text:
What Do NBA All-Star Carmelo Anthony & Former CIA Director Michael Hayden Have In Common?
On this week's FAST FORWARD, Jo Ling Kent of the FOX Business Network interviews General Michael Hayden, about some of the United States' "dark secrets". General Hayden is distinguished as the only person to have been in charge of both the CIA and the NSA. In a wide ranging conversation, Jo and General Hayden discuss controversial security programs, his new gig in the private sector working as a Security Consultant, and social media's impact on the war on terror. Then in reboot, Jo catches up with with the New York Knicks', Carmelo Anthony about his interest in tech and how he combines it with his love for basketball. Plus, which social media platform may have ticked off their millions of users? Jo has all the details. Also, Jo has special message to Fast Forward listeners. Subscribe and get automatic downloads of this podcast on iTunes Join FOX Business Network's Jo Ling Kent with this edition of Fast Forward FAST FORWARD is a podcast on tech, innovation and media. Every week, FAST FORWARD, digs into today's stories with the most dynamic leaders and voices. Featuring the inventors, innovators and investors who shape the future while we wait patiently in the present, we leverage our Fox Business intel to explore what happened, why and what's coming next. And robots. Lots of robots. Follow Jo on Twitter @JoLingKent #FOXFastForward Click here for more "Fast Forward" with Jo Ling Kent
Jo Ling Kent
Michael Hayden Have In Common
Disclaimer: The podcast and artwork embedded on this page are from FOX News Radio, which is the property of its owner and not affiliated with or endorsed by Listen Notes, Inc.


Senior Program Analyst, Pioneering Decisive Solutions, Inc.
Five Grand Children; two in Virginia and three in Kansas.
Retired Navy Captain, 2008, Aerospace Maintenance Duty Officer (AMDO, 1500).
Overseas Tours in London and Tokyo; 10 years deployed on Aircraft Carriers (CV/CVN). Married 37 years.
Built home on Chesapeake Bay, near Heathsville, VA on 7 wooded acres. Successful Walk of Hadrian's Wall 15-29 April 2016 with Royal Navy buddy.
Enjoyed Junior Varsity Wrestling and Varsity Cross Country.
Eric Dean has a birthday today.
Eric Dean changed his "Then" picture.
Eric Dean added a comment on his Profile.
Eric Dean posted a message.
Eric Dean updated his profile. View.
Eric Dean added a photo to his profile gallery.
Eric Dean posted a message. New comment added.
Terry, It hardly seems like 49 years have past. Good Lord, what happened? Wishing you and Jeanine all the best in the years ahead. Craig Harris is now a grand-father, finally.
Sally, Welcome to the Past. Its good tom know that many of the Class of '69 are still alive and hanging in there.
Ed, Happy Birthday. We both made Career of the Military (30 years Navy for me) and are both still working. Retired from the Pentagon OPNAV N12 in 2008.Life is good. I still keep in touch with Sue Resch and Craig Harris.


text:
Tommy Tuberville defeats Jeff Sessions in Alabama GOP Senate primary runoff
July 15, 2020 01:37 UTC
Trump administration delays increase in fines for automakers who fail to meet climate change standards
Capitol Police intelligence report warned three days before attack that 'Congress itself' could be targeted
Amazon to face first U.S. unionization vote in seven years next month
Tommy Tuberville and President Trump were the winners in Tuesday's Republican Senate primary runoff in Alabama. Tuberville, a first-time politician and former Auburn University football coach, defeated former U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions thanks, in part, to an endorsement from the president. He now advances to the November general election to take on Sen. Doug Jones, who is the most vulnerable Democrat in the Senate in this year's general election. Soon after AP called the race, the president tweeted that "Tuberville WON big against Jeff Sessions. On the eve of the primary, veteran Alabama-based Republican political consultant Angi Stalnaker told Fox News, "Jeff Sessions allowed the narrative to become Jeff Sessions versus Donald Trump.
Source: Fox News July 15, 2020 01:37 UTC
Trump-Backed Tuberville Beats Sessions in Alabama Senate GOP Primary
Sara Gideon Wins Nomination to Challenge Susan Collins in Maine
What's open and closed: Southern California beaches, parks, trails
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Mpdf 7.1 creates pdf file, writes all the text but no HTML tags or CSS First of all, I use a public shared server, and I unable to use composer, and I use my own autoload.
The simptoms are clear:

*

*php version 7.2

*Mpdf version 7.1

*every needed component are loaded for Mpdf, and nothing wrong on the log, but debug informations like this:
[2018-05-29 15:44:07] [ debug ] PDF generated in 0.193712 seconds
[2018-05-29 15:44:08] [ debug ] Compiled in 0.634812 seconds
[2018-05-29 15:44:08] [ debug ] Peak Memory usage 4.00 MB
[2018-05-29 15:44:08] [ debug ] PDF file size 16 kB
[2018-05-29 15:44:08] [ debug ] 1 fonts used
I can open the created file, but it contains only the text part of the content, without a single table or style.
Any suggestion?
Edit 1
I've tried these html structures:
$pdfContent = '<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
    <head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
        <base href="'._PAGE_BASE_URL.'/">
        <style>
            '.file_get_contents('libs/css/reset.css').'
            '.file_get_contents('libs/css/pdf.css').'
        </style>
        </head><body>';

and
$pdfContent = '<html><head></head><body>';

Of course I used some table, div and span elements with the following PDF render commands:
$mpdf=new \Mpdf\Mpdf();
$mpdf->WriteHTML($pdfContent, 0);
$mpdf->Output('test.pdf');

I've tried to use only the body content for the HTML source and tried to use it with this:
$mpdf=new \Mpdf\Mpdf();
$mpdf->WriteHTML(file_get_contents('libs/css/reset.css').PHP_EOL.file_get_contents('libs/css/pdf.css'),1);
$mpdf->WriteHTML($pdfContent, 2);
$mpdf->Output('test.pdf');

A: So I made some tests, and it turns out, that the code recognize, and successfully use the CSS files already, and the only missing part is, to use the HTML tags.
That was the point where I started to suspect myself. Did I really load all the necessary files for the Mpdf? It turns out, I didn't. After I realised I wasn't understanding it, I made a simple load-in-all-file "autoloader", and included on the very beginning in the src/Mpdf.php file.
I've run 2 tests, and 'et voila. Everything is in it's place. Unfortunately, I still don't know what were the missing part(s) from it, but after one and a half week tryouts, I'm not really care about it.
If somebody wants to use Mpdf's newer versions, but can't use Composer, I suggest to forget about it. But if it not bothers you to use some really messed up, and stupid code to make it works (like me in this case), feel free to use the loader below to load all the necessary (and bunch of not really needed) files from the Mpdf projects directory:
function loadDirContent($dir){
    $dirContent = scandir($dir);
    foreach($dirContent as $item){
        $path = $dir."/".$item;

        // avoid unnecessary examination and load
        if($item == '.' || $item == '..' ||
           $item == 'Loader.php' || $item == 'Mpdf.php' ||
           strpos($path, "Psr/Log/Test")!==false ||
           (!is_dir($path) && strtolower(substr($item, -3)) != 'php')){
               continue;
        }

        if(!is_dir($path)){
            require_once($path);
        } else {
            // The Tag folder contains some dependency on folder contents
            // These files have to load first
            if(strpos($path, "src/Tag") !== false){
                require_once($path."/Tag.php");
                require_once($path."/InlineTag.php");
                require_once($path."/BlockTag.php");
                require_once($path."/NewColumn.php");
            }

            loadDirContent($path);
        }
    }
}

loadDirContent(__DIR__);

In the Mpdf/src/Mpdf.php file you have to require the loader file, what I stored in the same directory as the Mpdf.php
require_once(__DIR__."/Loader.php");

and of course the Psr/Log package is needed too, that I downloaded manually from it's GitHub repository, and extracted it to the Mpdf/src directory. The Mpdf need it and use it, so in the Mpdf/src/Mpdf.php you have to call this two line too:
require_once(__DIR__."/Psr/Log/LoggerAwareInterface.php");
require_once(__DIR__."/Psr/Log/NullLogger.php");

in these files need some "in-project-requires" and if you dont use autoloder, you have to add some extra require_once lines in them.
I know it's stupid, and ugly, but finally it works, like it worked with the 5th version of the Mpdf, and now, I am just happy about it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


TLER is the very definition of a grassroots rescue. It started with an idea, grew with a passion, and has been successfully making a difference as a family run organization since 2012. The very nature of rescue means some animals will never leave our care. For those, we offer sanctuary. Every single cent donated goes directly to the care of our residents. While we are a 501(c)3 non profit organization, we are a business. As in any business, we invest in ourselves. We want it to be successful. We want to see it grow. We want to celebrate our accomplishments with you, and for years our family has been doing that. It has always been our goal to see TLER not only successful, but successful independent of us. We want to grow and we want to be able to help our community more. It is difficult, though. Donations ebb and flow, yet always fall short of the goal. I hate asking for them. It's a hustle and I'm not a hustler. Yet, it's a necessary evil and one I am constantly in conflict with. I am always brainstorming. How do you fundraise, meet your goals, grow, and all without drowning your followers in demands? How do you restore your website and facebook page back to it's intended purpose?....I have always wanted it's focus to be on the day to day. I want you to feel who they are and imbue their personalities and quirks. I don't want to constantly ask for donations.
So, we are doing a Sponsorship Drive. What is that!?! Glad you asked! It is the opportunity to be a part of something big, an opportunity to not only support our current residents, but allow us to grow. We are asking a commitment of $2 month. $2 dollars a month! If we had 4000 people commit to $2 a month we would have our basic needs met. If we had 4500 people commit we could continue training for our adoptable horses. If we had 5000 people commit we could take in another horse. We can greatly lessen the donation request posts, restore our pages to their intended purpose, care for our current residents, have the ability to help more at risk animals, even offer gelding and euthanasia grants for our community. It's so simple, so small, but so BIG! Set it up and forget about it! Please commit to $2 a month and find one other person to join in the commitment. Together we can do great things. I'm so excited about this campaign. Thank you for making Toby's Legacy Equine Rescue the success it is.


Taxon: Mimosa odoratissima L. f.
Synonym of Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth.
Nielsen, I. 1979. Notes on the genus Albizia Durazz. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) in Mainland S.E. Asia (Adansonia) sér. 2, 19:203.
Nielsen, I. 1985. The Malesian species of Acacia and Albizia (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) Opera Bot. 81:48.
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=24397. Accessed 25 April 2019.


text:
Mireille Havet (de Soyécourt), née le  à Médan (Yvelines), et morte le  au sanatorium de Montana (Suisse), est une écrivaine française.

Biographie
Mireille Havet est la fille du peintre Henri Havet (1862-1913) et de son épouse Léoncine Cornillier (?-1923), sœur de Pierre-Émile Cornillier. Elle est également la petite-fille du linguiste Alfred Havet (1827-1896). La sœur de Mireille, Christiane, qui avait pour parrain le peintre Adolphe Gumery, épousera le poète et critique littéraire Paul Aeschimann.

Dans sa jeunesse, elle vit à Auteuil et passe ses vacances au château de Ker Aulen, à Frossay, chez son grand-oncle Benjamin-Joseph Leroux et son épouse Marie-Adeline Goüin. Elle grandit dans une atmosphère intellectuelle et artistique tranquille, « faite d'aimable dilletantisme, de mondanités modestes, de pauvreté plus ou moins insouciante, adossée cependant au solide rempart de bonnes origines bourgeoises ». Elle rencontre ainsi, entre autres, Paul Demény, Georges Izambard, et la femme de lettres Georges de Peyrebrune.

Après que sa famille a déménagé à Paris, en 1907, elle fréquente occasionnellement la chartreuse de Neuville-sous-Montreuil, un foyer social et résidence d'artistes et d'intellectuels. Son père, neurasthénique, meurt en 1913 après s'être fait interner dans une maison de santé, si bien qu'elle connaît une grande liberté dans son éducation, comme elle l'explique dans son Journal en 1919 : « Je fus très jeune libre d'agir et de choisir selon mes goûts et surtout les hasards autoritaires des rencontres et des livres. Cette liberté me fut pour ainsi dire concédée avec le terrible rôle de prodige. » Elle rédige très tôt des poèmes, des textes en prose, et un journal intime, qu'elle commence en  à l'occasion d'une opération de l'appendicite et qu'elle tient jusqu'à 1929. Tandis qu'elle est renvoyée du collège Sévigné (soit qu'on lui reproche ses ambitions littéraires, soit qu'on lui reproche ses tendances homosexuelles), surviennent ses premiers échanges avec Apollinaire, qui jouera le rôle de mentor à partir d'avril 1913.

Guillaume Apollinaire, qui l'appelait « la petite poyétesse », publie son conte fantastique La Maison dans l'œil du chat dans Les Soirées de Paris en 1913. Ce texte ainsi que d'autres poèmes en prose, écrits à 14 ans, sont publiés en 1917 par les éditions Crès. Dès lors, elle rencontre le tout-Paris littéraire, de Colette à Jean Cocteau, en passant par André Gide et les premiers surréalistes.

Pendant la Grande guerre, Mireille Havet se réfugie au Colombier avec sa famille. Mais elle revient rapidement à Paris où elle mènera une vie dissolue, marquée par la pauvreté, la drogue (opium, puis cocaïne et morphine à la fin de sa vie), et de nombreuses conquêtes homosexuelles.

En 1917, elle rencontre, par l'intermédiaire de Colette, Hélène et Philippe Berthelot, l'américaine Natalie Clifford Barney, icône du Paris lesbien de l'époque, dont elle fréquente le salon. Elle se lie à de grandes figures comme la comtesse de Limur et découvre l'œuvre de l'homosexuelle Renée Vivien. La fréquentation de ces femmes jouera un grand rôle dans la reconnaissance personnelle de son homosexualité. Elle était ouvertement homosexuelle, tant dans son journal qu'à la ville.

Elle écrit un roman, Carnaval, publié en novembre 1922 dans Les Œuvres libres, puis en septembre 1923 aux éditions Albin Michel et réédité en 2005 par les éditions Claire Paulhan. Ce roman à clef est inspiré de sa relation avec Madeleine de Limur, transposée en relation hétérosexuelle.

Elle interprète le rôle de la Mort dans la pièce de Jean Cocteau Orphée en 1926. Elle est très remarquée dans ce rôle mais, dévorée par la drogue, elle ne pourra pas le reprendre en 1927.

Elle meurt à l'âge de 33 ans de délabrement physique dû notamment à la tuberculose et à la toxicomanie, abandonnée de ses amis, offrant pour quelques pièces son corps décharné aux passants. Elle lègue ses cahiers et manuscrits à son amie Ludmila Savitzky.

Mireille Havet est « redécouverte » grâce à l'édition de journal, dont le manuscrit n'a été retrouvé qu'en 1995 par Dominique Tiry, petite-fille de Ludmila Stavitzky. Donné à la bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Montpellier, ce manuscrit est conservé à l'université Paul-Valéry-Montpellier. Il est publié par les éditions Claire Paulhan de 2003 à 2012.

Hommage

La Ville de Paris a nommé place Mireille-Havet une place du 11 arrondissement,  inaugurée le  et réaménagée en 2019, près de la médiathèque Violette Leduc.

Œuvres

Éditions originales

 , Les Œuvres libres, n° 17.

Éditions modernes

Carnaval, édition établie, présentée et annotée par Claire Paulhan, aux éditions Claire Paulhan,  « Pour mémoire », 2005, 239
Correspondance : 1913-1917, avec Guillaume Apollinaire, édition établie par Dominique Tiry, publiée par le Centre d'étude du , Université Paul-Valéry, 2000, 127
Journal aux éditions Claire Paulhan, 2003-2010, édition établie par Pierre Plateau :
Journal 1918-1919 : « Le monde entier vous tire par le milieu du ventre », présentée et annotée par Dominique Tiry,  « Tiré-à-part », 2003, 254  ; nouvelle édition augmentée et corrigée en 2011, 300
Journal 1919-1924 : « Aller droit à l'enfer, par le chemin même qui le fait oublier », annotée par Dominique Tiry, Pierre Plateau et Claire Paulhan, préf. Béatrice Leca,  « Pour mémoire », 2005, 533
Journal 1924-1927 : « C'était l'enfer et ses flammes et ses entailles », annotée par Dominique Tiry, avec la collab. de Roland Aeschimann, Claire Paulhan et Pierre Plateau, préf. Laure Murat,  « Pour mémoire », 2008, 445
Journal 1927-1928 : « Héroïne, cocaïne ! La nuit s'avance », annotée par Claire Paulhan, avec l'aide de Pierre Plateau et Dominique Tiry, préf. Patrick Kéchichian,  « Pour mémoire », 2010, 350
Journal 1929 : « Peut-être suis-je morte ? Suicidée il y a quelques mois », annotée par Roland Æschimann, Claire Paulhan, Pierre Plateau & Dominique Tiry, présentée par Roland Æschimann,  « Pour mémoire », 2012, 320

Notes et références

Liens externes

Fonds Mireille Havet intégré dans le fonds Cocteau de la Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Montpellier

Romancière française du XXe siècle
Romancière française dont l'œuvre est marquée par les thèmes LGBT
Auteur français de journal intime
Épistolière française
Épistolière du XXe siècle
Personnalité ayant fait son coming out
Histoire des LGBT en France
Naissance en octobre 1898
Décès en mars 1932
Décès à 33 ans
Décès dans le canton du Valais
Mort de la tuberculose
Naissance à Medan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Patrice Cooper Lantern Colonial Wall Sconce, shown here in our Dark Copper finish with brass trim and Clear glass, is a traditional Colonial style copper wall light. Handmade in the USA from high quality copper or brass, the Patrice wall sconce is guaranteed for life to never rust or corrode. One of our most popular styles, this timeless classic is available in your choice of seven all natural hand applied copper or brass finishes and four unqiue styles of glass making it easy to create the perfect lighting solution for your home or project. This versatile lantern works well with traditional and colonial styles homes as well as cabins and lake homes. UL Listed for Wet Locations. Waterproof, Handmade, Made In USA.


text:
(Redirected from Boca Raton)
City in Palm Beach County, Florida
"Boca Raton" redirects here. For other uses, see Boca Raton (disambiguation).
Mizner Park is a downtown attraction in Boca Raton.
A City for All Seasons
Location in Palm Beach County, Florida
Location in the United States
Settled (Boca Raton Settlement)
C. 1895[1]
May 26, 1925 (1925-05-26)[1][2]
Council-Manager
Scott Singer (R)[3][4]
• Deputy Mayor
Andrea O'Rourke[5]
• Councilmembers
Monica Mayotte, Andy Thomson, Yvette Drucker
• City Manager
Leif J. Ahnell
• City Clerk
Susan S. Saxton
31.59 sq mi (81.81 km2)
13 ft (4 m)
3,338.77/sq mi (1,289.11/km2)
UTC−5 (EST)
UTC−4 (EDT)
16 total ZIP Codes:[7]
33427–33429, 33431–33434, 33464, 33481, 33486–33488, 33496–33499
www.myboca.us
Boca Raton Resort
Boca Raton (/rəˈtoʊn/ rə-TOHN;[9][10] Spanish: Boca Ratón, [ˈboka raˈton]), is a city in southern Palm Beach County, Florida. It was first incorporated on August 2, 1924,[11] as "Bocaratone,"[12] and then incorporated as "Boca Raton" in 1925. At the 2020 census, the population was 97,422. However, approximately 200,000 additional people with a Boca Raton postal address live outside of municipal boundaries,[13] such as in West Boca Raton. As a business center, the city experiences significant daytime population increases. Boca Raton is 45 miles (72 km) north of Miami and is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which had a population of 6,012,331 people as of 2015. It is known as one of the wealthiest places in South Florida.[14][15][16][17]
Boca Raton is home to the main campus of Florida Atlantic University and the corporate headquarters of Office Depot. It is also home to the Evert Tennis Academy, owned by former professional tennis player Chris Evert. Boca Town Center, an upscale shopping center in central Boca Raton, is the largest indoor mall in Palm Beach County. The downtown area is established around a lifestyle center and entertainment hub named Mizner Park and Royal Palm Place, a mixed-used shopping, dining, and residential district.
Many buildings in the area have a Mediterranean Revival or Spanish Colonial Revival architectural theme, initially inspired by Addison Mizner, a resort architect who heavily influenced the city's early development. Still today, Boca Raton has a strict development code for the size and types of commercial buildings, building signs, and advertisements that may be erected within the city limits. The strict development code has led to several major thoroughfares without large signs or advertisements in the traveler's view.
1.1 Pronunciation
2.1 Timeline
2.2 Early history
2.3 Addison Mizner's resort town
2.4 World War II Army Air Force Base
2.5 Post-World War II history
2.5.1 IBM
2.5.2 Suburban expansion
3 Neighborhoods and Greater Boca Raton
3.1 Greater Boca Raton
5.1 Climate
7 Culture and attractions
7.1 Festivals and events
7.2 Mizner Park
7.3 Town Center Mall
7.4 Beaches and parks
8 Economy
8.1 Top employers
9.1 Public schools
9.2 Alternative schooling
9.3 Private schools
9.5 Libraries
10 Crime
11 Transportation
11.1 Air
11.2 Highways
11.3 Rail
11.4 Bus
11.5 Water
12 Gallery
Boca Raton translates to Spanish literally as Mouse's Mouth. Its name was originally labeled in the first European maps of the area as "Boca de Ratones", and many people mistakenly translate the name in English as Rat's Mouth. Although incorrect (ratón means "mouse" in Spanish; "rat" is rata), this translation continues to be popularized by several residents and institutions in the city. For example, the tailgate area for football games at Florida Atlantic University is known as the "Rat's Mouth".[18]
"Boca", meaning mouth in Spanish, was a common term to describe an inlet on maps by sailors. The true meaning of the word "ratones" for the area is more uncertain. Some claim that the word "ratones" appears in old Spanish maritime dictionaries referring to "rugged rocks or stony ground on the bottom of some ports and coastal outlets, where the cables rub against."[19] Thus, one possible translation of "Boca Raton" is "rugged inlet".[20] Still other people claim that "ratones" referred to pirates who hid out in the area, and thus the name could translate to "pirates' inlet", which would illustrate why there is a pirate ship in the city seal.
Pronunciation[edit]
Many city residents pronounce the "Raton" in "Boca Raton" as /rəˈtoʊn/. A common mispronunciation outside of the city is /rəˈtɒn/.[21]
Timeline[edit]
Timeline of Boca Raton, Florida
1890 - Bocaratone settled.
1896 - Florida East Coast Railway begins operating.[22]
1909 - Bocaratone becomes part of newly created Palm Beach County.[23]
1912 - Intracoastal Waterway opens.[chronology citation needed]
Telephone installed.[23]
Board of Trade organized.[23]
1918 - Ebenezer Baptist Church founded in Pearl City neighborhood.[24]
1923 - Boca Raton Inlet bridge constructed.[22]
Town of "Boca Ratone" incorporated.[23]
Addison Mizner chosen as town planner.
George Long becomes mayor.[25]
Town of "Boca Raton" incorporated.[26][23]
Mizner Development Corporation in business.[27]
Cloister resort built.[22]
Chamber of Commerce founded.[23]
1927 - Town Hall built.[28]
1928 - Water plant built.[29]
Railroad station built.[23]
Population: 447.
1936 - Airport established.[23]
1939 - Camino Real Bridge opens.[30]
1942 - U.S. military Boca Raton Army Air Field established.[27]
1947 - October: 1947 Cape Sable hurricane occurs.
Art Guild established.[23]
1955 - Boca Raton News begins publication.
1960 - Population: 6,961.
Florida Atlantic University founded.[22]
Boca Raton Public Library building constructed.
Lynn University established.[22]
Saint Andrew's School opens.
1963 - Boca Inlet Bridge opens.[30]
1964 - Boca Raton Theatre in business.[31]
1970 - Population: 28,506.
1972 - Boca Raton Historical Society founded.[23]
1979 - Jewish Floridian of South County newspaper begins publication.[32]
1980 - Pope John Paul II High School established.
1981 - August: "IBM (International Business Machines) introduces the IBM PC from its Boca Raton factory."[27]
1986 - Boca Raton Museum of Art active.[23]
1989 - Boca Raton station opens.
Old Floresta designated a city historic district.[33]
Population: 61,492.
1991 - W.R. Grace & Co. headquarters relocated to Boca Raton from New York.[23]
1998 - City website online (approximate date).[34][35]
1999 - W.R. Grace & Co. headquarters moves away from Boca Raton.
Muvico cinema in business.[31]
Population: 83,255[36]
2001 - Anthrax attack; Robert Stevens dies.[22]
2004 - September: Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne occur.[23]
2005 - October: Hurricane Wilma occurs.[23]
2009 - Boca Raton News ceases publication.
2010 - Population: 84,392.[37][38]
October 22: United States presidential debate held in Boca Raton.[23]
2014 - Susan Haynie elected mayor.[3]
Ted Deutch becomes U.S. representative for Florida's 22nd congressional district.[39]
September: Hurricane Irma occurs.[40]
Early history[edit]
North Boca Raton, Florida
West Boca Raton, Florida
The area where Boca Raton is now located was originally occupied by the Glades culture, a Native American tribe of hunter/gatherers who relocated seasonally and between shellfish sources, distinct from the Tequesta to the south and the Jaega to the north.[41]
What Spanish voyagers called "Boca de Ratones" was originally to the south, in present-day Biscayne Bay in Miami-Dade County. The area of Boca Raton was labeled "Rio Seco", meaning "Dry River", during this time. By mistake during the 19th century, mapmakers moved this location to the north and began referring to the city's lake, today known as Lake Boca Raton, as "Boca Ratone Lagoon" and later "Boca Ratone Sounde."[42] An inland stream near the lake was later renamed Spanish River, and eventually became part of the Intracoastal Waterway.
When Spain surrendered Florida to Britain in 1763, the remaining Tequestas, along with other Indians who had taken refuge in the Florida Keys, were evacuated to Cuba.[43] In the 1770s, Bernard Romans reported seeing abandoned villages in the area, but no inhabitants.
The area remained largely uninhabited for long afterwards, during the early years of Florida's incorporation in the United States. The first significant European settler to this area was Captain Thomas Moore Rickards in 1895, who resided in a house made of driftwood on the east side of the East Coast Canal, south of what is now the Palmetto Park Road bridge. He surveyed and sold land from the canal to beyond the railroad north of what is now Palmetto Park Road.[44] Early settlement in the area increased shortly after Henry Flagler's expansion of the Florida East Coast Railway, connecting West Palm Beach to Miami.
Addison Mizner's resort town[edit]
Main article: Addison Mizner
Mizner's Administrative Buildings, which still stand and are in use.
Boca Raton as a city was the creation of architect Addison Mizner. Prior to him, Boca Raton was an unincorporated farming town with a population of 100 in 1920.[45]: 7 [46]
In 1925, Mizner announced his plan for "the foremost resort city on the North American continent,"[47]: 4 "a new exclusive social capital in America."[47]: 9 After spending several years in Palm Beach, where, in his own words, he "did more than any one man to make the city beautiful,"[47]: 5 and designed the Everglades Club among many other buildings, in Boca Raton his plan was to create from scratch "a resort as splendid in its entirety as Palm Beach is in spots."[47]: 6
Activity in that area began at least a year, and probably more, before Mizner's announcement. Land acquisition, tens of thousands of acres, was the largest part. But it is hard not to see Mizner's hand in the incorporation of Boca Raton in 1924; the city immediately appointed him Town Planner.[48][45]: 102 The Mizner Development Company was incorporated in 1925, and promptly issued $5 million of stock, which was fully subscribed in less than a week.[49]: 140 $500,000 was reserved for the "average Floridian"; the remainder was purchased by, as Addison called them, "noted personages", all with a Palm Beach connection: Lytle Hall, Harold Vanderbilt, J. Leonard Repogle, the Duchess of Sutherland, Rodman Wanamaker, Paris Singer, Irving Berlin, Madame Frances Alda, W. C. Robinson, H. H. Rodgers, D. H. Conkling, A. T. Herd, Porte, William Kissam Vanderbilt II, Elizabeth Arden, Jesse Livermore, Clarence H. Geist, and T. Coleman du Pont as chairman. Addison's brother Wilson also appears on the list of investors, but he had little to invest.[49]: 139–140 [48]
Instead of the existing Palmetto Park Road, the main street in Mizner's Boca was to be El Camino Real, 20 lanes wide, which Mizner fancifully translated as "The Royal Highway",[45]: 39 referring to Spain's road network and to the road to Santa Fe and to the Spanish missions in California. (Spanish kings rarely or never travelled on these roads; "The Government Road" would be just as accurate.) It was originally to be circular, with a lagoon in the middle.[45]: 44 Soon it became, in the plans, Boca Raton's main east-west street, to be 220 feet (67 m) wide and with a canal for pleasure boats in the center. (In the drawing of it on the cover of Mizner Development's first brochure is a Venetian gondola.[47]) His statement that it was inspired by Botafogo, a neighborhood and beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is another of his many inventions of foreign "facts".[49]: 144 Mizner, who never went to Brazil nor knew Brazilians, simply made it up because the name "Botafogo" ("mouth of fire") sounded impressive, as was the concept of imitating Rio de Janeiro. (The only street in Rio de Janeiro anything like the supposed picture, actually an artist's conception, of "Botafogo" that Mizner included in his first catalogue,[47]: 11 is the pt:Canal do Mangue, which runs down the middle of two streets, but is nowhere near Botafogo, a more elegant name than Mangue "mangrove".[50])
Only 0.5 miles (0.80 km) of the road was built (although the street has subsequently been extended to the west at normal scale). According to drawings, the centerpiece of the street was to be a canal for pleasure boats; it was never built.[51] All streets were to be at least 60 feet (18 m) wide.[45]: 43
His first buildings in Boca Raton were his Administrative Buildings, on El Camino Real (in 2018 the Addison Restaurant), and a small hotel to house interested investors.[42] Mizner designed Boca's first town hall/police station/fire station/library, although the design actually built is much smaller and less expensive than what Mizner planned. Today (2018) it is the Boca Raton History Museum, which houses Boca's Welcome Center and the Boca Raton Historical Society.
The hotel was his Ritz-Carlton Cloister Inn, built in 1926,[52] later renamed the Boca Raton Resort & Club, and is one of the only "5 star" hotels in Florida. The 1969 addition of its "pink tower" hotel building is visible from miles away as a towering monument on the Intracoastal Waterway.
Because of the end of the Florida land boom of the 1920s and the 1926 Miami hurricane, the Mizner Development Corporation went into bankruptcy in 1927. Little of Mizner's Boca Raton was ever built: his Administration Buildings, the Cloister Inn, 1/2 mile of El Camino Real, the small Dunagan Apartments (demolished),[45] a few houses near the Cloister Inn (demolished), the Spanish Village neighborhood,[53][45] and a few small houses in what is now the Old Floresta Historic District neighborhood.[48][45][54]
World War II Army Air Force Base[edit]
During World War II, some of the land used by the Japanese farmers of the Yamato Colony was confiscated and used as the site of the Boca Raton Army Air Force Base, a major training facility for B-29 bomber crews and the only facility in the U.S. training radar operators. Much of the Boca Raton Army Airfield was later donated to Palm Beach County and became the grounds of Florida Atlantic University. Many of FAU's parking lots are former runways of the airbase. When viewed from above, the site's layout for its previous use as an airfield is plainly evident. Boca Raton Airport's runway was once part of the original airbase, and is still active to this day, although the runway has been rebuilt. Army School Building #3 (T-604) of the Army Air Forces Base has survived as the office building for the Cynthia Gardens apartment complex on Northwest 4th Avenue.
Post-World War II history[edit]
Boca Raton was the site of two now vanished amusement parks, Africa U.S.A. (1953–1961) and Ancient America (1953–1959). Africa U.S.A. was a wild animal park in which tourists rode a "Jeep Safari Train" through the park. There were no fences separating the animals from the tourists.[55] It is now the Camino Gardens subdivision one mile west of the Boca Raton Hotel. A red wooden bridge and remnants from the Watusi Geyser and Zambezi Falls, a 30-foot waterfall,[56] from Africa USA can still be seen at the entrance to Camino Gardens. Ancient America was built surrounding a real Native American burial mound. Today, the mound is still visible within the Boca Marina & Yacht Club neighborhood on U.S. 1 near Yamato Road.[57]
IBM[edit]
In the late 1960s, IBM announced their intentions to open a manufacturing plant in the area. In 1965, well before the extension of I-95 into Southern Florida, IBM, working in secret with the Arvida corporation, quietly purchased several hundred acres of real estate west of the CSX rail line and northwest of Florida Atlantic University. Originally situated in unincorporated Palm Beach County, the site was annexed into Boca Raton almost a year following its dedication in 1970.[58]
Boca Corporate Center & Campus, one of IBM's research labs where the IBM PC was created.
Construction of IBM's main complex began in 1967, designed by Marcel Breuer,[59] and the manufacturing and office complex was dedicated in March 1970. The campus was designed with self-sufficiency in mind and sported its own electrical substation, water pumping station, and rail spur.
By 1984 IBM was Palm Beach County's largest corporate employer, with 8,500 Boca Raton employees.[60] Among other noteworthy IT accomplishments, such as the mass production of the System/360 and development of the Series/1 mainframe computers, IBM's main complex was the birthplace of the IBM PC, which later evolved into the IBM Personal System/2, developed in nearby Delray Beach. Starting in 1987, IBM relocated its manufacturing for what became the IBM PC division to Research Triangle Park in Raleigh, North Carolina, and converted the manufacturing facilities into offices and laboratories, later producing products such as the OS/2 operating system and VoiceType Dictation, later known as ViaVoice voice-recognition software.
IBM maintained its facilities in the South Florida area until 1996, when the facility was closed and sold to Blue Lake Real Estate. The site was sold to T-REX Management Consortium, then to the Blackstone Group in 2005, who renamed it the Boca Corporate Center and Campus.[61] The site was later renamed the Boca Raton Innovation Campus (BRiC). Crocker Partners, noted for its development of Mizner Park and Office Depot headquarters, purchased BRiC in April 2018.[62]
What used to be IBM's Building 051, an annex separated from the former main IBM campus by Spanish River Boulevard, was donated to the Palm Beach County School District and converted into Don Estridge High Tech Middle School. It is named after Don Estridge, whose team was responsible for developing the IBM PC. IBM returned in July 2001, opening the software development laboratory at Beacon Square off Congress Avenue.
It is noteworthy that still left standing inside the old IBM complex is the office and conference table where Bill Gates signed his historic deal to supply IBM with the Microsoft MS-DOS operating system for its personal computer line.
Suburban expansion[edit]
In the 1980s, because of an explosion of development to the west of the historical center of the city, some eastern areas began to decay, including the downtown corridor. For instance, the old Boca Raton Mall, a shopping mall in the downtown area, was beginning to experience higher vacancy, and occupancy by marginal tenants, owing to the opening of Town Center at Boca Raton west of the city in 1980.
Palmetto Park Road and Mizner Boulevard intersection.
In 1991, the new downtown outdoor shopping and dining center, Mizner Park, was completed over the site of the old Boca Raton Mall. It has since become a cultural center for southern Palm Beach County. Featuring a landscaped central park between the two main roads (collectively called Plaza Real) with stores only on the outside of the roads, Mizner Park resembles a Mediterranean suburban "town center" with a more contemporary look. It features many restaurants and is home to the Boca Raton Museum of Art, which moved to the new facility in 2001.[63] In 2002, a new amphitheater was built, replacing a smaller one and providing a large-capacity outdoor venue where concerts and other performances are held.[64] The Mizner Park Cultural Center, an indoor performing arts/comedy show theater is located to the southwest of the amphitheater within the Mizner Park property.
Mizner Park has significantly aided downtown revitalization. Many new eight- to ten-story mixed-use buildings have been constructed, are under construction, or are proposed for the downtown area. The surrounding areas to the downtown have benefited from the downtown redevelopment.
The National Cartoon Museum built a 25,000-square-foot (2,300 m2) facility on the southwest edge of Mizner Park in 1996. Open for six years, the museum relocated to its original home in New York City in 2002. Building renovations for public uses, including the local public TV station, and private uses, such as a locally owned and operated bookstore, were completed in 2008. In addition to the Mizner Park Cultural Arts Association's theater and space, the building is home to the Schmidt Family Foundation.
As development continued to focus to the west of the city in the 1980s and 1990s, the mall area known as Town Center at Boca Raton became the geographic center of what is referred to as West Boca Raton, though this mall was not annexed into the city until 2004. This area, including the unincorporated area west of the city (discussed below), is now almost entirely built out.
Today, Boca Raton is said to be the Beverly Hills of Florida with well-developed beach resorts, luxury country clubs, and five-star shopping and restaurants. Forbes ranked Boca's Royal Palm Yacht and Country Club the third most exclusive gated communities in the US in 2017.[65] Many mansions and estates have been built and reflect the high real estate values. 18.1% of homes for sale are within the $655,000-$966,000 range, 8.5% in the $966,000-$1.288 million range, and 11.9% in the $1.288 million plus range.[66] Since the mid-2010s, there has been a developing boom such as the building of the Mandarin Oriental's Residences, remodeling of Downtown Boca Raton's Mizner Park, and development around Florida Atlantic University and Lynn University.[67][68]
Panoramic view of a portion of the Intracoastal Waterway in downtown Boca Raton.
Neighborhoods and Greater Boca Raton[edit]
Pearl City is a neighborhood in Boca Raton, immediately north of downtown and within city limits. The neighborhood was originally platted on May 30, 1915 for the blue-collar African Americans employed at the Boca Raton Resort and similar establishments, on area farms, in construction, and various other jobs.[69]
Greater Boca Raton[edit]
Main article: West Boca Raton
A majority of postal Boca Raton lies outside of the actual city limits. This large unincorporated area to the west of the city limits is included in the Boca Raton mailing address and local telephone calling area. There are many large planned developments in the area, including gated communities, and a number of golf courses. This is a result in the later start of development in these areas, and the availability of large tracts of land. Many of these communities are large enough to be designated as census-designated places, including Boca Del Mar and Boca Pointe, geographically in Central Boca Raton, with Avalon at Boca Raton, Boca Falls, Boca Lago, Boca Winds, Cimarron, Hamptons at Boca Raton, Mission Bay, Loggers' Run, The Polo Club Boca Raton and Polo Club Movers, Stonebridge Country Club, Boca Bridges, and Whisper Walk as West Boca Raton.
On November 2, 2004, the voters of the Via Verde Association, Waterside, Deerhurst Association (Boca South), Marina Del Mar Association, Rio Del Mar Association (both originally Boca Del Mar communities), and Heatherwood of Boca Raton Condominium Association approved annexation into the Boca Raton city limits, increasing the city land area to 29.6 square miles (77 km2). A new gated community called Royal Palm Polo was annexed to the City of Boca Raton, which is the only jurisdiction north of Clint Moore Road.[70]
Politics[edit]
Boca Raton old Town Hall, built in 1927 (photo 2011)[28]
The City of Boca Raton has a Council-Manager form of government.[71]
The Mayor has been chosen through a direct election since 1978.[72] The offices of the city council and the mayor are nonpartisan.[73] The previous mayor was Susan Whelchel. As of January 2021, Democrat Ted Deutch represents Florida's 22nd congressional district, which includes Boca Raton.[74][75]
In the 2016 and 2020 General Presidential Elections, Republican Donald Trump won in Boca Raton by a majority.[76][77]
On April 27, 2018, Governor Rick Scott suspended Susan Haynie due to her felony and misdemeanor charges. Scott Singer was appointed mayor and held that position on that basis until the August 28th special election; Singer was elected outright as mayor in that election.
List of mayors of Boca Raton, Florida
George Long, 1924-1925[78]
John Brown, 1925-1929
Fred Aiken, 1929-1938
Joe Mitchell, 1938-1950
Bill O'Donnell, 1950-1951
Louie Zimmerman, 1951-1952
Bill Day, 1952-1953, 1954-1954
Harold Turner, 1953-1954, 1954-1955
Bill Herbold, 1955-1956
Roy Shores, 1956-1958
Hal Dane, 1958-1959
Joe Delong, 1959-1960, 1963-1964
Courtney Boone, 1960-1961
Leo Fox, 1961-1962
John Brandt, 1962-1963
Harold Maull, 1964-1965, 1968-1969
Pat Honchell, 1966-1967
Nardy Turner, 1967-1968
Emil Danciu, 1969-1970, 1987-1993
Tore Wallin, 1970-1971
Norm Wymbs, 1971
Bill Miller, 1971-1972
Byrd Marshall, 1972-1973, 1975-1976, 1978
Al Alford, 1973-1974
Dick Houpana, 1974-1975, 1977
Dorothy Wilken, 1976-1977
Jeff Milner, 1977-1981
Bill Konrad, 1981-1987
Bill Smith, 1993-1995
Carol Hanson, 1995-2001
Steven L. Abrams, 2001-2008
Susan Whelchel, 2008-2014
Susan Haynie, 2014–2018[3][4]
Scott Singer, 2018–present[3][4]
City Council Elections - March 14, 2017[79]
Mayor - Haynie[80] vs. Zucaro[81]
Boca Raton Mayoral election, 2017
Nonpartisan Susan Haynie (Incumbent) 6,452 54.76%
Nonpartisan Alfred Zucaro 5,331 45.24%
Seat A - Singer[82] vs. Dervishi[83]
Boca Raton City Council Seat A election, 2017
Nonpartisan Scott Singer (Incumbent) 8,095 70.93%
Nonpartisan Patricia Dervishi 3,317 29.07%
Seat B - O'Rourke[84] vs. Thomson[85] vs. Gentile[86]
Boca Raton City Council Seat B election, 2017
Nonpartisan Andrea Levine O'Rourke 5,614 48.37%
Nonpartisan Andrew Thomson 4,621 39.81%
Nonpartisan Emily Gentile 1,372 11.82%
City Council Elections - March 13, 2018
Seat C - Rodgers vs. Do
Boca Raton City Council Seat C election, 2018
Nonpartisan Jeremy Rodgers (Incumbent) 5,138 54.62%
Nonpartisan Kim Do 4,269 45.38%
Seat D - Mayotte vs. Grossman vs. Preste
Boca Raton City Council Seat D election, 2018
Nonpartisan Monica Mayotte 6,231 65.73%
Nonpartisan Armand Grossman 2,741 28.91%
Nonpartisan Paul G. Preste 508 5.36%
Boca Raton, seen from the International Space Station.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 29.1 sq mi (75.4 km2), of which 27.2 sq mi (70.4 km2) of this is land and 1.9 sq mi (5.0 km2) of it (6.63%) is water. Boca Raton is a "principal city" (as defined by the Census Bureau) of the Miami metropolitan area. Approximately 1 square mile is on the barrier island Deerfield Beach Island (DBI), also colloquially known as Deerfield Cay.[87] Like other South Florida cities, Boca Raton has a water table that does not permit building basements, however plumbing and sewage is constructed underneath the homes and streets, in addition to electrical systems in some areas. There are several high points in the city, such as 4th Avenue which is aptly named "High Street." The highest point in this area is the guard shack at Camino Gardens, which is 24 ft (7.3 m) above sea level. The Boca Raton Hotel's Beach Club rests at 23 ft (7.0 m) above sea level.[88]
Several small tunnels run under roads in Boca, but the roads are built up several feet at these locations, or are on dunes. Several of these tunnels are under State Road A1A at Spanish River Park, from the west side of the road where parking is available to beachgoers, to the east side of the road, which is where the beach is located. A1A is already higher than the surrounding land here due to sand dunes formed by erosion and other natural features.[88]
Climate[edit]
Boca Raton has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), as its driest month (December) averages 62.5mm of precipitation, narrowly meeting the minimum standard of 60mm in the driest month to qualify for that designation. In general the climate is warm and sunny much of the year, although daily thundershowers occur in the hot season from June through September. Boca Raton is frost free. The warm tropical climate supports the growth of tropical trees and plants.
Winter high temperatures are typically in the 75–83 degrees range, while summer high temperatures are about 87–93 degrees.
Climate data for Boca Raton, Florida
Average high °F (°C)
(24) 77
Average low °F (°C)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
(146) 7.31
Source: The Weather Channel[89]
1940 723 61.7%
1960 6,961 601.7%
1970 28,506 309.5%
1980 49,447 73.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[90]
Boca Raton Demographics
2010 Census Boca Raton Palm Beach County Florida
Total population 84,392 1,320,134 18,801,310
Population, percent change, 2000 to 2010 +12.9% +16.7% +17.6%
Population density 2,877.2/sq mi 670.2/sq mi 350.6/sq mi
White or Caucasian (including White Hispanic) 88.5% 73.5% 75.0%
(Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian) 79.1% 60.1% 57.9%
Black or African-American 5.2% 17.3% 16.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 11.9% 19.0% 22.5%
Asian 2.4% 2.4% 2.4%
Native American or Native Alaskan 0.2% 0.5% 0.4%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Two or more races (Multiracial) 1.6% 2.3% 2.5%
Some Other Race 2.0% 3.9% 3.6%
Boca Raton is known for its affluent and educated[91] social community and high income demographic.
As of 2020, the total population was 97,422 of which 14,768 were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The median age was 47.6. There were 40,845 households and the median household income was $88,828. The employment rate was 54.4% and 56.1% of the population had a bachelor's degree of higher.
According to Forbes, Boca Raton has three of the ten most expensive gated communities in the U.S. The Royal Palm Yacht and Country Club holds the #1 spot, The Sanctuary takes #6, and Le Lac takes the #8 spot.[92]
As of 2020, English was the only language spoken at home by 74.9% of the population, while Spanish was spoken by 11.6%. Boca Raton and other parts of Palm Beach County have a significant Jewish population.[93] Certain areas of outside of Boca Raton city limits, such as the Sandalfoot Cove community, have significant populations of Brazilian[94] and other Latino immigrants.
Culture and attractions[edit]
The Aiken House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Old Floresta Historic District has several historic houses listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Boca Raton is home to the Wick Theatre & Costume Museum.[95]
Festivals and events[edit]
The Boca Raton Bowl is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sanctioned Division I college football bowl game[96] that features the Mid-American Conference (MAC) facing off against an opponent from the American Athletic Conference (AAC) or Conference USA (C-USA) in alternating years. Each conference participates four times during the six-year agreement, which began with the 2014 season. The Bowl is held at the FAU Stadium.
St. Mark Greek Orthodox Church in Boca Raton hosts a popular Greek festival during the last weekend of January. An estimated 15,000 people attended the festival in 2018.[97]
Additionally, the town hosts the "Festival of the Arts BOCA" annually during the spring, and the Brazilian Beat Festival in the fall.
Mizner Park[edit]
Mizner Park is a lifestyle center in downtown Boca Raton. The area contains several stores and fashion boutiques, restaurants, an iPic movie theater, and housing. The Center for the Arts at Mizner Park is on the development's north end, which includes the Boca Raton Museum of Art and the Count de Hoernele Amphitheater. Royal Palm Place is adjacent to Mizner Park, and it contains upscale shopping, restaurants, and apartments.[98][99]
Town Center Mall[edit]
Town Center at Boca Raton is an upscale super-regional shopping center in Boca Raton that is the largest enclosed and conventional shopping mall within Palm Beach County, and the third largest by square feet in South Florida, behind Sawgrass Mills and Aventura Mall.
In 1999, the Simon Property Group bought Town Center at Boca Raton and began building a new wing on its southeastern side, and completed renovations in 2018.
Seritage Growth Properties plans to build a lifestyle center called The Collection at Boca Town Center which will provide shopping, dining, and entertainment.[100]
Crocker Partners will build a Restaurant Row near the mall.[101]
Beaches and parks[edit]
Beach entrance in Boca Raton.
Boca Raton's eastern coast has two miles of beaches, notably Red Reef Park[102] and South Inlet Park.[103][104][105]
Red Reef Park has the Gumbo Limbo Environmental Complex, an environmental education center. Founded in 1984, Gumbo Limbo is a cooperative project of the City of Boca Raton, Greater Boca Raton Beach and Park District, Florida Atlantic University, and Friends of Gumbo Limbo.[106] In addition to the sea tanks, butterfly garden and boardwalk trail through the hammocks complete with an observation tower, Gumbo Limbo also houses a research facility run by FAU where students study coral reefs, sea turtles, sharks, sea grass and other marine-related subjects.
Sugar Sand Park is a municipal park in Boca Raton. It contains the Children's Science Explorium. Another park is the Burt Aaronson South County Regional Park in West Boca Raton. The park contains several amenities, including the Osprey Point Golf Course, a dog park, the Sunset Cove Amphitheater, the Coconut Cove Waterpark, and the Daggerwing Nature Center. Spanish River Park is a family-friendly city park along the Intracoastal Waterway for picnicking, swimming & bird-watching.
Economy[edit]
Office Depot's corporate headquarters in Boca Raton, Florida.
Office Depot, a supplier of office products and services, has its global headquarters on a 28-acre campus in the city.[107] The GEO Group, also has its headquarters in Boca Raton based out of One Park Place.[108] Media company Friend Finder Networks, hotel company Luxury Resorts, consumer products company Jarden and e-retailer Vitacost, and BMI Gaming are also based in Boca Raton. Hospitality establishments such as the Dell-owned Boca Raton Resort and Club, which serve the wealthy clientele of Boca Raton, contribute to the economy of the city.[109]
Top employers[edit]
According to the City's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[110] the top employers in the city are:
# of employees
1 Boca Raton Regional Hospital 2,800
2 Florida Atlantic University 2,761
3 Office Depot (Headquarters) 2,034
4 City of Boca Raton 1,550
5 Boca Raton Resort and Club 1,376
6 National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI) 923
7 Johnson Controls / Tyco (Headquarters) 898
8 Lynn University 663
9 ADT Security Services (Headquarters) 600
10 IBM 600
Public schools[edit]
Public education is provided and managed by The School District of Palm Beach County, the thirteenth-largest public school district in the United States. Boca Raton is also home to several notable private and religious schools.
Boca Raton High School
As of 2007, Boca Raton was served by four public high schools. Within the city's limits, Boca Raton Community High School serves the eastern part of the city. Spanish River Community High School serves the west-central part of the city limits and parts of unincorporated Boca Raton. Olympic Heights Community High School serves the western unincorporated areas. Finally, West Boca Raton Community High School serves the unincorporated areas. Spanish River, Olympic Heights, and West Boca Raton also serve students from Delray Beach and Boynton Beach.[111]
The area is served by five public middle schools. Don Estridge High Tech Middle School is a technology magnet school named for Don Estridge, the leader of a small group of engineers who developed the IBM Personal Computer in Boca Raton. The other four public middle schools are Boca Raton Community Middle School, Eagles Landing Middle School, Loggers' Run Community Middle School, and Omni Middle School.
The area is served by twelve public elementary schools:
Addison Mizner Elementary
Boca Raton Elementary
Coral Sunset Elementary
Del Prado Elementary
Hammock Pointe Elementary
J.C. Mitchell Elementary
Sandpiper Shores Elementary
Sunrise Park Elementary
Verde Elementary
Waters Edge Elementary
Whispering Pines Elementary
Alternative schooling[edit]
Two alternatives to the Palm Beach County Public Schools in Boca Raton are the K–8 Alexander D. Henderson University School (ADHUS) and FAU High School (FAUHS). Both are on the Florida Atlantic University campus and are organized as a unique and separate school district; they are not part of the Palm Beach County School System. Henderson School is recognized as Florida Atlantic University School District #72, under the College of Education's administrative oversight.
University schools in Florida are authorized to provide instruction for grades K–12 and university students, support university research efforts, and test educational reforms for Florida schools. Both ADHUS and FAUHS are public schools and thus do not charge tuition. And they are open to children who reside in Palm Beach County or Broward County. ADHUS admission is by lottery, while FAUHS admission is determined by academic ability. Student characteristics of gender, race, family income and student ability are used to match the student population profile to that of the state.[112]
FAU High School is a dual-enrollment program that involves itself primarily in collegiate classes. Students in ninth grade take advanced classes at the ADHUS sister campus, while students in higher grades attend only collegiate classes on Florida Atlantic University's campus, earning dual credit for both high school and college. A student who has successfully completed all four years at FAU High School will graduate having completed three years of university study on a college campus.[113]
Private schools[edit]
Pope John Paul II High School is a Catholic school located in Boca Raton.
Boca Raton Christian School, a part of Boca Raton Community Church
The Harid Conservatory (pre-professional ballet high school)
Katz Hillel Day School of Boca Raton
Pine Crest School, based in Fort Lauderdale, has a campus in Boca Raton. The Boca Raton campus, originally Boca Raton Academy, was absorbed by Pine Crest in 1987.
Saint Jude Catholic School and Parish is an Elementary and Middle School founded in 1985. The Parish also has a Preschool founded in 1995.
Saint Andrew's School
Pope John Paul II High School
Grandview Preparatory School is an independent college preparatory, nonsectarian, coeducational day school founded in 1997. Student enrollment is offered for Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 12.[114]
Donna Klein Jewish Academy
Boca Prep International School[115]
Saint Joan of Arc Catholic School and Church
Katz Yeshiva High School of Boca Raton
Spanish River Christian
Saint Paul Lutheran School
Advent Lutheran School
Torah Academy of Boca Raton
American Heritage School
Higher education[edit]
Florida Atlantic University (FAU), founded in 1961, held its first classes in Boca Raton in 1964. FAU is a member of the State University System of Florida and is the largest university in Boca Raton. It has over 29,000 students, 3,555 of which are residential students, and a Division I athletics program. In recognition of the rapid growth of Boca Raton's universities, in particular FAU, the city of Boca Raton has recently been referred to as a "burgeoning college town."[116]
Lynn University is a four-year co-educational institution renamed to honor the Lynn (Eugene & Christine) family who continue to be benefactors of the university; its Digital Media Arts College, founded in 2001, offers bachelor's and master's degrees in computer animation and graphic design.
Palm Beach State College has its Boca Raton campus adjacent to Florida Atlantic University since 1983. When it was opened, it was named Palm Beach Junior College. In 1988 it changed its name to Palm Beach Community College, and in 2009, to Palm Beach State College.[117]
Everglades University has its main campus in Boca Raton.
Libraries[edit]
The Boca Raton Public Library serves city of Boca Raton residents. A second municipal library building on Spanish River Boulevard west of I-95 opened in January 2008. The Glades Road Branch Library and the West Boca Branch Library of the Palm Beach County Library System serve Boca Raton residents who live outside the city limits.
County library card holders may use any of the sixteen branches in the Palm Beach County Library System and have access to many databases and downloadable e-books and audio books.
Crime[edit]
The City of Boca Raton is one of the safest cities in Palm Beach County, with a crime rate 38% lower than the entire state of Florida.[118][119]
Boca Raton has a connection to the Mafia. It is known as a popular hangout for many suspected Mafia members. According to a number of US Federal indictments, as of June 2004, the Gambino family continues to operate in Boca Raton. The television show The Sopranos featured the city in its plot ("Boca" and "...To Save Us All From Satan's Power"), and Mafia Wife author Lynda Milito resides in Boca Raton. Joey Merlino, the reputed head of the Philadelphia crime family, also resides in northern Boca Raton.[120][121][122][123]
In 2007, several murders at the Town Center Mall gained national attention. In March, a 52-year-old woman was kidnapped and murdered. In December of the same year, a 47-year-old woman and her 7-year-old daughter were also kidnapped, and later found bound and shot in the head in the woman's SUV in the mall parking lot. This case was featured on America's Most Wanted and caused host John Walsh to say he believed a serial killer to be in the city. Though there is no forensic evidence to suggest the murders were committed by the same person, the similarities in the cases led police to believe they were related. To this day, the murders all remain unsolved.[124][125][126][127]
The Pearl City neighborhood has been known as a drug trafficking hub in the past.[128] In recent years, the city, like most of the county (especially neighboring Delray Beach) has experienced a steady rise in heroin and opioid overdoses.[129][130]
As of the end of 2019, the crime rate in Boca Raton was down 26% over the preceding 13 years.[131]
See also: Transportation in South Florida
Air[edit]
Boca Raton Airport
The Boca Raton Airport (BCT) is a general aviation airport immediately adjacent to Florida Atlantic University and Interstate 95. It has a control tower which is staffed from 0700 to 2300. The Boca Raton Airport is publicly owned and governed by a seven-member Authority appointed by the City of Boca Raton and the Palm Beach County Commission.
Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (FLL) is approximately 23 miles to the south, in Dania Beach.
Palm Beach International Airport (PBI) is approximately 25 miles to the north, near West Palm Beach.
Miami International Airport (MIA) is approximately 46 miles to the south, in Miami.
Highways[edit]
State Road A1A is a north-south road lying between the Intracoastal Waterway and the Atlantic Ocean.
U.S. Highway 1, locally known as "Federal Highway", is a north-south highway passing through the city's downtown, commercial, and industrial districts in the eastern part of the city.
U.S. Highway 441 (also known as State Road 7) is a north-south highway passing through commercial and residential districts west of the city limits.
Interstate 95 bisects the city from north to south with four interchanges serving Boca Raton.
Florida's Turnpike is a north-south highway passing through unincorporated Boca Raton, forming part of the city limits in the north, with one interchange at Glades Road.
Glades Road is an east-west road between US 441 and US 1.
Other major east-west roads include Palmetto Park Road and Yamato Road.
Other major north-south roads include Military Trail and Jog Road / Powerline Road (Changes name on Glades Road).
Rail[edit]
Boca Raton Tri-Rail Station
The Tri-Rail commuter rail system serves the city with its Boca Raton station on the south side of Yamato Road just west of I-95.
Freight service operated by CSX Transportation and Florida East Coast Railway also serve the city.
Brightline plans to open a station adjacent to the Boca Raton Library to be connected via bridge to Mizner Park in October 2020. It will provide service to Miami, Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, Aventura and Orlando,[132] as well as Tampa in the future.[133][134]
Bus[edit]
PalmTran provides local bus service in the area.[135]
Water[edit]
Long before any settlers arrived, the original 1870 government survey of the area[136] showed that just west of and parallel to the Atlantic Ocean's coastal dune was the "Boca Ratones Lagoon", which extended south for nine miles (14 km) measured from just north of the present location of Atlantic Avenue in Delray Beach. Along the southern half of the lagoon were three wide areas each called a "Lake", which are now named (north to south) Lake Rogers, Lake Wyman, and Lake Boca Raton. At the southeast end of the lagoon was a short protrusion toward the south which would become the Boca Raton Inlet after a sandbar at its mouth was removed.
Lake Boca Raton
The lagoon and lakes were part of a half-mile (0.8 km) wide swamp, west of which was scrub land a mile (1.6 km) wide (part of the Atlantic coastal ridge) where the Florida East Coast Railway (1896) and Dixie Highway (1923) were built. To the west of the scrub was a half mile or wider swamp within which flowed north to south the "Prong of Hillsborough River", which is now the El Rio Canal. It now forms the eastern border of Florida Atlantic University and the Old Floresta neighborhood. The prong entered the "Hillsborough River" at the present eastern end of the straight portion of the Hillsboro Canal (dredged 1911–1914), which is the southern city limits. The river flowed southeast in several channels along the western edge of the present Deerfield Island County Park, formerly called Capone Island (named for Al Capone who owned it during the 1930s), which did not become an island until the Royal Palm Canal was dredged along its northern edge in 1961.[137][138] Flowing south from the lagoon to the river along the eastern edge of the 'island' was a "Small boat Pass into Hillsboro' River", also called the Little Hillsboro. The river continued due south about four and a half miles (7.2 km) just inland of the coastal dune until it emptied into the Atlantic Ocean at the "Hillsborough Bar", now the Hillsboro Inlet.
The lagoon was dredged in 1894–1895 to form part of the Florida East Coast Canal with a minimum depth of 5 feet (1.5 m) and a minimum width of 50 feet (15 m).[139] After 1895, the lagoon and canal were sometimes called the Spanish River. Between 1930 and 1935 the canal was improved to 8 by 100 feet (2.4 by 30.5 metres) by the federal government and renamed the Intracoastal Waterway. It was improved again between 1960 and 1965 to 10 by 125 feet (3.0 by 38.1 metres).[140] All three versions were subject to shoaling which reduced their depths below the specified minimum. Forming part of the northern city limits is the C-15 canal, connecting the El Rio Canal to the Intracoastal Waterway.
Boca Raton Old City Hall
Boca Raton Inlet Bridge
Boca Express Train Museum (previously Florida East Coast Railway station)
Boca Raton Synagogue
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial in Pearl City
Gumbo Limbo Environmental Complex
List of people from Boca Raton
Millionaires' Mile
Boca Raton News
Coconut Creek, Florida
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boca Raton, Florida.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Boca Raton.
Downtown Boca
Greater Boca Raton Chamber of Commerce
"Boca Raton". Viva Florida: History Happened Here. Tallahassee: Florida League of Cities.
"(Boca Raton)". Florida Memory. Florida Department of State, Division of Library and Information Services. Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Items related to Boca Raton, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)
"Government: City Clerk". City of Boca Raton. Record keeping
Primary and secondary schools
School District of Palm Beach County
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Olympic Heights Community High School
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Digital Media Arts College
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Boca Express Train Museum
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Boca Raton Resort & Club
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Count and Countess de Hoernle
Mizner Park
Town Center at Boca Raton
Donna Klein Jewish Academy has a Boca Raton address but is not in the city limits.
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Corktown Connection - Explore Detroit's History! Tour Season has begun!
Explore Detroit's History! Tour Season has begun!
"I have been member of the Chicago Architecture Foundation and done bunches of their tours and this one was every bit as good or better."
"Totally LOVED the Annual Preservation Detroit Walking Theater Tour. My husband and I have not stopped talking about how organized and friendly everyone was and so much to see! We can't wait for another tour... Thank you so much!"
"Great group of people who are passionate about saving Detroit's history!"
Curious what all the fuss is about? Take a tour with us!
Departs from Campus Martius. Our award-winning walking tour of downtown Detroit! Explore the plan for the city from the ground up. Way up! Historic high-rises, towering monuments, grand boulevards, parks and plazas are all part of this groundbreaking tour. Spanning over 300 years of Detroit history, see Detroit gems from streetscape to skyline.
Departs from Avalon Bakery. Set on Detroit's original ribbon farms, this dynamic neighborhood became an upscale living enclave for Detroit's movers and shakers! See some of the city's most cherished historic homes and avant-garde businesses. Transformed from "Piety Hill" to "Skid Row" to today's vibrant urban neighborhood, Midtown is full of distinctly Detroit stories.
Departs from Detroit Public Library, Woodward entrance. The vision for Detroit's Cultural Center began more than 100 years ago and has continued to evolve through decades. Uncover the stories behind Detroit's great cultural institutions, like the magnificent murals and sculpture of the Detroit Public Library, as well as the magnificent homes of Ferry Street.
Departs from the Eastern Market Welcome Center on Adelaide. Experience the sights, sounds and smells of America's oldest and largest outdoor farmers market. From woodlands to cemeteries, railroads, prisons, breweries, rum-running, and crime, find out what makes Eastern Market so fascinating and hear exciting plans for its future.
The small print: All tours take place rain or shine, and are about 2 to 2.5 hours long. Please arrive 15 minutes before the start of the tour. Advance ticket purchases are available through the afternoon the Friday before the tour. If there is a date missing from the tour page, the tour for that location/date is sold out. Tickets may be refunded up to 7 days prior to the date of a tour; after that, tickets are not refundable.
Preservation in Progress Tours with Preservation Detroit grant you one-of-a-kind, in-depth access to buildings not often open to the public. The next scheduled Preservation in Progress tour will be at The Schvitz. Opened in 1930, it is Detroit's oldest surviving bath house. For many years the meeting place and relaxation spot for the city's Russian and Polish Jewish population, the Schvitz holds memories of storied deals and business meetings within its walls. After having fallen into some disrepair, the Schvitz was recently reopened under new management. Its current owners are working hard to bring the grand old spa back to its former glory, with extensive work on the hot and cold pools as well as the beautiful tile surrounds and the private club rooms. More info and ticketshere.
Ferry Street today is known for its beautiful historic homes: the Hecker Mansion, the Charles Lang Freer House, and the houses that make up the Inn on Ferry Street. The street originated with the Ferry Seed Company farm established in the mid-1850's at the corner of East Ferry and Woodward to grow the seeds that were sold nationwide. Then came the prosperous residences in the mid-1880's and the Merrill Palmer Institute in the 1920s. Learn more about the people and institutions who made Ferry Street one of Detroit's most historic neighborhoods. More information about ticket sales will be available later in the season.
Preservation Detroit has teamed up with Detroit Bikes! (the group, not the company) to offer bike tours in Detroit. Rides are about once a month, range from 14 to 24 miles and can last 2-3 hours at a leisurely pace to accommodate riders of all levels. The rides are open to everyone. Attendees do not need to RSVP or pre-register. Free for members of Preservation Detroit or a $5 suggested donation. Rides are on a weekend morning and generally leave from the Mackenzie House, located at 4735 Cass Avenue. For more details and a schedule of rides, click here.
Walking tours Saturdays in October & November: A different cemetery every week! Visit Mt. Elliott, Woodmere, Woodlawn, Elmwood, or all four. Learn the history and stories behind the famous (and infamous) buried within Detroit's cemeteries. Marvel at the historic architecture of the mausoleums and headstones. More info available late summer.
Interested in booking a private group tour? Please contact us at least one month in advance to talk about discovering Detroit on a walking tour or with a step on guide.
Tour Gift Certificates also available!
Do you know somebody who has everything? Give them the gift of an unforgettable experience. Share our city with friends and family with a tour gift certificate! These can be used for our regularSaturday morning tours or can be used towards the purchase of tickets to other special events and tours. Purchase them here and make someone's day!
Visit preservationdetroit.org for more about our advocacy & upcoming events.


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Screening | American Promise
Saturday, March 22, 2014, 10:30 am–12 pm
Peter and Elizabeth C. Tower Auditorium
American Promise spans 13 years as Joe Brewster and Michele Stephenson, middle-class African-American parents in Brooklyn, N.Y., turn their cameras on their son, Idris, and his best friend, Seun, who make their way through one of the most prestigious private schools in the country. Chronicling the boys' divergent paths from kindergarten through high school graduation at Manhattan's Dalton School, this provocative, intimate documentary presents complicated truths about America's struggle to come of age on issues of race, class and opportunity. An Official Selection of the 2013 Sundance Film Festival and winner of the Grand Jury Award at the 2013 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival.
In the U.S. today, African-American students across all income levels score an average of twenty-five points lower than their white counterparts on standardized tests. This is known as the racial achievement gap. The group that suffers most from this debilitating phenomenon is African-American males. Unfortunately, the racial achievement gap is just the beginning of lifelong inequality.
Check out the website and trailer here: http://www.americanpromise.org/#/intro
This screening will be followed by a panel discussion of community members, including:
Jason Young, PhD, University at Buffalo
Sam Radford, III, President, District Parent Coordinating Council of the Buffalo Public Schools
Maisha Drayton, M.S., Mother, Evergreen Health Services
Caitlin Crowell, Nichols, Multicultural contact
Jim Anderson, moderator, State Vice President of Citizen Action
This collective effort between the Burchfield Penney Art Center, Learning Choices Network, Citizen Action of New York, The Mandala School and Alliance for Quality Education is free and open to the public.
This screening is free.
"What I want is a circular museum, large enough to house these four season transitions..." wrote Burchfield in 1964. The Charles E. Burchfield Rotunda, the Burchfield Penney's circular gallery dedicated to Burchfield's work, fulfills this wish.


I've previously explained how to setup Cassandra in AWS. The described setup works, but in some cases it may not be sufficient. E.g. it doesn't give you an easy way to make and restore backups, and adding new nodes relies on a custom python script that randomly selects a seed.
So now I'm going to explain how to setup Priam, a Cassandra helper tool by Netflix.
My main reason for setting it up is the backup/restore functionality that it offers. All other ways to do backups are very tedious, and Priam happens to have implemented the important bits – the snapshotting and the incremental backups.
Priam is a bit tricky to get running, though. The setup guide is not too detailed and not easy to find (it's the last, not immediately visible item in the wiki). First, it has one branch per Cassandra version, so you have to checkout the proper branch and build it. I immediately hit an issue there, as their naming doesn't allow eclipse to import the gradle project. Within 24 hours I reported 3 issues, which isn't ideal. Priam doesn't support dynamic SimpleDB names, and doesn't let you override bundled properties via the command line. I hope there aren't bigger issues. The ones that I encountered, I fixed and made a pull request.
echo "Started Priam web package"
BACKUP_BUCKET, PROPERTIES_DOMAIN and INSTANCE_DOMAIN are supplied via a CloudFormation script (as we can't know the exact names in advance – especially for SimpleDB). Note that these properties won't work in the main repo – I added them in my pull request.
In order for that to work, you need to have the two SimpleDB domains created (e.g. by CloudFormation). It is possible that you could replace SimpleDB with some other data storage (and not rely on AWS), but that's out of scope for now.
The result of running Priam would be that you have your Cassandra nodes in SimpleDB (you can browse it using this chrome extension as AWS doesn't offer any UI) and, of course, backups will be automatically created in the backup S3 Bucket.
You specify the time range for the restore. Still not ideal, as one would hope to have a one-click restore, but much better than rolling out your own backup & restore infrastructure.
One very important note here – vnodes are not supported. My original cluster had a default of 256 vnodes per machine and now it has just 1, because Priam doesn't support anything other than 1. That's a pity, since vnodes are the recommended way to setup Cassandra. Apparently Netflix don't use those, however. There's a work-in-progress branch for that that was abandoned 5 years ago. Fortunately, there's a fresh pull request with Vnode support that can be used in conjunction with my pull request from this branch.
Priam replaces some Cassandra defaults with other values so you might want to compare your current setup and the newly generated cassandra.yaml. Overall it doesn't feel super-production ready, but apparently it is, as Netflix is using it in production.