (OD) of each well SW480 1.6 2 0.3 0.8 2 0.2 was determined with an automatic multi-well plate reader at HT29 116.5 f 21.1 1.1 2 0.3 570 nm. The percentage stimulation or inhibition of growth GEO 1.0 t 0.4 1.3 r 1.1 was determined by the following formula: 5.7 t 2.2 HCT116 167.5 f 39.7 ~~~
[(OD of experimental wells-OD control wells)/ OD control wells] x 100
'"I-EGF binding This assay was performed exactly as previously described (Huangef al., 1991) using cells in monolayer growth in 24-well
EGF and TGFa secretion into 3-day serum-free conditioned media was quantified as described in "Methods". EGF (sample volume of 150 pl) was quantified by an ELISA method as described previously (Huang et a/., 1991). TGFa (sample volume of 100 PI) was quantified by a commercially available TGFa RIA kit. This assay was performed according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer.
HUANG ET AL.
FIGURE 1 - Northern-blot analysis of EGF mRNA expression in human colon-cancer cell lines using a ["]P EGF oligonucleotide probe. (a) Twenty micrograms of cellular RNA from each cell line were fractionated by agarose-formaldehyde gel electrophoresis and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Top panel: autoradiograph of the membrane hybridized with EGF probe. Lower panel: autoradiograph of the same membrane rehybridized with ['?]P GAPDH cDNA probe after the first probe was stripped off with 50% formamide in 0.9 M NaCl and 0.09 M sodium citrate at 65°C for 30 min and the membrane was washed with this salt solution without formamide. Lanes 1 to 8: SW480. RCA, JVC, GEO, HT29, CBS, FET and HCTll6, respectively. (b) Ratios of EGF mRNA to GAPDH mRNA expression. The ratios were determined by densitometric tracing of the autoradiograph.
Proliferafive responses to treatment with anti-EGF and anti-EGF receptor antibodies Since 5 of the cell lines (FET, RCA, CBS, HT29 and HCTll6) produced relatively high levcls of EGF, anti-EGF and anti-EGF-receptor antibody-blocking experiments were performed to assess the role of E G F in autocrine or paracrine stimulation of these cells. Figure 4 shows that anti-EGF antibody blocked the proliferation of FET, RCA and CBS cells in a dose-dependent manner, while the other cell types were relatively unresponsive to treatment with the anti-EGF antibody. The JVC cells, which produced only minimal amounts of EGF, responded poorly to treatment with anti-EGF antibody (Fig. 4). We next determined the effect of blocking the binding of both E G F and T G F a to cell-surface E G F receptors on the growth of these cells by using anti-EGF receptor antibody. The FET, RCA and CBS cells (which were the most responsive to anti-EGF antibody) were also the most responsive to the growth-inhibitory effect of anti-EGF receptor antibody (Fig. 5). A slightly higher growth-inhibitory effect was observed with anti-EGF receptor antibody (48, 35 and 50% inhibition, respectively) than with anti-EGF antibody (30, 28, and 459% inhibition. respectively) at saturating antibody concentrations (Figs. 4 and 5). Since anti-EGF receptor antibody blocked the action of both E G F and TGFa, our data suggest that these cells may utilize both E G F and T G F a as growth stimulators via the cell-surface E G F receptor. The HT29 cells, which secreted little TGFa, were relatively unresponsive to anti-EGF receptor antibody. The JVC cells, which produced a negligible amount of E G F (1.7 ngimg protein) but the highest amount of TGF-a (9.4 ng/mg protein), were relatively unresponsive to the antiproliferative effect of anti-EGF receptor antibody (Fig. 5 ) . Both RCA and HCTl16, which secreted high levels of EGF, also responded poorly to anti-EGF receptor antibody (Fig. 5).
EGF receptors Since extracellular E G F and T G F a mediate their action through binding to the cell-surface E G F receptors, we analyzed E G F receptor expression on the surfaces of these colon-cancer cells by radiolabeled ligand binding assays and Scatchard plots. Figures 6 and 7 show the Iz51-EGFbinding profiles and Scatchard plots of these cells respectively. Table I1 summarizes the results of these E G F binding studies. Both high- and low-affinity E G F receptor subtypes were detected in 7 of the cell lines. In the HT29 line, only the low-affinity subtype of E G F receptor was detected. DISCUSSION
EGF-like and T G F a activities were originally identified in human colon-cancer cells by a combination of biological and radioreceptor assays (Coffey et al., 1986; Hanauske et al., 1987; Anzanzo et al., 1989). Since both E G F and T G F a bind to the same cell-surface E G F receptor (Donaldson et a/., 1989), the radioreceptor assay cannot distinguish E G F from TGFa. The secretion of a novel class of EGF-related molecules, cripto and amphiregulin, by human colon cancer cells has recently been reported (Ciardiello et al., 1991). The cripto and amphiregulin mRNAs (2.2 and 1.4 kb respectively) are much smaller than E G F mRNA, with a size of 4.6 to 4.8 kb (Ciccodicola et al., 1989; Plowman et al.. 1990). In this study, we used an EGF-specific ELISA assay and Northern hybridization employing an E G F oligonucleotide probe to demonstrate that human colon-cancer cells expressed EGF mRNA and secreted EGF. However, a wide range of E G F concentrations was secreted by these cells, ranging from 1 to 167 ng/mg cell protein over a 3-day culture period. These cells also secreted TGFa, albeit much less than E G F (1 to 9 ng/mg cell protein). Not all cells that secreted high levels of E G F expressed high levels of E G F mRNA. Most notable was
EGF. TGFa AND COLON CELL PROLIFERATION
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text:
Tarnanthi Book Cover
TARNANTHI
Book Extract
The annual South Australian festival, TARNANTHI, celebrates the depth and breadth of contemporary Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art nationwide. The 2017 festival (which closes 28 January 2018) presented works by 200 artists at the Art Gallery of South Australia, as well as another 26 exhibitions at venues across Adelaide.
The catalogue for the festival, produced by the AGSA and edited by artistic director Nici Cumpston, documents the full scope of TARNANTHI 2017. In the extract reproduced with permission below, Tom Nicholson discusses the complex friendship between artists Rex Battarbee and Albert Namatjira and the response to their photographs made by Western Arrernte artists in the group show, 'What if this photograph is by Albert Namatjira?.'
What if this photograph is by Albert Namatjira?
What if this photograph is by Albert Namatjira? is a project by contemporary Western Arrernte artists working within the heritage of Albert Namatjira or 'Hermannsburg school' of watercolour painting.(1) This project engages a less well-known aspect of this heritage – photographs. The artists have created a body of paintings in response to photographs from the South Australian Museum's Battarbee Collection, which includes the rich photographic archive of the Victorian artist Rex Battarbee, generously bequeathed by his daughter Gayle Quarmby. These photographs were mostly taken in the mid to late 1930s in and around Ntaria/Hermannsburg, mostly through Tjoritja/the West MacDonnell Ranges.
This was a remarkable period for the artistic exchange and friendship – between Battarbee and the great Western Arrernte artist Albert Namatjira. During this period, they made a number of sustained plein-air painting trips together in Tjoritja. Apart from the quality and inventiveness of the work produced during this time, one of the notable features of this period was their use of photography.(2)
The photographs in the Battarbee Collection are diverse, but landscape photographs of Tjoritja predominate, and these photographs often anticipate Battarbee's and Namatjira's paintings or seem to have been a way for the artists to begin to think the complexity of the landscape's forms into a rectangle.(3)
During their plein-air trips, Battarbee and Namatjira would photograph during the day and develop their material in dry river beds at night. And the day-night rhythm of the photography articulated into the rhythm of their exchanges: picture-making during daylight hours and talking around the campfire at night, extraordinary conversations, often centred around the meanings of that Country they were painting, recorded in the remarkable nightly journals of Battarbee.
Are these photographs in the Battarbee Collection all by Battarbee, or (as is the nature of the camera, as something which is passed around, and photos themselves, which are shared) is it likely that some of Namatjira's photographs are among them?(4) Certainly, amongst the Collection, there are several photographs of Battarbee painting, which therefore cannot have been taken by Battarbee. How would we begin to tentatively locate photographs by Namatjira? And how can we begin to read this entire collection of photographs beyond a potentially facile game of speculative individual attribution? In Battarbee's written journals – in the records of fireside talking, in Battarbee's attempts at transliteration of Western Arrernte language, in his accounts of Western Arrernte Dreaming stories related to him by Namatjira – we can begin to glimpse the complexity of the interaction between these two artists. How could we begin this same task with the photographs? In other words, how can we come to understand these images, not through stabs at attributing individual photographic authorship, but rather as pictorial residues of the complicated interaction in thinking between these two artists?
Rex Battarbee, photograph of Albert Namatjira and possibly Otto Pareroultja at Kwartatuma (Ormiston Gorge) 1939. Collection of Gayle Quarmby.
For the project What if this photograph is by Albert Namatjira? contemporary Western Arrernte artists have created new watercolours, each prompted by photographs from the Battarbee Collection – sometimes a single photographic source, sometimes multiple photographs imagined into a single painted image.(5)
In the paintings of senior artist Ivy Pareroultja, the snap of the camera's shutter becomes a different duration. She bases her Heading towards Ormiston, 2017, on a photograph of Namatjira and her uncle Otto Pareroultja painting at Kwartatuma/Ormiston Gorge in 1939 (during the last painting trip where Battarbee and Namatjira used photography together, and the first trip in which Otto Pareroultja was included). But she radically shifts what the photograph gives her, and spatialises the landscape as the voyage to arrive there. The baroque rhythms of her forms evoke the extraordinary unfolding of forms, which shapes that mark the movement into the gorge.
In his work, emerging artist Reinhold Inkamala adapts a photograph of two boys on a donkey. He splices this image with a remembered image of the Lutheran mission nestled into the valley of the Finke River, with Mount Hermannsburg looming behind. Donkeys were a common feature of mission life until the mid-1960s, when the European head stockman, Norman Eboff, shot them all, an event Ivy Pareroultja recalls as a kind of shared trauma. Reinhold Inkamala's image implicates this moment in the community's history but also inflects the donkey image with the suggestion of a biblical voyage, a reminder that the historical church that stands at the centre of the Lutheran mission is named for the Palestinian city of Bethlehem.
Inkamala's painting compositionally sets this classical Christian iconography of the donkey within the folds of Mount Hermannsburg, deeply connected to the Western Arrernte religious practices that preceded the arrival of Lutheranism (and the same valley that witnessed the ritual de-sacralisation of Manangananga, a cave secret- sacred for Western Arrernte people, on Pentecost Sunday, 9 June 1930, with a donkey cart bringing back the sacred tjurungas that had been removed from the cave). Reinhold Inkamala's splicing of the photographic and a remembered landscape is a reminder of the important role of photographs as 'memory' for Aboriginal people in central Australia, the word 'memory' often used in the area to also mean 'monument'.
Inkamala's painting also overtly points to an undercurrent in this project – that the relations between photography and painting are also the unstable relations between seeing and belief, where the putatively secular character of the photographic is always in relation to vast cosmologies and religious narratives, both Western Arrernte and Lutheran.
For elder and senior artist Mervyn Rubuntja, the photographs of the Battarbee Collection yield vital environmental information, most notably the devastating effects of Buffel grass in central Australia. Rubuntja recalls the memories of his late father, Wenten Rubuntja, also an elder, political activist, stockman and artist, who as a young stockman (working at the same time as these photographs from the Battarbee Collection) witnessed Buffel grass seed spreading from hay imported into central Australia to sustain the cattle industry. In the years since, Buffel grass has cataclysmically infested the landscape, crowding out spinifex, and other native vegetation, including many sources of bush tucker. Rubuntja's preoccupation with these photographs points to a recurrent feature of these historical images – what is significant in these photographs is very often something that we do not see.
Ivy Pareroultja, Western Arrernte people, Northern Territory, born 1952, Ntaria (Hermannsburg), Northern Territory, Going towards Ormiston Gorge, 2017, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, watercolour on paper, 36.0 x 54.0cm. Courtesy the artist and Iltja Ntjarra Many Hands Art Centre.
For each artist, the photograph is never just itself; it is profoundly encoded. Early in the life of What if this photograph is by Albert Namatjira? at a meeting of the participating artists, Rubuntja identified the project's critical operation: what the artist 'adds', or how the artist works into the 'gap' between what we see in the photograph and the full reality it hints at, between what the image makes visible and what the image might mean or yield. The process of painting, prompted by the photographic image, animates stories, ways of thinking, articles of belief. It is a way to begin to decode the photograph, to implicate what lies beyond its immediate visibility.
TARNANTHI is available from the Art Gallery of South Australia store and from bookstores with distribution by Thames and Hudson.
What if this photograph is by Albert Namatjira? included works by: ltja Ntjarra/Many Hands Arts Centre Benita Clements, Tiara Doolan, Kathleen France, Noreen Hudson, Clara Inkamala, Dellina Inkamala, Kathy Inkamala, Reinhold Inkamala, Vanessa Inkamala, Ricky Connick Jakamara, Lenie Namatjira, Gloria Pannka, Hubert Pareroultja, Ivy Pareroultja, Mervyn Rubuntja, Betty Wheeler, and Marcus Wheeler.
The orthography has been standarised for consistency in this essay.
1. What if this photograph is by Albert Namatjira? is a project by artists Iltja Ntjarra/Many Hands Art Centre in Alice Springs. Participating artists include Benita Clements, Tiara Doolan, Kathleen France, Noreen Hudson, Reinhold Inkamala, Kathy Inkamala, Clara Inkamala, Vanessa Inkamala, Dellina Inkamala, Ricky Connick Jakamara, Lenie Namatjira, Hubert Pareroultja, Ivy Pareroultja, Gloria Pannka, Mervyn Rubuntja, Betty Wheeler, and Marcus Wheeler. I initiated and facilitated the project, having first encountered this photographic material in the early developmental stages of my own work around the relationship between Rex Battarbee and Albert Namatjira. The project is supported by the Art Gallery of South Australia, with Iltja Ntjarra/Many Hands Art Centre in Alice Springs, with generous engagement from its art coordinators Iris Bendor, Marisa Maher and Ellie Misios. The project draws upon photographs held in the Battarbee Collection at the South Australian Museum, and in the private collection of Gayle Quarmby. The project is a conceived over a three-year arc, to animate the relations between photography and painting in Hermannsburg school painting. In parallel to the painting process for this iteration of TARNANTHI (2017), a series of photography workshops at Iltja Ntjarra were led by Adelaide photographer Tony Kearney, the outcomes of which will feature in a future iteration of this project.
2. Battarbee taught Namatjira photography, and gifted a camera to him, which he left for Namatjira at Ntaria.
3. The importance of the camera's viewfinder persists in the collective memory of older artists today: Namatjira would instruct budding young artists to look at the landscape through a tiny 'pinhole' within a clenched fist to establish a painting's framing.
4. The answer to this question has recently been speculatively addressed by the art historian John Kean, through two pairs of images of Kwariitnama/Organ Pipes, a remarkable rock formation in the West MacDonnell Ranges. Two (very closely related) watercolours, painted by Battarbee and Namatjira perhaps fifteen metres apart, correspond quite exactly to two (very closely related) photographs of the same subject from the Battarbee Collection. One of the photographs that closely matches the Namatjira painting of Kwariitnama (Organ Pipes) and may therefore be the first photograph we could consider to have been taken by Albert Namatjira. Until now there is no extant photograph that has been attributed to Namatjira though it is likely that his photographs are among the many prints in the Battarbee Collection.
5. The artists range from senior artists, like Hubert Pareroultja (the son of Reuben Pareroultja, among the first artists to take up watercolour after Namatjira, during the early 1940s), to more emerging artists, like Vanessa Inkamala.
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Artslog aims to expose exploitation of arts workers
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