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Question 3: What did it mean to be a New Negro?
Unit 12: The 1920s
For over 200 years of America's history, African Americans had been slaves, primarily in the southern states. In the 1860s, slavery ended with the Civil War, but the position of African Americans at the bottom of the social order did not change much, despite the best efforts of reform-minded Reconstructionists. However, in the 1920s a group of African Americans in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City began promoting the idea of the New Negro. For them, things were changing.
What was it that they saw as new? If the former slaves and their children had been the Negro of the later 1800s, what was new about the African Americans in the 1920s?
What did it mean to be a New Negro that was different from the African Americans of the period between the end of slavery and WWI?
AFRICAN AMERICAN LIFE AFTER RECONSTRUCTION
After the Civil War ended in 1865, the victorious Union spent eleven years trying to remake the South. Although three constitutional amendments were passed ending slavery, granting citizenship to former slaves, and legally giving voting rights to all men, the era of Reconstruction is often seen as a failed effort to change the culture of the South. As many historians have said, the North won the war but lost the peace.
After the end of Reconstruction in 1877, with the passage of new constitutions, Southern states adopted provisions that caused disenfranchisement of large portions of their populations by skirting constitutional protections. While their voter registration requirements applied to all citizens, in practice, they disenfranchised most Blacks.
Democratic state legislatures passed Jim Crow laws to assert white supremacy, establish racial segregation in public facilities, and treat Blacks as second-class citizens. The landmark court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 held that "separate but equal" facilities, as on railroad cars, were constitutional. Thus were born segregated public schools.
For the national Democratic Party, the alignment after Reconstruction resulted in a powerful Southern region that was useful for congressional clout. Virginian Woodrow Wilson, one of the two Democrats elected to the presidency between Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt, was the first Southerner elected after 1856. He benefited from the disenfranchisement of Blacks and the crippling of the Republican Party in the South.
THE NIAGARA MOVEMENT
Born into slavery in Virginia in 1856, Booker T. Washington became an influential African American leader in the ear after Reconstruction. In 1881, he became the first principal for the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, better known as the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, a position he held until he died in 1915. Tuskegee was an all-black normal school, an old term for a teachers' college, teaching African Americans a curriculum geared towards practical skills such as cooking, farming, and housekeeping. Graduates would then travel through the South, teaching new farming and industrial techniques to rural communities. Washington extolled the school's graduates to focus on the Black community's self-improvement and prove that they were productive members of society, something Whites had often doubted was possible.
In a speech delivered at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1895, which was meant to promote the economy of the South, Washington proposed what came to be known as the Atlanta Compromise. Speaking to a racially mixed audience, Washington called upon African Americans to work diligently for their own uplift and prosperity rather than preoccupy themselves with political and civil rights. Their success and hard work, he implied, would eventually convince southern Whites to grant these rights. Not surprisingly, most Whites liked Washington's model of race relations, since it placed the burden of change on Blacks and required nothing of Whites. Wealthy industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller provided funding for many of Washington's self-help programs, as did Sears, Roebuck & Co. co-founder Julius Rosenwald, and Washington was the first African American invited to the White House by President Roosevelt in 1901. At the same time, his message also appealed to many in the Black community, and some attribute this widespread popularity to his consistent message that social and economic growth, even within a segregated society, would do more for African Americans than agitation for equal rights.
A history class at the Tuskegee Institute in 1902. Booker T. Washington emphasized education as a means to be productive citizens, but not citizens who would agitate for change to the Jim Crow system of the South.
Yet, many African Americans disagreed with Washington's approach. Much in the same manner that Alice Paul felt the pace of the struggle for women's rights was moving too slowly under the NAWSA, some within the African American community felt that immediate agitation for the rights guaranteed under the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, established during the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, was necessary. In 1905, a group of prominent civil rights leaders, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, met in a small hotel on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, where segregation laws did not bar them from hotel accommodations, to discuss what immediate steps were needed for equal rights. Du Bois, a professor at the all-black Atlanta University and the first African American with a doctorate from Harvard, emerged as the prominent spokesperson for what would later be dubbed the Niagara Movement. By 1905, he had grown wary of Booker T. Washington's calls for African Americans to accommodate White racism and focus solely on self-improvement. Du Bois, and others alongside him, wished to carve a more direct path towards equality that drew on the political leadership and litigation skills of the black, educated elite, which he termed the talented tenth.
At the meeting, Du Bois led the others in drafting the Declaration of Principles, which called for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. These rights included universal suffrage, compulsory education, and the elimination of the convict lease system in which tens of thousands of Blacks had endured slavery-like conditions in southern road construction, mines, prisons, and penal farms since the end of Reconstruction. Within a year, Niagara chapters had sprung up in twenty-one states across the country. By 1908, internal fights over the role of women in the fight for African American equal rights lessened the interest in the Niagara Movement. However, the movement laid the groundwork for the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), founded in 1909 to fight for African American rights in the courts. Du Bois served as the influential director of publications for the NAACP from its inception until 1933. As the editor of the journal The Crisis, Du Bois had a platform to express his views on a variety of issues facing African Americans in the later Progressive Era, as well as during World War I and its aftermath.
In both Washington and Du Bois, African Americans found leaders to push forward the fight for their place in the new century, each with a very different strategy. Both men cultivated ground for a new generation of African American spokespeople and leaders who would then pave the road to the modern civil rights movement after World War II.
Between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929, nearly two million African Americans fled the rural South to seek new opportunities elsewhere. The vast majority of these internal migrants moved to the cities of the industrial North during World War I. New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Indianapolis were the primary destinations for these African Americans. Together, these eight cities accounted for over two-thirds of the total population of the African Americans who travelled during this Great Migration.
A combination of both push and pull factors played a role in this movement. Despite the end of the Civil War and the passage of constitutional amendments ensuring freedom, the right to vote and equal protection under the law, African Americans were still subjected to intense racial hatred. For African Americans fleeing this culture of violence, Northern and Midwestern cities offered an opportunity to escape the dangers and intense poverty of the South.
In addition to this push out of the South, African Americans were also drawn to the cities of the North by job opportunities which had opened up when White men left for the army during World War I. Although many lacked the funds to move themselves, factory owners and other businesses that sought cheap labor assisted the migration. Often, the men moved first then sent for their families once they were ensconced in their new city life. Racism and a lack of formal education relegated these African American workers to many of the lower-paying unskilled or semi-skilled occupations. More than 80% of African American men worked menial jobs in steel mills, mines, construction, and meatpacking. In the railroad industry, they were usually employed as porters or servants. In other businesses, they worked as janitors, waiters, or cooks. African American women, who faced discrimination due to both their race and gender, found a few job opportunities in the garment industry or laundries, but were more often employed as maids and domestic servants. Regardless of the status of their jobs, however, African Americans earned higher wages in the North than they did for the same occupations in the South and typically found housing to be more available.
Secondary Source: Map
This map shows the concentration of African Americans in the United States in 1900 before the Great Migration. The darker colors show counties in which a higher percentage of residents were African American.
However, such economic gains were offset by the higher cost of living in the North, especially in terms of rent, food costs, and other essentials. As a result, African Americans usually found themselves living in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions, much like the tenement slums in which European immigrants lived in the cities. For newly arrived African Americans, even those who sought out the cities for the opportunities they provided, life in these urban centers was exceedingly difficult. They quickly learned that racial discrimination did not end at the Mason-Dixon Line, but continued to flourish in the North as well as the South. European immigrants, also seeking a better life in the cities of the United States, resented the arrival of the African Americans, whom they feared would compete for the same jobs or offer to work at lower wages. Landlords frequently discriminated against them. Their rapid influx into the cities created severe housing shortages and even more overcrowded tenements. Homeowners in traditionally White neighborhoods later entered into covenants in which they agreed not to sell to African American buyers. Some bankers practiced mortgage discrimination, later known as redlining, in order to deny home loans to qualified buyers who wanted to buy houses in White neighborhoods, indicated on a map with a red line. Such pervasive discrimination led to a concentration of African Americans in some of the worst slum areas of most major metropolitan cities, a problem that persists today.
Beginning in the early 1900s, the neighborhood of Harlem on the island of Manhattan in New York City became home to a growing African American middle class. In 1910, a large block along 135th Street and Fifth Avenue was purchased by various African-American realtors and a church group. Many more African Americans arrived during World War I. Due to the war, the migration of laborers from Europe virtually ceased, while the war effort resulted in a massive demand for unskilled industrial labor. The Great Migration brought hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the South. Among them were a great number of artists, writers, musicians and thinkers who would live and work together in Harlem. Their ideas and creative talents marked an outpouring of cultural creation and pride called the Harlem Renaissance.
Characterizing the Harlem Renaissance was an overt racial pride that came to be represented in the idea of the New Negro, who through intellect and production of literature, art, and music could challenge the pervading racism and stereotypes to promote progressive or socialist politics, and racial and social integration. The creation of art and literature would serve to uplift the race. Thus, the Harlem Renaissance embraced the ideas of W. E. B. Du Bois and rejected the Atlanta Compromise of Booker T. Washington.
There would be no uniting form singularly characterizing the art that emerged from the Harlem Renaissance. Rather, it encompassed a wide variety of cultural elements and styles, including traditional musical styles as well as blues and jazz, traditional and new experimental forms in literature such as modernism and the new form of jazz poetry. This duality meant that numerous African-American artists came into conflict with conservatives in the Black intelligentsia. In this way, the Harlem Renaissance was not a monolithic movement, but a vibrant opportunity for the African American community to develop and explore the many facets of its identity.
Although the forms of expression varied widely, some common themes threaded throughout much of the work of the Harlem Renaissance. Black identity, the influence of slavery and emerging African-American folk traditions, institutional racism, the dilemmas inherent in performing and writing for elite White audiences, and the question of how to convey the experience of modern Black life in the urban North all found outlets in the work of the Harlem artists.
Three young women on the sidewalk in Harlem during the 1920s. For African Americans, Harlem was the center of culture – fashion, music, art, literature and politics – during the decade.
African American artists used their creativity to prove their humanity and demand equality. The Harlem Renaissance led to more opportunities for Blacks to be published by mainstream houses. Many authors began to publish novels, magazines and newspapers during this time. The new fiction attracted a great amount of attention from the nation at large. Among authors who became nationally known were Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson, Alain Locke, and Langston Hughes.
The Harlem Renaissance was more than a literary or artistic movement. It also embraced a development of ethnic pride, as seen in the Back to Africa movement led by Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican-born political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator. Garvey was President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and also President and one of the directors of the Black Star Line, a shipping and passenger line. Garvey was unique in advancing a philosophy to inspire a global mass movement and economic empowerment focusing on Africa known as Garveyism. Garveyism would eventually inspire others, ranging from the Nation of Islam to the Rastafari movement, which proclaim Garvey as a prophet, and the Black Power Movement of the 1960s.
At the same time, a different expression of ethnic pride, promoted by W. E. B. Du Bois, introduced the notion of the "talented tenth," the African Americans who were fortunate enough to inherit money or property or obtain a college degree during the transition from Reconstruction to the Jim Crow period of the early twentieth century. According to Du Bois, these talented tenth were considered the finest examples of the worth of Black Americans as a response to the rampant racism of the period. Du Bois did not assign any particular leadership to the talented tenth, but in his writings he held them up as a model to be emulated.
Madam C. J. Walker in her car. She served as a symbol of the possibilities for African Americans, both men and women.
The artists and writers of the Harlem Renaissance rested primarily on a support system of Black patrons, Black-owned businesses and publications rather than on support from wealthy Whites. Among the most notable of these was Sarah Breedlove, better known as Madam C. J. Walker. Walker was an entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. The first female self-made millionaire in the United States, she became one of the wealthiest self-made women in America and the wealthiest African-American woman in the country. Walker made her fortune by developing and marketing a line of beauty and hair products for black women. In addition to being a patron of the arts, Walker's home served as a social gathering place for the African-American community.
Although the vibrant creativity of the Harlem Renaissance faded in the 1930s with the onset of the Great Depression, the movement had an enormous, lasting impact on the African American community in both New York City and the nation in general. The Harlem Renaissance was more than a literary or artistic movement. It possessed a certain sociological development, particularly through a new racial consciousness, through racial integration, and it helped lay the foundation for the later Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.
W. E. B. Du Bois is rightfully remembered as a man who challenged Booker T. Washington's accommodationist attitude toward White power and is properly accorded a position as one of the African American thinkers who gave birth to the ideas that became the Civil Rights Movement.
Du Bois' New Negro was a different kind of person than Washington's ideal African American citizen. But how so? What did it mean to be a New Negro in the 1920s? What was new or reborn?
Previous: Popular Culture
Next: Social Conflicts
BIG IDEA: The 1920s marked a time when African-Americans were moving and changing their ideas about themselves and their place in American society.
After the end of Reconstruction, White leaders in the South established the Jim Crow system of segregation, which recreated the social order of the pre-Civil War Era with African Americans stuck firmly at the bottom.
The most prominent African American leader in the late 1800s was Booker T. Washington. He ran the Tuskegee Institute and argued that African Americans should find ways to become educated so that they could be productive members of society. He did not emphasize fighting for equality or equal rights.
In 1905, a group of African Americans formed the Niagara Movement. They wanted equal rights and founded the NAACP to fight for equality in the courts. Their leader was W. E. B. Du Bois, who offered a contrast to Booker T. Washington.
During WWI, thousands of African Americans moved out of the South to find jobs in factories in the North. This movement of people is called the Great Migration. They mostly settled in urban centers such as New York City, Chicago or Detroit. Although they did find higher paying jobs, they also found that segregation still existed in the North in the form of limits on where they could live and what jobs they could have.
A large number of the most creative and important leaders of the African American community settled in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City during the 1920s. They made music, wrote poetry and novels, danced, created artwork, and advocated for new political rights. This period of intense racial pride and activism was the Harlem Renaissance.
Booker T. Washington: African American educator in the late 1800s and early 1900s who led the Tuskegee Institute and argued that the best way for African Americans to advance their position in society was to learn useful skills rather than agitate for equality and justice. This was the Atlanta Compromise.
W. E. B. Du Bois: African American author, political leader and intellectual who led the Niagara Movement and published The Crisis. He believed that African Americans should reject the Atlanta Compromise and fight for equality and justice.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): Organization dedicated to promoting African American rights through the justice system. It was established in 1909 as part of the Niagara Movement.
Claude McKay: Poet of the Harlem Renaissance. His most famous poem is "If We Must Die."
Zora Neale Hurston: Author of the Harlem Renaissance. Her novels celebrated the life of everyday African Americans.
James Weldon Johnson: Poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "Life Every Voice and Sing."
Alain Locke: Author, philosopher, teacher and patron of the arts during of the Harlem Renaissance.
Langston Hughes: Most famous poet of the Harlem Renaissance.
Marcus Garvey: Jamaican-born entrepreneur and leader during the 1920s who led the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA): Organization founded by Marcus Garvey that encourage cooperation among all African people and people of African descent in the world. They also supported the independence movement in Jamaica.
Madam C. J. Walker: Female African American entrepreneur who was an important patron of the arts and leader during the Harlem Renaissance. She rose from poverty and made her fortune selling cosmetic products designed for African American women.
Jim Crow: The nickname for a system of laws that enforced segregation. For example, African Americans had separate schools, rode in the backs of busses, could not drink from White drinking fountains, and could not eat in restaurants or stay in hotels, etc.
Atlanta Compromise: Belief that the best way for African Americans to advance their position in society was to learn useful skills rather than agitate for equality and justice. It was promoted by Booker T. Washington in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The name derives from a speech.
Talented Tenth: W. E. B. Du Bois's idea that 10% of African Americans had the skills, education, and motivation to be the leaders of the community.
Redlining: Unofficial segregation in northern cities that occurred after the Great Migration in which realtors and banks refused to sell homes in certain neighborhoods to African American buyers.
New Negro: Idea that African Americans should assert themselves as members of American society, with literature, art, music and civil rights equal to all other people. It was popularized in the 1920s as part of the Harlem Renaissance and Niagara Movement. It was championed by W. E. B. Du Bois and contradicted Booker T. Washington's Albany Compromise.
Declaration of Principles: Statement published at the meeting of African American leaders in Niagara in 1905 calling for political, economic and social equality.
The Crisis: Journal published by W. E. B. Du Bois to promote the causes of African Americans.
Tuskegee Institute: Famous collage for African Americans led by Booker T. Washington.
Harlem: Neighborhood in Manhattan in New York City that became the home of African American politics and culture in the 1920s.
Niagara Movement: Movement in the African American community led by W. E. B. Du Bois to advocate for equality and racial justice. The NAACP was founded as part of this movement.
Great Migration: Movement of nearly two million African Americans out of the South to cities of the North in the 19-teens, largely to escape segregation and take advantage of job opportunities during World War I.
Back to Africa Movement: Movement championed by Marcus Garvey in the 1920s that argued for African Americans to assert ethnic pride and move to Africa.
Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 Supreme Court case in which the court declared that racially segregated schools and other public facilities were constitutional establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine. It was overturned in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954.
J Loomis - Editor	/ Posted on November 19, 2020October 23, 2021	/ 31
31 Replies to "Question 3: What did it mean to be a New Negro?"
Alan Gan says:
Did the Tuskegee Institute ever face racist hate crimes?
Grace Kwon says:
It's sad how even after all those fights and laws passed, Blacks were still subjected to racial hatred.
Emily Kwong says:
The two views from Washington and Du Bois continues today for new immigrants. When people from other countries move to the US, many are in a dilemma of either changing to fit in better or staying true to their own culture.
Erica Hui says:
Without the Harlem Renaissance would music like Jazz exist in society today?
Noah Fouts says:
How has the Harlem Renaissance still been recognized in recent events involving African Americans?
Paxton Nouchi says:
Did the W. E. B. stand for anything in the Du Bois?
Haley Nicole Chun says:
Why is it that they enjoyed the idea of the Harlem renaissance entertainment yet they still embraced Jim Crow laws and being "separate but equal"?
Kelly C. says:
Did outsiders know about the Harlem Renaissance? If so, did they ever join the Movement, or was there oppositions towards it?
Julia L. says:
Love seeing African American artists using their platform for good girlboss moment
Nicole T. says:
How much did the Harlem Renaissance actually help African Americans show white people that they deserved to be treated as equals? How did it impact civil rights movements from the communities?
Austin Atagi says:
What happened to W. E. B. Du Bois?
Were the African-American tenements better or worse than the European tenements?
Wendy Zhou says:
How did people respond to the Harlem Renaissance?
Jermay Aday says:
How different would it be if the people were to follow or listen more closely to what Booker T. Washington said in his speech?
Was it an easy road for Madam C. J. Walker?? What complications did she face?
Would Washington's way ever have worked?
Did Booker T. Washington receive hate because of his speech?
Were there any African American groups or small organizations that did agree with Washington's Atlanta Compromise? If so, what did they do? What became of them?
It's so crazy to see the remnants of slavery that are still present today from the great migration through redlining and prejudices during the transition out of slavery.
Did Madam C.J Walker ever run into racial complications that would jeopardize her company?
Were there any white people that enjoyed specifically the culture that the blacks created for themselves?
Did those who attended Tuskegee want to learn things other than curriculum like cooking, farming, and housekeeping? Did any individuals want to learn subjects like math, english, or science?
During the Great Migration did some African Americans struggle to find jobs because of the color of they're skin or did they get paid less?
Thuy says:
Why did African American choose to move to the North during this time? Why not earlier?
Iverson Roldan says:
Many of them faced economic problems with their jobs and their homes, after the war they sought to the North to gain better opportunities and escape Jim Crow laws. After the war, there had been many job openings for African Americans.
Was the Harlem Renaissance similar to the Enlightenment? In both periods, the people there had shared their different ideas about each other, what they felt was right and more, and I feel there is a connection between these two periods.
I guess it was kind of an African-American englightenment. Yes, they were able to share their different ideas to their community and they were able to work together as a whole to fight for their community too.
What are some examples of people in the Black intelligentsia? What did they think about the Harlem Renaissance?
Nicole Kate Durango says:
What outcome would have resulted if T. Booker's Washington beliefs were championed greatly by everyone?
I think the outcome would be very repressive for all those who did not champion the beliefs of Booker T. Washington. His beliefs were very accommodating towards the Whites and that is why many of them agreed with his beliefs. This would have led to many African Americans to just show that they can be productive members of society but they would not be seen as equals. This would mean that in that time period and possibly even now, African Americans would not be seen as equals and would not have achieved the civil rights they did in current day society.
Did wealthy industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D Rockefeller providing funds for Washington's self-help programs have an influence?


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Knights of Columbus Waterloo, ILL. Council #1334 was Founded June 14, 1908 with the goal to support the community and other nation-wide causes.
Thanks to the efforts of Father Michael J. McGivney, assistant pastor of St. Mary's Church in New Haven and some of his parishioners, the Connecticut state legislature on March 29, 1882, officially chartered the Knights of Columbus as a fraternal benefit society. The Order is still true to its founding principles of charity, unity and fraternity.
The Knights was formed to render financial aid to members and their families. Mutual aid and assistance are offered to sick, disabled and needy members and their families. Social and intellectual fellowship is promoted among members and their families through educational, charitable, religious, social welfare, war relief and public relief works.
The history of the Order shows how the foresight of Father Michael J. McGivney, whose cause for sainthood is being investigated by the Vatican, brought about what has become the world's foremost Catholic fraternal benefit society. The Order has helped families obtain economic security and stability through its life insurance, annuity and long-term care programs, and has contributed time and energy worldwide to service in communities.
The Knights of Columbus has grown from several members in one council to 15,342 councils and 1.9 million members throughout the United States, Canada, the Philippines, Mexico, Poland, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Panama, the Bahamas, the Virgin Islands, Cuba, Guatemala, Guam, Saipan, Lithuania, Ukraine, and South Korea.
We achieve our goals through...
Advocating for the Mentally Handicapped.
Supporting Human Support Services, Canterbury Manor and Monroe County Nursing Home.
Assisting the public and parochial schools in Waterloo and a variety of other charitable projects.
Sponsoring Cub Scout Pack 323.
SOME OF OUR ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
Hold annual Tootsie Roll / Intellectual Disabilities Drive
Run BBQs and Raffles to raise money for charitable giving
Organize Spelling Bee and Free Throw Contest for local youth
Support those discerning a vocation to the religious life
Console widows and grieving families at times of loss
Bring comfort and fun to senior citizens in local nursing homes
Stand Honor Guard for special Masses such as First Communion and Confirmation
Volunteer at local events like the SS Peter and Paul Parish Picnic and Monroe County Fair
Host socials to foster brotherhood
WHERE DO DONATIONS GO?
SS Peter and Paul Catholic School
Education First
Local Priests and Seminarians
Holy Name Society Raffles and Golf Outing
Monroe County Pro-Life
Newman Fund
Parish Picnics in Renault, Tipton and Waterloo
Gibault Catholic HS
Tuition Scholarships
SS Peter and Paul Parish
Retired Religious
Rotary Tree Of Lights
Through numerous events, activities and fundraisers, the Waterloo Knights of Columbus
Council #1334 raises and donates around $25,000 to local charitable needs and projects annually.
If you are a Catholic male over 18 and would like to join please, contact us at the email listed below. We have a great group that is very active in the community. Please contact Mike Kruse if you want to feel more involved in the church or community.
Please contact us at [email protected]
Grand Knight: Josh Morris
Financial Secretary: David Kennedy
Insurance Agent: Steve Boyer
Newsletter Editor: Ken Gibbs
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The day before yesterday it was very hot.
During the day I can just walk with a shirt and jeans.
Sakura is still blooming in many places.
Perhaps its something to do with global warming.
But thanks to that, we can still enjoy the flowers!
On 1st of April, we held Tea Tasting in our Ryokan.
but this time it's little different.
This time we focused on Teas drinked in Japanese daily life.
whats used in Tea Ceremony.
who joined us were enjoying different taste and fragrances of Teas.


The University of California-Berkeley first built Memorial Stadium atop their campus in 1923 as a tribute to those who died fighting World War I. It's one of the most beautiful college football stadiums in the country, a gem perched in the Berkeley Hills that overlooks the East Bay, San Francisco, and the Golden Gate Bridge. Problem is, stadiums get old, especially stadiums that straddle the Hayward Fault, a more destructive cousin of the famous San Andreas Fault. Memorial Stadium is quite literally bisected by the fault, which not only means that there is risk of a catastrophic earthquake, but that the stadium is slowly being pulled apart by fault creep.
A 1997 study rated the seismic safety of the stadium "poor," and school officials embarked on a quest to fix it shortly after. Regents told the school to either fix the stadium or find a new place to play. That's an impossible decision, given that Berkeley is a high-density urban area crisscrossed with fault lines and bound by mountains to the east and the San Francisco Bay to the west. By 2006, Berkeley officials had decided not to try and build a stadium somewhere else or play home games in the Raiders stadium, but rather to completely renovate and retrofit Memorial Stadium and build a new locker room and workout facility underneath it. The school was going to take on a bonded debt of $445 million for the $474 million project, hoping to pay it back by selling 50-year rights to season tickets for hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Almost immediately, the project got mired in a series of delays. An infamous tree-sitting protest began on the morning of Cal's annual rivalry game with Stanford in 2006 and delayed construction all the way until September 2008. A neighborhood association sued the university over potential plans to build a parking garage (there is a comical dearth of parking in Berkeley), and that case wasn't settled until 2010. The delays, the adjacent American economic crisis, Cal football's declining on-field relevance, and the UC system's budget crisis (which prompted $650 million in cuts and 17 percent tuition spikes) turned the incredibly ambitious project into an unholy albatross. Stanford stadium guru Roger Noll warned Berkeley officials that the project was too risky, and he was proven correct in his assessment.
By June 2011, only 49 of the 3,000 long-term seats had been sold. By December, the school said that they were $113 million short of their goal. Kansas tried a similar long-term seat plan and they abandoned it after it failed spectacularly. Cal tried to pivot away from the seat selling plan by 2013, but by that point, a gaping budget shortfall was staring them in the face, and that was just from paying off the debt. The Bears now owe at least $18 million per year in interest-only payments on the stadium debt, and that number will balloon to at least $26 million per year in 2032 when Berkeley starts paying off the principal stadium cost. Payments will increase until they peak at $37 million per year in 2039, then subside again in 2051 before Berkeley will owe $81 million in 2053. After that, the school is on the hook for $75 million more and will have six decades to pay it off. The stadium might not get paid off until 2113, by which time, who knows, an earthquake could send the stadium back into the earth or football as we know it might be dead.
Cal has a historically strong athletics program across the board, with several teams competing for national championships every year, multiple Bears winning Olympic medals every few years, and many high-profile pros in the NBA and the NFL. The school's 30 teams are the second-most in the Pac-12, and even though Berkeley is more famous for its strong record of academic success, no other public school can stand up to Berkeley's combination of elite academics and big-time sporting success. However, the current budgetary crisis brought on by the stadium debt is an existential threat to athletics at Cal.
Tensions between Cal's athletics and academics are nothing new, and this situation isn't helping. The stadium debt is so large that funding may have to come out of the school's non-athletics budget soon. The school's largest donors donate to both the school and the athletics programs, and any disruption of sports could decrease the overall amount of donations. The task force issued a report on its findings this week—you can read it below—and while they did not mention any specific remedies, things look incredibly dire.
Given its magnitude, it is virtually certain that interest expense will exceed IA's operating income for the foreseeable future no matter what actions are taken regarding program scope in IA.
As the task force made clear, cutting sports might save money, but could also dry up the donor well that the school relies on to pay teachers.
If the scope of the program were reduced, what would be the potential savings? To bound the problem, we received estimates that reducing the number of intercollegiate sports from 30 to the NCAA minimum of 14 might produce an initial annual savings on the order of $9- 12 million. In addition, total IA annual capital spending of $7-8 million might decline to $3-4 million. Substantial uncertainty surrounds both of these estimates.
Set against these savings is the effect that reducing the number of sports would likely have on philanthropy, not only to IA but also to the entire campus. Development staff estimates that the initial annual impact could be on the order of $25 million. 4 While this estimate is consistent with that made in the 2010 report, this number, like the estimated cost savings from reducing sports, is subject to great uncertainty. Notwithstanding this uncertainty, any recommendation must consider the net cost of scope savings after taking into account the potential reduction in philanthropy.
The task force noted that cuts and changes must be made but stopped just short of any prescriptions. Tighter budgetary control is a given, but the school simply owes too much money to avoid taking any drastic measures. The other shoe will drop soon for Cal, and it's not going to be pretty when it does.


text:
Julie Corneo (–1825) was an Italian miniature painter.

Biography
Julie (Giulia) Corneo born Grassi was a drawing teacher in the first years of 19th century at the College of the Noble Maidens of Milan. She was married with the landscape painter Gian Battista Corneo and in 1802 she is mentioned by Ugo Foscolo in the correspondence with Antonietta Fagnani Arese, Fosoclo's lover, in relation to the commission of her portrait miniature. The artist was in relationship not only with  but also with Johann Dominik Bossi to whom she sent some works to be judged in Brera Academy in 1804. In the following year she participated to the event organized for the coronation of Napoleon as king of Italy and later, together her husband, lived in Paris for some years. Returned to Italy she continued to teach drawing and paint miniatures for the important families of Milan such as    Serbelloni  and Sommariva. She probably died in the early months of 1825, when she was already a widow, in fact the court of Milan in March of that year summoned her heirs.

Artwork
Her style was influenced not only by Cigola and Bossi but also by Antoine-Paul Vincent (1790 - 1825). She created  works of refined execution with very dense brush strokes that highlight the modeling of the faces. Lenticular attention to details and great study of the introspective and psychological dimension of the sitters.

Works
 "Portrait of Maria Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford" (1771 - 1856) wife of Francis Seymour-Conway, 3rd Marquess of Hertford , watercolor and gouache on ivory, signed. London, Wallace collection.
 "Portrait of a child with flowers", watercolor and gouache on ivory, signed.
 "Portrait of unknown gentleman", watercolor and gouache on ivory, signed.
 "Portrait of Jean Jacques Rousseau",watercolor and gouache on ivory, signed. Lázaro Galdiano Museum, Madrid
 "Portrait of young gentleman with earring", watercolor and gouache on ivory, signed.
 "Portrait of General of division of the Army of the French republic", watercolor and gouache on ivory, signed.
 "Portrait of a Lady with a book", watercolor on ivory, c.1805, unsigned but attributed, Royal Collection
 "Portrait of a Lady", watercolor on ivory, c.1805, unsigned but attributed, Royal Collection
 "River landscape with waterfall and fishermen" 1811, signed and dated,watercolor on paper.
 "A Lady, bust length, facing right, in décolleté blue dress with fur border and white underslip", watercolor and gouache on ivory, signed.

References

1775 births
1825 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
19th-century Italian artists
19th-century Italian women artists
Artists from Milan
Portrait miniaturists
Italian women painters

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Those bean-counters with the NHL are a smilin' bunch these days because their audience likes them.
They're Really Going to Play a Super Bowl in the Winter - Outside - Aren't They?
Here we are in the early stages of the NHL regular season and we're already looking forward to the early stages of 2012.
Sounds crazy, but listen to the Ellis Cannon Sports Business Report from Radio PA not only for all the details - but why doing so isn't complete lunacy.


text:
By isabelmoranvidal / February 15, 2014
European cities and their populations are facing everyday problems related to transport and mobility: congestion, air and noise pollution, inefficient…
© Rudie / Fotolia
European cities and their populations are facing everyday problems related to transport and mobility: congestion, air and noise pollution, inefficient public transport services, accidents…
The European Union is aware of the issues and has proposed initiatives to tackle it from different aspects since the mid 90's. But the organization of urban mobility is primarily a responsibility of the competent authorities at the local level. They have to deal with the double challenge of improving mobility while making urban transport more sustainable in order to improve the quality of life of its citizens. But the circumstances and needs of these cities are not all the same. Thus, local authorities need to set up projects and plans that fit their particular situation.
The European Commission provides the tools needed to address the challenge of sustainable urban mobility and facilitate policy making at local level, as it has recently done with the Urban Mobility Package. Back in 2009, the European Commission, for the first time, launched a comprehensive support package on this topic: the Action Plan on urban mobility.
An appropriate and sustainable mobility in urban areas is an element to boost economic growth and employment, while also helping to build social integration. A shift towards greener transport in urban areas is also required to cope with climate change issues. Cities need to prioritise a better integration of the different urban mobility modes and encourage commuters and urban citizens to change their mobility patterns.
The future of urban mobility 2.0: imperatives to shape extended mobility ecosystems of tomorrow / Arthur D. Little, December 2013, 4 p.
The mobility maturity and performance of 84 cities worldwide is assessed using 19 criteria. Europe achieves the highest average score of the 6 world regions surveyed.
Urban transport problems / Jean-Paul Rodrigue. In: The geography of transport systems, 3rd. ed., Chapter 6, 2013.
Overview of the challenges faced by cities on urban transport.
Rethinking urban mobility: sustainable policies for the century of the city / Shin-Pei Tsay, Victoria Herrmann. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2013, 68 p.
Booming cities need contemporary mobility systems capable of transporting increasing numbers of people while doing the least possible harm to the natural environment. Multiple stakeholders, including local governments, must work together to create environmentally and financially sustainable urban transport systems.
Factors affecting modal choice in urban mobility / Yannis Tyrinopoulos, constantinos Antoniou. In: European Transport research Review, March 2013, vol.5, n°1, pp.27-39.
This paper addresses the urban transit sector investigating variables affecting the habitual modal choices of commuters aiming to gain insight into the key factors affecting these choices and the reasons that discourage them from using public transport services.
Innovation in Urban Mobility: Policy Making and Planning / European Commission. DG Transport, TRIP Policy Brochure, 2013, 28 p.
The brochure highlights the contribution of research and innovation to integrated and sustainable urban transport systems.
Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 / UN – HABITAT , 2013
This report argues that urban planning and design should focus on how to bring people and places together, by creating cities that focus on accessibility, rather than simply increasing the length of urban transport infrastructure or increasing the movement of people or gods.
Integrated Urban Transport Plans and Cohesion Policy: study / Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies, November 2012, 74 p.
The study deals with the interaction between integrated urban transport plans (sustainable urban mobility/transport plans, SUMP) and the cohesion policy of the European Union.
Zones d'activités économiques et déplacements. / Institut d'Amenagement et d'Urbanisme, September 2012, 150 p.
L'accès aux zones d'activités économiques est devenu un levier d'attractivité de l'espace régional. Les logiques économiques et immobilières ont cependant conduit à l'éloignement en périphérie de ces zones d'emploi tandis que leur conception et leur aménagement interne ont favorisé l'usage de la voiture.
Study on Urban Freight Transport / MDS Transmodal Limited and CTL, April 2012, 156 p.
The aim of the study is to review existing and planned practices and measures relating to the urban section of the freight transport chain across the Member States of the EU with a view to determine whether, to what extent and in which form, action at the European level can be envisaged to promote successful solutions and improve the performance of freight transport.
Urban practice guide: the do's and don't of sustainable urban mobility policy in a peer-to-peer practitioners approach / European Metropolitan Network Institute 2012, 52 p.
Report presenting lessons learned that can be shared with practitioners of other European cities that are interested in applying similar measures to or implementing comparable projects in their cities.
The State-of-the-Art of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans in Europe / Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, September 2011, 42 p.
The report describes the situation regarding Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, including current levels of awareness as well as training needs, in more than thirty European countries.
The future of urban mobility: towards networked, multimodal cities of 2050 / Arthur D. Little, 2011, 28 p.
This report assesses the mobility maturity and performance of 66 cities worldwide and finds most not just falling well short of best practice, but in a state of crisis.
Active ageing: local and regional solutions, Committee of the Regions, May 2011, 101 p.
In this report, the impact of population ageing is analysed with respect to five main policy areas, mobility and accessibility of transport being one of them.
Gender and Sustainable Urban Mobility / Deike Peters, Thematic study, November 2011, 69 p.
Patterns of access and use of transportation infrastructures and means of transport are all deeply gendered. While these patters may vary deeply across different cities and regions, one key fact remains the same the world over: Women's travel patterns are different from men's.
New Evidence on Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Territories: First synthesis Report ESPON 2013 / ESPON, October 2010, 108 p.
This report presents a synthesis of results from the major Applied Research projects undertaken by the ESPON 2013 Programme. See p.90-95 Urban sprawl and high energy-use commuting.
Sustainable urban transport plans : note / European Parliament, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies, 2010, 59 p.
This note provides an overview of the concept of Sustainable Urban Transport Plans (SUTPs) by tying its analysis to the relationship between sustainability and urban mobility. The note presents some key SUTPs experiences in selected European cities, and discusses the role of the European Union in this field.
Falling commuting costs, amenity advantages, and suburbanization / The annals of regional science , 2010, v. 45, n. 2, p. 351-364
The goal of this paper is to understand the direct and indirect effects (through impacting the quantity and quality of local public good in the communities) of falling commuting costs (per unit of distance) on suburbanization.
Study on urban access restrictions, / PWC, 2010, 471 p.
This document reports on the results of a study funded by the EC – DG MOVE to investigate the state-of-the-art of Access Restriction Schemes (ARS) in Europe and identify actions in which the European Union could engage to promote better awareness of this concept.
The future of transport in urban areas: note / European Parliament, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies, November 2009, 39 p.
Urban mobility is analysed with a systems approach and from the point of view of functionality and service. The concepts and modes that are likely to predominate in 2050 are presented.
Urban revitalization and transport: local factors and driving forces from a stakeholders' view / Maria Spandou, Camila Garcia, Rosário Macário. CESUR – Center for Urban and Regional Systems (2009?) 23 p.
The objective of this paper is to present the process and outcomes of a the "Imagining Urban Futures" Stakeholders Workshop, aiming at the identification of driving forces and local factors that implicitly and/or explicitly have an impact on urban revitalization policies in Portugal.
Carrots versus sticks: rewarding commuters for avoiding the rush-hour : a study of willingness to participate / Dick Ettema. In: Transport policy , Vol. 16, no. 2 (2009), p. 68-76
This paper deals with the potential participation in a reward scheme to avoid peak hour driving. These results provide behavioural insights to formulating a coherent and flexible policy to implement rewards on larger scales as serious tool in the transportation demand management kit.
EU Institutions' views
Commission – DG Transport: Urban Transport Mobility Package / European Commission DG Transport
The Commission reinforces its supporting measures in the area of urban transport with this set of documents dating from December 2013.
The Urban Mobility Package will address initiatives 31, 32 and 33 of the White Paper "Roadmap to a single European Transport Area". Initiative 31 calls for establishing procedures and financial support mechanisms at the European level for preparing Urban Mobility Plans. Initiative 32 foresees the development of a package for urban road user charging and access restriction schemes; while initiative 33 covers the production of best practice guidelines to better monitor and manage urban freight flows.
Some of the main documents are:
Together towards competitive and resource-efficient urban mobility COM(2013)0913 final, 17.12.2013, 13 p.
Together towards competitive and resource-efficient urban mobility. Executive summary of the impact assessment. Commission working document SWD(2013)0529
Together towards competitive and resource-efficient urban mobility. Mobilising Intelligent Transport Systems for EU cities. Accompanying document.Commission working document SWD(2013)0527
Action Plan on Urban Mobility: State of Play / European Commission; DG for Mobility and Transport, February 2012 , 15 p.
Action Plan on urban mobility, COM(2009) 490
This plan, which runned until 2012, proposed twenty measures to encourage and assist local, regional and national authorities in achieving their goals for sustainable urban mobility. One of the main objectives of this plan is to accomplish (near) CO2-free city's logistics in major urban centres by 2030.
Green Paper: Towards a new culture for urban mobility, COM(2007)55. 25 September 2007.
European Parliament resolution of 23 April 2009 on an action plan on urban mobility, P6_TA(2009)0307, 23 April 2009.
European Parliament resolution on "Towards a new culture of urban mobility", P6_TA(2008)0356, 9 July 2008.
The role of urban regeneration in the future of urban development in Europe. CDR 98/2010, Rapporteur Spyros Spyridon. See point 24
Action plan on urban mobility. CDR 417/2008, Rapporteur Albert Bore.
Green paper – towards a new culture for urban mobility. CDR 236/2007, Rapporteur Albert Bore.
Action Plan on Urban Mobility. TEN/414, Rapporteur: Mr Hencks, 27.05.2010
Associations' views
Urban mobility package: support to local authorities' action in building sustainable local mobility plans: COM(2013) 913 final – Together towards competitive and resource-efficient urban mobility / Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR), April 2014, 5 p.
Opinion by the CEMR on the "Urban mobility package". Among other things it states that mobility should not be limited to urban areas but has to be extended to functional areas and include rural and peri-urban areas, ask for the creation of a Member States expert group on urban mobility in which local and regional authorities can directly take part, also it is opposed to any obligation upon local authorities regarding sustainable urban mobility plans and access restriction schemes, including green zones.
How cities can motivate mobility mindsets / Anette Enemark, Sally Kneeshaw, URBACT, May 2013, 44 p.
This paper focuses on the ways in which cities can facilitate the transition to a new urban mobility, which is more fundamentally linked to the quality of space, and is built on integration between policy priorities and multi-stakeholder buy-in. Six cities cases are presented.
EUROCITIES statement on sustainable urban mobility plans / EUROCITIES, March 2013, 2 p.
EUROCITIES statement on the Urban Dimension of the EU Transport Policy / EUROCITIES, December 2012, 5 p.
UITP Rome Declaration: Call for action: Transport in big cities can help kickstart the powerhouse of Europe / International Association of Public Transport (UITP), December 2012.
CEOs of Europe's six largest capital city public transport operators launch a call for action in favour of public transport as a motor for sustainable growth
Joint CEMR-EUROCITIES Statement on Access Restriction Schemes in cities / CEMR, EUROCITIES, February 2011, 6 p.
Policy recommendations on the topic.
Sustainable urban mobility dossier / EUKN
Includes best practices, research and policy overview.
Megacities on the move / FIA Foundation, 2010.
The FIA Foundation has launched 'Megacities on the move', a major new study into global urban mobility issues and solutions. (2010) Includes 2025 the future of mobility and our cities
Agenda 21 for urban mobility / United cities and local governments, June 2009, 44 p.
Cities for Mobility is today a global network with over 500 members from 70 countries including universities, companies and international organisations. With its Agenda 21 for Urban Mobility they contribute to develop sustainable mobility: Socially inclusive, environmentally-friendly and economy-promoting.
EU actions for urban mobility: Response to the public consultation of the European Commission on a new action plan on urban mobility / European Federation for Transport and Environment, March 2008, 7 p.
The future of urban mobility: seamless solutions that are transforming 21st century mobility / International Association of Public Transport, 17 p.
Urban Audit / Eurostat.
See Transport: cities and greater cities. Includes indicators as journeys to work by type of transport, people commuting, number of cars or accessibility.
Eurobarometer Special Surveys – Attitudes of Europeans towards urban mobility / European Commission. Special Eurobarometer n°406, 2013, 98 p.
This survey was designed to look at: Europeans' transport habits, perception about transport problems in EU cities, opinions about some specific measures to improve travel within cities, expectations for traffic improvements within cities and their opinions of who is responsible for these improvements.
Quality of life in cities: perception survey in 79 European cities / European Commission. DG Regional and Urban Policy, October 2013, 151 p.
See p.22 Public Transport
EU projects and case studies
Eltis: the urban mobility portal- Case studies
Eltis facilitates the exchange of information, knowledge and experiences in the field of urban mobility in Europe.
Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan for Aberdeen / Aberdeen City Council
Paris, Londres, Berlin, Madrid: Le fonctionnement des grandes gares ferroviaires / Institut d'Amenagement et d'Urbanisme, November 2013, 166 p.
See Chapter 4: Clients, pp. 99-137.
Milan's congestion charge zone / Eurocities, September 2013, 2 p.
Employer attitudes towards peak hour avoidance / Diana M. Vonk Noordegraaf, Jan Anne Annema. In: EJTIR, Issue 12(4), 2012, pp.373-390.
Peak Hour Avoidance (PHA) is a relatively new Dutch mobility management measure. To reduce congestion frequent car drivers are given a financial reward for reducing the proportion of trips that they make during peak hours on a specific motorway section. This paper investigates the attitudes of Dutch employers towards PHA.
Un actif sur deux travaille à proximité de chez lui. / IAU, Julliet 2012
Activités quotidiennes et mobilité en Île-de-France, du centre au périurbain / IAU Île-de-France, février 2012, 78 p.
Mobility management and commuting: inputs and examples of best practice in German firms: a short survey / Giz, Case Study, n°5, 2011, 30 p.
This study indicates the characteristics of commuting and offers an alternative approach to meet the mobility needs of employees. Through mobility management measures, firms can improve the commuting experience of their employees.
Planning for cycling in Germany : cycling coordinators and offices : a short survey from Frankfurt am Main / GIZ-Transport Policy Advisory Servicces, 2011, 22 p.
This paper gives a brief overview of how planning, organizing and regulating urban bicycle traffic can be achieved institutionally by cities.
Commuting to Brussels: how attractive is 'free' public transport? / Astrid de Witte, Cathy Macharis. In: Brussels Studies , issue 37, April 2010.
In Belgium, several cities have been experimenting with 'free' public transport based on the concept of a third payer system. This study explores the modal shift potential of this measure for commuters by means of a large-scale survey.
Île-de-France, Vers une baisse de la mobilité résidentielle et une hausse des déplacements? / Institut d'amenagement urbaine, avril 2009
Categories: PUBLICATIONS, Structural and Cohesion Policies Tags: car sharing, commuting, emissions, fuel emissions, keysources, road transport, sustainable mobility, urban development, Urban Policy, urban traffic, urban-rural relationships
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The European Commission has approved two film support schemes that address the specific problems faced by film communities in rural or smaller European areas -- specifically in Latvia and Sardinia.
In Latvia, the aim is that a new $68m (Euros 43m), six-year support scheme will help audiences across rural Latvia access European and Latvian films. The funding will cover all of Latvia's film support measures, including film development, production and distribution of Latvian and European films, particularly in rural areas.
Although Latvia had more than 1,000 screens in the early 1990s, there are now only 14 full-time cinemas and a total of only 46 screens across the entire country, serving a population of 2.3m.
As the majority of these screens are in the country's capital, Riga, those living outside Riga have little or no access to European or Latvian cinema.
Competition Commissioner, Neelie Kroes, highlighted the cooperation provided to the Commission in assessing the Latvian scheme by the National Film Centre of Latvia and the Latvian State Aid Control Department.
'This has helped the Commission to appreciate the difficult situation facing Latvian film culture and to approve the scheme quickly,' Commissioner Kroes said.
The Commission has also approved a three-year, $12m (Euros 7.5m)scheme to help support films of regional and cultural interest in Sardinia.
The main objective of the Sardinian scheme is to support the development, production and distribution of films that reflect Sardinian culture.
The funding includes low interest loans to produce feature films, grants for feature film script development and short film production, as well as support for the distribution of feature films and film festivals.
In approving the scheme, Commissioner Kroes recognised the specific problems facing film communities in some smaller European areas.
'Films reflecting the culture of a European region such as Sardinia would most probably not be sufficiently commercial to be made or distributed without public support. So I am pleased that the Commission is able to approve this scheme, which illustrates the extent to which Sardinians take pride in their rich cultural heritage and which will help to preserve Europe's cultural diversity,' said Commissioner Kroes.
The Commission has confirmed that both new schemes comply with EU rules on state aid for film production, as well as support in other areas, under the 2001 Cinema Communication.


Thank you for your interest in joining our network as a US tax partner. Americans Overseas is an independent US tax referral service. We pro-actively reach out to US citizens living outside of the US for a longer period of time (not focused on expats) that recently learned about their US tax obligation. We operate in all major European countries.
Our motto is: inform & connect. Clients who approach Americans Overseas have learned of their US tax obligation. Clients can call or email us with any questions they have that are either answered by us or a tax professional (SSN, renouncing, taxes owed,etc). We feel it's very important to start this journey well informed. We have also developed a knowledge base which is continuously updated with the latest most frequently asked questions. Anything we don't know we check with our partners and also add if it's a recurring question. After a client is informed they can be referred to a US tax partner. The referral only takes place after their express consent. Some people only want information and no referral. We give clients a price indication in advance so they don't pay too much but also know what to expect.
The US tax partners in our network receive clients that have been informed by us what to expect. This means clients that have no filing obligation, no intention to file or only have some questions, are generally filtered out and helped by us. This saves the preparers a lot of time so they can do what they're good at: prepare tax filings. It's sometimes overwhelming for a client to find out they have a tax obligation and this leads to clients becoming unresponsive towards the preparer. This can reported to us and we will contact the individual to see if they want to continue, stop, or be referred to someone else. This ensures both the client and the tax preparer both get the service they want.
Most importantly our partners provide good, friendly, reliable, affordable service against a fixed price agreed in advance. This is very important as many Americans Overseas find out for the first time in their life they need to file and are very anxious. They need an expert who will tell them like it is, not unnecessarily worry them and provide them with a fair estimate.
If you're interested please apply to Americans Overseas. We will contact you for an intake call. It's important that your rates on basic streamlined procedures and yearly returns are clear for us. We do understand that custom work requires custom rates. However 90% of our clients have very uniform cases that consist of employment, mortgage, and sometimes stocks. More complicated cases involving ownership of a company are considered custom requests.
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Well we have returned after a short maternity hiatus. Mom and baby are doing just fine and we thank all of you for your well wishes.
When we last convened in the blog I was talking about my transition from Pipefitter to Massage Therapist and how my past has become my present. There will be references to the past to hopefully help explain the present.
Over the past few months I, along with Angel Velotta, have been educating 11 individuals about Muscle Release Therapy, MRTh®. These individuals have now gone through 3 weekends of very intense study. As they have started incorporating the theory and releases they have noticed that their practices have begun to improve. What they have all learned is just how complex the human body can be in movement. Muscle Release Therapy, MRTh® was developed to assess and treat the body to correct dysfunctional tissue that has become inhibited in movement.
What does this all mean to the average person? In our day to day lives we move in many different directions and sometimes we hold a movement postsure for prolong periods of time. On January 22nd we are holding a class about Stretching here at the Wellness Center and in this class we will talk about the many pros and cons of stretching. Beside myself, the other presentators are Josh Trentine, former PT who now owns Overload Fitness and will be presenting from an exercise physiologist viewpoint. We are also excited to introduce Dr. Tim Keyes, D.C. who uses the technique A.R.T. or Active Release Technique and will be presenting his viewpoint from that philosophy.
During a recent class I was demonstrating a release technique to the thumb joint and how that one joint affects the elbow, shoulder and vertebral column. How often in your day to day activities do you use your thumb? In reality probably not as much as you think. We all have a tendency to grasp with our fingers and our poor thumb is left out of the picture. What we need to do is grasp with it more often so that its strength continues to develop. It is part of the balancing package that our brain depends on. For the majority of us we use our thumb to hit the space bar on our computer, to text on our smart phone or hold our cup of coffee.
This is just one example of the how by using one part of the body we engage other parts, and when that is inefficient we open ourselves up for injury. By balancing the overall tension on the skeleton we prevent many of the everyday aches and pains that develop. Also, many of the bad habits that are formed in movement patterns do not develop and often those are the reason pain returns.
One last item for this weeks Blog, we have recently added Pat Gates, LMT to our staff. Many of you have heard of Rolfing, well Pat does a technique called Structural Intergation Therapy. This is very similar to Rolfing and in its own format balances the Fascia tension on the internal structure. Pat is also a student of Muscle Release Therapy, MRTh® and uses many of the same philosophies that we use here at Chagrin Valley Wellness Center. If you are interested in learning more from Pat please call for a consultation, she will be at our office on Tuesday mornings from 9 AM to 1 PM. If you want to schedule an appointment just call either Briana or Rebecca our client care specialist and they would be happy to accommodate you.
Until next week, remember there is always a reason to H.O.P.E.!


This is a list of submissions for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature since it started in 2001 (where DreamWorks Animation's Shrek was the inaugural winner.). An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters' performances are created using a frame-by-frame technique, a significant number of the major characters are animated, and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time.
Some submissions to the Best Animated Feature category were live-action/animation hybrids, but only three films were disqualified for not meeting the 75 percent threshold. This happened with Arthur and the Invisibles in 2006, Yogi Bear in 2010, and The Smurfs in 2011. Consequently, the former two disqualifications reduced the shortlist from five films to three films in 2006 and 2010 respectively, while the latter in 2011 did not.
Hengdian Chinese Film Production Co.
^ Matt Grobar. "Oscars: Breaking Down The Contenders In The Best Animated Feature Race". Deadline. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ "Angelina Jolie, Pixar projects among 26 films submitted for animated feature Oscar". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
^ "Rule Seven: Special Rules for the Animated Feature Film Award". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
^ "Arthur Disqualified". Cartoon Brew. 2007-01-05. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
^ "Oscar's Animated Feature Race Will Be Down to 3". Retrieved 2018-12-02.
^ "Academy's Animation Branch Disqualifies 'The Smurfs'". TheWrap. 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
^ "Arthur Disqualified". Cartoon Brew. 2007-01-05. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Carolyn Giardina. "14 cartoons seek 3 Oscar berths". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Oscars get record 20 submissions for best animated feature; 5 nominees likely for category". entertainment.gaeatimes.com. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Academy Award Nominations 2011: Best Animated Feature Oscar Nominees Criticism, Part I". reviewmaze.com. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ "Oscar's Animated Feature Race Will Be Down to 3". Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "18 Animated Feature Films Submit for 84th Annual Academy Awards". Collider. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ "Academy's Animation Branch Disqualifies 'The Smurfs'". TheWrap. 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jon Weisman. "Oscars: 19 Films Submit for Feature Animation". Variety. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "20 Films Submitted for Best Animated Feature at 2014 Oscars". thewrap.com. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kristopher Tapley. "16 Animated Feature Films Submitted for 2015 Oscar Race". Variety. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Oscars 2016: Best Animated Feature Eligibles | B+ Movie Blog". bplusmovieblog.com. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "The Academy Has Finalized Submissions for the 2018 Best Animated Feature Nominations". filmschoolrejects.com. Retrieved 2018-07-15.


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Constructivist Psychology
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Journal of Beat Studies
The Journal of Comics and Culture
Journal of the Early Book Society (JEBS)
Lex Naturalis
Methods: A Journal of Acting Pedagogy
Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education
Woolf Studies Annual (WSA)
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A River's Pleasure: Essays in Honor of John Cronin
For 35 years John Cronin has been at the heart of saving the Hudson River ecosystem, a role model for environmental efforts around the nation. But he has not been alone. In this new collection of essays, a range of writers — among them scientists, activists, scholars and clergymen — describe Cronin's life and work, offering a unique glimpse into his extraordinary contribution to protecting our water resources.
A River's Pleasure, an intimate and thought-provoking book, offers readers an episodic narrative of a pioneering and influential part of the modern environmental movement, including a look forward into its future.
A River's Pleasure contains 21 pieces of writing that range from an exclusive interview with Pete Seeger to an in-depth profile by The New Yorker writer Alec Wilkinson and an insightful essay from Nicholas Robinson, a globally recognized architect of international environmental law and a Pace law professor. The contributors also include John Horgan, a former senior writer at Scientific American, Anthony DePalma, formerly of The New York Times, an IBM executive, a photo-essayist, an archeologist trying to keep looters away from eight-acre Magdalen Island, and a shad fishing riverman who recalls a cleaner river.
2009, Paper, 192 pages
Creating Sustainability Within Our Midst
The United States Society for Ecological Economics (USSEE) hosts biennial meetings to provide a national and international forum that focuses on the latest issues and shares the latest developments in Ecological Economics.
The Fourth Biennial Conference of the USSEE, "Creating Sustainability Within Our Midst: Challenges for the 21st Century," took place in June 2007 in downtown New York City on the campus of Pace University. Partnering with the Pace Institute for Environmental & Regional Studies as a co-sponsor, the conference offered a variety of themes and special symposia featuring collective interests as well as regional issues and amenities.
Topics at the conference included the ecological economics of climate change, energy, biodiversity, ecosystems, and resource systems; valuation methodologies and issues thereof; population concerns; regional studies of sustainable development; greening the building industry; green entrepreneurship; and education in ecological economics and sustainability.