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Home » Space » $4 Billion Moon Water Mining Operation for $2.4 Billion Per Year Business
$4 Billion Moon Water Mining Operation for $2.4 Billion Per Year Business
September 6, 2019 November 24, 2018 by Brian Wang
Philip Metzger has a study of mining water on the moon. If water is mined on the moon then it could save satellite missions to geosynchronous orbits about $100 million.
Currently it costs over $100 million for the extra stage to move from low earth orbit or the use of ion thrusters that take one year to move the satellite. The delayed operation is close to the cost of the boost stage.
Water can be mined on the Moon, delivered to a gas station, sold to operators of the space tug, who will then boost the satellite to its final orbit for much less than $100 million per spacecraft.
Here is the link to the 189-page water mining on the moon report.
A wide range of potential customers for hydrogen and oxygen products has been identified. They can be used to fuel reusable landers going back and forth between the lunar surface and lunar orbit. They can make travel to Mars less expensive if the interplanetary vehicle can be refueled in cislunar space prior to departure. Operations closer to Earth can also benefit from this new, inexpensive source of propellant. Refueling in Low Earth Orbit can greatly improve the size, type, and cost of missions to Geosynchronous Earth Orbit and beyond. This study has identified a near-term annual demand of 450 metric tons of lunar-derived propellant equating to 2,450 metric tons of processed lunar water generating $2.4 billion of revenue annually.
It has been discovered that instead of excavating, hauling, and processing, lightweight tents and/or heating augers can be used to extract the water resource directly out of the regolith in place. Water will be extracted from the regolith by sublimation—heating ice to convert it into water vapor without going through the liquid phase. This water vapor can then be collected on a cold surface for transport to a processing plant where electrolysis will decompose the water into its constituent parts (hydrogen and oxygen).
To achieve production demand with this method, 2.8 megawatts of power is required (2 megawatts electrical and 0.8 megawatts thermal). The majority of the electrical power will be needed in the processing plant, where water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen. This substantial amount of power can come from solar panels, sunlight reflected directly to the extraction site, or nuclear power. Because the bottoms of the polar craters are permanently shadowed, captured solar energy must be transported from locations of sunlight (crater rim) via power beaming or power cables. Unlike solar power sources, nuclear reactors can operate at any location; however, they generate heat that must be utilized or rejected that may be simplified if located in the cold, permanently shadowed craters.
The equipment needed for this lunar propellant operation will be built from existing technologies that have been modified for the specific needs on the Moon. Surprisingly little new science is required to build this plant. Extensive testing on Earth will precede deployment to the Moon, to ensure that the robotics, extraction, chemical processing and storage all work together efficiently. The contributors to this study are those who are currently developing or have already developed the equipment required to enable this capability. From a technological perspective, a lunar propellant production plant is highly feasible.
The initial investment for this operation has been estimated at $4 billion, about the cost of a luxury hotel in Las Vegas. With this investment however, a scalable market can be accessed. As refueling decreases in-space transportation costs, entirely new business and exploration opportunities will emerge with potential to vastly benefit the economies of Earth. Even with the early customers identified within this study, it has been determined that this could be a profitable investment with excellent growth opportunities.
SOURCES- Metzger Report
Written By Brian Wang, Nextbigfuture.com
Categories Space, Technology Tags moon, space, water Post navigation
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73 thoughts on "$4 Billion Moon Water Mining Operation for $2.4 Billion Per Year Business"
Truth in advertising: This was me, before I created a real account. I thought the system had eaten my comment, so I re-posted. I wasn't intentionally trying to sock-puppet.
MTCZ
You can edit.
I'd be very happy with Disqus.
I completely agree. As you see, I haven't signed up for the latest iteration yet…
Maybe have a forum system, including a section for discussing the forums?
I'm still not sure if I should bother signing up for this comment system, or wait a week or two for the next one… Can you at least edit your comment if signed in?
It's really hard to overstate how much I hate the multiple friggin' comment systems on NBF. Given that everything is already pretty much unreadable without an ad blocker, maybe we could just get something semi-trustworthy for the comments? People come here for the comments, and blowing their threads and identities away every few months really kinda makes me want to stop coming here.
DrPat
I don't know, I think this latest comment version is better, and the ads are less annoying compared to a month ago.
Brian, I really do enjoy the conversations here, but I think this latest iteration of the never-ending succession of your skeevy, fly-by-night comment systems is really close to the last straw. For f**k's sake, the site's already utterly unreadable without an ad blocker. I don't know if whatever attempt is being made here to wring the last drops of monetization out of things with these weirdo systems is actually costing you traffic yet, but it's getting awfully close to driving me away.
Added bonus, the moon is of similar habitability to Las Vegas.
Who is spending other people's money?
Propellant in LEO is still somewhat deep in a gravity well.
Jean Baptiste
As Gerard K. O'Neill already noticed, it will be the best mining operation outside of Earth's gravity well, once we get this whole space mining and industry thing going.
EM launchers are still very viable there given its low gravity and lack of atmosphere.
Plus the added advantage of not having to push a dreadful asteroid near Earth.
oh good God.. what an extremely idiotic idea. Be thankful for every pint of water you don't have to bring TO the Moon. Whatever plans will eventually work regarding the Moon, having water there will always be an asset. Few greedy idiots see some money for themselves now, sod the next generations. Exploitative economics again.
"The initial investment for this operation has been estimated at $4 billion, about the cost of a luxury hotel in Las Vegas."
Ohhh! What a comparison! People think of space projects as being fantastically expensive, only the puview of great power nation states. They were never as expensive as people thought, but this really puts in perspective how much costs have come down. Now, even if this particular project is technically unfeasible, or actually costs significantly more than this, we can see that we are truly reaching a point where extraterrestrial resources can be exploited profitably. Once that happens, the first time anybody lifts anything off of the moon or an asteroid and sells it for more than it cost to get it, the greatest land rush in history will begin.
The term "pie in the sky" is an old one. It is not a trite message. Extrapolate that before you spend other people's money..
The requirements for heat rejection in space make big nukes really, really heavy. Until you have some exotic radiator technology fully mature (and there are a few of them out there, but they're nowhere near ready), space nukes are going to limited to well under a megawatt.
Except for that "it doesn't have an atmosphere" problem.
The point where off-Earth colonies are a viable lifeboat for the species is so incredibly distant that I can't even think about it seriously. Jack up the global average temperature by 15 degrees C, make the oceans anoxic, salt the earth with a few Curies of Cs-137 per km^2, and Earth is **still** about 100x more habitable than anywhere else in the solar system.
That doesn't mean that colonies are a bad idea. Indeed, it doesn't even mean that the bulk of the human population living off-earth is a bad idea. But it does mean that we're all going to be tethered to the Earth for a lot longer than you might like.
A comet impacting the moon vaporizes its water. The only water that will actually stay is stuff that deposits in cold traps. That's gonna be like 0.000000000001% of the total.
Tethers are OK if the momentum budget is balanced in both directions. But if you're having to import something like water, that's not going to be the case. Beyond that, getting a tether close enough to the lunar surface to be useful is problematic because of the instability of low lunar orbits. I'd just as soon have a space elevator–and those are unstable on the Moon, too.
Timetrvlr
Great idea! I believe that there should be a permanent underground human colony on the moon before we ever tackle Mars. The moon has a low gravity well and would be an ideal base to supply orbiting space stations as well as exploration of Mars and the asteroid belt. In addition to producing water, hydrogen, and oxygen for export, there are many other mineral resources to exploit. Sunlight provides an enormous energy resource for mining and smelting as well as launching finished products into orbit via electric rail gun launchers.
BFS (I'm not gonna knuckle under to this stupid "Starship" thing until it's for-sure that it's gonna stick!), is a great platform for landing on Mars, an OK one for landing on the Moon, but a terrible one for moving stuff around outside of a deep gravity well. It has way, way, **way** too much dry mass.
Launching water off the lunar surface to make hydrolox in orbit somewhere isn't a terrible idea if a big chunk of your space economy is moving time-critical payloads from orbit A to orbit B. Then a low-structural-coefficient tug starts looking pretty interesting, and the penalty for supporting LH2 tanks on-orbit is outweighed by the gain in specific impulse.
The interesting question would be whether launching lunar LOX and mating it with earth-launched LCH4 would outperform an all-lunar hydrolox architecture for a tug. I'm pretty sure that the answer to that question is "no", but I admit that it's not a computation that I've done. At the right $/IMLEO price point for BFR, things might get pretty interesting.
The other issue is the relative cost of LUNOX production vs. just producing hydrolox on-orbit from water. I'm pretty sure that it's always cheaper to launch water and electrolyze it on-orbit, rather than storing even LOX on the surface as you accumulate it. So you get the LH2 almost for free on-orbit. Given the tech being discussed for harvesting volatiles, it looks like that's going to be a lot cheaper than mining rock and reducing it.
Bottom line: hydrolox tugs look like a pretty good business if the scale of time-critical payloads is high enough.
IKNOW
In other words, "Take your Lunar colony and stick it where the Sun don't shine!"
I'm thinking the main reason lots of folk end up living on the Moon, mid term, will be tourism. They will be the service forces insuring the best of experiences for large numbers of transient tourists.
I would go, if I could afford it.
Here's a thought. Before large scale volatile mining begins, a thorough survey of Lunar ices should be performed to determine whether or not they host life-forms.
WHAT!? Life on the Moon!? Idiot.
Well, I'm not saying there IS life, but consider this.
1) It is not a too wild thought when people talk about the possibility that life may
have been transferred between Mars and Earth, or vis-versa.
2) If at all possible, it would be far more likely that life-bearing chunks of Earth have
reached the Moon than Mars.
3) Water ice does exist on the Moon: in the polar craters where Sunlight never
shines, and probably in the lava tubes scattered around the face of the Moon.
4) There's an area around every shaded crater where the Suns light comes and goes.
Therefore, there is a point deeper in the soil where cold and warm cycle.
That means there is a sub-surface zone – lets call it a torus for easier visualization,
that exists around each crater where embedded ices thaw then refreeze on a
regular basis.
Water. Energy. Life-seeds.
There are worse places in the solar system to look for life, and few that are easier
or cheaper to check.
End of the day managing cryogenic H2 is just such a pain.
Land the Falcon Starship with enough methane for the return trip and fill up with lunar LOX.
No need to mine lunar H2 for fuel. Save the H2 for water.
If we have ice farmers then can we also have Ice Pirates? (It is an old and bad SF movie- google it)
Mark Stewart
I like the moon for colonization and species survival. Its near by and it doesn't have an atmosphere. Less of a shock wave from a large impact. And it will cool down faster. Have all of our eggs in one basket. Not good.
David D321
This environment of cold dark crater in permanent shadow with ice and a mirror providing concentrated sunlight sounds perfect for a stirling engine.
The main reason to live on the moon as opposed to working remotely from earth is to fix things that break. Just try taking something apart and fixing it remotely with a robot sometime. For this reason we will have human auto mechanics for a long long time.
Kilopower nuclear should be sufficient for the near term.
For this application mirrors would likely be the way to go.
Sublimation of ice to gas for water recovery sounds like a sensible option to consider.
Preliminary surveys would have to be conducted.
The illustration depicts a smooth ground surface. This would be unlikely.
Redirecting comets to impact the moon using the comets' own ice might be practical in the near future. Lunar impacts are of no concern, aside from loss of ice, which could be controlled by the sizes and velocities of the pieces impacting.
Aerobraking to land on the moon is not a great problem if we place a momentum exchange tether / rotovator in lunar orbit.
In the permanent shadow is fine.
You'd have perpetual solar just beyond the rim and still be protected from solar flares.
Mirrors would give you the light you need; where you want it, when you want it.
And – reduce, reuse, recycle. This would be the lunar equivalent of shipping container housing.
"…who would want…"? Plenty of people.
Just playing Devils advocate.
I mostly agree with you here, but it's worthwhile remembering that colonization of the Moon without its native water would be pretty ugly. It costs a lot to land water on the Moon–there's no aerobraking.
There's an argument to be made that the Moon is a stupid place to colonize, and all you need is a few mining and scientific bases, with the real cis-lunar colonization happening in microgravity with rotating structures to provide 1 g. But I'd hate to rule out lunar surface colonization forever just because it was cheap to strip the water early on.
If it's truly for bootstrapping only, then we'll stop launching it into space in short order, and there's plenty left for future use. But that sounds like the sort of thing that ought to have a couple of caveats attached to it:
1) We ought to inventory the water early on.
2) We ought to set a limit of how much of that inventory is exportable.
It's a lot easier to set policy up front than when there's cause for genuine hand-wringing. And by setting a limit early, you provide plenty of time–and maybe incentive–for the asteroidal water industry to grow.
john oneill
'Once the mine is "dry", you'd have the outer envelope of a lunar station'
The water they're looking for is in sunless deep polar craters – hardly the ideal position for a manned colony. Though why anyone would want to live in a lunar colony, when he could do the same work by remote control, and enjoy his time off on a beach on Earth, with his family, is beyond my ken.
If you read the linked post, you'll discover that ULA was the corporate sponsor for this study, so it's not too surprising that all the assumptions are oddly similar to the cis-lunar architecture ULA's been proposing with ACES.
That said, there's some really weird stuff in that post. I think what happened is that Metzger just sorta assumed that there was going to be a reusable tug between LEO and GEO without mentioning explicitly, and then made the argument that an SEP version of that tug would cost $100M in delayed revenue for the sat operator, while a hydrolox tug could do it in a few hours–as long as it had hydrolox.
Which is… true, but the arm-wave that says that there's a dedicated stage to get to GTO is way, way off. However, it is also true that, even from GTO, it takes SEP between 2-3 months to get on-station. If you use the $100M/year revenue number, that represents between $16.7M-$25M in delayed revenue, which ain't chickenfeed.
So… sure, if you had a magic ACES tug with hydrolox falling off the Moon, it'd be pretty compelling. But it's hard to imagine it being as compelling as a reusable Falcon Heavy directly inserting 5000-ish kg direct to GEO for $90M. Maybe they should check back when they've got a reusable version of Vulcan that can launch for $80M or so.
San Mann
I wouldn't worry about which sect people get their work ethic from, as long as they have a work ethic. India will be landing its rover at the Moon's southern polar region in just over 10 weeks from now, as part of the Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission. It was the preceding Chandrayaan-1 mission which confirmed water on the Moon in the first place. A lunar sample return mission is planned as a joint collaboration between India's ISRO and Japan's JAXA. Meanwhile China is well on its way in getting ready for its own Chang'E 5 lunar sample return mission.
The Moon is about to become a crowded place – and it's long overdue.
It appears that Brian doesn't know how to spell SpaceX let alone get reasonable cost figures. He lists ULA as a transportation entity but not a whisper about SpaceX. The Falcon Heavy has already sent a payload beyond Mars. Elon is planning an entire space eccosystem around the BFS/BFR. ULA is still dreaming about it.
I'm sure that SpaceX will be surprised to learn this, since they charge $62M to launch 5.3 tonnes to GTO all the time. (Block 5 is reusability at that payload mass.) From there, it takes about 3 months to be on-station with electric propulsion, or only hours if you're willing to spend the mass for storable propellant. Or you can launch a reusable Falcon Heavy for $90M and take about 5 tonnes to GEO directly.
If you had the largest payloads you could launch arriving in LEO with no additional prop and you wanted to move the whole thing to GEO, the $100M would probably be pretty close. But those applications don't exist today.
Lunar hydrolox for building out space solar power would be a big deal for exactly this reason, but you have to get the cost to LEO down substantially, and the specific power up substantially, before that kind of application is going to be viable.
Magne Moe
Its the other way around, wee need it for bootstrapping, once you have an real space economy its peanuts, Ceres has more water than Earth, going to the gas giant you have much more, even more in the cupier belt.
Brent Mulholland
On a side note: What has happened to APEMAN?
Has he been kicked off NBF (Please!).
Has he taken a new moniker (More likely).
I shouldn't even be asking…
Moon water is much too precious to waste like that.
Jennifer Amb
Multi megawatt nuclear power generation for space and off-earth use is going to be needed if we are ever going to industrialize the solar system. Solar works in some limited locations but there is no getting around this problem. Developing such systems should be one of the top priorities.
A modular format with dimensions and weight so it can be landed on Mars with something like BFS would be a good first target.
William Readling
A hot, higher pressure volume. A cold lower pressure volume. A stream of gas moving between the two.
I think this advanced exoindustrial device is what is called a "still".
It occurs to me that by making a stronger "boiler", with a "lid" that would contain higher pressures. Higher pressures wold allow volatiles to be mined much faster, from deeper strata, since heat would travel downwards more easily.
Once the mine is "dry", you'd have the outer envelope of a lunar station, or a field ready to grow crops from amended regolith, and/or hydroponics, which would double as sewage treatment, and O2 production. If the heat to mine the volatiles was provided by solar energy, light for photosynthesis would be immediately available from the existing optics.
The perfect agricultural model would likely be the "food forest" where fruit, and vegetable bearing trees, and vines get full sunlight, likely brighter than on earth, there is a middle level of small trees, and vines that provide food, and then shrubs, and ground cover below those. Food Forests are the most productive form of agriculture known, and in the tropics provide food year round, as they would on the moon. One of the greatest advantages, is that as plants die, or become nonproductive, they can be replaced on an ongoing basis.
There are other advantages, such as continuous food supply for pollinators, and other beneficial insects, and the resiliency of a complex ecosystem, as opposed to a simple one. A food forest can easily have hundreds of crop species, and an unknowable multitude of other organisms. One thing you'd want to do is to import soil microorganisms from earth, as well as earthworms to recycle fallen leaves, and till the soil.
For the benefit of all
Excellent point that too often passes under the radar; there's a reason why it's STEM and not SEM.
Brett Bellmore
" Surprisingly little new science is required to build this plant."
I expect it requires absolutely no new science at all. Probably a bit of new *technology*, though.
Science and technology aren't quite the same thing…
Elon has cut the Starship payload down to 100MT.
Your high level numbers look high when compared to projected SpaceX BFR transportation costs from earth. You might want to run the calcs again. BFR can deliver 450 tons of propellant to LEO for less than $50M, assuming current projected a $10M launch cost carrying 150T to LEO per launch. The projected $2.4B is really high in the age of reusable rockets. Is this a NASA project?


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History and Legend
About Mosinee Home
Mosinee has a long and rich history dating from the days of the first French fur trappers, stretching through the logging days, and continuing forward into the future.
The First White Men
Mosinee and the surrounding areas trace their settlement all the way back to 1790, when a French trapper named John Lewis DuBay wintered in what is now Knowlton, to the south of Mosinee. In 1834, his son, John Baptiste DuBay, established a fur trading post on the Wisconsin with his wife, Madelane, long thought to be a princess and daughter of Chief Oshkosh of the Menominee. Whether it was she or a later wife has now been called into question, but in 1836, a treaty with the Menominee granted the first whites an area six miles wide and forty miles long along the Wisconsin River, which encompasses Mosinee. DuBay's grave marker can still be found in Knowlton, and while his trading post was covered by water with the creation of Lake DuBay in 1942, it is marked with a historical marker.
Little Bull Falls and The Legend of Chief Mosinee
As loggers moved in and the area was settled, Mosinee was founded as "Little Bull Falls," named after a local falls known for its loud roar. In 1839, John Moore built the first sawmill to take advantage of the rapids and famous falls to cut the tons of logs that floated to it into lumber. Twenty years later in 1859, Joseph Dessert became the sole owner of the mill and both the mill and town flourished. In 1889, Mosinee was incorporated and Dessert was elected its first official leader. Not content to simply be a leader and businessman, he turned philantropist in 1898 by constructing a library, turning it over to the community in 1906 with $9000 to sustain it, a large sum of money back in those days.
Local legend holds the settlement was renamed to Mosinee after a Menominee chief in the area known for being a man of his word. According to Joseph Dessert in 1905, Chief Mosinee "never took advantage of beard or beast" and was well-known with the settlers in the area, traveling through Wausau every spring before his death.
Into the Present and Beyond
As the logging industry began to wane, the sawmill closed and the river was dammed, quieting the falls that had given Mosinee its first name and initial prosperity. The sawmill became a paper mill and power company, which still are in business to this day. What used to be raging rapids has given way to lakes and a wide main channel.
While the river and falls have been tamed, Mosinee still retains a close tie with nature. The shores of the river are lined with trees and Mosinee Hill is easily visible in its forested glory. Mosinee prides itself as a small community with big prosperity and a lot to offer both its residents and visitors, and we'll continue to do so for years to come.

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Organizers were sometimes hauled in after a speech or in a dispute over permits. The smaller the crowd, the more likely people got busted for smoking. While attendance in the annual New York event had peaked in the late 1970s at about 20,000, annual '80s crowds ranged from a few hundred to several thousand. The next summer, the Yippies got pounded by Chicago police during protests outside the Democratic National Convention, which resulted in major media coverage and the arrests of Yippie leaders Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin.
The 1962 White House Conference on Drug Abuse concluded that there was only "weak" evidence indicating that marijuana leads to using harder drugs. At that point in time, it almost seems as if we were the How are JustCBD gummies made? closest we've ever been as a nation to decriminalizing the drug. As of April 2015, 23 states in the U.S. have legalized medical cannabis, but only people with certain qualifications can obtain it.
Shamans enlisted the aid of spirits to help their community and try to cure sickness. Sometimes this was done with the help of intoxicating substances, and it is likely that cannabis was used this way. It probably wasn't "recreational" but was believed to be a serious religious and healing tool to be respected. Despite these potential problems from sludge, deinking is a more benign and environmentally sound process for handling used paper than either landfilling or incineration. Since virtually all of the sludge problems stem from contaminants in the paper before it comes back for recycling, those same contaminants exist in paper that is landfilled or burned. However, the toxics and pollution from inks, dyes and chlorine cannot be controlled in a landfill, where the paper is spread throughout the area.
It was difficult for the state to know exactly how these propositions might affect California's farmers before officials and voters passed them. Additionally, this has pitted the legal and illegal markets against each other. Since the cost of legal cannabis is high, consumers continue to purchase from bootleg operators because it is more affordable.
In the late 60s Americans viewed cannabis as something countercultural, a plant reserved for outcasts and hippies — that's the reputation mainstream media tried to give it at least. Back then only 12% of Americans backed its legalization (courtesy of Gallup.) The federal government? It reacted accordingly, and cannabis became a controlled substance.
However, the big pharma and national authorities refuse to acknowledge its effectiveness. However, the demand for CBD is the pressure that national governments need. The more consumers insist on changes in local regulations, the harder governments and companies work to develop the CBD market.
Not only are increasing numbers of countries worldwide legalizing the use of cannabis, but companies are also betting on hemp. Beyond the booming medical marijuana business, the plant is seen as a means to reduce carbon emissions and global warming when used to replace high-carbon fossil fuel products that once replaced it. Rediscovering and developing such non-petroleum-based technologies may not be the sole cure-all, but hemp could at least be a building block to a more sustainable economy.
In 2004, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the DEA did not have the authority to regulate these specific parts of Hemp under the Controlled Substances Act. Hemp could therefore still be imported and those parts of the plant used for products. This cash crop, ideal for creating everything from fabric to rope, had powers even our founding fathers recognized and benefited from.
Despite the high concentration of illegal drug trafficking, it seems that South America has focused more on impeding the use of medicinal "drugs" like CBD, instead of fighting the war on hard drugs. CBD is stuck in a legal/not-legal loophole until the local regulations are adapted to either ban or legalize CBD and hemp completely. One more thing that has been brought to the table of legal controversies is the difference between CBD oil and medical marijuana. Conversely, marijuana plants are considered any cannabis plant that contains higher than 0.3% THC. The 2018 Agricultural Improvement Act effectively de-scheduled hemp as a Schedule 1 drug, while marijuana remains a Schedule I drug on a federal level . CBD products can be legally purchased in all 50 states as long as it comes from hemp plants and contains a THC concentration of 0.3% or less.
The legislature, largely focused on subsidies for the farming industry, was truly ground breaking. This allowed for all hemp derivatives to be legally cultivated and used in all sorts of products. With the passage of the Controlled Substances Act, hemp was classified as a Schedule 1 drug. This meant that hemp was viewed the same as both heroin and LSD, and therefore was all production was halted, criminalized, and banned. In 1937, following guidance from Harry J. Anslinger , Congress passed the Marihuana Tax Act. Even the chosen spelling of marijuana was designed to remind people of its ties to Mexicans.
From the world traveler and pleasure provider, which was both banned and praised for decades, to the mystical and beneficial plant, cannabis has seen it all. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on how many cbd gummies 3000 mg your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. Some comments may be republished on the website or in the newspaper; email addresses will not be published. Congress repealed most of the mandatory penalties for drug-related offenses.
Some believe the real objective of these acts was to be to create revenue generating policies. Taxes were imposed, but states did not have the authority to seize illegal drugs or charge perpetrators of drug crimes. The Seed and Fiber of Wealth will begin with a brief examination of exactly what hemp is, so the viewer understands the plant's properties and uses, and does not confuse hemp with any other plant. The film will then chronicle the Can delta 8 get you stoned? remarkable story of hemp production in America, and will be magnificently illustrated with period portraiture of those notable Americans who raised hemp. It will also use period paintings of early farming scenes and hemp fields. New companies specializing in point of sale systems, social media networks, grow light technology, and vaporizer technology have become some of the most successful and fastest growing segments of the industry.
Marijuana is approved for cancer, AIDS, and other dangerous diseases. Once WW2 started, that source was cut off, but the hemp how to buy cbd need even increased. Many other emperors believed the plant to have healing properties since it possessed both yin and yang.
It is a multi-purpose crop which can be used for food, clothing, building materials, medication, and occasionally even recreation . Hemp uses ¼ to ⅕ of the water of cotton, doesn't need pesticides, was macht man mit cbd öl? is stronger and more durable than cotton and produces twice the yield per acre. It's a fantastic rotation crop for farmers as it returns over half of its nutrients to the field it is grown in.
Up to that point some dispensaries did exist in Colorado, but they were largely underground and completely unregulated. For the first time, a dispensary operator could have the security of knowing their business was legal in their city, and guidelines for them to understand what is and isn't acceptable conduct. Cities like San Francisco, Berkeley, Sebastopol, and West Hollywood quickly followed suit. Meanwhile a very different scene was unfolding to the north in the Bay Area. In 2006 Oakland, CA became the first jurisdiction in the country to adopt a regulatory ordinance officially permitting storefront dispensaries, and regulating the conduct of these businesses. But for the sake of brevity, let's take a look at the evolution of the legal cannabis industry in the United States, which effectively started with the passage of Proposition 215 in California in 1996.
For this three-part series, we'll be your tour guide of cannabis through the ages. "Drugs"Footnote 1 have been regulated at the international level since 1912, while cannabis has been specifically regulated since 1925. Contemporary local, national, and international cannabis regulations are now diverging, with some jurisdictions legalising its recreational production, sale and consumption. This essay explores the legal and historical complexity and contingencies around the development of international cannabis regulations and prohibitions. It highlights that the global drug control system was not solely focused on prohibition and instead was a complex mix of regulations underpinned by frequently ill-defined and unclear prohibitions. It argues that the international drug control system should not serve as a bar to national-level reforms and that the two can continue to coexist.
Hemp-derived products are popping up in stores all across the United States, and while the resurgence of hemp is fairly recent, the plant has been farmed and cultivated for thousands of years. We've just been having so much fun discovering strange new brews and whipping up coffee cocktails. We figured you've probably been asking yourselves when we'd put out a think piece, and we decided a slow Sunday night is the best time to hop into our journey. This time around, we're going to talk through the history of Hemp in America. Hemp wick is a length of twine constructed from hemp fibers that have been coated in a layer of beeswax.
After almost 30 years of being forbidden, the U.S. allowed businesses toimport dietary hemp products in 2004. In the new century, application of hemp started to diversify as artisans and small businesses imported hemp fiber for clothing and textiles. The first big win for U.S. farmers came in 2007, when two North Dakota farmers were granted hemp licenses—the first time in over 50 years. Building on this, a Farm Bill signed into law in 2014 allowed more states and some businesses to begin experimenting with hemp, under the guise of research into restoring this crop to American life. Ultimately, hemp and all its derivatives became fully legalized in 2018, through the passage of the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018.
In Canada, hemp production occurs from eastern to western Canada, but is concentrated in the prairie provinces. The Corn Belt is likely the best region in the USA for hemp production , although Kentucky has had very good success with hemp in the past. The requirement for good soils, relatively abundant rainfall, and a moderate climate will restrict opportunities for hemp production in the southeastern, southwestern and western USA.
The long-term war on drugs has put hemp and CBD in a troublesome position — often being grouped with the psychoactive form of the plant, marijuana. Industrial hemp is only legal if it contains less than 1% THC in dry weight. This definition includes the whole hemp plant with its organs and derivatives, except for its seeds. Farmers who wish to grow hemp require a government-issued license from the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture, and Fisheries . CBD oil from industrial hemp with a THC content equal to 1% of THC doesn't fall under the Narcotics Regulations, Psychotropics, and other substances subject to control. In May 2019, the Ecuadorian Assembly suspended the second debate about amending the Health Code.
Hemp was identified as critical to the war effort because the crop could provide fiber for ropes, bootlaces, and parachute webbing. However, in a matter of years, evidence of this message had been scrubbed from federal records, and an antithetical stance towards hemp had been firmly established. In 1937, The Marihuana Tax Act was the first restriction on hemp and other Cannabis sativavarieties.
The creation of parents groups expressing concern led to mandatory sentences for drug-related crimes and the three-strikes policy of the Regan era. There was no distinction made between hemp as an industrial crop and marijuana as a medicine. By 1977, the use of the drug seemed so commonplace and the fears so archaic that President Jimmy Carter called for the decriminalization combien de gouttes de cbd pour dormir of marijuana. As Carter pointed out in a message to Congress in 1977, anti-marijuana laws cause more harm to marijuana users than the drug itself. Today, in states with the most liberal marijuana laws, citizens' access to the drug now resembles that of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, before the first attempts at federal regulation.
Buying CBD With Cryptocurrency
But it has great possibility as an environmentally sustainable crop that can bring new life to rural economies shattered by the demise of their original industries. In fact, the more than 40 jobs that growing kenaf has brought to Tallahatchie County, Mississippi have been part of revitalizing one of the most economically depressed areas in the U.S. Tree-free fibers range from very short to very long and each has its own variation of processing requirements.
Over time, various forms of the Phoenician system of written communication began to spread and were picked up along the Mediterranean city-states. By the 8th century B.C., the Phoenician system reached Greece, where it was altered and adapted to the Greek oral language. The biggest alterations were the addition of vowel sounds and having the letters read from left to right. The number of people imprisoned for nonviolent drug offenses in the US skyrocketed, from 50,000 in 1980 to over 400,000 in 1997. Despite the creation of the Controlled Substances Act, some individual states still began eliminating penalties and decriminalizing cannabis by themselves.
Eight states have conducted feasibility studies on hemp, with a range of very positive to negative conclusions on the economic feasibility of hemp production. Detailed agronomic recommendations for Kentucky and Ontario are available in the literature and key points are summarized here. Only hemp cultivars approved by Health Canada are allowed to be planted commercially in Canada. These cultivars mostly originated from Europe, although there is very recent breeding of oilseed cultivars in North America. The cultivar FINOLA has become the most popular cultivar grown in Canada. While some current cultivars will most likely prove adequate in some regions of the USA, there will be a need to develop cultivars better suited to specific regions and climates.
An ancient Greek historian named Herodotus described the Scythians—a large group of Iranian nomads in Central Asia—inhaling the smoke from smoldering cannabis seeds and flowers to get high. Scientists later discovered that THC was the source of marijuana's medicinal properties. As the psychoactive compound responsible for marijuana's mind-altering effects, THC also interacts with areas of the brain that are able to lessen nausea and promote hunger. Today, hemp is legal to grow and it is used for a variety of reasons. Here at Charlotte's Web™, we breed hemp with high cannabinoid levels, specifically CBD, or cannabidiol. CBD is a common molecule found in hemp that will not get you intoxicated.
During this time in Colorado, the youth were active in campaigns to decriminalize the drug. In 1973, Republican legislator Michael Strang introduced a bill to legalize and tax the sale and use of marijuana — a bit of legislation not unlike the one that was ultimately passed in 2012. The cultivation of hemp for its agronomic properties dates back as far as the earliest records of cannabis. The United States, in particular, boasts a long history of hemp cultivation. In the early colonial period of the United States, hemp was prized for both its fibrous stalk—used for sails, clothing, paper—as well as its nutritious seeds—used for oil and in livestock diets.
A patent dated February 1589 granted Spilman the monopoly of buying or dealing in linen rags, old fishing nets and leather shreds '… fitt for making all sorts of white paper. Nobody else was permitted to build a paper-mill without Spilman's consent. All persons were forbidden to make any paper in any mills'…alreadye made erected or used for broune paper mills' save with the license and assent of Spilman. There is evidence that at the beginning of the14th century paper was used for registers and accounts.
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Indonesia classifies homosexuality as a 'mental disorder' ahead of banning gay sex
Joseph McCormick February 3, 2018
Payakumbuh lawmakers have drafted revisions to a law to stop the "deviant behaviour" of gay sex from spreading (CHAIDEER MAHYUDDIN/AFP/Getty)
Indonesia has classified homosexuality as a "mental disorder", as a bill to criminalise gay sex is introduced in the country's parliament.
The country's Health Ministry on Friday said it was set to publish a medical guide based on two reports from the past two years.
One of the reports, published in 2016 by the Indonesia Psychiatrists Association (PDSKJI).
An extract from the PDSKJI's report reads: "Gays and bisexuals were at risk of emotional problems such as depression owing to identity crises while transsexuals are susceptible to mental diseases."
The second report was published in 2017 by the Health Ministry.
That report claims that "homosexuality was against the ethos of the country".
Currently, homosexuality is legal in Indonesia, except for the Aceh province, where Sharia law is enforced.
But if a new bill is passed in the country's parliament, gay sex could become illegal across the entire country.
The law could pass in the next two weeks.
The bill, which reportedly has support from all 10 of the country's main political parties, would make gay sex punishable by up to five years in prison.
The Indonesian Supreme Court narrowly blocked a similar measure from passing last month, but it seems that was only a temporary reprieve.
Indonesian man escorted after public caning for having gay sex (Getty)
The bill could pass as soon as Valentine's Day, according to Kate Walton, an LGBT activist in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, who was speaking to ABC in Australia.
Arsul Sani, the secretary general of the PPP Party, helped to create the new criminal code.
He said: "It applies to people of the same gender who have sex, which is basically a forbidden act.
"It's considered the same as adultery, where men and women having sex outside marriage can be considered a crime."
The news comes just days after Indonesian police arrested 12 transgender women in Aceh and shaved their heads in an effort "to turn them into men".
(YouTube/LOE TUBE)
Aceh is the only part of the Muslim-majority country where gay sex is already illegal, as the region has Shariah law, having won this concession from the government as part of a 2005 autonomy deal.
The raid on salons was called "operasi penyakit masyarakat," which translates as "community sickness operation".
The police chief in Aceh said his officers also humiliated the trans women "by way of having them run for some time and telling them to chant loudly until their male voices came out."
Gay hook-up apps have also been pulled from the Google Play Store in Indonesia amid a government crackdown on the LGBT community.
Andreas Harsono of Human Rights Watch said the new law "will create new discriminatory offences that do not exist in the current criminal code.
"It will slow down Indonesia's efforts to develop their economy, society, knowledge [and] education … if law enforcement agencies are busy policing morality.
"It's sounding like the Acehnese sharia code," he added, according to Reuters.
In May, two men were caned 83 times in Aceh as a legal punishment for having gay sex.
The 20 and 23-year-old, identified only by their initials – MH and MT – were the first to be sentenced to punishment for gay sex in the region.
The father of one of the men, who requested anonymity, said that he was unaware that his son was not straight before he was arrested.
"This is an ordeal for our family," the father said.
Indonesian gay man gets caned for having sex (Getty)
"After this problem is resolved, we will send him to an Islamic boarding school to be educated so he won't be deviant anymore."
Amnesty International has repeatedly urged Indonesia to stop its horrific treatment of LGBT people in Aceh.
A report alleged that there had been attempts to 'cover up' the anti-LGBT oppression in the region by moving the floggings away from the public eye.
But it's not just in Aceh where LGBT Indonesians suffer.
The caning punishment came the day after 141 men were arrested in Jakarta, the capital, for having a "gay sex party".
And earlier that same month, eight men were arrested for holding a "gay party" in Surabaya, the second biggest city in Indonesia.
It was also announced that the country's government would clamp down on gay culture – instituting a ban on online "gay propaganda" after a request from the police.
Last year, Indonesian lawmakers gave the green light to a proposed law that would outlaw 'LGBT behaviours' on television.


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Planetary Science,
2018 Top 10
A buried lake on Mars excited and baffled scientists
Liquid water under so much ice is a hard sell, and only one of two orbiters has detected it
Lisa Grossman
8:21am, December 17, 2018
HIDDEN DEPTHS Layers in the ice near Mars' south pole, shown here in a 2012 composite image from the European Space Agency's Mars Express orbiter, could conceal a briny lake buried 1.5 kilometers below the surface.
ESA, DLR, FU BERLIN, Bill Dunford
Headlines touting the discovery of water on Mars — again! — are a long-standing punchline among planetary scientists. But a discovery this year was something very different.
Unlike previous claims of water-bearing rocks or ephemeral streaks of brine, researchers reported in the Aug. 3 Science that they had found a wide lake of standing liquid near the Red Planet's south pole, buried beneath 1.5 kilometers of ice (SN: 8/18/18, p. 6). The purported polar pool, spotted by an orbiting satellite, is the largest volume of liquid water ever claimed to currently exist on Mars, and has probably been around for a long time. Both of those features raise hopes that life could survive on Mars today.
But months after the announcement, the discovery remains controversial. First, it's not clear how that water could remain liquid when the temperature at that icy depth should be about –68° Celsius. Even salts dissolved in the water would have a hard time melting ice that cold. "This is the main objection that has been raised," says one of the lake's discoverers, planetary scientist Roberto Orosei of the National Institute for Astrophysics in Bologna, Italy.
The other concern is that a second Mars orbiter, which should be able to detect such lakes, has seen nothing so far.
Orosei, however, thinks he has the answer to both puzzles: If Mars' south polar ice cap has a texture like Styrofoam, he says, that could both insulate the lake and befuddle the other orbiter.
Ice-penetrating radar beamed down from the Mars Express orbiter revealed a hidden lake on Mars. The blue triangle outlined in black in the middle is the purported lake.
Orosei and colleagues spotted the lake after years of analyzing data from the European Space Agency's Mars Express orbiter, which aims radar at the planet to see below its surface. As radar waves bounce off an interface between two materials, the brightness of the reflection can tell scientists what those materials are. Orosei's group found a bright triangular reflection measuring about 20 kilometers across at Mars' south pole. A lake of liquid water beneath the ice is the most likely explanation, Orosei says.
NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which has also observed the south pole with radar, has seen no sign of the lake. "It's a big mystery," says Toronto-based planetary scientist Isaac Smith of the Planetary Science Institute, who works on the NASA mission. "We'd love to figure it out."
Tiny pockets of air in the polar ice sheet might explain the conflicting radar results, Orosei suspects. If the ice is riddled with holes, they may scatter the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's short-wavelength radar, like light filtering through a cloud. That scattering would hide the lake from the short-wavelength radar's view. But Mars Express' longer-wavelength radar could pass through the ice cleanly allowing it to reach and reflect off the lake.
The air in those holes would also help insulate lower layers of ice and raise the temperature there, or hold in heat from the planet's interior more efficiently, similar to the way a Styrofoam cup keeps coffee hot.
"This is just a conjecture at the moment," Orosei cautions.
Smith thinks porous, Styrofoam-like ice sounds plausible, but hard to explain. On Earth, ice normally packs tightly and becomes denser as it grows thicker. It's hard to see how such a thick slab of ice on Mars would not do the same. Other orbital measurements suggest that Mars' ice is even denser than regular water ice, which doesn't leave much room for air holes.
But Mars' south polar ice behaves differently than earthly ice in other ways too, Smith says. It doesn't flow the way you would expect from tightly packed glaciers. Porous ice might explain why it flows differently, and more dust and other impurities in the ice could make up for the difference in density.
"It would be a big surprise," Smith says. "But Mars is a unique place."
If the ice is porous, there should be more insulated lakes hidden beneath the ice cap, Orosei says. The Mars Express team may have seen some hints of such lakes already, although it's too early to be sure.
Finding additional lakes would be great news for the possibility of life there. If life took root in the past, it could still hang on in these long-lived subglacial lakes, like life does in similar lakes in Antarctica (SN: 9/20/14, p. 10).
"This means you would have a sort of Noah's ark for life to exist today, if it ever developed on early Mars," Orosei says. "The chances of finding extant life today would be much greater."
R. Orosei et al. Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars. Science. Vol. 361, August 3, 2018, p. 490. doi: 10.1126/science.aar7268.
L. Grossman. Mars (probably) has a lake of liquid water. Science News. Vol. 194, August 18, 2018, p. 6.
L. Grossman. What does Mars' lake mean for the search for life on the Red Planet? Science News Online, July 27, 2018.
T. Sumner. Lake under Antarctic ice bursts with life. Science News. Vol. 186, September 20, 2014, p. 10.


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 Fritz Puppel (* 1944), deutscher Rockmusiker und Komponist, Mitglied der Band City
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On January 1, 2017, the new OASIS-C2 changes will take effect. The major updates include changes to pressure ulcer language and related OASIS questions, as well as new GG items and new look-back periods on some items. Are you prepared?
During this 90-minute program, expert speaker Melinda A. Gaboury, COS-C, will guide you through the OASIS-C2 update and review the changes that will impact your agency. Gaboury will go over the M items that have been added and the changes to the instructions for multiple M items; she will also cover specific M items that affect outcomes and star ratings.
Melinda A.Gaboury, COS-C, is co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Healthcare Provider Solutions, Inc. (HPS). Melinda Gaboury and Mark Cannon founded the company in April 2001 to provide financial, reimbursement, clinical and cost reporting services to home health agencies and hospice.
Prior to the inception of Medicare PPS Gaboury began researching, auditing and review processes with OASIS, ICD-9 Coding and clinical documentation. She has developed and taught clinician and billing Medicare PPS Training Workshops in a variety of venues. Gaboury's priority remains bridging the gap between clinical and financial issues in home health agencies. One unique thing that Gaboury brings to the home health field is the development of very effective OASIS Education while being able to also teach the reimbursement aspect and how they are directly related.
Gaboury has been a speaker for multiple state and national home care and hospice associations. She is also conducting Billing Seminars throughout the country. In addition to her speaking engagements and consulting, she is the author of Home Health Pocket Guide to OASIS-C1.


I believe in optimism, as foolish, defiant, and outrageous as it comes. It is a gift from my dream-damaged grandfather, who left Naples in 1905 when he was 17, arriving in New York's harbor on a muggy summer day with $6 in his pocket and not a word of English, one of hordes that would be disembarking onto the already crowded shore. He walked into the raucous future and a thousand dead-end streets, never thinking of himself as anything less than an entrepreneur. He was forever to dwell at the skirts of fortune, near enough to feel her breath, never her kiss, but again and again shoved forward by his irrational heart and a stubborn ability to believe things would get better.
I was lured to California by dreams like his. I quit my job and left New York alone in the bleakest part of January, despite the well-meaning chorus of caution and disapproval that I realize in retrospect has preceded everything big I have ever done. Stuffing my paltry possessions into Hefty trash bags — my matched luggage — I headed south and west in an avocado green Buick with a vinyl roof whose tattered strips blew like sails in the wind.
I was old enough to know better, but I saw myself as a pioneer and I sensed that this was my great migration, one of my life's defining moments. It would be a lie to say I wasn't scared or that everything was easy. But in the midst of winter, I found trees heavy with oranges, and this alone is consolation for any number of losses.
Despair is too easy and it perpetrates itself. Call me Pollyanna, but I'll whistle in the dark if I have to, going through the motions until the real thing kicks in. I choose to write a story on this day's blank slate that envelops possibility, perceives grace, and speaks its thanks through deed. I am a teacher, an idealist, and probably a fool, but I know that I am braver and more constructive because I view the world through an optimistic lens. Even in the wake of larger news, that daily barrage of terrible truths and righteous lies, I refuse to give more weight to the horrors than the miracles. We are hardwired for hope, hope that is born and reborn in a thousand incarnations, and I embrace it.
Once, I opened my eyes in the middle the night just in time to glimpse a shooting star, evidence both real and symbolic that wonders are occurring every second, even if unbeknownst to us. And last summer I returned to my grandfather's village, a century after he left it, and sent email into cyberspace while the moon rose over Mt. Vesuvius, and in that moment so completely unimaginable to his 19th century mind, I saw another hopeful certainty: Things are yet to happen that are far beyond our ability to imagine — and some of them will be good.


text:
Rouillard, Jacques. "Confederation of National Trade Unions". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 25 October 2019, Historica Canada. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/confederation-of-national-trade-unions. Accessed 20 January 2020.
Rouillard, J., Confederation of National Trade Unions (2019). In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/confederation-of-national-trade-unions
Rouillard, Jacques, "Confederation of National Trade Unions". In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published February 06, 2006; Last Edited October 25, 2019. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/confederation-of-national-trade-unions
Rouillard, Jacques. The Canadian Encyclopedia, s.v. "Confederation of National Trade Unions", Last Edited October 25, 2019, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/confederation-of-national-trade-unions
Confederation of National Trade Unions
Article by Jacques Rouillard
The Catholic unions were reorganized at the end of WWI, stressing protection of members' rights and interests as workers. Anxious to unite their forces, they jointly formed the Canadian Catholic Confederation of Labour in 1921 with about 17 600 members.
Labour leader Jean Marchand (right) supporting striking workers at Gaspé Copper Co, Murdochville, Québec, August 1957 (courtesy Library and Archives Canada/PA-163000).
Confederation of National Trade Unions (CNTU, or Confédération des syndicats nationaux, CSN) was called the Canadian Catholic Confederation of Labour (CCCL) from its beginnings in 1921 until 1960, when the organization abandoned its religious identity. It was founded by members of the clergy who feared the socialist and anticlerical ideas of the international unions. Confined only to Catholic members but open as well to English-speaking Canadians, the Catholic unions arose in many dioceses in Québec before WWI. They promoted the ideal of good understanding and co-operation between management and workers. However, this was quickly seen to be a utopian dream and some of these new unions witnessed a dramatic decline in membership.
The Catholic unions were reorganized at the end of WWI, stressing protection of members' rights and interests as workers. Anxious to unite their forces, they jointly formed the Canadian Catholic Confederation of Labour in 1921 with about 17 600 members. Membership declined during the 1920s but increased again after 1934, especially after WWII (62 690 members in 1946). Support came primarily from the construction, leatherworking, textile and garment industry workers.
After WWII the CCCL's ideology gradually lost its religious nature. A new leadership emerged that rejected corporatism and wanted the union to become more activist in nature. Major strikes during the 1950s (ASBESTOS STRIKE, 1949; Louiseville, 1952; Dupuis, 1952) and opposition from the government of Maurice DUPLESSIS increased union militancy. In 1960 the confederation dropped "Catholic" from its title (it became the Confederation of National Trade Unions) and dropped references to the SOCIAL DOCTRINE of the church from its statement of principles.
The CNTU became radicalized after 1964 by the influx of workers in the public and para-public sectors (see PUBLIC-SERVICE UNIONS) who shared the high expectations for social changes raised by the QUIET REVOLUTION. Convinced that the bourgeoisie dominated the state and that workers were inevitably in conflict with this economic power, the leaders argued for the replacement of capitalism by democratic socialism. This ideological swing caused much turmoil within the CNTU.
During the 1972 COMMON FRONT STRIKES, some leaders, including 3 members of the executive committee, left the CNTU to form the Central of Democratic Trade Unions (CDTU). Some 30 000 CNTU members, especially in the clothing, textiles, leather and mining industries, joined the breakaway organization.
Since 1964 the CNTU, with its many members in the civil service, hospitals and some education positions, has been at the centre of public sector employees' struggles for better working conditions. In 1972 the CNTU persuaded the Québec Teachers Corporation and the public sector workers of the Québec Federation of Labour to join it in a common front for negotiations with government. Then and in 1976 and 1979, the common front approach won valuable gains in minimum salary, job security and pensions.
In 1982-83 the government imposed decrees that included wage roll-backs and severe legal constraints. Since then public and para-public sector workers have seen their wages and working conditions improving more slowly than in the private sector. Under the threat of a cutback of 6% in salary, unions agreed in 1997 to an incentive policy for the retirement of 15 000 employees.
In the mid-1980s, the CNTU gave up its global condemnation of the capitalist system and began promoting co-operation and "conflicting concertation" with management to achieve greater efficiency and competitiveness. As with the rest of the union movement, the level of strikes among its members declined sharply in the 1990s. On the nationalist front, the central advocated greater autonomy from the provincial government in the 1960s. But later on, it evolved towards greater support for the political independence of Québec, suggesting to its members that they vote "yes" in the 1980 REFERENDUM. The central was even more eagerly at the forefront of the campaign for the separatist cause in the 1995 Referendum. In 1996 the CNTU consisted of 2178 local unions, divided into 9 sectoral federations and 13 regional central councils with a total membership of 230 205.
See also UNION CENTRALS (QUÉBEC).
Jacques Rouillard, Histoire du syndicalisme québécois (1989), and "Major Changes in the Confederation des travailleurs catholiques du Canada, 1940-1960," in Michael D. Behiels, Quebec since 1945 (1987).
National Union Centrals
Working Class History: Québec
Working Class History: English Canada


Backstage shooting for Adriano Celentano's videoclip"Prisencolinensinainciusol".
The video was shot in Milan (between Vittorio Emanuele II Gallery and Teatro Alla Scala) featuring the Italian famous dancer Roberto Bolle.
Director: Gaetano Morbioli for Run Multimedia.


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Q: using xCache with Zend optimizer together i have installed xCache and Zend optimizer in same time and it gives me PHP Fatal error:  [Zend Optimizer] Zend Optimizer 3.3.3 is incompatible with XCache 1.2.1 in Unknown on line 0
I have lines in installation document that i should include zend php.ini file to normal php.ini and ansure that xCache runs befor Zend Optimizer.
My question is how i include files in php.ini and how i can be sure that xCache run before Zend Optimizer?

A: I've run across this same issue. FWIW Zend Optimizer (excluding Zend Platform) is not an opcode cacher like XCache is. I've had success running both at the same time. The trick is to replace the following line:
extension=xcache.so

With this:
zend_extension=/path/to/xcache.so

(note that the zend extension may require the full path to your xcache.so library)
Hope this helps.

A: All of the PHP opcode caches are mutually exclusive - including: xCache, Zend Optimizer, APC, or eAccelerator. Don't try to use them at the same time.

A: The classic joke: "doctor, it hurts when I do X!" - "so don't do X"
A quick look seems to indicate that both products operate on the PHP opcode level and it might very well be, especially given the error message, that they are incompatible.

A: You can ensure xcache is loaded first by putting the xcache ini settings before the Zend Optimizer ini settings. There's no other way I know of...
ie. make sure [xcache] and every other [xcache...] section in the ini is before the line loading Zend Optimizer (which, on Linux should like kind of like the following : zend_extension=/usr/local/Zend/lib/ZendOptimizer.so).
But as mentioned in the other replies, it might not be advisable to use both XCache and Zend Optimizer together, especially since there have been compatibility problems in the past. If you can do without Zend Optimizer (ie. when not using Zend Guard protected scripts), it's safe to remove the relevant config lines from php.ini.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Backslash Week 42 – News of the Week
We share our knowledge of online marketing, digitalization and entrepreneurship with you – read about the latest trends of the digital world, webdesign and SEA strategies or even get tips and suggestions for your social media presence.
Week 42 has ended and a lot of interesting things happened throughout this period. We've got some fascinating news for you. First, we summarize the new updates of Facebook and its right protection tools. Google has also just launched 'Google for Creators' to provide guidance for creators. Later on, we mention that Pinterest has now become the first visual platform to achieve MRC accreditation for its Pin Metrics product. Clubhouse has also made some improvements by launching pinned links in rooms, so we summarized the key points. Lastly, we provide a few insights on TikTok's new content tip series, 'Made for TikTok'.
Be sure to read on.
AFTER SOME MAJOR BACKLASH FACEBOOK NOW HELPS BRANDS DETECT VIOLATIONS OF IP
Facebook has come out with updates to its rights protection tools that will help brands detect violations of intellectual property across its apps. Businesses can upload photos of their licensed items to Facebook's Brand Rights Protection platform, which Facebook's technologies can then use as a reference point for detecting comparable matches and highlighting potential usage breaches in Page posts, Marketplace listings, and other places.
Businesses must first register their trademark certificates and credentials with Facebook, after which they will be able to use the tool to find matches based on legal ownership. The ability to upload and save up to 10 photos, including logos or product images, for use in scanning material across Facebook and Instagram is the most significant change to the new platform. Brands have only been allowed to search on a proactive, case-by-case basis up until now, and they haven't been able to save these searches. The new upgrade will increase the capability for constant tracking and warnings, allowing IP owners to better detect potential product infringement.
The social media giant is looking to provide better safeguards for brands. Facebook has been facing a lot of backlash from global companies and celebrities for its failure to protect content from being stolen, copied, and manipulated by others.
In the last year, the company has been adding a laundry list of features to help brands protect their content on Facebook and Instagram, but it feels like the latest updates are a direct response to complaints about limitations in what it can do.
DO YOU WANT TO KNOW EVERYTHING ABOUT THE BEST DIGITAL CONTENT STRATEGIES? GOOGLE GOT YOU
Google's new 'Google for Creators' resource offers a variety of suggestions, recommendations, and insights to help people wishing to start a content business online with further assistance and strategic notes. This is a new platform to help content creators make the best digital content strategies.
The Google for creators platform aims at providing digital content strategy guidance through three main features: First, there are articles on how to use different social media channels, how to find your voice in your storytelling, and how to get started. Second, Google for Creators will provide live coaching sessions where people can ask questions about specific strategies they are trying out with their content. Finally, there are personalized recommendations based on your Google account that can give you suggestions on what you should be paying attention to in terms of the type of content you have been creating most often.
There are also links to several Google products that can be useful, such as Search Console insights and Google Analytics, as well as a 'Community' button that lists forthcoming events.
It's worth a look if you're looking for methods to improve your content strategy — it might not be the item that completely transforms your approach, but the strategic suggestions could provide further insight to help guide your preparation.
PINTEREST TO BECOME THE FIRST DIGITAL PLATFORM TO ACHIEVE MRC ACCREDITATION – HERE'S EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW
Ever since the early days of social media, marketers have been trying to figure out how they can measure their campaigns. While the old methods are still being used, there are new ones that are more accurate. The Media Ratings Council (MRC) accreditation is a step forward in measuring social media campaigns, with data that will provide more assurance to marketers who are investing in these channels.
Pinterest has now become the first visual platform to achieve MRC accreditation for its Pin Metrics product, giving marketers access to accurate data on how their pins perform on the site. Pinterest was awarded accreditation after meeting or exceeding industry requirements for measuring display impressions and clicks. This includes bot and crawler traffic filtration that isn't valid."
In other words, advertisers may now be more certain that the data they receive from Pinterest reflects genuine people engaging with their Pins and Pin advertisements, perhaps resulting in increased spending.
Pinterest is aiming to improve its business tools in order to take advantage of the growing interest in eCommerce. Over the last 18 months, the platform has witnessed significant usage growth, and the increased visibility and reach the potential of Pins, particularly through promoted campaigns, might create new methods for brands to enhance their branding and produce more direct sales.
REACH YOUR TARGET GROUP MORE EFFECTIVELY WITH THE NEWEST FEATURE OF CLUBHOUSE
Clubhouse is an app that is aimed at teenagers and young adults. That helps them with their mental health and physical health needs. The app has become more of a social media site than just a mental health app. Whether it be gossip or someone sharing their story of bullying, you can't deny that the app is changing the way we're communicating online.
Recently, the company added pinned links in the rooms to provide more context for what people are talking about. Moderators will soon be able to add an external URL link to the room presentation, as shown in this example. You can do so by tapping the '…' option at the upper right of the screen, then 'Pin a Link.' At any time during the chat, any moderator will be allowed to update or remove the link. As a result, there will be additional opportunities for involvement.
Clubhouse sees it as yet another way for producers to profit directly from their rooms, giving them even more incentive to keep broadcasting and growing the app's community. It's unclear whether Clubhouse will continue to be a sustainable app in the face of more competition, but it's making the correct moves with the addition of useful features like Clips, as well as its funding initiatives and now external link tools for rooms.
'MADE FOR TIKTOK' – A SERIES YOU SHOULDN'T MISS OUT
TikTok, the popular short video social media app, has recently launched a content tips series. This series will provide tips to marketers on how they can use the app to their advantage. The new series, dubbed 'Made for TikTok,' will highlight crucial lessons from professionals, beginning with an 'exercise program' series hosted by David Ma.
The new series delves into subcultures, comments, co-creation, and other facets of TikTok involvement. On the TikTok for Business profile, each of these features can be seen separately. The video courses aren't very in-depth, but they do offer some helpful hints on how to better grasp TikTok in general, allowing you to better align your content with important usage behaviors and trends.
With the app already having over a billion users and increasingly becoming the major platform of influence for younger consumers, many marketers are attempting to do so. And, as we approach the holiday season, many businesses will undoubtedly be developing a TikTok plan, which is where these notes might help.
If you're thinking about using TikTok for your campaigns, it's worth taking 10 minutes to view the entire series because it might provide you with some helpful hints on how to approach the app more effectively.
TikTok has stated that it will be releasing more 'Made for TikTok' tips videos in the near future.
We truly hope you've learned something new today and become more familiar with the new features and updates of Facebook, Google, Pinterest, Clubhouse and TikTok.
Would you like to know more? We are always here to help you out! Feel free to contact us any time! Stay tuned, archetype!
Hutchinson, A. (2021, October 22). Facebook updates its rights protection tools to help brands detect violations of IP across its apps. Social Media Today. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/facebook-updates-its-rights-protection-tools-to-help-brands-detect-violatio/608777/.
Hutchinson, A. (2021, October 21). Google launches 'google for creators' platform to provide guidance on digital content strategies. Social Media Today. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/google-launches-google-for-creators-platform-to-provide-guidance-on-digit/608690/.
Hutchinson, A. (2021, October 25). Pinterest achieves MRC accreditation for Pin Metrics, providing more assurance for marketers. Social Media Today. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/pinterest-achieves-mrc-accreditation-for-pin-metrics-providing-more-assura/608849/.
Hutchinson, A. (2021, October 25). Clubhouse adds pinned links to provide more context in rooms. Social Media Today. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/clubhouse-adds-pinned-links-to-provide-more-context-in-rooms/608799/.
Hutchinson, A. (2021, October 25). Tiktok launches 'made for TikTok' content tips series for marketers. Social Media Today. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/tiktok-launches-made-for-tiktok-content-tips-series-for-marketers/608846/.


IRVINE, Calif., September 26, 2011 – Since its launch in late 2010, Kia Motors America's (KMA) sleek sedan has stood apart from the crowd in the traditionally mundane midsize segment with its head-turning design, fun-to-drive performance, modern amenities and long list of standard safety features. In its first year on the market, the 2011 Kia Optima earned consumer and critical acclaim while sales increased nearly 150 percent and demand outpaced supply. The extraordinary growth is complemented by a slew of awards and accolades, such as being named "Most Gorgeous Car Under $20k" by Esquire, a 2011 "Editors' Most Wanted" vehicle by Edmunds' Inside Line, 2011 "Best New Model" by Kiplinger's Personal Finance, and inclusion on the "Ward's 10 Best Interiors" list. In addition to being recognized in the press, Optima also has received prestigious safety accolades being named a 2011 "Top Safety Pick" by the Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (IIHS) and receiving an overall five-star crash safety rating from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
Available in three trims – LX, EX, and SX – the Optima builds on an already solid platform for 2012 and adds numerous packaging and technology enhancements and new consumer-friendly amenities to provide a more upscale feel. On the outside, the 2012 Optima receives standard chrome accented exterior door handles, fog lights, heated outside mirrors, and new automatic light control on LX models while LED tail lights are now standard on EX models.
Moving inside, the 2012 Optima raises the technology bar by adding a standard eight-speaker Infinity®1 audio system, HD Radio, Kia's new UVO powered by Microsoft®2 voice-activated infotainment system, and power folding outside mirrors to the Premium Package on EX, EX Turbo and SX models. To further enhance Optima's interior refinement, a revised center fascia finish was added to all models while standard wood trim and metal bezel finishes make their way to EX models. For added convenience, Optima models equipped with a 2.4-liter gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine will feature a Tire Mobility Kit.
Originally conceived at Kia's Irvine-based design center, the Optima projects a refined, performance-oriented aesthetic with a sleek silhouette, aggressive stance, and sculpted elements that evoke passion and communicate Kia Motors' philosophy of creating stylish and dynamic vehicles. In keeping with Kia's design motif, the Optima's aggressive face proudly features the brand's signature tabbed grille complemented by projector headlamps to round out the visual appeal and Optima's coupe-like profile is accentuated by a sweeping chrome arc that flows seamlessly from the A through the C pillars – a distinctive design element that visually lowers the car while enhancing its proportions. Optima's roofline connects with its pronounced shoulder line that leads to its sculpted flanks and extended wheelbase. Boldly flared wheel arches and a raked cabin create a sedan with a graceful muscular stance.
Every 2012 Optima comes well equipped with a generous roster of standard features, with the LX trim offering dual exhaust with chrome tips, solar glass, outside mirror turn signal indicators, front fog lights, outside heated mirrors, and new chrome accented outside door handles and 16-inch steel wheels fitted with 205/65R16 tires. LX models equipped with a six-speed automatic transmission add 16-inch alloy wheels. The volume-leading EX trim offers larger 17-inch alloy wheels fitted with 215/55R17 tires while the EX Turbo features a black gloss and chrome front grille and LED tail lights. Moving to the top-of-the-line SX trim, consumers will find unique 18-inch polished alloy wheels with 225/45R18 tires, unique front and rear lower bumpers and side sills, a rear lip spoiler, aero wiper blades, and HID head lights with auto leveling.
With sleek modern lines and a host of thoughtful features, the interior of the Optima exudes performance and was designed with drivers in mind. From the instrument panel that's contoured toward the driver to create a cockpit-like feel to the precise gauges and steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters, Optima's interior provides the experience of a performance vehicle without sacrificing comfort or roominess. A sport-inspired short shifter delivers crisp shifts while an available panoramic sunroof provides an open-air feeling.
In addition to its sporty personality, the Optima comes loaded with standard convenience features and functionality that consumers have come to expect from a midsize sedan. Occupants are greeted by a number of premium standard features such as a six-way adjustable driver's seat with power lumbar support, tilt and telescopic steering column, glove box cooling capabilities and auto light control. Additional standard interior features include power door locks, power windows and sun visor extension. Stylishly appointed cloth seats provide comfortable seating while a 60/40 split-folding rear seat offers multiple seating and cargo arrangements based on driver and passenger needs.
Cabin comfort is further complemented by an impressive list of standard technology features including AM/FM/CD/MP3/Satellite audio system with SiriusXM™ Satellite Radio capabilities and three months complimentary service3, Bluetooth®4 wireless connectivity, and steering wheel-mounted audio controls. Optima LX models with automatic transmission also feature cruise control and an Active Eco System that allows drivers to optimize fuel efficiency while driving.
Adding to the refinement of the EX trim, 2012 models add standard wood trim to door inserts and the center console as well as metal bezel trim. Additional standard premium features on every EX model include UVO powered by Microsoft® voice-activated infotainment system, push button-start ignition with Smart Key, dual-zone automatic air conditioning with rear vents, leather seat trim, a leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob, auto-dimming rear view mirror with Homelink®5 and compass, driver and front passenger automatic window up/down and an eight-way power adjustable driver's seat, door mood lamp and overhead pin lamp, chrome inside door handles, illuminated glove box, rear reading lamps, and floor mats. EX Turbo models replace the Tire Mobility Kit with a compact spare tire.
For consumers looking for more athletic appeal, the turbocharged Optima SX adds unique black leather and woven seat trim, black interior trim with carbon fiber door and center console inserts, Supervision™ meter cluster with LCD display, soft trim with French seams, steering wheel paddle shifters, metal pedals and illuminated door scuff plates.
Several available packages add higher levels of refinement and the latest technology to 2012 Optima models. The Convenience Package (LX A/T only) offers an eight-way power-adjustable driver's seat and auto-dimming rear view mirror with Homelink, while the LX Technology Package (requires Convenience Package) adds the navigation system with back-up camera6, an eight-speaker Infinity®7 audio system and dual-zone automatic temperature control with rear ventilation.
Building on the already well-equipped EX trim, consumers can opt for the Premium Package to add several new-for-2012 features, including UVO voice-activated infotainment system, HD Radio, eight-speaker Infinity audio system and power folding outside mirrors. The EX Premium Package also offers a panoramic sunroof with high-gloss black B-pillar, four-way power-adjustable front passenger seat, driver's seat memory, heated and cooled front seats, heated rear seats, a heated steering wheel, wood interior trim and center console and metal-finished shifter. The EX Technology Package (requires Premium Package) adds a navigation system with back-up camera8.
Three packages are offered for the 2012 Optima SX, beginning with the Premium Package that features the same equipment as the EX Premium Packages. The SX Premium Touring Package adds unique 18-inch luxury wheels to the Premium Package's content while the Technology Package (requires Premium or Premium Touring Package) features a navigation system with back-up camera and SiriusXM Traffic™9 with real-time updates.
The Optima's distinctive style and sporting demeanor is evident from its sheet metal down to its platform. Optima's low, aerodynamic and powerful stance is assisted through its overall length of 190.7 inches – an increase of 1.7 inches over the previous generation model – overall width of 72.1 inches, wheelbase of 110 inches and low ground clearance of 5.3 inches. Optima's lightweight design uses high-tensile-strength steel to enhance structural strength while also achieving high torsional stiffness, benefiting handling, ride quality and refinement. Additional measures to help improve noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) reduction qualities also are fitted throughout the Optima.
The 2012 Optima is available in two fuel-efficient and powerful Theta II powerplants featuring gasoline direct injection (GDI), including a 2.4-liter GDI four-cylinder or a 2.0-liter GDI turbo engine. A 2.4-liter hybrid engine also is available. The 2.4-liter GDI engine produces 200 horsepower while upgrading to the available 2.0-liter turbo GDI engine (EX Turbo and SX models) delivers V6-type power with a four-cylinder engine that produces 274 horsepower, mated to a six-speed automatic transmission. All automatics feature Sportmatic™ clutchless shifting. A single six-speed manual transmission is available only on the LX model.
In addition to impressive performance, both engines also offer competitive fuel economy. The 2.4-liter four-cylinder posts 24/35 miles per gallon (mpg)10(city/highway) when mated to the manual transmission and 24/34 mpg when coupled with the automatic transmission, while the 2.0-liter turbo GDI offers 22/34 mpg11 and is available only with the automatic transmission.
The 2012 Optima is equipped with a high level of standard safety features. All trims come outfitted with driver and passenger advanced front airbags, front seat-mounted side airbags, first and second row side curtain airbags, front active headrests, side-impact door beams, height-adjustable front seatbelts with pre-tensioners, three-point seatbelts for all seating positions, Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH) and a Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS). A four-wheel Antilock Brake System (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Vehicle Stability Management (VSM), a Traction Control System (TCS), a Brake Assist System (BAS) and Hill Assist Control (HAC) also are standard.
The 2012 Optima is covered by Kia's comprehensive warranty program12, which offers consumer protection at an exceptional value. Included in this program are a 10-year/100,000-mile limited powertrain warranty, a five-year/60,000-mile limited basic warranty and a five-year/100,000-mile anti-perforation warranty. A five-year/60,000-mile roadside assistance plan also is part of the comprehensive vehicle coverage.
Kia Motors has undergone a dramatic, design-led transformation, which has been delivering dynamically styled vehicles in several important segments at exactly the right time, contributing to the brand's continued gains in U.S. market share. Kia is poised to continue its momentum and brand growth through design innovation, quality, value, safety features and new technology. Kia's commitment to the U.S. market is represented by its U.S.-based manufacturing facilities in West Point, Georgia – KMMG – which is responsible for the creation of more than 10,000 plant and supplier jobs and added the critically acclaimed Optima midsize sedan to its production line in September. Kia's model year 2012 vehicle line includes the Sorento CUV, Sportage compact CUV, Optima midsize sedan, Optima Hybrid, Soul urban passenger vehicle, Forte compact sedan, Forte 5-door compact hatchback, Forte Koup two-door coupe, all-new Rio and Rio 5-door sub-compacts and Sedona minivan.