text:
Quick Answer: What Is An Example Of A Foreign Key?
How do you identify a primary key?
What is primary key short answer?
Does a foreign key have to be unique?
What is a foreign key answer?
What is the difference between a primary key and a foreign key?
Is foreign key a primary key?
Can foreign key be null?
What is primary key and foreign key with example?
What is primary key give an example?
Does every table need a foreign key?
What is the purpose of primary key?
Why is a primary key important?
How do you identify a foreign key?
Can Unique Key be a primary key?
Primary Keys The primary key consists of one or more columns whose data contained within are used to uniquely identify each row in the table.
You can think of them as an address.
If the rows in a table were mailboxes, then the primary key would be the listing of street addresses..
A primary key is a field in a table which uniquely identifies each row/record in a database table. Primary keys must contain unique values. A primary key column cannot have NULL values. A table can have only one primary key, which may consist of single or multiple fields.
By the SQL standard, a foreign key must reference either the primary key or a unique key of the parent table. If the primary key has multiple columns, the foreign key must have the same number and order of columns. Therefore the foreign key references a unique row in the parent table; there can be no duplicates.
A foreign key is a column or group of columns in a relational database table that provides a link between data in two tables. … The concept of referential integrity is derived from foreign key theory. Foreign keys and their implementation are more complex than primary keys.
A primary key constrain is a column that uniquely identifies every row in the table of the relational database management system, while foreign key is a column that creates a relationship between two tables. Primary Key never accepts null values whereas foreign key may accept multiple null values.
A foreign key is a column or a set of columns in one table that references the primary key columns in another table. The primary key is defined as a column (or set of columns) where each value is unique and identifies a single row of the table.
A foreign key containing null values cannot match the values of a parent key, since a parent key by definition can have no null values. However, a null foreign key value is always valid, regardless of the value of any of its non-null parts. … A foreign key value is null if any part is null.
A FOREIGN KEY is a key used to link two tables together. A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that refers to the PRIMARY KEY in another table. … The "PersonID" column in the "Persons" table is the PRIMARY KEY in the "Persons" table.
A primary key is either an existing table column or a column that is specifically generated by the database according to a defined sequence. For example, students are routinely assigned unique identification (ID) numbers, and all adults receive government-assigned and uniquely-identifiable Social Security numbers.
1 Answer. There is no problem having a table that consists of foreign keys only. … If you add further columns in the future there will be no problems due to the existing columns all being foreign keys. This situation is very common when there is a many-to-many relationship between entity types.
In the relational model of databases, a primary key is a specific choice of a minimal set of attributes (columns) that uniquely specify a tuple (row) in a relation (table). Informally, a primary key is "which attributes identify a record", and in simple cases are simply a single attribute: a unique id.
Choosing a primary key is one of the most important steps in good database design. A primary key is a table column that serves a special purpose. Each database table needs a primary key because it ensures row-level accessibility. … The values that compose a primary key column are unique; no two values are the same.
When table ORDER contains a field that is the primary-key field in table CUSTOMER, that field in table ORDER is referred to as a foreign key. When a table contains a column (or concatenation of columns) that is the same as the primary key of a table, the column is called a foreign key.
A Primary key is a unique key. Each table must have at most ONE primary key but it can have multiple unique key. A primary key is used to uniquely identify a table row. A primary key cannot be NULL since NULL is not a value.
Can 2 Hamsters Live In The Same Cage?
Will hamsters kill each other? In order to provide
Can I Pass PMP Without Reading Pmbok?
Do I need to read Pmbok to pass PMP? PMP exam is not
Question: Can A Sprint Fail?
When can a sprint be Cancelled? A Sprint can be cancelled
Quick Answer: How Do I Pitch Myself For A Job?
How do I tell about myself? A Simple Formula for Answering
Question: Do Apple Employees Get Free Apple Music?
Do Apple employees get free Apple products?


Most of us don't member 47 years later, July 20, 1969. But who could forget Neil Armstrong's words 'one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind'?
We learned a new word then, to describe high aspirations, incredible achievement: moonshot.
A goal, challenge or project – or fear to overcome, monkey on your back? Moonshot for me is a reminder of how a political policy statement can stir nations, industries, innovation and science.
Forget for the moment that the cold-war and tensions of USA v. USSSR drove it – remember that most of the moonshot science had not been invented then the plan was hatched.
For most of us our goal need not be as bold. We may get stalled, stuck or thought-blocked because we haven't figured out all the 'how to' yet.
Figure out the 'how to' along the journey – but there will be no journey unless we point ourselves somewhere.
Watching news lately, during this silly season (a.k.a. US presidential politics), it strikes me that we need new moonshots. Not 'who did doping in a previous Olympics?', but 'let's cure cancer'. Not a 'who will be the least-bad leader of the free world?', but 'let's cure cancer'. Not a 'which silicon valley whiz kid will be the next billionaire?', but 'let's cure cancer'.
And when we talk about cancer – each time I chat with someone in or near 'the system', it strikes me that the moonshot required isn't so much curing cancer as it is curing dysfunction in health care delivery systems. Perhaps that's judgmental. I don't mean to ignore or dismiss great breakthroughs in science, but it seems insane to me that the lag between diagnosis and treatment is delayed by 'wait for a few weeks until the cancer agency calls you an appointment to discuss treatment' as my recently diagnosed friend was told. He's resigned, has no choice – has to wait. I don't see this as a moonshot-scale problem, but it seems to be a few decades overdue for a cure. Fixing an administrative bureaucratic mind-numbing system that lets cancer grow shouldn't be a scheduling problem but an 'emergency-grade' medical one with a simple solution.
Am I crazy? If I go to the dry-cleaner, I can get my cleaning by 5PM tomorrow. If I go to a pharmacy, I can get my prescription filled while I shop for a few minutes. But, get cancer – and this is 'after they are sure you have cancer', 'someone will call you in a few weeks' seems such a ridiculous symptom of a massive problem. I don't think this is a provincial or state or even a national problem – it is a global humanity one. I doubt it requires a moonshot scale solution – but maybe some of that great mass of money thrown at cancer each year, maybe the researchers should talk to the drycleaners and pharmacists – and each other. A solution might emerge. I'd be over the moon. So would my friend.
And .. a P.S.: TO CALGARY AND AREA READERS, psst … want to have some fun? Tomorrow evening, Thursday July 21st, I'm hosting an event: Pathway to Mastery. It's a FREE event (6:30 – 9:30) and fun-raiser at the Cardel Theatre in Quarry Park featuring seven magnificent speakers – including this year's District Speaking Champs and this years' Champion Joanne Smith who will be heading off to Washington soon to compete in the World Championships of Public Speaking – for more details go to: as of last night we have 45 of 155 seats left and would love to fill them. RSVP if you are coming.


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The 24th annual meeting of the European Vegetation Survey (EVS) took place in Rennes, France, on 4–8 May 2015. The meeting was organized by colleagues from Rennes 1 University, Rennes 2 University and the French Society of Phytosociology, in particular by Anne Bonis and Sebastien Rapinel, assisted by Frédéric Bioret, Jan-Bernard Bouzillé, Bernard Clement, Cloé Levointurier-Vajda and others. The meeting focused on two broad themes, "Typology and process as two complementary facets of vegetation survey and mapping" and "Vegetation in coastal and inland dunes and cliffs", but presentations on other topics of interest to the European Vegetation Survey were also accepted. There were 41 oral presentations and 51 posters.
The meeting was attended by 141 participants and 11 accompanying persons from 29 countries. The most well-represented countries were France, Russia, Italy, the Czech Republic and Germany. In addition to European countries, vegetation scientists from Algeria, India, Iran, Japan, Turkey and the USA also participated in the meeting. Eleven participants from eastern Europe were provided with travel grants from the IAVS via the IAVS Global Sponsorship Committee to a total amount of 5000 EUR.
The mid-conference excursions on 5 May were guided to the coastal ecosystems of northern Brittany, including cliffs, dunes, heathlands and saltmarshes at Cap d'Erquy, Cap Fréhel, Pointe du Grouin, Cancale and in Bay Mont-Saint-Michel. The wonderful excursion day under sunny yet windy weather was completed by a visit to the famous Mont-Saint-Michel and social dinner in a restaurant with a magnificent view of this medieval monastery on a tidal island surrounded by extensive saltmarshes. The post-conference excursion visited forests and mires in Broceliande Wood in inland Brittany.
There were various activities of the European Vegetation Survey between the annual meetings in Ljubljana (May 2014) and Rennes (May 2015):
(1) The European Vegetation Checklist of phytosociological classes, orders and alliances (EuroVegChecklist) was further revised after the second review.
(2) The European Vegetation Archive (EVA) has made considerable progress. By the time of the Rennes meeting, it comprised 57 databases with a total of 998 265 vegetation plots, 82% of them georeferenced. A data request system has been working since May 2014 and EVA already provided data for 14 international projects focused on vegetation survey or broad-scale ecology.
(3) An EVS team led by Joop Schaminée, working under contract from the European Environment Agency (EEA), prepared a review of European shrubland, heath and tundra habitat classification and provided species constancy tables for these habitats extracted from vegetation-plot databases. Work on European forest habitats started in 2013 also continued by developing formal definitions of the EUNIS forest habitats based on their species composition, compiling distribution maps based on vegetation plots and preparing habitat suitability maps resulting from community distribution modelling.
(4) A three-year project A Red List of European Habitats, funded by the European Commission DG Environment, is running successfully under the leadership of John Janssen and John Rodwell and with participation of many EVS members. A classification of European habitats, based on a modified EUNIS classification, was proposed and standard Habitat Definitions were prepared by experts with a crosswalk to the EuroVegChecklist. National assessments of changes in habitat extent and quality were completed and habitat expert groups have started to work on synthetic European Red List assessments.
(5) Preparation of the Virtual Special Feature "Towards consistent classification of European grasslands" in the journal Applied Vegetation Science continued as a joint initiative of EVS and the IAVS European Dry Grassland Group, with Jürgen Dengler, Erwin Bergmeier, Wolfgang Willner and Milan Chytrý as guest editors. Five papers have been published so far and work on some others has progressed considerably.
(6) John Rodwell established contacts between the European Vegetation Survey and the European Grassland Federation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sheet Size 78" 76" 74" 80" 82" 70" 72" 84" 68"
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text:
Facebook Begins to Re-Open Moderation Centers as Concerning Content Gains Momentum in the App
Amid the COVID-19 lockdowns, Facebook has been forced to shut down its moderation centers, and send some 35,000 content reviewers home, which has significantly reduced its capacity to review posts, ads and more.
Now, The Social Network is looking to get some moderators back in operation. According to BBC News, Facebook is now re-opening some of its review offices, though staff are only being asked to return on a voluntary basis at this stage.
As per BBC:
"[Facebook] told a committee of MPs that it was now reopening some offices, with plans for social distancing and protective equipment. […] Employees will have their temperatures checked at the beginning of their shift and buildings will be deep-cleaned at the end of shifts."
How many staff will actually be returning to work was unclear – and given some of the horror stories around the experiences of Facebook moderators, it's hard to imagine that many of them will be quick to head back in, especially given that they're on full pay while they stay at home.
But Facebook is bringing moderators back, in some capacity – which is important, because there's also been an influx of concerning content on the platform of late, including COVID-19 misinformation, and arguably worse, child pornography.
Again, from BBC:
"Earlier this month, Europol said it had seen an increase in use of the internet by those seeking child abuse material."
Facebook has been working to get more of its moderation team working remotely, but at such scale, it's simply not possible to get back to full capacity without re-opening some centers.
Adding capacity will not only better enable Facebook to cater to ongoing demand for content review, but it may also free up more resources to implement content rulings on coronavirus misinformation, which is evolving every day.
Case in point – this week, Facebook has seen a significant increase in posts which suggest that disinfectant and UV light can be used to treat COVID-19 after US President Donald Trump made the claims during one of his daily briefings. According to The New York Times, Facebook – along with YouTube and Twitter – has left many of these posts up, despite them sharing false information, and it is possible that with increased capacity, Facebook may be better equipped to adapt its rules around such posts to respond to such trends before they gain traction.
The current limitations also extend to Facebook ad approvals, and even approvals for AR filters, which have also been delayed due to reduced capacity.
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg recently outlined the company's rough plans to get back to full capacity, noting that:
"We will require the vast majority of our employees to work from home through at least the end of May in order to create a safer environment both for our employees doing critical jobs who must be in the office and for everyone else in our local communities. A small percent of our critical employees who can't work remotely – like content reviewers working on counter-terrorism or suicide and self-harm prevention, and engineers working on complex hardware – may be able to return sooner, but overall, we don't expect to have everyone back in our offices for some time."
The return of moderators will enable better operational capacity in these key areas, though the threat of COVID-19 remains, and Facebook will need to take a cautious approach, while also seeking to motivate more staff to come back into the workspace.
From an external user perspective, that's helpful. For the moderators themselves, maybe less so.
Socialmediatoday.com
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EntirewebNewsBot
Twitter has taken its next steps towards facilitating payments in the app, with The Financial Times reporting that the company has begun applying for regulatory licenses in US states, the next legal requirement for providing payment services in the app.
Payments, which Elon Musk has a long history in, could be another way for Twitter to generate revenue, by enabling transactions between users, from which it would then take a small percentage. Musk has repeatedly flagged his vision for payments as part of his broader push to make Twitter into an 'everything app', which would provide more functionality and usage benefits.
As reported by FT:
"In November, Twitter registered with the US Treasury as a payments processor, according to a regulatory filing. It has now also begun to apply for some of the state licenses it would need in order to launch, these people said. The remainder would be filed shortly, in the hope that US licensing was completed within a year, one of the people said."
From there, Twitter would also look to establish agreements with international regulators to enable payments in all regions.
As noted, payments are a part of Elon's broader plans for a more functional app, which would replicate the utility of China's WeChat, which is used by Chinese citizens for everything from ordering groceries, to buying public transport tickets, to paying bills, etc. WeChat has become such a crucial connective element, that it formed a key part of China's COVID response, with authorities using the app as a means to manage COVID positive citizens and restrict their movement.
Musk isn't ideally looking to use Twitter as a control device (I don't think), but the broader concept is to add in more and more functionality, in order to both generate more income for the company, and make the app a more critical element in the interactive landscape.
Twitter's already exploring several options on this front.
Several app researchers have uncovered mock-ups for Twitter Coins in the back-end of the app.
Via Twitter coins, users would be able to make donations to creators in the app, through on-profile tipping, but beyond that, Twitter's also exploring options like unlockable tweets, paywalled video, and more, as it seeks to embed broader usage and adoption of in-app payments.
A big opportunity also exists to facilitate remittance, or sending money to family and friends, which is a key use case in many regions. Remittance payment services often charge processing fees, and various social apps have been trying to find new ways to facilitate such without the same costs, with the idea being that once people are moving their money in-app, they'll then be more likely to spend it in the same place.
Thus far, social platforms that do offer payments haven't been able to embed this as a use case – but maybe, with Musk's experience, knowledge and connections, he might be able to make this work in tweets.
Elon, of course, got his start in payments, with his first company, an online bank called X.com, being bought out by PayPal in 1999, his first big business win. And while his focus has since shifted to electric cars and rockets, Musk has keen understanding of the digital payments space, and how it can be adapted for varied usage.
According to reports, Musk told Twitter investors in May last year, that his aim was to see Twitter bring in about $1.3 billion in payment revenues by 2028.
That would give the company a sorely needed boost. After Musk's cost-cutting efforts, which have resulted in the reduction of around 70% of Twitter staff, the company could be on track to potentially break even this year, or close, but a lot has to go right to get the platform back on track. And with advertisers continuing to back away from Twitter spend, it's not looking good, while subscriptions to Twitter Blue are unlikely to provide much relief, at least at this stage.
As such, the shift into payments can't come fast enough, though it'll still be some time before we see the possibility of in-app payments.
Also, while Musk has made it clear fiat currency will be the main focus of this push in its initial phase, cryptocurrencies could also, eventually, be included. The price of Dogecoin, Musk's favorite crypto offering, rose to a 24-hour high after news broke of Elon's expanded payments plan.
Will payments be the answer to Twitter's revenue woes? Maybe, if Elon's vision for billions in payments revenue comes to fruition – and with his previous track record, you can't dismiss the notion entirely.
But it'll take time, many approvals, and many more steps before we reach the next stage.
Chief Growth Officer (CGO) at HypeFactory, a global influencer marketing agency.
It's no secret that influencer marketing popularity has skyrocketed over the past couple of years, and partnering with influencers isn't a new concept. Just over the past year, the industry was valued at $16.4 billion and still keeps growing, with a whopping revenue forecast of $143.10 billion in 2030.
Since the beginning of influencer marketing, people have talked about how influencers and social responsibility fit together. It stands to reason that influential people would use their large fan bases to help others. However, when influencers and businesses collaborate, they each have specific responsibilities to the communities in which they operate.
Sponsorship Transparency And Gender Stereotypes
One of the most critical skills for an influencer is honesty. Influencers base their marketing strategy on being genuine and sharing personal tales and thoughts with their target audience. They are not celebrities living in a bubble of fame that very few of their followers will ever reach; instead, they live lifestyles that are reachable and use items that their viewers would find helpful. This approach has significantly contributed to their immense level of success.
However, many influencers don't play by the rules, especially when it comes to impressing brands they've made deals with, even though transparency is essential to the sustainability of an influencer's career. Because of this, many people would think that the most important ethical issue in influencer marketing is sponsorship disclosure.
The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) and the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) in the United Kingdom have all put out rules about how influencers should be honest in their posts and about their relationships with brands. If you disobey the regulations, you risk facing penalties, fines and legal bills. You also risk losing the trust of your customers for good.
Moreover, when doing influencer marketing, it's essential to consider gender stereotypes and how people usually think men and women will act in different situations. The Committee on Advertising Practice (CAP) has said that since June 2019, marketing materials could no longer show men and women in ways that are based on stereotypes. These rules state that ads "must not use gender stereotypes that are likely to hurt or offend a large number of people." Great campaigns, like Nike's "Dream Crazier," have challenged gender preconceptions.
Improving Influencer Marketing's Reliability And Authenticity
Authenticity is essential in influencer marketing. People listen to influencers who are honest and relatable. In addition to the moral problems I mentioned above, brands and influencers must also follow FTC rules, community guidelines and terms of service on social media platforms.
Based on my experience as a chief growth officer at a global influencer marketing agency, here are some things brands must consider for influencer partnerships that are authentic and reliable.
Outline—and stick to—the ethical principles that your brand stands for.
Before you can begin your search for the ideal influencers, you must first understand the core principles of representing your business. Most businesses start by determining their values and ethics early on. They then use these to build their brand identity. It's up to each company's brand to decide where they will draw the line and how they will show their core values on social media.
However, consumers place a high value on consistent honesty. Customers are likely to call out your company for being hypocritical if it says it wants to fight racism but then partners with an influencer who has a history of making small slights against people of color. Or if your company promotes equal pay yet pays female influencers less than it does male influencers, contributing to the continuation of the pay gap between male and female influencers.
As a result, you will likely lose the trust of these customers.
Collaborate with real influencers.
One of the most effective ways to stick to influencer marketing principles is by collaborating with real-life influencers. Choosing the right influencers is crucial for building consumer confidence in your product.
Determine which influencers are authentic and have credibility with your intended audience. Specifically, it would be best to look at how many people engage with their content and how good it is. Even though engagement numbers are essential, they only tell part of the story about an influencer's reliability. Please pay close attention to their writing style, the brands they've worked with, the accuracy of their reviews, etc.
Develop a long-term partnership.
When you've found a group of genuine, influential people with whom you can collaborate successfully, it's crucial to keep in touch with them over time. Even if they are paid to review a product, genuine influencers always give honest opinions. Because they follow all the rules, the spectator can have more faith in them.
Consequently, after a shortlist of influencers has been compiled, you should perform authenticity checks. Check their content feed for branded articles. Make sure that any disclaimers you find adhere to the first point's disclosure guidelines. Consistently partnering with the same influencers demonstrates to customers that you value their brand's success just as much as they do, which can increase consumer confidence in your business.
Authenticity serves as the cornerstone of the influencer marketing strategy. Influencers earn the trust of their followers and become successful when they always provide high-quality, authentic, relatable content.
In addition to the concerns over the morality of influencer marketing, brands and influencers must follow the criteria established by the FTC and the community guidelines and terms of service based on social media platforms. You can shield your brand from potential ethical and legal difficulties and still enjoy success with influencer marketing if you are aware of the expectations and follow certain best practices.
Forbes Agency Council is an invitation-only community for executives in successful public relations, media strategy, creative and advertising agencies. Do I qualify?
Looking to give your social profiles a visual refresh for the new year?
This could help – the team from Giraffe Social Media recently put together an overview of the whys and hows of building your brand via your social profile visuals.
There are some good notes here – a key consideration is consistency, which ensures that you're building your brand with every post and update.
Check out the full infographic below.


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text:
import {Model} from "../edges/ModelEdge";
export interface ClassScheme {
    id: string;
    name: string;
    semester: number;
    room: string;
    schoolId: string;
}

export class Class extends Model implements ClassScheme {
    constructor(obj: ClassScheme) {
        super(obj);
        this.name = obj.name;
        this.semester = obj.semester;
        this.room = obj.room;
        this.schoolId = obj.schoolId;
    }

    static create(
        id: string,
        name: string,
        semester: number,
        room: string,
        schoolId: string) {

        return new Class({ id, name, semester, room, schoolId });
    }

    id: string;
    name: string;
    semester: number;
    room: string;
    schoolId: string;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Tuscany, the picturesque region in central Italy, is the perfect place for a road trip. If you're looking for rolling hills, sloping vineyards, olive groves, quaint medieval villages, and outstanding art, you'll find it all here. After all, Tuscany was the birthplace of Michelangelo, Botticelli, da Vinci, Dante, and countless other masters whose works you can see throughout the area, and proud locals will tell you that their dialect forms the basis of the modern Italian language. Here's how to create your own road trip, starting in Florence and working your way south toward Rome.
Fly into Florence and plan to spend two or three days getting acquainted with the city and its incredible Renaissance art and architecture. The Galleria Uffizi and Galleria dell'Accademia house an impressive number of Renaissance masterpieces, but Palazzo Pitti—the palace of Cosimo I de' Medici—is worth a visit as well. Check into the Relais Santa Croce, a luxurious hotel inside an 18th-century palazzo that's home to one of the largest suites in Florence or the Rocco Forte Hotel Savoy, which recently completed a renovation, adding Pucci-designed fabrics to its lobby. Book a table at La Leggenda dei Frati, a Michelin-starred restaurant that serves artful modern cuisine adjacent to the gorgeous Bardini Gardens overlooking the city. If you're looking to buy home decor and antiques, pay a visit to Riccardo Barthel and the Antico Setificio Fiorentino, where artisans have been weaving luxurious silk damask textiles on ancient looms since 1786.
When you're ready to get off the beaten path, drive to the small village of Montaione, which is set deep in the Tuscan hills, about 75 minutes southwest of Florence. The town is home to Toscana Resort Castelfalfi, which is like a small village, with two hotels (the five-star Il Castelfalfi and four-star Hotel La Tabaccaia), a collection of villas, a 27-hole golf course, shops, restaurants, and swimming pools. Stop by for lunch with panoramic views of the countryside or use it as a base for deeper exploration of the surrounding towns.
Two nearby villages in particular are worth visiting: San Gimignano and Volterra. Though the Leaning Tower of Pisa may be more famous, the town of San Gimignano is actually one of Italy's best-preserved medieval villages, with 14 towers remaining intact. The historic center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site, and strolling through the cobblestoned streets will make you feel like you've stepped back in time. For beautiful bowls, vases, and other decorative items made of alabaster, head to Volterra. The town is known for its alabaster workshops, like Rossi Alabastri, which you can visit to learn more about the craft. Wandering around the historic center, you'll find plenty of shops selling items made with the translucent stone.
Siena's Piazza del Campo with the Palazzo Pubblico and the Torre del Mangia.
Continue south to Siena, the medieval walled city famous for the twice annual Palio horse race. You could spend hours wandering through the warren-like maze of streets that branch out from Piazza del Campo, the shell-shaped public square crowned by an iconic bell tower. Stop at the Duomo di Siena, which is quite a sight with its green-and-white striped marble façade and Romanesque-Gothic architecture. Climb up to the dome for incredible views and don't miss the Piccolomini Library, where you can ogle gorgeous frescoes by Pinturicchio.
When in Tuscany, you'd be remiss not to visit some wineries, and there are plenty to choose from. Rocca di Frassinello combines great wine and architecture, with the region's only winery designed by Renzo Piano and fantastic wines born of a partnership between the French Rothschild family and the Tuscan Castellare di Castellina estate. Ruffino's Poggio Casciano estate in Chianti welcomes visitors for tours and tastings by appointment. Other big names in the area include Antinori and Gaja, which has a winery in Bolgheri.
A guest room at Casa Iris.
As you work your way south, plan to stop in the Maremma, Tuscany's rugged coastline. In the town of Orbetello near Monte Argentario, Italian stylist James Valeri and his American husband, Matthew Adams, recently opened Casa Iris. Formerly the home of Valeri's grandmother, the bed-and-breakfast was a "labor of love," according to Valeri, who enlisted the help of Maria Rosaria Basileo and her team of five women who worked on the restorations of the Sistine Chapel and Villa Borghese. While peeling back the layers of paint, they uncovered a series of frescoes dating all the way back to the 1700s. In close collaboration with architect Giorgia Cerulli, Valeri and Adams filled the home with a curated collection of furnishings from the 1920s to the '70s by Italian designers like Gio Ponti, Franco Albini, Angelo Mangiarotti, Tommaso Barbi, and Murano glass chandeliers by Venini sourced all over Italy.
Hotel Il Pellicano near Porto Ercole.
While you're in the area, Valeri recommends visiting Capalbio, which he describes as "radical chic," thanks to its history as a haven for writers and intellectuals, and the Tarot Garden by French artist Niki de Saint Phalle, who created a series of larger-than-life sculptures. Or simply slow down and enjoy the Tuscan way of life. "Our favorite thing to do is rent a boat in Porto Ercole and find your spot and stay there for the day," says Valeri.


Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Purple or White, all with Yellow Highlighter and Black Clip. Metallic: Red, Green, Blue, Black, Purple or Silver, all with Yellow Highlighter and Silver Clip.
Standard Silk-Screen Colors or Laser Engraves Silver. For Black Oxidation Add .55(G) Per Piece.


Maya is getting better at controlling the mouse. This is her and a Panda friend.
Very cute! Mine are good with a touchpad but haven't had much experience with a mouse. In some ways – they are a little behind!
I recall when I was young, 30 years ago, we used to have other things to learn on, there was no compuiter with mouses as today.
Hichams last blog post..Back to the Future!
Isn't it amazing how much technology has advanced – just in the past ten years? I never had my own computer until my last few years of high school, but my daughters will never know what life was like WITHOUT computers!
Responding normally isn't my thing, but i have surfed an hour on your blog, so thanks for the fantastic information Greetings.


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COVID-19 State Government Assistance for Businesses
PLEASE NOTE; there have been recent updates and changes since date of publish. Please click here for the latest information on State Government Assistance for Businesses.
There is no doubt that the COVID-19 lockdowns and restrictions have left their mark on many businesses with some regions and industries hit harder than others.
Some States and Territories are offering support for businesses and employers in the form of financial aid and grants.
Following is a state-by-state snapshot of the help currently available to businesses that have been financially affected by COVID-19.
All information is correct at time of publication but is subject to change. To stay up to date with the latest information, be sure to visit the relevant State Government website.
Small Business COVID-19 Adaption Grant (Regional) – What you need to know!
The objective of this program is to support small businesses subject to closure or highly impacted by the coronavirus (COVID-19) shutdown restrictions announced by the Queensland Government.
To be a 'regional business', your principal place of business must be in a local government area within Queensland that is not identified as a South East Queensland (SEQ) location.
In addition, your business must:
Have been subject to closure or otherwise highly impacted by current shutdown restrictions announced by Queensland's Chief Health Officer on 23 March 2020
Have experienced a minimum 30% decline since 23 March 2020, over a minimum 1-month period due to the onset and management of COVID-19
Employ staff and have fewer than 20 employees at the time of applying for the grant (employees must be on your payroll and does not include the business owner(s))
Have a valid Australian Business Number (ABN) active as at 23 March 2020
Be registered for GST
Have a Queensland headquarters
Have an annual turnover over $75,000 for the 2018–19 or 2019–20 financial year, or you can provide financial records that show this will be met for recently started small businesses
Have a payroll of less than $1.3 million
Not be insolvent or have owners or directors that are an undischarged bankrupt.
How much can I claim?
The available grant amount is a minimum of $2,000 and up to a maximum of $10,000 per eligible small or micro business (conditions and restrictions apply).
How do I make a claim?
You will need to apply online via the Queensland Rural and Industry Development Authority's (QRIDA) application portal.
For more detailed information regarding eligibility and application process for Small Business COVID-19 Assistance Grant, Click here.
Small Business Fees and Charges rebate – What you need to know!
Sole Traders, Business Owners and not-for-profit organisations may be eligible for a small business fees and charges rebate of up to $1500. Funds can be used to offset the costs of eligible NSW and local government fees and charges.
To qualify for this rebate, small businesses (including non-employing sole traders) and not-for-profit organisations must:
Have total Australian wages below the NSW Government 2020-2021 payroll tax threshold of $1.2 million
Have an Australian Business Number (ABN) registered in NSW and/or have business premises physically located and operating in NSW
Eligible businesses or not-for-profits only need to apply for the rebate once but can submit multiple claims until the full value of $1500 is reached.
It is important to note:
The rebate will be available until 30 June 2022.
Applications for the NSW 2021 COVID-19 Support Package can be made via your MyServiceNSW account.
For more detailed information regarding eligibility and application process for the NSW 2021 COVID-19 Support Package, click here.
NSW COVID-19 Business Grant – What you need to know!
This recently announced grant will be available to assist businesses by providing a cashflow boost during the first three weeks of lockdown.
To qualify for this grant, businesses must:
Have a turnover of more than $75,000 an annual Australian wages bill of below $10 million, as at 1st July 2020, and be able to demonstrate a revenue decline of 30% or more.
The available grant amount is a one-off payment of between $7,500 and $15,000 depending on the decline in turnover.
Information on how to apply for a grant is expected to be made available shortly on the New South Wales Government Website.
Applications open on the 19th of July. Businesses will need to register their interest at Service NSW.
NSW COVID-19 Micro Business Grant – What you need to know!
This recently announced grant will be available to assist small businesses negatively impacted by COVID-19.
Have a turnover of between $30,000 and $75,000, be the primary income source for the person associated with the business, and be able to demonstrate a revenue decline of 30% or more.
The available grant amount is a fortnightly payment of $1,500.
Applications open late July. Businesses will need to register their interest at Service NSW.
NSW JobSaver – What you need to know!
This recently announced grant will be available to assist businesses by providing a cashflow boost and maintaining staff numbers.
Have a turnover of between $75,000 and $50 million, and be able to demonstrate a revenue decline of 30% or more.
The available grant amount is a fortnightly payment.
Businesses with employees can claim between $1,500 and $10,000 per week (40% of weekly payroll).
Businesses with no employees can claim up to $1,000 per week.
Applications open in late July. Businesses will need to register their interest at Service NSW.
Coronavirus payroll tax relief – What you need to know!
The following payroll relief measures have been put in place by the New South Wales Government:
Payroll Tax Deferrals
Businesses paying payroll tax will have the option to defer payments on the 2020-21 annual reconciliation return and wages paid in July and August.
The date for lodgement and payment of the 2021 annual reconciliation has been extended until the 7th October 2021.
Payroll Tax Concessions
Businesses with wages up to $10 million and a revenue decline of 30% may be eligible for a 25% reduction in 2021-22 payroll tax.
Further information is expected to be made available sometime in August on the New South Wales Revenue Website.
Industry specific grant, rebates and programs – What you need to know!
Victoria has put in place many industry-specific initiatives for businesses suffering the effects of COVID-19 related lockdowns and restrictions. Click on the links below for more detailed information on the grant, rebate or program including eligibility, application process and closing dates.
Sustainable Event Business Program (Closing soon)
Impacted Public Events Support Program (Closing soon)
COVIDSafe Deep Cleaning Rebate
Business Recovery and Resilience Mentoring
Business Support Package – March 2020
Wellbeing and Mental Health for Victorian Small Businesses
Alpine Support Program (Opening soon)
Regional Tourism Support Package (Opening soon)
The following payroll relief measures have been put in place by the Victorian Government:
1. Deferring 2020-21 payroll tax liability for eligible employers until the 2021-22 financial year
Employers with Victorian payrolls up to $10 million, based on their 2019-20 financial year annual reconciliation returns, can defer their 2020-21 payroll tax liability until the 2021-22 financial year.
This means they can pay their 2020-21 payroll tax liability as determined in their 2020-21 annual reconciliation return in four quarterly instalments in the 2021-22 financial year:
At least 25% of the 2020-21 liability will be due on 7 September 2021.
At least 50% of the 2020-21 liability will be due on 7 December 2021.
At least 75% of the 2020-21 liability will be due on 7 March 2022.
Any outstanding balance of the 2020-21 liability will be due on 7 June 2022.
Who is eligible and how do I claim?
This deferral relief applies to each employer. This means membership of a payroll tax group is not considered in determining whether or not the member's Victorian taxable wages for the 2019-20 financial year exceeded the $10 million threshold.
To be eligible for this deferral measure, an employer must lodge their annual reconciliation return for the 2020-21 financial year by no later than 27 August 2021. Therefore, unless an employer lodges their annual reconciliation by 27 August 2021, they will not be eligible for the tax deferral and any tax owing will need to be paid immediately.
For more detailed information about deferring 2020-21 payroll tax liability for eligible employers until the 2021-22 financial year, click here.
2. Waiving of 2020-21 and 2021-22 payroll tax after applying for New Jobs payroll tax credit
Eligible employers will be entitled to a waiver of their 2020-21 and 2021-22 payroll tax after applying the New Jobs payroll tax credit against their liability for each of the financial years (designated financial year).
Eligible employers will receive a credit of 10 cents for every dollar of Victorian taxable wages paid in the relevant designated financial year that are above the previous financial year's wages. The credit will be applied against the employer's payroll tax liabilities at the end of the relevant designated financial year. The waiver may partially or fully extinguish the payroll tax liability for an eligible employer for the designated year.
An employer or a group of employers is eligible for the relief if their total Australian wages (i.e. Victorian taxable wages plus interstate wages) do not exceed $10 million in the financial year preceding the designated financial year.
There are other eligibility requirements which must be met, and this will depend on whether or not the employer is a member of a payroll tax group as at 30 June of the relevant designated financial year.
If you are eligible for the credit, it will be applied against your payroll tax liability for the designated year after you have lodged your annual return for that year.
For more detailed information about waiving of 2020-21 and 2021-22 payroll tax after applying for New Jobs payroll tax credit, click here.
Not-for-Profit Tourism Attraction Survival Payment – What you need to know!
The $500,000 Fund for the Not-for-Profit Tourism Attraction Survival Payment has been established to support not-for-profit tourist attractions such as non-government museums and historical sites significantly impacted by COVID-19.
To be deemed eligible, the business must be an established not-for-profit tourism attraction with a valid ABN, that has been actively operating in the Northern Territory in either owned or leased premises for at least 12 months prior to the date of announcement of this initiative.
The organisation should be able to demonstrate:
A minimum of 50% reduction in turnover experienced in October 20


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Q: Get prompt back after running a python script in background I am executing a python script in background mode from a shell script.
The script is running fine but I am unable to get the prompt back until I manually press enter from keyboard. I want to avoid the manual interaction.
I already tried running the script like echo "/n" | python script.py &
I also tried:
python3 /simulators/utils/reboot_ap.py $input 2>&1 &`

python3 script.py $input 2>&1 &

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Every HR manager strives to cultivate a positive culture at the workplace. However, doing so isn't easy. Every employee is unique and different. This sometimes creates problems between the team members and stops them from working towards a common goal. Most employees stay professional and don't let differences come in the way of their work.
Nonetheless, that doesn't stop the negativity to loom over their workplace environment. If not tackled immediately, it may lead to dysfunction and can even affect the overall productivity of the entire team. Now that's one situation no HR Manager wishes to ever want to deal with. Yet, dealing with dysfunctional teams is a very common problem faced by the organizations.
Getting people with conflicting thoughts and views to work together in harmony is tough but it is not impossible. In fact, those who can achieve this tough task will become valuable assets in the eyes of their current as well as prospective employers. However, to tackle the situation before it turns grave, it is important that you identify the same at an early stage. Patrick Lencioni talked about the dysfunctions of a team in his bestselling book, 'The Five Dysfunctions of a Team'. The book describes the problems people face when trying to work together towards achieving common goals.
The members of a dysfunctional team lack clarity and are constantly worried about being wrong. Lack of clarity prevents them from making decisions in a definitive and timely manner. At the same time, committing to decisions becomes difficult for the team members. Over a period of time, it may leave employees feeling discontented and compelled to change their team or department.
Dysfunctional teams fear conflict to an extent that they feel more comfortable working in artificial harmony. Team members pretend to be on board with ideas they don't even agree with just to avoid heated discussions and conflict. However, they don't realize that healthy conflict is necessary for producing great results.
When there is a lack of trust and conflict, it ultimately leads to lack of commitment among the team members. It is a dangerous problem as non-committed team members don't feel compelled to discuss critical tasks which ultimately leads to delay in the decision-making process. They may also feel that nobody cares about their opinions and hence may not want to contribute to discussions at all. Lack of commitment creates greater problems when even after the team has decided upon a particular course of actions, the individuals in the team seem to be working according to their own will.
The biggest sign of a dysfunctional team is that its team members put their own needs ahead of the team's collective goals. For them, their ego, personal growth, and recognition are more important than working together as a team to achieve common goals. This desire for individual credit takes away the focus of team members from the collective success. They lose sight of the ultimate goal which ultimately hinders the growth of the company.
Another positive trait of a dysfunctional team is that it lacks accountability. When people lack accountability they lose sight of team goals. Pushing back deadlines becomes a common phenomenon among such teams. In worst cases, you may even find team members preoccupied with things not relevant to the task at hand and work without any clarity on goals.
Identifying the dysfunctional traits affecting the performance of the concerned team early and taking immediate corrective actions can help you build a more cohesive team. Watch out for the above-mentioned signs before it gets late.
About the author: Megha Raizada is a professional writer working with the premium job portal Naukrigulf.com. She has a keen interest in the global job market but also loves to keep a track of everything interesting happening around the globe.


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What are the Most Spoken Languages in the World?
1. Chinese (14.1%)
2. Spanish (5.85%)
3. English (5.52%)
4. Hindi (4.46%)
5. Arabic (4.23%)
6. Portuguese (3.08%)
7. Bengali (3.05%)
8. Russian (2.42%)
9. Japanese (1.92%)
10. Punjabi ( 1.44%)
1. Chinese (1.2 billion)
it the number one of the 10 most spoken languages in the world. More than 1,200 million people in the world speak this language. do you want to learn any language then Chinese is the best option for you because it is the Only language that spoken by 1 out of every 6 people in the world? The family of Chinese has 7 groups, being Mandarin Chinese, one of the northern dialects, the official language throughout the country.
2. Spanish (442 million )
it is The Second Most spoken languages in the world. Spanish is spoken Nearly About 442 million people on the World and across the 5 continents. Apart from Spain, it is spoken in almost all the countries of Central and South America.
3. English (380 million)
it is the third position of the most spoken languages in the world. There are more than 380 million English speakers in the world. You may be surprised to know that English is not the most spoken language in the world (although it is the most widely used language for communication between people from different countries). It has about 508 million native speakers, including countries such as the US, England or Australia. Although it occupies the third place, it is one of the most demanded languages, today having a good level of English is very important for a future job and personal.
4. Hindi (350 million)
Hindi is the official language of India along with English and 22 other languages. It has more than 350 million speakers. Why is this language famous? Well, there are many reasons but the main reason is the Indian Film industry (Bollywood), affirms that the cinema in Hindi language (Bollywood) annually produces more than 1,000 films, twice as many as Hollywood studios.
5. Arabic (250 million )
Although the most recent statistics have established that around 250 million people speak Arabic, besides being official in 20 countries. there are so many dialects that it is almost impossible to rely on numbers. It is a little what happens with Chinese, where several languages are located within the same family.
6. Portuguese (217 million)
it is spoken by more than 217 million speakers worldwide. It is the official language of Portugal and Brazil, but also in Angola, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, among other countries. Our neighbors have landed in the sixth position of the most spoken languages in the world.
7. Bengali (210 million)
Bengali is spoken by more than 210 million people. people worldwide. In addition to being the main language of Bangladesh. The language is equally popular in the Indian states surrounding the country.
8. Russian (177 million)
The Russian can be found in two rankings: The most difficult languages in the world and the most spoken languages in the world, occupying the eighth position. Russian, like the rest of the languages we speak of, extends its borders beyond its country of origin. With 177 million speakers, the language is well known in Russia
9. Japanese (140 million)
The Japanese language is spoken by over 140 million people. it is a language that is spoken only in one country and is part of the list because it is the most "concentrated" language. People who speak Japanese outside Japan are mainly in the United States, the Philippines, and Brazil.
10. Punjabi ( 100 million)
it is the last in Top 10 most spoken languages, spoken by 100 million people in the world, especially in India and Pakistan. Why is this language famous? Well, although many films are made in Punjabi.
Published April 5, 2020 By ErosSoftSolutions
Categorized as All, SEO, Technology
10 most in-demand programming languages
Top 5 programming languages to learn in 2020


1 Don't use Format > Paragraph and don't use Format > Bullets and Numbering. They look inviting, but they're not what you need.
2 Don't use the toolbar numbering or bullet buttons. They're not what you need either.
3 Apply styles to your headings, preferably Word's built-in Heading styles.
4 Modify the styles so you can have the font, paragraph and other formatting to suit your needs.
5 Modify the numbering and indenting by modifying the numbering settings of the Heading styles. The styles will manage the numbering and the indents.
How you set up numbered headings depends on what version of Word you have. This page is about setting up numbered headings in Word 2003 and earlier versions. If you have Word 2007 or Word 2010, see How to create numbered headings or outline numbering in Word 2007 and Word 2010.
The key to numbering heading is to use Styles. Since there are good reasons for using Word's built-in Heading styles, this page concentrates on using those Heading styles.
Before you begin the numbering, make sure your Heading styles are set up appropriately.
Modify the Heading 1 style so that it is based on "No style". Modify Heading 2 so it's based on Heading 1. Modify Heading 3 based on Heading 2. And so on. Not everyone does this, but I find it useful because of the way the formatting of Word's styles cascade.
Now, modify the Paragraph settings of every Heading style so that the Left Indent is 0, and the Special indent is set to (none). Do this even if you want your headings to be indented from the left margin, and even if you want a hanging indent. Why? Because for outline-numbered styles, we will set the paragraph indent and the hanging indents (if any) when we set up the numbering.
Put your cursor in a Heading 1 paragraph.
Click the Outline Numbered Tab. Choose a pre-set numbering option that is similar to what you want. Choose this and promise yourself now that, no matter what, you will never choose any of the other options here. Always choose the box that is already highlighted.
You're now in the Customize Outline Numbered List dialog. Within this dialog box, you have to define the numbering you want for all your numbering levels without leaving the dialog box. That means that within this dialog box, you have to define the numbering you want for all your heading styles. Only then can you leave the dialog box.
Reset the ListGallery before you start.
For a really clean professional job, go through each of the pre-set schemes on the Outline Numbered tab and click Reset. This will flush out any nasties left over from previous unsuccessful efforts to tame Word's numbering.
Then, choose one of the pre-set schemes in the second row. They are already set up to be linked to the Heading styles.
Click More. Give your numbering scheme a name by typing something in the "ListNum Field List Name" box at the bottom of the dialog. One word, no spaces. Naming your list helps prevent subsequent errors.
Down the bottom of the dialog, Link Level 1 to style "Heading 1", link level 2 to style "Heading 2", link level 3 to style "Heading 3" and so on. There's no harm in doing all 9 levels, even if you don't intend to use all 9. It may even be a good idea.
If you get completely confused, delete everything in the Number format box, and start again.
For second and subsequent levels, indicate in the Previous Level Number box whether you want to include the number from the previous level.
Figure 1: Use the Restart Numbering After setting to avoid numbering like this.
Tick the box that says Restart Numbering After, and ensure it's set to the correct level. So restart Level 2 after Level 1, for example. If you don't do this, your numbering will look like the text in Figure 1.
When you're just beginning, you can end up with wonderful messes in the Number format box. It doesn't help that this dialog box is not laid out in the most obviously intuitive way. If you end up in a mess, do the following.
Delete everything in the Number format box.
If you want text before the number (for example, "Chapter " or "Part "), type the text in the Number format box.
If you want numbering from a previous level, choose that level.
If you want punctuation between the previous level's number and the new number for this style, add it to the Number format box.
Choose your style for this level's numbering from the Number Style box.
Figure 2: You can set the indents to control your numbering in the Customize Outline Numbered List dialog.
You also control the indents from the Customize Outline Numbered List. You can't control the indents by modifying the Paragraph format of the style. If you do, Word will simply override you.
The Number Position and Text Position parts of the dialog box control indents. How they work is shown in Figure 2.
Number Position-Aligned at = How far in from the left margin do you want the number?
If you set this to a number less than the Number Position-Aligned At setting, Word ignores your choice and improvises.
If your number won't fit in the space you allocate (for example, "Section 12.3.9.4" won't fit in 1 cm), Word will push the text to the next tab stop.
So, set the Text Position and Number Position settings for each Level in your headings scheme.
Now, for each Level, indicate whether you want the number followed by a Tab, a Space or Nothing.
Now you've defined the numbering for your headings, you are ready to go and apply the styles to your paragraphs. If you apply them and they're not formatted as you like, you can modify the styles.
In the future, when you want to change anything about your heading levels, modify the style, not the individual paragraph. If you want Heading 2, for example, to be green and not bold, go to a Heading 2 paragraph and modify the style.
Note: You can't change the left indents of numbered styles by modifying the Paragraph settings of your style. (Well, you can, but your hard work will be overridden by Word at the drop of a hat.) To change the indents that control your numbering, read on.
If you want to change the numbering or the indentation of your headings, you must put your cursor in a Heading 1 style paragraph. Yes, even if you want to change the numbering or the indents of Heading 4 or Heading 7, you must start with your cursor in a Heading 1 paragraph.
With the cursor in a paragraph in Heading 1 style, choose Format > Styles and Formatting, right-click the style, choose Modify > Format > Numbering. (In versions of Word before 2002 it's Format > Style > Modify > Format > Numbering).
That's right: you control the indenting of numbered paragraphs by modifying the Numbering settings, not the Paragraph settings.
Created August 2002. Last updated April 2003.


At Derech HaLev, we are learning to be present to and for each other. We are learning about putting down our iPhones and raising our eyes and lifting our heart. We are a Jewish community inspired by our Judaism, not limited by her. We are an intimate community, with 2 geographical locations (the Mainline and Huntingdon Valley). We maintain and encourage significant aspirations – to teach our children a confidence, an integrity, a humility, an ability to express themselves, the ability to quiet down, and the ability to be a compassionate presence. We do this, as adults, by focusing upon the very same themes and lessons.


The smallest in the trio, this little vase is in bud vase territory. What I love about it is that even though it's small, the mouth of the vase is wide, so a few tiny stems will fit. That means miniature bouquet arrangements and isn't that the sweetest thing?
Measures 3 inches tall, 1.5 inches wide at the mouth, and approximately 2.25 inches across at the widest part.
Available in Atmospheric White, Turquoise, and Gunmetal Black.
*these vases are new and are currently made to order. Expect a 2-3 week lead time before shipping. Please direct any questions to sarah@sarahkersten.com.
Tiny vase designed for all of your little flower needs.
Measures 2.25 inches tall, 2 inches wide. Vase mouth diameter is 1 inch.
Available in gunmetal, classic white, and a perfect dusty blue/yellow.
The medium sized vase in the trio, this vase is perfect for a small arrangement. Your bedside table bouquets will be forever changed.
Measures 5 inches tall, 2.5 inches wide at the mouth, and 4 inches across at the widest point.


Hear Teamsters speaking up on how to stay strong and united in face of the impending open shop environment.
James Shepard, a City of Seattle Warehouser, shares his plan for the open shop environment.
Teamsters at Department of Corrections explain open shop and demonstrate strength in face of attack on their unity.
Have your own take on open shop? Sign up here, make your voice heard!


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BangOn! NYC's Elements Lakewood Camping Festival Art Director, Julianne Irene, Talks Year 1, Stage Design, 2018 Return
Elements Lakewood returns in 2018 with a revamped arts & activities program run by their Art Director, Julianne Irene, hoping to create an auditory, visually and spiritually immersive camping experience.
Masha Lukashenko
Memorial Day Weekend for the music community in the U.S., generally means everyone begins to embark on the annual pilgrimage to the Techno mecca that is knowns as the Movement Festival in Detroit. However, the options do not stop with Movement, there is Lightning In A Bottle & Dreamstate in California, Boston Calling in Massachusetts, Neon Calling in Texas, SoundSet in Minnesota and so on. Last year's unexpected surprise was attending the first installment of Elements Lakewood Festival in Pennsylvania (a village in Preston Township cusping the edge of Pennsylvania's state border near New York state); run by the BangOn! NYC crew.
Elements Lakewood Festival is a three-day music and arts festival that is held across four stages with a wonderful variety of artists, as well as hidden stages all throughout the grounds. The five-hour drive from Boston was well worth it to spend a weekend in an intimate environment with wild decoration and shenanigans such as a floating pirate ship on the lake, which was comically commandeered and taken across the lake only to be tugged back by a rowboat (true story!). The stages were named after elements, Air, Water, Earth, and Fire and were robust with production and visual stimulation hosting the likes of Lee Burridge, Claptone, DJ Three, Thugfucker, Doorly, Eagles & Butterflies, Recondite, Satori and many others. Elements turned the campgrounds into a wonderland including hosting the Air stage within the woods which had a black-lit neon walk through that made the journey as exciting as the destination (you can check out last year's re-cap here!).
Elements Lakewood Festival 2017 Highlights
Photo Credits: Shot By Rod, Rivkin Photos, Elements Festival & Sasha B Photos
Learning that the BangOn! NYC crew was bringing Elements Lakewood back for their second year brought a well of excitement to my friends as we are very eager to bring with us a whole crew to experience the campgrounds. Magnetic Mag briefly spoke with Elements Lakewood's art director, Julianne Irene, who was very excited to let us know that this year, the festival revamped its art and activities program to create more auditorily, visually and spiritually immersive experience for the campers.
This year we will continue to focus in our immersive art and wellness programs. We plan to expand on last year's sustainable designs and build permenant structures that coincide with Elements ideal of eco friendly living. There will be more creative performances, art installments, and curated visual programing. Additionally, our wellness program will offer more options and workshops directed towards healthy living.
Last year alongside the music programming and visually stimulating stage designs and decoration, Elements also had an activities itinerary that outlined various music alternative programming that the attendees can enjoy throughout the day. From theme-camp hosted activities to yoga sessions at the Earth stage, a camper had plenty to do. There was a disco-themed roller rink next to a human foosball table (which was a blast) that was run by a guy who did free body paint. Each step of the way at Elements was filled with adventure and exploration.
Lakewood is surrounded by untouched maple and pine groves and a lot of the custom designs are directed in the forest where natural elements meet imagination. We plan to create stumble-upon areas with lighting and décor mapped out and discovered by peculiar chance or way of adventure. These designs lend to wonderland, nostalgia, and over sensory stimulation - all crafted elegantly and with thoughtful intention. Our stage builds are visceral, over-the-top fabrications by talented artist collectives, offering captivating visuals that capture the very brand that is Elements. Additionally, there is an open submission for artists to pitch ideas for curated content. We are always on the lookout for innovative design, large-scale sculpture builds, out-of-this-world installments, unique performance, and a new age blend of art and technology.
BangOn!'s Elements in Brooklyn has always been known for its elaborate and creative execution when it comes to being a music and arts event. So it is no surprise that their festival encourages artists, DJs, performers, and vendors, to apply to be a part of Elements Lakewood Festival. Elements Lakewood also has a wonderful volunteers program that lets you participate in the organization and operations of the festival in exchange for a festival pass.
The great thing about Elements is there is something for everyone. We will have around the clock music, immersive theater, artistic installments, rock climbing, roller skating, a pirate ship to walk the plank, lakeside swimming, and a lot of hidden surprises coming your way. We use maps, schedules, and signage to let people know about all the happenings going on at Elements. The music lineup, artistic installments, and activities will be listed for easy reference and performers roam the site to remind attendees of all the cool stuff going on.
Elements are well known for their extensive music programming, immersive art activations, and playful activities. Over the past year, we have put a lot of focus into a Wellness initiative and have expanded our network of healers to bring to Lakewood. There will be more programming directed towards healthy living and soulful influences. This includes a full yoga program, sound healing, massage, reiki, open forum workshops, and so much more.
Safe to say that there is going to be an overwhelming amount of options this coming Memorial Day Weekend for the Northeast music community. Magnetic Mag is really excited about the potential of Elements Lakewood Festival becoming another amazing experience to have so close to home and are looking forward to the first line-up announcements coming this January! If you would like to pitch artistic submissions or volunteer with the art department, please contact julianne@bangon-nyc.com!
Grab your tickets and learn more about their cabin options here!
ReconditeMemorial Day WeekendcampingOTTLovefingersFestivaldj threeBangOn!Lee BurridgeClaptoneSatoriThugfuckerDoorly
[INTERVIEW] Justin Jay Is Paving the Road to Elements Music & Arts Festival this Memorial Day Weekend
By Masha Lukashenko
[REVIEW & PHOTO GALLERY] Elements Arts & Music Festival Returns With Great Music, Activities & More
BangOn!NYC Promise A Camping Experience Filled with Adventure & Fun @ Elements Music & Arts Festival in Lakewood, PA this May!


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I Fratelli della foresta (in estone: metsavennad, in lettone mežabrāļi, ) furono dei gruppi di partigiani dell'Estonia, della Lettonia e della Lituania che compirono operazioni di sabotaggio e guerriglia contro il governo sovietico durante e dopo la seconda guerra mondiale. Movimenti simili di resistenza anti-sovietica si riscontrarono in Polonia, Romania, Bulgaria e nell'Ucraina occidentale.

L'Armata Rossa si insediò negli Stati baltici con l'Occupazione sovietica dei paesi baltici (1940) e, dopo un periodo di occupazione della Germania nazista, ancora nel 1944, per proseguire fino ai primissimi anni 1990. La politica di repressione di Stalin contro gli estoni, lettoni e lituani si intensificò soprattutto nel secondo dopoguerra e più di 170 000 persone si rifugiarono nelle foreste, usandole come base operativa per il movimento armato di resistenza anti-sovietica. Gruppi armati di varie dimensioni e composizione, organizzati per operazioni di autodifesa e guerriglia, furono in grado di impegnare in scontri anche significativi le forze sovietiche tra il 1944 e il 1956.

Origini
Il titolo di Fratelli della foresta fu assunto per la prima volta nelle regioni baltiche durante le caotiche fasi della Rivoluzione russa del 1905. Testimonianze riferiscono su primi assembramenti di contadini rivoltosi o di impiegati della scuola pubblica imboscati.

Quando l'Estonia, la Lettonia e la Lituania proclamarono l'indipendenza nel 1918 dopo la caduta dell'Impero russo, molti patrioti decisero di aderire agli ideali di nazionalismo e di autodeterminazione per la causa comune. Durante l'occupazione nella seconda guerra mondiale, avvenuta grazie al patto Molotov-Ribbentrop tra nazisti e comunisti sovietici, le dichiarazioni alleate tramite la Carta Atlantica avevano posto le premesse per il mantenimento dell'indipendenza dei tre paesi. Poiché nelle tre repubbliche baltiche si ebbero esperienze estremamente negative sia con le occupazioni sovietiche (vedi occupazione sovietica dei paesi baltici (1940) e deportazioni sovietiche dall'Estonia, dalla Lettonia e dalla Lituania) che con quelle tedesche (vedi occupazione nazista dei Paesi baltici) molti sperarono che tali propositi avrebbero avuto un esito favorevole.

Nel 1944 le autorità naziste tedesche crearono una rete di resistenza composta da 20.000 lituani alle dipendenze del generale Povilas Plechavičius per contrapporli ai partigiani guidati da Antanas Sniečkus, leader del Partito Comunista. La banda tuttavia fu sospettata di condurre azioni mirate alla conquista dell'indipendenza della Lituania, piuttosto che al fornire ausilio ai tedeschi. Il gruppo dirigente, pertanto, fu arrestato il 15 maggio 1944 e il generale Plechavičius venne deportato nel campo di concentramento nazista di Salaspils in Lettonia, quindi circa metà delle forze si sciolse per ritirarsi nelle campagne in vista delle operazioni partigiane contro l'Armata Rossa.

Le operazioni di guerriglia in Estonia e Lettonia ebbero, invece, l'autorizzazione di Hitler solo durante la completa ritirata a metà settembre 1944. Tutti i soldati delle forze estoni che avessero desiderato farlo (principalmente della 20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS) sarebbero potuti restare a difendere le proprie case. Questa "autorizzazione" della Germania nazista generò una certa confusione tra resistenza nazista e resistenza patriottica partigiana estone, contro l'occupazione dell'Armata Rossa. Molti estoni e lettoni partigiani indipendentisti ed alcuni tedeschi scampati alla cattura delle unità sovietiche iniziarono a combattere nelle campagne assumendo il titolo di Fratelli della foresta per anni, anche dopo la fine del conflitto globale. Altri, come Alfons Rebane e Alfrēds Riekstiņš, ripararono in Gran Bretagna e Svezia per partecipare alle operazioni alleate in sostegno dei ribelli.

Nel 1949-1950 una commissione americana investigò sul ruolo delle divisioni Estone e Lettone delle SS arrivando ad elaborare il 1º settembre 1950 un documento nel quale si legge:

Il governo baltico replicò che la Legione Lettone (composta principalmente dalla 15ª e dalla 19ª) non fu un'organizzazione criminale collaborazionista. Mart Laar (Primo ministro dell'Estonia, 1992-1994 e dal 1999-2002), nel suo libro del 1992 Guerra nelle foreste: la lotta dell'Estonia per sopravvivere, 1944-1956 respinge la propaganda sovietica che aveva descritto la resistenza baltica come un movimento orchestrato da facoltosi proprietari terrieri e ufficiali nazisti e ha dimostrato che i Fratelli della foresta contavano nei propri ranghi molti anti-nazisti ed ex partigiani sovietici. Ciò nonostante, per alcuni storici i collegamenti fra combattenti baltici e il regime nazista presentano ancora punti oscuri.

La resistenza non cessò anche dopo l'introduzione nei paesi baltici dell'obbligo di leva nell'Armata Rossa: molti uomini disertarono per unirsi alla guerriglia.

La guerra partigiana
Alla fine degli anni Quaranta e nei primi anni Cinquanta, i Fratelli della foresta ottennero sostegno e rifornimenti, nonché ufficiali di collegamento e di coordinamento logistico dai britannici dell'MI6, dagli statunitensi tramite la CIA, e dagli svedesi per mezzo della SÄPO Simili aiuti determinarono un miglior coordinamento nel movimento baltico di resistenza, ma essi subirono una netta battuta d'arresto dopo che l'Operazione Giungla dell'MI6 venne seriamente compromessa per via infiltrazioni sovietiche nello stesso servizio d'intelligence inglese. Gli agenti sotto copertura affiliati ai sovietici, infatti, fornirono informazioni al KGB che portarono ad identificare, infiltrare ed eliminare molte unità di guerriglia baltiche e tagliarne altre da ogni forma di contatto con i servizi segreti occidentali.

Il conflitto fra le armate sovietiche e i Fratelli della foresta terminò dopo una dozzina di anni: dal 1945 al 1956, secondo Laar, circa 150.000 baltici (30.000 estoni, 40.000 lettoni e 80.000 lituani) furono coinvolti nel movimento nazionale di resistenza partigiana, sia attivamente che passivamente. La storiografia fornisce cifre variegate, a testimonianza di come ci sia ancora oggi incertezza sul numero effettivo dei combattimenti e/o dei simpatizzanti.

In Estonia

In Estonia tra i 10.000 e i 15.000 uomini combatterono attivamente tra il 1944 e il 1953. I Fratelli della foresta locali risultarono più attivi nelle aree della contea di Võru, al confine tra la contea di Pärnu e la contea di Lääne, e tra la contea di Tartu e la contea di Viru. Durante il periodo novembre 1944-novembre 1947, furono responsabili di 773 attacchi armati e dell'uccisione di circa 1.000 sovietici e filo-sovietici. Al suo apice, nel 1947, l'organizzazione controllava dozzine di villaggi e città, creando un notevole fastidio ai trasporti di approvvigionamento sovietici che richiedevano una scorta armata. August Sabbe, l'ultimo sopravvissuto dei Fratelli della foresta in Estonia, fu scoperto dagli agenti del KGB nel 1978, sotto la falsa identità di un pescatore: per non consegnarsi a chi lo inseguiva, si tuffò in un fiume, ma rimase impigliato in un ceppo e, secondo il KGB, sarebbe morto annegato (nonostante le acque poco profonde e la mancanza di copertura nel sito). Questa versione è stata sempre contestata da storici estoni, più critici nei confronti delle ricostruzioni ufficiali: secondo lo storico e politico Mart Laar, Sabbe sarebbe stato infatti ucciso dagli agenti del KGB.

Numerosi furono i tentativi di dare la caccia ai parenti dei Fratelli della foresta. A tal proposito, uno degli estoni che riuscì a sfuggire alle deportazioni, Taimi Kreitsberg, ricordava dei funzionari sovietici: "[...] Mi portarono a Võru: non fui picchiato lì, ma per tre giorni e tre notti non mi diedero né da mangiare né da bere. Mi dissero che non mi avrebbero ucciso, ma mi torturarono [fino a quando] non tradii tutti i miei compagni. Per circa un mese mi trascinarono nei boschi e nelle fattorie di proprietà dei parenti dei Fratelli della foresta, oltre a incaricarmi di chiedere cibo e riparo mentre i sovietici attendevano di colpire all'insaputa dei ribelli. Dicevo di solito a chi incontravo di pattuglia di scacciarmi, dato che ero stato spedito dagli organi di sicurezza".

In Lettonia

In Lettonia, i preparativi per le operazioni di guerriglia iniziarono durante l'occupazione tedesca, ma i leader delle unità partigiane furono arrestati dalle autorità naziste. Unità di resistenza più fortunate iniziarono la loro preparazione durante gli ultimi mesi di guerra. I ranghi erano composti da un buon numero di ex soldati della Legione Lettone ancora impegnati sul suolo nazionale, come anche da civili. L'8 settembre 1944 a Riga, la guida del Consiglio centrale lettone emanò una dichiarazione in cui si sanciva il ripristino della sovranità dello Stato lettone, giorno in cui fu sciolta. Tale mossa politica avvenne allo scopo di sancire de facto l'indipendenza della Repubblica di Lettonia, nella speranza di ottenere un appoggio della comunità internazionale mentre tedeschi e sovietici erano assorbiti dai combattimenti. Il documento prescriveva che la Satversme (ovvero la Costituzione) assumesse il ruolo di legge fondamentale nella restaurata Repubblica di Lettonia: inoltre, sarebbe stata prevista l'istituzione di un Consiglio dei Ministri che avrebbe supervisionato le procedure.

Alcuni dei più importanti successi del Consiglio centrale lettone sono legati al campo militare: si pensi al gruppo del generale Jānis Kurelis (i cosiddetti "cureliani") e al battaglione del tenente Roberts Rubenis che condusse la lotta armata contro le forze delle Waffen-SS.

Nelle settimane in cui l'Armata Rossa si assicurò la capitale lettone, i gruppi di filo-indipendentisti continuarono a combattere. In Lettonia il numero dei combattenti salì tra la conquista sovietica e i primi anni del dopoguerra a circa 40.000 militanti, anche se il numero degli effettivi sul campo oscillava fra i 10.000 ed i 15.000, i quali rimpiazzarono le armi tedesche con quelle sovietiche. Un comando centrale delle organizzazioni di resistenza lettone mantenne una sede nel centro di Riga fino al 1947: non si conosce l'esito di tutte le 3.000 azioni portate a termine, tuttavia, in alcune di esse, i partigiani inflissero danni al personale militare, alle sedi di partito, ai palazzi e ai depositi di munizioni. Fonti sovietiche riportano di 1.562 vittime tra i propri ranghi e di 560 dispersi durante l'intero periodo di riferimento.

Le zone in cui risultarono più presenti includevano il distretto di Abrene, Ilūkste, Dundaga, Taurkalne, Lubāna, Aloja, Smiltene, Rauna e Līvāni: nelle regioni settentrionali, i lettoni avevano provveduto a mettersi in contatto con i militanti estoni, mentre in quelle meridionali parteciparono alle operazioni avviate dai lituani. Nonostante ciò, in Estonia e Lituania, subirono infiltrazioni da parte dell'MVD e dell'NKVD e a seguito di ciò molti partigiani furono scoperti ed uccisi. I sovietici diedero luogo ad una serie di cacce all'uomo consolidando gradualmente il proprio dominio nelle città, prima di passare alle più problematiche zone rurali. Il controllo delle prime da parte dagli insorti locali venne meno per via dello spionaggio sovietico e da agenti lettoni di dubbia fedeltà come Augusts Bergmanis e Vidvuds Sveics. Gli ultimi gruppi che abbandonarono la foresta lo fecero nel 1957 per consegnarsi alle autorità.

In Lituania

Fra le tre nazioni baltiche la resistenza fu meglio organizzata in Lituania, dove le unità di guerriglia erano effettivamente in grado di controllare intere regioni della campagna fino al 1949. I loro armamenti includevano mitragliatrici ceche Škoda, mitragliatrici pesanti Maxim russe, mortai vari e un'ampia varietà composta principalmente da mitragliatrici leggere sovietiche e tedesche. Quando non si trovavano in combattimenti a viso aperto con l'esercito sovietico o con unità speciali dell'NKVD, i partigiani eseguivano imboscate, sabotaggi, assassinavano attivisti e funzionari comunisti locali, liberavano guerriglieri incarcerati e diffondevano giornali o opuscoli stampati clandestinamente.

Il 1º luglio 1944 l'esercito di liberazione lituano (Lietuvos laisvės armija, LLA) dichiarò lo stato di guerra contro l'Unione Sovietica e ordinò a tutti i suoi sottoposti in grado di mobilitarsi a formare dei plotoni, di stanza nelle foreste e di non lasciare la Lituania. I dipartimenti furono sostituiti da due settori, quello operativo, chiamato Vanagai (falchi, abbreviato in VS), e quello organizzativo (abbreviato in OS). I Vanagai, comandati da Albinas Karalius (nome in codice Varenis), furono preposti agli scontri armati mentre il settore organizzativo aveva il compito di resistere passivamente, compresa la fornitura di cibo, informazioni e trasporto ai combattenti. A metà del 1944, l'esercito di liberazione contava 10.000 unità. I sovietici ne uccisero 659 e ne arrestarono 753 prima del 26 gennaio 1945; il fondatore Kazys Veverskis fu ucciso nel dicembre 1944, il quartier generale fu liquidato nel dicembre 1945. Tale evento rappresentò il fallimento della resistenza altamente centralizzata, poiché il settore preposto all'organizzazione dipendeva eccessivamente dai militanti e da Veverskis e non fu in grado di agire da solo. Nel 1946 i restanti leader e combattenti dell'LLA cominciarono ad unirsi partigiani lituani, tanto che tre anni più tardi tutti i membri dello "stato maggiore" del Movimento dei Combattenti per la Libertà Lituana avevano in passato ricoperto un ruolo nell'LLA.

Il Comitato supremo per la liberazione della Lituania (Vyriausias Lietuvos išlaisvinimo komitetas, o VLIK), l'ennesima istituzione creata al fine di ottenere l'indipendenza, vide la luce il 25 novembre 1943 e, in tempi rapidi, elaborò un sistema di stampa di giornali clandestini prima che molti dei suoi esponenti fossero arrestati dalla Gestapo nel 1944. Dopo la rioccupazione della Lituania da parte dei sovietici, il VLIK si spostò in Occidente allo scopo di allertare il resto della comunità internazionale sulla difficile situazione vissuta dal Paese baltici e al fine di mantenere una rappresentanza, sia pur de iure, di un governo dello Stato lituano.

Il grosso dei partigiani era comporto da ex membri della Forza di difesa territoriale lituana, dell'Unione dei fucilieri lituani e dell'esercito di liberazione lituano. Tra la popolazione civile, chi scelse di unirsi ai ribelli apparteneva al mondo contadino, aveva ricoperto un ruolo nell'amministrazione della Lituania indipendente, era studente o insegnante. Il movimento fu generalmente visto con favore da chi non vi aderisse direttamente e incoraggiato dalla chiesa cattolica. Si stima che alla fine del 1945, 30.000 unità si nascondevano nelle foreste della Lituania.

Man mano che la lotta proseguiva e i ribelli avevano bisogno di equipaggiamenti bellici, gli arsenali iniziarono a riempirsi: tra il 1945-1951, i sovietici sequestrarono ai partigiani 31 mortai, 2.921 mitragliatrici, 6.304 fucili d'assalto, 22.962 fucili, 8.155 pistole, 15.264 granate, 2.596 mine e 3.779.133 cartucce. Le modalità con cui vennero acquisite tali forniture derivavano da furti ai depositi sovietici, da acquisti illeciti o da uccisioni di soldati dell'Armata Rossa. Ogni partigiano disponeva di un binocolo e di qualche granata, di solito preservare più che per i bersagli per far esplodere se stessi o le loro facce. Lo scopo era quello di evitare la prigionia, poiché le torture fisiche dell'MGB/NKVD erano assai brutali e rese note ai parenti per spingerli a non ribellarsi.

Le rappresaglie contro fattorie e villaggi filo-sovietici furono tutt'altro che leggere: le unità dell'NKVD, i battaglioni di distruzione (conosciuti tra i lituani come Stribai, dal russo: istrebiteli - distruttori) misero in atto una dura repressione per scoraggiare la formazione di ulteriori cellule, ad esempio esponendo a scopo deterrente le spoglie dei partigiani giustiziati nei cortili dei villaggi.

Il rapporto di una commissione formata in una prigione del KGB pochi giorni dopo il 15 ottobre 1956, data dell'arresto di Adolfas Ramanauskas ("Vanagas"), comandante principale del Movimento dei Combattenti per la Libertà Lituana, osservava quanto segue:

Juozas Lukša fu tra quelli che riuscirono a fuggire nei paesi occidentali; ha raccontato le vicende personali nello scritto "Fratelli della foresta: il resoconto di un combattente per la libertà lituana anti-sovietico, 1944-1948" mentre era a Parigi e fu ucciso dopo essere tornato nella Lituania occupata nel 1951.

Gli ultimi combattenti della resistenza antisovietica lituani morti in azione risultarono Pranas Končius (nome in codice Adomas) e Kostas Liuberskis (nome in codice Žvainys). Il primo fu ucciso il 6 luglio 1965 (alcune fonti indicano che si sparò il 13 luglio per sfuggire alla cattura) e premiato con la Croce di Vytis nel 2000. Il secondo risulta deceduto il 2 ottobre 1969; il suo destino fu sconosciuto per decenni, prima che nel XXI secolo si analizzasse la sua figura a livello storiografico.

Benediktas Mikulis, un altro tra gli ultimi partigiani conosciuti rimasto celato nel verde, venne allo scoperto nel 1971 e fu arrestato negli anni '80, trascorrendo diversi anni in prigione.

Declino dei movimenti di resistenza

All'inizio degli anni '50, le forze sovietiche avevano stroncato la maggior parte dei focolai di resistenza: le informazioni raccolte dalle spie sovietiche in Occidente e dagli infiltrati del KGB all'interno del movimento di resistenza, in combinazione con operazioni supervisionate da Mosca su larga scala nel 1952, risultarono infatti decisive per evitare ulteriori episodi di insurrezioni armate. Molti dei restanti Fratelli della foresta deposero le armi quando i sovietici annunciarono una campagna di "amnistia" e "legalizzazione" per coloro che si nascondevano nelle foreste per evitare la coscrizione. Secondo i rapporti sovietici del 1955-1957, furono diverse le persone a chiederle, qualificate come "banditi nazionalisti armati" o disertori che evitavano la coscrizione. Non mancarono episodi di guerriglia causati da gruppi composti da poche persone o da individui che agivano da soli. È noto che gli ultimi guerriglieri ancora attivi rimasero nascosti e sfuggirono alla cattura fino agli anni '80, quando gli Stati baltici premevano per l'indipendenza con mezzi pacifici (si pensi al movimento Sąjūdis, alla catena baltica, che coinvolse circa 2 milioni di persone, e alla rivoluzione cantata).

Conseguenze, memoriali e commemorazioni

Molti partigiani lettoni continuarono a sperare che le ostilità della guerra fredda tra il Blocco occidentale, che non aveva mai riconosciuto come legittima l'annessione sovietica ai sensi della dottrina Stimson, e il Blocco orientale potessero degenerare in un conflitto armato, mai avvenuto, portando al ripristino dell'indipendenza in Lituania.

Dato che il conflitto risultò relativamente privo di documenti da parte dell'Unione Sovietica (i combattenti lettoni non vennero mai ufficialmente riconosciuti e indicato come "banditi e fuorilegge"), alcuni considerano la lotta sovietico-lettone nel suo insieme come una guerra sconosciuta o dimenticata. Le indagini storiografiche sulla resistenza furono vietate durante in epoca sovietica e gli scritti sull'argomento da parte degli emigranti lituani vennero spesso bollati dalla propaganda sovietica come esempi di "simpatia etnica" e censurati. Gli eventi storici sono stati rivisitati in tutti e tre i Paesi dall'inizio degli anni '90.

Il 16 febbraio 1949, il 31º anniversario dell'Atto d'Indipendenza della Lituania, lo staff congiunto del Movimento dei Combattenti firmò una dichiarazione sulla restaurazione dell'indipendenza della Lituania, la quale nazione avrebbe dovuto assumere i tratti di uno stato democratico fondato su principi democratici. Nel 1999, il Seimas (parlamento) lituano ha riconosciuto formalmente questa dichiarazione come una Dichiarazione di Indipendenza.

Oggi, in Lettonia e Lituania, i veterani sopravvissuti tra i Fratelli della foresta percepiscono una pensione statale. Nel Paese baltico più meridionale, la terza domenica di maggio si svolgono commemorazioni volte a celebrare la festa dei partigiani.

In una conferenza del 2001 a Tallinn, il senatore degli Stati Uniti John McCain ha riconosciuto gli sforzi profusi dai Fratelli della foresta estoni.

I Fratelli della foresta nella cultura di massa
Il film canadese Creatori della leggenda (Legendi loojad) sui Fratelli della foresta estoni fu rilasciato nel 1963 e fu finanziato con donazioni di cittadini estoni in esilio.

Il film del 1966 Nessuno voleva morire (titolo in lingua originale: Niekas nenorėjo mirti) del regista sovietico-lituano Vytautas Žalakevičius mostra la tragedia del conflitto in cui "un uomo si spinge contro suo fratello". Nonostante sia stato girato da una prospettiva e seguendo i canoni sovietici, il film fornisce alcuni suggerimenti che alludono alla possibilità di punti di vista alternativi. Il film ha conferito successo a Žalakevičius e un certo numero di giovani attori lituani protagonisti della pellicola.

Una serie televisiva lettone di epoca sovietica La lunga strada attraverso le dune (1980-1982) tocca l'argomento dei fratelli lettoni della foresta da una prospettiva sovietica. Un'altra serie TV lettone, Likteņa līdumnieki, prodotta dalla Latvijas Televīzija dal 2003 al 2008, mostra l'impatto della lotta (e di altri eventi storici dal 1885 al 1995) sulla vita della famiglia Nārbuļi e della loro fattoria.

L'opera documentaria del 1997 Abbiamo vissuto per l'Estonia (Elasime Eestile) racconta la storia dei Fratelli della foresta estoni dal punto di vista di uno dei partecipanti.

Il film del 2004 Completamente Solo (in lituano: Vienui Vieni) ritrae le esperienze vissute dal leader partigiano lituano Juozas Lukša che viaggiò due volte in Europa occidentale nel tentativo di ottenere supporto alla sua causa.

Il film documentario del 2005 Stirna racconta la storia di Izabelė Vilimaitė (nomi in codice Stirna e Sparnuota), una donna di origine americana che si trasferì in Lituania con la sua famiglia nel 1932. Studentessa di medicina e farmacista, consegnò medicinali sottobanco e altre forniture simili ai partigiani, infiltrandosi più tardi nel Komsomol (gioventù comunista) locale, per poi essere scoperta, catturata e fuggita due volte. Dopo aver raggiunto i rifugi dei partigiani, fu sospettata di essere stata corrotta dal KGB come informatrice e fu quasi giustiziata. Quando più tardi il KGB scoprì il bunker in cui si nascondeva assieme agli altri rivoltosi, fu catturata per la terza volta, interrogata e infine uccisa.

Il film estone 2007 Figli della foresta (Ühe metsa pojad) segue la vicenda di due combattenti nell'Estonia meridionale, che combatterono al fianco di un estone affiliato alle Waffen-SS contro le truppe sovietiche.

Il romanzo del 2013 Forest Brothers di Geraint Roberts, segue le avventure di un ufficiale disonorato della Royal Navy che ritorna in Estonia nel 1944 per conto dell'intelligence britannica. Molte persone che lo avevano aiutato in passato scelsero di vivere nelle foreste quando ancora imperversava la seconda guerra mondiale.

Esempi recenti di cinematografia lettone includono la pellicola del 2014 Alias lupo solitario (Segvārds Vientulis), che narra la storia del combattente della resistenza di alto rango e del sacerdote cattolico Antons "Vientulis" Juhņevičs, e la serie televisiva del 2019 Foresta rossa (Sarkanais mežs), incentrata sugli agenti lettoni inviati dall'MI6 nella Lettonia occupata dai sovietici per trovare supporto tra i partigiani locali durante l'Operazione Giungla.

Ultimo fratello della foresta attivo
L'ultimo Fratello della foresta a uscire allo scoperto fu Jānis Pīnups, che venne fuori dal suo nascondiglio solo nel 1995. Il lettone disertò l'Armata Rossa nel 1944 e le autorità sovietiche presunsero la sua morte in battaglia quando cadde al suolo privo di sensi durante uno scontro. Quando questi si risvegliò, decise di tornare a casa, dove iniziò a nascondersi nella foresta vicina per paura che la sua famiglia venisse deportata se fosse stata scoperta la sua diserzione. Circa 25 anni dopo essersi nascosto, fu costretto a cercare assistenza medica e iniziò ad agire in maniera più libera da allora in poi. Solo i suoi fratelli e, in seguito, coloro che vivevano nelle vicinanze della sua vecchia casa sapevano chi egli fosse, mentre il resto della sua famiglia sapeva che non era morto in guerra dopo essere uscito dal nascondiglio.

Note al testo

Note bibliografiche

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
Anticomunismo
Deportazioni sovietiche dall'Estonia
Deportazioni sovietiche dalla Lettonia
Deportazioni sovietiche dalla Lituania
Erna Luuregrupp
Occupazione dei paesi baltici
Relazioni balto-sovietiche
Resistenza baltica

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Movimenti di resistenza della seconda guerra mondiale
Occupazione dei paesi baltici
Storia dell'Estonia
Storia della Lettonia
Storia della Lituania
Storia contemporanea europea
Anticomunismo

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