– Credit (from Latin credit history, "(he/she/it) thinks") could be the have confidence in which permits one party to provide funds or assets to a different social gathering where that next social gathering will not reimburse the very first occasion promptly (thus creating a financial debt), but rather promises either to repay or return All those methods (or other elements of equivalent value) at a later on day. Quite simply, credit rating is really a way of generating reciprocity formal, lawfully enforceable, and extensible to a considerable team of unrelated folks.
. The methods offered could possibly be fiscal (e.g. granting a loan), or they may encompass goods or companies (e.g. client credit). Credit history encompasses any type of deferred payment. Credit rating is prolonged by a creditor, generally known as a lender, to some debtor, also called a borrower.
Bank-issued credit history would make up the largest proportion of credit history in existence. The traditional look at of banking institutions as intermediaries concerning savers and borrower is incorrect. Modern-day banking is about credit rating creation. Credit score is created up of two components, the credit rating (funds) and its corresponding credit card debt, which involves repayment with desire. The majority (97% as of December 2018) of The cash in britain overall economy is designed as credit. Whenever a financial institution problems credit score (i.e. can make a personal loan), it writes a damaging entry in to the liabilities column of its equilibrium sheet, and an equal favourable figure around the assets column; the asset getting the personal loan repayment earnings stream (furthermore fascination) from a credit rating-worthy personal. When the debt is fully repaid, the credit and financial debt are cancelled, and the money disappears from your overall economy. Meanwhile, the debtor receives a positive hard cash equilibrium (which can be employed to invest in something just like a dwelling), but will also an equivalent unfavorable liability to become repaid into the financial institution over the period. Many of the credit score made goes into the acquisition of land and home, creating inflation in Individuals marketplaces, that is An important driver of the financial cycle.
When a lender makes credit score, it correctly owes the money to by itself. If a financial institution challenges a lot of terrible credit rating (Those people debtors that are not able to fork out it back again), the bank will turn out to be insolvent; getting more liabilities than property. The financial institution by no means experienced The cash to lend in the first place is immaterial – the banking license affords banks to generate credit score – what issues is usually that a lender's whole belongings are higher than its full liabilities, and that it is Keeping enough liquid assets – like dollars – to satisfy its obligations to its debtors. If it fails To achieve this it challenges personal bankruptcy.
There are 2 most important varieties of personal credit rating established by banking companies; unsecured (non-collateralized) credit such as shopper bank cards and tiny unsecured loans, and secured (collateralized) credit, commonly secured versus the merchandise becoming bought with the money (household, boat, automobile, and so on.). To scale back their publicity to the risk of not finding their a refund (credit default), banks will usually problem massive credit sums to All those deemed credit history-worthy, in addition to to need collateral; something of equivalent benefit on the bank loan, that will be handed towards the bank If your debtor fails to meet the repayment phrases in the financial loan. During this instance, the lender takes advantage of sale of your collateral to reduce its liabilities. Samples of secured credit history include things like consumer mortgages used to get houses, boats and many others., and PCP (private contract approach) credit rating agreements for car purchases.
Movements of monetary funds are Generally dependent on both credit history or fairness transfers. The worldwide credit rating market is 3 times the dimensions of worldwide equity. Credit score is in turn dependent on the name or creditworthiness in the entity which will take obligation with the cash. Credit can be traded in financial markets. The purest kind would be the credit history default swap current market, which is basically a traded current market in credit rating insurance coverage. A credit rating default swap signifies the value at which two events exchange this risk – the safety seller can take the risk of default with the credit score in return for your payment, typically denoted in foundation points (just one foundation issue is one/100 of a percent) from the notional amount being referenced, while the defense purchaser pays this high quality and in the case of default of your fundamental (a personal loan, bond or other receivable), provides this receivable to the security vendor and gets from the seller the par volume (that is, is made total).
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The cost of credit history is the additional quantity, over and over the amount borrowed, that the borrower has to fork out. It features curiosity, arrangement expenses and any other costs. Some expenditures are necessary, expected via the lender as an integral Component of the credit rating settlement. Other expenditures, like All those for credit score insurance, might be optional; the borrower chooses if They can be provided as part of the settlement.
Interest along with other rates are presented in a variety of different ways, but beneath a lot of legislative regimes lenders are necessary to quote all required prices in the shape of the once-a-year share charge (APR). The target of the APR calculation is to market "fact in lending", to give likely borrowers a transparent evaluate in the legitimate expense of borrowing and to permit a comparison for being produced among competing merchandise. The APR is derived with the sample of improvements and repayments made over the arrangement. Optional expenses are often not included in the APR calculation.
Curiosity premiums on financial loans to people, no matter whether mortgages or credit cards, are most often established with reference to your credit history rating. Calculated by non-public credit rating rating agencies or centralized credit bureaus according to elements for instance prior defaults, payment record and available credit, people today with better scores are generally specified a decrease APR than All those with lessen scores.
It's a extensively-held misunderstanding that People with fantastic credit rating have an improved grasp of taking care of their funds. Inside a modern consumer study from Marcus by Goldman Sachs®*, 34 % of people with great credit rating (FICO 660 and above) are in credit card financial debt and forty one per cent check out bank card debt as a place they wished they'd far more Regulate in excess of.
Even Individuals with fantastic or great credit score — a rating of 660 FICO or above — can be susceptible to the cycle of higher-curiosity bank card credit card debt that includes variable desire costs and hidden expenses. It's sufficient to help make any individual feel like personal debt resolution is out of achieve.For the vast majority of populace, it's a lot easier to go into debt than it's to get from it. In accordance with NerdWallet's 2018 American Domestic Charge card Credit card debt Analyze, the standard household with bank card debt has balances totaling $16,748**. Each day expenditures and sudden fees like braces for the children, a leaky roof or perhaps a warm water heater breaking can have an affect on everyone. For numerous, it's simple to fall driving and vacation resort to significant-interest charge cards as a solution.
Financial debt, especially credit card personal debt, could be deeply stress filled for individuals carrying a seemingly endless equilibrium thirty day period over month. This stress, combined with the deep-rooted stigma all-around talking about charge card financial debt, leaves Lots of people feeling like they've got constrained alternatives to help you them superior manage their funds.The buyer study by Marcus by Goldman Sachs also uncovered astonishing quantities bordering the struggles Us residents with very good credit score have with credit card debt.
. Many are unaware of alternative alternatives that can help address their charge card financial debt and turn to progressively Determined steps for help. 30-4 per cent would take into consideration advertising off home things to help with payments and 38 per cent would consider turning to some 2nd task.However, you can find other options that can help remove the revolving cycle of charge card financial debt.One viable alternative is a fixed-rate, no payment personal financial loan, offered from Marcus by Goldman Sachs. Financial loans range between $3,500 to $thirty,000 to qualified customers with excellent or great credit history (FICO 660 and higher than).
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Home / NMHU Campus News / Uncategorized / Students To Design Electronic Fashion for Symposium
Students To Design Electronic Fashion for Symposium
Las Vegas, N.M — Las Vegas and Taos high school students will have a chance to design high-tech accessories for an electronically enhanced fashion show called CorpusElectric that will be performed at the International Symposium on Electronic Art in Albuquerque in September.
The CorpusElectric Collective is a collaboration forged this spring between the New Mexico Highlands University Media Arts Department, Taos Runway Vigilantes, an avant-garde fashion team, and 516 ARTS, an independent nonprofit arts venue based in Albuquerque.
The free two-week CorpusElectric STEMArts workshops will be offered to 11th and 12th graders. Space is limited to 10 students for each workshop.
In Las Vegas, the dates for the intensive workshop are June 11 — 15 and June 25 — 29 in the Highlands University Media Arts Building, 901 University Ave. The deadline to apply is April 2.
In Taos, the workshop will be June 4 — 8 and June 18 — 22 in the Harwood Museum of Art, 238 Ledoux St. The deadline to apply is March 15.
"The high school students will work alongside professionals as part of a design team while they learn how to create unique wearable accessories using cutting-edge technology," said Megan Jacobs, the media arts professor who spearheaded the university's participation in CorpusElectric. "In this project, we'll sew LilyPad microcontrollers into fabric to create interactive theatrical garments that change lights, color and movement.
"There's a huge new global movement to use this wearable microcontroller technology in a vast array of applications in the medical field, athletics, the military, and much more. Our fashion application is just the tip of the iceberg," Jacobs said.
Just one example already on the market are shoes with microsensors that help blind people navigate by communicating with the GPS app in their smart phone.
This semester, Jacobs' Design Projects for the Community class is creating four garments for the CorpusElectric fashion show using the physical computing savvy they gained in another media arts class taught by Miriam Langer.
For instance, two students in the class, Nick Casados and Matthew Threadgill, designed a garment called Shooting Stars. It features fabric coated with glow-in-the-dark paint activated by blue lasers that burn streaks across the surface, mimicking shooting stars.
Media arts graduate student Stacy Romero is Jacobs' teaching assistant for the class and will teach the STEMArts workshop in Las Vegas. The 26-year-old is a graduate of West Las Vegas High School.
Romero created a Facebook page and twitter account to feature the media arts students' work for CorpusElectic.
"Stacy is a natural teacher with a robust background in this emerging technology," Jacobs said.
Romero said: "I want to inspire the creative process in these high school students and empower them to use this exciting new technology. I also want them to understand the mystery behind so much of the new media used today. There's so much talent in our small community and these students will have the chance to showcase their work at an international conference before they even graduate from high school. It's a great opportunity to jump-start their resume.
"CorpusElectric is another example of how the Media Arts Department brings the latest multimedia trends to its students and the community. The media arts faculty is a powerhouse here at Highlands," Romero said.
To register for the Las Vegas STEMArts workshop, contact Romero at corpuselectric@gmail.com
The Taos workshop will be taught by Nina Silfverberg and Tatyana DePavloff of Taos. To register, contact Agnes Chavez at agnes@isea2012.org
The CorpusElectric project is made possible through funding from the International Symposium on Electronic Art, Intel, New Mexico Highlands University, AmeriCorps, the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs, and SparkFun Electronics.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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608 F. 2d 204 - United States v. Diezel E
608 F2d 204 United States v. Diezel E
Michael Robert DIEZEL, William E. Fuller and Geraldo Ruiz,
Dec. 13, 1979.
Manuel W. James, Key West, Fla., Alvin E. Entin, North Miami Beach, Fla., for defendants-appellants.
A. Scott Miller, Linda Collins Hertz, Asst. U. S. Attys., Miami, Fla., for plaintiff-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.
Before TUTTLE, GOLDBERG and RANDALL, Circuit Judges.
TUTTLE, Circuit Judge:
This is an appeal by three defendants from a conviction for violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and § 846 possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance and conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute a controlled substance, in this case, marijuana. They appeal, asserting several procedural violations. We affirm their convictions.
On May 18, 1978, Captain Fred Long of the United States Customs Service received information from a confidential source to the effect that an illegal offloading of marijuana would occur at the Marquesas Shrimp Company in Key West, Florida early the next morning. The property was then placed under surveillance. At about 3:30 a. m., a van and pick-up truck drove to the grounds and parked near the pier. At around 4:15 a. m., a sea vessel approached the pier.
Large bales were unloaded from the boat onto the motor vehicles. As the motor vehicles left the company property, they were stopped by Customs officers. These officers noticed the odor of marijuana, discovered marijuana in the vehicle and arrested the two drivers who are defendants here, Michael Diezel and Geraldo Ruiz. At about that time, the commotion caused some of those who had been loading bales to run into a nearby warehouse where they too were arrested by Customs officers.
All of the defendants were read their Miranda rights in Spanish and English. One of the defendants, William Fuller, asked one of the officers to retrieve his shirt from the sea vessel, describing the location of the shirt. It was found where he said and a search of the vessel led to the discovery of more marijuana.
Before trial, Fuller moved to suppress his statement about the shirt. That motion was denied after Fuller's lawyer refused to proceed after arguing that the burden of proof lay on the prosecution.
All three defendants in this appeal moved to suppress the introduction of the physical evidence on the grounds that it was unconstitutionally obtained. The trial court denied that motion also.
At a joint jury trial of 13 defendants, all were convicted of both counts of the indictment. After the convictions, the court ruled on earlier defense motions for acquittal and granted them, except for the three defendants in this appeal.
The defendants here argue first that the Customs officials had no authority to search the vehicles or vessels because their jurisdiction is limited to situations where a border crossing has taken place. In the suppression hearing, Customs Officer Gregory V. Welch testified that he did not know if the ship had come from outside the country.1
It is true that Customs officers are not like state or local police who are general guardians of the public peace. See United States v. Diamond,471 F.2d 771 (9th Cir. 1973), Cert. denied, 412 U.S. 932, 93 S.Ct. 2751, 37 L.Ed.2d 161 (1973). The powers of the Customs Service to arrest and search are defined by federal statute and are usually limited to violations of the Customs laws. See for example 19 U.S.C. 4822 and 1581(a).3
However, in the area of drug enforcement, Congress has entrusted broader powers to the Customs Service. As part of the Narcotic Control Act of 1956, Congress gave Customs agents the power to:
(2) make arrests without warrant for violations of any law of the United States relating to narcotic drugs . . . or marihuana . . . where the violation is committed in the presence of the person making the arrest or where such person has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing such violation.
26 U.S.C. § 7607. This statute embodies the notion that Customs officials have specified arrest powers in matters dealing with narcotic drug or marijuana violations. Since the arrest and searches here clearly involved such drugs, the Customs officers had statutory jurisdiction to arrest and search. We therefore reject this portion of the defendants' arguments.
The defendants argue next that the trial judge's denial of the motion to suppress Fuller's statement because the lawyer refused to proceed was improper because the burden of proving the voluntariness of a confession rests with the prosecution. They also argue that the trial court was obligated under 18 U.S.C. § 35014 to hold a "voluntariness hearing."
We reject both of these arguments. First, while the pre-trial burden of proof concerning the voluntariness of a confession rests with the government, the burden is on the movant to make specific factual allegations of illegality. As this Court said in United States v. Evans, 572 F.2d 455, 486 (5th Cir. 1978), Cert. denied 439 U.S. 870, 99 S.Ct. 200, 58 L.Ed.2d 182 (1978), "The burden is on the movant to make specific factual allegations of illegality, to produce evidence, and to persuade the court that the evidence should be suppressed." See also United States v. De La Fuente, 548 F.2d 528, 533-34 (5th Cir. 1977), Cert. denied, 431 U.S. 932, 97 S.Ct. 2640, 53 L.Ed.2d 249 (1976); 434 U.S. 904 (1977); United States v. Crocker, 510 F.2d 1129, 1135 (10th Cir. 1975).
Second, under 18 U.S.C. 3501(d),5 no "voluntariness hearing" is required for a statement which was not the result of interrogation or which was made when the suspect was not in custody. Here, where the defendant Fuller asked officers to get his shirt from on board the ship, his statement was clearly volunteered and not in response to interrogation. It therefore falls within the statutory exception to the requirement of a hearing.6
Finally, the defendants allege that it was reversible error for the prosecution to reveal the fact that all the defendants were read their Miranda rights but that a conversation was held only with Fuller. They argue that such a disclosure is a reference to the fact that no other defendant made any post-arrest statements and was therefore an impermissible prosecutorial comment on Diezel's and Ruiz's post-arrest silence.
We disagree. The standards set forth in United States. v. Edwards, 576 F.2d 1152, 1154 (5th Cir. 1978), provide a bifurcated test for determining whether or not prosecutorial statements are a reference to a defendant's silence. That case held that such statements were such a reference when: (1) the manifest intention of the prosecution was to draw attention to the defendant's post-arrest silence; or (2) the jury could infer "naturally and necessarily" that it was a comment on the defendant's silence.
Neither of those factors exists here. The reference to Diezel's and Ruiz's silence came only after the prosecution had asked a Customs agent, who had spoken with Fuller, whether he had a conversation with any of the defendants. The agent mistakenly answered "no," which forced the prosecutor to then ask specifically about the conversation with Fuller.7 Under these circumstances, it was clear that it was not the intention of the prosecutor to draw attention to the other defendants' silence or that the jury would have inferred it as such.
Having disposed of these contentions, we AFFIRM the holding of the trial court.
By MR. ENTRIN:
Q: Where did you see the SEAHORSE coming in from?
A: It came in from a seawardly direction, from the bay area outside to the pier.
Q: Do you know whether it had even been outside the bay?
A: No, sir.
Q: Did you have any information that it had ever been outside of the bay, yourself?
Q: Had the trucks ever been seen outside of the Continental United States?
A: No, sir, not that I know of. (TR 40-41).
19 U.S.C. 482 states:
Any of the officers or persons authorized to board or search vessels may stop, search, and examine, as well without as within their respective districts, any vehicle, beast, or person, on which or whom he or they shall suspect there is merchandise which is subject to duty, or shall have been introduced into the United States in any manner contrary to law, whether by the person in possession or charge, or by, in, or upon such vehicle or beast, or otherwise, and to search any trunk or envelope, wherever found, in which he may have a reasonable cause to suspect there is merchandise which was imported contrary to law; and if any such officer or other person so authorized shall find any merchandise on or about any such vehicle, beast, or person, or in any such trunk or envelope, which he shall have reasonable cause to believe is subject to duty, or to have been unlawfully introduced into the United States, whether by the person in possession or charge, or by, in, or upon such vehicle, beast or otherwise, he shall seize and secure the same for trial.
19 U.S.C. 1581(a) states:
Any officer of the customs may at anytime go on board of any vessel or vehicle at any place in the United States or within the customs waters or, as he may be authorized, within a customs-enforcement area established under sections 1701 and 1703-1711 of the title, or of any other authorized place, without as well as within his district, and examine the manifest and other documents and papers and examine, and inspect, and search the vessel or vehicle and every part thereof and any person, trunk, package, or cargo on board, and to this end may hail and stop such vessel or vehicle, and use all necessary force to compel compliance.
In United States v. Whitmire, 595 F.2d 1303 (5th Cir. 1979), Cert. filed, 48 USLW 3262 (Oct. 16, 1979), this Circuit rejected the notion that this statute always required known border crossing facts.
18 U.S.C. § 3501 states in part:
(a) In any criminal prosecution brought by the United States or by the District of Columbia, a confession, as defined in subsection (e) hereof, shall be admissible in evidence if it is voluntarily given. Before such confession is received in evidence, the trial judge shall, out of the presence of the jury, determine any issue as to voluntariness.
(d) Nothing contained in this section shall bar the admission in evidence of any confession made or given voluntarily by any person to any other person without interrogation by anyone, or at any time at which the person who made or gave such confession was not under arrest or other detention
Section 3501(d) could be read as simply a reiteration of the standards for admissibility of confessions set out in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966) and other related cases. However, we read this section, as Judge Wilkey of the D.C. Circuit read it in United States v. Bernett, 161 U.S.App.D.C. 363, 391, 495 F.2d 943, 972 (D.C.Cir.1974) in an en banc concurrence as an "exception to the procedural requirements of § 3501 . . ." in the sorts of situations set out in this subsection, such as when a defendant has volunteered information without interrogation
Q: Did you have any conversation with Any one of the defendants?
(TR p. 97)
The prosecutor's next question was:
Q: Did you have a conversation with Mr. Fuller that evening?


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January 12, 2015 – The 15-Inch Cup Challenge Huge Success – 15-Inch Cup Challenge!
It's been a very exciting week already for OPERATION GAME ON. Monday was media day at Fairbanks Ranch Country Club to help promote our 15-Inch Cup Challenge that happens Monday, January 12th, 2015. You get a chance to compete to try and get a hole-in-one and receive prizes and each participant can enter into a chance to win the grand prize.
Several local news channels and their crews were on hand to learn more and help share what we are doing. So, in case you missed it live – this will get you fully up to speed on who / what / when /where / and most importantly, why.
There are quite a few very fun moments as well with Pat Perez as he was on hand to try out the 15-inch Cup.
This is your SNEAK PREVIEW for this unique event. Check it out and be sure to register today if have not registered yet.
The first 250 people that sign-up will be able to participate in this unique golf challenge and a chance to win cash and tickets to THE MASTERS or GOLF FOR 2 at PEBBLE BEACH.
Noon – 3 PM at Fairbanks Ranch Country Club. It'll be an off-the-hook golf party like you've never seen before!!
You'll get multiple chances to get a hole-in-one. 20 shots for $150. But wait!!!! The hole will be a whopping 15-inches. This will even the odds a bit don't you think?
>Choose an option from the drop down menu.


text:
Stink Pits
– in the Scottish Parliament on 15th June 2017.
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Linda Fabiani Scottish National Party
The next item of business is a members' business debate on motion S5M-05662, in the name of Christine Grahame, on stink pits stink. The debate will be concluded without any question being put.
Motion debated,
That the Parliament notes the continued use of stink pits, which are also known as middens, as part of the predator control regime on shooting estates in the Scottish Borders and elsewhere; understands that these are pits or piles of animal carcasses that are left to decompose so that the smell will attract foxes and other predators into snares placed around them; believes that the dead animals found in these pits recently have included foxes, deer, whole salmon, pink-footed geese, pheasants, rabbits, mountain hares and domestic cats; considers that killing and dumping animals, including protected species and domestic pets, to rot and act as bait to trap other animals, is inhumane and fundamentally disrespectful to the creatures; believes that current use goes beyond good practice in many instances; notes the view that it is necessary to assess the justification for permitting their use when the disposal of farm livestock is strictly controlled, when the extent to which their use is associated with the killing of protected species and domestic animals is taken account of and when the association between the pits and intensive predator control regimes as practised on driven grouse moors is examined, and notes calls for the Scottish Government to consider the merits of banning the use of stink pits in Scotland altogether, on ethical, animal welfare and public health grounds.
Link to this speech In context Individually
Official Report source
Peter Chapman Conservative
I refer members to my entry in the register of members' interests.
I thank Christine Grahame for the opportunity to discuss the use of middens as part of a policy of controlling foxes on estates that are used for sport and agriculture. Despite spending my whole life living and working in the countryside, I have never come across a midden as described in the motion, nor was I aware of what one was without doing some research. I presume that that is because I am a farmer and not involved in shooting. I have no problem with shooting in the countryside; I realise that it is an important part of the culture and finances of many Scottish estates, but I do not participate in it.
Middens are areas that are used for attracting foxes. They are baited using carcases that are not fit for human consumption. We could say that they are similar to the deposits of grain that are used to attract rodents to places where they can be trapped and controlled. The difference is that middens use snares, not kill traps, and snares allow non-target species to be released.
The motion is, I feel, phrased in slightly emotive language, and thus it somewhat masks the truth. Middens are located in remote areas that are well away from habitation and from where non-target species are located. There is no point in locating middens in places where the very species that they target will be disturbed or where domestic animals can be accidentally encouraged to visit. The very fact that most visitors to the countryside—and, indeed, myself—have never seen a midden proves that what I have just described is correct.
On baiting, a proper midden is located in an area where target species can be naturally channelled and, as such, I am told that descriptions of piles of carcases are frankly incorrect. Indeed, such piles are not necessary: it does not take a tonne of wheat to attract a rat—a small pile will do—and it would be the same for a midden.
Christine Grahame Scottish National Party
Has the member looked at the online images that confirm the point about carcases being piled on top of one another in middens? Does he stand by his statement in which he likened animal carcases to grains of wheat?
Ruth Maguire Scottish National Party
I thank Christine Grahame for bringing the topic to the chamber and for her long-standing commitment to animal welfare.
I found out about the existence of stink pits only very recently and accidentally when I was doing some research in advance of the recent debate on snares. I am grateful that the debate has brought the issue more fully to my attention, and to the attention of other members and the general public. If our constituents are appalled by the indiscriminate and cruel nature of snares, wait until they get a load of stink pits, which are even more indiscriminate and even more cruel—and, to be frank, disgusting.
As we have heard, stink pits are quite simply holes in the ground in which piles of putrefying carcases are dumped and surrounded by snares. The putrid and pungent smell of the stink pit attracts other animals, which are killed by the snares and then added to rot on the pile with the rest—an unpleasant and chronic cycle of inhumane death and decomposition.
Not only are stink pits simply repulsive and barbaric, they are absolutely indiscriminate. Although I do not believe that there can be any justification for the use of snares, the case is often made that precautions can be taken, such as setting snares on animal runs, which reduces—if it does not eliminate—the chances of trapping non-target species.
Stink pits, by contrast, attract a wide range of mammal species, which hugely increases the already huge risk of non-target species being trapped in snares. Animal welfare charities report that they have found all sorts of animals in stink pits—foxes, deer, pink-footed geese, mountain hares, otters, pheasants, and even domestic cats. For that reason, whether people are for or against snares, there can be no justification for stink pits.
For a person who is against snaring, stink pits are a gruesome extension of a generally cruel and indiscriminate practice. For the pro-snaring lobby, the existence of stink pits hugely undermines the arguments that are put forward about taking precautions to respect animal welfare and protected species. In addition to the direct harm that is caused to the animals that they trap, stink pits also indirectly harm other animals—in particular, sheep. During the summer, stink pits generate maggots and blowflies, which are a significant and expensive health issue among sheep.
As well as the clear animal welfare case against stink pits, there is also a strong public health argument, in that stink pits that are close to areas that are accessible by the public, or close to water courses, pose a serious health risk to humans.
It is shocking that there is currently no legislation or regulation covering stink pit use in Scotland or elsewhere in the UK, but even if there was, I am not sure that any legislation or regulation could sanitise or condone the use of stink pits. It is my opinion that they should be banned. Trusted animal welfare organisations, from the Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals to the League Against Cruel Sports and OneKind, are unanimous in their calls for a ban. I appreciate that there is big money in countryside sports, and that advocates for those sports have loud and powerful voices, but when it comes to animal welfare I will stand with those who protect animals, not those who profit from their suffering.
If recent weeks have shown us anything, it is that we cannot rest on our laurels when it comes to animal welfare. If Theresa May had had her way last week, we would now be seeing moves towards the reintroduction of fox-hunting in England and Wales. Thankfully she did not, but that near miss should serve to remind us that we cannot take animal welfare achievements for granted, and that we must continue to push for progress in areas where little progress has been made, and protect against regressive steps.
Some animal welfare debates can be nuanced, with cases made for each side. However, there is simply no case for stink pits and there is every argument against them, and all the major animal welfare charities support a ban. They stink, and it is time for them to go.
Colin Smyth Labour
I refer members to my entry in the register of interests, which shows that I am a member of the League Against Cruel Sports. I thank Christine Grahame for lodging the motion and bringing this important issue to the chamber. As Christine Grahame's deputy on the cross-party group on animal welfare, I know how passionate and knowledgeable she is when it comes to championing animal welfare. That passion and knowledge were very evident again today in her opening speech.
It is worth repeating exactly what we mean by a stink pit or midden, because I suspect that many of our constituents will not know about their existence, and would be appalled if they did. As we have heard, stink pits are literally piles of dead animals, carcases and fish heads that have been dumped on the ground or in plastic containers, which are then surrounded by snares. Their purpose is very clear: they are raw bait that is designed to lure foxes and other mammals to the snares that are laid nearby.
Research by the League Against Cruel Sports in Scotland has shown that, in some cases, dozens of snares have been found around a single stink pit. Unlike snares, no regulations or legislation cover use of stink pits in Scotland or elsewhere in the UK. However, just like snares, stink pits are indiscriminate and often lure non-target species, including badgers, to the traps.
Most people might think that the presence of stink pits would be at odds with the regulations on disposal of livestock carcases, as controlled by the European Union animal by-products regulations. As members will know, under those regulations, farmers in most of Scotland are not permitted to bury livestock on their land. However, there is a derogation whereby gamekeepers and land managers are allowed to dispose of entire bodies or parts of wild game as long as it is done
"in accordance with good practice".
It is clear from the evidence that has been produced by OneKind and League Scotland that the use of stink pits across Scotland falls far short of that good practice. Good practice would dictate that stink pits comprise
"wild fish ... rabbits ... deer gralloch and dead foxes".
However, the charity OneKind has found numerous examples of protected species on stink pits that have been
"killed and thrown onto the pile to rot",
in addition to domestic animals, including cats. The dumped carcases are more often than not uncovered, and snares around the stink pits are often set in walls of branches, which heightens the risk of an animal that is attracted to the pit becoming strangled or entangled. They are also sometimes found close to accessible public areas, which heightens the health risk to pets, people and livestock, given the prevalence of blowflies, which so often become a feature of stink pits in summer months.
I will give some more details of one of the examples that Christine Grahame gave to highlight the reality of a stink pit in my South Scotland region. Late last year, OneKind responded to a complaint from a member of the public about a fox being caught in a snare on the Leadhills estate. Unfortunately, the responding unit was unable to find the fox and, on returning to the site the next day, a member of staff found it with horrific injuries, piled on top of a stink pit. The staff member said:
"It looks like the snare killed the fox by causing that massive wound. There were gobbets of flesh on the grass and blood and fur. The fox's eye was bulging out so much ... which must have been due to being strangled by the snare."
Stink pits are indiscriminate, cruel, stomach churning, unhygienic and antiquated. They have no place in a modern Scotland. However, stink pits are merely the symptom of a wider disease: snaring.
Perversely, the tightening up of the rules on snaring by the Scottish Government could act as an encouragement to use stink pits. The logistics of having to check snares daily could limit the number of snares, so stink pits could be used increasingly to draw animals to a few more easily checked sites, especially on large estates. Certainly, the guidance on middens from the Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust points out that difficulties of snaring mean that
"the midden technique is now widely used by grouse keepers."
Although I would welcome a ban on stink pits, what we really need is a ban on snaring itself. There is no point treating the symptoms when we could get rid of the disease itself. I set out that view in my recent member's business debate—a view that is shared by three quarters of the Scottish public.
I regret that the Government's failure to ban electronic shock devices and to consult on a ban on snaring, as well as this week's decision to favour the reintroduction of tail docking and concerns that the Government will not go far enough on banning hunting, all seriously undermine the credibility of the Government when it comes to animal welfare.
I hope that today's debate will signal a commitment that that is not the case, and that the Government will work across Parliament with those who want a truly progressive approach to animal welfare. I hope that we will hear today that the Government will consider a ban on stink pits and that it will at least consider a more thorough look at the animal welfare implications of snaring, which the recent Scottish Natural Heritage review utterly failed to do.
Alison Johnstone Green
I am grateful to Christine Grahame for securing this debate on stink pits and for her work as the convener of the cross-party group on animal welfare. We have recently seen dispiriting performances from the Scottish Government on issues of animal welfare, but I remain optimistic that today we will see a more enlightened approach and that stink pits will soon be outlawed in Scotland.
I am particularly grateful to the League Against Cruel Sports, the SSPCA and OneKind for providing MSPs with detailed briefings for the debate, especially at a time when the Scottish Government is keeping them busier than ever. As Colin Smyth highlighted, the Government is proposing the reintroduction of tail docking for working dogs against advice from vets—every single professional veterinary body is opposed to it; it is standing by while foxes in Scotland continue to be offered less protection from hunts than those south of the border; and it is refusing to ban the use of snares despite the inability of those barbaric devices to discriminate between species, with family pets as vulnerable to a slow, agonising death as target species.
As has been highlighted, stink pits are filled with bait such as rotting wildlife carcases, fish heads and other animal remains so that the smell of decomposing animals will lure foxes towards the snares that are set to catch them as they approach. Both wild and domestic animals are regularly found among the piles of bodies that are left to rot, as well as protected animals including mountain hares, badgers and pink-footed geese. Animals found in pits have also included sheep, deer and cats, with a high probability that family pets have been killed.
Although farmers in Scotland are not allowed to bury livestock on their land, other than in designated remote areas in the Highlands and Islands, gamekeepers are free to kill and dump piles of entire animal bodies or parts of wild game as bait to kill even more animals as long as it is
"in accordance with good hunting practice".
I agree with OneKind that that seems a far cry from good practice of any sort.
Among the evidence that has been provided by OneKind is an example that further demonstrates how feeble current legislation is at protecting animals from those who operate shooting estates. A dozen pink-footed geese were found in a stink pit in Berwickshire in October 2015. As the birds are protected between February and September, OneKind has concluded that they were shot and dumped in the stink pit as soon as the season opened. That is gravely concerning.
Along with OneKind, the League Against Cruel Sports, the SSPCA and supportive members in the chamber, I am determined that we will continue to fight for improvements in legislation to protect Scotland's animals. I see no reason for delay in banning stink pits, and I agree whole-heartedly with Colin Smyth and other members that we need to revisit the Government's refusal to ban snares altogether.
Those who defend stink pits do so on the basis that a profit is to be made from allowing people to kill animals. That is simply indefensible. I do not think that I am alone in preferring to see priority given to those who visit Scotland's countryside for many other reasons, including to enjoy our fabulous scenery and our natural wildlife. Visitors do not want to be confronted with piles of decaying carcases surrounded by snares, but people are coming across them. I would prefer priority to be given to people who do not go into the countryside to indulge a blood lust that, in my view, has no place in modern society. As Ruth Maguire pointed out, many people were incredulous and horrified when Theresa May called for a repeal of the fox-hunting ban. A civilised nation does not indulge in such pastimes.
I fully support OneKind's call for the use of stink pits to be reviewed as a matter of urgency, and on behalf of the Scottish Greens I urge the cabinet secretary to take the necessary steps to introduce—on ethical, animal welfare and public health grounds—an outright ban in Scotland on the truly barbaric use of stink pits.
Roseanna Cunningham Scottish National Party
I congratulate Christine Grahame on obtaining this members' business debate. She has long taken similar stances on issues related to animal welfare, and her persistence and consistency require to be acknowledged and admired.
As I said during the previous debate on snaring, four weeks ago, the use of stink pits, or middens as they are also known, is an emotive issue, so I understand the use of emotive language in this connection. I appreciate that the idea of rotting carcases in a stink pit will be repugnant to many, if not most, people. However, it is the job of legislators to give careful consideration to how and why the pits are being used rather than to immediately come to the conclusion that they should be banned.
People are asking why the pits are needed, but I suppose that people do—even given their comments—accept and understand that stink pits are used as a way of maximising the effectiveness of snaring as a means of fox control. They are used to draw foxes into fewer, more easily checked sites; thus, they have the benefit of concentrating snaring effort and reducing the number of snares that are set in the wider countryside. They are legal as long as they do not use livestock whose use is prohibited under the Animal By-Products (Enforcement) (Scotland) Regulations 2013.
As Christine Grahame mentioned, the Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust has a best-practice fact sheet specifically on the use of stink pits in Scotland. It is provided as a handout during the compulsory snaring training courses that people must pass before they are allowed to set snares, and it clearly sets out what carcases can be used for baiting the stink pit. I understand that some land managers are trialling the use of alternative methods for stink pits, and we will be interested to hear how those trials develop and whether their use can be incorporated into best practice.
There is no evidence or intelligence that suggests that the use of stink pits encourages increased unlawful activity such as the killing of protected species or domestic animals. If people believe that they have such evidence or intelligence, it should be reported. All snaring operators must now put their personal identification number on each set snare, which makes them more accountable to the law.
It is true that stink pits will attract the interest of non-target species such as badger, wildcat and pine marten. However, there is no reason why a stink pit should catch a higher percentage of non-target species than a snare that is set in the open countryside. It is still the responsibility of the snare operator to ensure that snares are not set in close proximity to badger setts or otter holts, where it is highly likely that they would catch those non-target species. It is also the responsibility of the snare operator to release unharmed any non-target species that is caught.
I hear the comments that are being made about animal welfare and public health issues surrounding the use of stink pits but, again, we have no hard evidence to substantiate the claims. If people believe that they can provide such evidence, I strongly encourage them to do so.
A review of snaring was undertaken recently by SNH on behalf of the Scottish Government. As I indicated in May, in my response to the members' business debate on snaring, I will ask the Scottish technical assessment group to look at the use of stink pits as part of its overall consideration of the snaring recommendations in that report, and the issues that members have raised today will be brought to the group's attention.
I went through my parliamentary question in some detail in my speech. Is the cabinet secretary aware of how many stink pits there are in Scotland and their location? That would be a start.
I am going to mention that. At present, I have no information about the number of stink pits, but that is possibly because the numbers will change because the pits will not necessarily be in the same places over a period of time. I need to check that—I will return to that point in a minute.
We are asking the Scottish technical assessment group to look at the use of stink pits. If the group's review of their use highlights any significant issues, we will, of course, consider their use and the possibility of introducing further regulation.
I also recently announced a package of measures in response to the report on the fate of the satellite-tagged golden eagles, which included a commitment to set up an independently led group to consider grouse moor management. I have yet to confirm the details of that, but I would expect the use of stink pits as part of predator control to be within the scope of that group. If the group comes up with proposals to regulate the use of stink pits, I will give them serious consideration.
That means that we now have two separate groups looking at the use of stink pits from slightly different perspectives. I will inquire whether there is any possibility of establishing the extent of the use of stink pits in order to answer the questions that have been raised by my colleague Christine Grahame. I hope that members will accept that that is the proper way for the Government to proceed.
Snaring is a divisive issue, and I am determined that snaring and its associated activities, such as the use of stink pits, shall be carried out to the very highest standard. There are currently only 1,571 snaring operators who have passed the snaring training course and have been issued with a snaring identification number by Police Scotland, which I regard as an indicator of success. Our position has always been that, if snaring is to be carried out, it requires a professional approach. It should not be undertaken unless it is really necessary and the operator is confident that they can meet the high standard that is required.
13:22 Meeting suspended.
14:30 On resuming—
I thank the many Scottish National Party, Green, Labour and Liberal Democrat members who signed my motion. However, I am disappointed that not one Conservative member felt that they could support a motion that, after describing the horrors and indiscriminate cruelty of stink pits, merely asks the Scottish Government
"to consider the merits of banning the use of stink pits in Scotland altogether, on ethical, animal welfare and public health grounds."
After I lodged the motion, someone asked me what a stink pit is. I will be frank: until a few months ago and a discussion about snaring, I had never heard of one. As they say, "Ye ken noo," and I wanted to have this debate to educate members and, I hope, condemn to the past what to my mind is a barbaric practice.
I will be brief. The use of stink pits, which are also known as middens, is a fundamental part of intensive predator control on Scottish shooting estates. Gamekeepers are taught to dig a grave and fill it with bait such as wildlife carcases, fish heads and other animal remains, and to build low walls of brash and branches that direct foxes towards gaps, where snares are placed.
Snares are cruel and indiscriminate traps, which OneKind and the League Against Cruel Sports Scotland, along with 76 per cent of the Scottish public—including me—believe should be banned. I had the privilege of speaking in Colin Smyth's debate on the banning of snares.
Stink pits are designed to lure in and catch all foxes and other mammals in an area. Animals that have been dumped in stink pits in Scotland since the introduction of the snaring provisions under the Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011 include foxes, deer, whole salmon, pink-footed geese, pheasants, rabbits, hares and cats.
The killing and throwing away of domestic cats is known to cause particular offence, as is the use of stink pits to dispose of mountain hares that have been culled in large numbers. All that seems far from being "good hunting practice."
If members want to learn how to construct a stink pit, I direct them to "Middens factsheet: Your guide to working a midden/stink pit for humane fox control"—the word "humane" is ironic. The fact sheet is available on the website of the Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust. I could also direct members to the many websites that display graphic images of disgusting, exposed animal graves and the non-predatory animals that fall victim to the encircling snares.
That is bad enough, but the fundamental point is that to pile exposed carcases upon carcases is, of itself, offensive. I recall the public being sickened by the sight of animal carcases in vast funeral pyres during the foot-and-mouth outbreak. How would they respond to images of deer, foxes, pheasants, hares and cats piled on top of one another? Where is the regard for animal life?
Let me give some examples. In Marchmont estate in Berwickshire, in October 2015, a snare that was set by a stink pit contained a dozen pink-footed geese. Pink-footed geese are protected only between February and September—it seems that they were shot as soon as it became legal. In Glenturret estate in Perthshire, in June 2016, a cat was in a legal stink pit. In Leadhills estate, in South Lanarkshire, a young fox was found in a stink pit with a snare around its muzzle. Three other snares were found round the pit, one of which was not tagged. There are images of badgers that have been caught in snares, and so on.
Under the Animal By-Products (Enforcement) (Scotland) Regulations 2013, farmers are not permitted to bury livestock on their land, other than in designated remote areas in the Highlands and Islands. However, gamekeepers and land managers are allowed to dispose of entire bodies or parts of wild game, as long as that is
That is not a level playing field.
I make no bones about it: I wish a ban on the use of stink pits, on the ground of animal welfare, because stink pits are callous and indiscriminate, on the ground of public health, and because stink pits are just plain inhumane. I have no doubt that when the public are fully aware of the existence of stink pits, they will be disgusted and wish them banned—as they do in relation to snaring itself, which is the raison d'être for stink pits. I hope that that helps to persuade the Government.
My motion contains the mild request that the Government "consider the merits of" an outright ban, but I refer the cabinet secretary to my recent parliamentary question S5W-09661:
"To ask the Scottish Government, with reference to section 11E of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (As amended), what information it holds on (a) the location of snares and (b) which animals were caught, and whether such information is in the public domain."
As a former lawyer, I cannot help going into some of the provisions that are pertinent to the use of stink pits. Paragraphs (a) and (b) of section 11E(1) of the 1981 act say that records must be kept of
"the location of every snare set in position by the person which remains in position" and
"the location of every other snare set in position by the person within the past two years".
Paragraphs (e) and (f) of section 11E(1) say that records must also be kept
"in relation to each animal caught in a snare mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b)" of
"(i) the type of animal" and
"(ii) the date it was found" and
"such other information as the Scottish Ministers may by order specify."
Section 11E(2) is about finding locations
"by reference to a map" or
"by such other means (for example, by means of a description) capable of readily identifying the location."
I do not know how many stink pits there are in Scotland. I do not know how many snares are around them. I do not know whether those snares are all legal. I do know that they exist. In tackling the subject, that is the least we should require.
I agree with pest control, but this is not the way to go about it. We need reliable statistics. I look forward to members' contributions.
Obviously there is a difference, but I used that as a simile for a way of attracting animals that we want to control to the site.
I have looked online, but I have not seen many instances. I accept that there might be occasions when carcases are piled on top of one another, but it does not always happen and it is not necessary.
Vermin controllers often use the carcases of animals that have been culled and are not suitable for human consumption, such as deer carcases that have been damaged during culling or are in poor condition due to the animal's ill-health.
There should be no examples of farm livestock being used, because—as we rightly heard—it is illegal to do so. The fallen stock legislation requires all agricultural fallen stock to be disposed of via an approved knackery. To fail to do so would flout cross-compliance regulations, which could generate real penalties. That is where I have problems with middens. In the past, farmers were allowed to bury fallen stock on their farms. However, that has been illegal for some time now, so why are open pits with rotting wild animals still allowed?
Middens are used to attract predators, which can then be controlled through legal means. I fully understand that some members may not like the use of snares, and I respect that. However, they are an effective and, if used by a trained practitioner, legal form of control.
Snares are designed not to kill animals but to hold them, so non-target species can be released and target species can be humanely controlled. It is of course vital—it is in the rules on the use of snares—to examine snares at least once every 24 hours, so that the suffering of caught animals is kept to a minimum.
Some might argue that it would be better not to use middens and to rely on shooting. However, we know that a canny old fox will never be seen during the day and will never stand in the light. Middens are therefore an important tool in the toolbox. They are not used only on intensively managed grouse moors. I am told they are used across many sporting estates and agricultural holdings, although I have never come across them in Aberdeenshire—I do not know whether there are any there.
I do not believe that there is any need for the Government to consider the merit of banning middens. If folk feel that there is an issue, it would be right to promote the proper use of middens in the snaring training course that is a legal requirement in Scotland.


Sporty Spice, Baby Spice, Scary Spice and Posh Spice recipes in development; suggestions welcome!
Mix all the ingredients in a heat proof vessel with a handle.
Garnish with a bit of grated nutmeg and a lovely bay leaf sprinkled with dried spices to give it an amazing smell… Mmm!


text:
Barack Obama: A Man Apart
By Herbert London 2009-10-18T03:20:12
Albert Camus was expert at describing a man apart, an existential man, The Stranger, who doesn't belong in the society in which he finds himself. He doesn't have emotional roots; in fact, this character is haunted by shadows -- the real and the metaphorical. He is the quintessential rebel challenging normative standards.
At the risk of drawing literary comparisons, I am persuaded, based on his performance, that President Obama is a man apart. He seems to equate power with arrogance, pride with willfulness, and exceptionalism with dominance. As a consequence, he has changed foreign policy perceptions. The America he leads is a nation like any other -- no more, no less. In fact, as a Nobel laureate, he is considered by the Europeans as a man of the world, not merely a citizen of the United States.
When asked if the United States is exceptional, President Obama said America is exceptional, and England is exceptional, and Greece is exceptional. That the United States is sui generis didn't cross his mind. How could it? He is pledged to a scenario in which America opts out of its traditional role as peace keeper, the balance wheel in maintaining international equilibrium. The war against terrorists is over along with the nation's hegemonic role.
Unfortunately the war fatigue President Obama embodies is not embraced by our global enemies who see this shift in his policy attitude as a sign of weakness and retreat. I believe President Obama actually thinks that unilateral concessions to our real and putative enemies will result in reciprocal responses. But as his bizarre overtures to the Olympic Committee demonstrated, gestures directed at multilateralism and celebrity status do not result in favorable outcomes. Real power as opposed to soft power still has meaning on the world stage.
A man with roots would know that wild policy swings of the kind that we've experienced with health care, cap and trade, and education proposals cannot possibly fly with the American people -- even with those who voted for President Obama in the last election. Despite cultural shifts, the United States still fashions itself as a conservative nation. Only a man apart cannot sense that condition.
https://pjmedia.com/blog/barack-obama-a-man-apart/


This modern design of Warwick Grove Florist, the roses are beautifully and carefully aligned next to each other creating a bed of roses on a single plane in pink roses. The arrangement in the photo is our premium size.
Send your special someone this adorable Molly on Valentines, an arrangement of 24 stunning fresh pink roses and a teddy bear of love!


text:
A Short History of Rum
Made from sugar cane, the history of rum is inextricably linked to this one plant. It would seem, according to history books, that sugar cane originated in possibly Indochina or New Guinea and has been around since the prehistoric era. It was only when it reached China and India that its potential began to be realised, and, amazingly, there are writings which describe the extraction of the sugar from the cane six centuries before Christ. Later, Alexander the Great poetically described it as, "a wild reed of India that makes honey without bees". During the 15th century, thanks to East to West conquests by Muslim countries, the sugar cane trade began to flourish.
But What About The Rum?
For this, we can thank Christopher Columbus, who, in 1493, introduced sugar cane to Hispaniola, known today as the island of Haiti and Santo Domingo, from where, slowly, it became the main crop of the Caribbean. In 1625, Brazil became a major exporter to Europe, but still nobody had discovered that it could be turned into a beverage, such as rum. Finally, in the 17th century, the island of Barbados produced records mentioning the distillation of sugar cane. These records showed that it was considered to be a poor man's drink, and, indeed, many of the black slaves were 'paid' in rum. Europeans who visited or settled on the island hated the drink, not least because of its bad reputation for driving people crazy!
How Slave Ships and Pirates Recruited Their Crews
Around this time, the slave trade was booming and rum was being used as a bargaining tool. It was used, not just to entice slave traders, but also to recruit crew who would otherwise be unwilling to involve themselves in such a distasteful trade. Slave traders and pirates alike would stroll around the ports, amongst legitimate sailors, getting them to drink way too much of this tempting, sweet spirit. They would wait until the sailors were so drunk that they missed the departure of their ships and were stranded in port. The only solution remaining to them was to join a slave ship or become a pirate, with rum aplenty on board. It didn't take long for most of the West Indies to acknowledge the benefits of rum and soon they were distilling it to great advantage.
Rum – The Medication of Choice for Sailors
Myth or truth, who knows, but what a good excuse to partake of a swig of rum! Its purported medicinal value ensured its place on board every ship at one time, professing it to be the cure for everything from scurvy to diarrhoea. A grog was made up from two parts water to one part rum and sometimes, depending on the ailment, a dash of lemon juice. It also killed any germs that inhabited the stagnated water which the sailors had to drink. Fortunately, we no longer suffer from most of these unpleasant shipboard diseases and rum is now just a delicious drink. It is popular with young and old alike, as well as connoisseurs who enjoy the more complex varieties.
Those Cocktails Just Wouldn't Be the Same!
The wonderful refined rum that we drink today is indeed a Caribbean gem, which has expanded its popularity worldwide. Sitting under a palm tree sipping a Piña Colada or a Daiquiri is what paradise is all about. However, such is the drinks versatility, there is nothing better on a cold, wintry night than a cup of Hot Buttered Rum in front of a cosy open fire. On average, around the world, 20 litres of rum per second are drunk and its popularity continues to increase as specialities, such as spiced rum, get added to the already vast choice. Places as diverse as Barbados, Jamaica and Grenada through to Berlin and Rome, all hold rum festivals to celebrate the drink and foods that go with it. There is even an online community on Facebook called the International Rum Council, where it's possible to keep up-to-date with news from rum lovers around the world.
Uncategorized Comments Off on A Short History of Rum July 26th, 2018


To professionally and prudently manage Idaho's endowment assets to maximize long-term financial returns to public schools and other trust beneficiaries and to provide professional assistance to the citizens of Idaho to use, protect and sustain their natural resources. The department encourages clean, respectful use of state endowment trust lands for recreational purposes.
During your recreation experience you may be visited by an Idaho Department of Lands employee, security contractor, or local law enforcement officer. State law requires vehicles to carry a bucket with minimum 1 gallon capacity, 24" handle shovel with a 6" blade, and a 4-BC fire extinguisher.
Camping- Camping is allowed on endowment lands for up to 10 days.
Good campsites are found, not made. Altering a site should not be necessary.
Choose an established site that will not be damaged by your stay.
Restrict activities to the area where vegetation is compacted or absent.
Keep pollutants out of water sources by camping at least 100 feet from lakes and streams.
Control pets at all times.
Do not build structures or furniture or dig trenches.
Make sure campfires are extinguished before leaving.
Protect wildlife and yourself by storing food securely.
Campfires - Small campfires are allowed on endowment lands when fire restrictions are not in force.
Fires must be in areas cleared of vegetation, burning in non-windy conditions and a shovel, axe and bucket must be present.
Fireworks - No fireworks are allowed at any time.
The unlawful use of a destructive device or bomb is a felony punishable by a $25,000 fine and life in prison.
ATV's/UTV's/Motorcycles- All motor vehicles must stay on improved roads.
Fire requirements-A helmet (or bucket with minimum 1 gallon capacity), 24" handle shovel with a 6" blade, and a 4-BC fire extinguisher.
Spark arrestor needs to be functional.
Stay off trails and logging skid trails.
Have proper license and tags.
Violators are subject to fines.
Dumping- Dumping is not allowed and violations will be prosecuted.
Please remove all personal trash generated by your recreation experience.
Snowmobiles - All motorized vehicles must stay on improved roads.
Fishing and Hunting - A valid license is required and all laws must be respected.
Firewood Cutting- A valid firewood permit is required and may be obtained at the Idaho Department of Lands Office at 3706 Industrial Avenue South in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho or one of the area offices listed below.
Christmas Tree Cutting - Two trees per family are allowed without a permit.
Mountain Biking - All bikes must remain on roadways.
Berry Picking - No restrictions for private use.
Hiking - No restrictions apply.
Leave what you find - Treat these lands with respect. Leave plants, rock, and historical artifacts as you find them.
Please respect the natural resources on endowment lands. Please report fires or illegal activity to 911. Enjoy your outdoor experience!!!


text:
Finding Aides & Resources
Archives Collection Policy
In 1986, the Museum was undergoing a gallery restoration project. Historical records and materials were needed for this project. Records were stored in various offices in three separate buildings across the campus with no organizational control, which made research difficult and, at times, nearly impossible to do. In January 1987, Dr. Laurence Ruggiero, Director of the Museum, presented a proposal to the Board of Trustees to establish a Museum Archives and the motion passed. In 1989 a National Historical Publications and Records Commission grant provided the initial funding for the Archives.
The Ringling Archives has grown to become an integral part of the Museum providing information to each of the Museum's departments. The Archives holds: the records of the Museum; Ringling Family papers; photograph collections; Circus Arts, Wild West Shows and allied arts collections; and manuscripts.
II. Archives Mission Statement
The mission of The Ringling Archives is to maintain and further develop a regionally important archival collection of institutional records and materials that document the history of the Museum, the Ringlings, the Circus Arts, Wild West shows and allied arts.
III. Goals and Objectives
The Ringling Archives supports the educational and administrative goals of the Museum by collecting, arranging, preserving, and making available for use and exhibition, records, photographs, manuscripts, printed and related archival materials that document:
1. The influence and impact of John and Mable Ringling on Sarasota
2. The founding, development, programs, and activities of the Museum
3. The history of the Circus Arts, Wild West shows and allied arts
4. The continuing impact of the Circus Arts on Sarasota
5. The Archives works in cooperation with other archival, historical and cultural groups in supporting the preservation of Florida's cultural heritage as well as informing the public of the importance of historical records collection.
The Archives staff is committed to make its resources accessible beyond the walls of the Archives through public programming, digitization of materials, and world-wide catalogues.
IV. Code of Ethics
Society of American Archivists
Archives are created by a wide array of groups and provide evidence of the full range of human experience. Archivists endeavor to ensure that those materials entrusted to their care will be accessible over time as evidence of human activity and social organization. Archivists embrace principles that foster the transparency of their actions and that inspire confidence in the profession. A distinct body of ethical norms helps archivists navigate the complex situations and issues that can arise in the course of their work.
The Society of American Archivists is a membership organization comprising of individuals and organizations dedicated to the selection, care, preservation, and administration of historical and documentary records of enduring value for the benefit of current and future generations.
V. Public Records
The Archives preserve s those records deemed to be of permanent historical and administrative value and serves as an educational resource encouraging administrative and scholarly research on the Museum.
Records may be in any physical format and are appraised for their content and historical value. Records are initially created and retained in administrative offices or departments. The frequency of use and availability of space help determine if records should be retained in the office or offered to the Museum Archives. When a Museum administrative office or department defines inactive records of historical value, or needs any the department should contact the Museum Archivist for assistance.
Inactive records of enduring historical value will be selected for transfer to the Museum Archives through a process of archival appraisal. The archivist will provide guidance on selecting records for inclusion in the Museum Archives. Once it is determined that the records will go to the Museum Archives, guidelines for the transfer of records will be provided to the office. A records transfer agreement will be completed once the records have been received and accessioned. Once processed, records of enduring value will be stored in secured stacks and made available to the Museum staff and a wider community.
VI. Records Management
The University Records Management Liaison Officer (RMLO) advises on the retention and disposition of public records not selected by the Museum Archivist. As a unit of Florida State University, the records of the Museum fall under the Public Records Law of Florida (Chapters 119 and 257 Florida Statutes) and the Archives acts as the repository for public records. The Archives collects physical and digital records that are prepared, owned, used, in the possession of, or retained by administrators in the performance of an official function that have enduring historical or administrative value.
The handling and storage of these records involves significant costs and warrants careful management. Furthermore, as an agency of the State of Florida, the Museum and its employees must ensure the safekeeping of public records that have archival, administrative or legal value.
To ensure the proper handling and safekeeping of its records, Florida State University has implemented a Records Management Program. This program applies to the Museum. The Records Management Liaison Officer for the University is charged with the responsibility of administering the Records Management Program. All transactions between the Museum and components of the Bureau of Archives and Records Management are to be handled by or coordinated with the Records Management Liaison Officer or representative.
The Museum has a primary responsibility for the proper handling and safeguarding of the public records in its control. This responsibility includes ensuring that the retention value of each type or series of records is established; requesting the development of official records retention schedules for each type or series of records; ensuring that these schedules are followed with regard to the retention and disposal of records; and complying with other aspects of the Records Management Program.
VII. Retention and Records Management
All records should be managed in such a way as to:
1. Meet legal standards for protection, storage and retrieval
2. Protect the privacy of faculty, staff and students as required by law
3. Optimize the use of space
4. Minimize the cost of record retention
5. Destroy outdated records in an appropriate manner.
The Museum will manage its records in accordance with University requirements, in compliance with applicable federal and state laws, and in accordance with retention schedules developed by the Florida Department of State, Bureau of Archives and Records Management.
VIII. Users of the Archives
The Archives is a public resource as well as a resource for Museum staff.
IX. Scope of the Archives
Records of the Museum consist of the official public records that document the history, organization and programs of the Museum. There are records of: Florida State Board of Control, the Governing Boards, Committee and Councils, Office of the Museum Director, Office of the Museum Curators, Office of the Registrar, Office of the Chief Operating Officer, Education Department, Finance Department, Public Relations Office, Development Office, Conservation Department, Sales Department, Marketing and Communications and the Facilities Department.
The Ringling family papers include those that were located in the Ca'd'Zan which are not complete as well as those gifted to the museum by Ringling family members. The bulk of the John Ringling papers span the years 1929-1935. Additional Ringling family papers include Mable Ringling Papers, 1911-1928; Emily Buck Ringling papers, 1931-1934; J. E. Kirk Papers, 1935-1938; estate Records of John Ringling 1937-1946; North Family Papers, 1936 – 1948.
Photographic Collections include circus photographs depicting all aspects of the Circus arts from the 1880's to the 1960's; Photographs of The Ringling; Ringling Family photographs, 1920 - 1930; Glasier Glass Plate Negative Collection 1890-1930; and the A. Everett Austin Lantern Slide Collection.
The Museum's Circus, Wild West shows and allied arts collections hold: heralds, couriers, hand bills, route books, route cards, route sheets, programs, press clipping books, press clippings, circus plans and blue prints, tickets, passes, print plates, records, correspondences, a wide variety of printed advertising materials, memorabilia, moving images, sound recordings, photographs, ledgers, day books, scrapbooks, diaries, newsletters, serials, publications, press books, letterhead, agreements, contracts, record books, menus, postcards, greeting cards, and financial records.
Manuscript collections include those that: contain papers of individuals who have had a great impact on the Museum, documentation about the Museum and/or its impact on Sarasota, papers of individuals or families involved in circus, Wild West shows and allied arts and information on the history of winter quarters in Sarasota. Manuscripts include diaries, letters, speeches, and other writings by individuals associated with circuses and/or Wild West shows, or with allied arts that have a connection to such circuses or Wild West shows.
Audio visual materials consist of primary source visual materials (in various analog and digital formats) that depict the activities of the circus arts, Wild West shows or with allied arts that have a connection to such circuses or Wild West shows, including visual documentaries. Visual and sound recordings (in various analog and digital formats) that document the circus, Wild West shows or allied arts or have a connection to such circuses or Wild West shows, including audio documentaries.
X. Library Materials
The Archives collects primary and secondary published material including books and serials, magazines and trade journals that document the circus, Wild West shows, and allied arts, as well as broader topics that shed light on these entertainment operations.
The Museum Archives will hold a use copy and an archival copy of publications relating to circus, Wild West shows, and allied arts found in the Museum Library. If there is only a single copy of a publication in the Museum's holdings, it will be held by the Museum Library.
XI. Acquisitions
The Museum Archives may acquire collection items by gift, bequest, purchase, transfer, or other legal means. The Archives staff is happy to accept those gifts that are consistent with the Archives' collection policy. The Chief Archivist reserves the right to accept or decline those gifts not appropriate for the Archives. Only unrestricted gifts will be accepted. The donor will be sent two copies of a letter of acknowledgement and Deed of Gift. A list of donated items will be compiled and a copy is sent to the donor, if requested.
Unsolicited deposits which arrive at the Archives without a known or identifiable owner will be considered forfeited property and evaluated for condition and usefulness to the Archives to determine proper disposal or to be accessioned. Procedures for establishing ownership of such property shall take place in accordance with Florida Sunshine Law.
The disposition of materials found in the collection with no documentation will follow Florida Sunshine Law.
The Archives reserves the right to determine the retention, location, cataloging, use, and disposition of gifts.
I. Loans, Lending, and Borrowing
Materials cannot be lent from the Archives for any purpose without the authorization from the Director of the Museum. The Archives will accept the loan of records only when custody or donation is unobtainable or when the records are in immediate danger of being lost or destroyed. The acceptance of such material can only be made with the approval of the Director of the Museum and must have a date of termination.
II. Restrictions on Use or Access
All public records are open to inspection unless prohibited by law (Section 119.07 Florida statutes). For the protection of its collections, the Archives reserves the right to restrict access to records that are not arranged, are being processed, or are exceptionally valuable or fragile. In some cases, copies may be substituted for original documents.
III. Collection Care
The Museum will accept responsibility for and carry out the highest level of legal, ethical and professional care required to define and provide for all collections acquired or borrowed that are placed in the Museum's custody. The Museum will support and promote the goals for collections care as stated in its own Code of Ethics and in the professional codes of ethics for museums, archivists, curators, registrars, librarians and conservators. Awareness of responsibilities for the care of collections will be incorporated into all Museum activities. The Director delegates responsibilities for the collections care and maintenance to the appropriate curator, registrar, conservation staff, facilities staff, archivist, and librarian. Every object will be designated as the responsibilities of one of the collections departments. The Chief Archivist is ultimately responsible for the safeguarding of the collection in his or her care.
XV. Risk Management
Risk management is a high priority in the Archives care of its collections. The Archives maintains appropriate insurance to protect its collections in its possession and those on loan to the Museum. Permanent collections are insured at limits that are deemed appropriate and in accordance with industry practice. The Archives and Conservation Department oversee the adequacy and sufficiency of collection insurance.
Risk management and the security of the collections also is governed by the principles and procedures contained in The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art Emergency Plan which is intended to secure the collections from theft and vandalism and identify, eliminate and reduce potential hazards to the collection, including natural disasters, vandalism, theft, human error, terrorist threats, mechanical or operational system failure, and deterioration.
XVI. Safety
Safety issues are addressed by the archives, facilities and safety and security staff. In addition to the Emergency Plan, the Museum ensures the safety of the collections in other ways.
1. The Museum insures the collections on loan as stipulated by loan agreement or negotiated contract.
2. Objects on the premises of the Museum not at the request of the Museum are not insured.
3. Security requirements for the intellectual collections parallel those for the physical collections. Maintaining duplicate records in hardcopy or electronic format at a site separate from the originals is a fundamental goal of records management.
4. Special attention to collections security issues is expected during high-risk activities such as building and exhibition renovations, special events held in Museum buildings, and when collections are in transit.
5. If theft is suspected, staff must immediately notify the Director and Asst. Director for Collections, the Office of the Registrar and the Office of Safety and Security, in order to protect the crime scene and preserve evidence. The responsible authority promptly prepares written documentation. The responsible Curator will be notified by Asst. Director for Collections. The Office of the Registrar maintains records of missing objects and files all necessary paperwork with Florida State University.
6. Staff with collections expertise will routinely inspect the collection to ensure that the location of objects is known and to maintain adequate care and condition of the objects
XVII. Deaccessioning or Dispositions of Records
After reevaluation, manuscripts or non-government records that are determined to have no permanent or historical value will follow the Museum policy of deaccessioning. All public records must be disposed of in accordance with the "Public Records Law (Chapter 119 and 257, Florida Statutes).
[1] The definition of "manuscripts" as provided here is consistent with the several definitions as found in the glossary of terms on the Society of American Archivists website one of which is: "Although manuscript literally means handwritten, 'manuscript collection' is often used to include collections of mixed media in which unpublished materials predominate."


Six Degrees Executive Pty Ltd manages personal information in accordance with the Privacy Act 1988 and Australian Privacy Principles. Six Degrees Executive Pty Ltd is committed to protecting the privacy of all individuals and does not collect personal or sensitive information unless it is necessary for the performance of our tasks or functions.
Six Degrees Executive Pty Ltd manages personal information, as an APP Entity, under the Australian Privacy Principles (APPs).
we retrieve your information when we need to use or disclose it for our functions and activities. At that time, we check that it is current, complete, accurate and relevant. This will sometimes mean that we have to cross check the information that we collect from you with third parties (not without your consent) once again – especially if some time has passed since we last checked.
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information on a business, structure, contact details etc.
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Hi, I've been in aerospace manufacturing for 6 years now as a CNC programmer, predominantly in the field of thin walled monolithic components up to 3 metres in length, all on high speed 5 axis machines. I have experience in aluminium, steel and titanium, and at the minute I'm back in University doing research into advanced aerospace manufacturing and aerospace assembly using robotics.
I'm a bit of a jack of all trades, with experience in design, FEA, CFD, and a whole bunch of other stuff in CATIA V5 and Solidworks, but I cut my teeth on Mastercam.
I'm a regular on some other CNC forums, so I figured I may as well join one closer to home. Hopefully this board won't see too many of the closures and layoffs that other parts of the world are experiencing.
Anywhoo, nice to be here!