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England & Wales: Restructuring & Insolvency Laws & Regulations 2020
ICLG - Restructuring & Insolvency Laws & Regulations - England & Wales covers common issues in restructuring and insolvency, including issues that arise when a company is in financial difficulties, restructuring options, insolvency procedures, tax, employees, cross-border issues in 27 jurisdictions
ICLG.com > Practice Areas > Restructuring & Insolvency > England & Wales
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2. Key Issues to Consider When the Company is in Financial Difficulties
3. Restructuring Options
4. Insolvency Procedures
5. Tax
6. Employees
7. Cross-Border Issues
8. Groups
9. Reform
1.1 Where would you place your jurisdiction on the spectrum of debtor to creditor-friendly jurisdictions?
The UK is typically considered to be a creditor-friendly jurisdiction and, in particular, friendly towards secured creditors. Enforcement of security in the UK is regularly carried out without the need for any court involvement other than the filing of certain prescribed forms. Notarisation or similar requirements that can sometimes delay enforcements in other jurisdictions are also not required.
Consequently, English law is often chosen as the governing law of contracts and disputes are litigated in the English courts by both local and overseas parties. A number of high-profile cross-border restructurings have also been conducted using English law-governed documents and the English courts have been flexible in facilitating the use of English law to govern proceedings concerning overseas companies. In the context of restructurings, this is perhaps best demonstrated by the sanctioning of a number of schemes of arrangement ("Schemes") proposed by foreign companies in the English courts, even where those companies have a limited connection to the UK (such as English law-governed finance documents which are being amended via the Scheme).
1.2 Does the legislative framework in your jurisdiction allow for informal work-outs, as well as formal restructuring and insolvency proceedings, and to what extent are each of these used in practice?
Informal work-outs without any court involvement or the use of formal insolvency proceedings are common in the English market. Such work-outs can take a variety of forms and range from (for example) amendments to credit agreements to relax covenant testing levels or extend maturity dates to debt-for-equity swaps.
There are also a number of formal insolvency processes available under English law. A commonly used insolvency process is administration, pursuant to which a licensed professional is appointed to manage a company's affairs in place of its directors. The administrator has extensive powers to trade the company and may also dispose of the company's assets, either after a period of trading or immediately upon his appointment (known as a "pre-pack" sale).
The alternative to administration is liquidation, which is primarily used in respect of companies which have insufficient remaining assets to be traded or sold and whose affairs are therefore being wound down.
English law also provides for two types of court-approved restructuring processes – company voluntary arrangements ("CVAs") and Schemes. Whilst there are a number of differences between the two processes, each essentially allows a company to (provided that a specific amount of its creditors vote in favour) compromise creditor claims and take other steps to restructure its affairs, which binds all creditors (regardless of whether they voted in favour or not).
2.1 What duties and potential liabilities should the directors/managers have regard to when managing a company in financial difficulties? Is there a specific point at which a company must enter a restructuring or insolvency process?
English law does not prescribe a set point in time at which a company's directors must file for insolvency. It is the duty of the directors to decide the appropriate time to file (although secured creditors may, in practice, take the decision to enforce and put the company into an insolvency process prior to the directors taking action).
The main impetus for directors in this respect is that directors of companies who knew, or should have known, that the company of which they are a director had no reasonable prospect of avoiding entering an insolvency process, but caused creditors to incur losses after that point, can be personally liable to compensate creditors for those losses. This is known as "wrongful trading". Consequently, directors are often eager to file for insolvency without too much delay, although a premature filing which causes losses to creditors also presents a risk to directors.
Further, from the point at which a company becomes insolvent under English law (either on a "balance-sheet basis" – the company's liabilities exceed the value of its assets – or on a "cash-flow basis" – the company owes a liability or liabilities that it is unable to pay when due), the directors of the company must have their primary regard to the interests of the company's creditors. Prior to that point, it is the company's shareholders to whom the directors should have their primary regard. Breaching this duty and causing the company's creditors to incur losses by doing so risks the director being personally liable for the offence of "misfeasance" if the company subsequently enters liquidation.
2.2 Which other stakeholders may influence the company's situation? Are there any restrictions on the action that they can take against the company? For example, are there any special rules or regimes which apply to particular types of unsecured creditor (such as landlords, employees or creditors with retention of title arrangements) applicable to the laws of your jurisdiction? Are moratoria and stays on enforcement available?
The "pari-passu" principle provides that a company's ordinary, unsecured creditors should be treated the same and without preference between them within an English insolvency process. However, certain types of unsecured creditors are granted certain additional rights and given a different status notwithstanding the application of that principle:
employees rank ahead of other unsecured creditors to the extent of their "preferential claims" against the company – these are claims for certain liabilities such as wages and unpaid holiday pay owed to the employee up to certain prescribed limits. Claims in excess of those limits rank alongside all other unsecured claims against the company;
landlords of commercial property are granted certain rights to seize a company's assets, sell them and apply the proceeds towards unpaid rent due by the company) and to forfeit (i.e. terminate) a lease if it is breached. These rights do not automatically terminate upon a company entering insolvency; however, the moratorium against creditor action which applies in administrations prevents a landlord from taking any such action without the benefit of a court order or the consent of the administrator; and
suppliers of goods to a company may include retention of title clauses in the terms of their supply which provide that the supplier retains title to the relevant goods until those goods are, either by themselves or along with all other goods supplied by that supplier, sold by the company. Such clauses survive the company entering an insolvency process and therefore mean that the administrator or liquidator either has to set aside the proceeds of a sale of the relevant goods and pay them to the supplier (rather than distribute them to all creditors equally) or allow the relevant supplier to collect the goods from the company's premises if they are not necessary to the conduct of the proceedings.
A moratorium on creditor action comes into effect upon a company entering administration with a two-week interim moratorium also available when a preceding notice of intention to enter administration is filed at court. A moratorium prior to a CVA is currently only available to companies with turnover, assets and employees below certain (relatively low) thresholds and is little used. The courts have been willing to use their general case management powers to stay creditor action where preparations for a Scheme are at an advanced stage (although there is no statutory moratorium available).
2.3 In what circumstances are transactions entered into by a company in financial difficulties at risk of challenge? What remedies are available?
Certain types of transactions entered into by a company prior to its entry into administration or liquidation can be challenged by the administrator or liquidator. If that challenge is successful, the transaction can be unwound or, if that is not possible (for example, because the counterparty to the transaction was dealing with the company in good faith and it would therefore be unfairly detrimental to that counterparty if the transaction was clawed back), the directors can be ordered to make a compensatory payment to the company's creditors for the losses caused.
The main types of challenge are:
transactions at an undervalue where the company gifts or disposes of assets for significantly less than their market value. The transaction must have occurred within two years of the commencement of the administration or liquidation and the company must have been insolvent at the time of the transaction or become insolvent as a result;
preferences where a company does something or causes something to be done which has the effect of putting a creditor in a better position upon the company entering administration or liquidation than it would have otherwise been. In order to be challenged the preference must have occurred within two years (if to a person connected with the company) or six months (if to an unconnected person) prior to the commencement of the liquidation or administration. The company must also have been motivated by the "desire" to prefer the recipient of a preference for the challenge to be successful; and
invalidation of floating charges (which are a type of security which "floats" over a company's non-fixed, movable assets, such as stock) that are entered into by a company within two years (for floating charges granted to connected persons) or one year (for floating charges granted to unconnected persons) prior to it entering administration or liquidation. The invalidity is only to the extent that they secure "old" consideration. This would apply if, for example, no new money was advanced by the recipient of the floating charge when it was granted by the company.
3.1 Is it possible to implement an informal work-out in your jurisdiction?
Yes – there are a number of tools available to companies and creditors which wish to restructure the Company's obligations under English law financing contracts. The Loan Market Association's ("LMA") recommended forms of loan facility documentation contain extensive amendment and waiver provisions. These govern, amongst other things, the percentage by face value of a company's lenders (usually a "majority" of lenders holding in aggregate more than two-thirds of the participations under the relevant loan, or for certain exceptional changes, all of those lenders) required to vote in favour of steps such as waivers of debt, conversions of debt into equity, re-setting of financial covenants and disposals of assets.
Schemes are often used to push through restructurings where finance documents require the approval of 100% of the company's lenders to amendments and waivers required in connection with the restructuring. If the company cannot secure the consent of all of its lenders, but has the approval of the requisite number of creditors to approve a Scheme (see below), the company can use a Scheme to effect the relevant amendments and waivers which, if approved, binds all of the company's creditors.
3.2 What formal rescue procedures are available in your jurisdiction to restructure the liabilities of distressed companies? Are debt-for-equity swaps and pre-packaged sales possible? To what extent can creditors and/or shareholders block such procedures or threaten action (including enforcement of security) to seek an advantage? Do your procedures allow you to cram-down dissenting stakeholders? Can you cram-down dissenting classes of stakeholder?
Schemes and CVAs are commonly used for companies looking to restructure their liabilities. Each process causes creditors who vote against it (or, in the case of a Scheme, creditors who have no economic interest in the Scheme and are not being affected by it) to be crammed down provided that a requisite number of creditors vote in favour. In the case of a CVA, at the meeting convened to vote on the CVA, 75% by value of the companies' unsecured creditors present or voting by proxy (provided that no more than 50% by value of any creditors who vote against the proposal are creditors who are unconnected with the company) must vote in favour of the CVA. If approved, the CVA binds all of the companies' unsecured creditors, although it cannot affect the rights of a secured creditor without its consent.
A Scheme requires that creditors (both secured and unsecured) are divided into classes, based on commonality of their rights against the company, to vote on the Scheme. Each class must then vote on the Scheme at a meeting held for that purpose and provided that 75% by value and a majority in number of each class of creditors present (in person or by proxy) at such meetings vote in favour, and provided the Scheme is sanctioned by the court, the Scheme binds all creditors of the company. If a company can demonstrate that a particular class of creditors is not affected by the Scheme (usually "out of the money" creditors who have no economic interest in the company), such class will not be required to vote on the Scheme.
Creditors are able to challenge Schemes and CVAs on the basis of being treated unfairly in comparison to other creditors, or that the outcome of the CVA or Scheme realises a poorer result than an alternative process. Furthermore, other than in the case of relatively small companies proposing a CVA, there is no moratorium or stay on creditors threatening enforcement prior to the Scheme or CVA being approved, which can potentially disrupt the process (although the courts are becoming increasingly willing to stay enforcement action by creditors which would disrupt a Scheme that has reached an advanced stage and would produce a more favourable outcome for creditors than if that enforcement action was allowed to proceed).
Pre-packaged sales are also frequently used as a means to restructure a company's liabilities by transferring the company's assets to a newly incorporated subsidiary free of any liabilities which the company is unable to pay in full, or to effect a sale of a company to a third party. A pre-pack involves the documentation and terms of the sale being negotiated and agreed in advance and then completed by the administrator immediately upon, or shortly after, their appointment. This is often preferable to the sale being executed by the company's directors because it is the administrator, rather than those directors, who bears the responsibility of ensuring that the assets are sold for the best possible value. Furthermore, a pre-pack sale is often executed quickly and can be publicised to creditors and third parties as a way of rationalising a company's liabilities so it can trade on successfully, which reduces the "stigma of insolvency" for the company.
Currently it is not possible to cram-down a dissenting class with a Scheme or a CVA (such that a Scheme will fail if a class votes against it).
3.3 What are the criteria for entry into each restructuring procedure?
A company must be insolvent (on either a balance-sheet or cash-flow basis) in order to be placed into administration by its directors. In order for a secured creditor to appoint an administrator to a company the creditor's security must be enforceable in accordance with its terms.
Schemes and CVAs can be initiated by the directors of a company at any time but, as mentioned above, require a certain threshold of creditors to vote in their favour together with, in the case of a CVA, the consent of any affected secured creditors.
3.4 Who manages each process? Is there any court involvement?
Administration and liquidation
A qualified insolvency practitioner must be appointed as an administrator or liquidator of a company and, for all intents and purposes, manage the company in place of its directors (including to effect a pre-pack).
Schemes and CVAs
In a CVA, a qualified insolvency practitioner will act as "supervisor" of the CVA and carry out the steps and actions provided for in the CVA proposal (which sets out the terms of the CVA). The directors remain in control of the company, although they will co-operate with the CVA supervisor in order for it to be properly implemented. There is no requirement for a qualified insolvency practitioner to supervise a Scheme, it is simply carried out by the company's directors in accordance with the terms of the Scheme.
A CVA proposal must be filed at court and creditors who feel they have been unfairly prejudiced by a CVA or there has been a material irregularity in the CVA process may challenge a CVA via a court application within 28 days of its approval.
There is more court involvement in a Scheme as the court must, at a first hearing, approve the company's classification of its creditors to vote on the Scheme in meetings convened for that purpose. They must then, if the requisite number of creditors vote in favour of the Scheme at those meetings and assuming that the court is satisfied that the Scheme is fair to the company's creditors, "sanction" and approve the Scheme at a second hearing.
3.5 What impact does each restructuring procedure have on existing contracts? Are the parties obliged to perform outstanding obligations? What protections are there for those who are forced to perform their outstanding obligations? Will termination and set-off provisions be upheld?
A company entering into an insolvency process does not automatically cause contracts to which it is a party to terminate, although those contracts may contain terms which allow the counterparty to terminate the contracts upon the process commencing. Certain essential utilities and IT suppliers may not terminate their contracts as a result of their customer entering administration or a CVA. The relevant suppliers are protected by virtue of payment for post-administration supplies having the higher priority of an expense of the administration and, in addition, the suppliers may apply to court to terminate the contract if continuing to supply the company is causing them hardship.
An administrator or liquidator may simply refuse to perform the company's obligations under contracts if doing so is in the best interests of the company's creditors. Creditors are prevented from court action to enforce breaches of contract without the administrator/liquidator's approval or an order of the court and even if action is successfully taken, the counterparty has an unsecured claim against the company which ranks alongside all other unsecured creditors (so effectively is not worth pursuing).
A liquidator has additional powers to "disclaim" unprofitable contracts (including leases) to which the company is party (which has the effect of determining the counterparty's rights under the contract upon the disclaimer becoming effective and entitles the counterparty to an unsecured claim against the company).
3.6 How is each restructuring process funded? Is any protection given to rescue financing?
If an administrator or liquidator trades a business, the costs and expenses of the process (including their fees) will usually be discharged from the receipts of the trading. An administrator or liquidator may also seek additional funding which is then repaid as an "expense of the administration or liquidation" (ranking above ordinary unsecured claims). However, outside of that possibility, within a formal insolvency process there is no statutory mechanism for rescue/debtor in possession financing under English law.
4.1 What is/are the key insolvency procedure(s) available to wind up a company?
Companies looking to wind down their affairs, and creditors who wish for a company to be wound up, can initiate a liquidation, whereby a liquidator realises the company's assets, distributes the proceeds to creditors and then winds the company down.
There are two types of liquidation: voluntary liquidation; and compulsory liquidation. Voluntary liquidations can either be made on a "solvent" basis (known as a members' voluntary liquidation ("MVL")) where the company's directors are willing to swear a statement to the effect that the company has sufficient assets to meet its liabilities over the next 12 months, or on an "insolvent" basis (known as a creditors' voluntary liquidation ("CVL")) where the directors are unwilling or unable to give that statement. Both types of voluntary liquidation are initiated by a company's shareholders; however, in an MVL, the shareholders nominate the liquidator, whereas in a CVL the creditors have the final say in the choice of liquidator.
Compulsory liquidation is made by filing a petition at court, followed by a court hearing. A hearing of the petition is then held at court and if it can be demonstrated to the court that one or more prescribed circumstances applies to the company (usually that the company is insolvent), the company is placed into liquidation.
4.2 On what grounds can a company be placed into each winding up procedure?
Voluntary liquidations require a resolution of the company's shareholders (the exact proportion of those shareholders which are required to pass the resolution will be determined by the company's constitutional documents – usually 75%) to initiate the process and, in an MVL, that the directors swear the declaration of solvency referred to above.
Compulsory liquidation requires that one or more prescribed circumstances apply to the company. Usually, this is that it can be proved to the court that the company is "unable to pay its debts" (i.e. is insolvent on either a balance-sheet or cash-flow basis) which is often demonstrated by serving demand on the company to pay amounts owed to the petitioning creditor which, if not paid, can then be used as evidence that the company is cash-flow insolvent.
4.3 Who manages each winding up process? Is there any court involvement?
There is court involvement in respect of a compulsory liquidation, which requires a court hearing to order that the company enters liquidation. Voluntary liquidations do not usually require any involvement of the court. Once the company has entered liquidation, the liquidation process is managed by the liquidator (with the sanction of shareholders or creditors – see below).
4.4 How are the creditors and/or shareholders able to influence each winding up process? Are there any restrictions on the action that they can take (including the enforcement of security)?
Liquidation, unlike administration, does not impose a moratorium on the rights of secured creditors to enforce their security, so a liquidator will either obtain the consent of the relevant secured creditor before dealing with any secured assets or allow that creditor to take its own action in respect of those assets. Compulsory liquidation does, however, impose a stay on court proceedings, which can only be lifted with the consent of the liquidator or approval of the court.
Liquidators (also unlike administrators) can only take certain actions if sanctioned to do so. In an MVL, this sanction comes from shareholders. In a CVL, sanction must be obtained from creditors. It is also common, at least in larger liquidations, for a committee of three to five creditors to be formed as a representative body and to, amongst other things, scrutinise the steps taken by the liquidator and approve certain actions taken by them.
4.5 What impact does each winding up procedure have on existing contracts? Are the parties obliged to perform outstanding obligations? Will termination and set-off provisions be upheld?
Termination is covered above. Set-off provisions in contracts are, however, superseded by mandatory set-off rules which apply in liquidations and which provide that amounts owed by a creditor to the company are set off against amounts that the company owes to the creditor (with only the net balance, if any, being claimable by that creditor).
4.6 What is the ranking of claims in each procedure, including the costs of the procedure?
Creditors holding "fixed" charges over a company's assets (essentially a charge over assets which the company is not able to freely deal with, such as property) rank first, followed by the expenses and costs of the liquidation/administration. Creditors with "preferential" claims (usually only employees for unpaid wages, holiday and pension contributions up to certain prescribed limits) rank next, followed by creditors with "floating" charges over the company's assets (assets which the company can freely deal with, such as stock). A fund of up to £600,000 is also set aside for unsecured creditors from realisations of floating charge assets known as the "prescribed part". If there are sufficient funds available after the prior-ranking amounts have been paid in full, a distribution can then be made to unsecured creditors. In the somewhat unlikely scenario that unsecured creditors are paid in full, they are then entitled to claim interest for the period of administration/liquidation on their claims and, in the even more unlikely scenario that all such claims to interest are paid in full, any surplus is distributed to the shareholders.
4.7 Is it possible for the company to be revived in the future?
Yes, in theory, a company that is wound down and dissolved (which is the outcome at the culmination of a liquidation) can be restored for up to six years after it is dissolved by court order, although this is extremely rare.
5.1 What are the tax risks which might apply to a restructuring or insolvency procedure?
CVAs and Schemes
A company is taxed in the usual way whilst going through a CVA or Scheme. However, releases of debt usually incur a tax charge by the company although this can be avoided if made pursuant to a CVA or Scheme (which is an added benefit of the CVA or Scheme).
Unpaid tax at the commencement of the administration or liquidation is simply an unsecured debt of the company. Corporation tax on gains which arise from the disposal of assets during the period of the administration or liquidation is paid as an expense of the administration or liquidation.
6.1 What is the effect of each restructuring or insolvency procedure on employees? What claims would employees have and where do they rank?
CVAs and Schemes have no direct impact on a company's employees.
Contracts of employment do not automatically terminate upon the appointment of an administrator. There is a 14-day period which commences upon a company entering into administration during which the administrator can dismiss any employees who are not required for the conduct of the administration. Wages, holiday and sickness pay and pensions contributions due to employees retained after this period are paid as expenses of the administration. If the administrator sells the company as a going concern (either after a period of trading or as a pre-pack) employees, as well as liabilities owed to those employees, automatically transfer to the buyer. Determining the number of such employees and the sums owed to them is therefore a key area of diligence in sales by administrators.
A company entering compulsory liquidation automatically causes its employees' contracts of employment to terminate. The liquidator then has to re-employ any employees needed for the conduct of the liquidation. Voluntary liquidation does not automatically terminate employment contracts, although the liquidator can simply refuse to perform employment contracts (with the result that the affected employee(s) can then claim as a creditor of the company for amounts owed to them).
7.1 Can companies incorporated elsewhere use restructuring procedures or enter into insolvency proceedings in your jurisdiction?
Yes. The EC Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings (the "EC Reg") will continue to apply as if the UK was a member of the EU until 31 December 2020. This provides that companies incorporated in the EU but which have their "centre of main interests" ("COMI") (being their primary place of business activity) in England or Wales can commence administrations, liquidations and CVAs (each of which are governed by the EC Reg) in England or Wales as "main proceedings". EU companies which do not have their COMI in England or Wales but which have a non-transitory "establishment" here may open "secondary" proceedings which are restricted to assets situated in England or Wales.
In the event that no agreement is reached between the UK and the EU, after 31 December 2020 the EC Reg will no longer apply to the UK and without any replacement legislation, each Member States' private laws will dictate whether UK proceedings are recognised by its courts. It is expected that a company having its COMI in England and Wales will continue to be the main consideration in the English courts' decision to accept jurisdiction over the company's insolvency. However, without the EC Reg the English courts will not be prevented from accepting jurisdiction over the insolvency of a company which has its COMI in a remaining EU Member State.
There is no requirement for a company to have its COMI or an establishment in England or Wales in order to propose a Scheme. Instead, overseas companies have been able to use Schemes where those companies have demonstrated a "sufficient connection" to England and Wales. The existence of such a connection has been interpreted widely by the courts over recent years so that companies have been able to (amongst other things) amend the governing law of finance documents to English law in order to establish such a connection.
7.2 Is there scope for a restructuring or insolvency process commenced elsewhere to be recognised in your jurisdiction?
Yes. The UK will continue to recognise the insolvency proceedings of an EU Member State under the EC Reg until at least 31 December 2020, though at the time of writing there is uncertainty over whether this will be the case after that date. Despite this, recognition of proceedings in jurisdictions outside the EU (and possibly within the EU from 31 December 2020) is provided for in the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, which has been enacted into English law. English law does not require reciprocal adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law by the foreign jurisdiction in order for the relevant proceedings to be recognised in the UK. However, the English courts will not allow an English law debt to be compromised by a foreign restructuring or insolvency process where the creditors have not submitted to that foreign jurisdiction.
7.3 Do companies incorporated in your jurisdiction restructure or enter into insolvency proceedings in other jurisdictions? Is this common practice?
Not commonly; because the English system is generally perceived to be creditor-friendly, companies incorporated in England and Wales (and their creditors) will usually want to use English insolvency and restructuring proceedings. The only real exception to this is, whilst also uncommon, companies establishing a link to the USA (which can simply just involve opening a bank account or having a retainer with a law firm) in order to use Chapter 11 bankruptcy and benefit from the extensive automatic stay on proceedings it affords, will generally be recognised by the English courts.
8.1 How are groups of companies treated on the insolvency of one or more members? Is there scope for co-operation between officeholders?
Each company within a group is, for the purposes of English law, treated as distinct so there is no concept of group-wide proceedings. Each company in a group will, therefore, need to go into an insolvency process on an individual basis although it is common for the same administrator or liquidator to be appointed to multiple companies within a group.
This is in contrast to the position in respect of cross-border insolvencies involving companies within the EU. A "group co-ordinator" can be appointed in such proceedings, to co-ordinate proceedings in a number of jurisdictions and generally preside over them (albeit that the proceedings themselves will still be conducted by the office-holders appointed to the various insolvent companies).
9.1 Are there any other governmental proposals for reform of the corporate rescue and insolvency regime in your jurisdiction?
The UK government is planning to introduce a special administration regime for airlines which aims to allow the orderly repatriation of passengers following the insolvency of an airline. Changes to the ranking of debts in insolvency are also expected which will give certain indirect taxes collected by companies on behalf of HM Revenue and Customs (included value added tax) priority over holders of floating charges and unsecured creditors.
Disappointingly, despite consulting on a range of restructuring reforms, the UK government has not included these in its legislative programme for this year. The reforms would have included:
a general moratorium on creditor enforcement which would initially be for 28 days but could be extended;
a ban on clauses that allow suppliers to terminate supply contracts due to a company's insolvency; and
a new restructuring plan that would be similar to a Scheme but allow for the cram-down of a dissenting class of creditors where at least one class which will suffer an impairment on its debt (subject to no impaired class being paid in priority to any senior ranking classes via the plan) approves the plan and a court considers it "fair" (particularly in comparison to the likely alternative of administration or liquidation).
The government's plans to introduce potential liability for directors of a holding company that disposes of an insolvent subsidiary which shortly afterwards goes into administration or liquidation have also not made it into the legislative programme.
There will potentially also be changes to recognition of cross-border insolvencies within the EU and the UK after the end of the post-Brexit transition period (see questions 7.1 and 7.2).
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This is a very useful reference work, and in particular the format is clear and helpful.
Richard Senior, Director - ROBIN HOOD FINANCE, UK


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CEO OF AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX (KSS) WINS NATIONAL CHARITY LEADER OF THE YEAR AWARD 2021
David Welch, CEO of Air Ambulance Kent Surrey Sussex (KSS), has won the Charity Times Charity Leader of the Year Award 2021 – a prestigious national award which celebrates excellence amongst charities and not for profit organisations from across the UK and honours the outstanding professionals in charity management.
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AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX SHARES THE STORY OF FAMILY OOPS TO RAISE AWARENESS OF BURNS PREVENTION DURING CHILD SAFETY WEEK 2021
Life-saving charity Air Ambulance Kent Surrey Sussex (KSS) has made a video to share the story of Family Oops and Burns First Aid as part of Child Safety Week 2021 (7-13th June).
https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/KSS-records-The-Family-Oops-and-Burns-First-Aid-for-Child-Safety-Week-2021.png 705 1254 Emma Carter https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/aa-logo-webnew.png Emma Carter2021-06-07 09:16:162021-06-07 09:16:16AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX SHARES THE STORY OF FAMILY OOPS TO RAISE AWARENESS OF BURNS PREVENTION DURING CHILD SAFETY WEEK 2021
AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX PIONEERS NEW APP TO TRANSFORM COMMUNICATION WITH PATIENTS
Life-saving charity, Air Ambulance Kent Surrey Sussex (KSS), has become the first UK pre-hospital health organisation to adopt a new app designed to help healthcare staff breakdown communication barriers with patients at the point of care.
https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/KSS-provides-world-leading-pre-hospital-emergency-care.jpg 1536 2048 Emma Carter https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/aa-logo-webnew.png Emma Carter2021-05-17 10:03:042021-05-17 10:03:04AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX PIONEERS NEW APP TO TRANSFORM COMMUNICATION WITH PATIENTS
RESEARCH SHOWS OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF DISPATCHING PRE-HOSPITAL CRITICAL CARE TO OLDER TRAUMA PATIENTS
Research from life-saving charity Air Ambulance Kent Surrey Sussex (KSS) and the University of Surrey indicates that the criteria for immediate Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) dispatch to older trauma patients should be reviewed.
https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Air-Ambulance-Kent-Surrey-Sussex-scaled.jpg 1707 2560 Emma Carter https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/aa-logo-webnew.png Emma Carter2021-05-17 09:03:512021-05-17 09:58:04RESEARCH SHOWS OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF DISPATCHING PRE-HOSPITAL CRITICAL CARE TO OLDER TRAUMA PATIENTS
GREAT BRITAIN BOBSLEIGH TEAM SUPPORTS AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX
Air Ambulance Kent Surrey Sussex (KSS) is delighted to have been chosen by GB Bobsleigh's number one team as part of #TeamGivingBack, a campaign for the 20/21 season which helps to raise awareness and to raise funds for seven UK charities.
https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Greg-Cackett-has-chosen-KSS-as-his-TeamGivingBack-charity-scaled.jpg 1707 2560 Emma Carter https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/aa-logo-webnew.png Emma Carter2021-02-08 12:40:492021-02-08 12:40:49GREAT BRITAIN BOBSLEIGH TEAM SUPPORTS AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX
AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX CONTINUES TO DELIVER ITS LIFE-SAVING SERVICE DURING LOCKDOWN
Air Ambulance Kent Surrey Sussex (KSS) is committed to remaining fully operational 24/7 and is standing shoulder to shoulder alongside NHS colleagues in the fight against COVID-19. Thanks to the rapid response from the team at Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust (SECAmb) and Medway NHS Foundation Trust, KSS has been able to secure vaccinations for its frontline team members. KSS is extremely grateful for this fantastic example of charity and NHS working in partnership in support of each other and our communities.
https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/KSS-provides-world-leading-pre-hospital-emergency-care.jpg 1536 2048 Emma Carter https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/aa-logo-webnew.png Emma Carter2021-01-29 09:27:262021-01-29 09:27:26AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX CONTINUES TO DELIVER ITS LIFE-SAVING SERVICE DURING LOCKDOWN
AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX DOCTOR DEVELOPS TECHNOLOGY ENABLING THE NHS TO RECRUIT 750,000 VOLUNTEER COVID RESPONDERS
In recognition of the significant contribution made by GoodSAM, Professor Mark Wilson and GoodSAM co-founder Ali Ghorbangholi both received an OBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours 2020. On average, GoodSAM now deploys 10 checked volunteers every minute to support the NHS in its Covid-19 response.
https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Mark-Wilson-2020-Copy.jpg 1344 1432 Emma Carter https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/aa-logo-webnew.png Emma Carter2021-01-12 16:07:112021-01-12 16:07:11AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX DOCTOR DEVELOPS TECHNOLOGY ENABLING THE NHS TO RECRUIT 750,000 VOLUNTEER COVID RESPONDERS
Research Shows A Significant Proportion of Patients with Sudden Loss of Consciousness Need Pre-Hospital Critical Care
Research from life-saving charity Air Ambulance Kent Surrey Sussex (KSS) in partnership with the University of Surrey has shown the benefits of dispatching HEMS to patients with a sudden, unexplained LOC of medical origin and a high prevalence of acute neurological pathology. The study – which is believed to be the first published about HEMS dispatch to non-trauma (neuro) cases - also highlights how HEMS dispatchers in dialogue with ambulance personnel are able to select patients requiring HEMS-specific interventions and, based on its findings, identifies opportunities to improve triage for these patients.
https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/bJ_9Hmhg-scaled.jpeg 1707 2560 Emma Carter https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/aa-logo-webnew.png Emma Carter2021-01-07 11:22:322021-01-07 11:22:32Research Shows A Significant Proportion of Patients with Sudden Loss of Consciousness Need Pre-Hospital Critical Care
DR DUNCAN BOOTLAND APPOINTED MEDICAL DIRECTOR OF AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX (KSS)
Dr Duncan Bootland has been appointed as Medical Director of Air Ambulance Kent Surrey Sussex (KSS), reporting directly into KSS's CEO, David Welch. He takes up his new role this month.
https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Duncan-Booltand.jpg 2239 1493 Emma Carter https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/aa-logo-webnew.png Emma Carter2020-12-01 15:41:552020-12-01 15:41:55DR DUNCAN BOOTLAND APPOINTED MEDICAL DIRECTOR OF AIR AMBULANCE KENT SURREY SUSSEX (KSS)
Air Ambulance Week 2020 takes-off across the UK!
Air ambulance charities right across the UK are this week celebrating Air Ambulance Week with a powerful awareness campaign called 'Because Every Second Counts', launched by Air Ambulances UK
https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Isaac.jpg 992 744 Emma Carter https://www.airambulancesuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/aa-logo-webnew.png Emma Carter2020-09-07 09:48:282020-09-07 09:51:49Air Ambulance Week 2020 takes-off across the UK!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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La diocesi di Gurza () è una sede soppressa e sede titolare della Chiesa cattolica.

Storia
Gurza, altrimenti detta Gurges o Gurgai, identificabile secondo con Anatole Toulotte con Kalaat-Kebira nella regione di Sousse in Tunisia, è un'antica sede episcopale della provincia romana di Bizacena.

A questa diocesi vengono assegnati due vescovi. Felice a Gurgitibus prese parte al concilio di Cartagine convocato il 1º settembre 256 da san Cipriano per discutere della questione relativa alla validità del battesimo amministrato dagli eretici, e figura al 74º posto nelle Sententiae episcoporum.

Il nome di Primiano, episcopus Gurgitensis o Gurgaitensis, figura al 78º posto nella lista dei vescovi della Bizacena convocati a Cartagine dal re vandalo Unerico nel 484; Primiano, come tutti gli altri vescovi cattolici africani, fu condannato all'esilio.

Dal 1925 Gurza è annoverata tra le sedi vescovili titolari della Chiesa cattolica; la sede è vacante dal 14 febbraio 2023.

Cronotassi

Vescovi residenti
 Felice † (menzionato nel 256)
 Primiano † (menzionato nel 484)

Vescovi titolari
 Marie-Augustine Chapuis, M.E.P. † (17 dicembre 1928 - 14 luglio 1930 deceduto)
 Manuel Marilla Ferreira da Silva † (8 febbraio 1931 - 29 maggio 1949 nominato arcivescovo titolare di Cizico)
 Albino Morera † (9 dicembre 1950 - 20 marzo 1952 deceduto)
 Félix-Marie-Honoré Verdet † (10 giugno 1952 - 1º luglio 1963 nominato vescovo di La Rochelle)
 Jerome Joseph Hastrich † (25 luglio 1963 - 25 agosto 1969 nominato vescovo di Gallup)
 Paul-Marie-Maurice Perrin † (16 gennaio 1970 - 4 ottobre 1994 deceduto)
 Vito Schlickmann † (25 gennaio 1995 - 14 febbraio 2023 deceduto)

Note

Bibliografia
  Stefano Antonio Morcelli, Africa christiana, volume I, Brescia, 1816, p. 177
  Anatole Toulotte, Géographie de l'Afrique chrétienne. Bizacène et Tripolitaine, Montreuil-sur-mer, 1894, pp. 108-110
  Joseph Mesnage, L'Afrique chrétienne, Paris, 1912, pp. 89-90 e 202
  André Mandouze, Prosopographie chrétienne du Bas-Empire, 1. Prosopographie de l'Afrique chrétienne (303-533), Paris, Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1982
 Serge Lancel, v. Gurgaitensis Ecclesia, «Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques», vol. XXII, Paris, 1988, coll. 1191-1192

Collegamenti esterni

 La sede titolare nel sito di www.gcatholic.org

Gurza
Gurza

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Attendance and Tardy Violation Procedure: Attendance matters each and every day. Thank you for sending your child to school. Please make sure your child is at school on time. The instructional school day begins at 7:45 AM. Our district tardy policy has been in place since the first day of school. To avoid consequences for your child in regards to the tardy policy/procedures please ensure they are here at school prior to 7:45 a.m. Consequences per semester are as follows: If your child is tardy 4 times they will receive a lunch time detention, tardy 5 thru 8 will be given 30 minute detentions before or after school and on tardy 9 thru 14 your child will be required to attend Saturday School.


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Photo Essay: The Last of Pantages' Vaudeville Palaces
I have some vague memory of my parents taking me to a circus when I was a little kid. I remember the smell of popcorn, and the discomfort of sitting on bleachers.
But then again, I'm not 100% sure that actually happened. I might've dreamt it. Or I might've seen it in a movie or on TV and accepted it as a document of my past.
In my adult years, I've refused to go to the circus because it doesn't seem like a good place for animals to be working. (Though, I'll admit that witnessing the "Elephant Walk" in Manhattan's Murray Hill neighborhood was terribly exciting, back in the day.)
But then I found out about Circus 1903, which uses life-sized puppet elephants. If nothing else, it was a great excuse to go back to the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood.
I'd been to the Pantages once before—nearly three years ago, to indulge myself in a production of Ghost: The Musical. It sort of satisfied my yen for Patrick Swayze, which is maybe why I didn't bother to take any photos back then.
Or maybe I'd just been spoiled by all the behind-the-scenes tours I'd been taking of historic theaters around LA; and maybe I'd just thought that if I couldn't get into any off-limits spaces, it wouldn't be worth writing up.
I've since come to my senses.
After all, the Hollywood Pantages is an explosion of Art Deco...
...from the forecourt to the outer lobby, and from the metal-leafed statues in the Grand Lobby...
...to all of the ornate ceilings upstairs in the mezzanine lobby...
...and the etched glass of the lounges.
It's almost too many ziggurats and stardusts and chevrons in the public area, making it practically a caricature of an Art Deco movie palace.
But it's only almost too much. Because I can't imagine what ornamentation could ever be sacrificed.
Certainly not the Malibu Tile fountains at either end of the inner lobby.
And definitely not the ceiling murals, nor the (replica) Art Deco lighting fixtures.
The auditorium is grandiose, too, with an intricate ceiling that's backlit in blue and organ grilles that never even housed an organ.
In fact, it's almost disappointing when the house lights are brought down and you can no longer crane your neck to look up at the kaleidoscope above.
This Pantages, which opened in 1930—the last of several built, though probably the grandest of them all—is now used primarily as a "legit" theatre of stage productions (Broadway touring company shows and the like) and doesn't show any movies anymore.
But it's interesting to compare it to the other works of its architect, B. Marcus Priteca, and relish in the fact that it's still intact, in all its glory.
You don't even have to wait for a periodic tour of it because tickets are available for its shows all of the time!
But get there early to take full advantage of all the staircases and hallways for wandering and ghosts for hunting—even if you don't get backstage.
Riding the Red Line to Haunted Hollywood
Photo Essay: Warner Grand, San Pedro, Open to the Public
Photo Essay: The Last Movie Theatre of Beverly Hills
Elephant Walk
Tags: Animals, Art, Art Deco, Haunted, LA, Neon, Nightlife, Photography, Theaters
A Desert Reappearance
Photo Essay: Birding Anza-Borrego During the Super...
Photo Essay: The New Wilshire Grand, In Progress
A Wild Parrot of The City of Roses
Photo Essay: The Creatures That Conquered the Desert
Photo Essay: The Healing Powers of Highland Springs
Photo Essay: Where Airplanes Go To Rest
Springing Forward in Search of Wildflowers
Photo Essay: Wine Dinner in the Garden
Photo Essay: A SoCal County Celebrates the Sahara
Photo Essay: The Shape-Shifting Island of Seagulls
Photo Essay: The Hotel Californian Neon Comes Back...
Photo Essay: A Modernist Desert Dwelling
Sentimental Lady
Photo Essay: Lunch at the Waldorf Astoria New York...


One of the earliest disputes of the Greek naturalists and Eleatics concerned the question of the one and the many — that is was the substratum of the natural world or reality itself one substance or many? Parmenides is clearly a monist, who thought that all change and difference in the world was essentially illusory. Yet Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes were also monists. While they accept that there are many diverse entities in the world, they argue that the substrate underlying them or the primal stuff from which they emerge is singular. For Thales, they are all made of water. For Anaximander, they all come from the original unity of the unbound. For Anaximenes, they all stem from an original chaos but have aether as their basic element. Some of those who most clearly argue that the basic components of the world are not singular but multiple have not been mentioned.
Empedocles, who many early Greeks viewed as responsible for the developed teaching of the elements, is thought a pluralist. There is not one substance underlying the diverse things in the world; rather, there are a few key ones. The change we view in the world occurs over and above a "mingling and separating" of things that are themselves unchanging, primary oppositions: Wet, dry, cold and warm are eternal qualities that comprise all things, but that are propelled in their motion by two other eternal powers that also pull in opposition to one another, love and strife. The various things in the world around us do undergo change and transition as these eternal elements and forces ascend and recede from the foreground. Yet these basic qualities themselves are eternal. Basic reality, ultimate reality is not singular but plural. Empedocles is not a monist but a pluralist.
Over the course of time, Democritus sees the atoms combining into different formations, which for their part then again dissemble. In fact, the atomists propose an idea that various other Presocratics also shared — that over the course of time the cosmos emerges, then collapses only to later re-emerge.
Hydrogen is so prevalent, a water monism is not too far off the mark for an ancient philosopher to have postulated.
Agreed. This was the beginning of advancing a hypothesis and then subsequent philosophers advancing rational arguments that contradict the hypothesis. (if the world is made of water why are some things hot and dry?) Of course, they have no notion of experimental testing but this is the beginning of western science and leaving mythological, supernatural explanations behind.


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The Drop 2022
Is Here
Get Your Christmas Cards Here
Keep Connected for The Drop
The Drop 2022 is coming, but you can be the first to know and sign up with VIP Access by signing up now!
Make a Donation to the drop
different Prisons + jails sent mail
Christmas Cards Sent in 5 Years
Expected Cost: $16,100
For The Drop 2022 to send 22,000 Christmas Cards
The cost to send a Christmas Card to one inmate costs around $0.70 per person. That includes the Christmas Card, the Stamped Envelope, the instructions, and the kit packaging.
We could save money if we just sent generic Christmas Cards to the Individual Correctional Facilities. However, when have you ever felt cared for or loved by a random mail to your house that says "Current Homeowner"! Our goal isn't to flood the prison system with generic love of Jesus… it's to flood the prison system with direct cards that call them by NAME and tell them… (ex Joe… Mary… Marco… YOU. ARE. LOVED!)
DONATE to the drop
Continue the Story comes alongside families that are impacted by the prison system. Over 2.7 million children in the United States have a parent that is in prison. The lives of those children are instantly and drastically changed for no fault of their own. Research suggests that intervening in the lives of parents in prison and their children help to preserve and strengthen positive family connections. As a result, it can lower the chances of lasting psychological and emotional trauma for their children.
why we do it.
Imagine the difference we could make in the world. By helping the families impacted by the prison system, we could not only change their lives, we could begin to rewrite the perceptions of those in prison. Everyone deserves to be loved. That includes those who are not "perfect." We have the ability to give people in prison a chance to rewrite their stories and give them hope for the future. Join us as we help those in prison to not only be rehabilitated but also to find redemption. Let's give them the tools to continue their story.
From Nancy, an Inmate
"I'm going to make a difference in the lives of others once I'm free. I'm going to use my experience inside of here as a platform to change the minds of the youth. I also want to give back, and create a 2nd chance program for the people who are locked up. I'm hoping to be free this year on my judicial release."
From Amy, an Inmate
"I just want you to know how much I appreciated your letter, and your prayers. I need a lot of them. I'm trying to find my way and have struggled with my faith, I won't lie, but I'm working on myself and reconnecting with my higher power. So this letter couldn't have come at any better timing. Thank you for taking your time and thinking of someone who is doing time. You don't understand how just a little letter can not only put a smile on someones face but can change their attitude or [out]look on their life. This was just another sign from God for me."
donate to continue the story
The Drop Events
The Drop Packing Party
Join us to help us pack all the Christmas Cards that will be ordered. Those who volunteer can also pick up their packs of cards early! See you then. Location TBD.
The Drop 2022 Launch Party
Join us on our Facebook Page at 7 PM and watch our Live Video as we launch The Drop 2022. Help us out by liking, sharing, and tagging friends to join in on the fun.
The Day of The Drop
Are you ready to "Drop It Like It's Hot?" This is the day we have been waiting for. We are going to DROP all the Christmas Cards in the mail and we will FLOOD the Ohio Prison System with Christmas cheer, hope and love!
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General elections were held in Costa Rica on 7 December 1919. Julio Acosta García of the Constitutional Party won the presidential election, whilst the party also won the parliamentary election, in which they received 74.9% of the vote. Voter turnout was 57.8% in the presidential election and 42.1% in the parliamentary election.

These elections were held on December 7, 1919 after dictator Federico Tinoco was deposed and exiled. The winning candidate Acosta, former chancellor of the government overthrown by Tinoco, had been precisely one of his fierce opponents and leader of armed antitinoquist groups which earned him great popularity, this despite the fact that his affiliation as a Freemason and Theosophist were controversial, at least among some sectors of the Church.

The tinoquismo grouped around the recently founded Democratic Party and nominates Dr. José Maria Soto Alfaro, denoted tinoquista, twice deputy and brother of former president Bernardo Soto Alfaro. Soto was also the founder of the so-called «Club 27 de Enero» whose name commemorated the Tinoquista coup on January 27, 1917 that overthrew González Flores and was one of the supporters of the Tinoquista regime.

Results

President

By province

Parliament

References

1919 elections in Central America
1919 in Costa Rica
Elections in Costa Rica


For the very best in Sensual Lounge and House Music. Eday writes all of her songs, produces, plays the keyboards and sings in English and Spanish. Her music is totally original and popular in a wide range of Countries and Cultures. She can easily embrace many different styles & genres.
In her Musical Career Eday has been both a band member and a solo artist. She has published 2 vinyl records and 4 Albums on her own Label. Eday's albums have been sold in Ibiza stores and all major online outlets. Her music is frequently played on FM radio in Europe.


text:
Q: Understanding Swift argument notation in functions like tableView I came accros Swift recently but there is something I don't understand. I wanna implement a tableView with cells. That I understand but the notation is a bit confusing for me.
I have this function from the UITableViewDataSource
func tableView(tableView: UITableView, numberOfRowsInSection section: Int) -> Int {
        return 5
    }

Can you tell me what is numberOfRowsInSection ?? Is it a function with his parameter section ? I see the name of the function tableView returning an Int, the parameters tableView and section with their own type. But I really don't get it for numberOfRowsInSection.
And when this function is called ?
Thanks for your answers.

A: The differences are internal and external argument labels. You can use two different kinds of argument labels. Internal are used inside the function itself and external onces are used when you call the function.
tableView(tableView: UITableView, numberOfRowsInSection section: Int)
              /\                           /\              /\
              ||                           ||              ||
           internal                     external        internal

Let's take an example function:
func test(str:String, thisIsATest str1:String){
    println(str1)//works
    println(thisIsATest)//error
}

Like you see, I print the str1 value. But you will see, that it will work with the internal argument only.
But if you now call the function from outside like that:
test("hi", str1:"hi2")

It throws an error. Because you use the internal argument label.
But if you now use the external argument label thisIsATest, it works:
test("hi", thisIsATest:"hi2")

Also you don't have to set external labels at all, but if you set external labels, you also have to set an internal label for it. But you have to set internal labels in some cases like in init() methods.
Even if it is easy to remind, I made myself a pony for that: I compare a function with a company: If you work in the company, and you want to call somebody who also works in the company, you will use the internal phone number. But if you want to use the company-service as a customer(user of a function),  you call from the external number.

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There's a lot to miss out on here in Yellowstone Country if you're not in the know. Stay up to date on what's happening when you're in the area, or be so enticed by the photos alone that trip planning ensues. Also, there's nothing wrong with daydreaming. Our e-newsletter lets you in on the who, what, when, where and how of Yellowstone Country. Sign up, and be inspired.


It was a week of excellent auditions, castings, webinars, and seminars. I've learned that I let myself get distracted way too easily (I know. BIG SURPRISE), and I need to stay focused on the direction I'm moving. Speaking of, I've got some work to do. Yes, I know it's the weekend, but it's still a workday here. There are no weekends in entertainment. No complaints on that on my end!
I'm feeling a little distracted today. It's a good distracted, so no worries, but I'm distracted none-the-less.
Here's a fabulous quote, and then we'll move along for now.
I had a double audition and double callback week (yay!), I'm in talks about a role that may or may not be being written for me, Tim and I went to see a friend's trial run of her one-woman show (go Julia Sun!), and now we're helping her do the rewrite. I'd call that a good week!
I shot a short film this week with New Media Comedy TV (the team is hilarious, and they're on YouTube. Go subscribe). As always, it was a high! Now I'm getting ready for my next fix: Tim and I have a film audition tomorrow, and I have a theatre audition following it. You could say I'm in a good mood, because I am.
I particularly love how I have personal experiences I can draw from for both of tomorrow's auditions. The first one calls for a woman who detests her ex-husband, since he is truly a terrible, manipulative person (yep. Been there.), and the second calls for a woman who is calm, optimistic, and understanding around not-so-reasonable people (I go there on a regular basis). I'd say this is a good sign!
I'm going to go make a hot cocoa and study my lines. For those of you watching the Superbowl, enjoy the game! For those of you not watching the Superbowl, enjoy doing whatever it was that you were doing.


The proposed "Removal of Serious Foreign Criminals" Act would strip immigrants who are deemed a danger to the public of protection as refugees. As well, foreign criminals would be deported after they were convicted of a crime by Canadian courts.
We asked people what they thought of this idea.
If they don't get taken out after blowing up the Skydome, then maybe the death penalty for these sorts of attacks, as with the Boston bomber case would be in order. Oh wait, we give murderous terrorists free lunch in Canada I forgot.
Yes, if convicted, send them back to their country of origin, and make sure they never return to Canada. We need to take a page from Israel, and step up our security, and screening, and this includes profiling, because it works!
So … a terrorist from Pakistan or Palestine blows up the Sky Dome, kills thousands, and we deport him/her back to Pakistan/Palestine, where s/he is given an award, a new assignment, released with a new ID and passpoert, and put on a plane back to Canada to blow up Pearson?
If they are foreigners, and not full credited Canadians' deport them!
Couldn't agree more, Rick Plesnik, couldn't agree more.
Yes, give them an expedited trial and ditch them in their country of origin, still in shackles with paperwork outlining their crimes. What ever happens to them is on them, if they wanted a better life they should have acted like they wanted it.
You mean like how the US deported al-Baghdadi?
Hang 'em… save the flight.
Nice move Mr. Prime Minister. Funny how most of the "locals" can't make a decision or give wet noodle responses.
The immigrants that were questioned were decisive.
I like what the last interviewee said. Nothing more has to be said. ABSOLUTELY!! It's a no-brainer.
Do I agree with stripping non native born Canadians of citizenship YES THEY TOOK AN OATH TO QUEEN AND COUNTRY. When they brock that oath they forfeited their Canadian citizenship. Why should we Canadian's who are law abiding tax paying. Have to pay upwards of $150,000.00 a year to keep them here. Get rid of them they have dual citizenship send them back to their country and let that countries citizens pay for them. If they cry what about my mother, father, sister, brothers, wife, children, aunts, uncles….well that's to bad you should have thought about it before. But they have choice they can go with you or stay behind and work for a living. SO SAY BYE BYE.
Absolutely. Let's start with the wannabe ISIS thugs. Their crime has already cost Canadians' personally in some manner as well as tax dollars to fund the courts and most likely their legal aid lawyers. Why we want to add to those substantial costs by keeping them here to be coddled in the prison system, where like Khadr, they can petition to have their conviction overturned. Quite frankly, if they cannot respect the laws of this country and abide by same, they have no business being here. What? They came from a bad country. Should have thought of that before the crime was committed. Our obligation was filled when you were allowed in here in the first place. It ended when you decided to violate that trust. Where you end up is not our problem.


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Даниел Готлиб Месершмит (; ) е германски лекар и ботаник на руска служба. Ръководител на първата научна експедиция в Сибир, родоначалник на руската археология.

Произход и ранни години (1685 – 1718)
Роден е на 16 септември 1685 година в Данциг, Жечпосполита (днес Гданск, Полша), в семейство на главен корабен инспектор. Получава блестящо за времето си начално и средно образование. През 1707 г. се дипломира като лекар от университетите в Йена и Хале. През 1713 г. защитава дисертация на научна тема за получаване на степен доктор по медицина и се връща в родния си град, където започва лекарска практика. Освен с лекарска дейност, Месершмит се занимава и със зоология и ботаника, изучава древногръцки, латински и древноеврейски.

През 1716 г. в Данциг влизат руски войски начело с Петър I. Той посещава местния музей, славещ се със своите уникални колекции и пожелава такъв да бъде създаден и в Русия. Месершмит е поканен специално от царя за събиране на колекции, изследване на естествените богатства на Русия и създаването на подобен музей. В началото на април 1718 г. Месершмит пристига в Петербург и е назначен за ръководител на първата научна експедиция в Сибир.

Сибирска експедиция (1719 – 1727)
Задачите, поставени пред Месершмит, са огромни: да изучи географията на Западен и Източен Сибир, лекарствените растения, народната медицина на местното население, заразните болести, паметниците от древността, описание на бита и обичаите на народите, описание на растителния и животинския свят, минералните богатства, да събира ръкописи, да изследва археологически паметници и езиците на местното население.

За изпълнението на тези задачи Месершмит получава по 500 рубли годишно, една нищожна сума и за онова време, като се сравни със заплатата на другите чужденци, поканени да участват в изучаването на Русия. Въпреки всичко Месершмит се съгласява заради любовта си към науката. Той е човек с огромна работоспособност – прави чучела на животни, рисува птици и растения, води метеорологични наблюдения и много други. Месершмит няма точно зададен маршрут, той сам си го определя по време на зимуването си за следващите пролет – лято – есен.

Тръгва от Петербург през есента на 1719 г. Стига до Москва, спуска се по реките Москва, Ока и Волга до Казан и от там по суша през Вятка (сега град Киров), Соликамск, Туринск и Тюмен достига до Тоболск, където зимува.

През лятото на 1720 г. извършва първата си научна експедиция, като изследва района около течението на реките Тобол и Исет и през декември се завръща в Тоболск за второ зимуване.

През март 1721 г. тръгва с шейни от Тоболск на изток покрай река Иртиш. Достига до устието на река Тара (десен приток), пресича Барабинската степ (117 хил. km²) и стига до Томск. През юли с три лодки се изкачва по река Том (827 km, десен приток на Об) до изворите ѝ, пресича Кузнецки Алатау (2178 m) на коне и по реките Уйбат и Абакан (514 km) през септември се спуска до Абакан, а в началото на 1722 г. се добира до Красноярск, където зимува. Изследва природата, климата, флората, фауната и населението на Барабинската степ, а в Абаканската степ – древните погребални могили.

През май 1722 г. със салове се спуска по река Голям Кемчуг до река Чулим (1799 km, десен приток на Об), изследва горното ѝ течение, а след това долното течение на Абакан и горното течение на Енисей и през октомври се завръща в Красноярск, където отново зимува. Основният резултат от дейността му през 1722 г. е първото научно изследване на Кузнецки Алатау и Минусинската котловина. Той я описва като равна степ, хълмиста в югозападната си част, на места гориста, с голямо количество малки езера и множество могили. В тях открива писменост на хакасите от 7 – 18 век и извършва първите археологични разкопки.

През лятото на 1723 г. се спуска по Енисей до Туруханск и се изкачва по река Долна Тунгуска (2989 km) до изворите ѝ. Той описва праговете и бързеите по реката, отбелязва устията на 56 нейни притока, определя географската ширина на 40 пункта и характеризира бреговете на реката на повече от 2700 km. Между 62° – 63º с.ш. открива находища на графит, а на 60º 30` с.ш. – на черни въглища. Пресича вододела, достига до река Лена, изкачва се по нея до изворите ѝ и от там достига до Иркутск, където провежда следващото зимуване.

През март 1724 г. минава на юг от Байкал, достига до устието на Селенга и до началото на май пребивава в Улан Уде. След това пресича Боршчовочния хребет (до 1500 m) и се добира до Нерчинск, като по пътя описва местните рудници и минерални извори, няколко вида животни, в т.ч. степния козел, а на бреговете на река Ингода открива неизвестни дотогава и на местните жители раци. През август се отправя от Нерчинск на югоизток и достига до езерото Далайнор, където отново провежда научни наблюдения. От Далайнор продължава на северозапад, но е задържан от монголски отряд. След две седмици е освободен и по реките Онон (1032 km) и Ингода достига до Чита, където прави ново зимуване и през април 1725 г. се завръща в Иркутск. Маршрутът от Иркутск до Енисейск Месершмит изминава за около три седмици. По време на плаването му по Ангара извършва грубо картиране на реката, като определя дължината ѝ на 2029 версти, т.е. завишава я с една трета (истинската е 1779 km). Описва всичките ѝ прагове и сравнително лесното им преодоляване. В средата на август 1725 г. от Енисейск достига до река Кет (1621 km), по нея се спуска до Об и по последната през ноември достига до Ханти-Мансийск. По негова заповед плененият шведски офицер Филип Юхан Таберт (Страленберг) извършва пълно описание и частично картиране на Об между устията на реките Том и Кет, като по този начин дължината на топографско заснетия участък от двамата съставя над 1300 km. Таберт взима участие и в археологичните разкопки на Месершмит в Минусинската котловина и топографското заснемане на Енисей между Красноярск и Енисейск.

През март 1727 г. Месершмит се завръща в Петербург.

Резултати от експедицията
От 1722 до 1726 г. Месершмит изследва огромна територия от Сибир и Алтай. Пътешествайки по реки, гори, блата, планини, степи и езера, определя географската ширина на редица пунктове, запознава се с живота на различни народи и народности, изучава техния бит, език, история, обичаи, обреди. Продължава без прекъсване да попълва колекциите от хербарии. За мащабите на дейността може да се съди по това, че само материалите по орнитология на Сибир са събрани в 10 обемисти тома. Съставя подробно, с приложени анатомични анализи, описание на горските животни. Пръв от чуждестранните учени оценява по достойнство чудодейните богатства на северните ядливи растения. Става първият учен, намерил залежи на каменни въглища, графит и други полезни изкопаеми. Резултат на неговия седемгодишен труд е десеттомното издание на латински език "Обозрение Сибири, или Три таблицы простых царств пророды", което никога не се превежда и издава на руски език, но се ползва по-късно от множество руски изследователи на Сибир от различни специалности.

Следващи години (1727 – 1735)
След завръщането си в Петербург Месершмит предава всичките си изследвания в Академията на науките, но титаничният труд, който той полага, не е оценен и Месершмит не поучава признание. Неговият приятел Петър I вече не е между живите и постиженията не са оценени от новите хора в Академията. След две години в напразни опити да систематизира и издаде трудовете си, Месершмит натоварва на кораб всичко, което е събрал за 10 години пребиваване в Русия – книги, хербарии, колекции и ръкописи, и отплава за родния Данциг. Но съдбата продължава да се гаври с него. Корабът, на който плава за родния си град, претърпява корабокрушение и всичко отива на дъното. Месершмит едва не се удавя.

Родината го посреща равнодушно. Тук той вече на никого не е нужен. В мрачна меланхолия се завръща през 1731 г. в Петербург, където умира в крайна оскъдица на 25 март 1735 г., ненавършил 50 години. След няколко години избухналият в Академията пожар унищожава почти всичките му предадени на съхранение материали.

Източници

 Географы и путешественики. Краткий биографический словарь, М., 2001, стр. 296 – 298
 Лебедев, Д. М. и В. А. Есаков, Русские географические открытия и исследования с древных времен до 1917 года, М., 1971
 Магидович, И. П. и В. И. Магидович, Очерки по истории географических открытий, 3-то изд. в 5 тома, М., 1982 – 86
 Т. 3 Географические открытия и исследования нового времени (середина XVII – XVIII в.), М., 1984, стр. 87 – 90

Германски изследователи
Руски изследователи
Изследователи на Азия
Руски ботаници
Руски географи
Руски картографи
Германски лекари
Родени в Гданск
Починали в Санкт Петербург


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Tel Aviv-JaffaLodNazarethEn GediZefatEilatBeer ShevaBet SheanHaifaTiberiasJerusalemQazrinAshdodMizpe RamonAfula
Jerusalem Minister Rafi Peretz
Photo: Amit Shabi
Jewish Home leader and minister Rafi Peretz quits politics
Former IDF chief rabbi's resignation comes amid possible union between his party and Yamina, whose leader and former Jewish Home head Naftali Bennett demanded Peretz's departure as prerequisite for alliance
Moran Azulay |
Published: 01.05.21 , 19:21
Minister of Jerusalem and Heritage Affairs Rafi Peretz announced on Tuesday he will not run for Knesset in the upcoming March 2021 elections and that he is quitting political life.
Peretz, 64, also announced he is stepping down as the party leader and will not run in its upcoming primaries.
(Photo: Amit Shabi)
Israel goes to the polls in March for the fourth time in two years after the coalition government led by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Benny Gantz failed to pass a state budget, leading to the dissolution of the Knesset under Israeli law.
"Electing a new leader for the Jewish Home and renewing the face of the party are a necessity at this hour," Peretz wrote on Facebook on Tuesday.
"I came to a party in crisis, a party seeking leadership after its previous leadership left it without prior notice. Along the way I was required to make difficult decisions… I did this to save religious Zionism and not let the right be harmed by the loss of [Knesset] seats," he said.
"This decision was not an easy one. I believe that religious Zionism must take part in the leadership of the state, especially during the coronavirus crisis."
Peretz's resignation comes in the wake of a possible union with Yamina, the relatively new party led by former Jewish Home chief Naftali Bennett.
Yamina leader Naftali Bennett
(Photo: Ohad Zwigenberg)
Bennett had demanded Peretz' resignation as a prerequisite for any alliance that would see the two parties running together in the upcoming elections.
Jewish Home ran in the March 2020 elections as part of an alliance with Yamina, but ended the partnership in order to join the government formed in May 2020. Under Bennett, Yamina entered the opposition.
"We are negotiating with Yamina to run together and restore unity to religious Zionism," said the Jewish Home in a statement on Monday.
"The talks with Bennett are held in a good atmosphere, with the intention of uniting the ranks and working for the people of Israel, the State of Israel and the Torah of Israel as in the past."
Peretz entered politics in 2019, three years after he retired as IDF chief rabbi with the rank of brigadier general.
Rafi Peretz during his term as IDF chief rabbi
(Photo: Yuval Chen)
He served as education minister under Netanyahu from 2019 to 2020, during which time he sparked anger over his support for gay conversion therapy. He later retracted the claims.
In 2014, during his tenure as IDF chief rabbi, he caused outrage by saying that "90% of Arabs have no idea what is written in the Quran" and that "we know better than many of them, trust me." He subsequently apologized for his comments.
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Fort Worth Convention Center, Forth Worth, TX. This two-day event is held alongside Aerotest America, and its focus is the unique quality challenges facing those in all levels of aerospace manufacturing. Manufacturing professionals coalesce to share insights, the latest technologies and process updates directed towards anyone responsible for quality in aerospace, including manufacturing directors and managers, new product and process development engineers, design engineers, quality engineers and manufacturing engineers. Measurement and inspection are the topics for the first day, covering technology updates, optimizing use of existing technology and case studies. The second day is devoted to data collection and analysis including technology/software updates, how to better use existing tools, process updates and improvements and case studies. For more information, contact the Society of Manufacturing Engineers at (800) 733-4763.


Deputy President Dr William Ruto has been accused of sabotaging the war on graft and purporting to speak for the Kalenjin whenever his personal interests and political ambitions were threatened.
Tiaty member of Parliament William Kamket has also accused Ruto of dragging the Kalenjin Community into his Personal woes.
Speaking on Sunday in Kilifi, the Tiaty MP promoted Senator Gideon Moi's political ambition, saying Gideon was interested in harnessing the Coast and supporting its interests.
"I have come here like John the Baptist to prepare the way for Gideon Moi. He will come here and talk to the Coast people," Kamket said.
He lashed out at Ruto for allegedly defending corruption suspects, asking him and his team not to drag the Kalenjin into shielding corrupt elements.
"Nobody steals with his community's knowledge, and, therefore, those implicated in corruption should carry their cross," he said.
Kamket was accompanied by Governors Hassan Ali Joho of Mombasa and Kilifi's Amason Kingi.
The two Coast governors have previously differed over who should vie for presidency in 2022 polls.
While the two leaders agreed they were still close friends, Mr Kingi said anybody seeking to contest for presidency from the Coast region must first unite residents.
Joho had insisted that he would be on the ballot come 2022, but added that he would stick with Kingi even after their terms as governors end.
Speaking during a fundraiser in aid of Kilifi South bursary fund at Mtomondoni Primary School, which was presided over by Kamket on behalf of Moi, Kingi said some politicians from the Coast had in the past vied for presidency but performed dismally due to failure to unite the masses.
He cited Katama Mkangi and Chibule wa Tsuma – both from the region -who challenged retired President Daniel Moi but got a handful of votes from their backyard.
"It is not important to just rush and contest for the presidency. One has to unite all the Coast counties to make headway in the presidential race," he said.
Joho said he started politics with Kingi after the 2002 elections and they stuck together and would remain united.
He told Ruto and his allies that ODM leader Raila Odinga never entered any merger with Jubilee and hence he was not out to hijack the ruling party.
"Raila is not interested in Jubilee affairs and Ruto should not drag his name. Jubilee should play their own politics," he said.
Kingi claimed the Galana-Kulalu irrigation project had collapsed because of corruption.
He asked President Uhuru Kenyatta to order it placed under Kilifi and Tana River county governments.


text:
E3 2014 Splatoon demo
A live demonstration of the E3 2014 Splatoon demo
The real world!
This article or section discusses subjects found in real life.
The E3 2014 Splatoon demo was a demo of Splatoon featured at E3 2014 from 10 to 12 June 2014. It was the first publicly playable version of Splatoon, and only featured one stage and one weapon set.
3 Differences
3.1 Stages
3.2 Weapons
3.3 Interface
3.4 Music
4 Reception
The E3 2014 demo allowed for eight players to play a test round similar to the current tutorial (but instead taking place in Urchin Underpass) and two rounds of Turf War in a LAN connection. One large monitor was featured in the center of the playing area, and seven other, smaller player monitors were present on either side. A monitor displaying the map was also present.
The player ranking screen
Each player was assigned a generic character and name, ranging from "Player 1" to "Player 8". Players 1 to 4 were always on a team, and players 5 to 8 were similarly grouped on the opposing team. Each player began as an Inkling wearing various articles of gear with no apparent abilities. They participated in a brief mode similar to the final tutorial which instructed them to locate and pop balloons on a pre-release version of Urchin Underpass. Once all players had completed the necessary tutorial components, a ten-second countdown began. Upon the countdown's completion, a black screen with text displaying "Round 1" would be displayed, followed by the traditional Turf War introduction showing each team spawning.
From this point, the round progressed as a typical match of Turf War, albeit with only the Splattershot (then called the "Ink Shot"), Splat Bombs (then called "Splatter Bombs"), and Inkzooka (displayed as "Super Weapon") available as playable weapons, and the only stage being the pre-release version of Urchin Underpass. When the first round was completed, Judd would determine the winning team and a player ranking screen would be shown. This ranking screen would list all eight players from the most turf inked to the least, and display their ordinal rank in the top left corner over a splat of their team's ink. Their total Battle Points were given next to their rank, and an animation of their Inkling looking around was displayed below.
Upon completion of the first round, another black screen would appear, this time displaying text that read "Round 2" and underneath it, "(final)." This round operated identically to the first, showing a similar ranking screen upon its completion.
After the second round was complete, the screen would fade to black, then displaying text that read "Thanks for playing!" before returning to the title screen.
A notification that reads "Splattered by Ink Shot!" (Later renamed to the Splattershot)
Main article: Urchin Underpass/Development
The pre-release version of Urchin Underpass was the only stage available. It was slightly different from the version included upon Splatoon's release, with different grated areas, two water towers, and two wooden planks for vertical travel.
The background decorations were drastically different as well, being made up of white, generic buildings.
Players were limited to the Splattershot as a main weapon, Splat Bombs as a sub weapon, and the Inkzooka as a special weapon. However, these weapons were given different names, with the Splattershot being called the "Ink Shot", Splat Bombs being called "Splatter Bombs", and the Inkzooka simply being referred to as "Super Weapon". The Inkzooka icon in the top-right did not exist back then and only an icon showing to activate the special appeared. Additionally, while activating the special, the screen did not show which button to press to fire the special and only showed "Fire at will!". The Splattershot and Inkzooka each had slightly different appearances to their current versions but had largely similar performances.
A notification showing the number of Battle Points earned from splatting an opponent.
When an Inkling was splatted, the ghost that would appear out of their ink was elongated and thin. The player who splatted this Inkling would receive a notification that read "Splattered Player [number]!" rather than "splatted" as in the current game. Points were also awarded for splatting opponents as shown by a small icon; this icon now only shows a darkened icon of a defeated squid.
When an Inkling respawns after being splatted, they would lose points earned from inking turf, likely to encourage players to stay alive for longer periods of time.
The HUD has barely any noticeable differences in this version. However the eyes of the squid icons of the team in "Danger!" of losing would display scowling expressions unless they were splatted.
The rankings screen was also vastly different, showing players' rankings among all eight players and their ordinal ranks, such as 1st, 2nd, or 3rd. The winning team was awarded a small bonus point value, compared to the 300 Battle Points bonus for Turf War matches and 500 for Ranked Battles.
Main article: Splattack!
For the E3 demo, an early version of Splattack! was used, with a much rougher emphasis compared to the final. This version was also heard in gameplay as well, and is included in the official Splatune album. The music used for the final minute of a match sounded completely different. This song went unused, and Now or Never! was used in the final version.
The Splatoon E3 2014 demo was met with an overwhelmingly positive reception.[1] It received praise for being the first major intellectual property from Nintendo in ten years, and many commended it for being a kid-friendly, Nintendo take on a third-person shooter.[2]
A notification that reads "Splattered by Splatter Bomb!" (Later renamed to Splat Bombs)
A notification that reads "Splattered by Super Weapon!" (Later renamed to the Inkzooka)
An example of early gameplay
Close up of the early design of a splatted Inkling's ghost used for the E3 2014 Splatoon demo.
↑ E3 2014: Nintendo Keeps it Short & Sweet - IGN
↑ Splatoon is Nintendo's take on third-person squid shooters - Polygon
Retrieved from "https://splatoonwiki.org/w/index.php?title=E3_2014_Splatoon_demo&oldid=335128"


text:
Rights aren't Rights
... unless they're protected.
The two reporters face up to 18 months in jail for contempt of court
US court shuns reporters' appeal
The US Supreme Court has refused to take up the case of two journalists who would not reveal their sources in a leak probe involving a CIA agent.
Judith Miller of the New York Times and Matthew Cooper of Time face up to 18 months in jail for contempt of court.
The two journalists, their employers and rights groups said they were dismayed by the court's decision.
US government officials leaked Valerie Plame's name in 2003 during a row over evidence used to justify war in Iraq.
Her husband, former ambassador Joe Wilson, claimed it was in retaliation for his public contradiction of President George Bush's claims in his 2003 State of the Union address that Iraq had sought to buy uranium in Niger.
The leak - a federal offence - was made to veteran newspaper columnist Robert Novak, who cited senior Bush administration officials.
Ms Miller and Mr Cooper investigated the Plame story, but were not involved in the leaking of her identity.
They chose not to co-operate with a grand jury inquiry into the leak, claiming they should not have to reveal their sources because of press freedoms guaranteed in the US Constitution.
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Officer Punished for Breaking the Blue Wall of Sil...


Amidst the bad air, I had made a simple mix of herbs for burning indoors in an attempt to get rid of the bad haze smell in the air, and also as part of therapy, using some herbs that benefits the lungs, and larger quantities of "yin" herbs to combat the "heat" from the haze.
This raises a very major question if one's inquisitive enough. Is there a proper way to blend incense or are there concepts to be taken into account whilst putting ingredients together? It is not uncommon to see attempts in creating incense by adding a huge mish-mash of everything possible! I've seen some people make incense sticks and kneaded incenses with up to 30 components! There are also possible preferences of people to put the rarest and the most exotic components such as expensive agarwood, musk, and all the luxurious substances together believing that this is the only way to make good if not the best incense! If you have seen a few articles back, there's a saying that the ultimatum in the way of incense, is to be able to craft a beautiful scent from the simplest ingredients possible. This means that in an incense blend, it is not suppose to have each individual components sticking out like sore thumbs, but instead a synergistic augmentation of scents, tastes and medical properties, and the possibility of creating an entirely new olfactory note!
There is also a western saying "Too many cooks spoils the broth!". One should avoid having too many components, and too many dominant ones in a mixture or blend, because there will be confusion, overlap, muddiness, lack of clarity, and no direction.
So how do the Chinese historically go around this problem? The Chinese Medicine concept of 君臣佐使 is employed here.
Basically, whether it is medicine or incense, the artisan/craftsman imagines the herbs and incense components he is going to use, to be part of a traditional chinese court. There can only be one leader/one monarch, whom will be primarily supported by his ministers, and other aides and envoys to fulfil the minor roles. As such, a dominant herb is decided to be the leading scent, with its potency and scent profile augmented by selecting a few other herbs that does not diminish the dominant one, followed by a myriad of others that balances out the incense, fulfilling short comings etc.
The Chinese are also known to be fond of using odd number of herbs, as odd numbers are considered to be "yang" in nature, and incense on the overall, is "yang " in nature as well. It is not uncommon to find 1 monarch, 3 ministers, 5 aides and 7 envoy herbs etc.
Food for thought, Baieido's core formula for their premium incense series, i.e. Koshiboku, Koh-en etc, is a 9 component formula of : Aloeswood (or kyara), Sandalwood, Cinnamon, Camphor, Spikenard, Star Anise, Patchouli, Costus root and Clove. Do you think this formula follows that of a 1:3:5 mixture? Well, it is debatable, but it is definitely clear, there is definitely only one monarch, the lovely aloeswood or kyara, and if you have burnt these incenses before, you may speculate that sandalwood, cinnamon and camphor to be ministers.
Another very important aspect is the taste. The artisan has to decide for himself, what he intends the incense to be like in terms of taste. Should it be sweet and cloying? or Bitter with a hint of sweetness? Sour and salivating? Savoury and salty? Intense and spicy? Once decided, each herb to be used has to be understood and analysed based on their own tastes, whether the herb will augment or impeded the final taste is important. In the picture below, the red arrows represent "augmentation", whilst the blue arrows represent "curbing".
Well, I hope it is not too overwhelming, but there is definitely many parameters of consideration in incense blending, it is not an easy process. Once a state of harmony is achieved, with the right ingredients, a beautiful, timeless masterpiece can be created (doesn't seem to happen very often though! given the large amount of "average" smelling incenses on the market these days…).


Call Nisi Shawl's first collection of stories slipstream, call it speculative, call it curvy fiction for the straight-ahead twists - they're all grounded in experience. In Shawl's stories, calling upon an African goddess is no more speculative than hailing a taxi, and following a bird to enlightenment is as normal as talking to your mother on Sunday. In Shawl's realities, imagination is a force to be reckoned with, and the universe teems with life and spirit and desire.
Filter House is aptly named. A filter house is the structure secreted by a minuscule sea creature (an appendicularian, for the curious) that filters the sea for the wee beastie's food. Food, dwelling, the implied hearth and heart that is fed - all these describe Shawl's stories. Her characters are closely observed and gain quick traction in the friction of the real.
The real, here, is animated, alive, and Shawl's sentences weave a rhythm that gives voice to (secret?) desires: for divine intervention, for allies and challengers in rocks and trees and dragons, for love and imagination to be made simple, practical and transcendental. Her stories' trajectories are wonderfully entertaining, but her sentences are magical. Through dialogue and observation, Shawl frequently pierces the veil separating reader and writer, bringing her characters delightfully to life.
Shawl is obviously a voracious reader of science fiction and seems to have the many facets of this most capacious of genres at her fingertips. She writes a multi-light-year space odyssey, "Deep End," but again with twists: the characters aren't heroic explorers but rather prisoners; they aren't in cryogenic sleep but rather cycle through periods of consciousness. Shawl's keen sense of justice and her adamant anti-colonialism always ride just beneath the surface of her stories. Never didactic, Shawl possesses the gift of a true storyteller: the ability to let the warp and weft of plot and character do her moral work for her.
Filter House is published by Seattle's Aqueduct Press, one of several independent publishers leading a renaissance in science fiction publishing after the unethical trade practices of big-box bookstores bankrupted many small publishers in the 1990s. Most of the stories in Filter House were previously published in magazines ( Asimov's notably among them) as well as anthologies (including Dark Matter , previously reviewed on Curled Up With a Good Book). This resurgence in the science fiction publishing field has opened the door to many fine writers who might not otherwise see print, especially short fiction writers. Shawl is a leader in this new wave, and we owe Aqueduct a tip of the hat for gathering these stories and getting them between two covers.


This is beautiful!! Frameable and hangable!
So pretty, I have always love your choice of colors already, but since you became a non-mouser, you've excelled.
Really pretty, softly done which is very relaxing to look at.
That sky is gorgeous. I don`t think you ruined it. I like the addition of the rocky islands.
I didn't view the first version, but this is definitely not a "ruined" piece of art, by any means. It's very good. It's a picture of....tranquility. If anyone were naming their paintings anymore (y is that, that almost no one does, anymore?) I think you should name it "Tranquility". You should do more of this type of art.
Pretty versions, all of them.
congrats on showcase!! Told ya this was good!
Congratulations, lori! Perfect title..perfectly created!!
I had my first experience of seeing the aurora borealis last month and the sky looked a LOT like this, Lori. Good to come back and look at this again. I'd forgotten how beautiful it is.
O! This is very lovely Lori, the colors are wonderful and the light is beautifully rendered! Congratulations on your showcase!