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The Galaxy Cauldron :: General Sailor Moon Discussions :: Sailor Moon Live Action & Musicals
Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration
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Subject: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 10th April 2018, 7:49 am
Visuals and cast information for the Nogizaka46 Sailor Moon collaboration have been released!
Nogizaka46 is a Japanese girl group consisting of 46 members. Earlier this year, it was announced that there would be a stage collaboration between this group and Sailor Moon! It has now been revealed that it will in fact be a stage play covering the Dark Kingdom arc!
Rather than just one cast, the girls of Nogizaka46 have been split into 2 "teams," the Moon Team and the Star Team, both of which will form a separate case for the inner senshi. All other roles will be played by non-Nogizaka46 members, but will be keeping with the all-female casting introduced in New Myu.
The cast list:
Team Moon:
Sailor Moon: Mizuki Yamashita
Sailor Mercury: Riria Ito
Sailor Mars: Kazumi Takayama
Sailor Jupiter: Ami Noujo
Sailor Venus: Hina Higuchi
Team Star:
Sailor Moon: Sayuri Inuoe
Sailor Mercury: Miria Watanabe
Sailor Mars: Ranze Terada
Sailor Jupiter: Minami Umezawa
Sailor Venus: Kana Nakada
General Cast:
Naru: Yuka Tamauchi
Umino: Marina Tanoue
Kunzite: Chihiro Ando
Zoisite: Sari Kojima
Nephrite: Shin
Jedite: Rina Takeda
Masuko Komouto
Mayu Kaburagi
Kumiko Saitou
Ayuka Karuchi
Minami Watanabe
Mami Matsuoka
Queen Beryl: Nami Tamaki
Tuxedo Mask: Mikako Ishii
Notable among the cast is the inclusion of Naru and Umino (!!!) and the return of Chihiro Ando (former Tigers Eye) as Kunzite, and of Mikako Ishii (former Pluto) as Tuxedo Mask, all of which I am very excited for!
Additionally, something probably nobody else will care about is the director is Worry Kinoshita! He is the director for the Engeki Haikyuu stage plays and I absolutely love him.
Casting aside, the stage play will run from June 8-24 and from September 21-30, with the teams alternating performance days.
So, what are everyone's thoughts!
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Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 10th April 2018, 9:40 am
I'm curious to see how well it winds up being done. I think it has a lot of potential to be cute/great/etc. or vaguely embarrassing/low-ish quality...
I love the sequined costumes. They're really gaudy, but in an endearing way.
Oooh thanks for posting Cardea! I hadn't seen the casting list. Having Umino and Naru is very interesting as they have never had Myu appearances before and then Umino's never been portrayed in any live action version so that'll be a first.
I'm a little bummed that it seems to be a Dark Kingdom storyline again, but maybe they'll change it up enough to be different from La Reconquista. Maybe it'll be more OG anime based? Guess we'll find out!
I think having Mikako return to play Tuxedo Mask is very interesting! I hope she does a good job. I feel like I could enjoy a female Tuxedo mask if I like the direction and writing of the role.
Anyway, other than that....I'm not a fan of the costuming and I was kinda complaining about it being too many sequins last night. However, this morning I had a thought. Since this is an idol group, these girls will be no strangers to singing and dancing at the same time. So more sparkles for more complex choreography? What do ya'll think? XD XD
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 10th April 2018, 10:20 am
I'm actually pretty excited about this myself, which I was not expecting from the original announcement! I'm not sure how good or new it will be story-wise (being the Dark Kingdom...again...), but I think with the main girls being from Nogizaka46, they'll definitely put on a good show! I would LOVE to see some more complex choreography, and I think this would be a good opportunity to have something like that, since like Brit said they have more experience with singing and dancing simultaneously. I saw someone comparing it to the Kirari Super Live in hoping it might be more of a music show type thing than a story-based performance, which I think could work nicely!
I also think it might be based more on the original anime, due to the inclusion of Naru and Umino, and also because there has been more of a focus on the original anime recently, such as the USJ event. In any case, I'm curious to see how much they'll be incorporated into it, as well as how they'll deal with Umino's glasses!
I wasn't so sure on the costumes at first, but as I look at them more, I think I'm liking them more! The sequins are a LOT, but I like the wavy ribbon details on the bow and the side of the collar! I also think its cute that everyone has a gold and white underskirt. Really for costumes, though, I feel like you get a better idea once you see them in motion!
OH! One thing I meant to ask; obviously this isn't the continuation of the musicals, as those are continuing in summer of 2019, which leads to a few questions, the most important 2 are:
Will the Nogizaka collaboration continue past the Dark Kingdom arc?
Since this is more of a "special performance," will it be recorded, or will it be an exclusively live event?
For the second question, that's probably related to how Nogizaka does things; I'm not sure if they're the type of group that releases DVDs of everything or focuses more on the exclusivity of attending live events. In any case, I hope at least some recordings are released, if not the whole event!
Oh... i had hear about of this but with more informations it's very interessant ! I love the first arc so for me it's good. I am very suprise to see umino and Naru it's super !
I prefer the team moon, just when i look the visual xD, but it's strange, two teams... the show will not the same because each actor brings differents things. It's difficult to exprim that in english, i'm sorry^^
I'm impatient, i hope a record, i want to show that !
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 10th April 2018, 4:59 pm
Those costumes are cute! But what is the difference between a stage show and a musical? Is it because it's inherently smaller, with a shorter runtime and less of a cast?
Have you watched "Kirari Super Live"? I think it might be something akin to that. Or like some of the shows the old Myu would do as more promotions of the upcoming musicals where it was more like a concert with the cast rather than a full on musical.
Wow Pluto becomes Tux!! I'm not against that. I liked her as Pluto, so I'll be excited to hear her singing the lower notes and doing all the manly-man poses just to see how comfortable she is in that range too. And is it just me or is there something mildly in-character about Pluto wanting to play as a man...? I mean she's feminine and all but... I don't know how to describe it ^^;;;.
Aiyaaaa DK again.... I hope they do something like @Mitsukara's fancomic/fic and really spice things up!!
They won't.
But I can dream XD.
I don't know anything about the director. Does he have a particular style of aesthetic or storytelling?
My first thought when I saw the Twitter about it earlier was that the two teams were gonna have a song battle at the end of each performance or something. I didn't see that they were alternating days. So now I'm kind of sad about that since using two teams somehow in one performance would have forced them to do something iinteresting. Opposito Senshi, anyone? Anyways, my overactive imagination aside, it must be a scheduling thing. I've got the impression over the years that idols have to work pretty dang hard, working on multiple projects at the same time whenever they can.
@cardea you're totally right about the costumes: you need to see them in motion. I hated the old Myu ones a lot less after finally seeing a full performance!
And YES what ARE they going to do about his glasses?!?!
For the director: one of the strongest (if not the strongest) points of the Haikyuu musicals he is directing is the characterization in them. While this is also due to the actors, of course, in a lot of the cast interviews they mention how good Worry was about working with them in helping to develop the characters but also in giving them room to come up with their own ideas of the character.
Since the characterization is one of the most important things to me in a performance, I'm hoping his reputation will uphold in this as well, and even if they don't do anything particularly new with the story, they will maybe provide some interesting characterizations!
Oh that would be fantastic!!
both ami's look the same but this sounds cool
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Location : United Kingdom
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 9th May 2018, 4:29 pm
I'm excited for this. I was HOPING to head to Tokyo to see these, but alas.. no luck. Unless a miracle happens before September ><
I legitimately screeched when Mikako was announced as Tux.
She's a personality for sure, and genuinely loves the fans.
I'm not expecting terrific acting from the main girls, but I may be pleasantly surprised.
I hope we get DVDs from these. x
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 10th May 2018, 8:25 am
I saw a post on tumblr yesterday mentioning rehersals are probably going on with the first performances coming up next month. Maybe we'll get to see some pics posted on twitter or something!
Rehearsals have begun! A few days ago, actually! There have been posts on twitter from Mikako (Tuxedo Mask), as well as some of the Shitennou actresses and Naru and Umino! No pictures from the Nogizaka girls, at least none that I've seen, and no pictures in costume!
Pictures under the cut for those who are interested!
Shitennou! From left to right is Kunzite, Nephrite, Jadeite, and Zoisite.
Umino (left) and Naru (right)
Mamoru (left) and Umino (right); the caption when Mikako posted on twitter was funny, she was calling Marina the valuable otoko-yaku (male role) who was not an enemy, as all of the other male roles are the Shitennou.
There have been other pictures as well, but with this you can see how everyone looks!
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 11th May 2018, 10:59 am
Awww perfect role for Jadeite, a baby faced girl. <3 <3
I wonder if the Nogizaka girls have a contract they gotta follow with social media. I wouldn't doubt it tbh. xD
ohhh the shitennou perfect Jedeite, and nephrite. I am a little suprise with the face of kunzite but after make up and disguise.... i am impatient !
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 12th May 2018, 5:49 pm
I agree on the shitennou! I was surprised to find out Chihiro Ando was going to be Kunzite, as she seems too... cute? Given, she also looks cuter than I imagined a Tigers Eye to be, but I loved how she did the role! Since I like her as an actress, I'm actually a bit excited that she doesn't seem to fit the role, because maybe she'll have an interesting take on it. (For example, I don't think Kawasaki Miki fits my usual view of Kunzite, but I loved how she played him!)
Also..... MORE NEWS!!!!!
First of all, Luna will be in this musical! As a puppet! They are collaborating with a puppet theater company whose name google translates to Puppet Theater Hitomi. I don't know anything about the company, but I'm definitely interested to see how it goes! Since its being done by a puppet troupe, I think it should be well done, but it will be interesting to see how they integrate that with the actresses.
That's the main news, but in other news...
One portion of the news post makes mention of special live shows made after the performances which can only be seen in person... this is speculation, but I'm hoping since this part is specifically mentioned to be only in person, that means the musical itself will be recorded!
And last but not least, the music is being done by Shunsuke Wada!!! He does the music for the Haikyuu!! stage plays (the same ones that I know the director from), and the music in those is amazing! (I own all the albums for them and listen to them frequently; they're mostly instrumental but he has a wonderful use of themes/motifs, and using styles to represent different groups/people) I had actually been hoping he would be involved with the music when I saw that Worry was the director, so this is great news! In my opinion, the only other person I would have maybe preferred is Akiko returning to do it, but I didn't think that was likely.
The rest of the crew was listed as well, but there aren't any other names I recognize and I'm not sure if they autotranslated correctly, so I won't list them here. The news post with all this info on the official website is here which has a link to the cast and staff page here. The news post is rather long, I believe everything else is just a reiteration of information we already know, or is ticket information.
Ok so just seeing a puppet Luna alone makes this whole production worth it for me. XD
A+ reporting cardea! Thank you!!
This show has become much juicier than I expected when we first heard about it!! I hope you're right that it will be recorded!
Most of all I'm looking forward to hearing the Nogizaka girls sing tbh. I watched a musical called Lilium a while ago that was put on by members of a similar idol group and I was super blown away by their ability since the music was very different than their usual pop songs. I'm hoping Nogizaka are also going to make the Inner Senshi shine in that way~~~.
More visuals have been released!!!
Serenity!:
Everyone!:
I highly recommend opening the second picture in a new tab and zooming in to take a good look at everyone!
We've already seen the senshi, so I don't really care much about them, but omt! Mikako's Tux looks amazing! I love the way they chose to do the wig; I think this more relaxed style suits Mamoru more than the styled look they went with for for Yuuga. The shitennou are a bit... shiny? Their wigs look great and their facial expressions are perfect, but the outfits themselves are a LOT.
Beryl is gorgeous. Serenity's dress is sooooo pretty and her wings are wonderful.
And Naru and Umino. Are. Perfect.
Lol you beat me to it! I was so happy to see Umino's glasses revealed and our first look at Pluto!Mask XD.
I love Serenity's wings too!! But I'll leave it at that XD.
Clearly the costume direction saw the 20th anniversary Myu and thought "NOT ENOUGH SHINY! RECLAAAAIM"
Awww haha I see all three of us were rushing to get this up. I actually really like Serenity's design! I really like all the detailing they put into it, it's different and fresh. There's also something interesting about it though. If you zoom in, it kinda looks like it has a Sailor Bow design with possibly her hand over a brooch? I wonder if that is just part of the design or something to do with the show itself?
I agree about the Shittenou...maybe its just the lighting from the photoshoot or whatever Photoshop job was done. They look like B movie spaceman suits. Bahahaha. xD
Umino and Naru look adorable! Tuxedo's look is pretty good but I wanna actually see her in action. xD Is it just me or did they up Beryl's sexy lady factor by like 20???
mangaka-chan Lotus Crystal
Title : GC's Official Helios/Chibi Usa shipper
Location : Sunny California
The Shitennou look like they're wearing fire proof suits! XD
Oooo good catch, Brit re: the hidden brooch!! I wonder, indeed!
Brit-chan wrote:
Is it just me or did they up Beryl's sexy lady factor by like 20???
To be fair, the last one *was* super haggy lol... (Which I loved!) But you're totally right!
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 11th June 2018, 8:46 pm
Before I start! I was going to include pictures, but there are too many I like, so I decided to include none of them. For pictures from the musical, check out Sailor Busters. As of my typing this, there aren't any of the Team Star pictures included yet, but she's been updating the site as pictures come out, so they'll probably be up sometime soon!
As promised, here is a rough idea of thoughts I've seen from Japanese fans who have seen the show on Twitter:
mixed reactions.
Some people love the show, some people absolutely hate it, but most are somewhere in the middle. And not like an "it was okay" the middle, but a "I don't know what I think" the middle. And they're all talking about it! Which I am very grateful for! The rest is under a spoiler tag because there are... spoilers.
Things (some) people like:
Luna! I've seen a lot of English-speaking fans either hating on or joking about the Luna puppet since the puppeteer is incredibly obvious and at certain angles she looks odd. From Japanese fans, the response I've seen has been overwhelmingly positive, both in regards to looks and voice! I think part of this is due to what fans are used to (in terms of whether it is acceptable to see puppeteers/stagehands/etc.) and also the fact that the Japanese fans talking about it are seeing her in context while English-speaking fans have only seen pictures.
Mikako Ishii as Tuxedo Mask! Literally every comment I've seen that mentions Mikako says how well she plays the role, and how she is entirely different than she was as Pluto (most people called her "Puu" here, lol). There have also been quite a few positive mentions to Chihiro Ando, as well as some to Beryl. Other than those, I've only seen comments on the Nogi girls.
The inclusion of FIRE and La Soldier in the live show afterwards. Many people were emotional, saying they thought they'd never get to see these songs performed live again. However, I do know of one person who actually disliked this!
The storyline shows the girls first meeting Usagi and being "saved" by her (as in, from their loneliness, I believe) which is something that has never been shown in a musical before.
For those who like it, they say it feels like the Nogizaka girls themselves are fans of Sailor Moon and that their depictions are very faithful to the manga.
Things (some) people don't like:
Performance quality. I'm fairly sure they're referring mostly to singing quality, but it might be to acting as well. There's a general idea (among some but not all) that the quality of the performance right now is lower than the usual quality expected in Sera Myu. Some people say the quality will improve over time, others say that the performance should already be at a higher level than this by the time it opens.
The most extreme comment I've seen is that the only people who would enjoy such a level of performing for 3 hours and find it worth the price are Nogizaka fans who want to see particular members, and that this work was lowering the quality of Sera Myu by association.
The program doesn't have a songlist.
General complaints about pricing and the like. (Especially in regards to point 1)
From those who do like it and have seen both, they say seeing both Team Moon and Team Star is worth it, as they have entirely different feelings to them.
As a whole, it's more focused on story than songs, with more speaking lines than songs. A lot of people pointed out that it is also listed under "Stage" rather than "Musical" on the official website.
Apparently there's an ensemble song. I LOVE ensemble songs.
The lighting and music are similar to Bandai Myu
Transformation scene!!! I feel like this should be included in the positives but I actually haven't seen many people talking about it, which is funny because English-speaking myu fans (myself included) were so pumped about it.
There have been comments on the set being relatively simple, though I don't remember if they were necessarily negative. It's something some English-speaking fans have disliked, though.
In general, in addition to finding out info about the show, this was also an interesting look comparing the Japanese and English myu fandoms. Something wonderful I've discovered is English fans tend to refer to "old" and "new" myu, while Japanese fans refer to them as "Bandai" or "Nelke." I already knew that, but what I did not know is that they shorten Bandai Myu to "banmyu." How cute.
Anyways, based off of the comments and pictures I've seen, I think I'll enjoy it, but I also think it will feel different than myu, and more like a stage play. Since I love stage plays, that should turn out well for me, but I do wonder how the general English fandom response will be, especially since we're approaching it as a myu.
SO. Given all that, what do y'all think? Sound like your jam? Sound like not your jam? Still not sure what to think?
One last note. I don't have sources for these because it is mostly from memory of what I have seen over the past few days, but! Shoutout to @ryuusagi on twitter for basically outlining the entire show. If you're like me and follow random Japanese Sailor Moon fans on twitter, he's a good one!
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 12th June 2018, 6:25 am
I feel like maybe I'll enjoy it a bit more than the Nelke Myu? (Also i think i'm gunna start calling them that way from now on, i think its easier than old and new myu imo, especially now that we've moved past those first 5 onto different productions).
If the music and staging feel more like Banmyu, and the story and character dialogue is interesting enough, then I think I can get over some subpar singing. Though, it's kinda concerning that they have picked girls who aren't the strongest singers...wouldn't you want to pick girls from your group that show cases your group in a good light? Shouldn't some of these girls be used to singing and dancing at the same time by now? Ah well, I'll have to reserve full judgement till I can watch more than that commercial clip, which I know was a rehearsal anyway.
I actually liked puppet Luna from the pics! I've noticed the western fandom in general seems to have a hard time with puppets and plush animals as replacements for Luna. xD I did find it odd that you could see the puppeteer though and not so much cause of a Western point of view but because I've seen clips of other Japanese shows/stage things, where puppeteers or background stage hands like that are all in black to blend in, but ya know, if you've ever seen the musical Avenue Q, they don't try to hide the puppeteers there so it's not like a taboo thing to do in theater.
Thanks for mentioning who you follow (i've been meaning to ask but always forget XD)! I'm gunna give them a follow.
And lastly, I'll share this image I saw last night courtesy of this twitter post.
Spoiler cause spoiler:
THEY TOTALLY WENT THERE AND I LOVE IT.
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 12th June 2018, 10:46 am
I read all of you,... and i want to make my opinion !!! i want to watch all of that. I think i will like it^^ thank you for all informations!
I sooo prefer the terminology Bandai/Nelke myu. I was wondring if there was an abbreviation for the latter... nerumyu, maybe? this reminds me of a post that said "if bobobo bobo bobo had a stage play, would it be bobosute?"
On the thought that Nogi should pick their best girls... while of course this is a large collaboration, it's not the only thing Nogi has going on, and also in general, they want to keep a balance between giving their more experienced girls publicity while also creating opportunities for their newer/less known girls to gain a fanbase. I'm not a Nogi fan and I have absolutely no idea how these girls rank popularity-wise or talent-wise, but I don't think it would be surprising if they aren't necessarily the best Nogi has to offer. (However, they did still have to make it into the girl group out of however many girls were applying, so they can't be too terrible either!)
BUT that doesn't mean they're bad either! Because all we have to go on so far is one short clip and other people's opinions.
Also! On the topic of the puppeteer's outfit. I think that when she's actually on stage, the grey will blend pretty well with the background, moreso than black would. Both Tux's outfit as well as some of the ensemble villain outfits are black, so the lighting is likely set up to make the black pop. In this context, I think the grey will probably be easier to flit over and less likely to confuse her with another character. Plus, since Luna is black, if her puppeteer were wearing black, it might make Luna hard to distinguish.
And YES I love that shot!!! It's actually a perfect example of why I'm really pumped for this myu--something like that has an entirely different feel from anything so far, and it looks GREAT.
And I'm glad y'all are excited about it too! I really hope there are some more clips released soon, and hopefully an announcement about a DVD or livestream, though that seems unlikely until September.
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration 16th June 2018, 10:17 pm
YAY Thank you for summarizing all that intel, cardea!!! I don't follow Japanese accounts but obviously I should be XD.
An acquaintance of mine that I met years ago through cosplay has seen it and provided some comments in English on her Twitter as well ( @KillMeNeko ).
Apparently there was a club scene...
...and Kunzite was the DJ!
Image from Sailor Busters' Twitter
Someone on Twitter also mentioned the club is meant to be the new version of Crown Arcade. My, how our ladies have grown up *sniff*...
ALSO I JUST RECOGNIZED BERYL!!!! The actress, Nami Tamaki is a well-known jpop singer! I used to listen to her song, Reason from Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny aaaall the time >___<!!!
Some interesting things I've seen complaints about, and was wondering what you guys think! So there have been various concerns over NogiMyu bringing in Nogi fans, with some people thinking this is good, we can make more myu fans, and other people seeing it as bad, because the focus is less on the myu itself.
Obviously you can't tell by looking at someone whether they're a myu fan or a nogi fan or both unless their clothes give it away, but something people have noticed is the gender ratio! Bandai myu, obviously, was made with children in mind, so the audience was a lot of children with parents, along with other Sailor Moon fans in general. Nelke myu, with it's takarazuka influence, still brought in Sailor Moon fans, but also especially brought in female fans, since takarazuka is generally intended for girls. Nogimyu, on the other hand, has apparently brought a male fanbase with it!
Nobody was complaining that men shouldn't go see the show, but I think the general thought process was Sailor Moon is a series about girls for girls, so having it become a show of girls performing for guys felt odd.
Of course, I haven't been to any of the shows, so I can't confirm for sure how much of the audience is actually men and how it compares to other myus. And some of this is coming from things I've seen in English, others from what I've seen in Japanese. None of it is necessarily the general consensus, just what some people think based on what I've seen.
That being said, any thoughts?
Subject: Re: Sailor Moon Nogizaka46 Stage Collaboration
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RE: Robert Young fakes run across America 6/25/2016 9:52AM - in reply to liar liar pants en fuego!
I wonder if in Robert Young's delusional mind if he sees himself as being on the level of a Scott Jurek or Hal Koerner? If so, this guy's a complete moron and an egomaniac.
His book and his various stunts read like he's a wannabee Dean. My bet is that he's never heard of Hal and perhaps not Mr Jurek (but maybe).
He nor his crew seem(ed) to know anything about how to organize a well-oiled crossing, except snake oil. And I bet he doesn't know any of the names in the multiday world that he'd theoretically be comparing himself against as the lord savior of running.
I'm betting you're right. He's probably ignorant of the true sport and its legendary runners.
All evidence points to a very mediocre runner who went for gimmicks and exaggeration/fabrication to gain a niche.
Funny to see what a bumbling mess their "attempt" was and hilarious to see them scrambling to put lipstick on this pig.
Hey Dustin, I haven't gotten my notice of being sued yet for calling Robert and you frauds. Is it in the mail?
At the risk of sounding like a basement dwelling lazy millennial, could someone with map skills stitch together all the Strava segments from each of the accounts we know are RYs, to visually present the missing stretches? Some places will have two or three traces - some from the legit data uploaded on the Joanna account direct from the TomTom - and some from the massaged GPX data from the Rob Young account and his other sandbox accounts. If they are overlaid on a map it's a visual way of showing what's been shared and what has been conveniently left out, and for which account. I just don't know where to start doing that kind of task.
Strava heat map if you are a premium subscriber. or there are third party tools that do it, you have to give them access to your account of course. So it would need a clone of RY's data.
I'm developing a web app for that (in my mom's basement), but at the moment it only uses Garmin Connect data and it's a little rough at the moment.
I can get it to work for general gpx files if I have access to a bulk download.
Once again, I don't know why they didn't use a bike for these sections. It would have been a lot easier to control the speed.
Hm, now that I think about it: The best way to create fake GPS tracks might be a radio-controlled toy car with an additional microcontroller to produce slight speed variations.
That while RV thing is the wrong approach. One needs to think these stunts backwards from Strava.
Libel laws are very different in England, good luck in America!
I started looking through the strava data on his fb page from the bottom up. Interesting that after the phenomenal uphill 25 mile leg he consistently ran long stretches of total downhill at 11 to 15 minute mile pace. A runners dream is to only have to run the downhills and get a boost on the uphill.
RE: Robert Young fakes run across America 6/25/2016 11:32AM - in reply to Bill.Bowerman.pisses.on.Phil.
I guess I could be flattered, in an "imitation is the best form of flattery" kind of way.
And I don't care about Robert Young.
Oh boy. You actually registered the name. The real 'rekrunner' troll has his own personal rekrunnner troll now. He is very upset that so many people can't tell the difference and he alerts them.
I can tell the difference.
I wake up every morning with joy and pride in my heart that I posted on the first page of this momentous thread.
If you think this guy was slogging up hills at easily sub 6mm pace hour after hour you have lost any remaining credibility you had on this board.
You're making the assumption that the gps data is accurate. We know that it only shows "time running," not "time elapsed". While I'll accept that 30 miles in 2:50 "time running" may possibly be unlikely, that same 30 miles in 5:00 "elapsed" time is perfectly reasonably and even a bit slow for an accomplished trans runner.
But why would it show up like that? GPS malfunction.
And why would GPS malfunction? Military bases.
And why would it only happen in the beginning weeks of his run? Because that's where all of the big military bases are.
RY was running by some of the biggest military test sites in the world. They constantly are messing with GPS signals there as they test various satellite, weapon and detection systems.
How does this explain his 5:00 miles? If the GPS was jammed it might not record the time as "running," but just include it as "elapsed time." If the GPS had worked properly, it all would have been included as "running time," and would have averaged out to 10:00/mile.
It's all very explainable when you presume innocence instead of guilt.
Don't be fooled, this isn't me. It's just a troll pretending to me. I guess I'm flattered, in a way.
But I've always believed time alone is insufficient to form any conclusion. If he cheated, there would be other, substantial corroborating details, e.g. connections to dodgy persons, flash in the pan performances, institutional support, accusations from employees, teammates, competitors, journalists, etc. The lack of any corroboration at all, of substance, argues strongly against Robert's cheating.
I'm wondering, if no one else can come close to his time, even if cheating, why does anyone believe that cheating could work for people at all in the trans crossing? Why would you believe that cheating can be the only possible explanation for RY, yet no other cheating athlete has been able to duplicate his performance with cheating? If cheating works, it should be possible to at least demonstrate the improved performance with multiple examples. Now I know a proof by example is not proof, but it's better than a proof with no examples.
And the reason no one could find me beside the van, was because I was wearing my invisible stealth suit.
And my cellulitis was lyme disease from all the tick bites.
And my 1:08 was really a 1:03 because I had a five minute interview at 10 miles.
And I'm a vice president at Norman motors, but I'm on a pregnancy leave.
Lol this idiot just shows how desperate his team is and how trolly others are.
Cheating of this magnitude requires a lot of free time and a few partners in crime. Most Dbags do not have the resources of RY and have to be content with Mike Rossi-low level stunts.
Oh you are well read. GPS tracking is corroborating evidence. As are fellow ultra-marathon runners and other eyewitnesses, and video, and previous race performances.
If he sets a record, maybe because he was drafting behind an RV, while others were running in the open.
Have we considered the possibility that he may have been ingesting unicorn's blood at various times during his record quest?
If so, as in the case of Mike Rossi, it would explain why Asher didn't see him, as unicorn blood is known for its powers of invisibility.
It's all very logical when you presume innocence instead of guilt.
Lord Coe said so too ("Champion of the World"), but some trolls - likely 12 skinny basement girls - here desperately try to keep this thread alive.
Hahaha. Jolly good. The unicorn blood and ostrich blood helped me run through the desert real fast with (inte)grit(y).
The last thing I'll say to the people who don't believe in Rob Young, the cynics and the sceptics: I'm sorry for you. I'm sorry that you can't dream big. I'm sorry you don't believe in miracles. But this is one hell of a race. This is a great sporting event and you should stand around and believe it. You should believe in this athlete, and you should believe in his supporters. I'll be a fan of trans running for as long as I live. And there are no secrets — this is a hard sporting event and hard work wins it. So Vive RY forever!


How to Grow the Garlic herb.
Garlic was originally a native plant of many thousands of years ago. Evidence of it has been found in caves inhabited more than 10,000 years ago.
Medicinal prescriptions were found chiseled into a clay Sumerian tablet that was more than 3,000 years old. Garlic is a key ingredient to a wide variety of recipes, and is quickly becoming regarded as a natural method to prevent heart disease and cancer - it is after all the second oldest medicine in the world.
Growing garlic is well-suited to both the first time gardener and the more experienced - given the correct soil and planting time, common garlic is relatively maintenance free, yet some of the more unusual varieties provide a challenge.
Garlic can be planted in raised beds and they will grow very well. Click here to go to our page on raised beds.
The secret to growing garlic is to plant it in mid October - spring planting is possible in warmer areas, but even then, better sized bulbs will result from an autumn sowing. Dig the soil well to a spade's depth before planting, incorporating as much organic matter as possible to assist with drainage - garlic will rot in water-logged conditions. If you can purchase and dig in some sand (from your garden centre) at this stage, the drainage will be improved even further. A couple of handfuls of bonemeal should also be incorporated every square metre (yard).
Garlic bulbs for planting in Spring need not be bought from a nursery - simply choose the largest ones possible from your greengrocer or supermarket. If planting in mid October, choose a hardier variety such as 'White Pearl', these need to bought from your local garden centre. Each bulb will consist of up to 20 individual cloves, and it is these cloves which are to be individually planted. Gently remove the outer skin from the bulb (not the cloves) and separate into individual cloves - see the picture on the left. On the right is a garlic clove and on the left is the bulb. Select the largest eight or so of the cloves which will be on the outside of the bulb.
Plant each of the cloves in an upright position 2cm (1in) below the soil surface. Looking at the clove in the picture to the right, the bottom blunt end of the clove should be lowest in the ground with the pointed end just below the soil surface.
Space each clove about 10cm (4in) apart. If you are planting rows, space each row 45cm (18in) apart.
Click picture of foliage on Garlic 'Supreme' to enlarge it.
Garlic is normally ready for harvesting when most of the foliage has turned yellowy-brown - this will be around mid August time. The problem with harvesting garlic is knowing when they are ripe - harvest too early and the bulbs will be small, harvest too late and the bulb will have split making harvest difficult and the cloves of low quality (they will have commenced their growing cycle for next year).
When harvesting garlic bulbs, gently ease them out of the ground with the assistance of using a trowel to loosen the surrounding soil - be careful not to bruise them with the trowel because they will then not keep for long.
Message: The garlic should be OK. They're just like bulbs emerging.
Message: I planted garlic this fall in Northern Virginia. the weather has been milder than usual and there are now green shoots. WIll the garlic die this winter or is it okay?
Message: i read your article on garlic i said thank for your advise.
Message: They'll be fine. Leave them over winter, not much will be going on until spring.
I am looking at planting some garlic and was wondering which time of the year would be ideal for this. I am in Zimbabwe, that is Southern African Region. Summer starts in September. Rains start failing in November through to February/March. Is this time, the right time.
Garlic is normally planted on the shortest day and harvested on the longest. If the soil is frozen, plant in spring. Yours may need protection, cover with straw, frost cloth, etc.
Message: Hi, I live in Central Switzerland and planted my garlic 3rd week of September. The shoots are now ca. 4 inches tall. Have covered my raised bed with thick perspex panels. Is this sufficient for winter with snow and minus degrees? Look forward to your reply and best wishes.
Message: hi sir i am from kodaikanal i want to konow what type of fertilizer we have to give for garlic to get a big clove & wat type of varity is suitable for hills .
Message: I planted bulbs in May/June, they have now lost all their leaves. Should I dig them up or leave until next year?
Message: Pls can you help me to know how to plant garlic in my area.My area is hot and we only have cold from nov.-feb. which time is good for garlic to plant?. or can garlic be good during hot season?
Message: Most of my garlic grown over the winter here in CA was ready for harvest this week. However, about a third of the garlic have not formed bulbs and are sprouting a new bunch of green leaves. Each clove underground seems to be putting out new leaves. Did I miss the harvest for these bulbs? What if I leave them in the ground? What will happen?
Message: If I planted cloves in April, in a warm climate, when should they be ready to harvest?
Message: I cut of the flower bulb last year from a garlic plant. I let it dry until last month. I planted 3 or 4 in a pot, and now they have sproted. Will I get a good quality garlic from these? What would be the best time to get them started?
Message: I read somewhere that you should gently uncover the bulbs around the surface once they are big enough while they are ripening. Is the right? I planted mine in November and they are already quite big. The leaves are now going yellow. It's been hot so will they be ready early?
Message: Like many aspects of gardening, growing garlic from seed seems to be a well gaurded secret but with a little perseverance you can find snippets of information from various sources. In reply to growing from bulbils it seems that this is the best method for disease free bulbs because if you continually use cloves from the same original bulb, year after year, health problems can occur. Of course if you can get 70 bulbils from one plant that's got to be cheaper than buying 3 or 4 bulbs from the supermarket.
Message: please send me best practices of vegetables and spices cultivation.
Message: I find that Garlic will even grow in between other plant no problem!
The absolutely best garlic is fresh from the ground (known as wet garlic). This garlic is sweeter, less pungent and far more digestible than dried garlic. So make sure you use some cloves as soon as possible. The majority though should be be washed and dried and then placed in a warm dry place in the garden (bring indoors if rain threatens) to dry out - these bulbs should keep in good condition for 3 months or more.


In October there will be a new grocery store in Downtown Eau Claire. Charly's Market will be located on 2 25 E. Madison Street and will include meat and deli departments with ready-made meals that can be customized for those on the go.
"For people who don't have transportation, or who are close to downtown, it'll be great for them to come and get their weekly necessities." says Carolyn Miller, the owner of the market. "I'm elated. I'm excited to bring this to Downtown Eau Claire."


What is Marine Insurance, do I need it for my business?
Today I'm going to share about "Marine Insurance", I know it is very unusual of me to share about this topic. But don't you know its the oldest form of insurance. It may be called as an origin of the insurance business. Marine insurance is a contract of indemnity against the losses of account of perils in the sea. Also, is a contract between the marine insurance company and the insured or the shippers under which the insurance company undertakes to compensate the losses to the ship, the cargo or the freight due to particular marine peril, during sailing in exchange of consideration of a certain amount of money or items.
To simplify... The insurance policy of marine insurance can cover the loss or damage of ships, cargo, terminals, and any transport by which the property is transferred, acquired, or held between the points of origin and the final destination, or while in transit over the sea. Some insurance can cover even the pipelines and oil platforms.
Why Marine Insurance is important?
In case of an unfavorable event will occur, such as accident or damage to the goods or cargo ship, the insurance company will be responsible and will ensure to handle any such problem occurred as long as the policy cover it.
What are the general liability of an insurance company to their client?
The insurance company has various liabilities, depending on the insurance plan. Some most common liabilities of an insurance company for marine insurance is bodily injury, good damage, personal injury, damage from slander or false advertising (known as advertising injury).
Does Marine insurace cover the fire on good or ships?
Mostly yes, but better inquire with your insurance company. Because some insurance company considers the fire insurance on their premium plan.
Do I need to know if my good in transit has insurance?
Yes, but some don't consider it to ask since most shipping companies make sure that the cargo ship and goods have insurance. But if you are going to ship an expensive good, you must inquire about the details of their insurance and what is covered and not.
Cargo insurance is a policy bought by the shipper and covers one or all cargo "exposures" by sea. Can be either single risk or open cargo policy.
While the Freight Insurance is also called cost & freight (C&F, CFR) and is payable by the importer. Meanwhile, the exporter pays transportation costs.
Do I need Marine Insurance for private ship?
Yes you do, since the marine insurance cover the damages for your private ship, including the injury or accident while you or another person is on the ship.
If you are from the Philippines and own a private ship or cargo/carrier ship and looking for Insurance company, I would like to recommend Malayan Insurance, is an insurance company in the Philippines, they provide insurance policies that protect you against navigation risks to which a ship, cargo, freight, profits or even interests on movable properties which may be exposed to perils of the sea during a voyage or for a period of time. For your cargo, Malayan can ensure you against perils of the sea such as lightning, damage due to heavy weather, sinking, fire/burning, stranding/ grounding, typhoon, collision, tsunami, barratry, piracy and jettison.
For those who regularly ship cargo in and out of the country, Malayan offers the OPEN MARINE CARGO POLICY. This is a continuing contract of marine insurance between the assured and the insurance company that automatically covers the assured's cargo without having to apply for a new policy for each shipment.
Why car insurance & car insurance policy important?


Sony's PlayStation 4 (PS4) console has remained 'piracy free' for years, but last year things changed.
Following up on some earlier experiments, the release of a jailbreak version brought PS4 piracy to the masses.
Copied games were suddenly being shared all over the Internet. And for those who preferred not to do any tinkering themselves, it wasn't hard to find a jailbroken console for sale, often with dozens of games included.
Sony Interactive Entertainment (Sony) was not happy with this change of momentum. Although the jailbreak couldn't be easily undone, the Japanese gaming giant did take the matter to court.
In a case filed at a federal court in California last October, Sony accused a local resident of offering jailbroken PS4s for sale, filled with pirated games. According to the complaint, defendant Eric Scales used the handle "Blackcloak13" to sell the consoles preloaded with pirated games on eBay.
Despite the allegations and possible damages, Scales did not respond to the complaint. This left Sony with no other option than to file for a default judgment, which United States District Judge Jesus Bernal signed last week.
The court agreed that the requested amount of damages – $800 for two consoles and $200 for each of the 76 pre-installed pirated video games – is appropriate in this case.
"Sony may seek a maximum recovery of $390,000 in statutory damages for DMCA violations concerning the two modified consoles as well as the 76 pre-loaded unauthorized game copies," the order reads.
As requested, the damages were not issued for copyright infringement but for circumventing technical protection measures, which violates Sony's rights under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
The PS4 consoles were modded in such a way that they could circumvent anti-piracy measures. This is a classic case of a circumvention product. In addition, Judge Bernal also agreed with Sony that the pirated games can be seen as circumvention products.
"Even though Sony provides no citation to support its contention that the unauthorized game copies are also circumvention products, the Court is persuaded that the unauthorized game copies qualify as circumvention products," Judge Bernal writes.
In addition to the damages, the court also issued a permanent injunction which prohibits Scales from developing, marketing, and selling any infringing PS4 games or code. Nor is he allowed to offer any jailbreaking or modding services and products related to the PS4.
Sony also requested a more broadly worded ban on infringing Sony's copyrights or violating the DMCA's circumvention restrictions for Sony products, but this was rejected for being overbroad.
All in all, however, the judgment is definitely a setback for Scales. In addition to the injunction and the $16,800 in statutory damages, he must also pay $1,608 in attorneys' fees, and $1,250 in costs.
A copy of the default judgment issued by United States District Judge Jesus Bernal is available here (pdf).


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The Boys Season 3: First Look At Nick Wechsler as Blue Hawk Revealed
By Lukas Abramovich / December 8, 2021 December 8, 2021
The third season of the popular, satirical, R-rated, superhero series The Boys is so close. Although not as close as we'd like it to be. Considering there's still no official premiere date, who knows how much waiting we're gonna have to endure. But at least, Prime Video keeps teasing us with new stuff that we can expect in this highly anticipated season.
After revealing Jensen Ackles Soldier Boy last summer, and Laurie Holden's Crimson Countess last month, now we have the first look at another newcomer Supe known as Blue Hawk, portrayed by Nick Wechsler.
RELATED: The Boys Season 3: First Look On Laurie Holden As Crimson Countess Revealed
As showrunner Eric Kripke recently teased, Soldier Boy, Crimson Countess, and Blue Hawk are some of the heroes that form that other superhero team in The Boys franchise, called Payback. Payback was a superhero team that existed before the Seven, and they had an important role in building the Seven and basically everything that's happening in the series now. As Kripke teased, a part of Season 3 will be about Payback and how they influenced the forming of the Seven.
"Season 3's fun because it's not just about Soldier Boy, but it's about the team he was a part of which is called Payback. Laurie Holden plays Crimson Countess and there's a bunch of other heroes who are amazing. So, sort of seeing who was the Seven before the Seven. And what was life like for Vought? In the history of Vought, what was it like in the 60s and 70s and 80s? To dig into the history of the world, not just the present has been a lot of fun."
Eric Kripke for Collider
The Boys Season 3 is set to premiere on Prime Video next year. The exact release date is still TBA.
The Boys Season 3: Release Date And First Look Revealed
According To The Boys Showrunner, Homelander Could Defeat Superm...
Diabolical: The Boys Animated Spin-Off Officially Announced By P...

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text:
Home » NASA to Begin High-Voltage Ground Testing on All-Electric X-57
NASA to Begin High-Voltage Ground Testing on All-Electric X-57
By NASA // February 26, 2021
will perform flights to help develop certification standards
NASA's all-electric X-57 Maxwell prepares for ground vibration testing, or GVT, at NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center in California. Done in parallel with cruise motor controller testing, the GVT tested the vehicle at various vibration levels, helping engineers to examine and validate the integrity of the vehicle for flight conditions. A goal of X-57 is to help the Federal Aviation Administration set certification standards for emerging electric aircraft markets. (NASA Image)
(NASA) – NASA is set to start high-voltage functional ground testing of the agency's first all-electric X-plane, the X-57 Maxwell, which will perform flights to help develop certification standards for emerging electric aircraft.
NASA is also supporting these new electric aircraft by developing quiet, efficient, reliable technology these vehicles will need in routine use.
The testing will take place at NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center in Edwards, California, marking a pivotal milestone for the project as NASA proceeds from the component design and prototype phase to operation of the vehicle as an integrated aircraft, taking a critical step closer toward taxi tests and first flight.
The X-57, currently in its first configuration as an electric aircraft, called Mod 2, will use a battery support system for this phase of testing, drawing power from a large, high-voltage power supply as development on the X-plane's battery control system nears completion.
Testing is expected to start with low power, checking the startup and shutdown sequences and verifying that the new motor control software boots up and controls the motors as expected.
This software and other major components were recently redesigned based on lessons learned from previous testing by the project's prime contractor, Empirical Systems Aerospace, or ESAero, of San Luis Obispo, California.
These tests will include higher-power operation of the vehicle. The first pair of electric cruise motors to fly on the X-57, which were delivered by ESAero, will be powered up and activated, allowing engineers to ensure that the vehicle's propellers spin as designed.
This will be followed by throttling up the motors to make sure they provide all the power intended, validating the vehicle's instrumentation system, and verifying whether all the sensors installed across the aircraft are functional.
This high-voltage testing will feed directly into final verification and validation testing, a critical final step before taxi tests begin.
"Many of the team members operating this test will be the same ones who will be sitting in the control room for flight, and that's why I'm excited," said Sean Clarke, NASA's X-57 principal investigator.
"We've turned a corner from system design and lab tests, to turning it over to the NASA flight systems and operations engineers to actually operate the vehicle. What they're learning in this test, they'll take with them into the control room for first flight."
BACK TO THE FUTURE: NASA Moves to Begin Historic New Era of X-Plane Research


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Taeniolina centaurii är en svampart som först beskrevs av Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av M.B. Ellis 1976. Taeniolina centaurii ingår i släktet Taeniolina, divisionen sporsäcksvampar och riket svampar.   Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sporsäcksvampar
centaurii

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text:
A green and just transition requires democratized public banks – Costa Rica style
Public banks have far greater financial capacity than we think. We need to harness it for the good of people and planet.
Thomas Marois
The solution? For the UN, the World Bank, and the OECD it is to subordinate public finance to private interests. Public development banks should take the lead in absorbing private investors' risks to guarantee their projected returns. There is no other way of cajoling otherwise reticent financiers to fund the global transition to a low-carbon, climate resilient future. Besides, public banks have limited financial capacity. The green transition needs the seemingly unlimited pools of global financial capital. This is the core message of the UN's Inter-Agency Task Force 2019 Financing for Sustainable Development Report, with an important sub-text being public financial incapacity. Reinforcing existing neoliberal tropes, there is no alternative but to mobilise private finance for climate finance. The nuanced message being we now need public finance to underwrite it.
But what if this wasn't true, or at least not in the way pitched by neoliberal ideologues and unhindered growth advocates? A new edited book by the Transnational Institute (Amsterdam), Public Finance for the Future We Want, paints a different picture. The contributors evidence the many ways that the future of finance can and should be public, backed by real-world examples of alternatives spanning the globe. However, the structural power of global predatory finance must be curbed in order to build the basis for a democratically-organised and life-sustaining future. Public finance must enable the public, not private, interest.
Public banks, in particular, are shown to have much greater financial capacity than commonly believed. Whereas the IATF 2019 Report claims there is only $5 trillion in combined public bank assets (so, hardly sufficient to tackle the $4 to $6 trillion in additional annual climate mitigation investments by 2030), the TNI contribution demonstrates that there are nearly 700 public banks around the world that have combined assets nearing $38 trillion (that's about 48 per cent of global GDP). Put otherwise, 20 per cent of all bank assets are still publicly owned and controlled.
This accounts for just the national and sub-national banks. Examples span the globe from the well-known French La Caisse des Dépôts and the China Development Bank to the lesser-known Vietnam Bank for Social Policies and the Turkish Ilbank (Provinces bank). If you add in the state-owned multilateral development banks (like the World Bank) plus public pension and sovereign wealth funds plus central banks, then total combined public financial assets jump to just under $74 trillion. Given political will and popular support – something of the kind envisioned in the Green New Deal – public financial capacity can be rapidly scaled-up and mobilised.
One alternative solution is to democratize public banks, thus enabling the mobilisation of public bank resources for a just and green transformation in the public interest.
Democratizing public banks - the Costa Rican example
The most inspiring model is the Costa Rican 'Banco Popular' (Banco Popular y de Desarrollo Comunal). Its model of democratization can enrich debate on financial alternatives for a green and just transformation. Founded by the government in 1969, the Banco Popular operates under public law as a 'worker-owned' bank geared towards serving the 'collective welfare' of society. By law, Costa Rican workers must deposit 1.5 per cent of their wages into the Banco Popular. After a year, 1.25 per cent of their contribution is transferred to the worker's pension fund. The remaining 0.25 per cent is held in the bank as a form of permanent capitalization to support mandated lending programmes.
The workers' contributions come with meaningful representation. In 1986 the Banco Popular firmly institutionalised democratization procedures by creating the 'Assembly of Working Men and Women' and making it the bank's highest decision-making forum. Representatives from across ten social and economic sectors constitute the 290-member Workers' Assembly. According Carlos Cortés, Costa Rican writer and reporter, the Workers' Assembly is the corner stone of the bank's contribution to the democratization of Costa Rica's economy, development, and financial system.
Within the Assembly, the Permanent Commission for Women holds the Assembly accountable for gender equity. Across the bank as a whole, the Banco Popular is required to have 50 percent representation of women present in all decision-making bodies. The Women's Commission holds the bank accountable to this, while building gender equity capacity and awareness. Gender equity requirements extend to local representative councils linked to the bank's nationwide branch network.
In the Banco Popular, the Board of Directors is subordinate to the Assembly. The Board is, nevertheless, where many key operational decisions are taken - so it too is democratized. The seven-member National Board of Directors is made up of three government representatives and four elected Worker's Assembly representatives.
In a financialized world dominated by a powerful, unaccountable, and self-interested financial class, there will be no just or green transformation without first reclaiming financial capacity in the public, not private, interest. But it would be a grave mistake to assume that resurgent public banks, by virtue of being publicly-owned, will necessarily function in the public interest. Public banks can and do go wrong. For public banks to work in the public interest, they must be made to do so. This demands meaningful democratization. This is the action now needed.
Published in: ourEconomy
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Written by: Katherine Trebeck All articles by: Katherine Trebeck
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text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
In neutrino interaction simulations the hadronization model (or fragmentation model) determines the final
state particles and 4-momenta given the nature of a neutrino-nucleon interaction (CC/NC, $\nu$/$\bar{\nu}$, target neutron/proton)
and the event kinematics ($W^{2}$, $Q^{2}$, $x$, $y$).
The modeling of neutrino-produced hadronic showers is important for a number of analyses
in the current and coming generation of neutrino oscillation experiments:

{\em Calorimetry:}  Neutrino oscillation experiments like MINOS which use calorimetry to reconstruct the shower energy, and hence the
neutrino energy, are sensitive to the modelling of hadronic showers.
These detectors are typically calibrated using single particle test beams, which introduces a model dependence in
determining the conversion between detector activity and the energy of neutrino-produced hadronic systems
\cite{Adamson:2007gu}.

{\em NC/CC Identification:}  Analyses which classify events as charged current (CC) or neutral current (NC) based on topological features such
as track length in the few-GeV region rely on accurate simulation of hadronic particle distributions to determine
NC contamination in CC samples.

{\em Topological Classification:}
Analyses which rely on topological classifications, for instance selecting quasi-elastic-like events
based on track or ring counting depend on the simulation of hadronic systems to determine
feeddown of multi-particle states into selected samples.  Because of the wide-band nature of most current neutrino beams,
this feeddown is non-neglible even for experiments operating in beams with mean energy as low as 1 GeV
\cite{miniBoone:2007ru,Hiraide:2008yu}.

{\em $\nu_e$ Appearance Backgrounds:}
A new generation of $\nu_{\mu}\rightarrow\nu_{e}$ appearance experiments are being developed around the world, which
hope to measure $\theta_{13}$, resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy, and find evidence of CP violation in the lepton sector \cite{Hayato:2005hq,Ayres:2004js}.
In these experiments background is dominated by neutral pions generated in NC interaction.
The evaluation of NC backgrounds in these analysis can be
quite sensitive to the details of the NC shower simulation and specifically the $\pi^{0}$ shower content and transverse
momentum distributions of hadrons \cite{Sanchez:2008zza}.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{kno_levy.eps}%
  \caption{KNO scaling distributions for $\nu p$ (left) and $\nu n$ interactions. The curve represents a fit to the Levy function. Data points are taken from \cite{Zieminska:1983bs}.}\label{fig:kno_levy}
\end{figure*}

In order to improve Monte Carlo simulations for the MINOS experiment, a new hadronization model, referred to here as the `AGKY model', was developed.
We use the PYTHIA/JETSET \cite{Sjostrand:2006za} model to simulate the hadronic showers at high hadronic invariant masses. We also developed a phenomenological description of the low invariant mass hadronization since the applicability of the \\
PYTHIA/JETSET model, for neutrino-induced showers, is known to deteriorate as one approaches the pion production threshold.   We present here a description of the AGKY hadronization model and the tuning and validation of this model using bubble chamber experimental data.

\section{The AGKY Model}
\label{sec:1}

\subsection{Overview}
\label{sec:2}

The AGKY model, which is now the default hadronization model in the neutrino Monte Carlo generators NEUGEN \cite{Gallagher:2002sf} and GENIE-2.0.0 \cite{Andreopoulos:2006cz},
includes a phenomenological description of the low invariant mass region based on Koba-Nielsen-Olesen (KNO) scaling \cite{Koba:1972ng},
while at higher masses it gradually switches over to the PYTHIA/JETSET model.
The transition from the KNO-based model to the  \\
PYTHIA/JETSET model takes place gradually, at an intermediate invariant mass region, ensuring the continuity of all simulated observables as a function of the invariant mass. This is accomplished by using a transition window [$W_{min}^{tr},W_{max}^{tr}$] over which we linearly increase the fraction of neutrino events for which the hadronization is performed by the PYTHIA/JETSET model from 0\% at $W_{min}^{tr}$ to 100\% at $W_{max}^{tr}$. The default values used in the AGKY model are:
\begin{equation}
W_{min}^{tr} = 2.3\mbox{ GeV}/\mbox{c}^{2}, W_{max}^{tr} = 3.0\mbox{ GeV}/\mbox{c}^{2}.
\end{equation}

The kinematic region probed by any particular experiment depends on the neutrino flux, and for the 1-10 GeV range of importance to
oscillation experiments, the KNO-based phenomenological description plays a particularly crucial role.  The higher invariant
mass region where PYTHIA/JETSET is used is not accessed until a neutrino energy of approximately 3 GeV is reached, at which point
44.6\% of charged current interactions are non-resonant inelastic and are hadronized using the KNO-based part of the model.
For 1 GeV neutrinos this component is 8.3\%, indicating that this model plays a significant role even at relatively low
neutrino energies.   At 9 GeV, the contributions from the KNO-based and PYTHIA/JETSET components of the model are approximately
equal, with each handling around 40\% of generated CC interactions.
The main thrust of this work was to improve the
modeling of hadronic showers in this low invariant mass / energy regime which is
of importance to oscillation experiments.

The description of AGKY's KNO model, used at low invariant masses, can be split into two independent parts:
\begin{itemize}
\item Generation of the hadron shower particle content
\item Generation of hadron 4-momenta
\end{itemize}
These two will be described in detail in the following sections.

The neutrino interactions are often described by the following kinematic variables:
\begin{eqnarray}
Q^{2} &=& 2E_{\nu}(E_{\mu}-p_{\mu}^{L})-m^{2}\nonumber\\
\nu &=& E_{\nu} - E_{\mu}\nonumber\\
W^{2} &=& M^{2} + 2M\nu -Q^{2}\nonumber\\
x &=& Q^{2}/2M\nu\nonumber\\
y &=& \nu/E_{\nu}
\end{eqnarray}
where $Q^{2}$ is the invariant 4-momentum transfer squared, $\nu$ is the neutrino energy transfer, $W$ is the effective mass of all secondary hadrons (invariant hadronic mass), $x$ is the Bjorken scaling variable, $y$ is the relative energy transfer, $E_{\nu}$ is the incident neutrino energy, $E_{\mu}$ and $p_{\mu}^{L}$ are the energy and longitudinal momentum of the muon, $M$ is the nucleon mass and $m$ is the muon mass.

For each hadron in the hadronic system, we define the variables $z=E_{h}/\nu$, $x_{F}=2p_{L}^{*}/W$ and $p_{T}$ where $E_{h}$ is the energy in the laboratory frame, $p_{L}^{*}$ is the longitudinal momentum in the hadronic c.m.s., and $p_{T}$ is the transverse momentum.

\subsection{Low-$W$ model: Particle content}
\label{sec:3}
At low invariant masses the AGKY model generates hadronic systems that typically consist of exactly one baryon ($p$ or $n$) and any
number of
$\pi$ and K mesons that are kinematically possible and consistent with charge conservation.

For a fixed hadronic invariant mass and initial state (neutrino and struck nucleon), the method for generating the hadron shower particles generally proceeds in four steps:

{\em Determine $\langle n_{ch} \rangle$:}  Compute the average charged hadron multiplicity using the empirical expression:
\begin{equation}
\langle n_{ch}\rangle = a_{ch} + b_{ch}\  \ln W^{2}
\end{equation}
The coefficients $a_{ch}$, $b_{ch}$, which depend on the initial state, have been determined by bubble chamber experiments.

{\em Determine $\langle n \rangle$:}  Compute the average hadron multiplicity as $\langle n_{tot}\rangle=1.5\langle n_{ch}\rangle$ \cite{Wittek:1988ke}.

{\em Deterimine n:} Generate the actual hadron multiplicity taking into account that the multiplicity dispersion is described by the KNO scaling law \cite{Koba:1972ng}:
\begin{equation}
\langle n \rangle \times P(n) = f(n/\langle n \rangle)
\end{equation}
where $P(n)$ is the probability of generating $n$ hadrons and $f$ is the universal scaling function which can be parametrized by the Levy function
\footnote{The Levy function: $Levy(z;c) = 2 e^{-c}c^{c z + 1} /\Gamma(cz+1)$}
($z=n/\langle n \rangle$) with an input parameter $c$ that depends on the initial state. Fig.\ref{fig:kno_levy} shows the KNO scaling distributions for $\nu p$ (left) and $\nu n$ (right) CC
interactions.
We fit the data points to the Levy function and the best fit parameters are $c_{ch} = 7.93 \pm 0.34$ for the $\nu p$ interactions
and $c_{ch} = 5.22 \pm 0.15$ for the $\nu n$ interactions.

{\em Select particle types:} Select hadrons up to the generated hadron multiplicity taking into account charge conservation and kinematic constraints.
The hadronic system contains any number of mesons and exactly one baryon which is generated based on simple quark model arguments.
Protons and neutrons are produced in the ratio
2:1 for $\nu p$ interactions, 1:1 for $\nu n$ and $\bar{\nu}p$, and 1:2 for $\bar{\nu}n$ interactions.
Charged mesons are then created in order to balance charge, and the remaining  mesons are generated in neutral pairs. The probablilities for each
are
31.33\% ($\pi^{0},\pi^{0}$), 62.66\% ($\pi^{+},\pi^{-}$), 1.5\% ($K^{0},K^{-}$),
1.5\% ($K^{+},K^{-}$), 1.5\% ($\bar{K^{0}},K^{+}$) and 1.5\% ($K^{0},\bar{K^{0}}$).
The probability of producing a strange baryon via associated production is determined from a fit to $\Lambda$ production data:
\begin{equation}
P_{hyperon}= a_{hyperon}+ b_{hyperon}\  \ln W^{2}
\end{equation}

TABLE \ref{tab:par} shows the default average hadron multiplicity and dispersion parameters used in the AGKY model.

\begin{table}
\center
\caption{Default AGKY average hadron multiplicity and dispersion parameters (see text for details).}
\label{tab:par}
\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|}
\hline

    &$\nu p$&$\nu n$&$\bar{\nu}p$&$\bar{\nu}n$\\
\hline
$a_{ch}$ & 0.40 \cite{Zieminska:1983bs} & -0.20 \cite{Zieminska:1983bs}& 0.02 \cite{Barlag:1981wu} & 0.80 \cite{Barlag:1981wu}\\
$b_{ch}$ & 1.42 \cite{Zieminska:1983bs} & 1.42 \cite{Zieminska:1983bs}& 1.28 \cite{Barlag:1981wu} & 0.95 \cite{Barlag:1981wu}\\
$c_{ch}$ & 7.93 \cite{Zieminska:1983bs} & 5.22 \cite{Zieminska:1983bs}& 5.22  & 7.93\\
$a_{hyperon}$ & 0.022 & 0.022 & 0.022  & 0.022\\
$b_{hyperon}$ & 0.042 & 0.042 & 0.042  & 0.042\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{Low-$W$ model: Hadron system decay}
\label{sec:4}

Once an acceptable particle content has been generated, the available invariant mass needs to be partitioned amongst the generated hadrons.
The most pronounced kinematic features in the low-$W$ region result from the fact that the produced baryon is much heavier than the mesons and
exhibits a strong directional anticorrelation with the current direction.

Our strategy is to first attempt to reproduce the experimentally measured final state nucleon momentum distributions.
We then perform a phase space decay on the remnant system employing, in addition, a $p_T$-based rejection scheme designed to reproduce the expected meson transverse momentum distribution.  The hadronization model performs its calculation in the hadronic c.m.s., where the z-axis is in the direction of the momentum transfer.
Once the hadronization is completed, the hadronic system will be boosted and rotated to the LAB frame. The boost and rotation maintains the $p_{T}$ generated in the hadronic c.m.s.

In more detail, the algorithm for decaying a system of $N$ hadrons is the following:

{\em Generate baryon:}  Generate the baryon 4-momentum $P_{N}^{*} = (E_{N}^{*},{\bf p}_{N}^{*})$ using the nucleon $p_{T}^{2}$ and $x_{F}$ PDFs which are parametrized
based on experimental data \cite{Derrick:1977zi,CooperSarkar:1982ay}.
The $x_F$ distribution used is shown in Fig.\ref{fig:xf}.
We do not take into account the correlation between $p_{T}$ and $x_{F}$ in our selection.

\begin{figure}
\centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{nucleon_xF_new.eps}
\caption{\label{fig:xf}  Nucleon  $x_{F}$ distribution data from Cooper $et\ al.$ \cite{CooperSarkar:1982ay} and the AGKY parametrization (solid line).
}
\end{figure}

{\em Remnant System:}  Once an accepted $P^{*}_{N}$ has been generated, calculate the 4-momentum of the remaining N-1 hadrons, (the ``remnant'' hadronic system) as $P_{R}^{*} = P_{X}^{*} - P_{N}^{*}$ where $P_{X}^{*} = (W,0)$ is the initial hadron shower 4-momentum in the hadronic c.m.s.

{\em Decay Remnant System:}  Generate an unweighted phase space decay of the remnant hadronic system \cite{James:1968}. The decay takes place at the remnant system c.m.s.
after which the particles are boosted back to the hadronic c.m.s.
The phase space decay employs a rejection method suggested in \cite{Clegg:1981js},
with a rejection factor $e^{-A*p_{T}}$ for each meson. This causes the transverse momentum distribution of the generated mesons to fall exponentially with increasing $p^{2}_{T}$.
Here $p_{T}$ is the momentum component perpendicular to the current direction.

Two-body hadronic systems are treated as a special case.  Their decay
is performed isotropically in the hadronic c.m.s. and no $p_{T}$-based suppression factor is applied.

\subsection{High-$W$ model: PYTHIA/JETSET}
\label{sec:5}
The high invariant mass hadronization is performed by the PYTHIA/JETSET model \cite{Sjostrand:2006za}. The PYTHIA program is a standard tool for the generation of high-energy collisions, comprising a coherent set of physics models for the evolution from a few-body hard process to a complex multihadronic final state. It contains a library of hard processes and models for initial- and final-state parton showers, multiple parton-parton interactions, beam remnants, string fragmentation and particle decays. The hadronization model in PYTHIA is based
on the Lund string fragmentation framework \cite{Andersson:1983ia}. In the AGKY model, all but four of the PYTHIA configuration parameters are set to be the default values. Those four parameters take the non-default values tuned by NUX \cite{Rubbia:2001}, a high energy neutrino MC generator used by the NOMAD experiment:
\begin{itemize}
\item $P_{s\bar{s}}$ controlling the ${s\bar{s}}$ production suppression: \\
      (PARJ(2))=0.21.
\item $P_{\langle p_{T}^{2} \rangle}$ determining the average hadron $\langle p_{T}^{2} \rangle$: \\
      (PARJ(21))=0.44.
\item $P_{ngt}$ parameterizing the non-gaussian $p_{T}$ tails: \\
      (PARJ(23))=0.01.
\item $P_{Ec}$ an energy cutoff for the fragmentation process: \\
      (PARJ(33))=0.20.
\end{itemize}

\section{Data/MC Comparisons}
\label{sec:6}

The characteristics of neutrino-produced hadronic systems have been extensively studied by several bubble chamber experiments.
The bubble chamber technique is well suited for studying details of charged hadron production in neutrino interactions since the detector
can provide precise information for each track.
However, the bubble chamber has disadvantages for measurements of hadronic system characteristics as well.
The detection of neutral particles, in particular of photons from $\pi^{0}$ decay,
was difficult for the low density hydrogen and deuterium experiments.    Experiments that measured neutral pions typically used
heavily liquids such as neon-hydrogen mixtures and Freon.  While these exposures had the advantage of higher statistics and
improved neutral particle identification, they had the disadvantage of introducing intranuclear rescattering which complicates
the extraction of information related to the hadronization process itself.

We tried to distill the vast literature and focus on the following aspects of $\nu$/$\bar{\nu}$ measurements made in three bubble chambers - the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) at CERN, the 15-foot bubble chamber at Fermilab, and the SKAT bubble chamber in Russia.
Measurements from the experiments of particular interest for tuning purposes can be broadly categorized as multiplicity measurements and
hadronic system measurements.  Multiplicity measurements include
averaged charged and neutral particle ($\pi^{0}$) multiplicities,
forward and backward hemisphere average multiplicities and correlations,
topological cross sections of charged particles, and neutral - charged pion multiplicity correlations.
Hadronic system measurements include
	fragmentation functions ($z$ distributions),
        $x_{F}$ distributions,
        $p^{2}_{T}$ (transverse momentum squared) distributions, and
        $x_{F} - \langle p_{T}^{2} \rangle$ correlations (``seagull'' plots).

\begin{figure*}
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cMulCh.eps}
  \caption{Average charged-hadron multiplicity $\langle n_{ch} \rangle$ as a function of $W^{2}$. (a) $\nu p$ events. (b) $\nu n$ events. Data points are taken from \cite{Zieminska:1983bs,Allen:1981vh}.}\label{fig:cMulCh}
\end{figure*}

The systematic errors in many of these measurements are substantial and various corrections had to be made to correct for muon selection efficiency, neutrino energy smearing, {\it etc}. The direction of the incident $\nu$/$\bar{\nu}$ is well known from the geometry of the beam and the position of the interaction point. Its energy is unknown and is usually estimated using a method based on transverse momentum imbalance. The muon is usually identified through the kinematic information or by using an external muon identifier (EMI).
The resolution in neutrino energy is typically 10\% in the bubble chamber experiments and the invariant hadronic mass $W$ is less well determined.

The differential cross section for semi-inclusive pion production in neutrino interactions
\begin{equation}
\nu + N \rightarrow \mu^{-}+\pi+X
\label{nuN}
\end{equation}
may in general be written as:
\begin{equation}
\frac{d\sigma(x,Q^{2},z)}{dxdQ^{2}dz} = \frac{d\sigma(x,Q^{2})}{dxdQ^{2}}D^{\pi}(x,Q^{2},z),
\end{equation}
where $D^{\pi}(x,Q^{2},z)$ is the pion fragmentation function. Experimentally $D^{\pi}$ is determined as:
\begin{equation}
D^{\pi}(x,Q^{2},z) = [N_{ev}(x,Q^{2})]^{-1}dN/dz.
\end{equation}

In the framework of the Quark Parton Model (QPM) the dominant mechanism for reactions (\ref{nuN}) is the interaction of the exchanged $W$ boson with a d-quark to give a u-quark which fragments into hadrons in neutrino interactions, leaving a di-quark spectator system which produces target fragments. In this picture the fragmentation function is independent of $x$ and the scaling hypothesis excludes a $Q^{2}$ dependence; therefore the fragmentation function should depend only on $z$. There is no reliable way to separate the current fragmentation region from the target fragmentation region if the effective mass of the hadronic system ($W$) is not sufficiently high. Most experiments required $W>W_{0}$ where $W_{0}$ is between 3 GeV/$c^{2}$ and 4 GeV/$c^{2}$ when studying the fragmentation characteristics. The caused difficulties in the tuning of our model because we are mostly interested in the interactions at low hadronic invariant masses.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cDispCh.eps}
  \caption{(a) The dispersion $D_{-} = (\langle n_{-}^{2} \rangle - \langle n_{-} \rangle ^{2})^{1/2}$ as a function of $\langle n_{-} \rangle$. (b) $D/\langle n_{ch} \rangle$ as a function of $W^{2}$. Data points are taken from \cite{Zieminska:1983bs}.}\label{fig:cDispCh}
\end{figure*}

We determined the parameters in our model by fitting experimental data with simulated CC neutrino free nucleon interactions uniformly distributed in the energy range from 1 to 61 GeV.
The events were analyzed to determine the hadronic system characteristics and compared with published experimental data from the
BEBC, Fermilab 15-foot, and SKAT bubble chamber experiments.
We reweight our MC to the energy spectrum measured by the experiment if that information is available.
This step is not strictly necessary for the following two reasons: many observables (mean multiplicity, dispersion, {\it etc.})
are measured as a function of the hadronic invariant mass $W$, in which case the energy dependency is removed; secondly the scaling variables ($x_{F}$, $z$, {\it etc.})
are rather independent of energy according to the scaling hypothesis.

Some experiments required $Q^{2}>1\mbox{GeV}^{2}$ to reduce the quasi-elastic contribution, $y<0.9$ to reduce the neutral currents, and $x>0.1$ to reduce the sea-quark contribution. They often applied a cut on the muon momentum to select clean CC events.
We apply the same kinematic cuts as explicitly stated in the papers to our simulated events.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cMulPi0.eps}
  \caption{(a) Average multiplicity of $\pi^{0}$ mesons as a function of $W^{2}$. (b) Dispersion of the distributions in multiplicity as a function of the average multiplicity of $\pi^{0}$ mesons. Data points are taken from \cite{Wittek:1988ke,Ivanilov:1984gh,Grassler:1983ks}}\label{fig:cMulPi0}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cCorr_Pi0_Ch.eps}
  \caption{Average $\pi^{0}$ multiplicity $\langle n_{\pi^{0}} \rangle$ as a function of the number of negative hadrons $n_{-}$ for different intervals of $W$. Data points are taken from \cite{Grassler:1983ks}.}\label{fig:cCorr_Pi0_Ch}
\end{figure*}

Fig.\ref{fig:cMulCh} shows the average charged hadron multiplicity $\langle n_{ch} \rangle$ (the number of charged hadrons in the final state, {\it i.e.} excluding the muon) as a function of $W^{2}$. $\langle n_{ch} \rangle$ rises linearly with $\ln(W^{2})$ for $W>2 \mbox{GeV}/c^{2}$. At the lowest $W$ values the dominant interaction channels
are single pion production from baryon resonances:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{res1}
\nu+p&\rightarrow&\mu^{-}+p+\pi^{+}\\
\label{res2}
\nu+n&\rightarrow&\mu^{-}+p+\pi^{0}\\
\label{res3}
\nu+n&\rightarrow&\mu^{-}+n+\pi^{+}
\end{eqnarray}
Therefore $\langle n_{ch} \rangle$ becomes 2(1) for $\nu p$($\nu n$) interactions as $W$ approaches the pion production threshold. For $\nu p$ interactions there is a disagreement between the two measurements especially at high invariant masses, which is probably due
to differences in scattering from hydrogen and deuterium targets.
Our parameterization of low-$W$ model was based on the Fermilab 15-foot chamber data. Historically the PYTHIA/JETSET program was tuned on the BEBC data. The AGKY model uses the KNO-based empirical model at low invariant masses and it uses the PYTHIA/JETSET program to simulation high invariance mass interactions. Therefore the MC prediction agrees better with the Fermilab data at low invariant masses and it agrees better with the BEBC data at high invariant masses.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cMulFB.eps}
  \caption{Average charged-hadron multiplicity in the forward and backward hemispheres as functions of $W^{2}$: (a) $\nu p$, forward, (b) $\nu p$, backward, (c) $\nu n$, forward, (d) $\nu n$, backward. Data points are taken from \cite{Zieminska:1983bs,Grassler:1983ks,Allasia:1984ua}.}\label{fig:cMulFB}
\end{figure*}

The production of strange particles via associated production is shown in Figures \ref{fig:kaons}
and \ref{fig:lambdas}.  The production of kaons and lambdas for the KNO-based model are in
reasonable agreement with the data, while the rate of strange meson production from JETSET is
clearly low.  We have investigated adjusting JETSET parameters to produce better agreement with
data.  While it is possible to improve the agreement with strange particle production data,
doing so yields reduced agreement with other important distributions, such as the normalized
charged particle distributions.

\begin{figure}
\centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{kaon_ne_240.eps}
\caption{Neutral kaon production rate on neon as a function of invariant mass.
Data are from \cite{Bosetti:1982vk,Baker:1986xx,DeProspo:1994ac}. \label{fig:kaons}}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{lambda_ne_240.eps}
\caption{Lambda production rate as a function of invariant mass.
Data are from \cite{Bosetti:1982vk,Baker:1986xx,DeProspo:1994ac}. \label{fig:lambdas}}
\end{figure}

Fig.\ref{fig:cDispCh}(a) shows the dispersion $D_{-} = (\langle n_{-}^{2} \rangle - \langle n_{-} \rangle ^{2})^{1/2}$ of the negative hadron multiplicity as a function of $\langle n_{-} \rangle$. Fig.\ref{fig:cDispCh}(b) shows the ratio $D/\langle n_{ch} \rangle$ as a function of $W^{2}$. The dispersion is solely determined by the KNO scaling distributions shown in Fig.\ref{fig:kno_levy}. The agreement between data and MC predictions is satisfactory.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cZ.eps}
  \caption{Fragmentation functions for positive (a) and negative (b) hadrons. Applied cuts: $W^{2} > 5 (GeV/c^{2})^{2}$, $Q^{2} > 1 (GeV/c)^{2}$. Data points are taken from \cite{Allasia:1984ua}.}\label{fig:cZ}
\end{figure*}

Fig.\ref{fig:cMulPi0}(a) shows the average $\pi^{0}$ multiplicity $\langle n_{\pi^{0}} \rangle$ as a function of $W^{2}$. Fig.\ref{fig:cMulPi0}(b) shows the dispersion of the distributions in multiplicity as a function of the average multiplicity of $\pi^{0}$ mesons. As we mentioned it is difficult to detect $\pi^{0}$'s inside a hydrogen bubble chamber. Also shown in the plot are some measurements using heavy liquids such as neon and Freon.
In principle, rescattering of the primary hadrons can occur in the nucleus. Some studies of inclusive negative hadron production in the hydrogen-neon mixture and
comparison with data obtained by using hydrogen targets indicate that these effects are negligible \cite{Berge:1978fr}.
The model is in good agreement with the data. $\langle n_{\pi^{0}} \rangle$ is 0(1/2) for $\nu p$($\nu n$) interactions when the hadronic invariant mass approaches the pion production threshold, which is consistent with the expectation from the reactions (\ref{res1}-\ref{res3}). The model predicts the same average $\pi^{0}$ multiplicity for $\nu p$ and $\nu n$ interactions for $W>2\mbox{GeV}/c^{2}$.

Fig.\ref{fig:cCorr_Pi0_Ch} shows the average $\pi^{0}$ multiplicities $\langle n_{\pi^{0}} \rangle$ as a function of the number of negative hadrons $n_{-}$ for various $W$ ranges. At lower $W$, $\langle n_{\pi^{0}} \rangle$ tends to decrease with $n_{-}$, probably because of limited phase space, while at higher $W$ $\langle n_{\pi^{0}} \rangle$ is rather independent of $n_{-}$ where there is enough phase space.
Our model reproduces the correlation at lower $W$ suggested by the data. However, another experiment measured the same correlation using neon-hydrogen mixture and their results indicate that $\langle n_{\pi^{0}} \rangle$ is rather independent of $n_{-}$ for both $W>4\mbox{GeV}/c^{2}$ and $W<4\mbox{GeV}/c^{2}$ \cite{Ammosov:1978vt}. Since events with $\pi^{0}$ but with 0 or very few charged pions are dominant background events in the $\nu_{e}$ appearance analysis, it is very important to understand the correlation between the neutral pions and charged pions; this should be a goal of future experiments \cite{Drakoulakos:2004gn}.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cPt_W.eps}
  \caption{Mean value of the transverse momentum of charged hadrons as a function of $W$ for the selections (a) $x_{F}>0$, (b) $x_{F}<0$, and (c) all $x_{F}$. Data points are taken from \cite{Derrick:1981br}.}\label{fig:cPt_W}
\end{figure*}

Fig.\ref{fig:cMulFB} shows the average charged-hadron multiplicity in the forward and backward hemispheres as functions of $W^{2}$.
The forward hemisphere is defined by the direction of the current in the total hadronic c.m.s.
There is a bump in the MC prediction in the forward hemisphere for $\nu p$ interactions at $W\sim2\mbox{GeV}/c^{2}$ and there is a slight dip in the backward hemisphere in the same region. This indicates that the MC may overestimate the hadrons going forward in the hadronic c.m.s. at $W\sim2\mbox{GeV}/c^{2}$ and underestimate the hadrons going backward. One consequence could be that the MC overestimates the energetic hadrons since the hadrons in the forward hemisphere of hadronic c.m.s. get more Lorentz boost than those in the backward hemisphere when boosted to the LAB frame. This may be caused by the way we determine the baryon 4-momentum and preferably select events with low $p_{T}$ in the phase space decay.   These effects will be investigated further for improvement in future versions of the model.

Fig.\ref{fig:cZ} shows the fragmentation functions for positive and negative hadrons. The fragmentation function is defined as: $D(z) = \frac{1}{N_{ev}}\cdot\frac{dN}{dz}$, where $N_{ev}$ is the total number of interactions (events) and $z=E/\nu$ is the fraction of the total energy transfer carried by each final hadron in the laboratory frame. The AGKY predictions are in excellent agreement with the data.

Fig.\ref{fig:cPt_W} shows the mean value of the transverse momentum with respect to the current direction of charged hadrons as a function of $W$. The MC predictions match the data reasonably well. In the naive QPM, the quarks have no transverse momentum within the struck nucleon, and the fragments acquire a $P_{T}^{frag}$ with respect to the struck quark from the hadronization process. The average transverse momentum $\langle P_{T}^{2} \rangle$ of the hadrons will then be independent of variables such as $x_{BJ}$, $y$, $Q^{2}$, $W$, {\it etc.}, apart from trivial kinematic constraints and any instrumental effects. Both MC and data reflect this feature. However, in a perturbative QCD picture, the quark acquires an additional transverse component, $\langle P_{T}^{2} \rangle^{QCD}$, as a result of gluon radiation.
The quark itself may also have a primordial $\langle P_{T}^{2} \rangle^{prim}$ inside the nucleon.
These QCD effects can introduce dependencies of $\langle P_{T}^{2} \rangle$ on the variables $x_{BJ}$, $y$, $Q^{2}$, $W$, $z$, {\it etc.}

Fig.\ref{fig:cPt_xf} shows the mean value of the transverse momentum of charged hadrons as a function of $x_{F}$, where $x_{F} = \frac{p_{L}^{*}}{p_{Lmax}^{*}}$ is the Feynman-x.  As is well known, $\langle p_{T} \rangle$ increases with increasing $|x_{F}|$ with a shape called the seagull effect. This effect is reasonably well modeled by the AGKY model.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cPt_xf.eps}
  \caption{Mean value of the transverse momentum of charged hadrons as a function of $x_{F}$ for $\bar{\nu} p$. (a) $W<4\mbox{GeV}/c^{2}$, (b) $W>4\mbox{GeV}/c^{2}$. Data points are taken from \cite{Derrick:1981br}.}\label{fig:cPt_xf}
\end{figure*}

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:7}

In this paper we have described a new hadronic mutiparticle production model for use in neutrino simulations.   This model
will be useful for experiments in the few-GeV energy regime and exhibits satisfactory agreement with wide variety of data for
charged, neutral pions as well as strange particles.  Several upcoming expriments will have high-statistics data sets in detectors
with excellent energy resolution, neutral particle containment, and particle identification.  These experiments are in some cases
considering possible running with cryogenic hydrogen and deuterium targets.     These experiments will be operating in
this few-GeV regime and have the potential to fill in several gaps in our understanding that will help improve hadronic shower modeling
for oscillation experiments.

The upcoming generation of experiments have all the necessary prerequisites to significantly address the existing experimental uncertainties
in hadronization at low invariant mass.   These result from the fact that these detectors have good containment for both charged and neutral
particles, high event rates, good tracking resolution, excellent particle identification and energy resolution, and the
possibility of collecting data on free nucleons with cryogenic targets.
The latter offers the possibility of addressing the challenge of disentangling hadronization modeling from intranuclear rescattering effects.
Charged current measurements of particular interest
will include clarifying the experimental discrepancy at low invariant mass between the existing published results as shown in
Fig.\ref{fig:cMulFB}, the origin of which probably relates to particle misidentification corrections \cite{Grassler:1983ks}.  This discrepancy
has a large effect on forward/backward measurements, and a succesful resolution of this question
will reduce systematic differences between datasets in a large class
of existing measurements.  In addition, measurements of transverse momentum at low invariant masses will be helpful in model tuning.
Measurements of neutral particles, in particular multiplicity and particle dispersion from free targets at low invariant mass, will
be tremendously helpful.  The correlation between neutral and charged particle multiplicities at low invariant  mass
is particularly important for
oscillation simulations, as it determines the likelihood that a low invariant mass shower will be dominated by neutral pions.

\section{Acknowledgements}
The authors would like to thank W.A. Mann, J. Morfin, and S. Wojcicki for helpful comments and discussions.  This work was supported by
Department of Energy grant DE-FG02-92ER40702 and the Tufts Summer Scholars program.

\bibliographystyle{epj}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Teachers and students of Cornwall Park District School in Greenlane were joined by the parents and families on Friday, November 16 in celebrating the festival of lights- Diwali at the school premises.
The school has hosted the biggest festival of the Indian community for the last two years and took a step ahead this year with a much grand celebration.
The enthusiasm of the festival was evident amongst the young students as they put henna on their hands, participated in face painting, dance and singing activities and their colourful Indian wear.
The school premises were decorated with Rangoli and lightings all around the campus with Indian sweets and cuisines for everyone.
"All children are invited to wear traditional Indian dress for the day and staffs also get into the spirit of the day by dressing in cultural attire.
"During the morning children across the school take part in a range of art and language activities, as well as having the opportunity to sample some Indian treats supplied by parents.
"This is followed by an afternoon assembly where children share what they have learnt as well as highlighting children who learn Indian dance and traditional instruments.
"A highlight for staff is always the wonderful feast that parents provide for them at lunchtime, and it also creates a great opportunity for staff and parents to get to know each other a little better," Ms Irvin said.
Meanwhile, several parents participating in the school celebrations told the Indian Weekender that they really appreciated school's effort in celebrating one of India's biggest festivals as it gives their children an opportunity to feel proud of their roots and culture.
"We are glad to see such cultural inclusiveness in the school and the enthusiasm from non-Indian students and staffs for Diwali- which is truly incredible," a parent contributing to the Diwali celebrations at the school said.
"I have clearly seen my eight-year-old son becoming more confident and acceptable of his Indian roots and identity, ever since the festival of Diwali was started being celebrated in his school," another excited parent told the Indian Weekender.
School Principal, Mrs Irwin expressed thanks to everyone including children, parents, and teaching staff, in particular, Mrs Dev Singh, who has been spearheading in planning and coordinating to make this festival in school success.
"This event would not be possible if it were not for the hard work put in by teacher Dev Singh, who coordinated the event, other teachers who helped along with the huge amount of parents who give up their time to ensure that this celebration is so successful," Mrs Irwin said.