No blabla, just how you do it with zend framework 2.4.
Useful links are a gist from a closed issue and somehow an official howto (maybe working with zend framework greater 2.4).
A quick one today. I found an exciting entry on Robert Basic's Blog called new autoloader in zend framework 1.12.
While i am already working with zend framework 2, i knew about the new autoloading mechanism but its good to know the guys from zend framework are backporting this to the old zend framework 1.
Robert shows you how to use it in your current zend framework 1 projects and links to the zend framework manual and how to increase the classloading performance.
I am working on the private project "tool.bazzline.net" to get away from social services and have a tool that fits perfectly to my own requirement. Private projects always (should ) have the benefit of "no time preasure" that leads to "implement some cool features". The first thing on this feature list is a data mapper.
Why a datamapper? Well, won't you like to work with domain models and don't give a s*** about how and where the data is stored? There is a wonderfull and short article created by Martin Fowler and i just have to recomend this one.
I found two datamapper projects for php on the web, pdodatamapper and phpdatamapper. To keep things short, a data mapper removes the logic of "how and where" to store the model data. Both projects are still under heavy development and are not in a final state right now. I will not use them (but always take a look on how they have things done).
So what should my data mapper do? All in all, it should hide all the database tables from the developer - even the orm if used. I just want to create a domain model and use it to store and get data from a persistent storage. My data mapper must be smart enough to figure out which rowset on which storage/database table he has to update (or create). The data mapper should have a lazy loading/storing mechanism, this should be done by a propertieset that knows which propertie is stored on which storage/database table. My data mapper should support a very simple/limited filter mechanism that prevents me to blow up my data mapper class with to many "loadModelWhenItFitsToTheFollowingCircumstances"-methods. This data mapper should also support to create a domain model by the upper called filter mechanism.
I decided that the general data mapper methods "insert()", "update" and "delete" are not perfect in the matter of sense to fit on my requirements. Thats why this data mapper will have the methods "load($model, $filters)", "save($model)" and "delete($model)". You can adapt each data mapper by adding own load methods with pre defined filters.
Filter what? All this filtering leads to a filter class. This is a simple and straight forward one with the properties "criteria", "name" and "value". The filter class has to be independent from the real storage implementation, thats why i will use an aditional filterMapper class.
This filterMapper is used from the data mapper and prevents to write doublicated storage dependent code. He is responsible to transform the general filterset to the a storage dependant model - means you throw the filter and the storage model inside and get the storage model with added storageFilter back. That filter and filterMapper can communicate with each other by using a criteria class. The criteria class will define what "like" or "greater then" is so that the filterMapper can map this to the storage model.
After the trip to the filtering adventure, we are back to the data mapper itself. The real domainModelDataMapper will use a general propertieSet class. This propertieSet class is the only real connection between the domainModelProperties and the (maybe more the one) storage models - so the theorie currently .
I must admit, i have made no decision if the real domainModelDataMapper is a decorator of the dataMapper, or if the dataMapper class is implemented as abstract class. Since the whole project is a "learning by doing", i will figure out what will work - final in the phase of implementation (have i remarked that i never ever have worked with a data mapper for real? ).
Lets see what is next.
I just released my first project on github.com. As mention in the headline, it is called Bazzline_Controller_Plugin_Auth. It is a simple plugin which tests if the called url is a "logged in user" only url or not. If it is "logged in only", the user is redirected to the login. The previously called url is saved in the session. After a successfull login, the user gets redirected to this saved url. All can be configured in a config file.
This plugin is only for simple access controll by "user is logged in" or "user is not logged in". The ACL stuff is still in the pipeline and should not - to follow the KISS principle - be inside an auth plugin.
While setting up this project on github, i had some problems while getting a valid connection to github.
I followed the howto but not "pressed enter" when asked for a file to store the key.
does not what i have expected. An controller was created below the general controller directory and not inside the module "myModuleName". Lets see if i like the tool at all. I will stick on it for this project and fill up the links in the following section when i find some usefull one. I can give one hint so far, the zend tool can only create, not delete anything. If you want to delete something, you have to do it manualy (remember the zfproject.xml file).
Just by searching for a new technical book i stumbled over Pro Zend Framework Techniques: Build a Full CMS Project.
Well, the price in my local bookdealer was very cheap so i gave him a try. After finishing reading, i must admit that the book touches nearly all sticking points i was falling by learning using the zend framework. The book also shows me more . I like the way the book is written. You begin with easy tasks and refactor the code if needed.
If the price fits to your pocket, give him a try .


text:
"放弃吧!"
在我挣扎着学习Flux时,最希望听到某个人这样对我说。它一点都不简单直接,缺少文档,还有很多需要完善的地方。

这篇文章就是献给那些和我一样不怎么聪明的家伙,作为学习ReactJS后的补充。

*我该使用Flux吗?

如果你的应用需要处理动态的数据,那么你可能需要。

如果只是一些静态的页面也没有状态,并且你不需要保存或者更新数据,那就离Flux远点,它不会给你更多的好处。

*为什么需要Flux

坦白的说,Flux有点复杂。那为什么要引入Flux增加复杂性呢?

90的iOS应用的数据是用表格形式呈现的。iOS的工具箱里有很多好用的视图和数据模型,帮助开发者更轻松的开发。

但是对于前端(HTML,Javascript,CSS),我们并没有这些东西。相反我们面临一个很严重的问题:没有人知道如何构建一个前端应用。
这行我干了很多年了,从来没看到过"最佳实践"。各种"库"倒是学了不少。jQuery?Angular?Backbone?现实的问题是,数据流仍然困扰着大多数人。

Flux是个什么东东?

"Flux"用来描述绑定特定事件(events)和监听器(listeners)的单向数据流。没有特定的Flus库,但是你需要一个Flux Dispatcher和任何一个Javascript的事件库。

官方的文档属于"意识流"派的风格,不适合新手。如果你已经对Flux足够了解,它将帮助你补上某些确实的东西。

不要拿Flux和MVC做比较。
不要拿Flux和MVC做比较。
不要拿Flux和MVC做比较。
重要的事情要说三遍。
那两个不相干的东西做比较,会使你更困惑。

下面是我们开工!下面我会一步步的讲解、演示那些概念。

1.视图(Views) Dispatch 动作(Actions)

Dispatcher 本质上是一个基于事件的系统。它负责分发事件和注册事件的处理函数。只有一个全局的Dispatcher。推荐使用Facebook提供的Dispatcher库,它很方便使用:

    var AppDispatcher = new Dispatcher();

假设你的应用有一个 new 按钮去给一个列表增加一个新的项目。

    <button onClick={ this.createNewItem }>New Item</button>

当你点击完后会发生什么?首先,视图会发出一个特殊的事件,其中包括事件的名称以及相关数据:

    createNewItem: function( evt ) {

        AppDispatcher.dispatch({
          eventName: 'new-item',
            newItem: { name: 'Marco' } // example data
        });
    }

2."Store"会响应一个被分发的的事件

像Flux一样,这个也是Facebook自己造的一个词。对于我们的应用来讲,我们需要一个描述逻辑和数据的地方,这就是 "Store"。现在我们整一个 ListStore。

Store 是单例对象,这就意味着你不应该通过new来声明它。ListStore是一个全局的对象:

    // Global object representing list data and logic
    var ListStore = {

        // Actual collection of model data
        items: [],

        // Accessor method we'll use later
        getAll: function() {
         return this.items;
        }

    };

这个Store需要相应事件,就像下面一样去注册一个需要响应的事件:

    var ListStore = …

    AppDispatcher.register( function( payload ) {

        switch( payload.eventName ) {

            case 'new-item':

                // We get to mutate data!
                ListStore.items.push( payload.newItem );
                break;

        }

        return true; // Needed for Flux promise resolution

    });

这是Flux处理事件的典型方式:每个payload都包含事件的名称和数据;而后通过一个switch语句去决定执行那个动作。

 关键点: Store不是Model,Store包含一个Model

 关键点: Store是唯一知道如何更新组件数据的。这是Flux中最重要的一点。分发的事件对如何添加和删除项。

例如,如果应用的其它地方需要跟踪一些图片和相关的metadata,你就需要新建一个Store,比如叫ImageStore。一个Store代表了应用中一个独立的概念。
如果你的应用很大,它们可能对你来说显而易见。但是如果只是一个小应用,或许你只需要一个Store就够了。

只有Store才允许向Dispatcher注册回调!
只有Store才允许向Dispatcher注册回调!
只有Store才允许向Dispatcher注册回调!
视图不应该去调用 AppDispatcher.register。Dispatcher应该只用来将事件从View分发到Store。视图可能会相应多个事件。

3.从Store触发Change事件

好了,终于到重点了!数据已经完全改变,我们需要告诉所有人。

现在你的Store触发需要触发一个事件,但是我们并没有使用dispatcher。是不是很困惑?但Flux就是这么干的。现在我们需要赋予Store触发事件的能力。如果你使用MicroEvent,就可以像这样:

    MicroEvent.mixin( ListStore );

接下来我们需要触发这个change事件:

    case 'new-item':

        ListStore.items.push( payload.newItem );

        // Tell the world we changed!
        ListStore.trigger( 'change' );

        break;

 关键点:我们并没有将最新的数据添加到事件中。因为视图只关心是不是有东西发生改变。想知道为什么吗?继续跟踪数据吧^_^。

4.视图去响应(Respond) Change事件

现在我们需要显示这个列表。视图此时会整体重新渲染(re-render)。对,你没看错,就是这样!

首先,我们需要在ListStore中,设置监听component首次加载的事件,就是说component刚被创建时:

    componentDidMount: function() {
        ListStore.bind( 'change', this.listChanged );
    },

简单起见,我们只调用 foreUpdate,此时会触发重绘。

    listChanged: function() {
        // Since the list changed, trigger a new render.
        this.forceUpdate();
    },

别忘了在component被删除时移除事件的监听器:

    componentWillUnmount: function() {
        ListStore.unbind( 'change', this.listChanged );
    },

Now what? Let's look at our render function, which I've purposely saved for last.

    render: function() {

        // Remember, ListStore is global!
        // There's no need to pass it around
        var items = ListStore.getAll();

        // Build list items markup by looping
        // over the entire list
        var itemHtml = items.map( function( listItem ) {

            // "key" is important, should be a unique
            // identifier for each list item
            return

                { listItem.name }

;

        });

        return

                { itemHtml }

            <button onClick={ this.createNewItem }>New Item</button>

;
    }
We've come full circle. When you add a new item, the view dispatches an action, the store responds to that action, the store updates, the store triggers a change event, and the view responds to the change event by re-rendering.

But here's a problem: we're re-rendering the entire view every time the list changes! Isn't that horribly inefficient?!

Nope.

Sure, we'll call the render function again, and sure, all the code in the render function will be re-run. But React will only update the real DOM if your rendered output has changed. Your render function is actually generating a "virtual DOM", which React compares to the previous output of render. If the two virtual DOMs are different, React will update the real DOM with only the difference.

 Key Concept: When store data changes, your views shouldn't care if things were added, deleted, or modified. They should just re-render entirely. React's "virtual DOM" diff algorithm handles the heavy lifting of figuring out which real DOM nodes changed. This makes your life much simpler, and will lower your blood pressure.

One More Thing: What The Hell Is An "Action Creator"?

Remember, when we click our button, we dispatch a specific event:

    AppDispatcher.dispatch({
        eventName: 'new-item',
        newItem: { name: 'Samantha' }
    });
Well, this can get pretty repetitious to type if many of your views need to trigger this event. Plus, all of your views need to know the specific object format. That's lame. Flux suggests an abstraction, called action creators, which just abstracts the above into a function.

    ListActions = {

        add: function( item ) {
            AppDispatcher.dispatch({
                eventName: 'new-item',
                newItem: item
            });
        }

    };
Now your view can just call ListActions.add({ name: '...' }); and not have to worry about dispatched object syntax.

Unanswered Questions

All Flux tells us how to do is manage data flow. It doesn't answer these questions:

How do you load and save data to the server?
How do you handle communication between components with no common parent?
What events library should I use? Does it matter?
Why hasn't Facebook released all of this as a library?
Should I use a model layer like Backbone as the model in my store?
The answer to all of these questions is: have fun!

PS: Don't Use forceUpdate

I used forceUpdate for simplicty's sake. The correct way for your component to read store data is to copy data into state and read from this.state in the render function. You can see how this works in the TodoMVC example.

When the component first loads, store data is copied into state. When the store updates, the data is re-copied in its entirety. This is better, because internally, forceUpdate is synchronous, while setState is more efficient.

That's It!

For additional resources, check out the Example Flux Application provided by Facebook. Hopefully after this article, the files in the js/ folder will be easier to understand.

The Flux Documentation contains some helpful nuggets, buried deep in layers of poorly accessible writing.

For an example of organizing components with Flux, see the follow up ReactJS Controller View Pattern.

If this post helped you understand Flux, consider following me on Twitter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


East Tennessee Kidney Foundation, Inc.™ | 100% Local!
ETKF is run by volunteers and the contributions of the community. You can help us by volunteering and becoming an advocate for the health and well-being of East Tennesseans affected by kidney disease.
Help us provide patient services and support to East Tennesseans affected by kidney disease. Your donations will also help us provide information and education on the prevention of kidney disease.
Do you or a family member need help getting to and from dialysis? Do you need help paying for supplemental nutritional products and necessary medications? Contact us because we may be able to help.


I have a pool pump question. My pump will not start and I can't figure out why. Here are my troubleshooting steps. I wonder if anyone has any suggestions.
Pump is wired 240 single phase. The pump acts like its dead. No humming, no nothing. Its been running fine for a day but decided to stop for some reason.
2. Checked power at pump- OK 120 volts from each line.
5. Checked Capacitor- OK I did replace it just to be sure though.
7. Checked resistance between load terminals- started at zero but quickly climbed to 3 ohms - OK?
I really hate to jump to the conclusion that my motor is dead. Did I miss anything?
What's the voltage line to line?
It's zero.. like I said when I measure from each post to ground they both read 120 but across the two it's maybe a half volt. I don't know why I didn't check that earlier. I know it should read 240 but now I can't figure it out. Are they out of phase? Is that a thing? Is it reading 120 on each leg because they are connected via the motor so I'm actually reading the same voltage on either line? Maybe bad switch?
Is it reading 120 on each leg because they are connected via the motor so I'm actually reading the same voltage on either line? Maybe bad switch?
Yes, that's the most likely reason.
Probably one leg is not connected back to power. Probably a bad switch or breaker.
If you remove the leads from the motor and check each to ground, you should see one with 120 and one at zero.
Turned out to be some corrosion on the crimped terminal connector. Replaced with new wire and terminal and it's running like a champ. Easy fix! It's great to have others to get a fresh look on things. Thanks!
Good catch, glad you could get it fixed.
Just a reminder to all, one I remind the guys at work of often - voltage check to ground is for SAFETY only. As a diagnostic practice it can easily send you off into the weeds. You saw 120v to ground on both legs because with the bad connection, both "sides" of the motor were now on the same side of power.
Good job. Thanks for the update.


Sept. 7, 2004 - American Muslim Voice today strongly condemned the recent killing of more than 300 innocent people, including many children, at a school seized by terrorists in Beslan, southern Russia.
The horrible deaths of so many innocent people is deeply shocking and saddening. Endangering the lives of children and innocent people cannot be justified for any purpose.
The Qur'an clearly states: "If anyone slays a human being, it shall be as though he had slain all mankind" (5:32). No injustice done to Muslims can ever justify the massacre of innocent people, and no act of terror will ever serve the cause of Islam.
Our heart goes out to the relatives and friends of those who were the innocent victims of terrorist violence, especially to the parents of so many children who lost their lives.
We call for an urgent solution to the conflict in that troubled region to let all people live in peace.


text:
The Louisiana Supreme Court Absurdly Wouldn't Grant An Attorney To A Suspect Who Requested A 'Lawyer Dog'
by: David Matthews November 2, 2017
In a shocking and absurd decision, the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled against granting an attorney to a suspect who said, "Just give me a lawyer, dog." The suspect made the statement to detectives during an interrogation, and the court ruled that "lawyer dog" was not a sufficient means of "invoking his constitutional right to counsel."
Warren Demesme was being interrogated by New Orleans police in October 2015. He was a suspect in multiple sexual assault cases. After growing frustrated with the detectives' line of questioning, Demesme made his unfortunate utterance. "This is how I feel, if y'all think I did it, I know that I didn't do it so why don't you just give me a lawyer dog 'cause this is not what's up," he said, according to a transcript provided by the Orleans Parish District Attorney's office. Demesme subsequently admitted to the crimes.
Derwyn D. Bunton, the parish's public defender, took on Demesme's case and filed a brief to suppress his client's statement that implicated himself — made when police continued questioning Demesme after he "unequivocally and unambiguously" asked for an attorney.
In response, Orleans Parish Assistant District Attorney Kyle Daly said the detectives were right to continue questioning because they understood that Demesme "only might [have been] invoking his right to counsel."
After Bunton's motion was rejected by the trial court and appeals court, he took the case to the state's Supreme Court. The Supreme Court rejected the appeal and took the extra, unusual step to issuing a written ruling. "In my view, the defendant's ambiguous and equivocal reference to a 'lawyer dog' does not constitute an invocation of counsel that warrants termination of the interview," wrote Associate Supreme Court Justice Scott J. Crichton.
All of this procedural madness occurred, sadly, because of the omission of a comma between "lawyer" and "dog" in the transcript. Demesme is now awaiting trial in an Orleans Parish jail.
(Via Washington Post)
Tags: Court Case, criminal justice, Legal Issues, Louisiana, new orleans, police

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
12 Best Sports Movies for Motivation
December 3, 2021 May 10, 2020 by Josh Miller
It's a difficult time, but that doesn't mean you can't find a little inspiration from sports movies. From those that make you laugh to instant classics, make it movie night tonight with our top 12 sports movies!
With plenty of time to stay inside these days, many people are turning to books and baking to stay busy. It can also be a great time to catch up on some films with your family! And, if you're missing out on your favorite recreational sports, there are plenty of classics to choose from. Whether true underdog stories or the best comedies, start streaming these great sports movies! Be sure to share your finds with others on your favorite family app!
What Are the Best Sports Movies on Netflix?
1. Moneyball
This 2011 sports film garnered Oscar nominations for two of its stars, Brad Pitt and Jonah Hill. It follows Billy Beane, played by Pitt, who is the general manager of the Oakland A's baseball team. From the star-making performances to the exploration of the science of baseball, Moneyball's a must-see.
2. Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby
Some of the greatest sports movies might bring on the drama, but this Will Ferrell classic is all about fun. As the second collaboration between Ferrell and Adam McKay, follow the adventures of the best NASCAR driver around, Ricky Bobby. That is, until the appearance of Jean Girard, played by Sacha Baron Cohen, who provides some competition.
What Are the Funniest Sports Movies Ever Made?
3. Major League
When it comes to sports movies, this is the favorite of many major league baseball players. This comedy follows the plays and adventures of a sports team trying to win. Featuring stars like Charlie Sheen and Rene Russo, it even features the Cleveland Indians baseball team. Share your favorite funny movies on FamilyApp!
4. Caddyshack
For films about golf, nothing has reached the heights of Caddyshack. As a rich millionaire tries to turn the golf course into a property development, chaos ensues. In addition to the comedy gold of Bill Murray, you'll also love the gopher that gets in the middle of everything!
5. Bull Durham
If you're looking for one of the definitive sports movies, look no further than Bull Durham. Kevin Costner stars as Crash Davis, who had a career in the minor leagues but never quite made it major. As he trains dim-witted talent Ebby Laloosh, played by Tim Robbins, battles ensue between the two.
What Are the Best Sports Movies of All Time?
6. A League of Their Own
Featuring Geena Davis, Tom Hanks, and Madonna, this film follows a women's professional baseball league during World War II. While the power of the film lies in the relationship between two sisters, there's no shortage of memorable performances.
7. Rudy
For the kind of sports movies that isn't about winning but how you play the game, this film is classic. Based on a true story, it follows Rudy Ruettiger who just wants a shot at playing the big game. With roles by stars like Vince Vaughn and Jon Favreau, this football film is worth a watch.
8. The Wrestler
Directed by Darren Aronofsky, this drama featuring Mickey Rourke offers up plenty of insight into an unlikely sport. Randy 'The Ram' Robinson is a wrestler who wants his glory days back, but the toll could be too high. Make sure you have the box of tissues handy!
9. Hoop Dreams
This documentary follows the stories of William Gates and Arthur Agee as they pursue their inner-city dreams of being NBA stars. While the basketball side of the story is intriguing enough, it also functions as a political commentary. Its look at poverty and racial inequality makes it one of the best sports movies of all time.
10. Hoosiers
This feature from 1986 might show its age, but it's a classic small-town film about basketball that's not to be missed. With stellar performances by Hollywood stars Gene Hackman and Dennis Hopper, watch this basketball team fight its way to glory! Share your favorite basketball film on your favorite family app.
11. Rocky
This film is what made Sylvester Stallone famous, and it's still among the most popular sports films today. It follows the story of Rocky Balboa, who is an underdog that wants to do his thing. Fighting his way to boxing success, few sports movies have had the impact this one did.
12. Raging Bull
Many good sports movies offer a cautionary tale, but no classic has reached the heights of Raging Bull. Directed by Martin Scorsese, Robert De Niro won an Oscar for his performance as Jake LaMotta. Nothing quite measures up to the glory and pain of making it big.
With all the inside time lately, it's a good opportunity to catch up on some classics! Whether you're a sports fan or you like an underdog story, there are plenty of films to inspire. Do you have any favorite sports movies? Share your faves with other movie buffs in our comments.
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text:
Waleri Pawlowitsch Tschkalow (, wiss. Transliteration ; *  in Wassiljowo, heute Tschkalowsk, Oblast Nischni Nowgorod; † 15. Dezember 1938 in Moskau) war ein sowjetischer Pilot.

Leben
Tschkalow wurde als Sohn des Kesselflickers Pawel Grigorjewitsch Tschkalow geboren. Da er nach dem Wunsch des Vaters dessen Beruf ergreifen sollte, wurde er mit 13 Jahren auf eine berufsvorbereitende Schule in Tscherepowez geschickt. Dort verbrachte er aber nur kurze Zeit, denn nach der Oktoberrevolution von 1917 wurde die Schule geschlossen und Tschkalow kehrte nach Wassiljowo zurück, um in der dortigen Reparaturwerft als Gehilfe seines Vaters zu arbeiten. Etwas später heuerte er als Heizer auf einem Wolga-Flussbagger an, der in den Häfen von Kasan und Kostroma sowie an der Kama-Mündung eingesetzt wurde. Kurze Zeit darauf wechselte er auf den Dampfer "Bajan", der als Truppentransporter die Strecke Nischni Nowgorod – Astrachan befuhr. Im Bürgerkrieg trat er 1919 als Freiwilliger in die Luftstreitkräfte der Roten Armee ein und wurde in Nischni Nowgorod als Flugzeugwart eingesetzt. 1921/22 besuchte er die militärtheoretische Fliegerschule in Jegorjewsk. Anschließend wurde er als einer der ersten Flugschüler an der neuen Militärfliegerschule Borissoglebsk zum Piloten ausgebildet, wechselte anschließend nach Moskau, wo er eine Schulung im Kunstflug durchlief, und schloss 1924 seine Ausbildung in Serpuchow ab, wo er unter anderem von Michail Gromow betreut wurde. Ab Juni 1924 diente Tschkalow in einer in Leningrad stationierten Jagdfliegereinheit. Nebenbei erwarb er die Kunstflugerlaubnis. 1927 erfolgte seine Ernennung zum Ketten-Kommandeur. Von 1928 bis 1930 war Tschkalow als Fluglehrer an der Brjansker Schule tätig, allerdings mit einjähriger Unterbrechung, denn Tschkalow unterschritt am 15. August 1928 bei einem Überführungsflug von Gomel nach Brjansk die befohlene Flughöhe, kollidierte mit einer Telegraphenleitung und stürzte ab. Er selbst blieb zwar unverletzt, doch das Flugzeug wurde zerstört. Die anschließend eingesetzte Untersuchungskommission wies ihm die alleinige Schuld zu. Aufgrund dessen wurde er am 2. Januar 1929 von einem Militärgericht zu einem Jahr Gefängnis verurteilt und für diese Zeit aus der Roten Armee entlassen.

1930 wurde Tschkalow Testpilot beim Wissenschaftlichen Institut der Luftstreitkräfte, etwas später beim OKB Polikarpow. Dort war er ab 1931 einer der Piloten, die Versuchsstarts und -landungen mit einem fliegenden Flugzeugträger ausführten. Außerdem war er für die Erprobung der Polikarpow-Jagdflugzeuge I-15, I-16 und I-17 zuständig. Tschkalow bewies dabei seine gute Flugzeugbeherrschung. Er kam durch diese Versuche in Kontakt mit dem Hersteller Tupolew, zu dem er 1933 wechselte. Insgesamt testete Tschkalow über 70 Flugzeugtypen.

1936 rückte Tschkalow durch einen Rekordflug vom 20. bis 22. Juni mit einer Tupolew ANT-25 in das Licht der sowjetischen Öffentlichkeit, als es ihm zusammen mit Baidukow und Beljakow gelang, den Dauerflugrekord auf 56 Stunden und 20 Minuten heraufzusetzen. Diese Leistung wurde anlässlich eines Nonstopfluges von Moskau zur Insel Udd am nordwestlichen Ende des Tatarensunds (9.374 km) erzielt.
Vom 18. bis 20. Juni 1937 erfolgte ein Rekordflug über 9130 km (Luftlinie 8504 km) in 63 Stunden 25 Minuten als Transpolarflug von Moskau nach Portland im US-Bundesstaat Oregon. Nach diesem Flug wurde ihm am 24. Juli 1937 der Orden Held der Sowjetunion verliehen.

Am 3. Oktober 1937 absolvierte Tschkalow einen Probeflug für einen geplanten Frauenrekordflug mit einer Polikarpow I-16. Den eigentlichen Flug zur Aufstellung eines Geschwindigkeitsrekordes sollte dann die bekannte Pilotin Walentina Grisodubowa durchführen. Tschkalow hatte die Aufgabe, zuvor über einer genau vermessenen Basis mit höchstmöglicher Geschwindigkeit zu fliegen, um die Leistungen des für den Rekordflug vorgesehenen Flugzeugs I-16 mit der Nr. 5210671 möglichst genau zu bestimmen. Wegen eines dabei auftretenden Motorschadens wurde Tschkalow zu einer Notlandung in einem Waldstück gezwungen, er wurde dabei verletzt und das Flugzeug zerstört.

Im Jahre 1938 erfolgte seine Beförderung zum Brigadekommandeur. Tschkalow kam am 15. Dezember 1938 beim Erstflug der Polikarpow I-180 ums Leben. Noch 1955 untersuchte eine von Chruschtschow einberufene Kommission die Umstände, die zum Absturz führten, fand jedoch keine Hinweise für eine bis heute immer wieder vermutete Verschwörung. Fest steht, dass weder Chefkonstrukteur Polikarpow noch der Projektleiter für die I-180, Tomaschewitsch, ihr Einverständnis zum Erstflug gegeben hatten. Daneben fehlte eine Freigabe zum Erstflug für die I-180 seitens des Herstellerwerks, unter anderem wegen fehlender Kühlerklappen für den luftgekühlten Doppelsternmotor Tumanski M-88. Bei ca. −25 °C startete Tschkalow zum Erstflug vom Chodynkafeld ("Zentraler M.-W.-Frunse-Flughafen") und flog zuerst problemlos die vorgesehene Platzrunde. Danach überschritt er in der zweiten Runde mit ca. 2000 m Flughöhe eigenmächtig die im Flugauftrag angegebene Höhenbegrenzung von 600 m deutlich. Im folgenden zu kurz angesetzten Landeanflug versagte das Triebwerk, wahrscheinlich wegen Unterkühlung bzw. Vergaservereisung oder durch zu schroffes Gasgeben beim Abfangen, möglicherweise auch durch eine Kombination beider Ursachen. Tschkalow wich mit stehendem Triebwerk noch einigen Wohnhäusern aus, hatte aber dann eine Berührung mit einer Freileitung und stürzte ab. Dabei wurde er gegen das Instrumentenbrett und danach aus dem Flugzeug geschleudert. Er erlitt schwere Verletzungen, u. a. am Kopf, an denen er zwei Stunden später verstarb. Seine Urne wurde an der Kremlmauer in Moskau beigesetzt.

Neben dem Heldentitel war Tschkalow Träger des Leninordens (zweifach) und des Rotbannerordens.

Tschkalow war seit Februar 1927 mit Olga Jerasmowna Tschkalowa (geb. Orechowa, 1901–1997), die er 1925 als Literaturstudentin des Alexander-Herzen-Instituts in Leningrad kennengelernt hatte, verheiratet und hatte mit ihr einen Sohn, Igor (1928–2006) und zwei Töchter, Walerija (1935–2013) und Olga (* 1939).

Würdigung

Tschkalows Geburtsstadt Wassiljowo am rechten Ufer der Wolga, etwa 100 Kilometer nordwestlich von Nischni Nowgorod wurde 1937 anlässlich des Nonstopfluges in die USA in Tschkalowsk umbenannt. Von 1938 bis 1957 hieß die Stadt Orenburg zu Ehren des Piloten Tschkalow. Die Insel Udd im Ochotskischen Meer ist 1936 nach ihm benannt worden.

Ebenfalls seinen Namen trägt der Kaliningrader Stadtteil Tschkalowsk (vor 1945 Tannenwalde) in dem sich der Militärflugplatz Tschkalowsk befindet. Gleichfalls wurde eines der größten Flugzeugwerke Russlands, das Nowosibirsker Flugzeugwerk NAPO, bereits im Jahre 1939 nach ihm benannt. Ein strategischer Bomber Tupolew Tu-160 trägt seinen Namen.

In Russland tragen gleich vier U-Bahnhöfe den Namen Tschkalows: Im Dezember 1995 wurde in Moskau mit der Inbetriebnahme der Metrolinie 10 die Station Tschkalowskaja eröffnet. Ebenso wurde im September 1997 in Sankt Petersburg auf der Metrolinie 4 (heute gehört dieser Abschnitt zur Linie 5) die Station namens Tschkalowskaja eröffnet. Auch heißt eine 1985 erbaute Station der Metro Nischni Nowgorod Tschkalowskaja. Seit der Verlängerung der einzigen Metro-Linie in Jekaterinburg um zwei Stationen Richtung Süden trägt nun auch dort eine Station den Namen des Piloten.

Das russische Luftwaffenausbildungszentrum in Lipezk und das Staatliche Flugerprobungszentrum in Achtubinsk tragen heute seinen Namen. Außerdem ist der Militärflugplatz Tschkalowski nach ihm benannt.

Seinen Namen trug auch ein Leichter Kreuzer der sowjetischen Marine. Heute ist ein Flussschiff auf dem Jenissei nach ihm benannt. Ferner ist er Namensgeber für das Chkalov Bluff in der Antarktis.

In Nischni Nowgorod wurde 1940 ein Denkmal für Tschkalow aufgestellt. Vom Denkmal führt eine Treppe zur Wolga, die Tschkalow-Treppe genannt wird.

2004 wurde in Russland aus Anlass des 100. Geburtstages eine 2-Rubel-Silber-Gedenkmünze in einer Auflage von 7000 Stück geprägt. Sie zeigt Tschkalows Porträt in Fliegermontur neben der Flugroute von Moskau über den Nordpol nach Vancouver 1937. Aus gleichem Anlass erschien eine Briefmarke.

Der Asteroid des mittleren Hauptgürtels (2692) Chkalov ist nach ihm benannt.

Werke

Literatur

Weblinks

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Testpilot
Kunstflugpilot
Militärpilot (Luftstreitkräfte der Sowjetunion)
Held der Sowjetunion
Träger des Leninordens
Träger des Rotbannerordens
Russe
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1904
Gestorben 1938
Mann
Person als Namensgeber für einen Asteroiden

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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The "Black Men and Public Space" – an article written by Mr. Staples – brings out the insight concerning how deep racism was in the U.S. and how the African-Americans suffered a lot due to the perception that they all were criminals or had the wanting characters. This issue raises the question whether it is ethically correct to fear people, or rather segregate due to their color\race just because a few of them are involved in unethical activities. The author detested the way the white women took him for, as well as the general public, by generalizing that all blacks had criminal characters in them without even trying to understand them first. Many people argued that the way white women behaved toward the blacks was reasonable, but the researcher opposes to those views since the kind of isolation one got from being a suspect was unbearable.
Mr. Staples is seen to have pleasure in having walks during nighttime in the casual clothing and unfortunately to him he occurred to reside in a mean, impecunious part of Chicago. He comes across a lady who after seeing him takes off immediately. Thus, the clear picture, which can be got from this incident, is that the society was full of prejudice, and this is still witnessed today: when a black person strolls around during nighttime – he is definitely after causing trouble or even committing crimes. In such a situation, people frequently do everything so as to evade the African-American at all cost: immediately go to the opposite side of the road or even cross a lane at an unusual area since they want to avoid coming in contact with him or close to his vicinity. Brent Staples' essay in essence exhibits just what actually ensues to the blacks once they are strolling at night, or yet during the day. He extensively makes use of individual experiences and also narratives from friends and other blacks to provide evidence to the way the society was biased towards some races.
Staples starts his narrative describing how he came across a lady as they were both walking along a lane in Chicago. He observed that she continued picking up speed while walking behind her, and in due course reaching a sluggish running speed. In fact, within a matter of seconds the lady had vanished from his view, simply because of his black color. This first experience worried him much, and at that moment he learned of his capability of altering public space but in unpleasant ways.
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His non-violent character is attributed to his upbringing years, where he grew up in a neighborhood characterized by murderers, street knifing, and even gang warfare; and he seemingly decided to be a good boy after seeing his relatives, friends and numerous tough guys being locked away. Therefore, he took the option of remaining a shadow-shy, but at the end become a survivor.
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text:
Julien Bouanich est un acteur français né en 1987.

Il est notamment connu pour son rôle dans la série Ainsi soient-ils.

Biographie
Julien Bouanich est formé à l'école Claude Mathieu puis au Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique.

Il a été remarqué durant les trois saisons de la série télévisée Ainsi soient-ils dans le rôle du séminariste Yann Le Megueur. Il joue aussi dans diverses pièces de théâtre.

Théâtre
 1996-1999 : Le Petit Prince d'Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, mise en scène de Jacques Ardouin, Théâtre du Gymnase, Paris, puis tournée
 2005 : Son parfum d'avalanche de Dominique Paquet, mise en scène de Patrick Simon, Festival d'Avignon, Festival d'été du Théâtre 14
 2006 : L'Orchestre de Jean Anouilh, mise en scène de Camille de la Guillonière
 2009 : Les Fragments d'un discours amoureux d'après Roland Barthes, mise en scène de Julie Duclos
 2011 : Cérémonies de Dominique Paquet, mise en scène de Patrick Simon, Festival d'Avignon, Théâtre de la Manufacture des Abbesses, Paris
 2012 : Le Théâtre ambulant Chopalovitch de Ljubomir Simović, mise en scène de Camille de la Guillonière
 2012 : Que la noce commence d'après Horațiu Mălăele, mise en scène de Didier Bezace, Théâtre de la Commune, Aubervilliers
 2013 : Bérénice de Jean Racine, mise en scène de Yannik Landrein
 2014 : Innommables 3 : On dit que les chats ont sept vies, performance de Biño Sauitzvy
 2013- 2015 : Liliom ou la vie et la mort d'un vaurien de Ferenc Molnár, mise en scène de Jean Bellorini, Printemps des Comédiens, Théâtre Gérard-Philipe, Théâtre de l'Odéon
 2015 : Un chien dans la tête de Stéphane Jaubertie, mise en scène d'Olivier Letellier
 2015 : Pendant que les champs brûlent du Jackie Pall Theater Group
2016 : 2061, de aquì vemos la tierra du Jackie Pall Theater Group (à Santiago du Chili)
 2016 : Le Bal de Cosme Castro et Jeanne Frenkel (La Comète)
2019 : La dame de chez Maxim de Georges Feydeau, mise en scène Camille de La Guillonnière
2019 : Un furieux désir de bonheur de Catherine Verlaguet, mise en scène Olivier Letellier, chorégraphie Sylvère Lamotte
2022 : 137 évanouissements intégrale Tchekhov mise en scène par Christian Benedetti

Filmographie

Cinéma

Longs métrages
 2008 : Les Hauts Murs de Christian Faure : Fil de Fer
 2008 : L'Armée du Crime de Robert Guédiguian : Saas
 2009 : La Première Étoile de Lucien Jean-Baptiste : Copain de Juliette
 2011 : Un été brûlant de Philippe Garrel : Un soldat
 2011 : La Ligne blanche d'Olivier Torres : Sylvain
 2016 : Submergence de Wim Wenders : Jonas
 2018 : La Belle et la Belle, de Sophie Fillières : Ludo

Courts métrages
 2007 : Candy Boy de Pascal-Alex Vincent (voix)
 2008 : L'Autre Monde de Romain Delange
 2010 : Monsieur l'Abbé de Blandine Lenoir
 2011 : La vraie vie d'Yves Osmu
 2012 : Qui ne saute pas de François Desagnat, Talents Adami 2012
 2012 : Le dernier homme d'Axel Courtière
 2016 : À demi-mots de Tom Gallat
2020 : Mal Caduc de Jules Follet

Télévision
 1995 : Rocca (série télévisée) épisode Coup de cœur : Nicolas Rousseau
 1996 : Mon père avait raison de Roger Vadim : Maurice, enfant
 1997 : Mars ou la terre de Bertrand Arthuys : Romain
 1997 : Une femme d'action de Didier Albert : Louis
 1999 : Sapajou contre Sapajou d'Élisabeth Rappeneau : Tom
 2000 : La banquise de Pierre Lary : Henri enfant
 2001 : Gardiens de la mer de Christiane Lehérissey : Gwenn
 2005 : Lucas Ferré: Le plaisir du mal de Marc Angelo : Gilles Barbier
 2007 : Section de recherches (série), épisode Camping : Jérémy
 2012-2015 : Ainsi soient-ils (série en 24 épisodes) de Rodolphe Tissot : Yann Le Megueur
 2016 : 48 heures épisode L'affaire Bruyas de Vincent de Cointet : Eric Bruyas
 2017 : Les petits meurtres d'Agatha Christie, épisode Le crime de Noël réalisé par Rodolphe Tissot : Gaston

Clip
 2015 : Bleu Sous-Marin de Flavien Berger, réalisé par Jeanne Frenkel et Cosme Castro

Doublage

Cinéma

Films

 Josh Hutcherson dans :
 Tout va bien ! The Kids Are All Right (2010) : Laser
 Hunger Games (2012) : Peeta Mellark
 L'Aube rouge (2012) : Robert Kinter
 Hunger Games : L'Embrasement (2013) : Peeta Mellark
 Hunger Games : La Révolte, partie 1 (2014) : Peeta Mellark
 Hunger Games : La Révolte, partie 2 (2015) : Peeta Mellark
 The Disaster Artist (2017) : Philip Haldiman

 Nat Wolff dans :
 Nos étoiles contraires (2014) : Isaac
 La Face cachée de Margo (2015) : Quentin « Q » Jacobsen
 Le Nouveau Stagiaire (2015) : Justin
 Les Insoumis (2016) : Jim Nolan
 Death Note (2017) : Light Turner
 Mainstream (2020) : Jake
 Body Cam (2020) : Danny Holledge

 Harry Melling dans :
 Harry Potter à l'école des sorciers (2001) : Dudley Dursley
 Harry Potter et la Chambre des secrets (2002) : Dudley Dursley
 Harry Potter et le Prisonnier d'Azkaban (2004) : Dudley Dursley
 Harry Potter et l'Ordre du phénix (2007) : Dudley Dursley
 Harry Potter et les Reliques de la Mort,  partie (2010) : Dudley Dursley
 The Pale Blue Eye (2022) : Edgar Allan Poe

 Jake Lloyd dans :
 La Course au jouet (1996): Jamie Langston
 Star Wars, épisode I : La Menace fantôme (1999): Anakin Skywalker

 Andrew Garfield dans :
 The Social Network (2010) : Eduardo Saverin
 Never Let Me Go (2010) : Tommy

 Tom Glynn-Carney dans :
 Dunkerque (2017) : Peter
 Tolkien (2019) : Christopher Wiseman

 1998 : Ma meilleure ennemie : ? ( ? )
 1998 : Louis & Frank : Louis Jr. (Jason Fuchs)
 1999 : Stuart Little : Anton Sullivan (Miles Marsico)
 2000 : Ordinary Decent Criminal : Tommy Lynch (Ross Dungan)
 2000 : Big Mamma : Trent Pierce (Jascha Washington)
 2002 : Rêve de champion : Jim Morris jeune (Trevor Morgan)
 2004 : Famille à louer : Brian Valco (Josh Zuckerman)
 2005 : Amityville : Billy Lutz (Jesse James)
 2009 : Dragonball Evolution : Son Gokû (Justin Chatwin)
 2010 : Night and Day : Simon Feck (Paul Dano)
 2012 : LOL USA : Wen (Adam G. Sevani)
 2012 : Broken : Rick Buckley (Robert Emms)
 2013 : Warm Bodies : R (Nicholas Hoult)
 2013 : Palo Alto : Teddy (Jack Kilmer)
 2014 : Vampire Academy : Christian Ozera (Dominic Sherwood)
 2015 : We Are Your Friends : Ollie (Shiloh Fernandez)
 2016 : Miss Peregrine et les Enfants particuliers : Enoch O'Connor (Finlay MacMillan)
 2017 : Tout l'argent du monde : Giovanni Iocanni (Giuseppe Bonifati)
 2018 : Midnight Sun : Garver (Nicholas Coombe)
 2019 : Glass : Joseph Dunn (Spencer Treat Clark)
 2020 : Les Phénomènes : Elmar « Électroman » (Tim Oliver Schultz)
 2021 : Free Guy : Jonathan (Jonathan De Azevedo)

Films d'animation
 1989 : La Petite Sirène : Polochon
 1997 : La Belle et la Bête 2 : Le Noël enchanté : Zip
 1997 : Le Petit Dinosaure : L'Île mystérieuse : Gobeur
 1998 : Le Monde magique de la Belle et la Bête : Zip
 2000 : Le Petit Dinosaure : La Pierre de feu : Petit-Pied
 2000 : La Petite Sirène 2 : Retour à l'océan : Polochon (enfant)
 2001 : Jimmy Neutron, un garçon génial : Carl Wheezer
 2011 : Le Tableau : Gom
 2023 : Pattie et la colère de Poséidon : Hermès

Court métrage d'animation
 2001 : La Peur du loup de Lionel Richerand : Cochon rondouillard (voix)

Télévision

Séries télévisées
 Casey Cott dans :
 Riverdale (2017-2021) : Kevin Keller ( voix, 89 épisodes)
 New York, unité spéciale (2017) : Lucas Hull (saison 18, épisode 19)
 Katy Keene (2020) : Kevin Keller (épisode 10)

 Jedidiah Goodacre dans :
 The Originals (2018) : Roman Müller (6 épisodes)
 Legacies (2019) : Roman Müller (saison 1, épisodes 14 et 15)

 2005-2006 : Invasion : Jesse Varon (Evan Peters) (21 épisodes)
 2006-2011 : Big Love : Ben Henrickson (Douglas Smith) (53 épisodes)
 2010 : The Gates : Charlie Monohan (Travis Caldwell) (13 épisodes)
 2010-2013 : The Big C : Adam Jamison (Gabriel Basso) (40 épisodes)
 2011-2012 : Skins : Matthew « Matty » Levan (Sebastian de Souza) (14 épisodes)
 2013-2015 : Hawaii 5-0 : Ian Wright (Nick Jonas) (3 épisodes)
 2013-2017 : Reign : Le Destin d'une reine : le prince Francis de Valois (Toby Regbo) (51 épisodes)
 2016 : Guerre et Paix : Pierre Bézoukhov (Paul Dano) (mini-série)
 2016-2022 : Animal Kingdom : Joshua « J » Cody (Finn Cole) (75 épisodes)
 2019 : Harry Bosch : Tom Galligan (Mason Dye) (8 épisodes)
 2020 : Ratched : le Père Andrews (Hunter Parrish) (saison 1, épisodes 1 et 2)
 2020 : Filthy Rich : Antonio Rivera (Benjamin Levy Aguilar) (10 épisodes)
 depuis 2021 : Young Royals : le prince Wilhelm (Edvin Ryding)
 depuis 2022 : Le Seigneur des anneaux : Les Anneaux de pouvoir : Thondir (Fabian McCallum)

Séries d'animation
 1995-2001 : Petit Ours : Petit Ours
 2000 : Babar : Pom (saison 6)
 2002 : Les Aventures fantastiques du commandant Cousteau : Geronimo
 2023 : Lance Dur : Agard

Téléfilms
 2022 : Deadly Suspicion : Jason Marks (Brad Worch II)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur français de cinéma
Acteur français de télévision
Acteur français de théâtre
Acteur français de doublage
Élève du Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique
Naissance en 1987
Naissance aux Lilas


The soilfix range improves the performance of sportsturf by improving rootzone base saturation and / or key elemental levels.
Ca / Mg - Apply to boost both Ca and Mg in the base saturation where soil pH is between 5.2 and 7.5. The low leach factor of soilfix and the fact that Ca only translocates up the plant makes soilfix granules far more valuable to grass than liquid / foliar applied Ca materials.
Mg+ - Apply to boost magnesium in soil at any pH.
High pH Ca - Contains calcium soluble in high pH soils (7.2+), also contains magnesium.


text:
Coccobius ceroplastidis är en stekelart som först beskrevs av Agarwal 1964.  Coccobius ceroplastidis ingår i släktet Coccobius och familjen växtlussteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Växtlussteklar
ceroplastidis


The present specification describes techniques and apparatus that enable wireless devices to communicate effectively at short ranges. In one implementation, the transmit power of a transmitting device is reduced to permit a receiving device to demodulate a signal.
This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/478,446, filed on Jun. 4, 2009, which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/079,635 filed Jul. 10, 2008 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/061,977, filed Jun. 16, 2008, the disclosure of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. This application is further related to PCT Application serial number PCT/US09/46289, filed on Jun. 4, 2009, and national stage filings including Chinese Application serial number 200980122587.0, filed on Dec. 15, 2010, European Patent Office Application serial number 09789754.0, filed on Dec. 16, 2010, Japanese Application serial number 2011-0513586, filed on Nov. 11, 2010, and Korean Application serial number 10-2010-7027891, filed on Dec. 10, 2010.
Devices that communicate wirelessly often do not communicate effectively at short range—e.g., a range less than 1 meter. A user wishing to sync a cellular phone with a laptop computer, for example, may find that neither communicates effectively—or in some cases at all—when the devices are close to each other.
A method is described for transmitting, through a network, a link-setup request for a device to transmit at a lower-than-nominal power; receiving, through the network and from the device, a link-setup response indicating a current transmit power of the device, the link-setup response having been received at a received power; determining, based on the received power of the link-setup response, a desired data-signal transmit power for the device; and transmitting, through the network, the desired data-signal transmit power to the device.
Another method is described for transmitting, from a first wireless-communication-capable device, a first signal at a first power and first modulation, the first signal indicating a request to use a transmission medium for a duration of time; and responsive to receiving a response indicating that the transmission medium is free to use for the duration of time or not receiving a response for a period sufficient to indicate that no potentially interfering device received the first signal, transmitting, from the first wireless-transmission-capable device, a second signal at a second power, a second modulation, and for less than or equal to the duration of time, the second signal transmitting data to a second wireless-communication-capable device, the second power being a lower power than the first power, and the second modulation being different than the first modulation.
A system on chip (SoC) is also described, the SoC configured to receive a link-setup request, the like-setup request requesting transmission of a data signal at a lower-than-nominal power; transmit a link-setup response in response to receiving the link-setup request, the link-setup response indicating a current transmit power; receive a desired data-signal transmit power in response to the link-setup response; transmit a request to use a transmission medium for a duration of time; and transmit, responsive to receiving an indication that the transmission medium is free to use for the duration of time or not receiving an indication for a period sufficient to indicate that no potentially interfering device received the request to use the transmission medium for the duration of time, the data signal at the desired data-signal transmit power for less than or equal to the duration of time.
FIG. 1 is an illustration of an example operating environment that is configured to enable short-range wireless communication.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing example communication effectiveness relative to proximity between wireless-communication devices.
FIG. 3 is a method for controlling transmit-power of devices during short-range wireless communications.
FIG. 4 illustrates example devices and transmission areas in which a lost-node problem can potentially occur in the context of low-power wireless communications.
FIG. 5 is a method for addressing a potential lost-node problem.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example system-on-chip (SoC) environment.
As noted in the Background above, devices that communicate wirelessly often fail to communicate effectively at short range. At short range, a signal receiver in a device may be incapable of demodulating a strong wireless signal. For current wireless LAN communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.11, the range at which communication becomes less effective is at about one meter or closer. At even shorter ranges, such as 0.2 meter or less, many devices following this or other communication protocols may not be able to communicate at all.
In some cases a first device transmitting signals at lower power to a second device, however, can cause a third device to be unaware of the transmission between the first device and the second device. Such a situation is referred to herein as a "lost node"—e.g., when a third device (a node) is unaware of another device (the "lost node"), the third device may transmit a signal even if the lost node is also transmitting. The third device may transmit because it is not aware that other devices are using the same transmission medium. This transmission by the third device may interfere with the receiver of the receiving device or simply obscure the transmission of the "lost node". To address this potential problem as well as for other positive effects, the present specification also describes techniques and apparatus that enable a device to determine that a low-power transmission is being or will be made. By so doing, devices can communicate effectively at short range without interference from other devices.
In the discussion that follows, an example operating environment is described. Example methods are also described that may be employed in the example operating environment as well as other environments. These methods are followed by an example System-on-Chip (SoC) embodiment in which components of FIG. 1 may be embodied. In the discussion below, reference will be made to the environment by way of example only and, therefore, implementations described below are not limited to the example environment.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example operating environment 100. The example operating environment 100 includes wireless-communication-capable devices 102, all of which are capable of transmitting and receiving wireless communications, such as those following wireless LAN or Bluetooth communication protocols. Devices 102 are shown to include a cellular phone 104, a set-top box 106, a television computing device 108, a desktop computing device 110, a laptop computing device 112, and a handheld tablet computer 114.
In this example environment, each of devices 102 includes a wireless transmitter 116, a wireless receiver 118, and a short-range wireless communicator 120. Wireless transmitter 116 is capable of transmitting a wireless-communication signal according to one or more communication protocols, such as those for a wireless LAN (Local Area Network) or a wireless PAN (Personal Area Network). These protocols may include those of the IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth families of protocols.
Wireless receiver 118 is capable of receiving a wireless-communication signal according to one or more communication protocols, such as those noted for wireless transmitter 116. Wireless transmitter 116 and wireless receiver 118 may be separate (shown) or combined (often called a transceiver, not shown) and may be hardware combined with or separate from software. Wireless transmitter 116 and wireless receiver 118 are capable of modulating and demodulating a wireless signal, respectively.
Note that these various wireless-communication protocols may enable communication less effectively at short ranges, such as those of less than one meter. Even receivers that are relatively capable of handling high-power transmissions (and thus typical short-range transmissions) are often susceptible to some loss of effectiveness at short range. Consider graph 200 of FIG. 2, which shows example communication effectiveness relative to proximity between wireless-communication devices. Graph 200 shows example communication effectiveness for current wireless LAN communication protocols of 802.11 and Bluetooth for some devices. Here the effectiveness of communication drops at about 0.4 meter for 802.11 and 0.25 meter for Bluetooth. Effectiveness of communication is shown as throughput in megabytes per second at 202, effectiveness for 802.11 is shown relative to meters proximity at 204, effectiveness for Bluetooth is shown relative to meters proximity at 206, with proximity in meters (not to scale) shown at 208.
Short-range wireless communicator 120 (also referred to as "communicator 120" for brevity) is capable of enabling a wireless device to communicate effectively at short range. Communicator 120 may act independently or in conjunction with various other entities, such as wireless transmitter 116 and wireless receiver 118. Communicator 120 may be separate from or integral with other entities of device 102 as well, such as by being firmware integrated into a System-on-Chip (SoC) having or communicating with wireless transmitter 116 and wireless receiver 118.
In environment 100 of FIG. 1, communicator 120 includes a set of computer-executable instructions stored on computer-readable media 122. When executed by one or more processors 124, device 102 acts according to those instructions.
Communicator 120 is capable of making decisions and performing one or more tasks to enable devices to effectively communicate wirelessly at short range. In some embodiments this also includes addressing a "lost-node" separately from or in conjunction with lowering transmission power as described below in the sections entitled "Example Power-control Process" and "Lost Node", as well as elsewhere herein.
The following discussion describes techniques that may be implemented utilizing the previously described environment. Aspects of the method may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof The methods are shown as a set of blocks that specify operations performed by one or more entities and are not necessarily limited to the orders shown for performing the operations by the respective blocks.
FIG. 3 depicts a method 300 for controlling transmit-power control for short-range wireless communications. In this example implementation, a data-receiving device, here laptop computing device 112, is attempting to communicate wirelessly at short range with a data-transmitting device, here cellular phone 104. Note that these two devices are examples of device 102 of FIG. 1, and that both may include the elements shown for device 102 of FIG. 1 (e.g., communicator 120).
As illustrated, actions performed by a data-transmitting device are shown at 302 and actions of a data-receiving device are shown at 304, both separated by a vertical dashed line. The devices 104 and 112 shown are for illustration purposes, and are not intended to limit the types of data-transmitting and data-receiving devices. Note also that communications are made between both devices, and thus both transmit and receive. The data-transmitting device is the device that intends to transmit information over a wireless medium to the data-receiving device following link setup between the devices, described below.
At block 306, a data-receiving device transmits a link-setup request for a data-transmitting device to transmit at a lower-than-nominal power. The data-receiving device may transmit through various wireless local or personal area networks and using various protocols and modulations, such as those of the IEEE 802.11 family of protocols or the Bluetooth family of protocols to name a few. The data-receiving device may transmit the link-setup request using a different modulation or protocol than intended for future data communications. One such example is transmitting the link-setup request using robust modulation like direct sequence spread spectrum techniques (DSSS). Many of these robust modulations aid in setting up a communication link though they often have lower data throughput than the modulation used in future data transmissions. The link-setup request may also be sent at a lower-than-nominal power to reduce possible interference or saturation by the link-setup request.
At block 308, the data-transmitting device receives the link-setup request and responds with a link-setup response indicating a current transmit power of the data-transmitting device. In some cases the data-transmitting device also provides other information in the link-setup response, such as a link margin associated with the data-transmitting device. Link margin is a measure of the range of powers that the data-transmitting device may effectively demodulate a received signal.
At block 310, the data-receiving device receives the link-setup response from the data-transmitting device. This link-setup response indicates the current transmit power of the data-transmitting device at which the link-setup response was transmitted. This response is received at a particular power by the data-receiving device. With this information, the data-receiving device is able to determine a relationship between transmit power and received power. As noted in part above, the receiving device may also receive the link margin associated with the data-transmitting device.
At block 312, the data-receiving device determines a desired data-signal transmit power and transmits this desired data-signal transmit power to the data-transmitting device. This and other steps of this method may be performed by short-range wireless communicator 120, as well as wireless transmitter 116 and wireless receiver 118, all of which are shown in FIG. 1. Note that both the data-receiving device and the data-transmitting device may include these entities.
Here desiredtransmitPower is the desired transmit power at which the data-receiving device requests that the data-transmitting device transmit the data signal. The TPCresponseTxPower is the current transmit power of the data-transmitting device. RSSI stands for "Received Signal Strength Indication". The RSSIRx is the received power of the received response. The RSSIdesiredRate is the desired received power. The desired power at which the data-signal is received is often based at least in part on the capabilities and configuration of the wireless receiver. Some wireless receivers receive data signals best at a particular power different from other wireless receivers, either independent of or based on the particular modulation of the data signal.
At block 314, the data-transmitting device receives the desired data-signal transmit power and transmits a data signal at the desired data-signal transmit power, which is received at the data-receiving device shown at block 316. At this point a link for communication is complete for data transmission based on the management transmissions communicated at blocks 306 through 312 and part of 314. In some cases, however, the data signal will be received by the data-receiving device having less than a maximum throughput for the modulation at which the data signal is sent. In such a case the method 300 proceeds along optional paths to blocks 318 and 320 as well as repeating some other actions of method 300.
As noted above, the data-receiving device at block 316 receives signals at a received power. Communicator 120 may then determine at block 318 that the received power has a less-than-maximum throughput for the modulation. Responsive to this determination and based on the received power of the data signal, communicator 120 determines a second desired data-signal transmit power at block 320. Communicator 120 may do so in a manner similar to the manner in which the first desired data-signal transmit power was determined.
One difference is that additional information has been gained, such as the received power of the data signal rather than the received power of a link-setup response. Responsive to determining this second desired data-signal transmit power, the data-receiving device transmits this second desired data-signal transmit power also at block 320. The data-transmitting device may use this information to transmit the data signal at the second desired data-signal transmit power at block 314. Note that these blocks may be repeated again if the data-receiving device determines that the received power is still at a less-than-maximum throughput.
Following the initial link setup, the data-receiving device, if it intends to adjust the transmission power of the data signal, may do so at block 320 using a directed probe response frame, such as those used in the IEEE 802.11 family of protocols.
This method may be responsive to either the data-receiving device, the data-transmitting device, or some third-party device determining that the nominal transmission power is potentially too high for maximum throughput between the data-receiving device and the data-transmitting device. One such case is when the data-receiving device determines that a data signal or setup signal from the data transmitting device is received at a power that does not permit a maximum throughput for the modulation of the signal. The data-receiving device may determine this through interference or saturation at its wireless receiver 118. It may also be determined by the data-transmitting device through delays or other information learned from communications from the data-receiving device or a third-party device.
The communication link established as part of method 300 can optionally be maintained, such as with closed-loop or open-loop control. Examples of open-loop control include ones that determine whether there has been a change in the received data-signal power and, responsive to this change, change a transmit power of the data-receiving device. Thus, communicator 120 may use an increase or decrease in received power of a data signal from the data-transmitting device to extrapolate that the data-receiving device will need to increase or decrease its transmission power in a similar manner. One case in which this occurs is when a device moves closer to or further away from the other device. In the example above a user may move the cellular phone 104 or the laptop computing device 112.
Here newtransmitPower is the new (second or later) desired transmit power at which the data-receiving device requests that the data-transmitting device transmits the data signal. The oldtransmitPower is the previous transmit power desired and requested. This is also the most-recent previous transmit power if the newtransmitPower is a third or later requested power. The oldRSSI is the previous (or in some cases average also) received power. The newRSSI is the current received power (or in some cases an average also).
Examples of closed-loop control include periodically re-performing some steps of the method 300 to determine a new desired data-signal transmit power or performing these steps responsive to determining a change in a throughput of a data signal. These steps include those performed at blocks 306, 310, and 312 and/or 318 and 320.
As noted in part above, in some cases a device that is transmitting a wireless signal may not be noticed by another device intending to transmit a signal. This signal from the other device may interfere with the signal of the unnoticed device (aka the "lost node"). This potential problem is exacerbated when a transmission is made at low power. To address this potential problem, the present specification describes techniques and apparatus that enable a device to determine that a low-power transmission will be made, which permit devices to effectively communicate at short range and often without interference by other devices.
FIG. 4 illustrates example devices and transmission areas in which a lost-node problem can potentially occur in the context of low-power transmission. Consider four examples of wireless-communication-capable devices 102 of FIG. 1. The first two devices are within a low-power transmission area 402. These two devices are low-power-area transmitting device 404 and low-power-area receiving device 406. The second two devices are within a higher-power transmission area 408. These two devices are higher-power-area transmitting device 410 and higher-power-area receiving device 412.
Note that area 402 overlaps with area 408. This overlap illustrates that a device in area 408 may potentially transmit a signal that interferes with signals in area 402. Such interferences are possible if a device in area 408 is not aware of low-power transmission in area 402.
The following discussion describes techniques to mitigate this and other interferences. These techniques may be implemented utilizing the previously described environment of FIGS. 1 and 4 as well as others. Aspects of these methods may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof These methods are shown as a set of blocks that specify operations performed by one or more entities and are not necessarily limited to the orders shown for performing the operations by the respective blocks.
FIG. 5 depicts a method 500 in an example implementation in which a device can address a potential lost-node problem. At block 502, a device intending to transmit at low power transmits a signal requesting a transmission medium for a duration of time. This signal may be sent having a robust modulation signal to increase the likelihood that a device (e.g., an Access Point or some device that may transmit) will receive and understand the transmission. The signal may also or instead be sent at a high or nominal power to increase the likelihood that a device that may not notice a future low-power signal will notice and understand this signal.
As noted in more detail below, communicator 120 may determine the duration of time based on how long the data will take to transmit using the medium and at a particular low power. This duration may be for a particular amount or all of the data. These particular amounts may be as little as some number of data packets that in total are not sufficient to transmit all of the desired data. This data can be as small as a single data packet, in which case the duration of time is short. In such a case the method 500 may be repeated for each packet, packets, or other particular amount of data.
Again consider FIG. 4. Here assume that cellular phone 406 intends to communicate at low power with desktop computing device 404, such as to sync up cellular phone 406's calendar with desktop computing device 404's calendar. Prior to doing so, cellular phone 406 (using communicator 120 and wireless transmitter 116 of FIG. 1) transmits a signal requesting a transmission medium so that the device can transmit a signal at low power. Here assume that cellular phone 406 transmits with wireless transmitter 116 and according to IEEE 802.11, with a robust modulation, and at nominal power. Examples of such a signal include a Request To Send (RTS) packet and a Clear To Send-Self (CTS-Self) packet.
At block 504, the transmitting device either receives a response from one or more third-party devices indicating that the requested medium is free to use or does not. If no response is received, the device proceeds along the "No" path to block 506. At block 506, the device waits some time period sufficient to indicate that no other devices received the request at block 504 or otherwise indicate that the medium is fee to use. After this wait period, the device proceeds to block 508.
At block 508 the device transmits at low power and for up to about the duration of time requested at block 504. If, however, the device receives a response indicating that the requested transmission medium is free to use, the device follows the "Yes" path to block 508 without a wait period. A response may include a Clear To Send (CTS) packet from other devices. Following the transmission at low power at block 508, the device may optionally proceed to block 510 to repeat the process. As noted in more detail below, the duration of time may be for a particular amount of data. If this amount of data is broken into pieces, or is small and discrete, such as a packet of data, then multiple pieces and multiple durations of time may be transmitted and requested.
Continuing the above example, assume that wireless receiver 118 of cellular phone 406 receives a signal from a device or access point (e.g., tablet computer 410) indicating that the other device or access point is granting the transmission medium. In some cases this signal in response to the request may be a CTS frame indicating that the medium is free to use. When sent from an access point, the response may indicate that the access point has set its NAV to not use the transmission medium for the duration of time. In any of these cases, communicator 120 receives this indication (demodulated by wireless receiver 118 and passed to communicator 120) and proceeds to block 508.
After receiving a response or waiting the period, cellular phone 406 transmits at low power (block 508). In this ongoing example, cellular phone 406's wireless receiver 118 receives the response indicating that the communication medium will not be used, after which communicator 120 permits cellular phone 406's wireless transmitter 116 to transmit at low power to desktop computing device 404 for the duration of time. If the duration is for a piece rather than all of the data, the device may repeat, following block 510, one or more parts of the method 500.
Note that the method of FIG. 5 may permit devices 404 and 406 to communicate at low power without interference from devices 410 and 412. Note also that this method may enable either or both of devices 410 and 412 to avoid interference from devices 404 and 406 as well, such as when a low-power transmission from cellular phone 406 may interfere with a transmission (high or low power) from tablet computer 410 that is intended for receipt by laptop computing device 412.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example System-on-Chip (SoC) 600, which can implement various embodiments described above. An SoC can be implemented in a fixed or mobile device, such as any one or combination of a media device, computer device, television set-top box, video processing and/or rendering device, appliance device, gaming device, electronic device, vehicle, workstation, and/or in any other type of device that may communicate wirelessly in a local or personal area network that may operate at short range. Examples of some of these are shown in FIG. 1 at 102.
SoC 600 can be integrated with electronic circuitry, a microprocessor, memory, input-output (I/O) logic control, communication interfaces and components, other hardware, firmware, and/or software needed to run an entire device. SoC 600 can also include an integrated data bus (not shown) that couples the various components of the SoC for data communication between the components. A device that includes SoC 600 can also be implemented with many combinations of differing components.
In this example, SoC 600 includes various components such as an input-output (I/O) logic control 602 (e.g., to include electronic circuitry) and a microprocessor 604 (e.g., any of a microcontroller or digital signal processor). SoC 600 also includes a memory 606, which can be any type of random access memory (RAM), a low-latency nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory), read only memory (ROM), and/or other suitable electronic data storage. SoC 600 can also include various firmware and/or software, such as an operating system 608, which can be computer-executable instructions maintained by memory 606 and executed by microprocessor 604. SoC 600 can also include other various communication interfaces and components, wireless LAN (WLAN) or PAN (WPAN) components, other hardware, firmware, and/or software.
SoC 600 may include wireless transmitter 116, wireless receiver 118, and short-range wireless communicator 120 (in either or multiple devices as noted above). Examples of these various components, functions, and/or entities, and their corresponding functionality, are described with reference to the respective components of the example environment 100 shown in FIG. 1.
Communicator 120 in SoC 600, either independently or in combination with other entities, can be implemented as computer-executable instructions maintained by memory 606 and executed by microprocessor 604 to implement various embodiments and/or features described herein. Short-range wireless communicator 120 may also be provided integral with other entities of the SoC, such as integrated with one or both of wireless transmitter 116 and wireless receiver 118. Alternatively or additionally, communicator 120 and the other components can be implemented as hardware, firmware, fixed logic circuitry, or any combination thereof that is implemented in connection with the I/O logic control 602 and/or other signal processing and control circuits of SoC 600.
This specification describes techniques and apparatus that enable short-range wireless communication by reducing the transmission power of a transmitting device. This enables a receiving device to demodulate the signal without being interfered with by a too-powerful transmitted signal. The techniques described herein also address "lost-node" problems that may arise in lower-power transmissions and in other cases where a node is not detected.
Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological steps, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or steps described above, including orders in which they are performed.
responsive to receiving, from a second wireless-communication-capable device, a response indicating that the wireless medium is free to use for the first duration of time, transmit, from the first wireless-transmission-capable device during the first duration of time for which use of the wireless medium is requested, a second signal transmitting data to a third wireless-communication-capable device, the second signal transmitted at a second power, with a second modulation, and for a second duration of time less than or equal to the first duration of time, the second signal being different from the first signal, the second power being less than the first power, and the second modulation being different than the first modulation.
2. The one or more computer-readable memory devices of claim 1, comprising additional processor-executable instructions that, responsive to execution by the processor, implement the wireless communication module to transmit the second signal to the third wireless-communication-capable device responsive to not receiving a response for a period sufficient to indicate that a potentially interfering device did not receive the first signal.
3. The one or more computer-readable memory devices of claim 1, wherein the first duration of time is based on an amount of time expected to be consumed by the first wireless-communication-capable device to transmit a particular amount of the data to the third wireless-communication-capable device using the second signal.
4. The one or more computer-readable memory devices of claim 1, wherein the first power is a nominal power or a high power of the first wireless-communication-capable device.
5. The one or more computer-readable memory devices of claim 1, wherein the first signal includes a Request-to-Send (RTS) frame or a Clear-to-Send-Self (CTS-Self) frame.
6. The one or more computer-readable memory devices of claim 1, wherein the response indicating that the wireless medium is free to use includes a Clear-to-Send (CTS) frame having the first modulation.
7. The one or more computer-readable memory devices of claim 6, wherein the CTS frame indicates that a network allocation vector (NAV) of a wireless network to which a potentially interfering device belongs is set to not use the wireless medium during the first duration of time.
responsive to receiving, from a second wireless-communication-capable device, a response indicating that the wireless medium is free to use for the first duration of time, transmit, via the transmitter during the first duration of time for which use of the wireless medium is requested, a second signal transmitting data to a third wireless-communication-capable device, the second signal transmitted at a second power, with a second modulation, and for a second duration of time less than or equal to the first duration of time, the second signal being different from the first signal, the second power being less than the first power, and the second modulation being different than the first modulation.
9. The SoC of claim 8, wherein the wireless communication module is further configured to transmit the second signal to the third wireless-communication-capable device responsive to not receiving a response for a period of time sufficient to indicate that a potentially interfering device did not receive the first signal.
10. The SoC of claim 8, wherein the first duration of time is based on an amount of time expected to be consumed by transmitting the data to the third wireless-communication-capable device using the second signal.
11. The SoC of claim 8, wherein the first modulation includes a direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation and the second modulation includes a modulation different from the DSSS modulation.
12. The SoC of claim 8, wherein the first signal includes a Request-to-Send (RTS) frame or a Clear-to-Send-Self (CTS-Self) frame indicating the first duration of time.
13. The SoC of claim 12, wherein the first signal and the second signal include packets or frames transmitted in compliance with the IEEE 802.11 standard.
14. The SoC of claim 8, wherein the SoC is embodied, in whole or part, as an access point, laptop computer, cellular phone, tablet computer, set-top box device, or a television.
responsive to receiving, via the receiver and from a second wireless-communication-capable device, a response indicating that the wireless medium is free to use for the first duration of time, transmit, via the transmitter during the first duration of time for which use of the wireless medium is requested, a second signal transmitting data to a third wireless-communication-capable device, the second signal transmitted at a second power, with a second modulation, and for a second duration of time less than or equal to the first duration of time, the second signal being different from the first signal, the second power being less than the first power, and the second modulation being different than the first modulation.
16. The wireless-communication-capable device of claim 15, wherein the wireless communication module is further configured to transmit the second signal to the third wireless-communication-capable device responsive to not receiving a response for a period of time sufficient to indicate that a potentially interfering device did not receive the first signal.
17. The wireless-communication-capable device of claim 16, wherein the third wireless-communication-capable device resides in a low-power transmission area of the wireless network and the second wireless-communication-capable device resides in a high-power transmission area of the wireless network.
18. The wireless-communication-capable device of claim 15, wherein the second modulation scheme is an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) modulation scheme or a complimentary code keying (CCK) modulation.
19. The wireless-communication-capable device of claim 15, wherein the first signal includes a Request-to-Send (RTS) frame or a Clear-to-Send-Self (CTS-Self) frame.
20. The wireless-communication-capable device of claim 15, wherein the response indicating that the wireless medium is free to use for the first duration of time includes a Clear-to-Send (CTS) frame having the first modulation.
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Durante la etapa preautonómica de la Comunidad Valenciana, es decir, la Legislatura preautonómica del País Valenciano la Comunidad Valenciana recibía el nombre de País Valenciano, y comenzó su andadura autonómica mediante la instauración del Consejo del País Valenciano, una institución preautonómica aprobada por real decreto de 17 de marzo de 1978 negociado por el Plenario de Parlamentarios del País Valenciano con el gobierno de Adolfo Suárez, que debía conducir al País Valenciano hacia la autonomía. El primer presidente fue Josep Lluís Albiñana Olmos, del PSPV.

Competencias del Consejo

El Consejo era limitado por el propio decreto de creación, pese al amplio apoyo parlamentario. Sus competencias eran elaborar su reglamento de régimen interno (aprobado el 11 de diciembre de 1978), coordinar las diputaciones provinciales, gestionar las funciones que transfería el Estado o que se asumieron de las diputaciones y proponer en Madrid medidas que afecten a los intereses generales del País Valenciano. Además el Plenario incorporaba, como consellers, representantes de las antiguas diputaciones durante la dictadura.

El articulado sobre la coordinación de las actuaciones y funciones de las tres diputaciones no llegó a estrenarse, puesto que, asesoradas por Rodolfo Martín Villa, las diputaciones nunca se pusieron a disposición del Plenario, sino que organizaron un frente anti-Consell.

Gobiernos preautonómicos

El 10 de abril de 1978 se formó el primer gobierno preautonómico, el cual estaba presidido por Josep Lluís Albiñana. Tras la dimisión del socialista Josep Lluís Albiñana, a raíz de la retirada de los consejeros socialistas, que se habían quedado en minoría en el pleno del Consejo, fue elegido presidente del mismo Enrique Monsonís, el segundo tras su creación. Tras la aprobación del Estatuto de Autonomía fue presidente interino de la recién constituida Generalidad Valenciana hasta que dejó su cargo por la toma de posesión de Joan Lerma. Fue así el primer presidente autonómico tal y como recoge la sentencia firme del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Comunidad Valenciana.

Impulso autonómico

El presidente Albiñana adoptó como programa de actuación los acuerdos entre la Junta Democràtica del País Valenciano y el Consell Democràtic del País Valenciano de junio de 1976, al momento de constituir la Mesa de Fuerzas Políticas y Sindicales del País Valenciano, que preveían un proceso propio constituyente, con la creación immediata de la Generalidad provisional y la cooficialidad lingüística, entre otras.

La Presidencia de la Generalidad provisional impulsa el Compromiso Autonómico, firmado el 8 de octubre de 1978 por el PSPV-PSOE, UCD, PCPV, Alianza Popular, UDPV, Partido Carlista, PTPV, ORT y PSUPV, que acepta el marco de la futura Constitución española de 1978 para alcanzar la máxima autonomía, en el término más breve.

Una vez aprobada la Constitución española de 1978, los partidos firmantes del Compromiso instan al Consell a la utilización de la vía constitucional establecida en el artículo 151 y se comprometen a que, después de las elecciones locales, todos los miembros de las nuevas corporaciones –Ayuntamientos y Diputaciones- pertenecientes a éstas fuerzas políticas le den su apoyo.

Referencias

Fuentes
 Reportaje de Alfons Llorenç
 Primer gobierno autonómico

Legislatura preautonómica del País Valenciano


Only seven out of the 204 electrical items tested by the Ghana Standards Authority (GSA) at Opera Square and Zongo Lane in Accra conform to the authority's standards.
The GSA inspected and tested the electrical items, including wire cables, switches, bulbs and extension boards, in August this year and the failure rate amounted to 96 per cent.
The items were seized in an operation codenamed "Quality Police" embarked upon by the GSA, in collaboration with the Bureau of National Investigations (BNI), the Customs Division of the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) and the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC).
In the same operation, 127 pieces of footwear were seized, with only seven of them turning out to be of good quality.
Briefing journalists on the operation in Accra on Monday, the Director General of the GSA, Prof. Alex Dodoo, described the smuggling of substandard goods into the country as a crisis situation.
Since the fake electrical gadgets posed danger to life, he said, the GSA would intensify its inspection to clear them from the system.
He said most of the electrical items did not have labels or places of origin.
He said some of the importers disguised the fake items and cleared them through the ports, while majority of them smuggled the items into the country through the eastern and the northern corridors.
Prof. Dodoo said some individuals wanted to turn Ghana into a dumbing ground for fake products and indicated that the recent inspection was to discourage that, in line with the GSA Board's policy of zero tolerance for substandard goods.
For instance, he said, the country lost about GH¢5 billion annually through the importation of substandard, poor quality goods which affected health and life and led to the collapse of businesses and loss of jobs.
He said the GSA would continue to collaborate with the CID and Customs officials to prevent the smuggling of substandard products into the country.
"Trade has to be based on standards. We will ensure that the products come in properly," he said.
He said the authority would destroy the fake electrical items and footwear and that the importers and traders would be made to pay for the cost of the destruction.
He said a few of the importers who had problems with their labelling would be made to do a relabelling of their products.
The Board Chairman of the GSA, Dr Akwasi Achampong, said the authority was seeking to promote the establishment of businesses and indicated that the importation of fake products had the tendency to discourage investors.
He, therefore, urged consumers to collaborate with the GSA to flush out fake products from the system.
"We want to buy something that will last long and save lives; we want to make sure that businesses succeed," he said.