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Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal | Past issues | Volume 24, 2018 | Volume 24, issue 6 | Quality of life and family function of parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Quality of life and family function of parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Samar Azazy 1, Hebatallah Nour-Eldein 1, Hend Salama 1 and Mosleh Ismail 1
1Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia City, Egypt (Correspondence to: H. Nour-Eldein: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ).
Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common paediatric neurodevelopmental disorder, with serious impacts on individuals, families and communities. It is associated with cognitive, behavioural, emotional, social and developmental disturbances and impaired academic achievement.
Aims: To describe quality of life (QOL) of parents of ADHD children and family function. To determine the relationship between QOL, family function and sociodemographic characteristics.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 125 parents of children with any type of ADHD who were selected by systematic random sampling. The study was conducted between May and December 2015 in the Outpatient Family Medicine Clinic at Suez Canal University Hospital. The World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) and Adaptability, Participation, Growth, Affection, Resolution (APGAR) questionnaires were used for data collection.
Results: Median physical, psychological and social domain scores were 12, and mean environmental domain score was 11.9. The median scores of perception of health and QOL of the parents were 3.0. Most of the families (79.2%) were dysfunctional. Statistically significant relationships were found between all domains and education; physical scores of QOL and gender, employment and income; psychological scores of QOL and residence; environmental scores of QOL and age, income and marital status. Dysfunctional families were likely to be affected by age, gender, physical and psychological domain scores of QOL of parents.
Conclusions: Parents of children with ADHD had average QOL. Most parents had dysfunctional families. Future family intervention studies are recommended.
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, family function, parents, quality of life.
Citation: Azazy S; Nour-Eldein H; Salama H; Ismail M. Quality of life and family function of parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. East Mediterr Health J. 2018;24(6):579–587. https://doi.org/10.26719/2018.24.6.579
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents. Symptoms of ADHD are associated with disturbances in cognitive, behavioural, emotional, social and developmental function and impaired academic achievements (1). ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder with genetic factors and deficits in brain structure and neuronal functioning and connectivity (2,3).
According to the definition of ADHD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV), the prevalence in 22 Arab countries was 1.3–16%. In 2 studies in Egypt, prevalence ranged from 6.5% among primary school children in grades 3–5 aged 8–10 years to 7.5% among children aged 4–12 years (4). The prevalence of ADHD based on DSM-V among children aged 6–14 years in Fayoum City, Egypt reached 20.5%. In western countries, the prevalence ranged from 7.3% in Italy to 10.6% in France and the United States of America (5).
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines quality of life (QOL) assesses individuals' perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live, and in relation to their concerns, standards, goals and expectations (6). Assessment of QOL is important in medical practice to improve the doctor–patient relationship and assess the effectiveness and relative merits of different treatments, as well as in health service evaluation, research and policy-making (7). Parents of children with ADHD report lower levels of QOL compared to parents of healthy children (8).
Family function is defined in the 5 components of the APGAR scale: Adaptability: sharing of resources, and the degree of satisfaction with the received attention; Participation: refers to family communication and joint decision-making on problem solving; Growth: achieves emotional growth owing to the freedom to change roles within the family; Affection: the individual's satisfaction regarding intimate relationships between family members and family interactions; and Resolution: sharing of time and satisfaction with the commitments that family members establish. Family functioning is seriously affected by children with ADHD, especially in families with simultaneous childhood and parental ADHD (9). Dysfunctional families have less than optimal functioning in areas of relationships, communication, organization and problem solving (10).
ADHD is a major clinical and public health problem because its consequences for society are enormous in terms of financial cost, stress on families, impact on academic and vocational activities, and negative effect on self-esteem. It is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a high degree of associated behavioural problems. It has a negative impact on QOL of parents and on family function.
We have not found any data on QOL or family function among parents of children with ADHD in Egypt or other Arab countries. Evaluation of the QOL of parents with children with ADHD and their family function could facilitate future supportive interventions. The aims of the present study were to describe QOL of parents of ADHD children and family function; and to determine the relationship between QOL and family function and sociodemographic characteristics.
This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted between May and December 2015 at the Child Psychiatry Clinic at Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia City, Egypt. The Clinic has a registry of children aged 6–14 years diagnosed with ADHD. Parents of children with ADHD were recruited during their follow-up visits to the Clinic and then they were referred to the Family Practice Clinic where data were collected.
Study participants
We included parents of children with any type of ADHD (inattention, hyperactivity or their combination) for > 1 year based on the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV. The children were diagnosed by a psychiatrist at the Child Psychiatry Clinic and were undergoing treatment. The following were excluded: parents of > 1 child with ADHD, as this would have caused cumulative effects on QOL; parents of children diagnosed within the past year; and parents who had children with intellectual problems, pervasive developmental disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder or substance abuse.
Sampling and sample size
We recruited a systematic randomized sample from the clinic registry, which contains 280 children with ADHD who are being followed up in the clinic. Two hundred and fifty children fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A sample of 112 parents was calculated based on the formula (11):
Z = 1.96, where ơ = the estimates of standard deviation (SD) of QOL among parents with children with ADHD
(ơ = 2.7) (8); and E = the margin of error (E = 0.5), and we allowed for 10% drop out, so the total sample included 125 parents. The largest SD was selected to ensure an adequate sample size. The records included telephone numbers and addresses of parents, and they were called and invited for interview and follow-up in the clinic.
We used 3 structured questionnaires. They were self-administered, but if the parent was illiterate, the questionnaire was administered by S.S. Azazy.
Questionnaire I
Questionnaire I collected sociodemographic characteristics: gender, age, marital status, education, employment status, residence and perceived satisfaction with income.
Questionnaire II
Questionnaire II was an Arabic version of World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF). This is the short version of WHOQOL-100 and is recommended for use with time constraints or to minimize the burden on the respondents. It included 26 items; 24 of which covered 4 QOL domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items) and environment (8 items). Two other items measured overall QOL and general health (12). Items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (low score of 1 to a high score of 5) with 3 negatively phrased items in Questions 3, 4 and 26. SPSS version 20 was used to calculate the mean of each domain score, which was multiplied by 4 to create scores within a range of 4–20, so as to be directly comparable with scores derived from the WHOQOL-100, which were transformed to a 0–100 scale using the formula (score − 4) × (100/16). High scores indicated high QOL (7). The scores were checked and analysed by a statistician. Validity and reliability of the Questionnaire II in an Arab general population were tested and confirmed. The questionnaire was validated using construct validity. Test–retest reliability and internal consistency for the full questionnaire and all domains were conducted with 30 parents and repeated after 2 weeks with Cronbach's α ≥ 0.7, as in a previous study (13).
Questionnaire III
Questionnaire III was an Arabic version of the APGAR scale. It was used to assess perceived family function, with the 5 components: adaptability, participation, growth, affection and resolution. There were 3 possible answers (almost never, sometimes and almost always) for each of the 5 questions, with scores varying between 0 and 2. The total score ranged between 0 and 10 and families were characterized as functional (7–10) or dysfunctional (≤ 6). A dysfunctional family could also be classified as moderately (4–6) or severely (≤ 3) dysfunctional (14). The APGAR questionnaire was previously translated, face validated (15) and tested for internal consistency and test–retest reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.7). The scoring was checked and analysed by a statistician.
Outcome variables
Four domains of WHOQOL-BREF instrument (physical, psychological, social and environmental) and family function (functional and dysfunctional).
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University. It was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was registered at the University on 14 April 2015. All parents who agreed to participate gave signed informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. The questionnaires were anonymous and confidentiality of data was preserved.
The data were entered and analysed by small STATA version 12 (statistics and data) and SPSS version 20. Data were tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Categorical data were presented in frequencies and percentages. Continuous normally distributed data were presented as mean (SD). Continuous not normally distributed and ordinal data were presented as median and interquartile range. Nonparametric tests were used Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann–Whitney test) for the relationship between 2 categorical variables and continuous non-normally distributed variables; Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc multiple comparison using Mann–Whitney tests) for the relationship between 3 categorical variables and continuous non-normally distributed variables; χ2 test to analyse the relationship between categorical variables; and Fisher's exact test in cases of expected cells < 5. Binomial logistic regression was used to test the effects of sociodemographic variables and 4 domains of WHOQOL-BREF on the likelihood that participants had dysfunctional families. Tests were two-tailed and P < 0.05 was considered significant and P < 0.017 for multiple comparisons.
The study included 125 parents with children with ADHD, with a 100% response rate. The mean age of the parents was 35.1 years (range 19–57 years). Most of the participants 95 (76%) were aged < 40 years. Nearly two thirds of the sample were mothers 80 (64%) and had received secondary education 77 (61.6%). More than half of the participants were employed (n = 71; 56.8%) and most of them (n = 98; 78.4%) had sufficient income. The majority of the sample lived in urban areas (n = 106; 84.8%) and 122 (97.6%) were married and 3 (2.4%) were divorced.
WHOQOL-BREF
The median scores of physical, psychological and social scores of the participants were 12.0 and the mean score of their environmental domain was 11.9. The median scores of perception of health and QOL of the parents were 3.0 (Table 1).
There was a significant relationship between physical domain of QOL and gender, employment status, income and educational status (Table 2). Women had lower scores than men; unemployed parents had lower scores than employed parents; parents with insufficient income had lower scores than those with sufficient income; and parents who received primary/preparatory education had the highest score. Post hoc comparison revealed that parents with primary or preparatory education had significantly higher scores than illiterate parents (z = 2.50 P = 0.016), and they had higher scores than those with secondary and higher education (z = 3.98, P < 0.001).
There was a significant relationship between the psychological domain of QOL and residence and educational status (Table 2). The scores of parents who lived in urban areas were lower than those who lived in rural areas, and the participants who received primary/preparatory education had the highest scores. Post hoc multiple comparison revealed that illiterate parents had significantly lower scores than those with primary/preparatory education (z = 3.60, P < 0.001), and they had lower scores than those with secondary and higher education (z = 2.99, P = 0.003). Parents with secondary and higher education had lower scores than those with primary and preparatory education (z = 3.70, P < 0.001).
There was a significant relationship between the social domain of QOL and educational status (Table 2). The median scores for parents who received secondary/high education were near to the median scores for those who were illiterate, but lower than the scores for those who received primary/preparatory. Post hoc comparison revealed that illiterate parents had significantly lower scores than those who had received primary and preparatory education (z = 3.13, P = 0.001) and lower scores than those with secondary and higher education (z = 2.25, P = 0.025). Parents who had received primary and preparatory education had higher scores than those with secondary and higher education (z = 2.03, P = 0.042).
There was a significant relationship between the environmental domain of QOL and age, income, marital status and educational status (Table 2). The scores of parents aged ≥ 40 years were lower than those of parents aged < 40 years. The scores of parents with insufficient income were lower than those of parents with sufficient income. Divorced parents had lower scores than married parents. Parents who received primary/preparatory education had the highest scores. Post hoc comparison revealed that illiterate parents had significantly lower scores than those who had received primary and preparatory education (z = 3.78, P < 0.001), and lower scores than those who had received secondary and higher education (z = 3.69, P = 0.001). Parents who had received secondary and higher education had lower scores than those who had received a primary or preparatory education (z = 2.19, P = 0.028).
Family function
Ninety-nine (79.2%) parents reported dysfunctional families [32 (25.6%) severe and 67 (53.6%) mild] and 26 (20.8%) reported functional families. There was a significant relationship between family function and age and area of residence (Table 3). Significantly more parents of dysfunctional families were aged < 40 years. Significantly more dysfunctional families lived in urban areas. There was no significant relationship between family function and gender, educational status, employment status, income sufficiency or marital status.
There was a significant relationship between family function and the psychological domain of QOL (Table 4). The score of the psychological domain of QOL was significantly higher in functional families. There was no significant relationship between family function and the physical, social and environmental domains of QOL.
Age, gender and psychological score of QOL were significant independent negative predictors of dysfunctional families (Table 5). Social and environmental scores were nonsignificant negative predictors of dysfunctional families. Conversely, physical score of QOL was a significant independent positive predictor of a dysfunctional family. Employment status, income insufficiency and rural residence were nonsignificant positive predictors of dysfunctional families. The variables in the regression model predicted 47.5% of variability in dysfunctional families' scores as indicated by the Nagelkerke R2.
Four domains of WHOQOL-BREF, physical, psychological, social and environmental, were studied and their median scores were average. Also the perception of health and QOL of the parents was also around the middle scores. Most of the participants had dysfunctional families based on APGAR scale.
All the scores of the WHOQOL-BREF domains were lower than in a comparative study by Xiang et al. in Hong Kong (8), which compared QOL of 77 parents of children with ADHD with QOL of the general population. Although the children in the current study were under treatment, QOL of their parents was lower than in the study by Kim et al. in Korea (16). They studied 75 children with ADHD and their parents to assess parental QOL and depressive mood following methylphenidate treatment of their children. The decrease in parental depression scores from baseline to 8 weeks was significantly associated with increases in the domain scores of WHOQOL-BREF. The lower QOL of parents in the current compared with previous studies could be related to differences in socioeconomic status, selection criteria of the participants, or treatment method or compliance. We found partial agreement with other studies that used different tools for assessment of QOL, such as the case–control study by Hadi et al. in the Islamic Republic of Iran (17), in which 100 mothers of children with ADHD scored lower than the control group for most of the dimensions of the Health-Related Quality of Life Scale.
All 4 domain scores of WHOQOL-BREF in the current study were significantly higher in parents who had received primary/preparatory education compared with other levels of education. Significantly lower physical domain scores were found among mothers, unemployed parents and those with insufficient income, compared with fathers, employed parents and those with sufficient income. Psychological domain scores of the parents were lower among those who lived in urban rather than rural areas, which could have been due to other stressful situations in urban areas. Environmental domain scores were lower among parents aged ≥ 40 years, those with insufficient income and divorced parents, compared with parents aged < 40 years, those with sufficient income and married parents. Most of these relationships could be explained by the lower socioeconomic status of the parents in ≥ 1 of the studied categorical variables.
It was found that 79.2% of families in the current study were dysfunctional. This was consistent with another study that assessed the family function of 47 Norwegian fathers and 217 mothers of children with ADHD using the Family Assessment Device (FAD) (18). This study found that parents with a child with ADHD had poorer family function compared to others who did not have a child with ADHD. Our results of family dysfunction are congruent with another study that used the FAD questionnaire (10). It suggested that parents of children with ADHD have difficulty with family cohesiveness and organization. Our results agree partially with a study in the Islamic Republic of Iran that assessed marital satisfaction among 200 parents of children with ADHD and 200 controls using the Evaluation and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness (ENRICH) questionnaire (19). It showed that parents of children with ADHD had a lower level of marital satisfaction. Our results are also similar to another Iranian study (20) that used the FAD questionnaire and Chulalongkorn Family Inventory on 30 families of children with ADHD and 30 control families. The families of children with ADHD were less healthy in function than the controls were. One explanation is that parents of children with ADHD have problems with child interaction and experience emotional stress, distress and exhaustion. When the child does not respond to ordinary parental requests, stress can rise sharply, which can affect family function. We found that fathers were less likely to report dysfunctional families than mothers were. Increasing age and psychological scores of QOL were associated with a reduced likelihood of dysfunctional families. Increased scores for the physical domain of QOL were associated with increased likelihood of dysfunctional families. Our results are congruent with the study by Moen et al. (18), who also found that increasing age was associated with better family function, although gender was not a predictor. However, Foley concluded that socioeconomic status is not protective against family dysfunction (10). The difference between these studies could be related to the different predictors studied and family function questionnaires used.
Strength and limitations
This study could be one of the first to investigate parental QOL and family function of children with ADHD in Egypt. Inferential statistics and discussion were based on WHOQOL transformed 4–20 scores to facilitate comparison with other studies. Most studies have used the FAD questionnaire for assessment of family function, which is not exactly comparable with APGAR score. We did not assess the different treatment methods among the children in our study. Outcome variables were not compared with controls and could have been affected by factors other than sociodemographic characteristics, such as disease characteristics. The results cannot be generalized to other parents of children with ADHD because the study was hospital based and only represents parents of children who sought advice or treatment.
Parents of children with ADHD had average QOL and the majority of them perceived family dysfunction despite all their children receiving treatment. There was a significant relationship between some sociodemographic characteristics and each of the 4 domains of QOL. There was increased likelihood of having dysfunctional families that were reported by mothers and increasing physical scores of QOL, while there was a reduction in likelihood of having dysfunctional families with increasing age and better psychological scores of QOL. Assessment of QOL and family function is recommended in future supportive interventions in families of children with ADHD.
The research team would like to acknowledge the cooperation of psychiatry and family medicine clinic teams and the parents who accept to participate in the study.
Competing interests: None declared.
Qualité de vie et fonctionnement familial des parents d'enfants souffrant d'un trouble de déficit de l'attention avec hyperactivité
Contexte : Le trouble de déficit de l'attention avec hyperactivité (TDHA) constitue un trouble neuro-développemental courant de l'enfant ayant une grave incidence sur les individus, les familles et les communautés. Il est associé à des troubles cognitifs, comportementaux, émotionnels, sociaux et développementaux, ainsi qu'à une baisse des résultats scolaires.
Objectifs : Fournir une description de la qualité de vie des parents d'enfants atteints d'un TDHA, ainsi que de leur fonctionnement familial. Déterminer la relation entre la qualité de vie, le fonctionnement familial et les caractéristiques socio-démographiques.
Méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale menée auprès de 125 parents d'enfants souffrant de différents types de TDHA, sélectionnés par échantillonnage aléatoire systématique. L'étude a été conduite entre mai et décembre 2015 dans la clinique de consultations externes en médecine familiale du centre hospitalier universitaire du Canal de Suez. Le questionnaire de l'OMS sur la qualité de vie dans sa version abrégée et le score d'Apgar (apparence, pouls, grimace, activité, respiration) ont été utilisés pour recueillir les données.
Résultats : Les scores médians concernant les domaines physique, psychologique et social étaient de 12, et le score moyen du domaine environnemental était de 11,9. Les scores médians de la perception de la santé et de la qualité de vie de ces parents étaient de 3,0. La plupart des familles (79,2 %) étaient dysfonctionnelles. Des liens statistiquement significatifs ont été trouvés entre tous les domaines et l'éducation ; entre les scores de la qualité de vie portant sur la condition physique et le sexe, l'emploi et les revenus ; entre les scores de la qualité de vie portant sur l'état psychologique et le lieu d'habitation ; et entre les scores de la qualité de vie liés à l'environnement et l'âge, les revenus et la situation maritale. Les familles dysfonctionnelles étaient susceptibles d'être affectées par les scores de la qualité de vie des domaines portant sur l'âge, le sexe, et la condition physique et psychologique des parents.
Conclusion : Les parents d'enfants atteints d'un TDHA avaient une qualité de vie moyenne. La plupart des parents venaient de familles dysfonctionnelles. Des études portant sur les interventions familiales sont recommandées à l'avenir.
جودة الحياة والوظيفة العائلية لآباء الأطفال المصابين باضطراب قصور الانتباه وفرط الحركة
سمر عزازي، هبة الله نور الدين، هند سلامة، مصلح إسماعيل
الخلفية: إن اضطراب قصور الانتباه وفرط الحركة هو اضطراب عصبي نموي شائع بين الأطفال، وله آثار خطيرة على الأفراد والأسر والمجتمعات. وهو يرتبط بالاضطرابات الإدراكية والسلوكية والعاطفية والاجتماعية والنموية وضعف الأداء الأكاديمي.
الأهداف: وصف جودة الحياة والوظيفة العائلية لآباء الأطفال المصابين بقصور الانتباه وفرط الحركة. وتحديد العلاقة بين جودة الحياة والوظيفة العائلية، والخصائص الاجتماعية السكانية.
طرق البحث: ضمت هذه الدراسة المقطعية 125 من الآباء لأطفال مصابين بأي نوع من أنواع اضطراب قصور الانتباه وفرط الحركة، وقد اختيروا عن طريق عينة عشوائية منتظمة. وأجريَت الدراسة بين شهري مايو/أيار وديسمبر/كانون الأول 2015 في العيادة الخارجية لطب الأسرة في مستشفى جامعة قناة السويس. واستخدم لجمع البيانات استبيانات منظمة الصحة العالمية لجودة الحياة والتكيف، والمشاركة، والنمو، والمودة، والقرار.
النتائج: بلغ وسيط المقياس في المجالات البدنية والنفسية والاجتماعية 12، ومتوسط المقياس للمجال البيئي 11.9. وبلغ وسيط مقياس الإدراك بالصحة وجودة الحياة للآباء 3.0. وكان لدى معظم الأسر (79.2٪) اختلال وظيفي. وقد وجدت علاقات ذات دلالة إحصائية بين جميع المجالات والتعليم؛ والمقاييس البدنية لجودة الحياة ونوع الجنس والعمل والدخل؛ والمقاييس النفسية لجودة الحياة والسكن؛ والمقاييس البيئية لجودة الحياة والعمر والدخل والحالة الزواجية. وقد تأثرت الأسر التي لديها اختلال وظيفي بالعمر ونوع الجنس ومقاييس المجال البدني والنفسي لجودة الحياة لدى الآباء.
الاستنتاجات: آباء الأطفال المصابين بقصور الانتباه وفرط الحركة كان لديهم جودة حياة متوسطة. وكان لدى معظم الآباء اختلال وظيفي عائلي. ويوصَى بدراسات مستقبلية للتدخلات العائلية.
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The Current Events program addresses employees' investment concerns during volatile times, and provides information on how new tax and pension legislation can impact employees' individual financial situations.
· Workshops on topics such as market volatility, retirement, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act, 529 education plans and general tax issues.
· newsletters and emails that plan sponsors can send to employees to help them make educated financial decisions.
Life Events Financial Education is divided into two components. The Job Transition and Distribution Education component, which provides participants who are making plan distribution decisions with access to a retirement specialist through a toll-free number, print materials and an online seminar, and a mailing program that uses automated communications triggered by different demographics.
The mailings provide information relevant to the financial issues that certain employee populations face during evolving life stages.


text: Q: Is $\Phi(\alpha)(t)=-\alpha(t)$ a contraction at the space of parametric curves We are in the metric space of the continous parametric curves with the uniform metric. Let $\Phi(\alpha)(t)=-\alpha(t)$. Is this a contraction? I don't know how could I start this problem. Also, does it has a fixed point

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Étaules és un municipi francès al departament del Charente Marítim (regió del Charente Marítim). L'any 2007 tenia 2.153 habitants.

Demografia

Població
El 2007 la població de fet d'Étaules era de 2.153 persones. Hi havia 869 famílies de les quals 222 eren unipersonals (98 homes vivint sols i 124 dones vivint soles), 335 parelles sense fills, 218 parelles amb fills i 94 famílies monoparentals amb fills.

La població ha evolucionat segons el següent gràfic:

Habitatges
El 2007 hi havia 1.179 habitatges, 911 eren l'habitatge principal de la família, 175 eren segones residències i 94 estaven desocupats. 1.087 eren cases i 89 eren apartaments. Dels 911 habitatges principals, 672 estaven ocupats pels seus propietaris, 222 estaven llogats i ocupats pels llogaters i 17 estaven cedits a títol gratuït; 4 tenien una cambra, 51 en tenien dues, 162 en tenien tres, 295 en tenien quatre i 400 en tenien cinc o més. 760 habitatges disposaven pel capbaix d'una plaça de pàrquing. A 454 habitatges hi havia un automòbil i a 389 n'hi havia dos o més.

Piràmide de població
La piràmide de població per edats i sexe el 2009 era:

Economia
El 2007 la població en edat de treballar era de 1.283 persones, 866 eren actives i 417 eren inactives. De les 866 persones actives 744 estaven ocupades (390 homes i 354 dones) i 122 estaven aturades (58 homes i 64 dones). De les 417 persones inactives 239 estaven jubilades, 76 estaven estudiant i 102 estaven classificades com a «altres inactius».

Ingressos
El 2009 a Étaules hi havia 946 unitats fiscals que integraven 2.190 persones, la mediana anual d'ingressos fiscals per persona era de 16.932,5 €.

Activitats econòmiques
Dels 104 establiments que hi havia el 2007, 3 eren d'empreses alimentàries, 4 d'empreses de fabricació d'altres productes industrials, 32 d'empreses de construcció, 28 d'empreses de comerç i reparació d'automòbils, 2 d'empreses de transport, 2 d'empreses d'hostatgeria i restauració, 1 d'una empresa d'informació i comunicació, 2 d'empreses financeres, 2 d'empreses immobiliàries, 15 d'empreses de serveis, 9 d'entitats de l'administració pública i 4 d'empreses classificades com a «altres activitats de serveis».

Dels 39 establiments de servei als particulars que hi havia el 2009, 1 era una oficina de correu, 1 una oficina bancària, 2 tallers de reparació d'automòbils i de material agrícola, 1 autoescola, 2 paletes, 8 guixaires pintors, 5 fusteries, 8 lampisteries, 3 electricistes, 2 empreses de construcció, 2 perruqueries, 2 restaurants, 1 agència immobiliària i 1 saló de bellesa.

Dels 8 establiments comercials que hi havia el 2009, una era una botiga de més de 120 m², una botiga de menys de 120 m², 2 fleques, una peixateria, una llibreria, una botiga de material esportiu i una floristeria.

L'any 2000 a Étaules hi havia 18 explotacions agrícoles que ocupaven un total de 630 hectàrees.

Equipaments sanitaris i escolars
L'únic equipament sanitari que hi havia el 2009 era una farmàcia. El 2009 hi havia una escola maternal i una escola elemental.

Poblacions properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

Enllaços externs

 Résumé statistique Fitxa resum de dades estadístiques d'Étaules a l'INSEE.
 Évolution et structure de la population Fitxa amb el detall de dades d'Étaules a l'INSEE
 France par commune Dades detallades de tots els municipis de França accessibles a partir del mapa

Municipis del Charente Marítim

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


New figures show that a quarter of all women will never be proposed to as men opt for no-strings-attached casual relationships.
Today 29 per cent of men are likely never to marry and the trend is rising.
And recent Family Court rulings which force men to pay for child support for children that are not their own have only reinforced widespread perceptions of anti-male bias by the court.
There are now more than two million Australian men and women in the lonely hearts club - those 45 years and under who have never married. On current trends the club is likely to double over the next 15 years.
Men are opting for relationships where there is no commitment, no offspring and most of all no danger of long-term financial loss from divorce.
And statistics also show that if a woman wants to marry the worst thing she can do is get a university degree, which pushes out the marriage age and lengthens the odds of never marrying.
University degrees produce the most old maids (almost twice as many women with university degrees are not married at 45 compared with women with no qualifications at all).
Women with diplomas fare almost as badly, ahead of women with basic certificates and those with no qualifications at all.
Women with trade certificates appear to have the best prospects of getting married. Just 5 per cent of tradeswomen aged 45 are not married.
"I think it is wonderful that men are starting to wake up," family law reform campaigner Sylvia Smith said last week. "Why would a young man with a lucrative career risk losing 70 to 80 per cent of his assets by getting married?
"Property settlements are meant to be 50/50 but in the vast majority of cases the result is more like 80/20 towards women."
The Full Bench of the Family Court recently ruled that it had no power to force the Child Support Agency to refund $4290 in overpayments to a Victorian man who discovered by DNA tests that he was not the father of his wife's child.
In another case currently before the Family Court, also in Victoria, a man is seeking repayment of about $40,000 in child support payments after he also discovered that two of the three children he had been supporting for 8 1/2 years turned out through DNA testing not to be his.
The Child Support Agency insists it has no power to refund the money, and Children and Youth Affairs Minister Larry Anthony says he is seeking advice on the matter.
The Family Law Act of 1975 ushered in not only the era of no-fault divorce and high dissolution rates (currently running 46 per cent), but a corresponding trend of an increasing reluctance to marry.
Since 1975 there has been a five-fold growth in the number of men who have never married.
In 1975, 4 per cent or about one in 25 women had never married by the time they reached 45 years of age.
According to the 1996 Census (the 2001 Census figures are due to be released soon), more than one in four women had never married by the age of 45, and this figure is continuing to rise.
Between 1986 and 1996 there was a rise in the number of women living in de facto relationships from 7 per cent to 12 per cent in the 25- to 29-year age group.
However, the proportion of married women fell by 15 per cent so that the proportion of women in 1996 who were coupled in any type of live-in union fell from 67 per cent to 57 per cent.
The number of people getting married is also falling, despite the increasing population. In 2000 there was a decrease of 900 marriages compared with the previous year.
Men and women are also delaying getting married, with the average age of men getting married now 30, and women almost 28.
In 1971 an extraordinary 62 per cent of women aged between 20 and 24 were married. By 1997 this figure had fallen to 13 per cent.


Europe is experiencing the biggest refugee crisis since World War II. Based on data from the United Nations, we clarify the scale of the crisis.
Today a friend and I started our day by heading to Nyugati Pályaudvár, (or Western Railway Station) in Budapest to get a first-hand look at the "transit zone" that was established there for immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers.
"Transit Zones" have been set up in several of the large railway stations in Budapest to receive those who are arriving from outside Hungary's borders and are "in transit" to another European destination. People wait at the transit zone until they receive the official papers and gather the funds necessary to buy the train tickets to continue on their way, usually to Western Europe. A civil service organization called Migration Aid, made up entirely of volunteers, provides food, shoes and clothing, clean water, medical attention, mobile toilet and bathing facilities, charging locations for mobile phones, and basic information to the men, women, and children staying in the Transit Zone.
We got off the metro, and before heading above ground, made our way to a supermarket below street level to pick up a few food supplies to bring to the Migration Aid collection center, for distribution throughout the day. We purchased the items we selected from the list of needs Migration Aid posted this morning on facebook, and after paying for several pounds of cheese and about 50 granola bars, made our way above ground to locate the Transit Zone.
Exiting the metro escalator, we had encountered one of the iconic landmarks of Budapest. Nyugati Pályaudvar, built by Gustave Eiffel and Company in 1877, is one of the architectural gems of the city. Bounded on one side by the upscale West End Shopping Center and Hilton Hotel, and on the other side by the elegant and modern Eiffel Tower office building, Nyugati is on the "must see" list of most visitors to Budapest.
My friend and I wondered where, in this picture-postcard setting, we would find the Transit Zone. We wandered past pedestrians on the street, passing by well-dressed shoppers making their way to the boutique shops, by travelers leaving the train station, and by business people exiting the nearby coffeeshop, until the sight of makeshift tents, shelters, and clotheslines in the distance caught our eyes. The dichotomy was striking. It was the collision of two different words.
Having been at Nyugati countless times in the six years I've lived in Budapest, I've never once imagined that I would see and experience what I did today in the Transit Zone. In what could best be described as nothing more than a desolate railway wayside area, hundreds of people are living, sleeping in tents and under tarps, on mattresses (if they are so fortunate) made of a single sheet of PVC flooring foam underlayment, using portable toilets, drinking water from a hydrant, and bathing in mobile showers using soap distributed by Migration Aid volunteers in paper cups. Police officers stand nearby, providing an ominous presence intended to encourage peaceful behavior. The police presence is no surprise – recent riots in other transit zones in Budapest give evidence to the need for a peace-keeping presence.
Those living in the Transit Zone, mostly from Syria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, are doing their best to endure the nearly 100° heat while waiting for the next distribution of food — hoping that there will be enough food that they will be able to eat today. A few young men are playing ball, several children are drawing and coloring with supplies provided by Migration Aid, but mostly, people are doing absolutely nothing. They are waiting, enduring, merely existing.
With more than a small degree of embarrassment, we carried our measly bag of cheese and granola bars to a volunteer who accepted it with a wide smile and overflowing gratitude. This is perhaps the same volunteer, who several hours later, may have to share the sad news to the gathered crowd that there isn't enough food for everyone to eat today. If only we had brought more than one bag.
After dropping off our groceries, we fell in with a group of young men who were standing in a circle and playing volleyball. My friend asked if we could join in, and the guys gladly expanded the circle and gestured to us exactly where they wanted us to stand. The honor they showed to us, by making sure we were served the ball more than anyone else, was just one of the deeply moving moments of the morning. Who were we, that we should be shown such honor?
Our game of volleyball was broken up by a group of policemen who accompanied a small crew of street sweepers. They told us we needed to clear the area so that it could be cleaned. My friend and I noted that the "street cleaning" took less than 30 seconds, and seemed to be more than anything else an intentional display of power, leaving no doubt that the local authorities were ultimately in control of the Transit Zone.
After the volleyball game broke up, my friend and I began to talk with one of the young men who spoke English. 16-year old Mohammed told us that he and his family left Afghanistan when their home was destroyed by a suicide bomber. Although they weren't certain what motivated the bomber, it was the last straw for the family and they made the decision to leave their homeland. They hope to reach Germany, where some of their family members immigrated some 20 years ago.
Arriving in on the European continent in Greece (we forgot to ask how they got from Afghanistan to Greece), Mohammed and his family traveled by train through Macedonia and by taxi through Serbia. When they reached the Hungarian border, they encountered the recently constructed razor wire fence.
Mohammed was wounded by that razor wire in more than one way. He showed us the injuries on his hands which he acquired while climbing over the fence, but those wounds are healing, thanks in no small part to the first aid provided by the Migration Aid volunteers. But his heart was wounded in a way that hasn't healed yet, because it was at the Hungary/Serbian border that Mohammed was separated from his father, mother, and siblings. He hopes that they will be reunited in Budapest, and he told us that every time a train arrives from the migrant camp in Debrecen (where the rest of his family is located), he stands on the platform, hoping for a happy reunion.
The promise of food distribution brought our conversation with Mohammed to an end, so my friend and I continued on our way, trying to process all that we were experiencing. Eventually our wanderings took us into the train arrivals hall, where we noticed that a train from Debrecen had just entered the station.
As passengers disembarked the train and the platform filled, we saw Mohammed standing at the end of the platform, anxiously looking for his parents and siblings. Moments later, just Mohammed, my friend, and I were left on the platform. Yet again Mohammed's parents didn't arrive.
I put my arm around the courageous 16-year old and told him I was sorry that his parents weren't on that train. He bravely said that it wasn't a problem, and that he had hope they would be on the train scheduled to arrive several hours later. He showed us on his hand, alongside the freshly healing wounds from the razor-wire fence, the phone number he had written in fading ball-point pen. It's a number he can call and perhaps talk with his father. Whenever he has access to a telephone.
The immigration issue in Hungary and across Europe is complex. This wave of refugees has enormous implications for a country like Hungary, already riddled with problems of its own.
We're concerned about the response of the state. We're concerned about the response of the people. We're concerned about the response of the church. We're concerned about our own response, too.
But we can't deny that the situation exists. That Mohammed and thousands of others are on our doorsteps. And that as followers of Jesus, we must do something. If you are here with us in Budapest, please pray about what God would have to be your part, and do it! If you are reading this from some other corner of the world, pray that the church in this city would rise up and meet these challenges with with Christ-honoring, compassionate obedience.
"But when the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, then he will sit upon his glorious throne. All the nations will be gathered in his presence, and he will separate the people as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. He will place the sheep at his right hand and the goats at his left.
One of the latest tragedies in Europe's immigration crisis was discovered on August 27, 2015, in Parndorf, Austria, a village just across the Hungarian border , located between Budapest and Vienna. The decomposing bodies of up to 70 immigrants were found inside a freight truck registered to a Romanian citizen and a resident of the Hungarian city of Kecskemét. Read the entire story, as reported in the Washington Post.
Please pray for the ReachBudapest team as we seek to discover how to best engage this critical situation. We are exploring opportunities for cooperation with several secular and ministry organizations.
Since the beginning of 2015, Hungary has registered 120,000 migrants, mostly from Afghanistan, Syria, and Iraq, as asylum seekers. The flood of immigrants intro Hungary across the Serbian border is a controversial issue that has sparked a fierce debate in all corners of society and across the entire political spectrum. Train stations, underpasses, and city parks have become temporary homes for many of these migrants, including young children. As the debate rages on not only in Hungary but across Europe, the undeniable reality is that the immigrants are here on our doorstep. The Wall Street Journal provides this report on how the country is responding.
Interested in what made news this year in Budapest? The "Budapest Times" on December 16, 2014 includes this article highlighting the top headlines, month-by-month.


Being to make any new discharge of sewage.
And, as per section 21 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, no person shall without previous consent of the State Board, establish or operate any industrial plant in an air pollution control area.
Ans:Yes Sir. The consent fee means the fees charged by the Board for the grant of consent by the Board.
Ques: What do you mean by investment?
Ans: Yes Sir, There are separate prescribed forms of application for obtaining water consent and air consent. yes Sir, There are separate prescribed forms of application for obtaining WATER consent and AIR consent.
Regional Office Punjab Pollution Control Board, Vatavaran Bhawan Nabha Road, Patiala.
Regional Office Ludhiana-I Punjab Pollution Control Board, Municipal Complex, C-Block, 2nd Floor, Gill Road, Ludhiana.
03. JALANDHAR Regional Office Punjab Pollution Control Board, 14, Guru Teg Bahadur Enclave, Jalandhar.
04. AMRITSAR Regional Office Punjab Pollution Control Board, Plot No. 164, Focal Point Mehta Road, Amritsar.
05. BATHINDA Regional Office Punjab Pollution Control Board, Govt. Quality Marketing Centre, Near I.T.I., Bathinda.
07. FARIDKOT Regional Office Punjab Pollution Control Board, Red Cross Bhawan, Sadiq Road, Faridkot.
08. HOSHIARPUR Regional Office Punjab Pollution Control Board, E-18-A, Focal Point Hoshiarpur.
10. MOHALI Nodal Office Punjab Pollution Control Board, Nodal Office, Plot no. 55, Phase-II, Opp. Bassi Theatre, Mohali.
Ques:What do you mean by Environmental Clearance? Which type of activities/projects required Environmental Clearance?
Ans : The clearance accorded by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India for expansion or modernization of any activity (if pollution load is to exceed the existing one) or a new project listed in schedule I of the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 1994 is known as Environmental Clearance.
Nuclear power and related project such as Heavy Water Plants, nuclear fuel complex, rare earths.
Petrochemical complexes (Both Olefinic and Aromatic) and Petro-Chemical intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactam, LAB etc. and production of basic plastics such as LDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC.
Hydro cyanic acid and its derivatives.
(a) Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of Iron and Steel, Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Lead and Ferro Alloys).
(b) Electric arc furnaces (Mini Steel plants).
Integrated plant complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw material required in the manufacture of paints.
Viscose Staple fibre and filament yarn.
Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead antimony alloy.
All tourism projects between 200m-500 meters of High Tide Line or at locations with an elevation of more than 1000 meters with investment of more than Rs. 5 Crores.
Mining Project (major minerals) with leases more than 5 hectares.
Highway Projects except projects relating to improvement work including widening and strengthening of roads with marginal land acquisition along the existing alignments provided it does not pass through ecologically sensitive areas such as National Parks, Sanctuaries, Tiger reserves, Reserve forests.
Tarred Roads in Himalayas and/or Forest areas.


Guys any suggestion on what might have caused this is appreciated!
here somebody (probably sitting in Germany) seems to mark coins and bring them back into circulation. He or she would like to track the path of the coin which way they took. This makes me suspect that the person could be a collector who reads on Internet pages for following the path of the coin . Why Germany? In German numismatik forum we have many posts like this few month ago.
Thanks a lot for your reply Onkel, that is really interesting to know! It is also an interesting way to track the path, as this mark is quite authentic and personalized. Good to know your insight on this, very much appreciated!


April 2018: Discover how to create cross platform apps for Android, iOS and UWP using Azure services and C# with Xamarin Forms. This book illustrates how to utilize Azure cloud storage for serving up Azure SQL DB data through Azure App Services.
The book starts by setting up Xamarin and introducing Xamarin Forms and then covers the Azure Portal from a developer's perspective and goes on to demonstrate how to build an Azure Service using Quickstart. You'll also see how to add Azure support to Xamarin Forms application. You'll review in detail how to build a Xamarin Form with Azure Client and modify an existing app to become a Xamarin Forms Client for Azure with offline synchronization. Read More and Buy. (Pre-Order now, available July 31, 2018).
There are over 200 keyboard, mouse and touch shortcuts for Windows 8! how many do you know? 10, 20, maybe 50?


India Post Office GDS Results 2019 or Gramin Dak Sevak Results 2019:- Hello Candidates,India Post office is going to Recruit Huge number of candidates for Gramin Dak Sevak Posts From All over India. There is Approximately 18000 Vacancies is going to be filled Across all the states of India. This is the one of the Good opportunity to Job Seekers Because there is No Examination for India Post GDS Recruitment 2019. This Recruitment is completely based on the Merit list of the candidates who secured high marks in their SSC 10th class level of study. According to the present Situation there is a Lot of Candidates are confusing while filling online application for the Gramin Dak Sevak Posts in various Categories in all states. For that reason Here we are providing Main key points to remember while filling the online application form for the recruitment of Gramin Dak Sevak Recruitment 2019. And Also In this article we are going to give you clear idea regarding process of selection as well as India Post Office GDS Results 2019 or Gramin Dak Sevak Results 2019 arrival process.
India post office is going to recruit huge recruitment from all over India states that is Andhra pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Telangana, MP, Maharashtra, Kerala, west Bengal,… Etc., In all states application process started apart from North eastern States , west Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Jammu Kashmir. Due to finalizing the vacancies the process for releasing notification for these states is in hold. Once the number of vacancies for GDS in these states finalized we will update it.So, Now we would like to discuss about the application process for India Post Gramin Dak Sevak Notification 2019 in all states.First of all candidates are requested to register your self with name and mobile number, SSC year of passed out and state etc., Common Doubts the candidates are asking about What is SSC Certificate number ? How to upload Documents? and is it necessary to have computer certificate ? and what is the pay scale for These Gramin Dak Sevak Posts.
India Post Office GDS Gramin Dak Sevak Results 2019 Merit List Released.
Government of India ,in Indian Post Office / India Post Office Department released huge number of Vacancies. Not less than 20,000 GDS Gramin Dak Sevaks Vacancies are released for the Post Office Recruitment across all over India in all States Postal Circles. Already all the eligible candidates of respective Various State Postal Circle completed Indian Post Office GDS Registration Form Details through online. In Some State Postal Circles Application form Verification details are running continuously due to all are interested in Central Govt Jobs Vacancy in India Postal Circle Department. The Candidates should check Registration form Circle Applying for and select respective State GDS Postal Circle. India Post GDS Results 2019/ Gramin Dak Sevak Results 2019 declared. India Post Online Gramin Dak Sevak Recruitment 2019 announced in the month of April and May in all state postal circles more than 20,000 GDS Posts covering all states in India. For More Official Government Examination Results Check Here .Many Aspirants are confused of India post GDS Selection procedure and Recruitment 2019. Firstly all should upload his / her individual documents and for further use the candidates should print application.
India Post Office GDS Results 2019 or Gramin Dak Sevak Results 2019: India Postal Circle is going to recruit GDS posts from all over India. Applicants will selected for Gramin Dak Sevak Vacancy based on Merit marks in the SSC Memo. So, commission will upload the Results of GDS Once the Merit list is Finalized. in order to provide expected result to all the applicants waiting eagerly for announcement of the results and merit list. Here we will provide you the complete details and important steps to download India Post office GDS Results 2017/ Gramin Dak Sevak Results 2017. Furthermore you can also check India Post Office Results 2017 ,India Post Office GDS Cut off Marks 2017, India Post Office Merit List 2017 from here. Since, Result will take some time, so we will upload Final List very soon.
Now we would like discuss about results of Gramin Dak sevak Recruitment 2019. All over India application has been started from 18 march 2019 now also this process is going on in some states. According to the recent analysis there huge number of candidates are applied for Gramin Dak Sevak Vacancies. There is approximately 13 Lakhs aspirant s are applied for this GDS Posts through all over India. Now what ? the students who are applied eagerly waiting for the India Post Office GDS Results 2019 in all states . How much cutoff for this vacncy and how to know the results? and what is the process to check result status of the candidates for that reason here we are with you to clear all your doubts.
Candidates who applied for this post are now looking eagerly for India Post office GDS Results 2019 or Gramin Dak Sevak Results 2019. This notification is to provide the complete details regarding the India Post office recruitment 2019 Analysis like result, cutoff, merit list of India Post office Gramin Dak Sevak recruitment 2017 Selection List, India Post office GDS Results 2019 or Gramin Dak Sevak Results 2019. So, candidates can go through this article to check Their India Post office BPM & MC Results 2019.
How to Download India Post Office GDS Results 2019 or Gramin Dak Sevak Results 2019?
1.First of all visit the official website "www.indiaapost.gov.in".
2.Now click on the link showing "Application Status ".
3.Login to your account by entering reference number and OTP.
4.Check the details once the results will announced.
6.SMS to your mobile Number.
Hello sir,i have applied for BPM post from Tamilnadu belongs to SC category(462/500=92.4%).I selected 5 different district for this post.I made a mistake thats for 3 different district i chose UR-BPM instead of SC-BPM.Is there any problem with this??please clarify my doubt Madam.
have any opportunity for the deselect candidate? I am asking about waiting list.
Hello sir,I had apply BPM post from tamilnadu belong to BC category 71.6.I had selected 5 different post.I made mistake thats I choose UR category instead of BC category.is this any problem.please clarify my doubts….


You can apply for a permit in person at City Hall or via mail or fax. In addition, you can apply online for electrical, mechanical, and plumbing permits by clicking the link to our Access My Government page below.
The building permit must be posted where it is visible form the street.
All permits expire six months from the date of issue or the last inspection.
A recall charge of $50 will be charged for the re-inspection of work not ready for scheduled inspection.
Property owners, contractors, or their agents must be present to let inspectors into the premises for indoor inspections.
Do not cover work until all required inspections have been made.
All inspection requests must be submitted by 3:30 PM the regular business day prior to the inspection.
There are two ways to schedule an inspection for each of which you will need the address of work, permit number, contact number, and type of permit. If you request a specific inspection time we will contact you by 4:30 PM only if there is a scheduling conflict.
Call the Inspection Line at (734) 738-0289.
Building inspections are conducted Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays & Fridays from 1:00 PM and 4:00 PM.
Electrical inspections are conducted after 4:30 PM on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.
The Community Development Department hours are 8:00 am to 4:30 PM Monday through Friday.
Housing and rental inspections are required for residential properties and apartment complexes that have 3 units or greater, per the State of Michigan.
A Certificate of Compliance is issued after the successful inspection of the rental property. It is valid for 2 years after the inspection date, to expire December 31 on a recurring basis.
Inspections can be set up by calling the office at (734) 453-1234 ext. 232.
Inspection times are Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays & Fridays from 1:30 to 3:30 PM.
The inspection checklist used to inspect each unit can be found here.


text:
Sebring, 19 March, 2010
Drayson Racing will start fourth, outside of Row Two, for tomorrow's 58th Running of the 12 Hours of Sebring presented by Fresh from Florida. The qualifying effort follows an off-season of intense preparation by the team and positions the No. 8 Drayson Racing Lola Coupé with Judd Power as the highest ranking American Le Mans Series (ALMS) privateer entry. The qualifying lap of one minute, 46.46 seconds by Emanuele Pirro (Rome) places the United Kingdom-based, Le Mans Prototype One (LMP1) operation directly behind the factory programme of Peugeot and alongside the factory effort of Aston Martin Racing. Pirro joins regular Drayson Racing pilots Paul Drayson (London/Gloucestershire, UK) and Jonny Cocker (Guisborough, Yorks, UK) for the opening round of the American Le Mans Series (ALMS) at 10:30 (ET).
This marks the second Sebring start for Drayson Racing having run to 10th in GT2 class last season prior to the transition to prototypes. With the objective to invest the last portion of the '09 season towards developing the team and car for 2010, Drayson Racing entered the Lola- Judd in four events over three race weekends. Drayson Racing was instantly on pace at its Petit Le Mans debut. The team closed the season with a two-race effort in the Asian Le Mans Series earning a pole position, setting two fastest race laps and winning the coveted Michelin® Green X® Challenge at the Okayama Circuit in Japan.
Carrying this momentum into the off-season, the Dale White (Bozeman, MT,USA)-managed organisation spent the winter months preparing and fine-tuning the Lola-Judd. Extensive use of computer simulations and the full-scale, sevenpost, chassis rig provided the team with insight to create an instantly strong platform for the 2010 season. A platform which showed well against the factory backed coffers of its competition.
The foresight to begin the programme in late 2009 and the intense off- season development effort allowed Drayson Racing to test and practice consistently in the top-four and to qualify within 0.6 seconds of a front row start. This is a strong pace for a young team when put up against the factory works cars from Aston Martin and Peugeot.
Pirro, a two-time winner of the 12 Hours, set his fastest qualifying time on his fifth of eight laps of the 3.7-mile, 17-turn circuit. He briefly parked the closed-cockpit No. 8 to cool the Michelin tyres before returning but, after one lap, felt the car had given its best lap for the conditions.
The 12 Hours of Sebring can be seen live on SPEED with radio coverage available at www.radiolemans.com, Sirius Channel 127 and XM Channel 245.
Paul Drayson, Owner/Driver
"The team did a fantastic job getting the car all ready to go. I am really pleased with the fourth place on the grid which puts us ahead of all the other cars we'll be racing for the championship through the rest of the year. We're in a good position to make a good start to the race and our 2010 campaign."
Jonny Cocker, Driver
"It's been a really good week in terms of building up. We've been trying different things but as Sebring always does the track changes quite a lot and quite often throughout each day. We have gone back to our base setting which works really nicely. We had a really solid qualifying with Emanuele in the car. P4 on the grid is obviously a good position to start from but can mean anything. It's all going to be a little different once we start the race. Our race pace has shown strong all week and we have confidence in the Michelin tyres. Solid strategy, good driver changes, run our own race and we'll worry about the result at the end of the race. We have a good chance at a good overall result. Everyone just needs to pull together like they have been all week and we'll be good."
Emanuele Pirro, Driver
"The main positive thing is that the car is as good as it was in the morning. No sign of any problems. I can't say that I have been using the Michelin tyres real well. We have to get some experience using the tyres and building the pressures and the grip in a proper way. I think there was something more in the car to come but the time makes me very happy. Second row is the best we could expect. I went out at the end again to learn a little more about these tyres for the race tomorrow. We are here to complete a 12 hour race and not set a pole position."
Dale White, Team Manager
"We knew the two factory efforts would be very difficult here at Sebring. However, to be the quickest of the privateers and of the ALMS regulars is really gratifying. Because we knew about where we would be in qualifying we have really focused on the race setup. We are right where we want to be for the race with the car. After a long winter it is good to be going racing."
To visit the official web site of Drayson Racing, please go to
www.draysonracing.com.
To see up-to-the-minute notes on Drayson Racing, please follow "DraysonRacing" on Twitter.
Follow me on Twitter www.twitter.com/Emanuele_Pirro
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
layout: docs
title: 'Dexie.OpenFailedError'
---

### Inheritance Hierarchy

* [Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)
  * [Dexie.DexieError](/docs/DexieErrors/DexieError)
    * Dexie.OpenFailedError

### Description

Happens when a db operation has failed due to that database couldn't be opened.

**NOTICE!** Always inspect the `inner` property of a OpenFailedError, which will hold the reason why the call to db.open() has failed.

### Sample using Promise.catch()

```javascript
doSomeDatabaseWork().then(function(){
    // Success
}).catch(Dexie.OpenFailedError, function (e) {
    // Failed with OpenFailedError
    console.error ("open failed due to: " + e.inner);
}).catch(Error, function (e) {
    // Any other error derived from standard Error
    console.error ("Error: " + e.message);
}).catch(function (e) {
    // Other error such as a string was thrown
    console.error (e);
});
```

### Sample: switch(error.name)

```javascript
db.on('error', function (error) {
    switch (error.name) {
        case Dexie.errnames.OpenFailed:
            const innerError = error.inner;
            console.log ("open failed due to " + innerError.name);
            break;
        default:
            console.log ("error: " + e.message);
    }
});
```

### Properties

name	Will always be Dexie.errnames.OpenFailed === "OpenFailedError"

message	Detailed message

inner?	Inner exception instance (if any)

stack	Can be present if the error was thown. If signaled, there wont be any call stack.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Original old elite French magazine vintage ad for ROCHER FRERES of France. Three ways for the consumer to drink Cherry Rocher liqueur. Straight, Over Ice, In a Cocktail. Artists are Blanc and Demilly. Ad is written entirely in French. This 1930 Rocher Brothers advertisement would display beautifully matted and framed.


Nourish your leather while enjoying a delightful scent intended to make tack cleaning pleasant. All-natural M.O.S.S™ Saddle Soap is made of the highest quality ingredients, including goats´ milk and glycerin to gently cleanse and condition your leather. After cleaning your tack, use it on your leather purses, car seats and jackets, too.


Catznip is graphical client for [http://lindenlab.com/products/second-life Linden Lab]'s user created 3D virtual world, [http://secondlife.com Second Life]. Our aim is to refine and reinvent your in-world experience. Our focus is stability, usability, privacy and plenty of new original homegrown features. This viewer is listed in the official Linden Lab [http://wiki.secondlife.com/wiki/Third_Party_Viewer_Directory/Catznip Third Party Viewer Directory].


text:
package com.sdw.soft.core.utils.json;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonGenerator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonSerializer;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializerProvider;

public class DateJsonSerializer extends JsonSerializer<Date> {

	public static DateFormat DATE_FORMAT = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");

	@Override
	public void serialize(Date date, JsonGenerator jsonGenerator, SerializerProvider provider)
			throws IOException, JsonProcessingException {
		if(date != null){
			jsonGenerator.writeString(DATE_FORMAT.format(date));
		}
	}

}


text:
"Fuse News" With Alexa Chung Premieres Tomorrow
By Seventeen Magazine
If you're obsessed with keeping tabs on on Justin & Selena or are constantly on YouTube watching music videos, you'll love Fuse's new show, "Fuse News." Hosted by the always stylish Alexa Chung, Jack Osbourne, and others, the show will air every weeknight at 8 p.m. EST so you never miss the latest music news. The first episode kicks off tomorrow with three special episodes dedicated to all things Grammy's, and on Sunday, "Fuse News" will be reporting straight from the red carpet! Watch the promo below!
"Fuse News" will air weeknights at 8 p.m. EST!
5 New Ways To Wear Florals From The Radio Disney Music Awards Red Carpet
This. Is. Freaky. 7 Celebrity Look-Alikes You Have To See To Believe
The Hottest New Celebrity Haircuts!
11 Celebrity Dating Mistakes NOT To Make!


text:
Culicoides padusae är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Mirzayeva 1990. Culicoides padusae ingår i släktet Culicoides och familjen svidknott. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Svidknott
padusae


My name is Kristin Smith, Co-founder of Smith & McCain. I have truly enjoyed this portion of my business and that is focusing on women in our community that also love empowering others to accomplish their goals! This week I have the honor to write about an individual that has personally been an inspiration to me in mental, spiritual and business growth.
The woman I speak of is Cayla Craft. Craft is an entrepreneur, mommy of three, wife to an amazing husband and one badass mentor! Don't let this "girl next door" look fool you! She is one hard working, go getting, shake things up, kind of gal.
Over the past 6 years Cayla has helped women start their own business through a company called Isagenix. As her leadership and team building skills developed she realized she wanted to go deeper and further with her career. As she continued to mentor and help women with their business start up, Cayla realized a common denominator. Moms don't pursue their dreams due to FOMO. Fear Of Missing Out! Moms feel that if they start or go into business they will miss out on every waking moment of their children growing up. So what do they do? They don't end up taking the bull by the horns and stepping into that very uncomfortable place in life called "entrepreneurship".
The reality is, you might miss a cough. You might miss a PTA meeting. You might even miss one soccer practice! OH no!! Guess what? Your kids won't even remember. That's where Cayla decided it was time to create Mommy Millionaire.
When drawing out the business plan for Mommy Millionaire Cayla wanted to have one main objective. YOU CAN HAVE IT ALL!!! You can have health and fitness, time with your kids and spouse, as well as owning and operating your very own business. By subscribing to the Mommy Millionaire podcast you will get inspiration, motivation and blunt in your face, lets rock this sh*t encouragement!
Cayla's drive to empower other women is irreproachable! I personally have loved my time getting to know and learn from her. Her no nonsense, no excuse force of nature is something to be reckoned with. Thank you, Calya, for all that you do and all that you continue to do for yourself, your community and women around the world!


text:
EMERGE FEST The Brook & The Bluff
EMERGE FEST // Headliner Established in Birmingham, Ala., The Brook & The Bluff is a four-man band that has been traveling and recording music since late 2016. The...
Surviving the test of time, Anthony Hamilton will soon gift his fans with yet another compilation baring his heart and soul. Millions across the globe have bought his...
An Evening with Larry, Steve and Rudy The Gatlin Brothers
Larry, Steve and Rudy, the Gatlin Brothers, are a Grammy Award-winning trio who have dazzled audiences for more than 60 years with a lifetime of noteworthy achievements in...
Together On Stage Mary Chapin Carpenter & Shawn Colvin
Mary Chapin Carpenter and Shawn Colvin will embark on a series of tour dates throughout the fall of 2019. Carpenter and Colvin — longtime friends for over 30...
Béla Fleck & The Flecktones
Groundbreaking, Grammy-winning quartet Béla Fleck & The Flecktones will be celebrating their 30th anniversary with a North American tour beginning this summer. Banjoist Béla Fleck, harmonica and...
An Evening with Branford Marsalis Quartet
Branford Marsalis is one of the most revered instrumentalists of his time. The three-time Grammy Award winner has continued to exercise and expand his skills as an instrumentalist,
Five-time Grammy nominee Robben Ford achieved worldwide fame both for being a solo artist and for his collaborations with a diverse musical who's who that includes Miles Davis,
The Irish Goodbye Tour The Chieftains
After 57 years of making some of the most beautiful music in the world, The Chieftains remain as fresh and relevant as when they first began. The six-time...
Me'shell NdegéOcello
10 time GRAMMY nominee, Meshell Ndegeocello's music twists and turns through so many genres — R&B, pop, jazz, hip-hip — that it's hard to put a finger on...
Jazz Cafe Series Stefon Harris + Blackout
An educator, vibraphonist and composer, Stefon Harris has been heralded as "one of the most important young artists in jazz" by The Los Angeles Times. A four-time Grammy...


text:
My Databases
Annotated games
Ten Classics
Most viewed games
Search Openings By Name/ECO
Latest Games In My Openings
Chess Delight
Checkmates - Advanced
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Portrait of a World Champion
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Checkmates in one
Checkmates in two
Checkmates in three
Twenty-four miniatures
Djokic, Vladan (2299) - Todorovic, Jovan (2420) - TCh-Central Serbia 2011 (4), Kraljevo SRB, 2011
1.c4 e5 2.Nc3 Bb4 3.g3 Bxc3 4.bxc3 Ne7 5.Bg2 O-O 6.Rb1 Nbc6 7.c5 b6 8.Nf3 d6 9.cxd6 cxd6 10.O-O Bf5 11.d3 Qd7 12.Re1 Bh3 13.Bh1 h6 14.d4 Rac8 15.Ba3 Rfd8 16.e3 Bg4 17.Qd3 e4 18.Qxe4 Bf5 19.Qh4 Ng6 20.Qh5 d5 21.h3 Bxh3 22.Nd2 Bg4 23.Qh2 Na5 24.Bb2 Nc4 25.Nxc4 Rxc4 26.e4 dxe4 27.Bxe4 Bf5 28.Qg2 Ne7 29.f3 Nd5 30.Rbc1 Rdc8 31.Bxd5 Qxd5 32.Re5 Qd7 33.Rce1 Be6 34.d5 Bf5 35.Qd2 Bg6 36.d6 Rd8 37.Ba3 Kh7 38.Re7 Qc6 39.R1e3 Ra4 40.c4 Rxc4 41.Rxa7 Rc2 42.Qd4 Qb5 43.Qb4 Qh5 44.Qh4 Qd5 45.Bb4 Rxd6 46.Be1 Qd1 47.g4 Rdd2 48.Qg3 Re2 49.Rae7 Qd4 50.f4 Rxa2 51.f5 Rxe1+ 52.Qxe1 Qxg4+ 53.Qg3 Qxf5 54.Re1 Qc5+ 55.R7e3 Be4 56.Kf1 f5 57.R1e2 Qc4 58.Kf2 Rxe2+ 59.Rxe2 b5 60.Rd2 b4 61.Qb8 b3 62.Rd8 Qc2+ 63.Ke3 Qc3+ 64.Kf2 b2 65.Rh8+ Kg6 66.Qe8+ Kg5 67.Qd8+ Qf6 68.Qd2+ f4 69.Qa5+ Kg4 70.Qd2 Qb6+ 71.Ke2 f3+ 0-1
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text:
Printable Form W-3SS Winston–Salem North Carolina 2022-2023
Printable Form W-3SS Winston–Salem North Carolina
Printable Form W-3SS Winston–Salem North Carolina: What You Should Know
The most complete tax guide (PDF) for your state. Get tips and free tax calculators 2018 State and Local Income Tax Return. Download 2023 State and Local Income tax Returns. Fill out these IRS forms and complete everything. 2018 Tax Guide for People with Limited Financial Resources. An online guide that you can download and print at no cost: 2018 Tax Guide for People with Limited Financial Resources. Download this PDF guide to print. Use this guide to prepare your 2023 tax returns. Fill out the return instructions and make two copies of it. Taxes and Benefits of Working in North Carolina Workers' Compensation Insurance Coverage of W-2 Forms (PDF) Holidays and Commuting The Carolina Employer and Employer's Compensability Act, S.C. 2010, (hereinafter the "Act") was signed into law at the beginning of 2010. It was designed to reduce the economic and moral harm resulting from excessive labor costs (hereinafter the "cost of living"). It sets forth provisions for workers' compensation insurance coverage for employers who engage in certain non-traditional jobs. In the act, the "cost of living" requirement is described in the following paragraphs: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in an aggregate amount not to exceed 10,000 in any calendar year, an employer shall maintain a health care risk pool or other similar arrangement if such pool or arrangement, with specified limitations, is a necessary prerequisite to the provision of health care insurance coverage to eligible employees." Cost-of-living clauses for workers' compensation insurance. The Act provides that the cost-of-living clause for workers' compensation insurance may be expressed in such form as is prescribed (e.g., "an annual or semiannual limit on wages") when the amount of the limit is determined in a manner which is not arbitrary and capricious under section 20-21-115, S.C. (the "Price of Life Act"). The cost of living limitation of an employer and health care risk pool or other similar arrangement is defined in subsection (b). H.B. 922, (S.C. 2010, 2023 Act No. 143, Pt. A, §12), makes additional provision in the form of an agreement between the State of North Carolina and the Workers' Compensation Board with respect to insurance requirements related to the use of the state health security program.
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