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Thoroughly Modern Reviewer
Author: Michael Cook
REVIEW: American Gods S03E01 – A Winter's Tale
After a nearly two-year break, American Gods is back on our TV screens—and not a moment too soon. And, as is customary for the show, a lot's happened in those two years. There have been more shakeups in front of, and behind, the camera, leading to the departure of actors like Orlando Jones, Kahyun Kim, and Mousa Kraish. However, unlike the previous season, it appears that the making of season three was a far smoother affair—an assumption that is borne out on screen. Despite everything that may have happened behind the scenes, the season premiere of American Gods is great. It does everything a premiere should do—establishes where the characters are as the season begins and where they're headed, lays the groundwork for future episodes, and energizes audiences for the season to come. While the premiere sometimes feels like a pilot episode for a new show, it remains distinctly American Gods-esque and is genuinely fun and exciting to watch. (4.5 out of 5 wands.)
(NOTE: This review contains full spoilers for the episode. Read at your own risk.)
American Gods S03E01 – "A Winter's Tale" (written by David Paul Francis, directed by Jon Amiel)
After months apart, Wednesday reappears in Shadow's life, resolved to drag him back into his divine war effort. A meeting with the god Wisakedjak leaves Shadow with a prophecy about his destiny—a destiny that seems determined to bring him to the idyllic, snowy town of Lakeside, Wisconsin.
Posted in tv shows and tagged american gods, Ashley Reyes, Blythe Danner, bruce langley, charles h. eglee, crispin glover, David Paul Francis, Dominique Jackson, emily browning, Eric Johnson, ian mcshane, Jon Amiel, Julia Sweeney, Marilyn Manson, neil gaiman, ricky whittle, yetide badaki on January 10, 2021 by Michael Cook. Leave a comment
REVIEW: "Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist" Season Two
The first season of Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist was one of the biggest surprises of 2020 and easily ranked among my favorite shows of the year. It was filled with so much heart, joy, and emotion that it was infectious to watch. I love a good dramedy and I love a good musical show that knows how to utilize its musical numbers in unique, creative, and emotional ways. Everything about the first season of Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist was—pun intended—extraordinary, and I couldn't have been more excited when a second season was confirmed. However, one big question lingered: could a second season maintain the energy, heart, and originality of the first without feeling stale? Well, having season the first three episodes of season two, I can safely say that the answer is a resounding yes! Season two of Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist is a perfect continuation of the first season. It pushes the story and characters into new exciting and emotional directions while maintaining the show's heart, joy, and emotional introspection. (4.5 out of 5 wands.)
(NOTE: This review will be as spoiler-free as possible. However, your mileage may vary; read at your own risk.)
Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist – Season Two
In its second season, "Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist" continues to explore the feelings we keep buried on the inside, the human impulse for connection and the undeniable healing power of music and dance. Following a tragedy, Zoey (Jane Levy) and the Clarke family begin to recalibrate and navigate their new normal. As she finds herself in a new dynamic at work and in her love life, Zoey's musical powers will continue to both awkwardly complicate and inform her worldview as she attempts to rediscover joy and connect with those around her.
Posted in tv shows and tagged Alex Newell, Austin Winsberg, Harvey Guillén, Jane Levy, John Clarence Stewart, Lauren Graham, Mary Steenburgen, musicals, nbc, Peter Gallagher, Skylar Astin, Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist on January 5, 2021 by Michael Cook. Leave a comment
REVIEW: "American Gods" Season 3 (Spoiler Free)
American Gods is one of my favorite TV shows. Its quality isn't always consistent and there seems to be a lot of turnover in front of, and behind, the camera, but there's nothing else like it on TV and I find myself returning to it time and time again. Its source material being so fantastic helps a lot, of course, but I still find much to enjoy in Starz's TV adaptation. So, naturally, I was beyond excited to see what they'd do with season three. With another round of cast and crew shakeups, season three had a lot working against it. But it was said to be adapting one of the best parts of the book (the Lakeside arc) and featured a slew of new and exciting cast members, so there was still much to be hopeful about. And, having seen the first four episodes, I'd say that hope is fulfilled. The third season of American Gods feels simultaneously familiar and new—it's identifiably the same show we've fallen in love with but it's bursting with new energy and momentum. It's not perfect, but it's a promising start. (4.5 out of 5 wands)
(NOTE: This review strives to be as spoiler free as possible. There may be mentions to information officially revealed in trailers and promotional material, but no major plot points will be discussed.)
American Gods – Season Three
Following his discovery last season that Mr. Wednesday is his father, Shadow attempts to break away and assert himself as his own man. As he settles into life in Lakeside, he uncovers a dark secret while exploring questions of his own divinity. Guided on this spiritual journey by the gods of his black ancestors, the Orishas, Shadow must decide exactly who he is—a god seeking veneration or a man in service of the "we."
Posted in tv shows and tagged american gods, Anne Kenney, Ashley Reyes, Blythe Danner, bruce langley, charles h. eglee, crispin glover, David Paul Francis, demore barnes, Denis O'Hare, Dominique Jackson, emily browning, Eric Johnson, Eva Sørhaug, Herizen Guardiola, ian mcshane, Jon Amiel, Julia Sweeney, Julian Holmes, Lela Loren, Marilyn Manson, Moise Verneau, neil gaiman, Nick Gillie, Omid Abtahi, peter stormare, ricky whittle, Thomas Carter, Wale, yetide badaki on January 4, 2021 by Michael Cook. Leave a comment
REVIEW: "Doctor Who – Revolution of the Daleks" (2021 New Year's Special)
It feels like ages since a new episode of Doctor Who has aired. I know season 12 finished airing this past March, but it feels much longer than that. After a year like 2020, it feels good to have a new Doctor Who episode to look forward to. And, let's be real, a new episode of Doctor Who is always something to be excited for, even if you're not loving the current run. Every episode of Doctor Who is a blank slate. There is a chance for that episode to be something great or, conversely, to be less-than-stellar. And that's the joy of the show—you never know what you're gonna get. It's with this mindset that I approached the 2021 New Year's Day special, Revolution of the Daleks. I enjoyed the previous New Year's special, Resolution, so I was pretty excited going into this. Plus, there's the added excitement of the proper return of John Barrowman's Captain Jack Harkness and the drama of two companions departing by the end of the story—Bradley Walsh's Graham and Tosin Cole's Ryan. Revolution of the Daleks had a lot going for it, but how did it fare as a story? Doctor Who: Revolution of the Daleks is a rollicking adventure. Filled with action, drama, a surprising amount of introspection, and plenty of heart, it's an excellent special that should prove plenty pleasing. (4.5 out of 5 wands.)
(NOTE: This review features spoilers. Read at your own risk.)
Doctor Who: Revolution of the Daleks (written by Chris Chibnall, directed by Lee Haven Jones)
The Doctor is imprisoned halfway across the universe. On Earth, the sighting of a Dalek alerts Ryan, Graham and Yaz. Can the return of Captain Jack Harkness help them stop a deadly Dalek takeover?
Posted in tv shows and tagged 13th doctor, bradley walsh, chris chibnall, doctor who, jodie whittaker, john barrowman, lee haven jones, mandip gill, the 13th doctor, the thirteenth doctor, thirteenth doctor, tosin cole on January 1, 2021 by Michael Cook. 2 Comments
REVIEW: "Doctor Who: All Flesh is Grass" by Una McCormack (Time Lord Victorious)
So far, the Time Lord Victorious event has been a bit of a mixed bag. The first novel, The Knight, The Fool, and The Dead, set up a solid premise but didn't explore any of its ideas with the depth needed to make them memorable. The two comics were well-written and illustrated but short and seemingly-disconnected from the larger story. And, as of this review, I haven't listened to any of the Big Finish audios, so I can't speak on them. But those parts of Time Lord Victorious that I have consumed have left me conflicted. I really want to enjoy Time Lord Victorious—I like a lot of the ideas and many of the stories are solid on their own, but the whole event hasn't felt like it was coalescing into anything yet. So, I hoped that this second (and final) novel, the conclusion of the storyline, All Flesh is Grass, would tick those boxes. And it sort of does—it deftly ties together the seemingly disparate elements of the story into an explosive conclusion. However, it also maintains all of the flaws of the first book and wastes the intriguing premise set up in that novel by devolving into another Doctor vs Dalek story. (3 out of 5 wands.)
(NOTE: There will be some spoilers for the book within. I wouldn't consider any of them to be major ones, but your mileage may vary. Read at your own risk.)
Doctor Who: All Flesh is Grass by Una McCormack
A wasteland. A dead world… No, there is a biodome, rising from the ash. Here, life teems and flourishes, with strange and lush plants, and many-winged insects with bright carapaces – and one solitary sentient creature, who spends its days watering the plants, talking to the insects, and tending this lonely garden. This is Inyit, the Last of the Kotturuh.
In All Flesh is Grass we are transported back to The Dark Times. The Tenth Doctor has sworn to stop the Kotturuh, ending Death and bringing Life to the universe. But his plan is unravelling – instead of bringing Life, nothing has changed and all around him people are dying. Death is everywhere. Now he must confront his former selves – one in league with their greatest nemesis and the other manning a ship of the undead…
Posted in books, tv shows and tagged 10th doctor, 8th doctor, 9th doctor, bbc books, daleks, doctor who, Eighth Doctor, Kotturah, ninth doctor, tenth doctor, the 10th doctor, the 8th doctor, the 9th doctor, the eighth doctor, the ninth doctor, the tenth doctor, time lord victorious, Una McCormack on December 29, 2020 by Michael Cook. Leave a comment
Three years after its theatrical release, 2017's Wonder Woman remains one of the best entries in the DCEU. Perfectly capturing the spirit of Wonder Woman, the film is a testament to how good the DCEU can be when it allows itself to take risks and tell character-based stories. So, naturally, anticipation and expectations were high for Gal Gadot and director Patty Jenkins' return to the character. Now, after numerous delays (some pandemic related, some not), a sequel, Wonder Woman 1984, is finally out. And it's good. While having a couple of underbaked character arcs, running a bit too long, and being light on action, Wonder Woman 1984 is a marvelous return to the world of Wonder Woman. It's buoyed by gorgeous visuals and even better performance and is sure to delight fans old and new. (4 out of 5 wands.)
(NOTE: There are mild spoilers for Wonder Woman 1984. Read at your own risk.)
Wonder Woman 1984 (written by Patty Jenkins, Geoff Johns, and David Callaham; directed by Patty Jenkins)
Diana Prince (Gal Gadot) lives quietly among mortals in the vibrant, sleek 1980s — an era of excess driven by the pursuit of having it all. Though she's come into her full powers, she maintains a low profile by curating ancient artifacts, and only performing heroic acts incognito. But soon, Diana will have to muster all of her strength, wisdom and courage as she finds herself squaring off against Maxwell Lord (Pedro Pascal) and the Cheetah (Kristen Wiig), a villainess who possesses superhuman strength and agility.
Posted in movies and tagged chris pine, David Callaham, dc, dc comics, dceu, gal gadot, geoff johns, HBO Max, Kristen Wiig, patty jenkins, pedro pascal, warner bros, warnermedia, WB, wonder woman, Wonder Woman 1984 on December 25, 2020 by Michael Cook. Leave a comment
REVIEW: Doctor Who 2010 Christmas Special – "A Christmas Carol"
For over a decade, the whole family could gather around the TV on Christmas Day and watch a new Doctor Who Christmas special. These episodes were rarely as all-around well-executed as the series' best episodes, but they were always packed with holiday spirit and undeniably fun to watch. No Christmas special exhibited these qualities more than the 2010 special, A Christmas Carol. Being both Steven Moffat and Matt Smith's first Doctor Who Christmas special, it had quite a lot to live up to—and boy did it. I'd argue that A Christmas Carol is not only a great Doctor Who Christmas special but also a great episode of Doctor Who in general. Loosely adapting Charles Dickens' classic book, A Christmas Carol, the special is jam-packed with Christmas spirit, spectacular performances, and a suitably timey-wimey plotline perfect for the 11th Doctor. It is easily my favorite Doctor Who Christmas special. (5 out of 5 wands.)
Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol (written by Steven Moffat, directed by Toby Haynes)
Amy (Karen Gillan) and Rory (Arthur Darvill) are trapped on a crashing space liner, and the only way the Doctor (Matt Smith) can rescue them is to save the soul of a lonely old miser, Kazran Sardick (Michael Gambon, Laurence Belcher, Danny Horn). But is Sardick, the richest man in Sardicktown, beyond redemption? And what is lurking in the fogs of Christmas Eve?
Posted in tv shows and tagged 11th doctor, A Christmas Carol, arthur darvill, bbc, Danny Horn, doctor who, eleventh doctor, karen gillan, Katherine Jenkins, Laurence Belcher, matt smith, michael gambon, steven moffat, the 11th doctor, the eleventh doctor, Toby Haynes on December 22, 2020 by Michael Cook. Leave a comment
REVIEW: "The Mandalorian" Season Two
The first season of The Mandalorian left me with a lot of mixed feelings. The show was filled to the brim with interesting and creative ideas but plagued by a lack of focus and an adherence to stand-alone stories at the cost of narrative momentum. Nearly half of the season felt completely disposable, but when the show worked, it worked extremely well. Ultimately, there was enough good in that first season to keep me hooked and eager for the second one despite whatever reservations I had. Now, having finished the second season, I can honestly say that I don't know what I was expecting. Season two of The Mandalorian is identical to the show's first season—with all of the pros and cons that come with that. This time, however, those cons begin to outweigh the pros—though the latter half of the season makes up for the sins of the first half. (3.5 out of 5 wands.)
(NOTE: There are spoilers for all eight episodes of The Mandalorian's second season. Read at your own risk.)
The Mandalorian and the Child continue their journey, facing enemies and rallying allies as they make their way through a dangerous galaxy in the tumultuous era after the collapse of the Galactic Empire.
Posted in tv shows and tagged Bryce Dallas Howard, Carl Weathers, Dave Filoni, disney, disney+, Giancarlo Esposito, Gina Carano, jon favreau, lucasfilm, pedro pascal, Peyton Reed, Rick Famuyiwa, Robert Rodriguez, Rosario Dawson, star wars, Temuera Morrison, the mandalorian on December 18, 2020 by Michael Cook. Leave a comment
REVIEW: Team Starkid's "A VHS Christmas Carol"
A Christmas Carol is one of the most well-known Christmas stories of all time.It's been adapted numerous times—for television, the stage, and the big screen. If you can think of an angle, it's probably been applied to A Christmas Carol. In that light, I don't know how novel an idea Starkid's A VHS Christmas Carol—someone must have done A Christmas Carol in the style of 1980s pop music—but honestly, I don't care. A VHS Christmas Carol is exactly the kind of thing I wanted this holiday season. It's an album (and virtual live visual album) that's packed with catchy, earwormy tunes, energy, and heart. It's the perfect holiday pick-me-up. (4.5 out of 5 wands)
A VHS Christmas Carol (written by Clark Baxtresser, directed by Corey Lubowich)
Join StarKid for a new holiday tradition blending Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol with 80's music videos into a synth-elating Live Visual Album experience! This reimagining of the classic tale from composer Clark Baxtresser features and all-star(kid) cast serving up vibes from Christmases past, an escape from Christmas present, and a cutting edge blend of live and filmed performances straight out of Christmas future!
Posted in music, musicals and tagged A Christmas Carol, AJ Holmes, Ali Gordon, Brian Holden, Brian Rosenthal, Britney Coleman, Clark Baxtresser, corey dorris, corey lubowich, Dylan Saunders, jaime lyn beatty, James Tolbert, Jamie Burns, joey richter, lauren lopez, Meredith Stepien, musical, starkid, team starkid on December 15, 2020 by Michael Cook. Leave a comment
REVIEW: NBC's "Dr. Seuss' The Grinch Musical!"
Everyone is familiar with Dr. Seuss' classic Christmas story, How The Grinch Stole Christmas. It's been adapted multiple times for the screen—an animated special, a live-action film starring Jim Carrey, and a full length animated film starring Benedict Cumberbatch. In the mid-2000s, it was also adapted for the Broadway stage by Timothy Mason and Mel Marvin. That production starred Patrick Page (of Spider-Man: Turn off the Dark and Hadestown fame) and quickly became a go-to favorite for regional and community theaters. And now, NBC is giving it the primetime TV treatment. Similar to their ongoing tradition of staging live musicals during the holiday season, NBC has decided to broadcast a newly-filmed production of Dr. Seuss' The Grinch Musical straight from London—this time starring Matthew Morrison as the Grinch. While it isn't live, like the other NBC musicals, it's still a fully staged production. And, to be honest, it's so much worse than I expected it to be. Unlike most of the NBC live musicals, which have been plagued by technical problems and questionable casting choices, The Grinch Musical is plagued by a bafflingly bad script, woefully miscast lead actors, and a score that is almost uniformly boring. (1.5 out of 5 wands.)
Dr. Seuss' The Grinch Musical! (written by Simon Nye and Mel Marvin; composed by Timothy Mason, Albert Hague, and Dr. Seuss; directed by Max Webster and Julia Knowles)
Dr. Seuss' beloved book tells the story of a reclusive Grinch (Matthew Morrison) who plotted from his cave atop snowy Mt. Crumpit to steal Christmas from the Whos in Who-ville. Then on Christmas Eve, disguised as Santa Claus and enlisting his loyal dog Max (Denis O'Hare as Adult Max, Booboo Stewart as Young Max) as a reindeer, the Grinch traveled to Who-ville to scoop up the Whos' gifts and decorations. Much to his surprise on Christmas morning, the Whos were unfazed and celebrated the holiday with a heartwarming display of joy and love.
This musical version, with book and lyrics by Tim Mason and music by Mel Marvin and featuring the hit songs "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" and "Welcome Christmas" (by Albert Hague & Dr. Seuss), breathes new life into this timeless story. The lush and whimsical staging by award-winning director Max Webster, directed for television by BAFTA winner Julia Knowles, with additional script material by BAFTA-winning writer Simon Nye and featuring sets by acclaimed designer Peter Bingemann, will set the mood for a beautiful holiday celebration.
Posted in musicals, theatre, tv shows and tagged Alert Hague, Amelia Minto, Booboo Stewart, Denis O'Hare, Dr. Seuss, Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Dr. Seuss' The Grinch, Dr. Seuss' The Grinch Musical!, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Julia Knowles, matthew morrison, Max Webster, Mel Marvin, nbc, Simon Nye, The Grinch, Timothy Mason on December 9, 2020 by Michael Cook. Leave a comment
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Haters can eat their words.
A Brooklyn baker is turning mean internet comments into cakes. Best of all, she tracks down the trolls and sends the berating baked goods to their home or business addresses IRL.
Troll Cakes Bakery and Detective Agency launched just a couple of weeks ago to give cyber bullies a taste of their own medicine.
"I've had the idea for a little while, but when I read a mean comment on Dolly Parton's Facebook page, I got out my apron," owner Kat Thek, 30, told Moneyish.
So if someone comments with something hurtful or offensive on your Facebook or Instagram feed, or a snarky Tweet goes a little too far, just forward it to Troll Cakes. They will bake a chocolate chip brownie topped with whipped frosting and sprinkles, with the distasteful phrase spelled out in icing.
If you know who wrote the original comment, and you have their address, the shaming sweet will just set you back $35. But for $60, Thek will not only whip up the just desserts – she will also do some amateur sleuthing to identify the troll and his or her address. Then the mini cake gets boxed up with a copy of the original comment and shipped to whoever said it.
Thek is also running a President Donald Trump special right now, where for $30 you can pick your favorite of POTUS's colorful tweets, which she'll put on a troll cake and send to the White House.
She has also offered to dish revenge on behalf of Amy Schumer, tweeting at the comedian that she whipped up a "You Donkey Witch" cake inspired by a rude comment on Schumer's Instagram page.
"I love cake and the mail and reading threads of internet tantrums, so it's a very natural business," said Thek, who's a writer when she's not working as a baking vigilante.
But she will turn down a "case" if she feels the troll seems genuinely dangerous.


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In a surprise, Hans Bishop takes over as CEO of Grail, the liquid biopsy startup
Hans Bishop is the new CEO of Grail. Juno Therapeutics
Grail, the San Francisco company that has raised $1.6 billion to develop a blood test to detect cancer, announced Thursday that it had appointed Hans Bishop, previously the CEO of Juno Therapeutics, as its new chief executive.
Bishop, who led Juno until it was sold to Celgene for $9 billion in March 2018, will be the third chief executive Grail has had since it was founded in 2015. He will replace Jennifer Cook, a former Roche executive; Grail said Cook was leaving the CEO job for family health reasons.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tripura flood situation grim, CM seeks Army help
AGARTALA, June 14 (IANS): Tripura Chief Minister Biplab Kumar Deb on Thursday sought the Army's assistance in rescue operations in the flood-hit state as incessant rains continued for the third day leading to floods and landslides - forcing some 50,000 poeple to take shelter in relief camps and claiming four lives.
Deb informed Union Home Minister Rajanth Singh in a telephonic conversation on Thursday morning of the situation and apprised him of the steps taken by the state government.
"Apprised Rajnath Singhji about the flood situation and the ongoing relief work in Tripura. Requested for assistance from the Army for rescue operations in a few critical locations. The Home Ministry has assured all the necessary support from the Central government," Deb tweeted.
The Chief Minister also requested the Home Minister to "urgently" increase the number of National Disaster Response Force personnel in Tripura.
An official statement said the Centre has assured all the necessary support to Tripura to deal with the flood situation.
It has asked the Army Chief, General Bipin Rawat, to take necessary action.
Meanwhile, an official of the Tripura Disaster Management Control Centre said that around 50,000 people of over 10,000 families took shelter in around 200 relief camps in different parts of the state mostly in northern Tripura.
"At least four people, including two aged men and a teenager, died across Tripura since Tuesday due to landslides, falling trees or fishing in flooded rivers," the official said.
"We have kept ready a Pawan Hans helicopter and sent requisition to the Indian Air Force (IAF) to provide two more copters to rescue marooned people and to provide relief to the affected families if necessary."
He said that Indian Air Force (IAF) helicopters on Wednesday and Thursday could not fly from Silchar in southern Assam due to bad weather.
The Disaster Management official said that the situation in northern Tripura's Unokoti district deteriorated after three old embankments of the Manu River was breached.
Waters of many rivers of Tripura are flowing over the danger levels. Flood waters inundated many villages, homes, paddy fields highways besides low-lying areas.
Landslides have occurred in many highways affecting movement of traffic.


This book introduces readers to the developments behind GPS technology, including the familiar example of driving with GPS. Vivid photographs and easy-to-read text aid comprehension for early readers. Features include a table of contents, an infographic, fun facts, Making Connections questions, a glossary, and an index. QR Codes in the book give readers access to book-specific resources to further their learning. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Cody Koala is an imprint of Pop!, a division of ABDO.


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\section{Results and Discussion}

\subsection {Cells deform elastically by pulse-like forces}

To show that our approach can accurately probe the mechanical properties of \emph{E. coli} and \emph{B. subtilis} cells, we applied short pulses of hydrodynamic force to the cells and monitored their response (Fig.~2). For this, the cells were grown in excess nutrients initially without flow. As the cells formed long, straight filaments, we applied a series of pulse-like flow. Each of these pulses lasted for less than 10 seconds so that the effect of growth is negligible. Fig.~2 and Supporting Video S1 show our typical experimental result. The cells bent transiently at each pulse, and fully recovered their shape immediately after the applied force was removed.

We can explain the experimental results using the theory of linear elasticity. In the theory, the long filamentous cell can be considered as a cylindrical beam bending by a hydrodynamic force (SI text). Shown in Fig.~2B is the comparison between data and theory for the tip position (thus the degree of cell bending) of the cell during a representative experiment in Fig.~2A. From these experiments, we extracted a flexural rigidity of  $\approx 5 \times 10^{-20}$ N$\cdot$m$^2$, comparable to the result of $\approx 3 \times 10^{-20}$ N$\cdot$m$^2 $ obtained by mechanical manipulation of \emph{E. coli} cells using optical traps~\cite{wang}. Assuming a cell wall thickness of $4$ nm, this corresponds to a Young's modulus of $\approx 30$ MPa. It should be noted that the small mismatch between the bacterium's diameter and the width of the end of the channel has to be taken into account, see the SI text for further details. We also show in the SI text that the turgor pressure does not contribute to the restoring torque. Similar experiments were performed for \emph{B. subtilis} (see SI Fig.~5) giving a Young's modulus of $\approx 20$ MPa, consistent with past results \cite{Tuson2012}. From these results, we conclude that both \emph{E. coli} and \emph{B. subtilis} cells respond to fast mechanical perturbations as a linear elastic rod.
\begin{figure*}[b]
\includegraphics[width=17 cm]{fig2.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:elastic}Cells deform elastically by pulse-like forces. (A) Microscopy images of the \emph{E. coli} cell  from Supporting Video S1 taken at different stages of the experiment. The cell initially grows straight out of the microchannel. We applied pulse-like flow to the straight cell repeatedly every several minutes (see top panel). This resulted in completely reversible deformations (two examples are shown). (B) The tip positions (x, y) of the cell from multiple experiments are compared to the theoretical predictions of the linear elasticity theory (SI text). An actual cell shape is superimposed on one of the theoretical curves.}

\end{figure*}

\subsection {Plastic deformations require growth and long-term forces}

The elastic deformation and recovery of the cells to pulse-like forces is consistent with the view that \emph{E. coli} and \emph{B. subtilis} cells can be considered as elastic cylindrical beams~\cite{wang, yao}. The linear elasticity theory, however, cannot explain the observations that bacteria can also deform plastically~\cite{whitesides, dekker}. For plastic deformations, we noticed that the cells in Refs.~\cite{whitesides, dekker} were grown with geometric constraints for a duration comparable to or longer than their mass-doubling time. Since these geometric constraints may exert forces on the cells, we hypothesized that external forces were transduced to the cell-wall synthesis machinery during growth. Therefore, the force-transduction may cause differential growth, thus deformations, of growing cell walls.

As a first step to testing our hypothesis, we grew the cells with a constant hydrodynamic flow (of the growth medium). The filamentous cells grew into a curved shape because of the continuous hydrodynamic forces (Fig.~3). The curved shape of the cell, however, was not easily distinguishable from elastically deformed cells in Fig.~2. To confirm that the cells deformed plastically, we abruptly switched off the flow when the cells significantly bent. The cells did not recover their straight shape immediately, i.e., they deformed plastically (Fig.~3A and Supporting Video S2).

We repeated the experiments with non-growing filamentous cells, and the cells did not show plastic deformations despite long-term application of forces (see SI Fig.~8). We conclude that plastic deformations require both cell wall synthesis and application of forces for a duration over which substantial cell wall synthesis occurs.
\begin{figure*}[t]
\includegraphics[width=17 cm]{fig3.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:plastic}Decoupling the two fundamental modes of deformation. (A) (Supporting Video S2) i. ($t$ = 0 to 16 mins) The cell is growing in the presence of a constant flow for a period comparable to the cell division time. The deformation represents the sum of elastic and plastic modes. ii. ($t$ = 17 mins) As the flow is abruptly turned off, the elastic mode vanishes and the cell \emph{partly} recoils. The residual deformation reflects the cumulative effect of force-transduction, which resulted in differential growth of the cell wall.  iii. ($t >$ 17 mins) In the absence of the flow, the cell straightens gradually as it grows. The top panel shows that the length of the cell increases exponentially despite the large deflections by the external mechanical forces - the mass-doubling time does not change appreciably during the experiment (see top panel) and is comparable to that of non-filamentous cells. (B) Scatter plot of the experimental results for the tip position as time progresses through the snapback experiment from (A).}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Elastic and plastic components of deformation can be decoupled}

The plastic deformation experiments in Fig.~3 unraveled an important feature of bacteria cell walls. As the external forces were removed, the cells always partially snapped back. This is clearly seen in the time trace of the cell's tip position (Fig.~3B). The partial snap back suggests that the cell bending in Fig.~3 has \emph{both} elastic and plastic components. In other words, external forces not only cause elastic bending, but may also lead to differential growth which further bends the cell.  The two components may be decoupled by removing the external forces, upon which the elastic component should vanish instantly.

To test our hypothesis, we developed a quantitative, phenomenological model that incorporates force transduction and growth. We describe below our model and its comparison with data. We found the data and theory in good quantitative agreement.

\subsection{Theoretical framework for coupling mechanical stresses to cell wall growth}
\label{subsec:theory}

Our starting point for understanding the data is the theory of dislocation-mediated growth that we developed recently~\cite{amir_nelson_pnas,nelson_review}. The model was inspired by recent experimental observations that, in both Gram-positive~\cite{garner, escobar} and Gram-negative~\cite{shaevitz} bacteria, MreB proteins, associated with cell wall growth, move processively along the cell's circumference (Fig.~4). Processive circumferential insertions resemble the climb of edge dislocations in a two-dimensional crystal \cite{hirth}, and thus one can utilize the theory of dislocations well developed in materials science.

In the previous version of the growth model, we studied the motion of dislocations on a perfect cylinder in the absence of external forces~\cite{amir_nelson_pnas, amir_nelson_PRE}. Therefore, the previous version cannot account for deformations. We extended our theory to allow for differential growth by transduction of external stress to dislocations (growth machinery).

In our theory, tensile (stretching) stress can have two different effects: (1) increase the speed of processive motion of dislocations (Fig.~4A) or (2) reduce the activation energy for nucleation (Fig.~4B). Compressive stress will have the opposite effect. The forces on the elongation machinery are given by the Peach-Koehler force~\cite{peach} acting on dislocations:
\begin{equation}
F_\text{i}=b_{k}\sigma_\text{jk}\epsilon_\text{ijz},\label{eq:peach}
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon_\text{ijz}$ is the Levi-Civita tensor, $\sigma_\text{jk} $ is the stress tensor and $\vec{b}$ the Burgers vector characterizing the dislocation.

For the cylindrical geometry of the cells in our experiment, the theory predicts that the $\sigma_\text{yy}$ component of the stress tensor is the one which couples to the circumferential growth, where $y$ is the coordinate along the cell's long axis, see Fig. 1. As the cell grows in the presence of a constant flow, a cell wall of thickness $h$, length $l$ (measured from the channel end to the cell tip) and radius $r$ experiences a mechanical stress that depends on its position in the cell (Fig.~4A):
\be \sigma_\text{yy}(\theta) = \frac{f \sin(\theta)(y-l)^2}{2\pi r^2 h}, \label{eq:stress}\ee

\noindent where $\theta$ is the azimuthal angle of the cylinder along the circumference ($\theta=\pi/2$ for the cell front facing the flow, and $\theta=-\pi/2$ for the back), $f$ the force per unit length induced by the flow, $y$ the position along the cylinder's axis and $\sigma_\text{yy}$ the mechanical stress induced by the flow. The surface directly facing the incoming flow feels a tensile stress (surface-stretching force), whereas the other side feels a compressive stress (which acts to shorten the distance between adjacent glycan strands). Accordingly, the cell walls grow differentially, growing faster on the upstream side of the flow. In our experiments, the external hydrodynamic force would increase the Peach-Kohler force by $10$ pN for the cell front (at the channel end, for $l=10$ $ \mu$m), and decrease the force by the same amount on the opposite side. This force is comparable, for example, to the one generated by RNA polymerase~\cite{polymerase}. It is also comparable to the force due to the turgor pressure ($\approx 30$ pN for \emph{E. coli} \cite{amir_nelson_pnas}), and thus we expect the mechanical stress to significantly change the activation energy for enzymatic reactions (see \cite{koch}, p. 165).

This differential growth leads to a dynamically deformed cell shape. Due to the large aspect ratio of the filamentous bacteria in our experiments, a relatively small asymmetry in growth leads to a large angular deflection. In the SI text we show that the angular deflection due to differential growth in a small segment of the cell is given by:
\be \Delta\varphi= \frac{\Delta l}{2r}, \label{amplify} \ee

\noindent where $\Delta l \equiv (dl_\text{1}-dl_\text{2})$ is the net difference on opposite sides of the cell wall due to the asymmetric growth. Therefore, for a small segment of length $l$ the relative asymmetry $\Delta l / l$ is ``amplified" by the aspect ratio $l/2r$. This amplification of differential growth often appears in nature, in a diverse range of systems such as the mechanics of plants and of the human gut~\cite{maha3,maha2}.

\subsection{Data supports anisotropic mechanical stress-driven differential growth of cell walls}

A key result that emerged from our theory is a single dimensionless parameter $\chi$ that quantifies the relative contribution of the elastic and the plastic components of deformation. The parameter $\chi$ depends only on the intrinsic physical parameters of the cell, independent of the experimental conditions. We show in the Supplementary Information that
\be \chi = p r / Y h, \label{eq:e_v_p}\ee where $p$ is the turgor pressure, $r$ the cell's radius, $Y$ the Young's modulus, and $h$ the thickness of the cell wall. For $\chi \gg 1$, the elastic effects dominate, and there should be full snapback. For $\chi \ll 1$, the nature of deformation is plastic, and there would be no snapback. We find $\chi$ is of order 1 for the measured values for \emph{E. coli} (see Supplementary Table 1), \i.e., the snapback should be \emph{partial}. \emph{B. subtilis} also has a similar $\chi$ value because \emph{B. subtilis} has a proportionally thicker cell wall and higher turgor pressure (Supplementary Table 1).
\begin{figure}[t]
  \includegraphics[width=8 cm]{fig4.pdf}
  \caption{\label{fig:model}Illustration of the differential growth driven by coupling between mechanical stress and cell wall synthesis. (A) Tensile (stretching) stress increases speed of processive motion of strand elongation machinery. Compressive stress has the opposite effect. Black arrows indicate the trajectories of activated dislocations. (B) Similarly, tensile stress will lower the activation energy for insertion of a new glycan strand, and compressive stress will increase it. (C) Asymmetric insertion of dislocations is enhanced by the large aspect ratio of the filamentous bacteria, leading to the large observed angular deflections.}
\end{figure}

Our predictions can be tested quantitatively by measuring the magnitude of snapback and relating it to $\chi$. Note that the local curvature is proportional to the local growth asymmetry on the front and back sides of the cell. We find that the slope of the line connecting the tip and the hinge of the cell is a good measure for the integrated differential growth [$\tan(\phi)$, see Fig.~4]. With this, our theory (SI text) predicts that for small deflections the angles before and after snapback should be proportional, with a slope depending on $\chi$: large values of $\chi$ imply a small slope (since the relative importance of plastic deformations is smaller for larger turgor pressure). Fig.~5 confirms this prediction. It shows the snapback events of 33 \emph{E. coli} and 33 \emph{B. subtilis} cells performed under 8 different experimental conditions. As predicted, data for each species collapse onto a master line regardless of the growth medium, temperature, and Stokes force. The slope of the master line is approximately $1/2$, consistent with a value of $\chi$ of order unity.

\subsection{Implications on cell-shape regulation}

That our prediction is verified by two species of bacteria as evolutionarily distinct as \emph{E. coli} and \emph{B. subtilis} indicates that force transduction may have more general biological consequences for growth.  For example, recent studies indicate that mechanical force plays a major role in cell-shape deformation leading to tissue morphogenesis in higher organisms~\cite{morphogenesis}.

If mechanical stress regulates the rate of cell wall synthesis, it should play a central role in shape regulation. On a cylinder the circumferential stress due to turgor pressure is twice as large as the stress along the cell's long axis. This difference in stresses will provide a natural cue for orienting the growth machinery and coordinating glycan strand insertions. In Gram-positive bacteria, the stress regulation will further lead to a constant thickness of the cell wall by a negative feedback mechanism: the mechanical stress is inversely proportional to the thickness of the cell wall, and thinner parts of the cell wall will have larger stresses due to turgor pressure, leading to enhanced local growth.

\begin{figure}[bt]
  \centering
\includegraphics[width=8.5 cm]{fig5.pdf}
\caption{Relative importance of elastic versus plastic modes. The ``snapback" of the cell upon switching off the flow (see Fig.~3), parameterized in terms of the slope of the tip position, as measured for 66 cells (33 \emph{E. coli}, 33 \emph{B. subtilis}) in differing conditions growth conditions (see legend for growth media, temperature, and flow rate - 1x being the maximal flow rate). For each snapback, we quantified its magnitude by measuring the deflection angle $\phi$ of the tip before and after the snapback. Error bars are omitted from several series for clarity, but are on the order of those shown. The snapback angle is approximately proportional to the initial angle of deflection when the angles are small, confirming the prediction of the dislocation-mediated growth theory (SI text). The $\approx$1/2 slope shows that the contributions by the two fundamental modes of deformation (elastic vs. plastic) are comparable with one another, regardless of the temperatures and growth conditions.\label{fig:snapback}}
\end{figure}

Note that, throughout the experiments, there were cell-to-cell variations in the bending rates, which was about $30-50$ \% of the mean. This suggests that the variability of elastic constants between different cells might be smaller than what was found in earlier studies~\cite{wang}.

\section{Conclusion}

We have developed a simple, novel experimental approach to directly probe the mechanical properties of bacterial cell walls. Our results indicate that the cell-wall growth rate depends on the mechanical stress, where faster growth is obtained for tensile (stretching) stress. This mechanism is likely involved in shape regulation and the maintenance of a stable rod-shaped cell over time. We found that bending forces cause the cell walls to grow differentially. The differential growth leads to persisting plastic deformations, whose recovery requires cell wall synthesis. This is in sharp contrast to the elastic deformations by pulse-like forces.

The elastic and plastic deformations represent two fundamental modes of cellular response to external mechanical forces, and can be decoupled experimentally as predicted by our theory. These effects can be revealed only by applying bending forces, and cannot be studied by means which can only change the uniform pressures that have to exist inside and outside the cell walls (e.g., osmotic shocks): since cell-wall growth is not the bottle-neck for the cell growth rate \cite{hwa}, the growth rate is not dictated by the cell-wall synthesis rate.

In the future, it would be illuminating to study deformation behavior in other types of bacteria such as tip-growers~\cite{brun}. Based on the mechanism described here, unlike \emph{E. coli} or \emph{B. subtilis}, we expect purely elastic deformations regardless of the duration of applied external forces. At the molecular level, direct observation of the asymmetric growth would provide critical information for the mechanism of cell wall synthesis. In particular, any changes in the speed of cell-wall synthesis rate or nucleation rate would be a direct test of our model. This would be a challenging, but experimentally feasible based on the technology available to us~\cite{garner, escobar, shaevitz}. Finally, it would be fascinating to study similar mechanisms in higher organisms. What is the role of forces in guiding the vast diversity of organism shapes in nature? Previous works have shown the importance of mechanical forces in controlling the shapes of mammalian cells, where the properties of the extracellular matrix can have a large effect on the shape of the cells~\cite{ingber1}, their fate in differentiation~\cite{discher}, and tissue morphogenesis~\cite{morphogenesis}.

The bacterial model system studied here provides insights into the growth process itself, indicating that coupling of mechanical forces should be taken into account to understand robust morphological regulation of single-cell organisms. \\

\begin{materials}

\subsection {Experimental setup}
To deform growing cells non-invasively by applying a well-defined force, we employed a microfluidic device, ``mother machine," previously developed by some of us~\cite{jun}. This device ensures balanced growth of individual cells for hundreds of generations. Furthermore, by controlling the flow speed in the device, the ambient buffer or the content of growth medium surrounding the cells can be switched within fractions of a second~\cite{pelletier}. Thus, we can tune the force applied to the growing cell since the force is directly proportional to the speed of the flow and the size of the cell \cite{berg}. The force which we achieve in this setup far exceeds that attainable with AFM and optical tweezers. Also, our technique provides much more control of the applied forces in comparison, for example, with cells confined to microfluidic chambers of fixed or deformable shape.

For the purpose of our experiments, it was beneficial to work with filamentous cells with cell division suppressed. We grew the cells typically up to 50 $\mu$m long. This allowed us to precisely monitor the deformation of the cells in the presence of external mechanical forces.  For the \emph{E. coli} experiments, we used strain MG1655 with sulA under an inducible promoter (gift from Debu Raychaudhuri, see a description of the plasmid pDB192 in Ref. \cite{deboer}) and cytoplasmic YFP. SulA inhibits polymerization of FtsZ, and upon induction with 1 $mM$ concentration of IPTG the cells became filamentous. YFP is constitutively expressed in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the images taken. For the \emph{B. subtilis} experiments, we used a YlaO (homolog of FtsW) knockout with YlaO reinserted under a D-xylose inducible promoter (Pxyl) (gift from Michael Elowitz).  This strain is typically grown in the presence of 0.5\% xylose; filamentation is induced by removing xylose from the growth media.

We used the hydrostatic pressure due to the controlled height difference between the inlet and outlet to control the flow through the device and achieve short (subsecond) response times of the flow velocity, as we verified using fluorescent beads. In the SI text we analyze the flow profile through the microfluidic device, both analytically and experimentally. We calculate the resulting forces and torques on the cell due to the viscous flow, and provide details of the microscopy and image processing algorithms used.

\end{materials}

\begin{acknowledgments}

We thank E. Garner, S. T. Lovett, S. Wang, N. S. Wingreen and A. Wright for stimulating discussions. We are also indebted to A. Rotem and H. A. Stone for advice regarding the microfluidics, and to E. Efrati, J. W. Hutchinson and J. Paulose for useful discussions of the mechanical aspects and differential growth.  We thank S. Taheri, C. Nurnberg, E. Hanna, A. Kanagaki, Y. Caspi,  D. Raychaudhuri, J. Bechhoefer and the Nikon microscopy center for their help with the experimental part. A.A. was supported by a Junior Fellowship of the Harvard Society of Fellows and the Milton Fund. Work by D.R.N was supported by the National Science Foundation via Grant DMR1005289 and through the Harvard MRSEC via Grant DMR0820484. S.J. was supported by Bauer Fellowship (Harvard University),  Allen Distinguished Investigator Award, Pew Award, and NSF CAREER Award. To whom correspondence may be addressed: arielamir@physics.harvard.edu (A.A.) or suckjoon.jun@gmail.com (S.J.).

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


When I was younger, I often went a long time between vacations and would rarely take my days off. I am still not terribly good about taking days off; but, I rely on my vacations very much. They are the only things that seem to energize me so that I can keep doing what I am doing.
As of this morning, my vacations for next year are now all lined up! First up, is my post-Christmas/New Year's Disney vacation. I will be down there from Sunday, January 6 to Friday, January 18, 2019.
Then, in May, I will be on Royal Caribbean's Mariner of the Seas on a four night Bahamas cruise.
Finally, at the end of September/beginning of October, I will be on a nine night Canada/New England cruise on Royal Caribbean's Anthem of the Seas.


text:
Home 5-Ring Circus GLOBETROTTING by Phil Hersh: In men's skating, Nathan Chen now a real...
Globetrotting by Phil Hersh
GLOBETROTTING by Phil Hersh: In men's skating, Nathan Chen now a real challenger to even the best of Yuzuru Hanyu
Phil Hersh
Nathan Chen of the U.S. (r) beat Yuzuru Hanyu of Japan (l) for the 2017 Four Continents gold. (Photo: Getty Images)
All you Hanyu bots can start getting your fingers near the send button.
Because no figure skating fans get more dyspeptic than many of Yuzuru Hanyu's if anyone dares suggest the sport's biggest global star is not one million times better at all times than any other men's figure skater.
And I'm saying this: the free skate Nathan Chen did in winning his third straight U.S. championship nine days ago was considerably better than any other men's free skate in the world since Hanyu's at the 2017 World Championships.
That 2017 Hanyu performance in Helsinki simply is the best free skate ever when one looks at it in terms of execution and difficulty of jumps (four pristine quads), quality of footwork and spins and overall level of artistry and skating skills.
No. 1 at the Olympics again: Yuzuru Hanyu in 2018. (Getty Images)
Chen's skating at the 2019 nationals was as close to Hanyu's 2017 worlds free skate as anyone – even the Japanese skater himself – has come since then. The U.S. champion's four quads were huge and steady, his artistry a huge leap forward from his past level, going from good to excellent.
There could be quite a showdown between the two at March's World Championships in Japan, because Chen has developed into a skater whose best skating now can challenge even Hanyu's best skating.
Because injuries have kept Hanyu out of the last two Grand Prix Finals and because he chose not to push the injured foot on which he won a second straight Olympic title last winter, the 2018 Winter Games is the only time Hanyu and Chen have met In the last 14 months.
Chen bombed his 2018 Olympic short program so badly he was hopelessly out of medal contention before the free skate, in which he finished first, 7.01 points ahead of Hanyu. That moved Chen from 17th to fifth overall, still 20.5 points behind Hanyu, who remained then in a league of his own.
Since Chen became a senior internationally in the 2016-17 season, he has met Hanyu six times, with the U.S. star winning twice, at the 2017 Four Continents Championships and the 2017 Rostelecom Cup. Chen won the 2018 worlds and the last two Grand Prix Finals in Hanyu's absence. Neither is competing at this week's Four Continents Championships in Anaheim, Calif.
Beginning with the 2013-2014 season, there has been no better big-event skater than Hanyu, even if he did squander leads after the short program in the 2015 and 2016 worlds, finishing second in both. Over that span, Hanyu is 2-for-2 gold at the Olympics, 2-for-4 at worlds, 4-for-4 at the Grand Prix Final.
So it would be no surprise if Hanyu lays it down at the upcoming worlds, which are to be his first competition in four months.
And no matter how home-cooked the 2019 worlds judging might be, Hanyu will likely need such brilliance again if Chen repeats what he did at nationals – dazzling skates in both the short program and the free.
If that happens, Hanyu will get more gold, and the big winner will be skating.
Yzuru Hanyu
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text:
Brexit: A View from Down Under
This entry was posted in Globalisation & Trade, Political Economy & History on 19th January 2019 by Brian Easton.
This was submitted to a British news publication in late December, but was not published.
Brexit is a great puzzle to New Zealanders. Britain and New Zealand are affectionate cousins with common ancestors back in the nineteenth century. We have gone our own ways; even so we have views of the other's ways.
New Zealand's position in 1973 was that Brentrance was a matter for Britain to decide, but that it should not compromise the New Zealand economy. A common informed New Zealand view was that Britain should join what is now the EU. It had lost its empire and its new international role would be as part of a solid block of European nations which would reduce the dominance of the duopoly of the US and (then) Russia.
Now Britain says it wants to leave the block, strengthening the joint hegemony of the US and China. The strategy does not make a lot of sense to your cousins, while the way it is being done is farcical. This view is similar to what our friends and relatives living in Britain tell us – the cousins' links are close and affectionate.
Part of the divergence in view may arise from New Zealand being a minor nation on the margins of the world, so we have to think globally. There still seem to be a lot of people in Britain who are 'Little Englanders', that strange withdrawal from the world based on the pretence that Britain is a higher-level power than it really is.
The odd thing is that the polls tell us that an increasing majority of the Brits are Remainers. It gives us some comfort that the entire nation is not insane. The trouble seems to be the British political system. In particular parliament does not seem to be up to the job, especially given that the majority of MPs are Remainers, so I am told.
We got fed up with the 'elected dictatorship' (Lord Hailsham's term) that our system generated. Twenty-five years ago we replaced it with Mixed Member Proportional Representation (MMP), a system similar to the German one. What that means is that the party system is much more fluid.
So I don't think New Zealand would get into such a muddle over a question of Brexit proportions. We do get parliamentary gridlock on decisions. When we do we use referenda. A century ago we were voting on the liquor question. In the last 70 years there have been another ten parliament-triggered referenda. (We may have another three at the time of the next general election in 2020.)
Had the British a more proportional representation system, perhaps MPs would abandon their party allegiances and form new parties – say Tories-for-Remain leaving the Conservatives-for-Brexit rump, and similarly for Labour MPs. (No wonder party leaders hate proportional representation.)
But if the Mother of All Parliaments cannot get a realignment of parties (as occurred in the nineteenth century) does that mean Brexit is inevitable? That is in the hands of the MPs – hopefully some have the intelligence and commitment to find their way through the arcane parliamentary procedures.
It is not for one cousin to tell another on the other side of the world what to do. But here is a scenario an affectionate one might fantasise about.
Early in the New Year, Parliament forces the British government to the Brexiting on 29 March – say for two years. It is too soon, cuzzie, and you are not prepared. In the interim, Britain works with the other 27 EU countries to review the terms of freedom movement. Cooperatively, not threatening to leave but enabling the EU to work better. There are already numerous restrictions on freedom of movement. Perhaps all that needs to be done is to codify and systematically implement them.
Then have a referendum. We would down here. Blow the party leaders; the people should have the ultimate say. But they would no longer be voting for or against the Remain as it was in 2016 because the restrictions on freedom of movement will be better understood.
New Zealanders' preference would be for a world with a well-functioning EU and Britain a part of it. But whatever the outcome of the referendum we'll support you, just as we would a cousin who we thought was, say, committing themselves to an unwise marriage. (But allow us to repeat our 1973 demand that you do not damage our economic interests – well not more than you are going to damage yours.)
One of your great countrymen – your cousins admire him too – Winston Churchill thought that often a country came to the right conclusion after it had tried everything else. The dictum does not say when, nor the terrible cost of the half-baked interim solutions on the way. But it gives your friends overseas some confidence that eventually you will get there. How about soon, cuzzie, soon?
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Home » Ronda Rousey Net Worth | Career | Personal Life
Ronda Rousey Net Worth | Career | Personal Life
By The Exchange on February 18, 2021 Africa billionaires
Born on February 1, 1987, in Riverside County, California, Ronda Rousey suffered from speech problems for the first six years of her life. Her parents moved to Jamestown North Dakota for special and intensive speech therapy at Minot State University from Riverside when she was three years old. Her mother, AnnaMaria De Mars, was the first American woman to win the World Judo Championship. Together with the World Judo Championship winner, her mother holds a Ph.D. at the University of California, Riverside. She pursues her degree while raising her daughters. Ronda's father, Ron Rousey, committed suicide in 1995 after breaking his spine and learning that he would be paralyzed.
Ronda Rousey Net Worth
Ronda Rousey is an American MMA and judo contestant with a net worth of $ 13 million. She was one of the most popular and successful female MMA fighters of all time, later on, she has been involved in acting and professional wrestling.
On February 28, 2015, Ronda Rousey defeated Cat Zingano by a 14 seconds armlock. With this win, Ronda received $ 65,000 for winning, $ 65,000 for the show, and an estimated $ 1 million Pay Per View bonus. After this Ronda received approximately $ 6.5 million in prizes and approvals between a time frame of June 2014 to June 2015.
She has also earned endorsements including headphones for Monster, Carl's Jr, Reebok, Metro PCS, and more. Unfortunately, on November 16, 2015, Ronda's line of luck came to a very sad conclusion publicly when Holly Holm and UFC 193 easily defeated her.
In 2015 alone, Ronda received $ 14 million in prizes, PPV prizes, approvals, and media appearances. On December 30, 2016, Ronda was paid just $ 3 million for the show In her fight with Amanda Nunes.
Do I have an alter ego teaching grappling in #Guacamelee2!? @DrinkBoxStudios loving this game so far btw!! Can't remember last time I laughed so much gaming pic.twitter.com/NulNVPNGb3
— Ronda Rousey (@RondaRousey) January 16, 2021
Career in Judo
Rousey began practicing Judo when she was just 11 years old. She started practicing with her mother. Her mother trained her until the age of 13 and then switched to a trained coach. At the age of 17, Rousey qualified for the 2004 Olympics in Athens and was the youngest judo athlete there. In February 2007, Ronda weighed in at 70kg where she was ranked as one of the three most competitive Jewish women in the world.
When Rousey won a Bronze medal at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing she became the first American to win the Judo Olympic medal. At the age of 21, Rousey retired from Judo after her Olympic glory. After that, she then started living in an apartment with her roommate to support herself. She started working at Venice Beach for bartending and cocktail waiting for jobs.
Also Read: Rick Ross Net Worth | Get The Interesting Facts About Rick Ross
A career in Mixed Martial Arts
In 2010 Two years after her success, Rousey began wrestling with the martial arts circuit with Team Hayastan. She has also trained under MMA coach Edmond Tarverdyan at the Glendale Fighting Club. Together with this, she has also gained training from 2011 to 2014 at Jiu-Jitsu at Dynamix MMA with Henry Akins.
In August 2010 Rousey gave a fly to her karate mixing career. She defeated Hayden Munoz by holding an armbar in just a few seconds.
Armbar is Rousey's signature move and she defeated ALL her opponents in less than a minute with her signature move. Rousey said to wake her up, her mother used to jump on her every morning using her armbar, this is the reason or move for what she is known for.
In August 2011 Ronda made her Strikeforce debut against Sara D'Alelio in Las Vegas. In 2011, Rousey became the Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Champion. After this she has decided to move to the advanced level, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), in 2012 she became the first Women's Bantamweight Champion.
She was the first female champion to sign with the UFC. In February 2013 She successfully defended her UFC title against Liz Carmouche at UFC 157. Rousey also defended his Bantamweight Championship title, although in his fight her jaw was dislocated by Carmouche. In 2014 Rousey successfully defended her UFC title.
On November 15, 2015, Ronda faced Holly Holm at a major event at UFC 193. Despite fans betting heavily on her, Ronda loses that match to Holly due to her high kicking tactics. Rousey was temporarily suspended by the UFC with a no-touch condition and no fights for 60 days and will have to pass the CT scan results to reduce the suspension.
Rousey was not medically cleansed until December 8, 2015. On December 30, 2016, she returned to face champion Amanda Nunes at a grand event at UFC 207 but lost the battle in the first round in just 48 seconds. Ronda Rousey was admitted to the UFC Hall of Fame in July 2018.
Career in Wrestling
As part of The Four Horsewomen, Rousey has participated in various WWE events. She fought with WWE famous faces like The Rock, Triple H, and Vince McMahon. The Four Horse Women made an audience appearance to support the various wrestlers. The Horsewomen face various wrestlers including Becky Lynch, Bayley, Charlotte Flair, and Sasha Banks.
Later that year, it was reported that Rousey had signed with WWE in full and was training at the WWE Center in Orlando. In January 2018, she performed at the Royal Rumble, and in March 2018 she became part of WWE's Raw.
On August 19, 2018, She won her first Raw Championship and competed in the Bliss competition, and a month later on September 16's Hell in a Cell, she also defeated Bliss. Rousey lost for the first time in the WWE In March 2019, against Lynch, ending her heroic reign in 231 days.
As an actress, Rousey appeared in "Furious 7", "Mile 22", "The Expendables 3", "Entourage", and had a cameo as a fighting coach at Charlie's Angels for 2019.
Here are some FAQs related to Ronda Rousey
1) Who is Ronda Rousey's Husband?
Travis Browne.
2) Where is Rowdy Ronda Rousey now?
Rousey enjoys life at home, located at Brousey Ranch in Riverside, California.
3) What is Ronda Rousey's real name?
Ronda Jean Rousey.
4) How old was Ronda when she started fighting?
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After you are involved in an accident, New York gives you time to sue the person or entity that cause the accident. The state does cap the amount of time you have to sue. The "cap" is called a statute of limitations.
New York's statute of limitations bars any plaintiff from suing if they wait beyond the time given to them by state law. The amount of time varies according to the type of personal injury you sustained.
The statute of limitations has a starting and ending date. As mentioned before, the exact ending date depends on factors such as the type of personal injury. However, all personal injury claims start on the same day. They start on the accident day. For instance, your injury occurred on June 18, 2017. Time begins ticking on June 18, 2017. It does not matter if you had not decided to sue when the accident happened. Time instantly begins ticking down.
New York has one exception to the rule regarding adults who want to sue for their injuries. It involves the discovery of the medical malpractice injury based on a foreign body. Many times a patient won't know they've been injured for a long time after they've received treatment. An example of this is a surgical instrument being left inside a patient.
Since the object may not be discovered for years, New York does not put a time limit on filing a claim. For example, a person has 30 months from the injury date to file a medical malpractice claim. A person with a foreign object left in them can sue as soon as the injury is discovered.
An accident victim may want to negotiate with an insurance company or defense attorney in good faith. This means they do not hire a lawyer or file a personal injury claim immediately. Instead, they try to resolve the issue by negotiating with the wrongful party.
An insurance company or defense attorney may use this to their advantage and try to drag out negotiations with the accident victim. Their goal is drag out the negotiations past the statute of limitations. Once the statute of limitations passes, the accident victim is no longer allowed to sue. Therefore, they are stuck with all their accident-related damages like medical bills and lost wages.
Many accident victims often hire personal injury lawyers immediately to prevent this type of tactic from happening. The wrongful party knows they can't drag out the case because the personal injury lawyer files a claim within the statute of limitations.
Many people are confused about whether they should sue for their injuries or not. They may wonder if they were at fault or do not know who to sue. personal injury lawyers are available to help people like you or your loved one injured in an accident. An personal injury lawyer will explain the law and how it pertains to your case. They will also protect your legal rights and sue or settle on your behalf.


text:
Q: Method HtmlHelper::tableheader does not exist [CORE\cake\libs\view\helper.php, line 154] i am using cake php and i need that use tableheader but i face with this error
Method HtmlHelper::tableheader does not exist [CORE\cake\libs\view\helper.php, line 154]

code is :
$th = array ('sggs','ba','aa');
echo $this->Html->tableheader($th);

thanks.

A: Spelling mystake of  "tableHeaders"
$th = array ('sggs','ba','aa');

echo $this->Html->tableHeaders($th);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
What do Facebook and Egypt's elections have in common?
Canadian writer Mark Steyn writes about the connection between Facebook IPO and the Egyptian elections which are taking place now.
Investors Business Daily | 29.05.2012
So how's that old Arab Spring going? You remember — the "Facebook Revolution."
As I write, they're counting the votes in Egypt's presidential election, so by the time you read this the pecking order may have changed somewhat. But currently in first place is the Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Morsi, who in an inspiring stump speech before the students of Cairo University the other night told them, "Death in the name of Allah is our goal."
In second place is the military's man Ahmed Shafiq, Hosni Mubarak's last prime minister and a man who in a recent television interview said that "unfortunately the revolution succeeded."
In third place is moderate Islamist Abdel-Moneim Abolfotoh, a 9/11 Truther endorsed by the terrorist organization al-Gama'a al-Islamiya. He's a "moderate" because he thinks Egyptian Christians should be allowed to run for the presidency, although they shouldn't be allowed to win.
As I said, this thrilling race is by no means over, and one would not rule out an eventual third-place finish by a rival beacon of progress such as Amr Moussa, the longtime Arab League flack and former Mubarak foreign minister.
So what happened to all those candidates embodying the spirit of Egypt's modern progressive democratic youth movement that all those western media rubes were cooing over in Tahrir Square a year ago? How are they doing in Egypt's first free presidential election?
You have 0 friends!
I don't know about you, but I have the feeling that Messrs Morsi, Shafiq, and Abolfotoh are not spending much time on Facebook, or even on Twitter. Indeed, for a "social media revolution," the principal beneficiaries seem to be remarkably antisocial:
Liberated from the grip of Mubarak, the new Egypt is a land where the Israeli embassy gets attacked and ransacked, Christians get killed and their churches burned to the ground, female reporters for the western media are sexually assaulted in broad daylight, and for the rest of the gals a woman's place is in the clitoridectomy clinic.
In the course of the election campaign, the Muslim Brotherhood has cast off the veil of modernity and moderation that so beguiled the U.S. State Department and the New York Times: Khairat el-Shater, the deputy leader, now says that "the Koran is our Constitution" and that Mubarak-era laws permitting, for example, women to seek divorce should be revised. As the TV cleric Safwat Hegazy told thousands of supporters at a Brotherhood rally in the Nile Delta, "We are seeing the dream of the Islamic Caliphate coming true."
Thus, the Facebook Revolution one year on. Status: It's not that complicated. Since the founding of the Kingdom of Egypt in 1922, the country has spent the last nine decades getting worse. Mubarak's kleptocracy was worse than Farouk's ramshackle kingdom, and the new Egypt will be worse still.
At a certain level, there's nothing very new about this. In the early stages of revolution, students are often on the front line, mainly because they've got nothing else to do all day. But by the time the strongman is being sworn in at the presidential palace they're usually long gone from the scene, supplanted by harder and better organized forces. Was it ever likely that western "social media" would change this familiar trajectory?
National Review's editor Rich Lowry, from whose byline picture the pixie twinkle of boyish charm has yet to fade, was nevertheless sounding as cranky an old coot as I usually do when he declared that "Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg is to uselessness what Henry Ford was to the automobile" and deplored a world in which millions of people spend their time "passing around photos of pets in party costumes, telling us whether they are having a good or bad hair day, and playing the farming-simulation game FarmVille."
It is not necessary to agree with the full majestic sweep of Lowry's dismissal to note that neither Lenin nor Mao is known to have taken a photograph of his pet in a party costume, or even a Party costume, and that both men played their farming-simulation games for real, and on an industrial scale. Putting aside its deficiencies in revolution-mobilizing, Facebook, until its shares headed south this week, had a valuation of over 100 billion dollars — or about two-thirds of the GDP of New Zealand. Which seems a little high to me.
Whatever one feels about the sharia-enforcing, Jew-hating, genital-mutilating enthusiasts of the Muslim Brotherhood, they do accurately reflect a significant slice — and perhaps a majority — of the Egyptian people. The problem with the old-school dictators was that in the end Mubarak, Ben Ali and Gaddafi didn't represent anything other than their Swiss bank accounts. The question for the wider world is what do "social media" represent? If they supposedly embody the forces of progress and modernity, then they've just taken an electoral pounding from guys who haven't had a new idea since the 7th century.
No one should begrudge Mark Zuckerberg his billions, and decent people should revile in the strongest terms thug-senator Chuck Schumer's attempts to punish Zuckerberg's partner Eduardo Saverin for wishing to enjoy his profits under the less confiscatory tax arrangements of Singapore. It is a sign of terminal desperation when regimes that can't compete for talent focus their energies on ever more elaborate procedures to prevent freeborn individuals voting with their feet.
But it is also a sign of desperation to talk up amiable diversions for pampered solipsistic Westerners as an irresistible force of modernity. One of the basic defects of the Bush administration's designation of a "war on terror" was that it emphasized symptoms (bombs and bombers) over causes (the underlying ideology).
In the war of ideas, the west has chosen not to compete, under the erroneous assumption that the ever more refined delivery systems for its sensual distractions are a Big Idea in and of themselves. They're not. If you know your Tocqueville, they sound awfully like his prediction of a world in which "an innumerable crowd of like and equal men ... revolve on themselves without repose," a phrase which nicely distills the unending busy-ness of our gaudy novelties.
Don't get me wrong; I like goofy pet photos. But can these gizmos do anything else? Yes, in theory. But in practice is a culture that "revolves on itself without repose" likely to be that effective at communicating real ideas to the wider world? Ideas on liberty, free speech, property rights, women's rights, and all the other things conspicuous by their absence in the philosophies of Egypt's new political class.
In the end, a revolution cannot be Tweeted. Whatever their defects, the unlovely forces running the new Egypt understand the difference between actually mutilating a young girl's genitals to deny her the possibility of sexual pleasure, and merely "following" your local clitoridectomist on his Twitter feed.
A century ago, the west exported its values. So, in Farouk's Egypt, at the start of a new legislative session, the king was driven to his toy town parliament to deliver the speech from the throne in an explicit if ramshackle simulacrum of Westminster's rituals of constitutional monarchy.
Today, we decline to export values, and complacently assume, as the very term "Facebook Revolution" suggests, that technology marches in support of modernity. It doesn't. Facebook's flat IPO and Egypt's presidential election are in that sense part of the same story, of a developed world whose definitions of innovation and achievement have become too shrunken and undernourished. The vote in Egypt tells us a lot about them, but it also tells us something about us.
About the author: Investors Business Daily
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I was going to wait until all of my samples arrived to shoot some great promo images but I'm too excited and actually could use your thoughts. This is the beta version. Over the next few months I'd like to tweak and edit the site to have more of what you want and less of what you don't. I'll consider this a test to see what people respond to. Do you like tank tops with lettering, all over patterned t-shirts or are you looking for posters? Do you want posters with fashion girls, or more abstract images? I'll just wait and see what people order and then do more of that. Right now, there are really nice American Apparel pieces with my designs. Please take a snap of you wearing one of the pieces, if you pick one up. Without further delay….here's my shop!
4 Responses to Big Announcement!
Is it possible to do clothing/bags/canvas wallets with abstract images/art – would love that! I like the idea of words on tees, too. Oh, and fashion girl posters. There's my two cents!
Hey Jenna. Thanks for looking! Right now I can't print on anything but tees and sweatshirts. Wallets would be cool. Someday! Will add more posters to the shop soon.
Love it all, Sam! Congratulations!
Thanks Shoko! Still working out kinks, want to add more and neaten up the frontpage…but glad you like!


text:
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text:
Q: Android: resize widget text Here's my widget: https://market.android.com/details?id=com.sobinary.TabletTimeLite&feature=more_from_developer
It works well only on 10.1 inch tablets and phones the size of the Galaxy S. As you can see, the only layout elements are text. You can only specify one font in the XML, there's no feature like fill_parent_font.
Many users are frustrated with this as the widget gets cut off on their screens.
Does anyone know a trick to make the text size adjust itself to fill the screen?
Keep in mind that you can't access UI elements the way you would in an app; widgets can only do it through a RemoteViews instance where there's no .setTextSize() method
Thank you


text:
View source for BMW R67
← BMW R67
Your username or IP address has been automatically blocked by MediaWiki. The reason given is:
Your IP address is listed as an open proxy in the DNSBL used by CycleChaos.
Expiration of block: infinite
Your current IP address is 3.239.236.140. Please include all above details in any queries you make.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{PAGENAME}}: history, specs, pictures}} {{Motorcycle |name = BMW R67 |photo= R67-2.jpg |aka = R67/2, R67/3 |manufacturer = BMW |parent_company = |production = 1951 - 1956 |model_year = |predecessor = |successor = |class = |engine = two cylinder boxer, four-stroke |bore_stroke = 72.0mm x 73.0mm |compression = |top_speed = 90 mph (145 km/h) |power = 27.36 HP (20.4 KW) @ 5600RPM |torque = |fuel_system = carburetor. bing 24mm |ignition = magneto |spark_plug = |battery = |transmission = Gear box: 4-speed
 Final Drive: [[shaft drive]] (cardan)
 Clutch: dry-single plate-cable operated
 |frame = |suspension =Front: cartridge
 Rear: telscopic |brakes =Front: expanding [[brake]] (drum brake). duplex full [[hub]]
Rear: expanding brake (drum brake). simplex full hub |front_tire = {{tire|3.5-19}} |rear_tire = {{tire|3.5-19}} |rake_trail = |wheelbase = 55.12 inches (1400 mm) |length = 83.86 inches (2130 mm) |width = 31.1 inches (790 mm) |height = 38.78 inches (985 mm) |seat_height = |dry_weight = |wet_weight = 192.0 kg |fuel_capacity = 4.49 Gallon (17.00 Liters) |oil_capacity = |fuel_consumption = 4.60 liters/100 km (21.7 km/l or 51.13 mpg) |turning_radius = |related = |competition = }} The '''[[BMW]] R67 3''' was a two cylinder boxer, [[four-stroke]] standard produced by [[BMW]] between 1951 and 1956. It could reach a top speed of 90 mph (145 km/h). Claimed [[horsepower]] was 27.36 HP (20.4 KW) @ 5600 RPM. Having concentrated on refining what were essentially pre-war designs during the early post-WW2 years, [[BMW|BMW]] was ready with a new model for 1951. Designated [[BMW R51/3|BMW R51/3]], the newcomer boasted a totally redesigned, single-cam engine that went into the existing cycle parts. Also new for '51 was BMW's first 600cc model of the post-war era, the R67. Of relatively modest power output, the R67 was intended for sidecar pulling duty and was a far cry from the R66 super-sports roadster of pre-war days. It was swiftly superseded for 1952 by the more powerful R67/2, which was updated with full-width aluminum-alloy hubs and alloy wheel rims when these were introduced across the range for 1953. Although it was predominant in the 500cc category at home at this time, what BMW lacked was a big-bore sports model able to compete with the 650cc twins offered by British rivals in its chief export market, the USA. Styled like the factory's [[ISDT]] machines, the long awaited new sportster debuted at the Frankfurt Motor Cycle Show in October 1951. This was the 594cc R68, readily distinguishable by its restyled valve covers that hinted at the engine's enhanced specification. The latter included bigger valves, needle-roller rocker bearings, high-performance camshaft and larger carburettors, all of which contributed to a maximum power output of 35bhp, which was good enough for a top speed in excess of 100mph. The show models' high-level exhausts were not carried over to the production R68, which featured low-level pipes equipped with 'fishtails', while for 1953 there were numerous revisions including full-width hubs, alloy wheels rims and cigar-shaped silencers. Replaced by the Earles-fork, swinging-arm framed R50/R69 in January 1955, these final telescopic-fork, plunger-framed models represent the end of an era for BMW motorcycles, of which the high-performance R68 is the ultimate expression. BMW factory records show that this motorcycle was completed on 28th May 1953 as an R67/2 model and sent to the Test Department to be prepared for that year's International Six Days Trial (ISDT) held in Czechoslovakia. West Germany's five-man Trophy Team was made up of two Maico riders (U Pohl and K L Westphal) and three entered on 594cc BMWs (G Meier, H Roth and W Zeller). Of the BMW riders, Hans Roth and Georg Meier (winner of the 1939 Isle of Man Senior TT for BMW) won FIM Gold Medals while the unfortunate Walter Zeller suffered a broken transmission bevel box – a previously unheard of failure – and was forced to retire. West Germany's Trophy Team finished the competition in 3rd place behind victorious Great Britain and runners-up Czechoslovakia. It is not recorded which Team member rode this particular R67/2, which after the ISDT was delivered to the Netherlands BMW importer, Nibbrig & Greeve on 5th November 1953. Special ISDT features include a high-level exhaust system, lightweight trials saddle, quick-release wheel spindles, engine protector bars and a gas-bottle tire inflator. Purchased by Willy Neutkens over 30 years ago, the machine currently has R68 cylinder heads and rocker boxes, though when these were fitted is not known. ==Engine== The engine was a [[air cooled]] two cylinder boxer, four-stroke. A 72.0mm [[bore]] x 73.0mm [[stroke]] result in a [[displacement]] of just 594.0 cubic centimeters. Fuel was supplied via a overhead valves (ohv). ==Drive== The bike has a 4-speed transmission. Power was moderated via the dry-single plate-cable operated. ==Chassis== It came with a 3.5-19 front [[tire]] and a 3.5-19 rear tire. Stopping was achieved via expanding brake (drum brake). duplex full hub in the front and a expanding brake (drum brake). simplex full hub in the rear. The front suspension was a cartridge while the rear was equipped with a telscopic. The R67 3 was fitted with a 4.49 Gallon (17.00 Liters) fuel tank. The wheelbase was 55.12 inches (1400 mm) long. ==1952 BMW R 67== <gallery mode='packed-hover'> File:bmw-r-67-1952-1952-1.jpg|600px|1952 BMW R 67 File:bmw-r-67-1952-1952-0.jpg|600px|1952 BMW R 67 </gallery> The 1951 BMW R 67 has, at its heart, an air-cooled, four-stroke, 594cc, boxer twin cylinder engine mated to a four-speed manual transmission that can produce a claimed 25 horsepower at 5500 rpm. It also comes with laced wheels, a large, 17-liter (4.4-gallon) fuel tank, full fenders, a single seat, a telescopic front fork coupled to plunger shocks as a rear suspension, a drum braking system in the front and in the rear, a large, round headlamp, a fender-mounted rear luggage rack and a dual exhaust system. [[Image:R67-2.jpg|thumb|350px|BMW R67/2]] {{BMW}} [[Category:BMW motorcycles]] [[Category:BMW motorcycles]] [[Category:1950s motorcycles]]
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The proliferation of liquid, transparent, and inexpensive index-based implementation means that nearly all types of investors, individual and institutional, face a persistent portfolio implementation question regarding the allocation between active managers and index-based strategies.
Placing active risk from active fund management in the same framework of uncertainty that asset allocators utilize for other portfolio decisions brings to the active versus passive debate a surprising and enlightening answer that does not match typical discourse on the matter. Instead of a binary, "all or none" answer, reasonable (and even optimistic or pessimistic) expectations for active management imply a balanced implementation approach. Only extreme assumptions (e.g., very positive or negative levels of active return, very short or long time horizons) indicate a binary choice.