Welcome to the best site on the internet. Maybe we will see you on the course some time.
Anyone up for playing Sunday before Labor Day? I am about a 10 handicap...live in Boulder.
Colorado Avid Golfer has some nice $52.80 specials starting on Monday.
I'll be moved over to Colorado in November.
pretty bad time to move to Colorado, golf wise at least.
but I'm down in Parker once a week for a couple days which is right next to highlands ranch so if you ever want to play let me know. I'm really trying to improve my game and I'm going to the range at least 3 times a week sometimes more.
I'm really trying to improve my game and I'm going to the range at least 3 times a week sometimes more.
I was going to hit Family Sports range tomorrow around the lunch-hour, but I have to go into the office instead. I'll probably go next Tuesday and Thursday, though. I spent an hour at the short game area, and it improved my wedge play immensely last weekend.
sorry meant to say down there once a week haha. but how do you feel about saturday. I usually go and hit a large bucket then go and do wedge work for a hour or more.
I was supposed to play Murphy Creek on Saturday with my golf league. Sadly, way too many family activities this weekend to consider it.
I'm heading there after work today.. plan being there ~4pm. Cargo pant and a Longhorn t-shirt. Hook'EM!
Heading out on Saturday around 4pm.
Debating between Links at HR, South Suburban, or Family Sports.
Well that was an epic fail. Went to the Family Sports range instead.
Anyone getting out this weekend? I'm playing my course both days but could be convinced to play elsewhere.
I would like to comment on the weather we have been having. It is just great. Talking to my friends back in MN and they are all ice fishing!! I live in west Littleton and play the Meadows a bit. I know a lot of people hate that course but its close to my house. If anyone wants to get out and play just let me know.
Hard to believe that we are playing in short sleeves in December! Played Saddle Rock yesterday and it is in decent shape for this time of the year. Thought it was a little pricey for December at $55.
So I'm here! Played The Ridge At Castle Pines 2 weeks ago. Niceness.
We've had amazing weather and I'de love to get out before the super cold hits but I am still looking for work and broke.
Does anyone know of a good club fitter/ teaching pro in the denver metro? I have seen the guys at Metagolf at Broken tee but they kind of rubbed me the wrong way. Let me know what kind of experience you guys have had.
I'm looking for a good outdoor fitting place for Titleist equipment as well. I'm willing to travel around if needed.
I'de like to get new shafts for my irons and fitted for a new driver by next summer.
Of course the good weather comes to an end just in time for the weekend! We were spoiled in November though. Great shot of CPN!
As for higher end club fitters, d'Lance Golf does them in the Inverness area, and there is a place that does them at Green Valley Ranch as well, called Gott Golf.
As for teaching pros, the two I'd recommend for better players are John Ward (Out of Family Sports - South metro) and Perry Holmes (Out of Coal Creek - North metro). Should be able to google both. They're both good players themselves, I prefer to get my lessons from guys who can beat me.
Thanks a ton. I am NOT a fan of getting fitted via launch monitors. Your numbers may say one thing but seeing my ball flight in reality is another. Numbers + outside = win.
haven't been on this site in a while but Gott Golf does outdoor fitting with a Flightscope monitor to help with tuning. They have practically every piece of equipment you will ever want. Try them out as they are WAY cheaper than d'Lance and just as good or even better. d'Lance uses out of date equipment and is all indoor.
I did an outdoor Vokey wedge fitting last year at Bear Creek Golf Club. They are the regional Titleist fitters, had ProV1 range balls and provided a first class outdoor experience.
Quick Question Fellas - I am moving to Boulder in early summer from Palo Alto, CA. I have been doing a little research around online and was hoping to find the best place to practice and work on my short game close to Boulder. From what I have gathered, the best option is Colorado National.
I live on the south end of the Denver metro area and have not been to all of the northern metro courses. However, I have played Colorado National several times and their practice facility is very good. The University of Colorado golf team practices there.


St Hilda's R C Primary School, General secondary education, listed under "General Secondary Education" category, is located at Airy Hill Whitby North Yorkshire, YO21 1PZ, United Kingdom and can be reached by (01947) 603901 phone number. St Hilda's R C Primary School has currently 0 reviews.
Browse all General Secondary Education in Whitby North Yorkshire.


The infrastructure and facilities available in the campus are the finest. We ensure that our children are equipped with all the amenities they will ever require.
The below data is a consolidation of all Sanskriti Campuses in Pune, and not specific to any one campus.
Our numbers are sufficient to tell the whole story.


text:
Mrs. Lindsay's
Classroom Blog
Updates Weekly on Fridays
Weekly Update, Week Ending 2/17/17
Hello! It's the Friday before school vacation, and I can tell from a day full of very wiggly kindergarten and first graders that we are all ready for it! We didn't do an update last week because of the snow days, so this week's update is a two-week combo.
The goals of the last two weeks were to add to our repertoire of American folk songs, sing in the correct pitch, and continue to work on playing to and moving in a steady beat.
Inspired a bit by Lady Gaga's intro at the Superbowl Halftime show, we worked on the song "This Land Is Your Land," singing the first first and chorus of this American classic. Then, we played along to the song with our djembes, which are small African drums, with one half of the group keeping a steady beat while the other sang the song. We then continued our exploration of the steady beat by continuing to play on the drums along with other songs we've learned, which gave us a chance to review "Oh Susannah," "Comin' Round the Mountain," "Down by the Riverside," "You Are My Sunshine," and others.
We also played a game called "Lucy Locket" and also worked on moving in a circle in time to the beat with the song "Sally Go Round the Sun." As always, we frequently add in stories, other songs, and other games, as I see fit depending on any given group's energy at any given time!
Lots of fun being had, while learning is happening underneath. In addition to the musical skills we're working on, we're learning about how to work as a group, cooperate, and express ourselves. And of course, by learning to move to a steady beat, we're making sure that we will eventually look great on the dance floor when that day comes! :)
The goal: Let's banish those phrases, "I can't sing" and "I can't dance," from our vocabulary forever!!
Mrs. Lindsay teaches music to all of the kindergarten and 4 out of 5 first grade classes at NMES.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The First Tee of South Dakota is always grateful to anyone who would like to volunteer their time. We welcome people who can help in all areas, including: mentors, volunteer coach or assistant coach, administrative duties, and small group leaders. To become a volunteer, you must complete a volunteer application and screening process, which may include an interview about your skills and interest, a criminal background check, and character references. You will also recieve training about your volunteer role, behavioral expectaions, and child protection.
A special thank you to the following PGA and Golf Professionals who have donated their time to help with our Program.


text:
Dashboardcaret-down
RR:C19 Reviews
RR:C19 Editorials
Are you interested in peer reviewing preprints for RR:C19 or possibly serving as a student volunteer? We are looking for experts across a broad range of fields to review preprints and help us stem the tide of misinformation about COVID-19. If you want to help us in our mission as a peer reviewer, please fill out this form. For other inquiries, please email us.
RR:C19 especially needs experts in the following fields:
Biological & Chemical Sciences
Physical Sciences & Engineering
Humanities/
Biomedical Engineering/
Agriculture/Resource Management
Ecology, Evolution, Biodiversity
Community Health/Social Medicine/Maternal Newborn Child Health
Clinical Management of COVID
Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics
Epidemiological Modeling
Design/Arts & Lit & Music
Health Communications/Social Marketing
Data Science/Information Science
Earth Sciences/Geosciences
Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism
Health Diplomacy
Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Studies
Health Communications/
Health Policy, Mgmt, Systems
Vaccinology
Engineering (other)
Infectious disease/Clinical
Nutrition/Food Science
Journalism and Communications
Law & Ethics (including Human Rights)
Philosophy/Ethics
Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Health
Political Science/Public Policy
Palliative Medicine
Pathology/Laboratory Medicine
Surgery, General and Other
Review Contributing Author Agreement for Rapid Reviews: COVID-19
We look forward to publishing your contribution in the form of a review (the "Review") in Rapid Reviews: COVID-19 ("RR:C19").
Every Review submitted to RR:C19 is subject to the following terms and submission to RR:C19 signifies your acceptance of these terms. The following terms will become binding upon acceptance of your Review for publication and electronic signature of this form.
Open Access Publication: Your Review will be published under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license in Rapid Reviews: COVID-19 rapidreviewscovid19.mitpress.mit.edu. For more information regarding this license, please see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Retention of Copyright: You will retain copyright to your Review with the exception of first publication rights in English. To enable the publisher of Rapid Reviews: COVID-19, The MIT Press ("MIT Press"), to effect wide dissemination of your Review under the terms of a CC BY-NC license, you agree to the following:
Rights Reserved by Author: By retaining the copyright to your Review, you are reserving for yourself the right to publish the Review or permit it to be published by other publishers, subject to certain anthology and periodical rights given to MIT Press in the following paragraph. Since, with the exception of first publication rights in English, the licenses we require are nonexclusive, they do not prevent you, the author, from giving or selling similar licenses such as abstracting, indexing, translation, reprinting, educational photocopying, electronic reproduction/distribution, and document delivery rights to other publishers. You will ensure that any future publication of the Review authorized by you includes appropriate first publication credit to Rapid Reviews: COVID-19 and the MIT Press.
Licenses to MIT Press: You hereby grant to the MIT Press exclusive first publication rights in English for your Review, for distribution in all media and formats throughout the world. You acknowledge and agree that publication of your Review may include publication on a standalone basis – e.g. in reprints and in downloads from the MIT Press PubPub website. You hereby authorize us to license the Review in any manner in which we license the contents of any issue of RR:C19 generally, with the understanding that all uses are allowed via the terms of distribution of your Review under a CC BY-NC license.
Editing: The RRC19 editorial office has the right to select and change the title and capsule descriptions of the Review and associated graphics, type style or other optics, as well as edit the language for consistency within the journal. The RRC19 editorial office has the sole discretion to decide whether, when, and how to publish the Review. If we copy-edit the Review (beyond correction of typographic errors) it will be returned to you for your approval. Unless we receive revisions to the copy-edited Review within seven (7) days after we have emailed it to you, we shall be free to publish the copyedited version.
Warranties: You represent and warrant that the Review will be an original contribution by you (and any named coauthors) and has not been previously published in the English language, will not infringe upon the personal or proprietary right of any third party, and that you are free to enter into this Agreement and grant the rights you have granted to the MIT Press. In the event any complaint relating to the Review is made by any third party at any time, whether by a formal legal claim or otherwise, you will fully cooperate with the MIT Press in responding to and defending against such complaint or claim.
Miscellaneous: This agreement sets forth the entire agreement of the parties, supersedes all prior communications between them with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be altered excerpt in a document signed by both parties. Your obligations under this agreement are personal and may not be assigned. This agreement is binding on, and will inure to the benefit of, the parties' respective heirs, personal representatives, successors, and permitted assigns, and all sublicensees of the MIT Press. It will be governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States of America applicable to contracts to be wholly performed therein; any action arising out of or related to this agreement must be brought in the state or federal courts in Massachusetts, and the parties hereby consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts.
Multiple Authors: If there is more than one author of the Review, the word "you" includes all authors jointly and severally.
Rapid Reviews COVID-19


text:
HJN Calendar
J-Academy Lecture Series - Pamela Swett
J-Academy: Hamilton Jewish Federation and JCC's Jewish Studies Lecture Series on Zoom
February – April 2022
Lecture by Pamela E Swett, Dean, Faculty of Humanities, McMaster University on the topic
Life and Death in Theresienstadt, the Nazis' 'model' camp
The camp at Terezin in what is today the Czech Republic served as a transit camp during the Holocaust for over three years. An estimated 120,000 Jews died while imprisoned there or after deportation to one of the Nazi killings centres. This talk will present new research that has uncovered the complex society that developed within the camp walls and shaped the daily struggle for survival for prisoners from around Europe.
Pamela Swett, dean of the Faculty of Humanities, received her undergraduate training at Bryn Mawr College and completed her graduate degrees at Brown University. Her research and teaching interests lie in 20th-century German and European social and cultural history. She has received research grants from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada She has authored several books including Selling under the Swastika: Advertising and Commercial Culture in Nazi Germany and Neighbors and Enemies: The Culture of Radicalism in Berlin, 1929-1933. She is the co-editor of Pleasure and Power in Nazi Germany and Selling Modernity: Advertising in Twentieth Century Germany.
From 2017 until her appointment as dean, Swett was the Faculty's associate dean of graduate studies and research, and from 2011 to 2017 served as chair of the Department of History.


text:
Geneva chef makes world's largest candy cane
Chef Alain Roby breaks the record for the world's longest candy cane -- measured at 51 feet -- Saturday night in Geneva. courtesy of Heron PR
Daily Herald report
Updated 12/8/2012 9:55 PM
Geneva pastry chef Alain Roby broke his third Guinness World Record Saturday night by creating the world's longest candy cane, measuring at 51 feet long.
Roby, who already holds world records for the tallest cooked sugar building and tallest chocolate sculpture, pulled sugar starting at the Geneva Courthouse and stretched it to the intersection in front of his All Chocolate Kitchen, at 33 S. Third St., on Saturday.
The candy cane fit in well with the festive decorations on Third Street as residents, candy fans and even Mayor Kevin Burns joined in to cheer on Roby.
Roby is a certified master chef of pastry and artistry, and he has created other masterpieces including a 700 pound sculpture of Neil Armstrong in an astronaut suit that was featured on the Food Network. He also created a life-size chocolate sculpture of a Blackhawks player honoring Chicago Blackhawk's legend Eddie Olczyk when the team won the 2010 Stanley Cup.


text:
Umarov Batyr Daniyalovich
Vice-Rector of the administrative and economic part of the Atyrau Engineering Humanitarian Institute and Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor.
Born in 1953 on June 15 in the village of Kharabali, Astrakhan region of the Russian Federation.In 1968, he graduated from the eight-year school in the village of Akhtubinka, Kharabala district.
In 1970, he successfully graduated from high school in the village of Hosheutovo, Kharabalinsky district. In 1970-1971, he worked as a worker on the collective farm "Dawn of Communism".
In 1971-1973, he served in the armed forces of the Soviet Army. In 1973-1979, he studied at the Institute in Uralsk, West Kazakhstan Agricultural Institute. In 1979, he graduated from the West Kazakhstan Agricultural Institute with a degree in agricultural mechanization.
From 1979 to 1994, he worked as a teacher at the Guryev Agricultural Technical School. From 1994 to 2007, he worked as a vice-rector for AHH at the Atyrau Institute of Oil and Gas.
From 2007 to this day he is Vice-rector for administrative and economic part of AEHI (went from head of the Department, chief engineer to the Vice-rector AEHI).
In 2005, he defended his PhD thesis on the topic "Research of operational properties of oils of oil fractions of Western Kazakhstan". It is engaged in optimization of chemical and component composition of oil fractions of oil of Western Kazakhstan and research ways of reduction of mechanical losses when using motor oils with improved viscosity-temperature and antifriction properties.
Awarded "excellence in education of RK", diplomas of the Ministry of education and science of the RK, the Letter of Appreciation from First President of Kazakhstan N.A.Nazarbayev, the medal "20 years of independence of Kazakhstan", the medal "Leader of education", the medal "For peace in the Caspian sea" the Association of universities of Caspian region.
He has published more than 40 scientific articles in international and national scientific publications. Developed methodological manuals and electronic textbooks for university students.


text:
Q: Android iOS deep linking, one domain, several apps I'm working on several android and ios apps and I'd prefer deep links like this:
https://my-domain.com/app1/link1
https://my-domain.com/app1/link2
https://my-domain.com/app2/link1
https://my-domain.com/app2/link2

instead of:
https://app1.com/link1
https://app1.com/link2
https://app2.com/link1
https://app2.com/link2

Is the first approach doable on both platforms? Or should/need I pick the second one and register separate domains for each app?

A: You can detect if the user have a Android device or iOS device from your website and build redirection depending which device have the user
Check if PHP-page is accessed from an iOS device

A: You can do it the way you want, but if your apps have different database connections, your backend may become a mess.
I'd recommend you look into subdomains, like
https://app1.my-domain.com/link1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Football season is here. Support your team with an original limited edition print by artist Elliott Aaron From. This print is 18x24 inches and will be signed by the artist and dated per order. Limited edition run of 200. Print will be shipped in a mailing tube. Shipping will be 5-10 days depending on location.


Orlando Jordan defeated TJ Dalton..
Mr. Ken Kennedy defeated Kid Kash..
IN THE RING: Randy Orton & "Cowboy" Bob Orton..
Highlights were shown of the Smackdown! special where Randy Orton backed the low-rider into the SD! set..
~~~The Undertaker was on the back end of the car, and Randy Orton escaped just before the low-rider exploded!
Randy Orton said if anybody thought The Undertaker would rise from the ashes should know it won't happen!
Randy Orton said he was the only phenom left in the WWE and that he deserves to wear the World championship..
Randy Orton called out World champion Batista and demanded a shot at the World title at Armageddon..
#1 CONTENDERS TAG TEAM BATTLE ROYAL: The Mexicools win!
MNM (Joey Mercury & Johnny Nitro w/Melina Perez) came out and Melina did the splits on the announce table!
Participants: Legion of Doom (Animal/Heidienreich | The Mexicools (Psicosis/Super Crazy) | Nunzio & Big Vito..
Participants: Scotty Too Hotty & Sho Funaki | The Dicks (James & Chad) | Paul London & Brian Kendrick..
The Mexicools won the match by last eliminating The Dicks to win a shot at MNM at Armageddon..
INTERVIEW: Josh Mathews & John Bradshaw Layfield..
John Bradshaw Layfield said that the RAW vs SD! war WILL have a winner in the end..
JBL said he will team with a guy he doesn't like just to defend his show against the RAW Giants..
Suddenly behind JBL, the backstage monitor became covered in blood, as JBL watched with curiosity..
Booker T & Sharmell joined Michael Cole & Tazz at the announce table for the match..
Both men suffered cuts on their forehead in this brutal match that ended with William Regal tapping out!
Chris Benoit jumped out of the ring and dove over the announce table onto Booker T and brawled with him!
Chris Benoit put Booker T in the Crippler Crossface on the floor until Sharmell came at him with a chair!
Chris Benoit released the submission hold and got up and chased Sharmell away..
BACKSTAGE: Randy Orton & Cowboy Bob Orton..
Randy Orton said after he's done with Matt Hardy he is going straight into Batista's locker room..
Randy Orton said if Batista doesn't give him a title shot then he'll spit right in his face!
MATCH: Randy Orton w/Bob Orton vs Matt Hardy..
Matt Hardy came close to winning a few times, but Randy Orton scored the pin after an RKO!
After the match, the lights went out and the Undertaker's voice came over the loud speaker..
The Undertaker verbally taunted Randy Orton, until Orton tried to escape though the crowd..
Randy Orton found a exit, but was horrified to find a smoking casket behind the curtain..
The Undertaker said Randy Orton tried to kill him, but he's the one who DOES the killing!
Randy Orton scurried around the arena going crazy with fear and paranoia as weird things kept happening..
Randy Orton kept going back to the ring, after discovering all his exits appeared to be blocked by phenomena..
The Undertaker said Randy Orton would go to hell with him, in a Hell in a Cell - at Armageddon!!
BACKSTAGE: Theodore Long & Randy Orton..
Randy Orton paniced trying to convince Theodore Long a World title match instead of the Hell in a Cell..
INTERVIEW: Kristal Marshall (very nervous) & Simon Dean..
Kirtal Marshall (from Diva Search 2005) asked Simon Dean if he was scarred of the Boogeyman..
Simon Dean went on a nervous rant saying he wasn't afraid and plugged some of his Simon System products..
Simon Dean lifted the lid on a platter and found the Boogeyman's head laughing and eating worms!
MATCH: The Boogeyman (debut) vs Simon Dean..
Throughout the night, strange things were happening, like the blood running down the monitor with JBL..
~~~Also the lights flickered during the Battle Royal, and a wall clock was shown spinning out of control..
Simon Dean was introduced but he had to be dragged to the ring by a five man team of security!
The Boogeyman has a bizarre entrance with crazy music, lots of smoke, and a whole bunch of gimmicks..
The Boogeyman reached into his pocket and pulled out a handful of worms and began eating them!
The Boogeyman hit a face-down Slam on Simon Dean and pinned him to win the match!
MATCH: Bobby Lashley defeated Sylvan -- (Lashley's longest singles match to date)..
MAIN EVENT: The Big Show & Kane (RAW Tag Team Champions) vs John Bradshaw Layfield & Rey Mysterio..
Late in the match, referee Jimmy Corderis "accidentally" poked JBL in the eye and he bailed out of the ring..
John Layfield stumbled backwards down the isle backstage, leaving Rey Mysterio with the RAW Monsters!
The Big Show & Kane spent a few minutes destroying Rey Mysterio but Rey miraculously turned the tables!
Rey Mysterio hit a pair of 619's on both Kane & Big Show and went for a spingboard but got caught!
Kane & The Big Show gave Rey Mysterio a double chokeslammed him and pinned him for the victory!
Kane & The Big Show continued the assault afterwards until Batista ran down to make the save!
Batista cleaned house and whacked Kane & Big Show with vicious chairshots to the face/head!!!


text:
Q: Scroll view for custom dialog I have been trying to add scrollview for custom dialog box but it doesn't scroll. I tried all the suggested answers on this website but couldn't succeed. I have posted my layout.xml file here. Please help me out.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<ScrollView
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:background="@color/New_Cust_Popup_Background"
    android:fadeScrollbars="false"
    android:fillViewport="true"
    tools:ignore="ScrollViewSize,InefficientWeight,RtlHardcoded,UselessParent" >

<RelativeLayout
    android:id="@+id/pop_element"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="373dp"
    android:background="@drawable/blackframe_edttxt"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:scrollbarAlwaysDrawVerticalTrack="true" >

        <AutoCompleteTextView
            android:id="@+id/AutoCmpltTxtViewCountry"
            style="@style/Custom_newCust_popup_edit_style"
            android:layout_height="30dp"
            android:layout_below="@+id/AutoCmpltTxtViewState"
            android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
            android:ems="10"
            android:hint="@string/new_cust_popup_Country" />

        <EditText
            android:id="@+id/EdtAddress"
            style="@style/Custom_newCust_popup_edit_style"
            android:layout_height="100dp"
            android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
            android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
            android:ems="10"
            android:gravity="top"
            android:hint="@string/new_cust_popup_Address"
            android:inputType="textPostalAddress"
            tools:ignore="HardcodedText" />

        <AutoCompleteTextView
            android:id="@+id/AutoCmpltTxtViewCity"
            style="@style/Custom_newCust_popup_edit_style"
            android:layout_height="30dp"
            android:layout_below="@+id/EdtAddress"
            android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
            android:ems="10"
            android:hint="@string/new_cust_popup_City" />

        <AutoCompleteTextView
            android:id="@+id/AutoCmpltTxtViewState"
            style="@style/Custom_newCust_popup_edit_style"
            android:layout_height="30dp"
            android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
            android:layout_below="@+id/AutoCmpltTxtViewCity"
            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
            android:ems="10"
            android:hint="@string/new_cust_popup_State" />

        <EditText
            android:id="@+id/EdtPostalCode"
            style="@style/Custom_newCust_popup_edit_style"
            android:layout_height="30dp"
            android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
            android:layout_below="@+id/AutoCmpltTxtViewCountry"
            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
            android:ems="10"
            android:gravity="top"
            android:hint="@string/new_cust_popup_Postal_Code"
            android:inputType="textPostalAddress"
            tools:ignore="HardcodedText" />

        <Button
            android:id="@+id/BtnClosePopup"
            style="@style/Custom_newCust_popup_button_style"
            android:layout_alignBottom="@+id/BtnPopUpSave"
            android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
            android:layout_alignRight="@+id/EdtPostalCode"
            android:layout_alignTop="@+id/BtnPopUpSave"
            android:layout_marginRight="56dp"
            android:text="@string/new_cust_popup_Cancel"
            tools:ignore="ButtonOrder,HardcodedText,RtlHardcoded" />

        <Button
            android:id="@+id/BtnPopUpSave"
            style="@style/Custom_newCust_popup_button_style"
            android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
            android:layout_marginRight="41dp"
            android:layout_toLeftOf="@+id/BtnClosePopup"
            android:text="@string/new_cust_popup_Save"
            tools:ignore="HardcodedText,RtlHardcoded" />

</RelativeLayout>

</ScrollView>
</LinearLayout>

`


text:
$2 Benjamin Franklin Kite Experiment Legal Tender Notes (New)
Among the paper notes available in the US Federal Reserve Note Series, the $2 bill is the least used and least circulated denomination. Though it is considered rare by some, the $2 bill is no different in its production and intended use than the $1, $5, $10, $20, $50, or $100. The $2 bill is, however, a favorite among private mints looking to produce commemorative notes. Today, $2 Benjamin Franklin Kite Experiment Legal Tender Notes are available to you online at Silver.com.
Note Highlights:
Available to ship to you inside presentation folios with an included Certificate of Authenticity!
Enhanced, colorized images on the obverse celebrate Franklin's Kite Experiment!
Real, legal tender Federal Reserve Notes!
The face value of $2 (USD) is fully backed by the US government.
On the obverse is an effigy of Benjamin Franklin accompanied by other imagery.
The reverse features the traditional $2 bill.
The famed Kite Experiment performed by Benjamin Franklin is often credited to two different Frenchmen in the mid-18th century. It is believed that Jean-Antoine Nollet is said to have first developed the idea of harnessing electricity from lightning in Bordeaux in 1749. A year later, Denis Barberet received a prize for a dissertation he wrote on the subject. In 1752, Franklin is said to have actually performed the experiment with his son.
All of these $2 Benjamin Franklin Kite Experiment Legal Tender Notes are available to you in presentation folios. These bi-fold folios hold the bill on one side and come with a Certificate of Authenticity. Each note also has colorized enhancements that have been applied by Merrick Mint using proprietary processes. These applications deliver beautiful visuals and obscure the traditional design of President Thomas Jefferson.
On the obverse of the Benjamin Franklin Kite Experiment Legal Tender Notes is a portrait of Benjamin Franklin at the center. This image is very similar to the current effigy of Franklin from the US $100 Federal Reserve Note. To his right, you will see an image of the American bald eagle with the US national shield. On the left, there is a depiction of Benjamin Franklin alongside his young son as they perform the famed kite experiment. This image is deeply rooted in the history of American currency as this same vignette appeared on the $10 National Bank Note for 30 years between the 1860s and 1890s.
The reverse side of $2 Benjamin Franklin Kite Experiment Legal Tender Notes comes with the traditional reverse design for these notes. Here, you will see a depiction of John Trumbull's 1818 oil painting capturing the moment the drafters of the Declaration of Independence delivered the document to the Continental Congress for consideration.
Please contact Silver.com if you have any questions. Our team can assist you at 888-989-7223, online using our live chat, and via our email address.
Brand: The Merrick Mint
Manufacturer: The Merrick Mint
Face Value: $2
Issuing Country: United States
Edge Design: Smooth
Packaging Type: Presentation Packaging
Lowest Price: $13.99


In the U.S. investors are often fixated on the S&P 500, the Nasdaq, or the Dow Jones. Few know of the Caixin Purchasing Managers Index (PMI). Even fewer pay attention to it, but they should. Why? It's an important industrial metal indicator for one of the world's economic powerhouses.
China's Caixin Manufacturing Index is expressed as a number. The figure represents the outcome of a survey of small and mid-sized businesses in China and their appetite for industrial metals like copper and nickel. Why does this matter? China is the world's largest metal consumer and the second largest economy on the planet and the number is rising.
In August the figure reached a six-month high of 51.6. This value beat all expectations signalling a more robust than expected Chinese economy. The head of strategy for Asia Pacific and emerging markets at Merrill Lynch remarked, "The world economy is in a pervasive growth mode where 85 percent of the countries that we track in the world have PMIs that are above 50. That's very, very high and I expect that to continue." China's healthy demand comes not only from industrial expansion and favorable economic tailwinds but also renewed focus on environmental improvement.
Components like memory chips are in constant demand. Meanwhile, LEDs, PCBs, and bonding wire are all common electronic parts requiring some amount of gold for production. Simultaneously, "Research into new applications for gold continued to grow" reported The World Gold Council.
Caixin Purchasing PMI. The latest measurement comes amid the fastest expansion seen in 37 months.
As the world continues to evolve into a global economy we're witnessing the pervasive effects of China's industrial growth. While supply and demand have enormous influence our "flat earth" economy is so interconnected that even China's environmental policy can impact prices.


text:
These Awesome New Warriors Are Catharsis for the Whole NBA
They're real contenders—and seem to be shedding baggage from the past decade's biggest basketball story.
By Jack Hamilton
April 27, 20226:02 PM
Draymond and Steph, great and going for it once again. Photo illustration by Slate. Photo by Matthew Stockman/Getty Images.
For the first time since, I don't know, perhaps Bill Clinton's second term, the Eastern Conference's top Finals contenders look thoroughly better than the West's, at least through the first couple weeks of action. Some of this is due to injury, with the top-seeded Phoenix Suns struggling through their first-round series against the New Orleans Pelicans in the absence of Devin Booker, and some of it might just be timing, with the second-seeded Memphis Grizzlies providing some great television while also looking perhaps a bit too callow for a title run in 2022. But as we approach the doorstep of the second round, the Miami Heat, Milwaukee Bucks, and Boston Celtics have all looked considerably more fearsome than almost any of the West's top contenders.
Almost any. The third-seeded Golden State Warriors look to send off the injury-ravaged Denver Nuggets in five games later Wednesday night, and it brings me no small amount of pleasure to report that the Warriors look like the Warriors again—specifically this era's first, cool Warriors. The last time we saw a version of the Warriors that resembled this current configuration was spring of 2016, six very long years ago, when they were making an ill-fated but wildly entertaining run to defend their 2015 title against the Cleveland Cavaliers after winning a league-record 73 games in the regular season. When those Warriors won their 73rd game, Jayson Tatum was about to graduate from high school, and Ja Morant hadn't yet turned 17. If the Warriors win a championship this year—and they absolutely can—it would be one of the most remarkable displays of resilient continuity in recent sports history, not unlike the San Antonio Spurs' 2014 run to the title, which, incidentally, was the last championship before the ascendance of the Warriors dynasty.
This Warriors team obviously isn't identical to the 2015 and 2016 gangs. Harrison Barnes is long gone, and Andre Iguodala—now firmly in the twilight of his career—won't be topping any Finals MVP ballots. The mid-2010s Warriors teams became famous for their "Death Lineup," a devastating small-ball fivesome featuring Stephen Curry, Klay Thompson, Barnes, Iguodala, and Draymond Green at center. The 2022 Warriors have a death lineup of their own, in which Thompson, Curry, and Green are joined by high-scoring guard Jordan Poole and versatile wing Andrew Wiggins. They also have an intriguing bench that includes both wily vets like Iguodala as well as rookie Jonathan Kuminga, a living, breathing pogo-stick who might be the most explosive athlete of this Warriors era and only sort of knows how to play basketball. It's all a lot of fun.
Like the earlier Warriors teams this one is a joy to watch, with lots of movement, spacing, terrific defense, unselfish passing, and of course, lights-out shooting. And yet their significance also feels like it exceeds the product on the floor. The promise of a deep Warriors playoff run offers a sort of reset or palate-cleanser on what, in retrospect, feels like the defining event of the past 10 years of NBA basketball: Kevin Durant's decision to leave the Oklahoma City Thunder and sign with the Warriors in the summer of 2016. Durant's signing with Golden State was immensely polarizing at the time, with fans split between those defending Durant's right to basketball autonomy and those who saw his defection to Golden State—the team that had only recently dispatched his Thunder from the Western Conference Finals—as a Rubicon-crossing moment for craven ring-chasing.
Recently in Sports
Tom Brady's Career Was Never Going to Get a Happy Ending
The Current Big NBA Superstar Debate Is Missing an Important Point
When You Have Patrick Mahomes, You Have Everything
How the Cowboys Imploded
Durant spent three seasons in Golden State and won two titles (and two Finals MVPs) before decamping to Brooklyn, but in certain ways the events of July 2016 feel like something the league has never quite moved past. The Warriors were, frankly, too good in those years, which led to a series of Finals that were essentially drained of drama, where the only "hope" for any unpredictability was catastrophic injuries, which is a pretty lousy way to experience sports. (This came to bear in 2019, Durant's last year with the team, when a Warriors team missing KD and Klay Thompson lost the championship in six games to the Toronto Raptors.) The Warriors' sheer unbeatability in those years may also have directly or indirectly inspired other West Coast "superteam" experiments in Los Angeles, where both the Lakers and Clippers now find themselves navigating salary cap hell while frantically trying to find a path to a title for their aging, frequently injured stars. Finally, Durant's own desire to prove he could win a title with his own team was widely speculated to be a primary motivation in his decision to leave Golden State and sign with Brooklyn and Kyrie Irving in 2019, which at the time of this writing has gone about as badly as anyone could have reasonably anticipated. Meanwhile, the legacies of Steph Curry, Klay Thompson, and Draymond Green—iron-clad Hall of Famers one and all—are still stalked by questions about how many rings they would (or wouldn't) have won if Durant had never come to the Bay.
We now seem to be coming out of all this, as pretty much every major remaining contender has built their team through continuity and careful development and roster construction rather than all-in-now trades or splashy free agent coups. The Warriors, in fact, fit this perfectly, with three stars who've each been with the team for their whole careers and whom it's nearly impossible to imagine in any other jersey. Provided they find their way past the Nuggets, they'll play either the Timberwolves or Grizzlies in the second round, up-and-coming teams with exciting homegrown stars who are looking to lead perennial, also-ran franchises to the promised land. If you squint hard enough, it all looks a bit like 2015 again.
The NBA Playoffs


text:
Senator Becca Balint
Windham District
bbalint@leg.state.vt.us
271 South Main St., Brattleboro, VT 05301
Senate Committee on Economic Development, Housing and General Affairs, Clerk
Senate Committee on Institutions, Clerk
Legislative Committee on Judicial Rules
Art in State Building Advisory Panel, Designee
REBECCA A. BALINT of Brattleboro, Windham County, Democrat, was born in a US Army hospital in Heidelberg, Germany where her dad was stationed. She was raised predominantly in upstate New York and attended public schools in Peekskill. She received her BA from Smith College in Northampton, MA, graduating magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa. Rebecca earned her masters in education from Harvard University in 1995 and her MA in history from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in 2001. Her career in education has been spent teaching in public and private schools in New England, as well as at the Community College of Vermont. She first moved to Vermont in 1994 to teach rock climbing at the Farm and Wilderness Foundation in Plymouth and relocated permanently to Vermont in 1997. She went on to direct Saltash Mountain Camp at Farm and Wilderness, a coed wilderness adventure camp for 11-15 year olds. She has served on Brattleboro's Development Review Board and as an elected town meeting representative from her district in Brattleboro. She writes a popular weekly op-ed column in the Brattleboro Reformer, serves on the workforce committee of the Southeastern Vermont Economic Development Strategies (SeVEDS), and is a CTI-trained coach who works with groups and individual clients on fulfilling professional and personal goals. She is also an avid runner. Rebecca lives with her wife, attorney Elizabeth R. Wohl, and their two children, Abraham and Sadie. Home phone: 257-4162. Address: 271 South Main Street, Brattleboro, VT 05301.
Bills and Resolutions Sponsored by Senator Balint
Roll Call Votes by Senator Balint


Customer care numbers toll free helpline numbers official address email address and social media pages of home credit india are mentioned below. It is available for macos windows ios android windows phone blackberry kobo ereaders and web browsers. When you find something you want to view later put it in pocket.
Creating an account and logging into pocket.
Mpokket helpline. You earn mcoins in 2 ways. When your connections take loan and repay on time. Mpokket customer care number. Our mobile application seamlessly delivers credit anytime anywhere.
Mpokket is a mobile application based digital lending marketplace. If you need more information just comment below. Customer care numbers toll free helpline numbers official address email address and social media pages of mpokket are mentioned below. If your connections delay loan repayments you also stand to lose mcoins.
If you need more information just comment below. If you are facing any issues then you can directly contact them to solve all your problems as early as possible. Log in with google log in with firefox. Helpful information about your pocket account.
We help you achieve financial independence. Pocket previously known as read it later is an application and web service for managing a reading list of articles from the internet. When a user signs up for mpokket using your referral code and 2. Phonepe 247 customer care number 0124 6789345 for customers phonepe customer care helpline number 0124 6789400 for merchant it is the best way to get the instant solution to your all problems.
Home credit india customer care number. Im having trouble signing up for pocket. Frequently asked questions and support content for pocket. In that scenario we recommend all users to make contact with there phonepe customer care helpline.


text:
package spec

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"testing"

	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
	jsontesting "k8s.io/kube-openapi/pkg/util/jsontesting"
)

const infoJSON = `{
	"description": "A sample API that uses a petstore as an example to demonstrate features in ` +
	`the swagger-2.0 specification",
	"title": "Swagger Sample API",
	"termsOfService": "http://helloreverb.com/terms/",
	"contact": {
		"name": "wordnik api team",
		"url": "http://developer.wordnik.com"
	},
	"license": {
		"name": "Creative Commons 4.0 International",
		"url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
	},
	"version": "1.0.9-abcd",
	"x-framework": "go-swagger"
}`

var info = Info{
	InfoProps: InfoProps{
		Version: "1.0.9-abcd",
		Title:   "Swagger Sample API",
		Description: "A sample API that uses a petstore as an example to demonstrate features in " +
			"the swagger-2.0 specification",
		TermsOfService: "http://helloreverb.com/terms/",
		Contact:        &ContactInfo{Name: "wordnik api team", URL: "http://developer.wordnik.com"},
		License: &License{
			Name: "Creative Commons 4.0 International",
			URL:  "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
		},
	},
	VendorExtensible: VendorExtensible{Extensions: map[string]interface{}{"x-framework": "go-swagger"}},
}

func TestIntegrationInfo_Serialize(t *testing.T) {
	b, err := json.MarshalIndent(info, "", "\t")
	if assert.NoError(t, err) {
		assert.Equal(t, infoJSON, string(b))
	}
}

func TestIntegrationInfo_Deserialize(t *testing.T) {
	actual := Info{}
	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(infoJSON), &actual)
	if assert.NoError(t, err) {
		assert.EqualValues(t, info, actual)
	}
}

func TestInfoRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
	cases := []jsontesting.RoundTripTestCase{
		{
			// Show at least one field from each embededd struct sitll allows
			// roundtrips successfully
			Name: "UnmarshalEmbedded",
			JSON: `{
				"x-framework": "swagger-go",
				"description": "the description of this object"
			  }`,
			Object: &Info{
				VendorExtensible{Extensions{
					"x-framework": "swagger-go",
				}},
				InfoProps{
					Description: "the description of this object",
				},
			},
		}, {
			Name:   "BasicCase",
			JSON:   infoJSON,
			Object: &info,
		},
	}

	for _, tcase := range cases {
		t.Run(tcase.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
			require.NoError(t, tcase.RoundTripTest(&Info{}))
		})
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Are NJ schools spending their COVID recovery funds too slowly?
Michael Symons
Michael Symons Published: April 18, 2022
Halfpoint
TRENTON – Noting the learning losses and mental health setbacks endured by students in the two-plus years of the pandemic, some legislators say they're concerned New Jersey schools aren't spending their federal recovery funds fast enough.
Public schools have spent around $550 million out of their $3.9 billion – though have until September 2024 and have approved plans for at least the first two batches of money out of three. On top of that, the state still has $349 million of its $403 million for K-12 education programs available.
Acting Education Commissioner Angelica Allen-McMillan told the Assembly Budget Committee that 85% of the first and smallest tranche of funds has been spent. The funding allotments to New Jersey through ESSER, the Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief Fund, have included $310 million expiring this Sept. 30, $1.23 billion expiring in 2023 and $2.77 billion that runs out in 2024.
"We believe that between now and September of 2022, the remaining 15% will be expended and we will not return any of the funding," Allen-McMillan said.
Districts have spent 29% of their second batch of funds and 1% of their third, as of last month. Assemblywoman Eliana Pintor Marin, D-Essex, who chairs the budget committee, said lawmakers are "a little bit taken aback" by the pace.
"Specifically for my district, I'm going to be quite honest with you, my kids can't keep waiting because my gap already existed here previously to COVID," Pintor Marin said. "So, how much longer are my kids going to keep waiting?"
Pintor Marin said there seems to be a miscommunication about spending the funds and that maybe the state needs to push districts to draw down the money faster by saying: "Hey everyone, our kids are already behind in math, right, for whatever it is, half a year or whatever. At what point do we keep waiting so that that gap is larger and longer?"
Department of Education officials said the system for approving spending is the same as for all federal grants and that any apparent delay is just a reflection of how the accounting process works.
Assistant Commissioner Kevin Dehmer, the NJDOE's chief financial officer, said districts have approved plans for how they will use at least their first two batches of funds and in some places all three.
"They don't get all of the money at once. They get it as they spend it," Dehmer said. "So, every month we're drawing down on those because they're spending money executing those plans."
"Also, when they submit for reimbursement, we don't just cut the check," Allen-McMillan said. "We look at the program because they have to submit evidence. It's not just: Oh, here, I hired a consultant. Well, did it accomplish what you stated you were going to accomplish?"
Despite the responses, Pintor Marin said students have immediate needs that require a more urgent response.
"I don't know at this point who to criticize – is it the districts, is it the department, who it is?" she said. "But I don't know how long it's going to take for all of this to be submitted, to be drawn down, all of that. I understand. But the problem is our kids can't keep waiting."
New Jersey high school graduation rates
The lists below show 4-year graduation rates for New Jersey public schools for the 2020-21 school year. The statewide graduation rate fell slightly, from 91% in 2019-20 to 90.6%.
The lists, which are sorted by county and include a separate list for charter schools, also include a second graduation rate, which excludes students whose special education IEPs allow them to qualify for diplomas despite not meeting typical coursework and attendance requirements.
Columns with an asterisk or 'N' indicate there was no data or it was suppressed to protect student privacy.
Average SAT scores for all NJ high schools, 2020-21
Average SAT scores for the 2020-2021 school year are listed by county, from highest to lowest. Data includes the combined score, as well as the average scores on the math and reading/writing sections.
Participation rates show the share of 12th graders in the Class of 2021 who took the SAT in 2020-21 or in prior years.
High schools aren't listed if there is no data or the number of students participating was low enough that average scores were not publicly reported to protect student privacy.
School aid for all New Jersey districts for 2022-23
The state Department of Education announced district-level school aid figures for the 2022-23 school year on Thursday, March 10, 2022. They're listed below, alphabetically by county. For additional details from the NJDOE, including specific categories of aid, click here.
Source: Are NJ schools spending their COVID recovery funds too slowly?
Filed Under: Angelica Allen-McMillan, Education, Eliana Pintor-Marin, Kevin Dehmer
Amazing! The Oldest High School in New Jersey is Among Most Historic in America
NJ faces epic teacher shortage – Can it be fixed?
Toms River, NJ Regional School Teacher named New Jersey State Teacher of the Year!
NJ lawmakers, parents continue to fight back against sex ed mandates
NJ senator likens teachers union fact-check campaign to Soviet secret police
Why is NJ now testing students at the start of the year in September?
Middletown, NJ, schools to defy state on sex-ed classes
New law in NJ aims to stop troubled students from resorting to violence
NJ curriculum furor: Will state impose penalties over sex education?


text:
Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis: A Review of Hospital Cases
Sherine Jue Ong,
Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
Yhu-Chering Huang,
Affiliations Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Hsin-Yuan Tan,
Affiliations Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
David H. K. Ma,
Hsin-Chiung Lin,
Lung-Kun Yeh,
Phil Y. F. Chen,
Hung-Chi Chen,
Chih-Chun Chuang,
Affiliations Department of Ophthalmology, Yuan-Sheng Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Department of Ophthalmology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
Chee-Jen Chang,
Affiliations Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Ching-Hsi Hsiao
* E-mail: hsiao.chinghsi@gmail.com
Chee-Jen Chang
Sherine Jue Ong Yhu-Chering Huang ... Ching-Hsi Hsiao
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is an important public health issue. The study aimed to characterize the patient demographics, clinical features, antibiotic susceptibility, and clinical outcomes of keratitis caused by S. aureus, and to make a comparison between MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates.
Methodology/Principal findings
Patients (n = 59) with culture-proven S. aureus keratitis treated in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2010, were included in our study. Patients' demographic and clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-six MRSA (44%) and 33 MSSA (56%) isolates were collected. The MRSA keratitis was significantly more common among the patients with healthcare exposure (P = 0.038), but 46.2% (12/26) of patients with MRSA keratitis were considered to have community-associated infections. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. MRSA isolates were significantly more resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Ocular surface disease was a significant risk factor for MRSA keratitis (P = 0.011). Visual outcome did not differ significantly between the MRSA and MSSA groups. However, age (B = 0.01, P = 0.035, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.001–0.019) and visual acuity at presentation (B = 0.749, P<0.001, 95% CI: 0.573–0.926) were significantly correlated with visual outcome.
Conclusions/Significance
Ocular surface disease is an important predisposing factor for S. aureus keratitis, especially for MRSA infections. Advanced age and poor visual acuity at presentation are important prognostic indicators for poor visual outcome in S. aureus keratitis. Oxacillin resistance may not be a significant prognostic indicator.
Citation: Ong SJ, Huang Y-C, Tan H-Y, Ma DHK, Lin H-C, Yeh L-K, et al. (2013) Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis: A Review of Hospital Cases. PLoS ONE 8(11): e80119. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080119
Editor: Suzanne Fleiszig, UC Berkeley, United States of America
Received: May 28, 2013; Accepted: September 29, 2013; Published: November 11, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Ong et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported in part by Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan, grant number CMRPG381511. No additional external funding was received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens in bacterial keratitis, a vision-threatening disease. [1], [2] Although the incidence of S. aureus keratitis varies worldwide, the increasing trend of resistance to certain antibiotics makes this condition an important global healthcare issue. [3]–[5]
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a term used to describe strains of S. aureus that are resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics. The emergence of MRSA strains is clinically relevant because their resistance to multiple antibiotics limits treatment options for MRSA infection. Formerly considered a nosocomial pathogen, MRSA has reportedly increased in prevalence among otherwise healthy patients without identified risk factors. These infections are described as community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections. In Western countries, the most common manifestations of ocular MRSA infections are conjunctivitis or lid disorders, [6]–[8] whereas keratitis was the most common ocular diagnosis in our previous study in Taiwan, accounting for 36.1% of the MRSA ocular infections. [9] Previous studies of MRSA keratitis have generally been limited to case reports and small case series. [10]–[15] The scope of our previous studies on ocular MRSA infections was primarily focused on epidemiology and included a broad spectrum of diseases, so we did not intend to analyze clinical features and outcomes. [9], [16]
Herein, we performed a 5-year retrospective study of S. aureus keratitis in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH), a 3000-bed tertiary referral hospital in Taiwan. We compared the clinical characteristics, predisposing factors, antibiotic susceptibility, treatment modalities, and visual outcome of patients with MRSA keratitis to those caused by methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA)
Our study adhered to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of CGMH, which granted a waiver of consent because patient anonymity was maintained by the data source.
Participants and procedures
We queried the computer database from the microbiology laboratory in CGMH and reviewed the corresponding medical records to identify patients with S. aureus keratitis who were treated between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2010. Both inpatients and outpatients were included. Data collected included demographic information, medical and ocular history, presenting signs and symptoms, systemic and local predisposing factors, presenting visual acuity (VA), antibiotic susceptibility, treatment, length of follow up, and final VA. The size and location of corneal infiltrates and the presence of hypopyon were also documented.
We determined the susceptibility of bacterial isolates to clindamycin, erythromycin, cefoxitin, penicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, teicoplanin, and vancomycin using the disk diffusion method based on the standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The isolates were stored for additional testing for susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin), at a later date in 2010. We used cefoxitin to test for β-lactam antibiotic resistance.
We defined healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) and CA-MRSA according to the definitions proposed by Naimi et al. [17] Patients meeting one or more of the following criteria were considered HA-MRSA cases: (1) a MRSA infection identified within 48 hours after admission to a hospital; (2) a history of hospitalization, surgery, dialysis, or residence in a long-term care facility within one year of a MRSA culture date; (3) a permanent indwelling catheter or percutaneous medical device present at the time of culture; or (4) a known positive culture for MRSA before the beginning of the study period. Cases meeting none of these criteria were defined as CA-MRSA infection.
To treat S. aureus keratitis, empiric or fortified antibiotics were administered hourly. The standard fortified antibiotics consisted of topical amikacin (25 mg/ml), cefazolin sodium (25 mg/ml), or vancomycin (25 mg/ml); the commercially available antibiotics used were topical fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin 0.3% or levofloxacin 0.5%). The antibiotic treatment regimens were adjusted subsequently according to the culture results, the antibiotic susceptibility, and the clinical response. Surgical interventions, including amniotic membrane transplantation, tarsorrhaphy, patch graft, or therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty, were performed as needed. The healing time was recorded after infiltration had subsided and the epithelial defect had healed. The VA was recorded at >2 months after the keratitis had subsided and stabilized, and Snellen VA values were converted into logMAR units for statistical analysis. VA of counting fingers, hand movements, light perception, and no light perception (NLP) were recorded as logMAR units as described previously. [18]
The Genotyping analyses, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, SCCmec elements and the detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes, were performed in available MRSA isolates. PFGE was used to fingerprint the MRSA clinical isolates according to the procedure described previously. [19] The criteria proposed by Tenover et al. [20] were employed to analyze the DNA fingerprints generated by PFGE. The SCCmec typing was determined by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy described previously. [21] Control strains for SCCmec types I, II, III, and IVa, kindly provided by Dr K. Hiramatsu, were as follows: type I, NCTC10442; type II, N315; type III, 85/2082; and type IVa, JCSC4744. The PCR amplification of the lukS-PV and lukF-PV genes encoding PVL components was performed as described previously. [22]
All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS, Version 17, computer software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). A chi-square test or Fisher's exact test (when the expected value < 5) was used to compare the nominal variables. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables. Linear stepwise regression was used to determine the factors associated with visual outcome. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.
Demographics (Table 1)
Table 1. Comparison of demographics of keratitis caused by MRSA and MSSA.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080119.t001
Fifty-nine cases of S. aureus keratitis were identified, including 26 (44%) caused by MRSA and 33 (56%) caused by MSSA. No significant difference in sex, age, or laterality was observed between the MRSA and MSSA cases. The rate of healthcare-associated infection was significantly higher in the MRSA group (14/26, 53.8%) than that in the MSSA group (9/33, 27.3%; P = 0.038). There was no significant difference in the mean follow-up period between the MRSA (1.65 ± 1.41 years) and MSSA cases (1.57±1.69 years; P = 0.388).
Clinical findings (Table 2)
Table 2. Clinical findings of MRSA and MSSA keratitis.
The MRSA cases had a significantly higher rate of centrally located corneal ulcer, as defined by the centration of the corneal infiltrate, with central ulcers in 61.5% (16/26) of the MRSA cases, whereas 21.2% (7/33) of the MSSA cases (P = 0.01) had centrally located corneal ulcers. No significant difference was observed in the infiltration size or the presence of hypopyon between the MRSA and MSSA groups.
Predisposing factors (Table 3)
The local and systemic predisposing factors for S. aureus keratitis are summarized in Table 3. The most common predisposing factor for both the MRSA and MSSA keratitis was ocular surface disease, accounting for 62.7% (37/59) of all S. aureus keratitis. Additionally, patients with ocular surface disease had a significantly greater risk of MRSA keratitis (P = 0.011). No significant difference in the other local risk factors, including wearing of contact lenses, trauma, previous ocular surgery, or local use of immunosuppressants/antibiotics, were observed between the MRSA and MSSA groups. Furthermore, no significant difference in systemic risk factors for keratitis, including the presence of underlying comorbidities or the systemic use of immunosuppressants or antibiotics, were observed between the MRSA and MSSA groups.
Table 3. Predisposing factors for MRSA and MSSA keratitis.
Antibiotics susceptibility (Table 4)
Table 4. Antibiotics susceptibility of MRSA and MSSA isolates for keratitis.*
The MRSA isolates were significantly more resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, oxacillin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim than the MSSA isolates. Sixteen of 26 (61.5%) MRSA isolates were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. All the MRSA and MSSA isolates were susceptible to both vancomycin and teicoplanin. Of the eight MRSA and nine MSSA isolates that were available for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin susceptibility testing, two MRSA isolates were resistant to all three tested fluoroquinolones. One MRSA isolate and two MSSA isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, but susceptible to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin.
Treatment and outcomes (Table 5)
Table 5. Treatment and clinical outcome of MRSA and MSSA keratitis.
All patients were treated with topical antibiotics. A combination of fortified antibiotics (cefazolin sodium 25 mg/ml and amikacin 25 mg/ml) or fluoroquinolone alone (ciprofloxacin 0.3% or levofloxacin 0.5%) was the most common empiric treatment. In 32 cases, the medication regimen was shifted to vancomycin 25 mg/ml after the culture results were obtained, but the rate of modification did not differ significantly between the MRSA and MSSA groups (P = 0.057). The difference in choice of first-line treatment of the S. aureus keratitis was not significantly associated with a need to modify the therapy (P = 0.660 and 0.765 for the MRSA and MSSA groups, respectively).
Nine patients in each group required surgical intervention. Five patients were refractory to medical treatment, four of which (two from each group) underwent therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty or patch graft with glycerol-preserved cornea, whereas one patient who presented with NLP resulting from severe MRSA keratitis received evisceration. Four patients received amniotic membrane transplantation or tarsorrhaphy to promote reepithelialization. No significant difference in the rate of surgical intervention, admission rate, the rate of severe complications (including corneal perforation and endophthalmitis), or healing time were observed between the MRSA and MSSA cases.
The VA was recorded for all patients, except for four patients for whom data were missing and nine patients who were unable to complete the VA evaluation because of severe systemic disease. No significant difference in final visual outcome was observed between the MRSA and MSSA groups. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that the following eight factors were significantly correlated to poor visual outcome: age (P = 0.001), infiltration size (P = 0.008 and 0.013), poor initial VA (P < 0.001), the presence of severe complications (P = 0.012), surgical intervention (P = 0.018), previous ocular surgery (P = 0.047), ocular surface disease (P = 0.036), and systemic disease (P = 0.014). The stepwise linear regression analysis, which included these eight factors, confirmed that advanced age (B = 0.01, P = 0.035, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.001–0.019) and poor initial VA (B = 0.749, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.573–0.926) were positively correlated with poor visual outcome.
Genotyping analysis
Eight MRSA isolates were available for genotyping analysis. One of the HA-MRSA isolates (n = 2) was characterized as PFGE type F/SCCmec II/PVL-negative, and the other was PFGE type A/SCCmec IIIA/PVL-negative. These results are consistent with those of the HA-MRSA isolates in our previous study. [23] Five of the six CA-MRSA isolates were characterized as PFGE type C/SCCmec IV/PVL-negative and the other was PFGE type D/SCCmec VT/PVL positive. These CA-MRSA clones shared genetic characteristics that were common to CA-MRSA strains previously indentified in Taiwan. [23].
Our data showed that MRSA and MSSA contributed almost equally to S. aureus keratitis and nearly half of MRSA keratitis was community-associated. S. aureus, which accounts for approximately 8–22% of all bacterial keratitis, is an important cause of bacterial keratitis. [1], [3], [5], [24], [25] However, studies of the prevalence of MRSA keratitis are scant. Lichtinger et al. [5] reported MRSA present in 1.3% of the S. aureus isolates in an 11-year review of microbial keratitis in Canada. The proportion of MRSA keratitis in S. aureus keratitis may parallel that of MRSA in ocular S. aureus infections, estimates of which vary worldwide from 3% to 53% within a single institution. [6]–[9] The relatively high proportion of MRSA keratitis cases in our current study is consistent with the finding of previous reports of MRSA prevalence at our institution and other hospitals in Taiwan. [9] As we expected, a significantly greater proportion of MRSA keratitis patients were classified as healthcare associated infections than that observed in the MSSA keratitis patients, but CA-MRSA also played a role. Our findings are consistent with those of previous studies that reported an increasing frequency of CA-MRSA isolates in Taiwan and elsewhere. [26], [27] _ENREF_35Because many ophthalmic patients are seen and treated in an outpatient setting, CA-MRSA is likely to be an important source of S. aureus keratitis.
Although a significantly greater proportion of the MRSA keratitis patients in our current study had a corneal ulcer that was centrally located, compared with those of the MSSA cases, no significant difference in the clinical manifestations was found between the MRSA and MSSA groups. Shanmuganathan et al. [6] and Freidlin et al. [8] reported that MRSA keratitis was not usually destructive and vision-threatening. Sotozono et al. [12] described 12 cases of keratitis caused by MRSA and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), among which most cases presented as intraepithelial corneal infiltration and superficial keratitis, with only one patient presenting with perforation caused by severe MRSA destructive keratitis. In our current series, most patients in both the MRSA and MSSA groups had medium-sized infiltrates, with four (15.4%) of the MRSA cases and four (12.1%) of the MSSA cases presenting with corneal perforation or endophthalmitis. Our findings reflect more severe complications than those reported in previous studies of MRSA keratitis.
The most common predisposing factor for S. aureus keratitis in our series was ocular surface disease, and patients with MRSA keratitis also had a higher frequency of pre-existing ocular surface disease. Previous reports have shown that ocular surface disease is a significant risk factor for MRSA keratitis. [6], [8], [12] S. aureus is one of the common flora in the conjunctival sac. Hori et al. [28] found that 1% of preoperative patients carried MRSA on the conjunctiva. Fukuda et al. [29] reported that MRSA can appear as normal conjunctival flora in as many as 10.3% of elderly patients. Kato and Hayasaka [30] studied 628 pre-operative patients, among whom 10 patients (17 eyes) were culture-positive for MRSA or MRSE on the conjunctiva; the risk factors for colonization of MRSA or MRSE included patients older than 80 years of age, carriage of the same bacterial strains in the anterior nares and the throat, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, dry eye and recent hospitalization. In addition, local immunocompromised status could present an opportunity for the colonized MRSA to become pathogenic. In our patients with MRSA keratitis, the ocular surface diseases features included dry eye, exposure keratitis, trichiasis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and ocular pemphigoid. Such patients often had compromised integrity of the ocular surface and corneal epithelial defect; they were commonly treated with topical corticosteroids and antibiotics, and they sometimes wore therapeutic contact lenses. All these factors may have predisposed our patients to MRSA corneal infection.
Vancomycin was the most effective agent against the corneal MRSA isolates in the current study. In addition, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim retained some degree of activity against the MRSA isolates from our patients. Although the findings are consistent with other reports for ocular MRSA infection, [9], [31], [32] sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was less effective in our series than in previous studies. Recent studies have reported an increasing rate of in vitro resistance to fluoroquinolones in MRSA ocular isolates. [3], [4], [33] We did not test fluoroquinolones in our microbiological laboratory because they are not included in the recommended list of antibiotics published by the CLSI. Only eight MRSA and nine MSSA isolates in 2010 were stored and available for subsequent fluoroquinolones susceptibility testing; 75% (6/8) of the MRSA isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, although they were less susceptible to the newer fluoroquinolones than were the MSSA isolates (100%). Marangon et al. [4] analyzed the S. aureus isolates from keratitis and conjunctivitis in the USA from January 2000 to December 2001. They reported ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin-resistance rates of 11.9% and 4.7%, respectively, for MSSA isolates and 95.7% and 82.1%, respectively, for the MRSA isolates. In addition, the Surveillance Network, which monitors the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens in the USA, reported that, between October 2005 and June 2006, the susceptibility to all fluroquinolones was 79.9% to 81.1% for MSSA isolates and 15.2% for MRSA isolates. [31] Although the sample size may have been too small for drawing reliable conclusions, our results may have differed from these previous reports because of differences in geographic locations, time periods and study populations. Because fluoroquinolones are effective broad-spectrum antibiotics that are commonly used for empiric monotherapy for bacterial keratitis, future studies of the difference in fluoroquinolones susceptibility between MRSA/MSSA isolates and CA-MRSA/HA-MRSA strains are warranted. Serum standards are currently used to interpret the susceptibility of ocular isolates because no specific ocular standards exist. However, the serum standards may not provide an accurate assessment of antibiotic resistance in ocular isolates because the higher antibiotic concentrations of topical instillation may overcome the resistance defined by minimum inhibitory serum concentrations. [34].
Because the rate of MRSA infection is increasing worldwide, we studied the difference in virulence between the MRSA and MSSA isolates. The mortality rates among MRSA bacteremia and infective endocarditis have been shown to be higher than those of MSSA infections. [35], [36] However, we found no statistically significant difference in visual outcome between the MRSA and MSSA cases. In addition, we observed no significant difference in the rate of perforation or endophthalmitis, healing time, or surgical treatment. In a recent study of 32 S. aureus-related cases of endophthalmitis, Major et al.[37] found no significant difference in VA outcome between MRSA and MSSA eyes over a 3-month follow-up. Thus, MRSA and MSSA may exhibit similar virulence in ocular infections, but the statistical power of the study was limited by the relatively small sample size.
In our current study, advanced age and poor initial VA, rather than oxacillin resistance, were associated with poor visual outcome in patients with S. aureus keratitis. Several risk factors have been reported to predict poor visual outcome in microbial keratitis. Otri et al. [2] conducted a 3-year prospective study of patients with sight-threatening corneal ulcer in the UK and concluded that advanced age, steroid use, and poor VA at presentation were important prognostic indicators. Based on the need for penetrating keratoplasty, Miedziak et al. [38] concluded that advanced age, delay in referral to a corneal specialist, topical steroid treatment, past ocular surgery, poor VA at presentation, large ulcer size, and central location of the ulcer are risk factors for poor outcomes in microbial keratitis. Older patients may have a higher prevalence of ocular morbidities, such as a compromised ocular surface, cataract, or macular degeneration, that may be at least partially responsible for poor visual outcome in microbial keratitis. As expected, the severity of the presenting VA was also significantly related to visual outcome. Combined with those of previous studies, our findings should heighten clinicians' concern for older patients or patients with poor presenting VA, and suggest that such patients should be treated more aggressively to avoid poor visual outcome.
The limitations to our study include the retrospective design and relatively small sample size. Treatment protocols varied among physicians, and there were also inherent flaws associated with using VA as an outcome measure based on assessments made at variable intervals. In addition, we used cefoxitin testing as a surrogate to identify MRSA strains, and we defined CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA based on epidemiological criteria, rather than on genetic characterization. However, the limited molecular results increased our confidence in using epidemiological criteria to classify CA- and HA-MRSA. Furthermore, all our patients came from a referral-based, tertiary-care institution. Thus, the patient selection criteria may have influenced our results. Caution should be exercised in extending our findings to other patient populations.
In conclusion, our 5-year retrospective study found that nearly half of the S. aureus keratitis cases at our hospital were caused by MRSA. Although the MRSA strains were significantly more prevalent among the patients with healthcare exposure, 46% of MRSA cases were classified as community associated infections. All the MRSA isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Although there was no significant difference in visual outcome between the MRSA and MSSA cases, advanced age and poor VA at presentation were significantly associated with poor visual outcome. Our findings provide important information about the clinical profiles of S. aureus keratitis, especially for MRSA keratitis, that may help clinicians choose the most appropriate treatment and make more accurate prognoses.
We thank Hsiao-Jung Tseng at the Biostatistical Center for Clinical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan for assistance with the statistical analyses.
Conceived and designed the experiments: CHH. Performed the experiments: SJO. Analyzed the data: SJO CHH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HYT DHKM HCL LKY PYFC HCC CHC YCH. Wrote the paper: SJO CHH.
1. Schaefer F, Bruttin O, Zografos L, Guex-Crosier Y (2001) Bacterial keratitis: a prospective clinical and microbiological study. Br J Ophthalmol 85: 842–847.
2. Otri AM, Fares U, Al-Aqaba MA, Miri A, Faraj LA, et al. (2012) Profile of sight-threatening infectious keratitis: a prospective study. Acta Ophthalmol.(in press)
3. Alexandrakis G, Alfonso EC, Miller D (2000) Shifting trends in bacterial keratitis in south Florida and emerging resistance to fluoroquinolones. Ophthalmology 107: 1497–1502.
4. Marangon FB, Miller D, Muallem MS, Romano AC, Alfonso EC (2004) Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance among methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from keratitis and conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 137: 453–458.
5. Lichtinger A, Yeung SN, Kim P, Amiran MD, Iovieno A, et al. (2012) Shifting trends in bacterial keratitis in Toronto: an 11-year review. Ophthalmology 119: 1785–1790.
6. Shanmuganathan VA, Armstrong M, Buller A, Tullo AB (2005) External ocular infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Eye 19: 284–291.
7. Blomquist PH (2006) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections of the eye and orbit (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 104: 322–345.
8. Freidlin J, Acharya N, Lietman TM, Cevallos V, Whitcher JP, et al. (2007) Spectrum of eye disease caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. American Journal of Ophthalmology 144: 313–315.
9. Chuang CC, Hsiao CH, Tan HY, Ma DH, Lin KK, et al. (2012) Staphylococcus aureus ocular infection: methicillin-resistance, clinical features, and antibiotic susceptibilities. PLoS One 8: e42437.
10. Rubinfeld RS, Negvesky GJ (2001) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ulcerative keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 27: 1523–1525.
11. Rudd JC, Moshirfar M (2001) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 27: 471–473.
12. Sotozono C, Inagaki K, Fujita A, Koizumi N, Sano Y, et al. (2002) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis infections in the cornea. Cornea 21: S94–101.
13. Solomon R, Donnenfeld ED, Perry HD, Rubinfeld RS, Ehrenhaus M, et al. (2007) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infectious keratitis following refractive surgery. American Journal of Ophthalmology 143: 629–634.
14. Nomi N, Morishige N, Yamada N, Chikama T, Nishida T (2008) Two cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis after Epi-LASIK. Jpn J Ophthalmol 52: 440–443.
15. Hori Y, Inoue R, Ikuno Y, Inoue T, Maeda N, et al. (2009) Severe methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection after multilayer amniotic membrane transplantation. Jpn J Ophthalmol 53: 61–62.
16. Hsiao CH, Chuang CC, Tan HY, Ma DH, Lin KK, et al. (2012) Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Ocular Infection: A 10-Year Hospital-Based Study. Ophthalmology 119: 522–527.
17. Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, Borchardt SM, Boxrud DJ, et al. (2003) Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.[see comment]. JAMA 290: 2976–2984.
18. Scott IU, Schein OD, West S, Bandeen-Roche K, Enger C, et al. (1994) Functional status and quality of life measurement among ophthalmic patients. Arch Ophthalmol 112: 329–335.
19. Huang YC, Su LH, Wu TL, Liu CE, Young TG, et al. (2004) Molecular epidemiology of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42: 307–310.
20. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, et al. (1995) Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 33: 2233–2239.
21. Oliveira DC, de Lencastre H (2002) Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46: 2155–2161.
22. Mongkolrattanothai K, Boyle S, Kahana MD, Daum RS (2003) Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by clonally related community-acquired methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant isolates. Clin Infect Dis 37: 1050–1058.
23. Huang YC, Chen CJ (2011) Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children in Taiwan, 2000s. Int J Antimicrob Agents 38: 2–8.
24. Bourcier T, Thomas F, Borderie V, Chaumeil C, Laroche L (2003) Bacterial keratitis: predisposing factors, clinical and microbiological review of 300 cases. Br J Ophthalmol 87: 834–838.
25. Green M, Apel A, Stapleton F (2008) Risk factors and causative organisms in microbial keratitis. Cornea 27: 22–27.
26. Huang YC, Su LH, Wu TL, Lin TY, Huang Y-C, et al. (2006) Changing molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream isolates from a teaching hospital in Northern Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44: 2268–2270.
27. McCarthy NL, Sullivan PS, Gaynes R, Rimland D (2010) Health care-associated and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: A comparison of definitions. Am J Infect Control 38: 600–606.
28. Hori Y, Maeda N, Sakamoto M, Inoue T, Tano Y (2008) Fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria and methicillin-resistant Staphylococci from normal preoperative conjunctiva. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 34: 711–712.
29. Fukuda M, Ohashi H, Matsumoto C, Mishima S, Shimomura Y (2002) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus ocular surface infection efficacy of chloramphenicol eye drops. Cornea 21: S86–89.
30. Kato T, Hayasaka S (1998) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from conjunctivas of preoperative patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol 42: 461–465.
31. Asbell PA, Colby KA, Deng S, McDonnell P, Meisler DM, et al. (2008) Ocular TRUST: nationwide antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in ocular isolates. Am J Ophthalmol 145: 951–958.
32. Asbell PA, Sahm DF, Shaw M, Draghi DC, Brown NP (2008) Increasing prevalence of methicillin resistance in serious ocular infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: 2000 to 2005. J Cataract Refract Surg 34: 814–818.
33. Goldstein MH, Kowalski RP, Gordon YJ (1999) Emerging fluoroquinolone resistance in bacterial keratitis: a 5-year review. Ophthalmology 106: 1313–1318.
34. Mino de Kaspar H, Kreutzer TC, Aguirre-Romo I, Ta CN, Dudichum J, et al. (2008) A prospective randomized study to determine the efficacy of preoperative topical levofloxacin in reducing conjunctival bacterial flora. Am J Ophthalmol 145: 136–142.
35. Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, Schwaber MJ, Karchmer AW, et al. (2003) Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 36: 53–59.
36. Melzer M, Eykyn SJ, Gransden WR, Chinn S (2003) Is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus more virulent than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus? A comparative cohort study of British patients with nosocomial infection and bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 37: 1453–1460.
37. Major JC, Jr., Engelbert M, Flynn HW, Jr., Miller D, Smiddy WE, et al. (2010) Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis: antibiotic susceptibilities, methicillin resistance, and clinical outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 149: 278–283 e271.
38. Miedziak AI, Miller MR, Rapuano CJ, Laibson PR, Cohen EJ (1999) Risk factors in microbial keratitis leading to penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 106: 1166–1170; discussion 1171.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Is the Subject Area "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Keratitis" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Staphylococcus aureus" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Antibiotics" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Ophthalmology" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Cornea" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Vision" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Antibiotic resistance" applicable to this article?


text:
Bruges Europe Travel
14 Awesome Things to do in Bruges: Bruges Itinerary Belgium
By Sankalp Singh Updated on 12th May 2022
If you are planning your visit to this cute medieval town then Chasing Whereabouts has compiled a list of top things to do in Bruges, Belgium. This Bruges Itinerary is jam-packed with all the information you will need in exploring this city.
This town has welcomed over more than 2 million people every year in the northwest of Belgium. This city has everything, stunning architecture, old buildings canals and narrow lovely cobbled streets. You can even take the boat tours if you want.
Fun Fact about this city is that sometimes it is also called "Venice of the north" because it has so many canals. Bruges has the title of UNESCO world heritage city. It has an international port called Bruges-Zeebrugge with many hotels, resort and a beautiful beach as well.
So I don't think you need any more reason to travel to Bruges, Isn't it?. You can cover this complete city on Foot and that is definitely how we want you to explore this. You will fall in love with the city as you walk across its narrow streets.
Bruges Itinerary: Top Things to Do in Bruges
Check out the Old St. John's Hospital
Bruges: Free 2-Hour Guided Walking Tour with Booking Fee
Church of Old Lady
St. Bonifacius Bridge
Get a perfect click at Rozenhoedkaai
Don't miss to checkout The Burg Square
Basilica of Holy Blood
Eat or Drink in Grote Markt
Climb up on Belfry tower
Get a click in front of Provinciaal Hof
Do you know there is a french fries museum "Frietmuseum"
Jan Van Eyck Square
How about checking out the Chocolate Museum – Choco-Story
Take a look at Sint-Salvators Cathedral
Tired then Relax at Minnewater Park
Take the Time Travel Tour at Historium Bruges
Check out the Burges Beer Museum and Taste Beer when you are travelling to Bruges
Go to Lamp Museum Lumina Domestica
Bruges Itinerary: Top Accommodation to Stay when you travelling to Bruges
Where to Stay in Bruges?
Before taking a look at the top things to do in Bruges, here are a couple of posts which we think you may like to read
Top 10 Travel Apps For Europe To Save You A Ton Of Time And Money
Top 12 cheapest countries in Europe to visit from India
Spring Break in Amsterdam – Amazing Things To Do
Check out the Old St. John's Hospital
Bruges Itinerary – Old St. John's Hospital
It is beautiful, Situated in the scenic location right in front of the Canal this is one of the best picturesque locations in Bruges. The hospital was founded in the 12th century and in one of Europe's oldest surviving hospitals.
In the middle ages, it was a place for sick travellers and pilgrims to take of care and later it was expanded with a monastery and convent.
Make the most of your trip to Bruges and reserve your spot on this free walking tour led by a passionate, local guide. Delve into the rich history of Bruges, marvel at the city's architecture and picturesque streets, and visit a number of iconic landmarks.
The impressive historic church with its 118-metre tower and artworks, multiple altars inside. It is considered as one of the highest brick buildings in the world. If you walk inside you can also find Michelangelo's sculpture called Madonna and the Child. You can enter the museum for the nominal cost of 5 Euro.
Bruges Itinerary – Places to see in Bruges – Bonifacius Bridge
It is a very small bridge just behind the church and if it was not for the picture we would not have found it either. However, we really wished to enact the legendary story of this Bridge.
It is said that once you cross the Bridge, The first person you see on the other side is the person that you will Marry! Many people exclaim that Bonifacius bridge is the oldest of the city's many, but it actually only dates back to 1910. This, of course, does not change the fact that the bridge is picturesque and charming. So you should not miss finding this out when you are travelling to Bruges. Take it as a dare for your things to do in Bruges.
Bruges Itinerary – Top Things to Do in Bruges – Chasing Whereabouts – Rozenhoedkaai
If you are travelling to Bruges then, of course, you must be expecting some really nice pictures in this city. So here it is the most photographed spot in Bruges. With the background of the stunning medieval house, the corner is beautiful at any time of the year.
Over here, Groenerei and Dijver canals meet. It is believed that the Rozengoedkaai was a mooring place for ships in the late middle ages and traders came here to unload and load their merchandise.
Don't miss to checkout The Burg Square
Bruges Itinerary – Top Things to Do in Bruges – Chasing Whereabouts – The Burg Square
The Burg square is one of the oldest inhabited places (starting in the 2nd century) in Bruges. The most impressive building on the Burg is the Town Hall. This Gothic Bruges City Hall was built in 1376. The city was
governed from here for more than 600 years. Just the corner you will find the Palace of the Liberty of Bruges.
This gold-trimmed building was the place where the surrounding countryside was governed.
Bruges Itinerary – Top Things to Do in Bruges – Chasing Whereabouts- Basilica of Holy Blood
A roman catholic church situated at one of the corners of The Brug Square. This flamboyant facade is actually a 16th-century staircase that connects two underlying chapels: the Romanesque Saint-Basiliuschapel and the (neo)gothic Holy Bloodchapel.
It has a small church which has a ceremony where everyone can see the capsule of Holy Blood. A small gem in the middle of the city! Entrance fee is around 2,5 €.
This market place has been used since 958. There you can find one of the most impressive monuments of the city, many restaurants and cafes, market on every Wednesday and also you can ride a horse carriage and feel like back on time!
Bruges Itinerary – Top Things to Do in Bruges – Chasing Whereabouts – Belfry Tower
One of the city's most prominent symbols, the Belfry formerly housed a treasury and the municipal archives and served as an observation post for spotting fires and other danger. A narrow, steep staircase of 366 steps.
leads to the top of the 83-metre-high building. There is a public toilet before the entrance in the garden. The admission fee is around 10 €.
Travelling to Bruges – Chasing Whereabouts -Provincial Hof
The Provinciaal Hof (Province Court) is a Neo-Gothic building constructed in two phases on the market place in Bruges.
It is the former meeting place for the provincial government of West Flanders. The building on the left side was originally the governor's residence.
Do you know there is a french fries museum "Frietmuseum"
This particular museum has the distinction of being the first and only museum dedicated to French fries. If you want to learn about the history of Belgium's favourite snack you can purchase a ticket with an admission fee of around 7 €. So if you are travelling to Bruges you should miss checking the fries museum.
You Book your ticket from here – Tickets for Fries Museum Bruges
In the middle the square there is a statue of Jan van Eyck – famous Flemish paint. There you can find beautiful buildings surround – the most important ones are Poortersloge and the Old Tollhouse. The fierce traders and rich porters (citizens with city rights) do not populate the square any more, but it still holds a captivating appeal. the square and the Old
If you want to see how chocolate is being made, visit Chocolate Museum, in the building of the 16th century called Huis de Crone. You can purchase an admission ticket for around 10 € and get to know about chocolate history and production steps. End your visit with some free sample bites of Belgian chocolate! Get the tickets for Choco-Story Belgium
Cathedral displays a mixture of architectural styles-since it started to work in the 10th century it has been destroyed by fire and rebuilt in the 13th and 14th centuries. It is the oldest parish church in Bruges which has many old paintings, choir stalls, Gobelins and many more worth seeing artworks.
Bruges Itinerary – Top Things to Do in Bruges – Chasing Whereabouts – Bridge This is the Bridge of Love
One of the romantic spot to visit while travelling to Bruges. This park with many bridges and lakes along with the lake of Love which is the heart of the park and beautiful swans which are the city emblems should be on your Bruges Itinerary.
This park is all about the tragic romance of Minna and her warrior love Stromberg has evolved into another legend that you will have eternal love if you walk over the bridge together with your partner.
The Historium – Bruges' most visited attraction – lets you step back in time. Get a glimpse of how lively Bruges was during the Golden Age in various ways.
In the Historium Story, you'll follow the love story of Jacob, Jan van Eyck's apprentice, as you wander through this spectacular attraction with film, backdrops and special effects. In the interactive Historium Exhibition you will find additional information about Mediaeval Bruges or you can get started on the wacky Family Trail.
Interactivity, innovative technologies and, of course, beer, make the Bruges Beer Museum way more than a museum. Take a self-guided tour and learn about the ingredients that go into beer, play a fun quiz and taste some beer in the bar at the end!
The Belgian beer culture is big, even beyond Belgium! Get to the heart of the good stuff at the Bruges Beer Museum, with a self-guided tour to teach you everything about the brewing process. Get the Tickets for Bruges Beer Museum
A visit to the Lumina Domestica Lamp Museum will brighten up your day when you are travelling to Bruges! This charming museum illuminates 400,000 years of human struggle against The Darkness. No, not unseen forces of evil, or the British glam-rock band; literal darkness! With over 6,000 lamps and lighting sources on display, dating from the stone age up to the modern-day, it's an enlightening experience! Get the tickets for Lumina Domestica
Hostels to Stay in Bruges
St Christophers Inn – Bauhaus Hostel
Lybeer Travellers' Hostel
Hi Europa Bruge
Checkout more hostels for Bruges at HostelWorld.com
Hotels to Stay in Bruges
Braamberg Hotel
Apartment Sariks Place
Die Drie Konningen
B&B Heart Of Bruges
Gallery Guesthouse
Checkout more Hotels in Bruges or head out to Travel Resource Accommodation Page.
Don't Forget to Pin the image below
Top 10 Remarkable Vegetarian Indian Restaurants in Paris
Cancel your travel plans because of Coronavirus Sadly
10 Things to do in Madrid Spain- Best free guide
By Sahiti Bhalla 11th July 2022
As the central capital city of Spain, Madrid is a city known for expansive boulevards and beautiful parks. There are tons of things to do in Madrid Spain and this article will help you list…
Read More 10 Things to do in Madrid Spain- Best free guideContinue
Top 10 Things to do in Salamanca Spain- Best Free Travel Guide
By Sahiti Bhalla 5th October 2022
Salamanca is a city in the western Spain and is located by a riverside. There are many things to do in Salamanca Spain as there are many historical things. It is known to be the…
Read More Top 10 Things to do in Salamanca Spain- Best Free Travel GuideContinue
Things to Do in Cappadocia
One thing which I always get excited about when I am thinking of Turkey is Cappadocia and in this post I am going to cover Top Things to do in Cappadocia on your next trip….
Read More Things to Do in CappadociaContinue
Weekend Trips From Hamburg
By Anshika Chowdhury 9th August 2022
There are a lot of interesting sites to discover nearby, so there's no need to confine yourself to only Hamburg, even if it's a diverse and exciting place to visit. You may explore beautiful historical…
Read More Weekend Trips From HamburgContinue


text:
Gilberts är en ort (village) i Kane County, i delstaten Illinois, USA. Enligt United States Census Bureau har orten en folkmängd på 6 949 invånare (2011) och en landarea på 14,4 km².

Källor

Externa länkar
 State & County QuickFacts, US Census Bureau.

Orter i Illinois
Kane County, Illinois

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia