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OMA to create contemporary art gallery for Galeries Lafayette in Paris.
The Galeries Lafayette Foundation will take over all five storeys of an old industrial building in Le Marais – one of Paris' oldest neighbourhoods – just east of the Centre Pompidou.
Rem Koolhaas' firm plans to restore the U-shaped building back to its original condition and complement it with a new exhibition tower, which will occupy the existing courtyard.
The tower will feature two sets of motorised levels that can be split up to create a total of four mobile platforms. These will be able to move up and down to align with different floors, allowing exhibitions to extend beyond the gallery walls.
"The mobile floors offer a new curatorial dimension, complementing the traditional use of the preserved structure," said OMA in a statement.
"The architectural concept was derived from the need for flexibility – a common requirement for cultural institutions – and from the restrictions applied to the site by the city heritage authorities," said OMA.
This entry was posted in Main and tagged architecture, art, atrium, box, culture, flexibility, frame, gallery, lift, machine, model, museum, orthogonal, platform, pneumatic, scaffold, tower, transformer on 27/08/14 by russi4nblue.
Library as Infrastructure: Places: Design Observer.
Melvil Dewey was a one-man Silicon Valley born a century before Steve Jobs. He was the quintessential Industrial Age entrepreneur, but unlike the Carnegies and Rockefellers, with their industries of heavy materiality and heavy labor, Dewey sold ideas. His ambition revealed itself early: in 1876, shortly after graduating from Amherst College, he copyrighted his library classification scheme. That same year, he helped found the American Library Association, served as founding editor of Library Journal, and launched the American Metric Bureau, which campaigned for adoption of the metric system. He was 24 years old. He had already established the Library Bureau, a company that sold (and helped standardize) library supplies, furniture, media display and storage devices, and equipment for managing the circulation of collection materials. Its catalog (which would later include another Dewey invention, the hanging vertical file) represented the library as a "machine" of uplift and enlightenment that enabled proto-Taylorist approaches to public education and the provision of social services. As chief librarian at Columbia College, Dewey established the first library school — called, notably, the School of Library Economy — whose first class was 85% female; then he brought the school to Albany, where he directed the New York State Library. In his spare time, he founded the Lake Placid Club and helped win the bid for the 1932 Winter Olympics.
Dewey was thus simultaneously in the furniture business, the office-supply business, the consulting business, the publishing business, the education business, the human resources business, and what we might today call the "knowledge solutions" business. Not only did he recognize the potential for monetizing and cross-promoting his work across these fields; he also saw that each field would be the better for it. His career (which was not without its significant controversies) embodied a belief that classification systems and labeling standards and furniture designs and people work best when they work towards the same end — in other words, that intellectual and material systems and labor practices are mutually constructed and mutually reinforcing.
Today's libraries, Apple-era versions of the Dewey/Carnegie institution, continue to materialize, at multiple scales, their underlying bureaucratic and epistemic structures — from the design of their web interfaces to the architecture of their buildings to the networking of their technical infrastructures. This has been true of knowledge institutions throughout history, and it will be true of our future institutions, too. I propose that thinking about the library as a network of integrated, mutually reinforcing, evolving infrastructures — in particular, architectural, technological, social, epistemological and ethical infrastructures — can help us better identify what roles we want our libraries to serve, and what we can reasonably expect of them. What ideas, values and social responsibilities can we scaffold within the library's material systems — its walls and wires, shelves and servers?
Library as Platform
For millennia libraries have acquired resources, organized them, preserved them and made them accessible (or not) to patrons. But the forms of those resources have changed — from scrolls and codices; to LPs and LaserDiscs; to e-books, electronic databases and open data sets. Libraries have had at least to comprehend, if not become a key node within, evolving systems of media production and distribution. Consider the medieval scriptoria where manuscripts were produced; the evolution of the publishing industry and book trade after Gutenberg; the rise of information technology and its webs of wires, protocols and regulations. [1] At every stage, the contexts — spatial, political, economic, cultural — in which libraries function have shifted; so they are continuously reinventing themselves and the means by which they provide those vital information services.
Libraries have also assumed a host of ever-changing social and symbolic functions. They have been expected to symbolize the eminence of a ruler or state, to integrally link "knowledge" and "power" — and, more recently, to serve as "community centers," "public squares" or "think tanks." Even those seemingly modern metaphors have deep histories. The ancient Library of Alexandria was a prototypical think tank, [2] and the early Carnegie buildings of the 1880s were community centers with swimming pools and public baths, bowling alleys, billiard rooms, even rifle ranges, as well as book stacks. [3] As the Carnegie funding program expanded internationally — to more than 2,500 libraries worldwide — secretary James Bertram standardized the design in his 1911 pamphlet "Notes on the Erection of Library Buildings," which offered grantees a choice of six models, believed to be the work of architect Edward Tilton. Notably, they all included a lecture room.
In short, the library has always been a place where informational and social infrastructures intersect within a physical infrastructure that (ideally) supports that program.
Now we are seeing the rise of a new metaphor: the library as "platform" — a buzzy word that refers to a base upon which developers create new applications, technologies and processes. In an influential 2012 article in Library Journal, David Weinberger proposed that we think of libraries as "open platforms" — not only for the creation of software, but also for the development of knowledge and community. [4] Weinberger argued that libraries should open up their entire collections, all their metadata, and any technologies they've created, and allow anyone to build new products and services on top of that foundation. The platform model, he wrote, "focuses our attention away from the provisioning of resources to the foment" — the "messy, rich networks of people and ideas" — that "those resources engender." Thus the ancient Library of Alexandria, part of a larger museum with botanical gardens, laboratories, living quarters and dining halls, was a platform not only for the translation and copying of myriad texts and the compilation of a magnificent collection, but also for the launch of works by Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes and their peers.
Yet the platform metaphor has limitations. For one thing, it smacks of Silicon Valley entrepreneurial epistemology, which prioritizes "monetizable" "knowledge solutions." Further, its association with new media tends to bracket out the similarly generative capacities of low-tech, and even non-technical, library resources. One key misperception of those who proclaim the library's obsolescence is that its function as a knowledge institution can be reduced to its technical services and information offerings. Knowledge is never solely a product of technology and the information it delivers.
Another problem with the platform model is the image it evokes: a flat, two-dimensional stage on which resources are laid out for users to do stuff with. The platform doesn't have any implied depth, so we're not inclined to look underneath or behind it, or to question its structure. Weinberger encourages us to "think of the library not as a portal we go through on occasion but as infrastructure that is as ubiquitous and persistent as the streets and sidewalks of a town." It's like a "canopy," he says — or like a "cloud." But these metaphors are more poetic than critical; they obfuscate all the wires, pulleys, lights and scaffolding that you inevitably find underneath and above that stage — and the casting, staging and direction that determine what happens on the stage, and that allow it to function as a stage. Libraries are infrastructures not only because they are ubiquitous and persistent, but also, and primarily, because they are made of interconnected networks that undergird all that foment, that create what Pierre Bourdieu would call "structuring structures" that support Weinberger's "messy, rich networks of people and ideas."
It can be instructive for our libraries publics' — and critical for our libraries' leaders — to assess those structuring structures. In this age of e-books, smartphones, firewalls, proprietary media platforms and digital rights management; of atrophying mega-bookstores and resurgent independent bookshops and a metastasizing Amazon; of Google Books and Google Search and Google Glass; of economic disparity and the continuing privatization of public space and services — which is simultaneously an age of democratized media production and vibrant DIY and activist cultures — libraries play a critical role as mediators, at the hub of all the hubbub. Thus we need to understand how our libraries function as, and as part of, infrastructural ecologies — as sites where spatial, technological, intellectual and social infrastructures shape and inform one another. And we must consider how those infrastructures can embody the epistemological, political, economic and cultural values that we want to define our communities.
Library as Social Infrastructure
Public libraries are often seen as "opportunity institutions," opening doors to, and for, the disenfranchised. [6] People turn to libraries to access the internet, take a GED class, get help with a resumé or job search, and seek referrals to other community resources. A recent report by the Center for an Urban Future highlighted the benefits to immigrants, seniors, individuals searching for work, public school students and aspiring entrepreneurs: "No other institution, public or private, does a better job of reaching people who have been left behind in today's economy, have failed to reach their potential in the city's public school system or who simply need help navigating an increasingly complex world." [7]
Partly because of their skill in reaching populations that others miss, libraries have recently reported record circulation and visitation, despite severe budget cuts, decreased hours and the threatened closure or sale of "underperforming" branches.
Libraries also bring communities together in times of calamity or disaster. Toyo Ito, architect of the acclaimed Sendai Mediatheque, recalled that after the 2011 earthquake in Japan, local officials reopened the library quickly even though it had sustained minor damage, "because it functions as a kind of cultural refuge in the city." He continued, "Most people who use the building are not going there just to read a book or watch a film; many of them probably do not have any definite purpose at all. They go just to be part of the community in the building." [10]
We need to attend more closely to such "social infrastructures," the "facilities and conditions that allow connection between people," says sociologist Eric Klinenberg. In a recent interview, he argued that urban resilience can be measured not only by the condition of transit systems and basic utilities and communication networks, but also by the condition of parks, libraries and community organizations: "open, accessible, and welcoming public places where residents can congregate and provide social support during times of need but also every day." [11] In his book Heat Wave, Klinenberg noted that a vital public culture in Chicago neighborhoods drew people out of sweltering apartments during the 1995 heat wave, and into cooler public spaces, thus saving lives.
The need for physical spaces that promote a vibrant social infrastructure presents many design opportunities, and some libraries are devising innovative solutions. Brooklyn and other cultural institutions have partnered with the Uni, a modular, portable library that I wrote about earlier in this journal. And modular solutions — kits of parts — are under consideration in a design study sponsored by the Center for an Urban Future and the Architectural League of New York, which aims to reimagine New York City's library branches so that they can more efficiently and effectively serve their communities. CUF also plans to publish, at the end of June, an audit of, and a proposal for, New York's three library systems. [12] New York Times architecture critic Michael Kimmelman, reflecting on the roles played by New York libraries during recent hurricanes, goes so far as to suggest that the city's branch libraries, which have "become our de facto community centers," "could be designed in the future with electrical systems out of harm's way and set up with backup generators and solar panels, even kitchens and wireless mesh networks."
I've recently returned from Seattle, where I revisited OMA's Central Library on its 10th anniversary and toured several new branch libraries. [15] Under the 1998 bond measure "Libraries for All," citizens voted to tax themselves to support construction of the Central Library and four new branches, and to upgrade every branch in the system. The vibrant, sweeping Ballard branch (2005), by Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, includes a separate entrance for the Ballard Neighborhood Service Center, a "little city hall" where residents can find information about public services, get pet licenses, pay utility bills, and apply for passports and city jobs. While the librarians undoubtedly field questions about such services, they're also able to refer patrons next door, where city employees are better equipped to meet their needs — thus affording the library staff more time to answer reference questions and host writing groups and children's story hours.
These entrepreneurial models reflect what seems to be an increasingly widespread sentiment: that while libraries continue to serve a vital role as "opportunity institutions" for the disenfranchised, this cannot be their primary self-justification. They cannot duplicate the responsibilities of our community centers and social service agencies. "Their narrative" — or what I'd call an "epistemic framing," by which I mean the way the library packages its program as a knowledge institution, and the infrastructures that support it — "must include everyone," says the University of Michigan's Kristin Fontichiaro. [19] What programs and services are consistent with an institution dedicated to lifelong learning? Should libraries be reconceived as hubs for civic engagement, where communities can discuss local issues, create media, and archive community history? [20] Should they incorporate media production studios, maker-spaces and hacker labs, repositioning themselves in an evolving ecology of information and educational infrastructures?
These new social functions — which may require new physical infrastructures to support them — broaden the library's narrative to include everyone, not only the "have-nots." This is not to say that the library should abandon the needy and focus on an elite patron group; rather, the library should incorporate the "enfranchised" as a key public, both so that the institution can reinforce its mission as a social infrastructure for an inclusive public, and so that privileged, educated users can bring their knowledge and talents to the library and offer them up as social-infrastructural resources.
Many among this well-resourced population — those who have jobs and home internet access and can navigate the government bureaucracy with relative ease — already see themselves as part of the library's public. They regard the library as a space of openness, egalitarianism and freedom (in multiple senses of the term), within a proprietary, commercial, segregated and surveilled landscape. They understand that no matter how well-connected they are, they actually don't have the world at their fingertips — that "material protected by stringent copyright and held in proprietary databases is often inaccessible outside libraries" and that, "as digital rights management becomes ever more complicated, we … rely even more on our libraries to help us navigate an increasingly fractured and litigious digital terrain." [21] And they recognize that they cannot depend on Google to organize the world's information. As the librarian noted in that discussion on Metafilter:
The [American Library Association] has a proven history of commitment to intellectual freedom. The public service that we've been replaced with has a spotty history of "not being evil." When we're gone, you middle class, you wealthy, you tech-savvy, who will fight for that with no profit motivation? Even if you never step foot in our doors, and all of your media comes to a brightly lit screen, we're still working for you.
The library's social infrastructure thus benefits even those who don't have an immediate need for its space or its services.
Finally, we must acknowledge the library's role as a civic landmark — a symbol of what a community values highly enough to place on a prominent site, to materialize in dignified architecture that communicates its openness to everyone, and to support with sufficient public funding despite the fact that it'll never make a profit. A well-designed library — a contextually-designed library — can reflect a community's character back to itself, clarifying who it is, in all its multiplicity, and what it stands for. [22] David Adjaye's Bellevue and Francis Gregory branch libraries, in historically underserved neighborhoods of Washington D.C., have been lauded for performing precisely this function. As Sarah Williams Goldhagen writes:
Adjaye is so attuned to the nuances of urban context that one might be hard pressed to identify them as the work of one designer. Francis Gregory is steel and glass, Bellevue is concrete and wood. Francis Gregory presents a single monolithic volume, Bellevue an irregular accretion of concrete pavilions. Context drives the aesthetic.
His designs "make of this humble municipal building an arena for social interaction, …a distinctive civic icon that helps build a sense of common identity." This kind of social infrastructure serves a vital need for an entire community.
Library as Technological-Intellectual Infrastructure
Of course, we must not forget the library collection itself. The old-fashioned bookstack was at the center of the recent debate over the proposed renovation of the New York Public Library's Schwartzman Building on 42nd Street, which was cancelled last month after more than a year of lawsuits and protests. This storage infrastructure, and the delivery system it accommodates, have tremendous significance even in a digital age. For scholars, the stacks represent near-instant access to any materials within the extensive collection. Architectural historians defended the historical significance of the stacks, and engineers argued that they are critical to the structural integrity of the building.
The way a library's collection is stored and made accessible shapes the intellectual infrastructure of the institution. The Seattle Public Library uses translucent acrylic bookcases made by Spacesaver — and even here this seemingly mundane, utilitarian consideration cultivates a character, an ambience, that reflects the library's identity and its intellectual values. It might sound corny, but the luminescent glow permeating the stacks acts as a beacon, a welcoming gesture. There are still many contemporary libraries that privilege — perhaps even fetishize — the book and the bookstack: take MVRDV's Book Mountain (2012), for a town in the Netherlands; or TAX arquitectura's Biblioteca Jose Vasconcelos (2006) in Mexico City.
Stacks occupy a different, though also fetishized, space in Helmut Jahn's Mansueto Library (2011) at the University of Chicago, which mixes diverse infrastructures to accommodate media of varying materialities: a grand reading room, a conservation department, a digitization department, and a subterranean warehouse of books retrieved by robot. (It's worth noting that Boston and other libraries contained book railways and conveyer belt retrieval systems — proto-robots — a century ago.) Snøhetta's James B. Hunt Jr. Library (2013) at North Carolina State University also incorporates a robotic storage and retrieval system, so that the library can store more books on site, as well as meet its goal of providing seating for 20 percent of the student population. [23] Here the patrons come before the collection.
Back in the early aughts, when I spent a summer touring libraries, the institutions on the leading edge were integrating media production facilities, recognizing that media "consumption" and "creation" lie on a gradient of knowledge production. Today there's a lot of talk about — and action around — integrating hacker labs and maker-spaces. [24] As Anne Balsamo explains, these sites offer opportunities — embodied, often inter-generational learning experiences that are integral to the development of a "technological imagination" — that are rarely offered in formal learning institutions. [25]
The Hunt Library has a maker-space, a GameLab, various other production labs and studios, an immersion theater, and, rather eyebrow-raisingly, an Apple Technology Showcase (named after library donors whose surname is Apple, with an intentional pun on the electronics company). [26] One might think major funding is needed for those kinds of programs, but the trend actually began in 2011 in tiny Fayetteville, New York (pop. 4,373), thought to be the first public library to have incorporated a maker-space. The following year, the Carnegie Libraries of Pittsburgh — which for years has hosted film competitions, gaming tournaments, and media-making projects for youth — launched, with Google and Heinz Foundation support, The Labs: weekly workshops at three locations where teenagers can access equipment, software and mentors. Around the same time, Chattanooga — a city blessed with a super-high-speed municipal fiber network — opened its lauded 4th Floor, a 12,000-square foot "public laboratory and educational facility" that "supports the production, connection, and sharing of knowledge by offering access to tools and instruction." Those tools include 3D printers, laser cutters and vinyl cutters, and the instruction includes everything from tech classes, to incubator projects for female tech entrepreneurs, to business pitch competitions.
Last year, the Brooklyn Public Library, just a couple blocks from where I live, opened its Levy Info Commons, which includes space for laptop users and lots of desktop machines featuring creative software suites; seven reserveable teleconference-ready meeting rooms, including one that doubles as a recording studio; and a training lab, which offers an array of digital media workshops led by a local arts and design organization and also invites patrons to lead their own courses. A typical month on their robust event calendar includes resume editing workshops, a Creative Business Tech prototyping workshop, individual meetings with business counselors, Teen Tech tutorials, computer classes for seniors, workshops on podcasting and oral history and "adaptive gaming" for people with disabilities, and even an audio-recording and editing workshop targeted to poets, to help them disseminate their work in new formats. Also last year, the Martin Luther King, Jr., Memorial Library in Washington, D.C., opened its Digital Commons, where patrons can use a print-on-demand bookmaking machine, a 3D printer, and a co-working space known as the "Dream Lab," or try out a variety of e-book readers. The Chicago Public Library partnered with the Museum of Science and Industry to open a pop-up maker lab featuring open-source design software, laser cutters, a milling machine, and (of course) 3D printers — not one, but three.
Some have proposed that libraries — following in the tradition of Alexandria's "think tank," and compelled by a desire to "democratize entrepreneurship" — make for ideal co-working or incubator spaces, where patrons with diverse skill sets can organize themselves into start-ups-for-the-people. [27] Others recommend that librarians entrepreneurialize themselves, rebranding themselves as professional consultants in a complex information economy. Librarians, in this view, are uniquely qualified digital literacy tutors; experts in "copyright compliance, licensing, privacy, information use, and ethics"; gurus of "aligning … programs with collections, space, and resources"; skilled creators of "custom ontologies, vocabularies, taxonomies" and structured data; adept practitioners of data mining. [28] Others recommend that libraries get into the content production business. In the face of increasing pressure to rent and license proprietary digital content with stringent use policies, why don't libraries do more to promote the creation of independent media or develop their own free, open-source technologies? Not many libraries have the time and resources to undertake such endeavors, but NYPL Labs and Harvard's Library Test Kitchen, have demonstrated what's possible when even back-of-house library spaces become sites of technological praxis. Unfortunately, those innovative projects are typically hidden behind the interface (as with so much library labor). Why not bring those operations to the front of the building, as part of the public program?
Of course, with all these new activities come new spatial requirements. Library buildings must incorporate a wide variety of furniture arrangements, lighting designs, acoustical conditions, etc., to accommodate multiple sensory registers, modes of working, postures and more. Librarians and designers are now acknowledging — and designing for, rather than designing out — activities that make noise and can occasionally be a bit messy. I did a study several years ago on the evolution of library sounds and found widespread recognition that knowledge-making doesn't readily happen when "shhh!" is the prevailing rule.
These new physical infrastructures create space for an epistemology embracing the integration of knowledge consumption and production, of thinking and making. Yet sometimes I have to wonder, given all the hoopla over "making": are tools of computational fabrication really the holy grail of the knowledge economy? What knowledge is produced when I churn out, say, a keychain on a MakerBot? I worry that the boosterism surrounding such projects — and the much-deserved acclaim they've received for "rebranding" the library — glosses over the neoliberal values that these technologies sometimes embody. Neoliberalism channels the pursuit of individual freedom through property rights and free markets [30] — and what better way to express yourself than by 3D-printing a bust of your own head at the library, or using the library's CNC router to launch your customizable cutting board business on Etsy? While librarians have long been advocates of free and democratic access to information, I trust — I hope — that they're helping their patrons to cultivate a critical perspective regarding the politics of "technological innovation" — and the potential instrumentalism of makerhood. Sure, Dewey was part of this instrumentalist tradition, too. But our contemporary pursuit of "innovation" promotes the idea that "making new stuff" = "producing knowledge," which can be a dangerous falsehood.
Library staff might want to take up the critique of "innovation," too. Each new Google product release, new mobile technology development, new e-reader launch brings new opportunities for the library to innovate in response. And while "keeping current" is a crucial goal, it's important to place that pursuit in a larger cultural, political-economic and institutional context. Striving to stay technologically relevant can backfire when it means merely responding to the profit-driven innovations of commercial media; we see these mistakes — innovation for innovation's sake — in the ed-tech arena quite often.
As Zadie Smith argued beautifully in the New York Review of Books, we risk losing the library's role as a "different kind of social reality (of the three dimensional kind), which by its very existence teaches a system of values beyond the fiscal." [31] Barbara Fister, a librarian at Gustavus Adolphus College, offered an equally eloquent plea for the library as a space of exception:
Libraries are not, or at least should not be, engines of productivity. If anything, they should slow people down and seduce them with the unexpected, the irrelevant, the odd and the unexplainable. Productivity is a destructive way to justify the individual's value in a system that is naturally communal, not an individualistic or entrepreneurial zero-sum game to be won by the most industrious. [32]
Libraries, she argued, "will always be at a disadvantage" to Google and Amazon because they value privacy; they refuse to exploit users' private data to improve the search experience. Yet libraries' failure to compete in efficiency is what affords them the opportunity to offer a "different kind of social reality." I'd venture that there is room for entrepreneurial learning in the library, but there also has to be room for that alternate reality where knowledge needn't have monetary value, where learning isn't driven by a profit motive. We can accommodate both spaces for entrepreneurship and spaces of exception, provided the institution has a strong epistemic framing that encompasses both. This means that the library needs to know how to read itself as a social-technical-intellectual infrastructure.
It's particularly important to cultivate these critical capacities — the ability to "read" our libraries' multiple infrastructures and the politics and ethics they embody — when the concrete infrastructures look like San Antonio's BiblioTech, a "bookless" library featuring 10,000 e-books, downloadable via the 3M Cloud App; 600 circulating "stripped down" 3M e-readers; 200 "enhanced" tablets for kids; and, for use on-site, 48 computers, plus laptops and iPads. The library, which opened last fall, also offers computer classes and meeting space, but it's all locked within a proprietary platformed world.
In libraries like BiblioTech — and the Digital Public Library of America — the collection itself is off-site. Do patrons wonder where, exactly, all those books and periodicals and cloud-based materials live? What's under, or floating above, the "platform"? Do they think about the algorithms that lead them to particular library materials, and the conduits and protocols through which they access them? Do they consider what it means to supplant bookstacks with server stacks — whose metal racks we can't kick, lights we can't adjust, knobs we can't fiddle with? Do they think about the librarians negotiating access licenses and adding metadata to "digital assets," or the engineers maintaining the servers? With the increasing recession of these technical infrastructures — and the human labor that supports them — further off-site, behind the interface, deeper inside the black box, how can we understand the ways in which those structures structure our intellect and sociality?
We need to develop — both among library patrons and librarians themselves — new critical capacities to understand the distributed physical, technical and social architectures that scaffold our institutions of knowledge and program our values. And we must consider where those infrastructures intersect — where they should be, and perhaps aren't, mutually reinforcing one another. When do our social obligations compromise our intellectual aspirations, or vice versa? And when do those social or intellectual aspirations for the library exceed — or fail to fully exploit — the capacities of our architectural and technological infrastructures? Ultimately, we need to ensure that we have a strong epistemological framework — a narrative that explains how the library promotes learning and stewards knowledge — so that everything hangs together, so there's some institutional coherence. We need to sync the library's intersecting infrastructures so that they work together to support our shared intellectual and ethical goals.
This entry was posted in Main and tagged apple, data, design, information, infrastructure, knowledge, library, platform, public realm, synergy, system on 23/06/14 by russi4nblue.
The Birth of the Information Age: How Paul Otlet's Vision for Cataloging and Connecting Humanity Shaped Our World | Brain Pickings.
Decades before Alan Turing pioneered computer science and Vannevar Bush imagined the web, a visionary Belgian idealist named Paul Otlet (August 23, 1868–December 10, 1944) set out to organize the world's information. For nearly half a century, he worked unrelentingly to index and catalog every significant piece of human thought ever published or recorded, building a massive Universal Bibliography of 15 million books, magazines, newspapers, photographs, posters, museum pieces, and other assorted media. His monumental collection was predicated not on ownership but on access and sharing — while amassing it, he kept devising increasingly ambitious schemes for enabling universal access, fostering peaceful relations between nations, and democratizing human knowledge through a global information network he called the "Mundaneum" — a concept partway between Voltaire's Republic of Letters, Marshall McLuhan's "global village," and the übermind of the future. Otlet's work would go on to inspire generations of information science pioneers, including the founding fathers of the modern internet and the world wide web.
Otlet tried to assemble a great catalog of the world's published information, create an encyclopedic atlas of human knowledge, build a network of federated museums and other cultural institutions, and establish a World City that would serve as the headquarters for a new world government. For Otlet these were not disconnected activities but part of a larger vision of worldwide harmony. In his later years he started to describe the Mundaneum in transcendental terms, envisioning his global knowledge network as something akin to a universal consciousness and as a gateway to collective enlightenment.
What the Nazis saw as a "pile of rubbish," Otlet saw as the foundation for a global network that, one day, would make knowledge freely available to people all over the world. In 1934, he described his vision for a system of networked computers — "electric telescopes," he called them — that would allow people to search through millions of interlinked documents, images, and audio and video files. He imagined that individuals would have desktop workstations—each equipped with a viewing screen and multiple movable surfaces — connected to a central repository that would provide access to a wide range of resources on whatever topics might interest them. As the network spread, it would unite individuals and institutions of all stripes — from local bookstores and classrooms to universities and governments. The system would also feature so-called selection machines capable of pinpointing a particular passage or individual fact in a document stored on microfilm, retrieved via a mechanical indexing and retrieval tool. He dubbed the whole thing a réseau mondial: a "worldwide network" or, as the scholar Charles van den Heuvel puts it, an "analog World Wide Web."
Twenty-five years before the first microchip, forty years before the first personal computer, and fifty years before the first Web browser, Paul Otlet had envisioned something very much like today's Internet.
Everything in the universe, and everything of man, would be registered at a distance as it was produced. In this way a moving image of the world will be established, a true mirror of [its] memory. From a distance, everyone will be able to read text, enlarged and limited to the desired subject, projected on an individual screen. In this way, everyone from his armchair will be able to contemplate creation, in whole or in certain parts.
Otlet's prescience, Wright notes, didn't end there — he also envisioned speech recognition tools, wireless networks that would enable people to upload files to remote servers, social networks and virtual communities around individual pieces of media that would allow people to "participate, applaud, give ovations, sing in the chorus," and even concepts we are yet to crack with our present technology, such as transmitting sensory experiences like smell and taste.
By today's standards, Otlet's proto-Web was a clumsy affair, relying on a patchwork system of index cards, file cabinets, telegraph machines, and a small army of clerical workers. But in his writing he looked far ahead to a future in which networks circled the globe and data could travel freely. Moreover, he imagined a wide range of expression taking shape across the network: distributed encyclopedias, virtual classrooms, three-dimensional information spaces, social networks, and other forms of knowledge that anticipated the hyperlinked structure of today's Web. He saw these developments as fundamentally connected to a larger utopian project that would bring the world closer to a state of permanent and lasting peace and toward a state of collective spiritual enlightenment.
The contemporary construct of "the user" that underlies so much software design figures nowhere in Otlet's work. He saw the mission of the Mundaneum as benefiting humanity as a whole, rather than serving the whims of individuals. While he imagined personalized workstations (those Mondotheques), he never envisioned the network along the lines of a client-server "architecture" (a term that would not come into being for another two decades). Instead, each machine would act as a kind of "dumb" terminal, fetching and displaying material stored in a central location.
The counterculture programmers who paved the way for the Web believed they were participating in a process of personal liberation. Otlet saw it as a collective undertaking, one dedicated to a higher purpose than mere personal gratification. And while he might well have been flummoxed by the anything-goes ethos of present-day social networking sites like Facebook or Twitter, he also imagined a system that allowed groups of individuals to take part in collaborative experiences like lectures, opera performances, or scholarly meetings, where they might "applaud" or "give ovations." It seems a short conceptual hop from here to Facebook's ubiquitous "Like" button.
Would the Internet have turned out any differently had Paul Otlet's vision come to fruition? Counterfactual history is a fool's game, but it is perhaps worth considering a few possible lessons from the Mundaneum. First and foremost, Otlet acted not out of a desire to make money — something he never succeeded at doing — but out of sheer idealism. His was a quest for universal knowledge, world peace, and progress for humanity as a whole. The Mundaneum was to remain, as he said, "pure." While many entrepreneurs vow to "change the world" in one way or another, the high-tech industry's particular brand of utopianism almost always carries with it an underlying strain of free-market ideology: a preference for private enterprise over central planning and a distrust of large organizational structures. This faith in the power of "bottom-up" initiatives has long been a hallmark of Silicon Valley culture, and one that all but precludes the possibility of a large-scale knowledge network emanating from anywhere but the private sector.
This entry was posted in Main and tagged data, database, information, internet, knowledge, library, platform, repository, technology on 23/06/14 by russi4nblue.


MMB: When and why did you decide to become an opera singer?
RT: I decided to become an opera singer in High School after an opera singer and voice teacher, Joy Davidson, heard me and suggested that I take lessons. She said with my natural abilities, having never taken lessons before, that I had a talent for singing in the classical style. I was convinced to do so after doing auditions for music schools and being accepted.
RT: I will add Verdi's Don Alvaro in Forza, Radamès in Aida, Saint-Saëns' Samson, Wagner's Parsifal and Tannhäuser to my repertoire over the next seasons.


The Dead Prez rapper drops some animated visuals for his new dancehall collab.
Get ready for California's best summer reggae fest with these selections from this year's featured artists.
Assassin's uplifting single gets some stirring visuals from director Ras Kassa.
Red Bull Music Academy returns to NYC with two massive Caribbean events in May.


this is a great description with many details.
It makes it easy to built it.
thanks i like those better than the ones on my 1200 plus is a pita to get the wheel on and off with them installed.
I remember this thread and I'm glad it has re-surfaced. I'll move it to the Reference forum now.
I like the ideal of placing gl1500 rotor covers on my 1985 gl1200 Interstate, when I get home in april from Iraq. I have a Great sheet metal person who is willing to make the brackets for me, but he needs the measurements for the brackets. Would any one have the outside measurements? The picture is not drawn to scale. Can't wait to ride.
Hmmmm...now that I have a 1200, this looks like something I just might do.
I want to change brackets rotor covers of my Goldwing 1200 for a 1500 covers. I need outside measurement. To make the brackets. Please can somebody help me.
Please sent me the outside measurement for the brackets.
Last edited by AZgl1800; 04-22-2015 at 07:10 PM.


text:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus have their roots
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus have their roots in childhood, particularly in obese children and adolescents, increasing essential opportunities for early lifestyle intervention in at-risk individuals. attempts continue being needed to determine childhood clinical and laboratory characteristics that could be used as screening assessments to predict adult disease progression. Such assessments may have utility in motivating physicians and patients' families toward lifestyle changes, ultimately improving prevention efforts. refers to the inability of physiologic levels of insulin to produce the movement of glucose into the cells. Although the underlying molecular processes involved in insulin resistance continue to be described, it is clear that multiple factors contribute to systemic insulin resistance, including genetics, visceral obesity, low levels of adiponectin, and high levels of free fatty acids [37]. Systemic inflammation in the setting of obesity can be independently connected with insulin level of resistance, as backed by simple science and scientific information. Animal types of unhealthy weight possess demonstrated that whenever obese mice are deficient within their abilities to create or react to tumor necrosis aspect- and other elements involved with inflammatory signaling, this outcomes in much less insulin level of resistance than observed in similarly obese wild-type mice with intact inflammatory signaling [23,38C40]. Individual data linking irritation to insulin level of resistance started with association research that regularly demonstrated inter-relations between systemic markers of irritation (which includes hsCRP) and the current presence of insulin resistancelinks which have been observed in adults [41C43] and adolescents [44C46]. Supportive of the connections are traditional data that suppression of irritation with high-dosage salicylate treatment was observed to improve bloodstream sugars in sufferers with T2DM [47]. Multiple potential cohort research in adults possess demonstrated a relation between irritation and future advancement of T2DM (Table 1) [15,19]. These research have uncovered that in topics as youthful as 45 y followed for 3 to 10 y, people that have hsCRP amounts in the best quartile (beginning at 2.86C6.1 mg/L, according to the research) had adjusted chances ratios for developing T2DM of 2.03 to 4.2 weighed against those in the cheapest quartile (Table 1) [15,18,19]. The system connecting irritation to insulin level of resistance may very well be IFNW1 complicated but seems to involve boosts in oxidative tension in target cells, with results on the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial function in affected cellular material [22]. Notably, degrees of irritation and insulin level of resistance reduction in concert in the placing of way of living modification-induced weight reduction in adults [48] and children [49,50], additional highlighting the prospect of these procedures to end up being targets not only for screening but also for following treatment improvement. Table 1 Research in adults linking hsCRP amounts to increased threat of T2DM and CVD 0.05 Inflammation and CVD Furthermore to its regards to insulin resistance and T2DM risk, systemic inflammation has been a lot more notable as a marker of CVD risk in adults. Indeed, it's been remarked that 1) most of the best-known CVD risk elements (smoking cigarettes, hypertension, and hyperglycemia) promote noxious stimuli that result in the creation of leukocyte adhesion molecules and 2) this promotes an inflammatory response that's area of the system of atherosclerotic plaque development and growth [51]. Monocytes that are recruited to the arterial intima differentiate into macrophages, engulf oxidized lipoproteins, and be lipid-laden foam cellular material [52]. Continued systemic inflammationwith CRP SKQ1 Bromide small molecule kinase inhibitor as a significant markercontributes to the procedure, with neutrophils that infiltrate the plaque and discharge reactive oxygen species, further oxidizing lipoproteins and eventually adding to the developing atheroma (Fig. 1) [52]. Additional markers linked to the atherosclerotic pathway or subsequent worsening cardiac function are used to identify individuals with prevalent disease. These include troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide, which are used in the evaluation for related processes such as acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, and heart failure [53]. In addition, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) (also called stromal derived factor-1) is usually a survival factor that is involved in myocardial protection and appears to be decreased in its release in the setting of CVD, including in stable angina and after myocardial infarction, potentially serving as a marker of progressive CVD [54,55]. However, fewer SKQ1 Bromide small molecule kinase inhibitor markers are available for long-term risk assessment, as would be needed for screening tools in adolescents. Although the development of atherosclerosis rarely progresses to a point of clinical significance before mid-adulthood, the process clearly begins in childhood, with the development of fatty streaks and thickening of the SKQ1 Bromide small molecule kinase inhibitor arterial media. Fibrous plaque lesions have been noted to have a surprisingly high prevalence in childhood at autopsy examination, occurring in coronary arteries in.
← Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary material 41598_2018_36340_MOESM1_ESM. of chemotherapy (n?=?1 liposomal doxorubicin, n?=?4 temozolomide) → Supplementary Materialsviruses-11-00248-s001. M13 phage will not selectively bind to difenzoquat (DIF).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Melissa English-Barbour
HSE and Quality & Risk Manager, WorleyParsons
Melissa is a born and bred Newfoundlander who has always lived within 5 minutes of her childhood home in beautiful Conception Bay South. Although she doesn't consider herself much of an athlete, she spent many of her teenage years in the karate dojo, earning herself a brown belt in Kenpo. While completing a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from Memorial University, Melissa spent one summer working at K&D Pratt, where she was asked to "help out" with the administration of their HSE and Quality management systems. That summer of helping out turned into working full-time there coordinating the HSE and Quality management systems for their St. John's-based operations while completing her degree, which grew to managing HSE and Quality for their Atlantic Canada operations including Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
After 5 years, an available position in stewarding HSE and Quality in offshore drilling on the Hibernia Platform became very intriguing. Melissa spent 5 years as the HSEQ Advisor with Noble Drilling, who provided her the opportunity to really gain an understanding and respect for the offshore industry, sending her to the Hibernia Platform almost monthly to work with the drilling and maintenance teams as well as to offshore drilling units in the Gulf of Mexico, Qatar and Dubai to learn the operations of jack ups, semi-submersibles and submersibles in those locations. Along came Hebron, which drew Melissa away from offshore drilling to become the Senior Safety Advisor for the Hebron Topsides Project for WorleyParsons, which then led to her current position as the HSE and Quality & Risk Manager for WorleyParsons' Atlantic Canada operations.
Melissa is a Canadian Registered Safety Professional, a proud wife to her equally hard-working husband who also works in the oil and gas industry, dedicated mother to two beautiful children as well as a photography enthusiast who loves to take photos of her family, and who also enjoys golfing, fishing, spending time with her family and friends and traveling.
We asked Melissa:
The OGM: What does sustainability mean to you?
Melissa: Sustainability means taking care of our environment and our prosperous natural resources to ensure that our children and their children and society as a whole continue to reap the benefits they provide. Newfoundland is a beautiful place which provides us with so much opportunity. We need to treat it with respect and give back to it like it gives to us.
The OGM: Have you had a mentor?
Melissa: I have been fortunate enough to have a couple of mentors throughout my career. One would be my father who works in the oil and gas industry and provides me with a wealth of experience and advice which helped me initiate and continue my career in the industry. Another would be a former manager of mine who taught me that giving anything less than 100% was not good enough. His attention to detail forced me to try to be one step ahead, be professional and be concise. I always try to conduct myself with these expectations in mind.
The OGM: What does success mean to you?
Melissa: Success to me is achieving your goals, whatever they may be, and being a good person in the process.
The OGM: If you were to describe your career in three words, what would they be?
Melissa: Challenging, Opportunistic, Rewarding.
The OGM: What advice would you give to someone looking for a career in the Energy Industry?
Melissa: I'm a fan of old fashioned professionalism; look people in the eye, have a firm handshake, smile, be positive, walk the talk, build enduring relationships and do the right thing – not what's easy. You have to earn a seat at the table; no one is going to give it to you. Also, safety is of upmost importance both on and off the job; it's a mindset – get on board.
The OGM: Describe a milestone in your career?
Melissa: I feel I have achieved many milestones in my career, but one that is particularly memorable is my first visit to the Hibernia Platform. It changed the way I think and feel about the Energy sector and gave me a better appreciation of it. The general public rarely gets to see that side of the business so it is difficult to comprehend the planning and preciseness required to get oil out of the ground.
The OGM: Describe a challenge you faced in your career?
Melissa: I've faced many challenges in my career. Being a young female in the safety field starting out 10-15 years ago was not what it is today. Every position I held presented its own challenges – managing HSE and Quality in a sales and warehousing environment to offshore drilling to major engineering and construction projects – but without these challenges I would not have evolved as a professional.
The OGM: What impact does technology have on your career?
Melissa: Technology certainly helps me be more efficient with respect to transmitting information and staying informed, but it has also presented the need to manage the concerns with having access to too much information and the societal inability to function without it.
The OGM: What do the next five years look like in your career?
Melissa: I'm not one to look ahead in my career; I'd rather take advantage of opportunities as they present themselves. I prefer to ride the wave and see where it takes me, relishing in opportunities to learn new things along the way.
The OGM: Were you always interested in a career in Energy?
Melissa: I think I have always been interested in the Energy sector, but working in it makes it even more interesting. I'm fortunate to have had the opportunity to work on both the construction and operating sides of an oil project. I find it fascinating.
The OGM: What interests you to sustain a career in the Energy Industry?
Melissa: I am definitely interested in the prosperity and the opportunities, but also the diversity and abundance of things to learn to grow your wealth of knowledge, skill and experience.
The OGM: Do you have a role model you look up to?
Melissa: The role models that I look up to are the hard-working career moms out there who try to balance it all -successfully raising a family and having a rewarding career. I love to swap strategies and success stories; it revitalizes me.
The OGM: What does Energy mean to you?
Melissa: Energy makes things happen.
The OGM: What is your favorite APP on your phone?
Melissa: My calendar is the single most important application on my phone so I know where I need to be and what I need to do. Other than Facebook, LinkedIn and the weather app, I don't use much else.
The OGM: What impact will the Millennial Generation have on the Energy industry?
Melissa: I think the Millennial Generation will have a huge impact on the Energy industry. The Millennial Generation is trying to make things more efficient through the use of technology and is more focused on the greater societal good. I think as they move up the career ladder, we are going to see a corporate shift in priorities; looking at different ways for companies to be financially prosperous but also being creative in maintaining high employee morale and work-life balance, as well as bringing corporate responsibility to the next level. We are already starting to see this.
The OGM: What's your take on Social Media and our ever changing digital world?
Melissa: I think it is a great way to stay connected and informed when used as intended. It also brings more information than we need so that has to be managed.
The OGM: What Social Medium do you use on a daily basis?
Melissa: I check Facebook and LinkedIn daily, mostly to stay informed on daily events.
The OGM: Do you use Social Media for work?
Melissa: I use LinkedIn to connect with industry professionals and colleagues as well as keep up to date with industry news.
The OGM: What do you think of Social Recruiting?
Melissa: I think social recruiting is the best avenue for hiring in this industry, as long as you are taking advice from those who you trust and respect.
The OGM: Why do you love what you do?
Melissa: I love what I do because I feel I am making a difference in people's lives and also directly contributing to a project's success. We need to take care of our people, meet our customer's needs and deliver a quality product in order for a project to be successful. Anything less than that is not good enough.
Spread the word about Melissa English-Barbour !
Melanie Donnelly
This is a great story. Melissa is not only a successful career oriented young woman. She is thoughtful, charismatic and beautiful, on the inside and out. People should feel honored to work with Melissa. I wish her all the best that life has to offer and know that she will succeed in all that she encounters.
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text:
Huntsville High School senior pushing back after graduation honors changed
Ella Burch has ranked first in her class for the past two years and was on track to become valedictorian.
Updated: Aug 9, 2019 7:43 AM
A Huntsville High School senior is fighting back against the school board after the decision was made to remove honoring a valedictorian or salutatorian at graduation.
"We entered [high school] with the mindset we have the opportunity to pursue these goals and to have that taken away this far into our high school experience was a bit unfair to me," Burch said.
Burch says she entered freshman year of high school with a four-year plan and with a goal to become the school valedictorian. As she started her senior year at Huntsville High School, that dream was suddenly taken away from her.
"That would probably be the culmination of my achievement being recognized by all the people that have known me for so long," Burch said.
Last month, the Huntsville City School Board approved changes to graduation honors. Seniors now will be recognized as either Magna Cum Laude for a GPA of at least 3.8 or Summa Cum Laude for a GPA of at least 4.0.
There is no longer a valedictorian or a ranking of the top twenty students in a graduating class. According to a spokesperson for the district, this will not affect scholarship opportunities because the class rankings will still be a part of the student's transcript.
Burch is on track to finish with a GPA of 4.7, the highest in her class of 400 students. She says multiple other classmates do not agree with the change as well.
"I hope to reach out to the other schools and the other kids in my school that are going to be affected by this policy and are upset by this policy change coming last minute," Burch said.
Burch tells WAAY 31 she is in favor of adding the new recognition, but doesn't think others should be removed. She says the new policy should have started with the incoming freshman class only.
Back to School: Huntsville City Schools
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Home › Events › See you soon at Fispal Tecnología 2019!
This June PET Tour continues its way to South America. The first stop is Fispal Tecnologia 2019, international exhibition that connects food and beverages industry with the suppliers for the complete manufacturing chain.
PET kegs for beer – a reasonable alternative to export the beverages.
PET Technologies participates in Fispal Tecnologia 2019 to meet each of you in person. We will have an opportunity to find PET stretch blow molding solution that meets your needs.


Here's a killer deal on the Joyetech Espion Tour 220w Box Mod! You can get it right here for only $19.99! No promo code is needed. The color options available are Black, Red, Blue, Green and White.
Joyetech's Espion Tour Box Mod requires 2 high drain 18650 batteries to power it, and it'll provide a maximum wattage output of 220w. In addition, it has a minimum firing resistance of 0.05 ohm for both TC and standard wattage mode. Also, it features a 0.96 inch OLED display screen uniquely located on the front rather than side.
Like many other newer Joyetech mods, you'll find a plethora of features such as TC for Ni200, Ti, SS, and a TCR mode. This mode allows you to fine tune your temperature control vape experience quite easily, which is always good to have. Now, what makes this mod great is the fact that it is quite lightweight, even with 2 batteries installed. So, it's easy to travel with in your pocket or bag.
Overall, this is a great deal on the Espion Tour 220w Box Mod by Joyetech. For just under $20, it's a complete steal. Whether if you're looking for a backup device, or a new dual battery mod, this is a deal definitely worth checking out. We're not sure how long this deal is gonna last, but we'll keep this page updated.


text:
implementation of a management tool display pages and pagination.

###Methods

#### pager
```javascript
	Pager(element, adapter, options)
```
Takes the DOM element **element** as the container pager. The DOM should contain this element.

Takes the object **adapter** is RAD.view in which the pager will be displayed. **adapter** must contain functions:
- **getPageCount** - this function must return quantity of pages
- **setPageContent** -this function must add conetnt to **element**. function takes the following parameters:
    - **rootElement** - page handler
    - **position** - page handler page number from 1 to 3

Takes the object **options** as the parameter. The object has the following properties:
* **onSwipeEnd** - function which is processing ending swipe
* **preventMove** - Enable support of native vertical scrolling in Android
* **resizeEvent** - resize handler pages when resizing view.

default value **options**:

```javascript
	{
		preventMove: true,
		resizeEvent: true
	}
```

**example**
```javascript
 onStartAttach: function () {
        if (this._firstTimeAttach) {
            if (this._pageController) {
                this._pageController.destroy();
            }

            this._firstTimeAttach = false;
            this._pageController = new Pager(this.el, this);
        }
    },

    getPageCount: function () {
        return 11;
    },

    setPageContent: function (position, rootElement) {
        rootElement.innerHTML = "<div class='inn'>index: " + position + "</div>";
        rootElement.setAttribute('index', position);
    }
```

##License

The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2015 [Mobidev](http://mobidev.biz/)

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
HomeDevelopment
Inspiring Women in Tech: Interview with Kristen Foster-Marks
Kristen Foster-Marks, Director of Engineering for the Value Delivery team at Pluralsight Flow, discusses the creative nature of programming, the importance of believing in yourself, and more.
The tech world is a lively one of business deals, machines, innovation and much more. However, it's vital not to overlook the diverse range of women that inspire such activity and progress.
In our second 'Inspiring Women in Tech' Interview, we talk to Kristen Foster-Marks, Director of Engineering for the Value Delivery team at Pluralsight Flow.
She is a former ESL/EFL instructor who spent her early career teaching Academic English and Composition at Colorado State University.
Foster-Marks transitioned into a career in software development in 2016, and through learning programming languages, has been delighted to observe the many similarities between learning human and computer languages.
What drew you to engineering/STEM and how did you get started?
Two things really drew me to software engineering: The creative nature of programming, and the security offered via the overwhelming ratio of available jobs to available engineers to do those jobs. For most of my life, I was an utter Luddite; I'd always thought that I was going to be a writer. By my late-twenties, I had found myself teaching Academic Writing and Composition at a state university with little room for professional growth. At that time, my husband had just completed a degree in Computer Science, and he was doing really creative work – problem-solving and learning constantly. I quickly found myself intrigued, and ended up learning a little web development on my own – basic HTML, CSS and JavaScript – and loved it. Before long, I had committed to a six-month immersive bootcamp, and five years later, I can say without hesitation that it was the best decision I ever made.
What roadblocks have you encountered in your pursuit of a career in tech?
If anything, I think the only roadblock I've faced in pursuing this career was not understanding as a young woman that computer programming was absolutely something I could do. I had subscribed to the common stereotype that programming was a job done by uber-intellectual men. Once I decided this was the route I wanted to go, I buckled down to study, learn and practice. The resources are there for learning, the mentors are there for helping, and the jobs are absolutely there – oftentimes our biggest roadblocks are the ones we imagine up, or those imposed through a lack of exposure to role models in the field.
What do you think are the benefits to early exposure to STEM education and careers in STEM?
In the case of computer science education, I think that the earlier a child is exposed to programming computers and the associated technical concepts, the greater that child's ultimate attainment of programming languages and technical skills will be. Learning programming languages is quite analogous to learning foreign or second languages, in my experience, and the earlier children are exposed to either, the better. As for career exposure, I think it's important to teach children what these skills can allow them to do in the world – who they can be, with these powers. As a computer programmer, you truly can follow your dreams and your passions – today, every company has a software team, and wherever one's passions lie, there's likely room and need for software engineers to contribute.
There is a lack of diversity in STEM, from early education to the workforce, why is it important to have diversity in STEM?
It's difficult to overstate the importance of diversity in STEM fields. In all fields, I would argue. Every individual who decides not to pursue a career because they don't see people like them doing that job introduces a loss to themselves as individuals, and a potential (even likely) loss to the success or advancement of ideas in that field.
What advice would you give to a kid or young adult considering going into STEM? How does that advice change as they get older – from primary/elementary school, through university/college and even into the workforce?
If you have any interest in doing it, but are doubting your ability, just do it. Believe in yourself. Know that it will be challenging, and know that you will need help and mentors, and be ready to fail a thousand times a day as you learn, and then every day of your career, but remember that with focus and dedication, you can learn these skills. All of those little, inevitable failures add up to ultimate success, given enough time. And this advice doesn't change, depending on age. Are you a 17-year-old woman, deciding if you can handle a computer science curriculum? Just do it. Are you a 40-year-old adjunct English instructor who needs to make a change? Just do it. And remember to ask for a lot of help along the way.
If you missed the first tech-themed interview, we spoke with Lilac Mohr, Interim VP of Engineering, Flow, at Pluralsight.
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Have you heard about the Beyond healthy chocolate revolution? It is a powerful movement sweeping across the county with the goal to convince you to change your chocolate from the unhealthy store bought chocolate to a cold pressed raw high antioxidant super food. This raw cold pressed chocolate version is made by a company called Well Beyond Corporation, the makers of XO healthy chocolate products. This chocolate is nothing like the candy bars you find in your local Walmart, Walgreens or CVS drugstore. It has not been heated or dutched like traditional chocolate and does not include waxes or fillers.
Most of us have heard in the news about the benefits of dark chocolate. What you might not realize is that all dark chocolate is NOT the same. More than just how much chocolate is in the chocolate bar, the vital component is actually how the dark chocolate is processed and how many of the essential antioxidants remain. Healthy Chocolate Company, makers of Beyond Chocolates, has found a way to retain the health benefits of the raw cacao.
Join the Beyond Healthy Chocolate Revolution TODAY!
My family has suffered with chronic health problems for years. The best thing we ever did was to include unheated Beyond Healthy Chocolate products including our breakfast meal replacement shake in our diet. My son and I have been taking this shake for over 4 years and it has made such a difference for both of us. Ask me for details!! You spend money at the doctor or spend money on your food. How will you spend your healthcare dollars? Who knows what is happening with Obamacare, as so many insurers are walking away. The best thing you can do for your family is to eat right. Simple changes like Beyond Chocolate can help. Make sure that you are eating right so you have the best chance of living a healthy and happy life. Including unheated Beyond Belgian Chocolate. It is an easy way to include the antioxidants your body needs. Now preferred customers can order Beyond Healthy Chocolate at the lowest price possible and get free shipping! Prices are way cheaper than Amazon or Ebay. And, you can be sure they are the freshest available as they ship direct. Those who chose the Chocolate of the Month club, (subscription) are also eligible for a free product every 3rd month for the first year! You don't even need to worry about a coupon or discount code to get the best deal. Free Shipping is automatic so no code for that either.
In the article Boosting Brain Power With Chocolate, "A study led by Professor Ian Macdonald found that consumption of a cocoa drink rich in flavanols — a key ingredient of dark chocolate — boosts blood flow to key areas of the brain for two to three hours.
Increased blood flow to these areas of the brain may help to increase performance in specific tasks and boost general alertness over a short period. The findings, unveiled at one of the biggest scientific conferences in America, also raise the prospect of ingredients in chocolate being used to treat vascular impairment, including dementia and strokes, and thus for maintaining cardiovascular health.
We are Three Sons Marketing LLC and our goal is to share Beyond Healthy Chocolate with the world. Join us in enjoying this amazing chocolate or perhaps you want to be involved in the Healthy Chocolate Revolution as it is an amazing business and so much fun. My family has been eating and enjoying the health benefits of Beyond Belgian Chocolate products for well over six years. We can't imagine life without it. Make a difference in your diet. Simply incorporate Healthy Chocolate. You can do this–and you will love it!
Reach out to us at 941-216-5727, or at ColdPressedChocolate.com.


So, I have a theory, and it came about the other day in work.
So, what if Bono was a badger? That is my thought. I would be able to knock him down freely, kill him, skin him, maybe eat him. The possibilities are endless.
Then I started wondering if Bono was a badger what kind of badger he could be. And I could only think of one badger that is as annoying as Bono.
Yes you guessed it, the Badger with Bodger's hand stuck up him.
I took the investigation further and you know what that means, I did some google searching. Searching of the google.
A seemingly innocent looking picture of bodger and badger.
Is that Bono's annoying smile poking through, could it be?
let's look closer, using the latest in laser eye colostomy space station technology.
And everybody knows Bono loves Mashed Potato.
That was annoying, Thus Bono is Badger.


text:
Je'Kya C. Indiana
This letter mainly focuses on terrorism.
Je'Kya Turpin-Cummings
English 11, Period 2
Have you ever wondered when terrorism would come to an end? The United States needs to set laws that prevents refugees from coming into our country. There are many solutions to fixing this problem. Many concerns are stirring around our country, people afraid that terrorism will never come to an end. People invading our country killing people who are innocent citizens. There are many innocent people's lives that are at risk more and more everyday as long as the continue to let refugees come into the United States. If you ask a number of people whether they are afraid that refugees will take over our country or not, I would assume that many of them would say that they are terrified. This reveals that our country needs to have more communication when it comes to the endangerment of our innocent citizens.
What has this world come to? Terrorism started when security allowed refugees to come into our country and start to kill innocent citizens. According to the Associated Press, "This was an act of terrorism designed to kill innocent people. On November 13th, ISIS carried out its most violent attack in Europe. Gunmen killed 130 people at several places in Paris, France, and wounded hundreds more." On this day, this was one of the most aggressive actions to ever happen in Europe. Associated Press has also stated that, "Roughly 2,200 Syrian refugees have been allowed in over the last four years. The president has a goal of bringing 10,000 more Syrian refugees to the United States over the next year." We honestly have no idea what refugees' plans are when they come into our country.
People shouldn't be afraid to walk out of their house, some are afraid that they will be involved in a random act of terrorism because you never know when or where it will happen. People's lives are at risk more and more everyday as long as security continues to let refugees come into our country. According to Associated Press, "The president did order the government departments of State and Homeland Security to review the fiance visa program that the female shooter in California used to enter the United States. It gives permission for people marrying U.S. citizens to come to America." Associated Press, has also stated that "He also repeated his call for a new gun control laws, saying no matter how effective law enforcement and intelligence agencies are, they cannot identify every would be shooter. He called it a matter of national security to prevent potential killers from getting guns."
Some might say not everyone that comes in the United States are terrorists, but I argue that we have no idea if all the refugees coming into our country are terrorists or not. According to Tribune News, "They also know that the vast majority of the Syrian refugees would be honest and law-abiding. Most are simply fleeing a violent civil war they had nothing to do with starting. Many are fleeing the Islamic State, which had taken over parts of their war-torn country." With the security we have, there is no way of being able to tell which ones would tell the truth and which ones would lie. Tribune News also stated, that "The governors resisting the refugee resettlement simply do not trust Obama's claim that all of the refugees will be checked out extremely carefully. Neither does the public. A Rasmussen poll showed some 60 percent of likely voters "oppose the settling of Syrian refugees in the state where they live." This shows that many of the citizens in the U.S. believe that most of the refugees coming into our country may or may not terrorists.
When will it come to an end? People are afraid to walk out of their house because they don't know what will happen to them in that moment or when they are out and about. As long as security continues to let in without being checked, everyone's lives will continue to be at risk more and more everyday. Terrorists are coming into our country and are killing the innocent citizens whom they may not know. Many of citizens don't believe that refugees should be allowed to come into our country. When it comes to endangerment of others that when they need to step up security. The central issue here is the question of historical, analytical honesty.
Sincerely, Je'Kya Turpin-Cummings
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Sept. 18 (UPI) -- Brie Larson is a hero without a memory in the first trailer for Marvel's next comic book epic, Captain Marvel.
The clip, released Tuesday, features Larson as the titular character crash landing on earth, arriving inside a closed Blockbuster at night. The store represents how the film takes place in the '90s before the events of Iron Man which kicked off the Marvel cinematic universe in 2008.
Captain Marvel's entrance prompts the arrival of Nick Fury, portrayed by a returning Samuel L. Jackson, who wants to recruit Captain Marvel in order to fend off a space invasion.
As Captain Marvel explains to Fury, she has memory flashes of living on Earth, but has no recollection of where she comes from.
The trailer also hints at Captain Marvel's origin as an Air Force pilot and how she will be taking on the shapeshifting Skrulls who can appear as humans.
Captain Marvel, from directors Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck, is set to arrive in theaters on March 8, 2019. Jude Law, Gemma Chan, Annette Bening and Ben Mendelsohn, as the film's villain, also star. Djimon Hounsou and Lee Pace will be featured, reprising their villainous roles from Guardians of the Galaxy.


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Valiant Announces Fifteen Exclusive Signings Focused On Artists And Colorists
Just earlier today, we speculated that we'd be seeing more announcements of exclusive contracts beyond those coming from DC Comics, and it seems that is the case, as Valiant Entertainment has announced a whopping fifteen exclusive deals in one fell swoop ahead of this weekend's Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo.
The announcement, courtesy of ComicBookResources, covers new or renewed exclusive contracts with artists and colorists who have already worked on Valiant titles. Since its return in 2012, Valiant has provided a space for creators to step outside of the box of the usual superhero universe trappings, and has afford them the opportunity and freedom to tell new kinds of superhero stories.
Here's the full list of talent according to CBR:
Raul Allen (currently working on "Wrath of the Eternal Warrior"), David Baron (colorist on "Divinity II" and "Bloodshot Reborn"), Diego Bernard ("Ninjak"), Doug Braithwaite ("Ninjak"), CAFU ("Rai"), Khari Evans ("Imperium"), Robert Gill ("4001 A.D.: Shadowman"), Trevor Hairsine ("Divinity II"), Clayton Henry ("4001 AD: X-O Manowar"), David Lafuente ("A&A: The Adventures of Archer & Armstrong"), Lewis LaRosa ("Bloodshot Reborn"), Pere Perez (former "Archer & Armstrong" artist said to be working on a "top secret" project), Brian Reber (colorist on "A&A" and "Bloodshot Reborn"), Juan Jose Ryp ("Wrath of the Eternal Warrior") and Mico Suayan ("Bloodshot Reborn").
The list shows not only Valiant's commitment to creators, but artists in particular who are often undervalued and under-appreciated compared to their writer colleagues. Valiant has shown to have a great eye for talent in the past, and with these fifteen new signings, the future looks bright for the company.
Check out the full announcement at CBR for more information, including statements from Valiant's CEO & chief creative officer Dinesh Shamdasani and editor-in-chief Warren Simons.
Next: Deathmate Revealed in 'Bloodshot Reborn' #14
Filed Under: Brian Reber, cafu, Clayton Henry, David Baron, David Lafuente, Diego Bernard, doug braithwaite, Juan Jose Ryp, khari evans, Lewis Larosa, MICO SUAYAN, Pere Perez, Raul Allen, robert gill, TREVOR HAIRSINE
Categories: News, Valiant


And on the ninth day, God created Gaga Ball, so that evil children could get their comeuppance with a painful play date in a box with a dodgeball.
My friends, I have been inducted into a new game that makes my life happy. It is called Gaga Ball. A group of people, lets say bitter camp counselors/specialists/admin and vicious campers, enter a walled in arena with a concrete (now rubber, pansies kept getting hurt and complaining) floor and a dodge ball. The object is to hit the other people in the pit, as its called, with the dodgeball below the knee. The winner is the last one standing. And the losers are the ones covered in cuts and bruises bitching about how much it hurts to be smashed in the shin with a dodgeball bounced off of concrete.
So, basically, someone at my camp is paid as much as me to wail on kids with dodgeballs all day.
It's sublime. I don't think I've ever enjoyed a sport more in my life. I'm trying to figure out how to build my own pit in the backyard to wail on unsuspecting guests. It's that fun. And, even better, I made some college athletes not want to play anymore because the music and drama guy beat them. Almost tops beating the softball specialist at arcade basketball and watching her storm away in a cloud of rage.
Here's a video that I believe gets the point across.


As the sun sets at 6pm, the Falls gets a few late day rays.
The night really makes the Falls look frozen, and yes it was cold at 15°F at 7pm.
This entry was posted in Travel, Winter and tagged Frozen Niagara Falls, ice at Niagara Falls, nature, Niagara Falls, photos, Travel, Winter at the Falls. Bookmark the permalink.
Beautiful pictures and fascinating time lapse. Yes, that's a lot of ice! I was up there about 15 years ago and remember ice climbing up the American falls…. Not nearly that high though!
I think it might be time for a return visit. I just wish I didn't have to go through the trouble of passports for the kids and renewing my own!
The "after dark" photo is absolutely breathtaking! I've thought of you the past few days as the frozen Niagara reports were on the news. Thank you for braving the cold for us! Also, your last post brings hope of spring warmth. I love the way the ladies paint their houses in pastel colors to compliment their flowers and gardens. It seems that whole neighborhoods join in, and their combined efforts are amazing! …and, so is your photography of them. Thank you!
That last photo is beautiful. The falls are part of your being.
Wow, astonishing! That is a lot of ice.
Beautiful shots! I thought of your posts when they had on our local news that Niagara Falls had frozen over for the second time this winter.
It is a pretty sight at any time but that night shot is magical.Everything is so white and clean with the snow and frost. We got a sciff of snow twice in the last two days but mostly old ice coats the streets and back alleys and the temps are getting warmer, just under zero which is a pleasant respite from -30 celsius.
Impressive photos with the snow and ice, mother nature vs mother nature. I always knew Buffalo got a lot of snow. And 15 degrees… I am positively gleeful that I have missed winter in NY this year.
Fantastic photography, the last one is stunnning.
These pictures are so incredibly stunning, I don't know where to begin responding. Incredible work ..thanks for sharing..
Wow! The Falls truly are a wonder of the world. Your photos are amazing!
Fantastic captures and now I've finally caught up with your blog, onto my others. It's a tough life, with so much to read. I would go out but nope, I feel under so under the weather, I'll stick to reading and looking at all those many articles online.
Last week Brian Williams showed pics of Niagara and said the falls were frozen. Nope, I said to myself, Donna says they never freeze. Thanks, Donna.
Ooooh, spectacular! It looks so pleasant at 1:30 p.m. and so cold at sunset! I was outside yesterday shoveling in just a sweater close to noon because the sun felt so warm, but by 2:30 p.m. in Amherst there was a breeze and it felt much colder. These are postcard shots!
That is really amazing! Excellent shots!
Spectacular as always Donna, I bet you wish spring had come though 😉 regards James.
Yes it's cold, but your photos make me want to see this.
Stunning shots I never tire of…love that last shot.


Helmuth's research focuses on predicting the likely ecological impacts of climate change on coastal ecosystems, and on the development of products that are useful by a diverse array of stakeholders.
marine biologist and ecologist with a particular interest on invertebrate species diversity and distribution, the Marine Aquarium trade and sustainable aquaculture of marine ornamental species.
I am a Professor of Biodiversity Conservation at iDiv/Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg and an invited Chair at InBio/University of Porto. My research focuses on global biodiversity change.
I am an Assistant Professor at the Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies; the South Asia Coordinator of the IUCN SSC – Freshwater Fish Specialist Group (FFSG); and the IUCN SSC.
I Chair the IUCN Species Survival Commission, based in Caracas, at Provita and the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Investigation. I am an ecologist, focused on biodiversity conservation.
I am a project assistant at BirdLife International on the CCI funded global audit of biodiversity monitoring project, leading on the global compiling of species monitoring schemes.
I work at the intersection of conservation biology and landscape ecology and have researched patterns and processes going from population to regional levels, with an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in tropical agricultural landscapes.
As Tree Conservation Biologist, Dr. Sean Hoban works to understand, document, and conserve trees species, both rare and common. He also works to develop new tools and standards for conservation.
PhD student at Monash University interested in biodiversity and conservation research. Currently working on invasive species focusing on risk assessment, prioritisation, and the information required.
I did my bachelor in Biology (2005) and my master in Landscape Ecology and Nature Conservation (2007) with the title "Modelação Preditiva Hierárquica e Espacialmente Explícita da Distribuição de Espécies da Flora Vascular".
My research background is in algal molecular taxonomy and systematics, currently dabbling in transcriptomics.
Biologist. Master's degree in Biological Sciences by the Institute of Biosciences of the University of São Paulo in the area of long-term monitoring with emphasis on how rocky shores are affected by abiotic factors related to climate change.
I am a zoologist with a broad interest in ecology and conservation, especially of mammals.
I am an ecologist by training with experience in both field and modeling work. My passion is understanding how wildlife is changing globally and why. I work with in situ remote sensing technology, mostly camera traps to devise better indicators.


text:
Guinea Ecuatorial estuvo representada en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020 por tres deportistas, dos hombres y una mujer, que compitieron en dos deportes.

Los portadores de la bandera en la ceremonia de apertura fueron los atletas Benjamín Enzema y Alba Mbo Nchama. El equipo olímpico ecuatoguineano no obtuvo ninguna medalla en estos Juegos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página del COI .
 Base de datos olímpica .

Guinea Ecuatorial
V 2020
Guinea Ecuatorial en 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia