We begin today's email with the first half of my AAPL 4Q16 earnings preview. We discuss my thoughts on expectations heading into next week's earnings report. The email then turns to a closer look at Services, iPad, Mac, and Apple Watch. We go over my unit sales and revenue estimates, as well as an overview of each product line heading into earnings. The email concludes with a continuation of the discussion found in yesterday's update about Project Titan. There were three additional points worth going into more detail, including an interesting theory about Bob Mansfield's role with Project Titan.


The conflict of clans is an excellent recreation designed for smartphones, tabs and you may as well play it online. A number of folks across the world every day play this game they usually enjoy the conflict between warriors. The crew behind RaccoonBot has created a number of bots and cheats for different games and hence we had quite a lot experience with such tasks when we have began working on this baby. Our aim was to create a simple to use, performant but in addition function wealthy bot which performs higher than some other identified bot for Conflict of Clans. Especially finding the best balance between a function rich and simple to use bot is tough in relation to the GUI design – it's awesome that our customers nonetheless contemplate the bot as straightforward to use despite the fact that we've added so many features since the mid of 2015.
Mengumpulkan setumpuk pejuang dan mengambil alih hutan dalam strategi ini CCG baru! Arbitrary Headcount Limit : Your Military Camp needs to be upgraded so as to retailer more mooks. Like many buildings in this game, you can too construct multiples of themnote as much as four to boost it further. Do not waste time into farming sources anymore, use our bot to max out your base. No extra time consuming, boring and annoying resource farming vital! Before being gamers, we prefer to think that we're a family. Irrespective of where are you from or what do you do, Conflict of Heroes is open to everyone. Right here one can find respect and a lot of enjoyable between us. Make new buddies, discover and be a part of a brand new clan, discover your personal great alliance and dominate the sport with your pals.
Sacrafice the City Hall – In case you've already bought your third builder and you're not a part of one of the prime clans, you are probably not that concerned with trophies and are more focused on farming for gold and elixir. By inserting the Town Corridor outdoors of your walls you will make it enticing for attackers to go after it. Once they destroy it, it is going to give them an automatic victory with one star. It would also offer you an automated shield. Your purpose here is to guard the gold and elixir storage and not fear about wins and losses. As soon as you have constructed a killer base, you can fear about going for the trophies.
Think about this your crash course in Conflict of Clans, the whole lot from what to expect after putting in to what machine is best for optimum enjoyment. So… not that a lot. I feel Supercell will tune the matchmaking algorithm to match lopsided (engineered) bases more towards one another. The whole lot else would not be potential to do anyways. Cellular Cellphone as Joystick. Obtain the separate application to expertise COC like never before! Clash of Clans has had nice success on iOS. We'll see if the Android model is as profitable, however in the meantime, you can enjoy your onerous work and progress on either your iOS and Android gadget!
Full Android Person Interface. Nearly discover your Android gadgets interface in a much bigger monitor for an final sport performance! The sport has two kinds of barracks (barracks and dark barracks) and two kinds of spell factories (spell manufacturing unit and darkish spell manufacturing facility). The barracks create troops using elixir whereas darkish barracks create troops utilizing dark elixir. With Wikia's official flagship app, My Wikia, you'll be able to search for communities and add them to your home screen and browse always evolving, deep content in a customizable format.


Ecotecture, or eco-friendly architecture, is becoming more desirable by people looking to protect and preserve the environment, save money, or both. The gallery here shows the diverse range of green architecture people are building to feel closer to mother nature.
Ecotecture can be very low budget (see the $4,000 hobbit-style architecture), or can refer to multimillion dollar green luxury mansions. While we have seen plenty of eco-friendly skyscrapers, the focus of this cluster is on private homes of nature lovers.


text:
Pamela CoultonMariana2017-05-17T19:17:30+00:00
Pamela Coulton
Pam was born and raised in London, England. She graduated from the University of the West Indies for Business Communication & Management and from the University of West London for Computer Programming and Application.
She has an extensive history in business management which is reflected by her former self-started and self-funded Air Charter company. She invested a significant amount of her time volunteering at the Special Olympics and participating in Angel Flight, which gave cancer patients the opportunity to fly to their therapy and medical appointments.
Apart from her business, she takes pride and joy in her children who both attended Georgia State University with honors and distinctions.
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When I think of jazz, horn or piano happily invades my mind. Piano is nice, yet horn is nicer—it can really let go and wail in a way that one does not encounter in classical music. I am somewhat familiar with Cuban and Brazilian jazz, but thanks to Music Mountain, that Saturday night jazz club in the hills of Falls Village, I've been introduced to Peruvian jazz last Saturday night. Gabriel Alegria's Afro-Peruvian Quintet transfixed the audience at Gordon Hall by levitating the stage a few inches higher.
They opened with Jorge (George) Gershwin's classic "Summertime" with Gabriel blowing fiercely on trumpet; they segued into Peruvian mutations of the tune that allowed every band member an instrumental solo, then concluded with the traditional American version. Bandleader Gabriel masterfully adjusted the dynamics of his trumpet with the rubber end of a bathroom plunger, an activity that redeems such a lowly invention. "Circle of Light" followed which also exhibited a circular structure where the concluding climax repeats the more mellow opening. I presume this piece was a paean to the city of Lima where the band has its roots when not touring the globe.
Laura Andrea Leguia is the sax player (curved and straight). She composes and arranges about 60% of the band's music, while Gabriel (who also pays flugelhorn) does the rest. She, too, can play a mean or sweet horn. They have a New Orleans inflection with Armstrong edges and looping arabesque structures from Spain; they are a new chapter in the global handbook of jazz (yet to be written). They employ tunes from the Peruvian coast with diatonic transpositions.
Percussion in most numbers is the lead instrument that the players revolve around as they take solo turns. Freddy "Huevito" Lobatón is a master-player of the, a cajón, a wooden box with an opening in the rear. This is a Peruvian invention. It is thought that the workers at the docks used broken crates for percussion at night for dancing parties. The cajón is currently popular in Cuban music and has even been adopted in Spain since the 1970s for flamenco music. (They put in a resonator either to give a more "Spanish" feel to the music or put it in to make the box easier to play.) Freddy was not only the heartbeat of the band, but he showed off his Peruvian tap-dancing moves. He also plays the quijada, the jaw of a donkey, which is a traditional African percussion instrument employed for more delicate effects.
Yuri Juarez on acoustic guitar displayed a liquid fluidity few can exhibit with such natural ease. Bam Bam Rodriguez (from Venezuela yet studied in Belgium and Netherlands for advanced degrees) on double bass is based in New York City when not touring the globe. This thirteen-year-old band features a seamless weld.
"Toro Mata" (Bull kills) opens with clarion burst and concludes with modulated elegy (in the same opening melody) for the matador. I enjoyed the progress from sunlit extroversion to shade introversion.
In the second half they played "Puerto Pimentel," a sweet portrait of a poor fishing town about ten miles north of Lima. Their instrumentals displayed a broad program that did not inhibit the music. The looping structure of the music allowed variations in refrains: a wandering and return motif. And did those horns blow! They performed quite a long down-temp encore to the small but excited audience. The energy was there on stage and in the appreciative audience.
This performance was part of the Saturday evening Jazz series at Music Mountain. Who says you need to take the train to Manhattan to hear great jazz? You can just drive up Music Mountain on the right night to arrive in Peru to discover something really new.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
A large amount of experimental spatially-extended systems
exhibiting non-equilibrium transitions controlled by the
environment exist (for a review, see \cite{cross93}). These
transitions usually occur in such a way that the system
departs from an initial homogeneous state when an external
control parameter surpasses a certain threshold value.
Frequently, this instability leads to the appearance of
non-equilibrium spatiotemporal dissipative structures, which
subsist as long as the external driving stress which has produced
the transition persists \cite{manneville90}.
This is the case, for instance, in the hydrodynamic convective
structures controlled by the temperature difference between the
plates of a Rayleigh-B\'enard cell \cite{chandras61,meyer87}, or
in the appearance of transverse structures in a laser beam
controlled by the pumping rate \cite{brambilla94,lega94a}.
Usually, most of the features present in these pattern-forming
processes are satisfactorily captured by a model equation which was
introduced by Swift and Hohenberg
\cite{swift77} with the initial objective of describing the
effect of fluctuations at the onset of convection in the
Rayleigh-B\'enard cell mentioned above. Since then, the
Swift-Hohenberg (SH) equation (and proper modifications of it
\cite{xi94,hilali95}) has proved its great usefulness in this
field, not only in a hydrodynamical context
\cite{mandel93,lega94b}. The equation reads:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:ash}
\frac{\partial u\left(\vec{x},t\right)}{\partial t}=r\,u
-\left[\nabla^2+k_0^2\right]^2 u-u^3+\eta\left(\vec{x},t\right)
\end{equation}
Here $r$ is the bifurcation parameter (the temperature gradient in
the Rayleigh-B\'enard case, or the pumping rate in the laser
case), which controls the appearance of a pattern
of characteristic length of order $k_0^{-1}$.
The field $\eta$ is a random function of space and time,
representing internal noise of the system. Usually this term is
statistically described by a gaussian probability distribution
with zero mean and correlation
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:int-noise}
\left< \eta\left(\vec{x},t\right)\;\eta\left(\vec{x}\,',t'\right)
\right>\;=
\;2\,\varepsilon\,\delta\left(\vec{x}-\vec{x}\,'\right)\,\delta\left(t-t'
\right)
\end{equation}
This white noise accounts for hydrodynamic thermal fluctuations
in the convective instability, or for spontaneous
emission in the optical case. Its (dimensionless)
strength $\varepsilon$ is very small, so it has no qualitative effect on
the pitchfork bifurcation exhibited by this model.

External fluctuations, on the other hand, are known to have
non-trivial qualitative effects on the behaviour of non-linear
dynamical systems. In particular, zero-dimensional systems (i.e.
systems with no spatial dependence) have been known for more than
a decade to exhibit transitions {\em induced} by external noise
(see \cite{horsthemke84} for an extensive
review). In the last few years, interest on studying the
influence of external fluctuations on spatially-extended systems
has grown \cite{doering89,elder92,ojalvo93,becker94,broeck94}.
This influence is likely to be more relevant in these systems
than in the previous homogeneous ones, due to the existence of
symmetry-breaking effects in the transitions occurring in them.

In the particular case of the SH model, Elder
{\em et al.} \cite{elder92} observed a disordering effect of the
additive noise present in Eq. (\ref{eq:ash}), when it is no
longer considered to be internal, so that its intensity $\varepsilon$ can
be arbitrarily large. Hence, the stripe structure (roll structure,
in the hydrodynamical terminology) suffered a transition from a
smectic (large regions of parallel stripes) to an isotropic
(disordered system with short-range order) regime as the
intensity of the additive external noise increased.

Yet another possible (even more reasonable) source of external noise
exists, namely the control parameter of the bifurcation. The fact
that this parameter is directly related to an external constraint
imposed by the observer makes it likely to be affected by fluctuations.
Let us now denote by $r$ the mean value of this fluctuating
control parameter. Now the SH equation reads:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:msh}
\frac{\partial u\left(\vec{x},t\right)}{\partial t}=
\left[r+\xi\left(\vec{x},t\right)\right]\,u
-\left[\nabla^2+k_0^2\right]^2 u-u^3+\eta\left(\vec{x},t\right)
\end{equation}

Hence the random field $\xi$ is a zero-mean external multiplicative
noise (chosen gaussian) whose correlation should not in principle be
assumed to be white. We shall choose here a noise colored in
space and white in time:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:ext-noise}
\left< \xi\left(\vec{x},t\right)\;\xi\left(\vec{x}\,',t'\right)
\right>\;= \;2\,D\left(\frac{\vec{x}-
\vec{x}\,'}{\lambda}\right)\,\delta\left(t-t' \right)
\end{equation}
$\lambda$ is the correlation length of the noise. This model was
studied in Ref. \cite{ojalvo93} in the limit case
$\lambda \longrightarrow 0$ (noise white also in space) and
nontrivial effects were indeed found on the original bifurcation,
which was shifted into the pattern region as the intensity of the
external noise increased. Hence the role of this external noise
is, at least for some values of its intensity,
opposite to that of the additive case. A linear stability
analysis of the first and second moments of the relevant variable
of the system leads to analytical results which are in agreement
with simulations \cite{ojalvo93,becker94}. Now we are
interested in the influence
of the correlation length of the noise (which in some other
problems is known to reduce the effective value of the noise
intensity \cite{ojalvo92a,ojalvo94a}). The mathematical treatment of the
Fokker-Planck equation to study spatially-extended systems with multiplicative
colored noise is also presented.

This paper is organised as follows. Next Section presents the
results obtained by numerical simulation of the model. A linear
stability analysis of the structure function of the system is
made in Section \ref{sec:sth}, where a comparison with the
previous numerical results shows good agreement. Section
\ref{sec:th} contains a generalisation of the linear stability
analysis treatment to higher-order statistical moments.
Finally some conclusions are stated. An Appendix contains some
details on the Fokker-Planck approach to the problem.

\section{Numerical analysis of the full nonlinear model}
\label{sec:sim}

The non-equilibrium, nonlinear stochastic problem presented in the
previous Section does not admit an exact analytical study. Hence
our first approach to the problem is a numerical one, and
constitutes the best way of obtaining a first insight into the
effects of external fluctuations in the pattern-forming
instability developed by the SH model.

The behaviour of the model in the absence of multiplicative noise
is well known. When $\varepsilon$ is small,
the homogeneous state $u=0$ is stable for a
negative value of the external control parameter $r$. For $r\simeq 0$,
a bifurcation takes place from this homogeneous situation to an
inhomogeneous state composed of stripes. The influence of an
uncorrelated fluctuating control parameter
in this non-equilibrium spatially-extended transition
was preliminarly analysed in Ref. \cite{ojalvo93}, revealing a
nontrivial ordering effect. Here we extend the numerical analysis
to a colored case.

\subsection{Algorithm}

We begin by discretizing space in a regular two-dimensional
square lattice with $L\times L$ cells of size $\Delta x$. Now the
SH model can be written in the following general form:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dgshe}
\frac{\partial u_i}{\partial t} =
f_i\left(u\right)+g_{ij}\left(u\right)\xi_j(t)+
\eta_i(t)
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dnc-int}
<\eta_i(t)\,\eta_j(t')>\;=\;2\,\frac{\varepsilon}{\Delta x^2}\;
\delta_{ij} \,\delta(t-t')
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dnc-ext}
<\xi_i(t)\,\xi_j(t')>\;=\;2\; D_{i-j}\;
\delta(t-t')\;.
\end{equation}
Cells are named with one index and repeated indexes are summed up.
The deterministic force $f$ and the coupling function $g$
are in our particular case:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:df-f}
f_i\left(u\right)\;=\;r\;u_i-\left(\nabla^4 u
\right)_i-2\left(\nabla^2u\right)_i-u_i-u_i^3
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:cf-gh}
g_{ij}\left(u\right)\;=\;u_i\;\delta_{ij}
\end{equation}
The discrete Laplacian operator is defined as
\begin{equation}
\left(\nabla^2 u\right)_i= \frac{1}{(\Delta x)^2}
\sum_n \left(u_n-u_i\right)
\label{eq:laplaced}
\end{equation}
where the sum extends over the set of nearest neighbours of site i.
Now dynamical evolution is discretized in time (let $\Delta t$
be the time integration step) and an algorithm can be developed
from standard techniques \cite{sancho82a}. Up to ${\cal O}
\left(\Delta t^{3/2}\right)$, it reads
\begin{eqnarray}
u_i(t+\Delta t)=u_i(t)+f_i\left(u(t)\right)\Delta t+
g_{ij}\left(u(t)\right)X_j
\nonumber \\
+Y_i+\frac{1}{2}\;\frac{\partial g_{ij}}{\partial u_k}\;g_{kl}\;X_j\;X_l
+\frac{1}{2}\;\frac{\partial g_{ij}}{\partial u_k}\;X_j\;Y_k
\label{eq:dgshe-alg}
\end{eqnarray}
where $Y_j$ is a gaussianly distributed random number with zero mean and
variance $2\,\Delta t \,\varepsilon/\Delta x^d$ to be placed at site j.
$X_j=\sqrt{2\,\Delta t}\;Z_j$, where $Z_j$ is a random field
correlated in space, whose generation procedure will be
described later. According to (\ref{eq:cf-gh}), the algorithm
becomes in our particular case
\begin{eqnarray}
u_i(t+\Delta t)=u_i(t)+f_i\left(u(t)\right)\Delta t+ u_i(t) X_i
\nonumber \\
+ \frac{1}{2} u_i(t) X_i^2 +Y_i + \frac{1}{2} X_i Y_i
\label{eq:part-alg}
\end{eqnarray}
(now repeated indexes are {\em not} summed up). The last term in
this expression can be replaced by its statistical average (which
is zero here), since it is known that in this case the resulting
algorithm represents a stochastic process having the same
statistical properties \cite{ramirez93b}. Hence the
algorithm which we use is finally:
\begin{eqnarray}
u_i(t+\Delta t)=u_i(t)+f_i\left(u(t)\right)\Delta t+ u_i(t) X_i
\nonumber \\
\label{eq:shc-alg}
+ \frac{1}{2} u_i(t) X_i^2 + Y_i
\end{eqnarray}

The space-correlated random field $Z$ will be generated from the
following relation:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:rf-gen-1}
Z\left(\vec{x}\right)\;=\;exp\left( \frac{1}{2\pi} \lambda^2
\nabla^2\right)\,W\left(\vec{x}\right)\,,
\end{equation}
which is written in continuum space. $W\left(\vec{x}\right)$ is
a gaussian white random field of intensity $D$:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:rf-gen-2}
\left<W\left(\vec{x}\right)\;W\left(\vec{x}\,'\right)\right>\;=
\;D\,\delta\left(\vec{x}-\vec{x}\,'\right)
\end{equation}
$Z\left(\vec{x}\right)$ can be easily generated in Fourier space,
where $W$ becomes an anti-correlated field
\cite{ojalvo92b}. Definition (\ref{eq:rf-gen-1}) is chosen
in such a way that random field $Z\left(\vec{x}\right)$
(and hence multiplicative noise $\xi\left(\vec{x},t\right)$)
have a well-defined correlation length $\lambda$, as can
be seen by computing the space correlation function
$D\left(\frac{\vec{x}-\vec{x}\,'}{\lambda}\right)$, which
can be done in a straightforward way by writing
(\ref{eq:rf-gen-1}) in Fourier space. The result is:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:rf-gen-3}
D\left(\frac{\vec{x}-\vec{x}\,'}{\lambda}\right)\;=\;
\frac{D}{4\lambda^2}\,exp\left( -\frac{\pi}{4}\,
\frac{\mid\vec{x}-\vec{x}\,'\mid^2}{\lambda^2}\right)
\end{equation}

\subsection{Analysis of the transition}

In order to analyse the pattern-forming bifurcation exhibited by model
(\ref{eq:dgshe}-\ref{eq:cf-gh}), we shall define
the following quantity:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:chf}
J(t)\;=\;\left< \int u^2\left(\vec{x},t\right)
\;d\vec{x}\right>\;,
\end{equation}
where the statistical average is made over realizations of both
the internal and external noises.
In the Rayleigh-B\'enard case,
the density of this quantity ($j(t)=J(t)/V$)
corresponds to the density of heat flux due to convection from
the lower towards the upper plate of the cell. Hence its value
is zero in the homogeneous state (no convective rolls) and non-zero
in the structured convective phase, increasing linearly with
the control parameter $r$, as shown clearly by experiments.
This behaviour is recovered by numerical simulations of the
model. In the absence of external noise, stripes appear for
values of $r$ greater than
$r\simeq 0$, as discussed earlier. This can be seen in Fig.
\ref{fig:bd}, where the steady-state value of the heat flux is
plotted against the control parameter of the system.
It should be noted that the existence of a small but non-zero
internal additive noise, along with the fact that simulations
are performed on small finite systems, produces a rounding-off
of the otherwise sharp transition described above.
Periodic boundary conditions are considered,
and $\Delta x=1$ is chosen. Given this lattice spacing,
a value of $\Delta t=0.01$ happens to be enough to
ensure stability of the algorithm.
The intensity of the additive noise is taken to be equal to
$10^{-3}$ in all cases. On the other hand, the value of
the wavenumber $k_0$ is chosen in each case so that each convective roll
is described by $10$ lattice cells.

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=f1.ps,height=6cm}}
\caption{\em
Steady convective flux vs. control parameter $r$ in the absence
of external noise (circles), with a white multiplicative noise
of intensity $D=0.1$ (squares) and with a multiplicative noise
of intensity $D=0.1$ and correlation length
$\lambda=0.71$
(triangles and stars).
System size is $40 \times 40$ except for the stars, which correspond
to $30 \times 30$.
\label{fig:bd}
}
\end{figure*}

In the presence of a non-zero external multiplicative uncorrelated
($\lambda=0$) noise the bifurcation is shifted to the conducting
($r<0$) region, which leads to the appearance of roll patterns in
otherwise subcritical regions (squares in Fig. \ref{fig:bd}). The amount
of the shift is decreased back by the introduction of space correlation
($\lambda\neq 0$) in the external fluctuations, as shown
by the empty-triangle curve in Fig. \ref{fig:bd}. In this last case the
simulation is also performed for a smaller value of the system
size, but no finite-size effects are encountered (asterisks
in the same figure).

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=f2.ps,height=6cm}}
\caption{\em
Relative fluctuations of the steady convective heat flux vs.
control parameter $r$. Values of the parameters are the same
as those in Fig. 1.
\label{fig:sd}
}
\end{figure*}

In analogy to studies of equilibrium phase transitions, the
bifurcation shift found above can also be observed
from the computation of the relative fluctuations of the
steady heat flux, which are expected to exhibit some sort
of singular behaviour in the transition point. Indeed, if
one computes the relative fluctuations of $J$ as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:susc}
\chi\;=\;V\;\frac{\left<J^2\right> - \left<J\right>^2}
{\left<J\right>^2}\;\;,
\end{equation}
then the transition point is characterised by a maximum value of
this quantity. This is observed in Fig. \ref{fig:sd}, where the transition
shifts, which were already present in Fig. \ref{fig:bd}, are clearly
observed. Again no finite-size effects are found.
On the other hand, unfortunately the analysis of neither $J$ nor
its relative fluctuations $\chi$ gives a hint on the effect of
multiplicative noise on the nature of the bifurcation (i.e. on
the order of the transition). Further analytical work would be
needed in order to clarify this point.

In conclusion, simulations show that stripe patterns can be favored
by multiplicative noise, this effect being diminished by correlation
of the noise. Figure \ref{fig:pat} shows three different
situations corresponding
to the states marked A, B and C in Fig. \ref{fig:bd}. Cases B and C are
patterns for $r<0$ and hence {\em favored} by multiplicative noise.

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{{\large (a)}\hskip1cm
\psfig{figure=f3a-2.ps,height=6cm}}
\centerline{{\large (b)}\hskip1cm
\psfig{figure=f3b-2.ps,height=6cm}}
\centerline{{\large (c)}\hskip1cm
\psfig{figure=f3c-2.ps,height=6cm}}
\vskip7mm
\caption{\em
Patterns corresponding to the three situations named $A$, $B$ and
$C$ in Fig. 1.
\label{fig:pat}
}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Structure function in the convecting phase}

In order to analyse more deeply the lack of finite-size effects in the
convective heat flux above threshold, we have computed the stationary
spherically-averaged {\em structure function} in a noise-favored convecting
state (with a negative $r$ but a supercritical value of $D$).
This function is defined as the Fourier transform of the
correlation function of the system,
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:cf}
G\left(\vec{x},t\right)\;=\;\frac{1}{V}\,\int_V\,d\vec{x}\,'\left<
u\left(\vec{x}\,',t\right)\,u\left(\vec{x}\,'+\vec{x},t\right)\right>
\end{equation}

Hence, the structure function indicates
any periodicity in the system, so that it is a good way of characterising
a pattern. Let us consider a
finite system of volume $V$. The Fourier transform $u_\mu(t)$
of the field $u\left(\vec{x},t\right)$ is defined by:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:ft}
u\left(\vec{x},t\right)\;=\;\frac{1}{V}\,\sum_\mu e^{i \vec{k}_\mu
\cdot \vec{x}}\,u_\mu
\end{equation}
where the components of $\vec{k}$ have the form $2\pi\mu/L$, where
$\mu$ is an integer and $L$ is the corresponding linear dimension
of the system. Then it can be seen that the structure function is:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:sf}
S_\mu\;=\;\frac{1}{V}\,\left<u_{\mu}\,u_{-\mu}\right>
\end{equation}

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=f4.ps,height=6cm}}
\caption{\em
Structure function for the same convecting state with different
system sizes.
\label{fig:sk-above}
}
\end{figure*}

Simulations show that this function behaves in the same way
for the whole parameter range, presenting a unique maximum
related to the periodicity of the pattern in the convecting
phase and to thermal fluctuations in the conducting one,
even though in this last case the height of the peak is
several orders of magnitude lower than in the convecting
one. Calculations have been performed for different system
sizes in the patterned region, where the peaks are all seen to
be centered at approximately the same value of $k$, $k\sim k_0$ (in this case
$k_0\simeq 0.63$), but their heights increase and their widths decrease
with increasing $L$ (see Fig. \ref{fig:sk-above}).
In fact, it can be seen (Fig. \ref{fig:sk-mw})
that $S_{max}\sim L$ and $\Delta S\sim L^{-1}$, so that the total
area under the curve $S(k)$ is kept constant with varying $L$. This result
agrees with the lack of finite-size effects in $J_{st}$, since
the convective heat flux can be seen to be equal to the area under the
structure function. All these
facts lead to the conclusion that the structure function approaches
a delta function in the thermodynamic limit (where the rolls are
perfectly shaped) as the system size increases.

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=f5.ps,height=6cm}}
\vskip1cm
\caption{\em
Logarithmic plots of the maximum and width of the structure
function against system size. Linear fitting gives exponents
$\sim+1$ and $\sim-1$, respectively.
\label{fig:sk-mw}
}
\end{figure*}

\section{Linear stability analysis of the structure function}
\label{sec:sth}
A linear stability analysis of the homogeneous $u=0$ solution of model
(\ref{eq:msh}) permits to estimate the transition point as that
at which this solution becomes unstable. Beyond it the system
departs from zero and becomes saturated by the nonlinearity, giving
rise to the appearance of a non-zero roll solution.
Due to the relevant role of the structure function as a means of
characterising a patterned state, as has been discussed in the
previous section, we shall begin our theoretical approach to
the problem with a linear stability analysis of this function.

We now assume that the homogeneous conducting $u=0$ solution
is affected by small perturbations, so that we only need to
evaluate the evolution equation of $S_\mu$, defined in (\ref{eq:sf})
in the {\em linear} regime. This can be done
by using the Fokker-Planck equation governing the behaviour in
time of the probability density of the field (in this case in
Fourier space). As shown in the Appendix,
the Fokker-Planck equation for
the probability distribution of the stochastic process
$u_\mu(t)$ is
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial P}{\partial t}\;=\;- \sum_\mu \frac{\partial}
{\partial u_\mu} F_\mu P \; +\; V\varepsilon\;
\sum_{\mu,\nu} \; \frac{\partial}{\partial u_\mu}
\;\frac{\partial}
{\partial u_{-\mu}} \; P \nonumber \\
+\; \frac{1}{V}\;
\sum_{\mu,\nu,\nu'}\; \frac{\partial}{\partial u_\mu}
\;G_{\mu-\nu'}\;D_{\nu'}\;\frac{\partial}
{\partial u_\nu} \;G_{\nu+\nu'}\; P
\label{eq:fpe2-6}
\end{eqnarray}
where $D_\nu$ is the discrete Fourier transform of $D_{i-j}$, and
$F$ and $G$ are the Fourier transforms of the
corresponding terms in the discretized version of the SH equation
(\ref{eq:msh}):
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dmsh}
\frac{d u_i}{d t}\;=\;f_i\left(\vec{u}(t)\right)\;+\;
\eta_i(t)\;+\;g_i\left( \vec{u}(t)\right)\;
\xi_i(t)
\end{equation}
So that
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:efandgi}
f_i=\left(r-\left(\nabla_{ij}^2+k_0^2\right)^2\right)u_j
\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;
\nonumber \\
\leftrightarrow\;
F_\mu=\left(r-\left(\nabla_\mu^2+k_0^2\right)^2\right)
u_\mu \nonumber \\
g_i=u_i \leftrightarrow\; G_\mu=u_\mu
\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;
\end{eqnarray}
where $\nabla_{ij}$ and $\nabla_\mu$ are a discretized version of
the Laplacian and its Fourier transform, respectively.
The time evolution equation for $S_\mu$ is given by:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:sfeqfp1}
\frac{dS_\mu}{dt}=\frac{1}{V}\;\int {\cal D}u\; u_\mu u_{-\mu}\;
\frac{\partial P}{\partial t}
\end{equation}

When Fokker-Planck equation (\ref{eq:fpe2-6}) is introduced in
this expression and integration by parts is performed, the
following equation is obtained:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:sfeqfp2}
V\;\frac{dS_\mu}{dt}= \left< u_\mu F_{-\mu} \right> +
\left< u_{-\mu}F_\mu\right>
\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;
\nonumber \\
+ \frac{1}{V}
\int {\cal D}u \sum_{\eta,\nu,\nu'}
\delta_{\mu \eta}\;\delta_{-\mu
\nu}\;G_{\eta-\nu'}\;D_{\nu'}\;G_{\nu+\nu'}\;P
\nonumber \\
+ \frac{1}{V} \int {\cal D}u
\sum_{\eta,\nu,\nu'}
\delta_{\mu \eta}\;u_{-\mu}\;\frac{\partial
G_{\eta-\nu'}}{\partial
u_\nu}\;D_{\nu'}\;G_{\nu+\nu'}\;P
\nonumber \\
+ \frac{1}{V}\int {\cal D}u
\sum_{\eta,\nu,\nu'}
\delta_{-\mu \eta}\;\delta_{\mu
\nu}\;G_{\eta-\nu'}\;D_{\nu'}\;G_{\nu+\nu'}\;P
\nonumber \\
+ \frac{1}{V} \int {\cal D}u
\sum_{\eta,\nu,\nu'}
\delta_{-\mu \eta}\;u_{\mu}\;\frac{\partial G_{\eta-\nu'}}
{\partial u_\nu}\;D_{\nu'}\;G_{\nu+\nu'}\;P\;
\nonumber \\
+\;2\,\varepsilon\;V
\end{eqnarray}
Introduction of (\ref{eq:efandgi}) into
this expression leads to
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d}{dt}S_\mu(t)\; =\; 2 \left(r-\left(
\nabla_\mu ^2 +k_0^2\right)^2\right) S_\mu(t) + 2 \varepsilon +
\nonumber \\
\frac{2}{V}\; S_\mu \;\sum_\nu D_\nu
+\;\frac{2}{V^2} \;\sum_\nu D_\nu
\left<u_{\mu-\nu}\,u_{-\mu+\nu}\right>
\label{eq:sfeqfp9}
\end{eqnarray}
But, according to definition (\ref{eq:ft}), the
following relation holds:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:d0}
\sum_\nu D_\nu =  V \; D(\vec{x}=0)  = V\; D(0)
\end{equation}
Thus the equation for the structure function is finally
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d}{dt}S_\mu(t)\; =\;
2 \left(r + D(0) -\left(\nabla_\mu ^2+k_0^2\right)^2 \right)
S_\mu(t)
\nonumber \\
+ 2 \varepsilon +
2 \;\frac{1}{V}\; \sum_\nu D_\nu S_{\mu-\nu}
\label{eq:sfeqfp8}
\end{eqnarray}
Translation of this equation into its continuum version leads to
the final expression for the evolution equation of the structure
function of the Swift-Hohenberg model in the presence of a
space-colored multiplicative external noise:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:feesf}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}S(\vec{k},t) = 2 \left[r +
D(0) - \left( k^2-k_0^2 \right)^2 \right] S(\vec{k},t)
\nonumber \\
+2 \varepsilon + 2 \frac{1}{(2\pi)^2}
\int D(\vec{q}) S(\vec{k}-\vec{q},t) d \vec{q}
\end{eqnarray}
The stability analysis of this equation needs some comments. The last
term in Eq. (\ref{eq:feesf}) is a mode-coupling term, which is essentially
non-linear and will be discarded in our linear analysis.
In this case, the presence of a multiplicative noise leads to the
existence of an effective noise-dependent control parameter, $r + D(0)$,
so that any perturbation of the homogeneous state will always grow if
the condition $r+D(0)>0$ is obeyed. Hence, linear analysis predicts
that, under the presence of multiplicative noise, the system can leave
the homogeneous state in situations for which $r<0$. The
nonlinearity will then stabilise the system in an ordered state.
Besides, $D(0)=D/(4\lambda^2)$ for the particular noise spectrum
we have chosen, so that the amount of the shift decreases with
increasing correlation length. This effect can be observed in the
simulation results presented in Fig. \ref{fig:pd}, where a phase diagram
of the system is plotted in the $(D,-r)$ plane for different values
of the correlation length of the noise $\lambda$. It is worth noting
that, as long as $D \neq 0$, the critical value of $r$ for the transition
from conduction to convection is strictly negative. As predicted by
our analysis, the critical curve in this plane is a straight line whose
slope decreases as $\lambda$ increases, reducing the noise-favored region
and thus the shift effect due to the multiplicative noise. In the figure,
isolated symbols are transition points as obtained from
simulations, whereas solid lines are the corresponding
relations coming from the linear analysis ($r+D/(4\lambda^2)=0$).

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=f6.ps,height=6cm}}
\vskip1cm
\caption{\em
Phase diagram of the system in the ($D, -r$) plane for
different values of the correlation length of the noise.
\label{fig:pd}
}
\end{figure*}

In the linear stability analysis of Ref. \cite{becker94}, the
last term of Eq. (\ref{eq:feesf}) was considered and was proved to give
corrections of order $D(0)^2$. On the other hand, the relevance of
this term can be seen by studying the stationary structure function.
From evolution equation (\ref{eq:feesf}),
this function can be analytically found in the subcritical case
($r+\frac{D}{\Delta x^2} < 0$) for a white external noise
($D(\vec{k})=D$), the result being:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:sf-th}
S_{st}(k)\,=\,\frac{\varepsilon'}{\left(k^2-k_0^2\right)^2+ \mid
r_{eff}\mid}\,=\,\frac{\varepsilon'}{\omega(k)}
\end{equation}
where the effective control parameter $r_{eff}$ is
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:eff-cp}
r_{eff}\,=\,r + \frac{D}{\Delta x^2}
\end{equation}
and the renormalised additive-noise intensity is
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:ren-ani}
\varepsilon'\,=\,\frac{\varepsilon}{1-\gamma D}
\end{equation}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
\gamma=-\frac{1}{4\pi}\,\mid r_{eff}\mid^{-1/2}\,arctg \mid
r_{eff} \mid^{1/2 }
\nonumber \\
= \frac{1}{(2\pi)^2}\,\int\frac{1}{\omega(k)}
\,d\vec{k}
\label{eq:gamma-par}
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=f7.ps,height=6cm}}
\caption{\em
Simulation results for the spherically-averaged structure function
for a conducting state with (circles) and without (diamonds)
multiplicative noise. Dashed lines are the continuum analytical
solutions coming from linear analysis, and the dotted line corresponds
to the solution with no mode-coupling term ($\gamma$ set equal to $0$).
Values of the parameters are $r=-0.2$, $\varepsilon=0.001$,
$\Delta x = 1.0$ and $k_0=0.63$.
\label{fig:sk-below}
}

\centerline{\psfig{figure=f8.ps,height=6cm}}
\caption{\em
Comparison of the spherically-averaged structure function obtained
by simulation (diamonds), discrete integration of the analytical
linear evolution equation (dashed line) and linear
analytical continuum solution (solid line).
\label{fig:lin-disc-comp}
}
\end{figure*}

This linear result can be compared satisfactorily with (nonlinear)
numerical simulations, since in the subcritical region nonlinear
terms are expected to be negligible. Figure \ref{fig:sk-below}
shows both kind of results with and without multiplicative noise.
The ordering role of this external noise is observed even in this
conducting situation, enhancing the maximum value of the structure
function at $k=k_0$. The growing discrepancy between theory and
simulation at large wavenumbers can be understood from the fact
that we are comparing an analytical result derived in a continuum
space with numerical results coming from a discrete-space
simulation. Figure \ref{fig:lin-disc-comp} shows a comparison (for
the case $D=0$) between these two results and a (discrete) numerical
integration of Eq. (\ref{eq:feesf}). The agreement between these
results and the simulation ones is quite good even at large wavenumbers.

It should be noted that making $\gamma=0$ in
(\ref{eq:sf-th})-(\ref{eq:gamma-par}) amounts to ignoring the
mode-coupling term in Eq. (\ref{eq:feesf}). Figure \ref{fig:sk-below}
shows that the result (\ref{eq:sf-th}) with $\gamma=0$ is almost
identical to the solution of the full linear analysis, in agreement
with our previous statement concerning the lack of influence of
the mode-coupling term in a first-order linear stability analysis.

\section{Linear stability analysis of n-th order moments}
\label{sec:th}
Due to the stochastic character of the field $u\left(\vec{x},t\right)$,
the linear stability analysis can also be done on the statistical
moments of $u$. In this case, differences between the zero-dimensional
and the spatially-extended cases appear, as will be discussed in
what follows.

\subsubsection{Zero-dimensional case}

Let us consider the following zero-dimensional model, known as
the Stratonovich model:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d x}{d t}\;=\;\alpha\,x - x^3 + x\,\xi(t)
\label{eq:strat}
\\ \left< \xi(t)\,\xi(t') \right> = 2\,D\,\delta(t-t')\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

In the absence of noise, this model exhibits a supercritical pitchfork
bifurcation at $\alpha=0$. For negative values of $\alpha$, the stable
stationary solution of (\ref{eq:strat}) is $x=0$. In the presence of
the multiplicative noise, position of the bifurcation point can be given
by a linear stability analysis of solution $x=0$. Since $x$ is now a
stochastic process, the stability analysis is performed on its statistical
moments, whose time evolution can be found from the Fokker-Planck equation
governing the evolution of $P$. In the linear regime we have,
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:lsa-0d-2}
\frac{\partial P}{\partial t}\;=\;-\frac{\partial}{\partial x}
\,\alpha x\, P\;+\;D\,\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\,x\,
\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\,x\,P
\end{equation}
where $P(x,t)$ is the probability density of the stochastic process
$x(t)$. This equation leads to
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:lsa-0d-3}
\frac{d}{d t}\left<x^n\right>\;=\;n\,(\alpha + n\,D)\,\left<x^n\right>
\end{equation}
which indicates that the bifurcation point for the n-th order moment
is located at $\alpha_c=-n\,D$. Hence the position of the bifurcation
point depends on the order of the statistical moment which is being analysed,
which makes this analysis meaningless. We will see shortly that spatial
coupling in extended systems introduces changes to this situation,
leading to a useful analytical result.

\subsubsection{Spatially-extended case}

We now turn our attention back to the SH model with multiplicative
noise (\ref{eq:msh}). In order to obtain a possible higher-order
generalisation of the structure function, let us consider the following
correlation function:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:gcf}
G^{(n)}\left(\vec{x},t\right)\;=\;\frac{1}{V}\,\int_V\,d\vec{x}\,'\left<
\prod_{l=1}^{n}\,u\left(\vec{x}\,'+(l-1)\vec{x},t\right)\right>
\end{equation}
which measures the correlation between the values of the field
at $n$ points equally spaced along a line. Its Fourier transform
leads to a generalised n-th order structure function,
\begin{eqnarray}
S^{(n)}_\mu\;=\;\frac{1}{V}\,\sum_{\mu_1}\,\sum_{\mu_2}\cdots\sum_{\mu_n}
\,\left<\prod_{i=1}^{n}\,u_{\mu_i}
\right>
\nonumber \\
\times \delta_{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\mu_i,0}\,\delta_{\mu+
\sum_{i=1}^{n}(i-1)\mu_i,0}
\label{eq:gsf}
\end{eqnarray}

Applying to this quantity the procedure described in the previous
paragraphs, making use of the Fokker-Planck equation (\ref{eq:fpe2-6}),
performing integration by parts and ignoring internal noise, one
finds
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d}{dt}S^{(n)}_\mu(t)\; =\;
n \left(r + D(0) -\left(\nabla_\mu ^2+k_0^2\right)^2 \right)
S^{(n)}_\mu(t)
\nonumber \\
+\,\frac{n(n-1)}{V}\; \sum_\nu \,
D_\nu \,S^{(n)}_{\mu-\nu}
\label{eq:gsfeqfp8}
\end{eqnarray}

Unlike the zero-dimensional case, all dependence on $n$ of the
linear coefficient in the previous equation is factorised out.
Hence, this results shows that spatial coupling prevents the linear
analysis from giving different first-order results
for different-order statistical
moments (part of the contribution of the multiplicative noise
comes through the inhomogeneous term in Eq. (\ref{eq:gsfeqfp8}),
which represents the coupling between spatial modes).
There exist, of course, other possible methods to study and extract
information from the behaviour of higher-order moments in
pattern-forming systems (see, for instance \cite{mikhailov92}).

\section{Conclusion}
Simulations of the Swift-Hohenberg model with a space-correlated
fluctuating control parameter show that the bifurcation point
from a homogeneous to a structured state is shifted from the
standard additive-noise case. The amount of the shift increases
with increasing intensity of the multiplicative noise, whereas
space correlation in the fluctuations shifts back the transition
point towards the standard situation. A good qualitative and
quantitative agreement is obtained between this numerical study
and a linear stability analysis of the structure function of the
system, for the values of the parameters used here. The stability
analysis has also been performed on a set of generalised structure
functions which correspond to higher-order statistical moments,
and the same results are found in all cases (i.e. for all
orders) within our assumptions (i.e. at first order), which constitutes
a qualitative difference to the role of multiplicative noise in
zero-dimensional systems.

In conclusion, in this pattern-forming spatially extended system,
multiplicative noise produces an unambiguous shift of the transition
in the ordering direction. It is worth saying, however, that
according to recent studies on other extended systems in the
presence of multiplicative noise \cite{broeck94}, one can expect
that for large values of the intensity of this noise, the system
will return to the disordered state.

\begin{acknowledgements}
This research was supported in part by the Direcci\'on General de
Investigaci\'on Cient\'{\i}fica y T\'ecnica (Spain) under Project
No. PB93-0769. Most of the simulations were performed on the
CRAY Y-MP of the Centre de Supercomputaci\'o de Catalunya
(CESCA). Fruitful discussions with Prof. L. Kramer and J. Casademunt
are acknowledged.
\end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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June 17, 2019 June 21, 2019 lukeslivingroomLeave a Comment on Review: Men in Black: International (2019)
Review: Men in Black: International (2019)
Throw it into a black hole.
With each review that I write, I genuinely try to pick out something good about the movie I just saw. Sometimes the job is a near-impossible one, but if I really set my mind to it , I'm always capable of finding that one shining light of positivity in an otherwise terrible movie.
For Men in Black: International (2019), I've got nothing.
I suppose the chemistry between co-stars Chris Hemsworth and Tessa Thompson isn't the worst thing ever put to screen, but other than that, I've truly got nothing. Would you believe that a two hour science-fiction, action-comedy managed to be one of the most underwhelming movies of the year? The plot, characters and action in this supposed summer blockbuster are so forgettable that I feel like I've been neuralyzed.
Men in Black: International follows Molly Wright, a recently recruited agent for the New York City division of the titular agency. Still on probation, the hardworking Molly is sent to the MIB's London branch where she meets the brash Agent H. Together the two agents work to defend the world against an alien invasion.
You guys, I honestly struggled to write that short summary because oh my God, was this movie SO forgettable! First things first: Was anybody really asking for a Men in Black spin-off? Was this something people have been desperately in need of since Men in Black 3 (2012)? Haven't there been enough Star Wars (1977 – present) movies in that time to satisfy our alien needs? Or was this just a semi-clever way for Sony to keep up in the franchise game while they get their own Marvel Universe off the ground? By the way, you can check out my review for Venom (2018) here. No, if we're being totally honest, this movie exists solely so that audiences can drool over Chris Hemsworth in a classic black suit. Well, sorry Hemsworth fans. Not only is this movie so unbearably bad that no amount of Hemsworth can save it, but you'll also spend every one of his scenes wishing the actor would just go away.
Literally two minutes into the first scene and I found Hemswoth's acting to be forced, bland, tired and ridiculous. Which, come to think of it, is actually how I felt about the movie as a whole. Did Hemsworth forget how to act like a person? As Agent H, Hemsworth is way over the top and plays every scene like he's a little kid pretending to be an action hero in a cheesy 80s movie. Every time he opened his mouth I just wanted him to stop talking and get off the screen. A tad harsh? Maybe, but seriously guys, it was pretty intolerable. Much like his character in Ghostbusters (2016), – wow, Hemsworth really is reboot poison isn't he? – Hemsworth's scenes consist mostly of him spouting unfunny one-liners, other characters commenting on how pretty he is, and doing generic action things. Ughhh, he's going to be cast in every franchise reboot from now until the end of time isn't he?
As Molly Wright (AKA Agent M), Tessa Thompson is a more engaging lead than Hemsworth but only slightly so. There must have been some sort of outbreak on set because like her co-star, Thompson also suffers from the annoying and bizarre tendency of acting like the action hero in a cheesy 80s movie. Thompson does her best to anchor this tonally confused and at times, just plain awful movie, but it's an uphill battle given the script she has to work with. Unlike the original Men in Black (1997) which actually utilized the talents of stars Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones to make compelling and well-rounded characters, Men in Black: International seems like it couldn't care less about its leads. Agents J and K were real characters that you could relate to, cheer for, and enjoy going on a kooky sci-fi adventure with. Agents H and M on the other hand are given the most minimal of personality traits that can be summed up as follows:
Agent H: "I'm goofy and irresponsible!"
Agent M: "I'm serious and professional!"
Having these two normally charismatic stars play two characters (and I use that word lightly) so bereft of personality is a tragic waste of their talent. What's worse is that the movie thinks this is top-notch comedy which I'm here to tell you, couldn't be further from the truth. God, what I wouldn't do for a shot of Will Smith's effervescent joy and Tommy Lee Jones' deadpan delivery.
This whole movie felt like a joke. Like the new Ghostbusters, Men in Black: International is a reboot that tries too hard at being a flat-out comedy. What made Ghostbusters (1984) and the original Men in Black so much fun was that they were real character-driven stories that used the amazing chemistry between their cast to inject the movie with humour. These reboots are just throwing joke after joke at you hoping that you'll laugh at something. Honestly, I did laugh out loud once during this movie. It was at something the movie clearly didn't intend as a joke and I was the only one laughing. Three words:
Evil. Alien. Break-dancing.
Seriously, what the fuck?
With every new scene you'll find yourself asking, "why the fuck is this happening? What's the plot of this movie again?" Poor pacing only adds to the movie's list of major faults, as does the atrocious dialogue and lacklustre villains. Sure, the Men in Black franchise has never had incredible villains, but when your bad guys don't have a clear plan, motivation or sense of stakes, you've royally messed up. At least Kumail Nanjiani's Pawny continues the franchise's trend of somewhat cute alien sidekicks. Oh! There's the one good part of this movie! I knew I'd find it. The underwhelming antagonists coupled with the fact that nothing memorable or of any interest actually happens will have you yawning by the time the movie's climax rolls around. Yet another generic action sequence, the whole time you're left going, "okay, sure. Whatever gets us to the credits fastest."
I have no idea what the hell type of movie the filmmakers thought they were making, but it certainly wasn't the mix of humour and crime-solving that fans have come to expect from the franchise. Every few minutes, I forgot I was watching a Men in Black movie. Here's a handy list of all the things that you'll swear you're watching while the movie fails to Men in Black:
A high-budget version of Spy Kids (2001).
A shitty Marvel movie.
A Friedberg and Seltzer parody movie.
A reject from 2008.
Lazy, unnecessary, and devoid of charm or humour, I strongly recommend not spending your money on this one. If you're a hardcore fan of the franchise or the stars than maybe give it a watch when it comes to Netflix. I still can't believe this movie is real.
Will you take a chance on Men in Black: International?
Categories UncategorizedTags ChrisHemsworth, EmmaThompson, KumailNanjiani, LiamNeeson, LukesLivingRoom, MenInBlack, MenInBlack:International, MovieReviews, RafeSpall, RebeccaFerguson, TessaThompson
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p value from coefficient and standard error - CTS Computer and Printer Services
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Based on your plot and the results of your hypothesis test, do you feel comfortable concluding that there is a linear relationship between next and duration? 1.10. Hide this message.QuoraSign In Regression (statistics) Statistics (academic discipline)In ordinary least squares regression, how do I calculate the p-value from the standard error and coefficient?UpdateCancelAnswer Wiki2 Answers Dirk Nachbar, EconometricianWritten 159w The tires were rotated from position to position every 1000 miles, and the groove depth was measured in mils (0.001 inches) initially and after every 4000 miles. In business and weapons-making, this is often called "bang for the buck".
But, the alternative hypothesis can also state that β1 is less than (<) some number β or greater than (>) some number β. Output from a regression analysis appears below. Measurements were made at six equiangular positions on each of the six grooves around the circumference of the tire, and averaged to provide a measure of tread wear. By default, the test statistic is calculated assuming the user wants to test that the mean response is 0 when x = 0.
For statistical significance we expect the absolute value of the t-ratio to be greater than 2 or the P-value to be less than the significance level (α=0,01 or 0,05 or 0,1). That is, should we consider it a "19-to-1 long shot" that sales would fall outside this interval, for purposes of betting? If you need to calculate the standard error of the slope (SE) by hand, use the following formula: SE = sb1 = sqrt [ Σ(yi - ŷi)2 / (n - 2) If you look closely, you will see that the confidence intervals for means (represented by the inner set of bars around the point forecasts) are noticeably wider for extremely high or
I personally prefer the former. Do these physical parameters seem plausible? An alternative method, which is often used in stat packages lacking a WEIGHTS option, is to "dummy out" the outliers: i.e., add a dummy variable for each outlier to the set When there are two or more variables/factors/predictors in a regression analysis, one needs to be aware first of how the dependent variable looks on each one by itself.
Do these physical parameters seem plausible? How to rid of this icon on my lock screen? Are they free from trends, autocorrelation, and heteroscedasticity? Minitab's regression analysis output for our skin cancer mortality and latitude example appears below.
In this case it might be reasonable (although not required) to assume that Y should be unchanged, on the average, whenever X is unchanged--i.e., that Y should not have an upward The multiplicative model, in its raw form above, cannot be fitted using linear regression techniques. Unfortunately, Minitab does not calculate a 95% confidence interval for β1 for you. I wonder what is $n$ in a time series context –Tommaso Guerrini 2 days ago add a comment| Your Answer draft saved draft discarded Sign up or log in Sign
Usually the decision to include or exclude the constant is based on a priori reasoning, as noted above. Using these rules, we can apply the logarithm transformation to both sides of the above equation: LOG(Ŷt) = LOG(b0 (X1t ^ b1) + (X2t ^ b2)) = LOG(b0) + b1LOG(X1t) To apply the linear regression t-test to sample data, we require the standard error of the slope, the slope of the regression line, the degrees of freedom, the t statistic test Absolute value of polynomial Previous company name is ISIS, how to list on CV?
And how we can determine that regression coefficient is significant? If the relationship between home size and electric bill is significant, the slope will not equal zero. In regression modeling, the best single error statistic to look at is the standard error of the regression, which is the estimated standard deviation of the unexplainable variations in the dependent Furthermore, the standard error of the regression is a lower bound on the standard error of any forecast generated from the model.
If heteroscedasticity and/or non-normality is a problem, you may wish to consider a nonlinear transformation of the dependent variable, such as logging or deflating, if such transformations are appropriate for your The "F value " would be the square of the "t value" In order to exactly compute probability you would have to call a non-central chi-square function and pass in the Linear regression models Notes on linear regression analysis (pdf file) Introduction to linear regression analysis Mathematics of simple regression Regression examples · Baseball batting averages · Beer sales vs. The quantity in the denominator summarizes the spread of the predictor x values.
Test Your Understanding Problem The local utility company surveys 101 randomly selected customers. Sometimes patterns in the magnitudes and signs of lagged variables are of interest. You can do this in Statgraphics by using the WEIGHTS option: e.g., if outliers occur at observations 23 and 59, and you have already created a time-index variable called INDEX, you The t distribution resembles the standard normal distribution, but has somewhat fatter tails--i.e., relatively more extreme values.
So I wish to calculate it by myself, but I don't know the degree of freedom in the t or chisq distribution of the coefficients. Generally you should only add or remove variables one at a time, in a stepwise fashion, since when one variable is added or removed, the other variables may increase or decrease Problem to left align within a split What is a tire speed rating and is it important that the speed rating matches on both axles? Second, the denominator also depends on n.
The F-ratio is useful primarily in cases where each of the independent variables is only marginally significant by itself but there are a priori grounds for believing that they are significant If they are, the relationship with those two must then be explored. Aysha Saleem Quaid-i-Azam University Significance of Regression Coefficient What is the significance of regression coefficient in regression model? Create a fitted line plot so you can get a visual feel for whether or not the sample of 21 eruptions suggests a linear trend between next and duration. (See Minitab
Thesis reviewer requests update to literature review to incorporate last four years of research. We can find the exact critical value from the Table of the t-distribution looking for the appropriate α/2 significance level (horizontally, say for 5% at 0,025) and the degrees of freedom This is also reffered to a significance level of 5%. Whenever you are working with time series data, you should also ask: does the current regression model improve on the best naive (random walk or random trend) model, according to these
Also, be aware that if you test a large number of models and rigorously rank them on the basis of their validation period statistics, you may end up with just as Asking for a written form filled in ALL CAPS apt-get how to know what to install Generating Pythagorean triples below an upper bound Passing different value (link value) from VF page Significance level. In multiple regression models we look for the overall statistical significance with the use of the F test.
p value coefficient standard error
The "standard error" or "standard deviation" in the above equation depends on the nature of the thing for which you are computing the confidence interval. Other confidence intervals can be obtained. For this reason, the value of R-squared that is reported for a given model in the stepwise regression output may not be the same as you would get if you fitted Do not reject the null hypothesis at level .05 since the p-value is > 0.05. Changing the value of the constant in the model changes...
obtaining standard error from standard deviation
Or decreasing standard error by a factor of ten requires a hundred times as many observations. We will discuss confidence intervals in more detail in a subsequent Statistics Note. Hard to compute real numbers Is there a formal language to define a cryptographic protocol? Correction for correlation in the sample[edit] Expected error in the mean of A for a sample of n data points with sample bias coefficient ?. Standard Error of the Mean. They report that, in a sample of 400 patients, t...
obtaining standard deviation from standard error
The survey with the lower relative standard error can be said to have a more precise measurement, since it has proportionately less sampling variation around the mean. Related 3Sum standard deviation vs standard error3Identifying outliers based on standard error of residuals vs sample standard deviation0Standard error/deviation of the coefficients in OLS4Standard deviation vs standard error of the mean Retrieved 17 July 2014. Assumptions and usage[edit] Further information: Confidence interva...
ols standard error
High quality is one thing distinguishing this site from most others. –whuber♦ May 7 '12 at 21:19 2 That is all nice Bill and it is nice that so many But this is still considered a linear model because it is linear in the ?s. This formulation highlights the point that estimation can be carried out if, and only if, there is no perfect multicollinearity between the explanatory variables. As a rule, the constant term is always included in the set of regressors X, say, by taking xi1=...


text:
Democrats vow to protect abortion rights as Republicans seek restrictions
WASHINGTON (Nexstar) — Democratic senators and abortion rights advocates are marking what would have been the 50th anniversary of Roe v. Wade as Republicans at the federal level, and in many states, try to pass new, restrictive abortion legislation.
On the heels of what would have been the anniversary of Roe v Wade, Senate Democrats are vowing to protect women's rights.
"Every single day, right-wing men are trying to claw back women's right to privacy," Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR) said.
Wyden says Republicans won't stop until they make abortion illegal nationwide.
At 2023's March for Life on Friday, Republicans, like Congressman Steve Scalise, vowed to make abortion not just illegal, but unthinkable.
"The next phase now begins. And that's what this year is about, the next phase in a post-Roe world," Rep. Steve Scalise (R-LA) said.
Nevada Senator Catherine Cortez Masto says Democrats support bills like the one to protect women's right to travel for abortions, which was blocked by Republicans last congress.
"Hypocrisy is on the extreme with the far-right, including the idea that this is a state rights issue," Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto (D-NV) said.
In January, House Republicans passed two anti-abortion bills, but Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer says the Senate won't be voting on those bills.
"We are the bulwark, what they are trying to do will not pass, will not stand," Sen. Chuck Schumer (D-NY) said.
These senators say Democrats kept control of the Senate because voters want them to protect abortion rights.
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Life With Kids: Sleep (or Lack Thereof) Edition | ever emma. . .
Disclaimer: The sarcasm is in FULL force with this post. If you don't speak that language or have little angels for children, then you should probably not read what follows.
Ahh. I knew it all. Then I had some children of my own and very quickly realized that my fantasy of motherhood wasn't quite like my reality. Ignorance is bliss. Please don't misunderstand. Motherhood is wonderful. I just got a few things wrong. Here's a glimpse into some aspects of my journey of motherhood, so far.
Today, we're going to discuss the moment of the day that every parent looks forward to.
Thus far, I have experienced three different ages of putting children to bed; infant, toddler, and preschool. Each comes with their own joys and challenges, however, I fear that by sharing my experiences I may just discover my children are exceptions. Maybe even little demons.
The first phase includes wrapping a tiny infant up, pinning their arms to their chest just right. The swaddle a.k.a. the straight jacket for infants! The infant will most likely require the correct lighting and mood music. Unfortunately the infant's English is not so good, so you'll have to go through the catalog of every single song that you kind of know the words to.
Right when you're about to give up, you'll hit the jackpot and discover that your infant prefers the soothing sounds of Cyndi Lauper's Time After Time. (Literally time after time after time after time. Nothing, and I mean nothing else will do.) Just when he falls asleep, you place him into his bed and back away very slowly. If anything creaks even slightly, then the whole process will begin again.
You stare at him lovingly thinking about how cute he is, maybe even sigh, and as soon as you turn even slightly his eyes snap open like something out of a horror film. This cycle can continue for hours until the weaker person just gives up. I'd like to say that's the baby and that the baby chooses sleep, but sometimes it's me taking the baby downstairs to watch TV.
Your infant should be a pro at sleeping at this point, right? HA! That's hilarious.
Your infant has a "big girl" bed now, because she kept almost killing herself by leaping out of her crib, and now she can just decide to wander around all. night. long. Oh, and she is probably teething, most likely molars, and that's super painful. Probably more pain than you even experienced bringing her into this world, so she's super cranky.
You'll spend most of the night taking turns with your partner returning the toddler back to her bed. Once you return to your bed it will seem that all is well, but as soon as you get even remotely comfortable your toddler will sense this and your comfort will tick her off.
She'll stealthily make her way into your room and will stare at you for as long as it takes for you to feel her gaze. A minute is practically an hour for her, so she'll probably just start screaming her little head off.
1:00 AM, whoever came out with this is a LIGHTWEIGHT.
Your child's English has vastly improved and she can now communicate so many of her needs and wants. The crazy thing is she isn't thirsty and isn't even really all that hungry throughout the entire day, but as soon as you mention it is just about time for bed, she's STARVING and soooooo thirsty.
She won't eat just anything though, after all, she boycotted dinner for a reason. No, she is real particular and if you don't meet her demands all hell will break loose.
It's going to break loose anyway, because, she is "not tired." She will have an epic meltdown for about 15 minutes, but eventually she will get over it and revert back to toddlerhood, wandering out of her room.
She'll tell you that she just wants to give you more hugs and kisses. She enjoyed that bedtime story so much, can't you read it again? Won't you come and snuggle for just a minute? It's super cute until it's 1 in the morning and all you want to do is feel the gentle caress of your pillow against your face.
It's fine. I've made it four years without sleep. Who needs it? It's not like it's good for you and can help prevent early aging. I like wrinkles anyway.
Are your children little angels who go right to sleep when you tell them to?
What's something you imagined as a child that is totally different as an adult?


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sudo yum install selinux-policy.noarch-3.7.19 -y
sudo yum install selinux-policy.noarch-3.7.19 -y
sudo yum install selinux-policy-minimum.noarch-3.7.19 -y
sudo yum install selinux-policy-mls.noarch-3.7.19 -y
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sudo yum install policycoreutils.x86_64-2.0.83 -y
sudo yum install policycoreutils-debuginfo.x86_64-2.0.83 -y
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sudo yum install policycoreutils-newrole.x86_64-2.0.83 -y
sudo yum install policycoreutils-python.x86_64-2.0.83 -y
sudo yum install policycoreutils-sandbox.x86_64-2.0.83 -y
sudo yum install selinux-policy-doc.noarch-3.7.19 -y

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text:
Q: Falha de segmentação ao printar espaço em branco C Preciso fazer uma função que retorna um porteiro para o primeiro espaço em branco encontrado na string. Quando eu tento printar o espaço em branco o programa acusa falha de segmentação, o que não acontece quando eu troco *str == ' ' por um caractere qualquer, por exemplo (*str == 'b').
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{

    char word[80];

    printf("Digite a string: \n");
    scanf("%s", &word);

    char *firstblankchar(char *str)
    {
        while (*str)
        {
            if (*str == ' ')
            {
                return str;
            }

            *str++;
        }
    }

    printf("%c", *firstblankchar(word));
}

A: Tem vários problemas nesse código.
O scanf() tem problemas para ler textos com espaços então troquei por algo que faz a leitura corretamente.
Não faz muito sentido retornar o primeiro espaço, mas deixei assim.
Você está somando o caractere que está manipulando em firstblankchar() mas o que deseja incrementar é o ponteiro, então não use o operador para dereferenciar, só incremente o próprio ponteiro.
O que acontece se não achar um espaço no texto? Está retornando nada, e isso não pode acontecer, tem que retornar alguma coisa. Eu mandei retornar 0 que é um ponteiro nulo. Fazendo isso o correto é testar o retorno para ver se veio 0 e não deixar usar o dado, só se vier outro endereço é que deveria acessar o caractere desejado, então coloquei o retorno, mas deixei você fazer o teste.
Veja como fica:
#include <stdio.h>

char *firstblankchar(char *str) {
    while (*str) {
        if (*str == ' ') return str;
        str++;
    }
    return 0;
}

int main() {
    char word[80];
    printf("Digite a string:\n");
    fgets(word, 79, stdin);
    printf("%c", *firstblankchar(word));
}

Veja funcionando no ideone. E no repl.it. Também coloquei no GitHub para referência futura.

A:
Preciso fazer uma função que retorna um porteiro para o primeiro
espaço em branco encontrado na string. Quando eu tento printar o
espaço em branco o programa acusa falha de segmentação, o que não
acontece quando eu troco *str == ' ' por um caractere qualquer, por
exemplo (*str == 'b')

Sua pergunta foi editada então não sei o que escreveu e o que foi alterado.
Note que se escreveu como está no texto, str='' sem espaço entre as aspas no programa isso é diferente de str=' ' que é o que você pretendia testar.
Entenda que em C *str++ soma um no valor que está em *str. Se quer incrementar o ponteiro str para que ele aponte para a próximo letra deve escrever str++. No geral esses operadores ++ e -- são mais problema do que solução, mesmo que meigos. str++ e ++str tem diferença sutil, com a qualquer ninguém deveria se preocupar se não usasse... Mas assim é.
De volta ao seu programa, e um exemplo um pouco alterado
Veja esse exemplo aqui e talvez te ajude a entender a mecânica disso em C
O programa mostra
Frase original: 'uma frase para testar o programa    '
Depois do proximo branco: ' frase para testar o programa    '
Depois do proximo branco: ' para testar o programa    '
Depois do proximo branco: ' testar o programa    '
Depois do proximo branco: ' o programa    '
Depois do proximo branco: ' programa    '
Depois do proximo branco: '    '
Depois do proximo branco: '   '
Depois do proximo branco: '  '
Depois do proximo branco: ' '
Depois do proximo branco: '(null)'
Depois do proximo branco: '(null)' :)

Eis o exemplo
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

char* firstBlankChar(char*);

int main()
{
    char word[80] = "uma frase para testar o programa    ";
    char* proximo = word;
    printf("Frase original: '%s'\n", word);
    while (proximo != NULL)
    {
        proximo = firstBlankChar(1+proximo);
        printf("Depois do proximo branco: '%s'\n", proximo);
    };
    printf("Depois do proximo branco: '(null)' :)\n");
};

char* firstBlankChar(char* str)
{
    while (*str != 0)
    {
        if (*str == ' ') return str;
        str += 1;
    };
    return NULL;
};

Nesse exemplo o programa continua procurando pelos espaços e mostra na tela a string restante, até acabar a string.
Note esse folclórico comportamento do printf(): Quando o valor da string é 0, o tal NULL e que vai sair do loop e terminar o programa ele imprime
Depois do proximo branco: '(null)'

e nunca vai saber a diferença entre isso e o resultado desse comando aqui aqui
printf("Depois do proximo branco: '(null)'\n");

Claro que nem todo compilador vai fazer isso em toda situação.
Note que em geral se vai imprimir uma string que pode ter espaços ou apenas espaços é conveniente colocar algo em volta, como as aspas que usei aqui, por razões óbvias.
Evite ficar lendo coisas do teclado antes de seu programa estar pronto. Não vai aprender nada com essas linhas de printf() e fgets() e scanf() e coisas assim. Mas vai levar muito mais tempo para testar seu programa...

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Relationships are a fundamental part of modeling content in TakeShape they allow content items to reference one another. You can think of them as foreign keys in RDBMS or Associations from Rails, but as you'll see TakeShape's relationships are much more powerful.
Unlike traditional foreign keys TakeShape allows you to create relationships that allow references to multiple content types.
Multiple relationships can be thought of as an array of single relationships. Not only can content be associated but those as relationships can then be ordered. Ordering makes multiple relationships a very powerful tool when building content that needs to be manually curated.
When a relationship is created a reverse relationship is automatically added to the related content type. For example if you add a relationship to a Book type that points to the Author type, a reverse relationship property called bookSet will automatically appear on Author.
There are cases where the name of this reverse relationship property becomes ambiguous. For example, a Post type with two relationships authors and editors which both point to the Person type. The automatically generated field postSet is now ambiguous because it will contain both authors and editors. The solution is to specify the "Reverse Name" on each relationship.
In order to disambiguate these relationships set the "Reverse Name" for authors to "authored" and the "Reverse Name" for editors to "edited"


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text:
Orioles auditioning players while still trying to win
ST. PETERSBURG, Fla.—It's audition time for the Orioles. It can't be anything else. These are opportunities for players to be evaluated to see if they can help the Orioles next year and for years to come.
David Hess is getting a second chance to start now that Kevin Gausman is gone. In his first five starts, Hess had an ERA of 3.07, but in his next four, that ERA nearly doubled and soon he was back at Triple-A Norfolk.
Hess got another start Aug. 3 at Texas and allowed seven runs—five earned—in 3 1/3 innings of an 11-3 loss. Thursday night's was better. Hess started strongly, gave up two runs in the sixth and left with a 3-3 tie.
After the Orioles took the lead on Renato Nunez's 425-foot home run in the seventh, Cody Carroll allowed two runs in the seventh, and the Orioles lost to the Tampa Bay Rays, 5-4.
Carroll, obtained from the New York Yankees in exchange for Zach Britton, is getting his chance with so many openings in the bullpen.
"It's a young guy finding his way, a couple steps forward, a step back," manager Buck Showalter said of Carroll.
"He'll learn from it. He's got a good arm. I really like his competitiveness. …He's a confident guy. He'll learn from it. I expect him to be better the next time out. I try to keep in mind, and I think we all should, that these guys are making major league debuts and kind of seeing things for the first time. So, I try to keep that in mind. But they're going to get a great opportunity here."
Hess' ERA is at 6.25. He's made 11 starts and two relief appearances.
"About half have been good, and about half haven't been that good," Hess said.
"I think we're just trying to sway that in the direction of being better. Getting an extended look, that does mean a ton to me, that the team has that belief in me. More than anything, I just want to go out and prove them right and show that I do belong here and just give the team a chance to win because at the end of the day, that's really what matters more than anything."
After Hess' bad start against the Rangers, Showalter and pitching coach Roger McDowell leveled with him.
"A little bit of a challenge was issued, basically saying that, 'hey, you're better than this. Go out and kind of let that show,' so tonight was a step in that direction, but still not where we want to be just yet," Hess said.
For Showalter, balancing trying to win games with holding open auditions is difficult.
"I try to keep that in mind, but the competitive part of it from an organization and from a team standpoint, but like I said before, my goal here is to do what's best for the Orioles every day and for our organization as we go forward," Showalter said.
"And there will be some really good feelings about what could be and what's going to be, and there will be some times where you know you're going to go through some growing pains."
Hall of Fame weekend for Manfra
The Orioles will induct longtime second baseman Brian Roberts into their Hall of Fame before Saturday night's game. Veteran broadcaster Fred Manfra, who retired last season and now lives in Tampa, will receive the Herb Armstrong award for off-field personnel.
Manfra's longtime partner, Joe Angel, will host a luncheon to honor him and Roberts on Friday. Angel and Manfra were longtime broadcaster partners.
"It's comfortable," Angel said about working with Manfra. "I think that's why people responded to us the way they did. It was comfortable, and it was obvious on the air that we were comfortable with each other. It was never a competitive thing in the booth with Fred.
"He had a great voice. He was great to listen to. He's a huge Orioles fan from his youngster days, a Baltimore guy. That gave me a little connection with Baltimore."
Angel appreciated Manfra's help in the booth.
"Even if I said something stupid, which happens once in a while, Fred would be there to add to it," Angel said.
"Fred would be there to respond. I would do the same for him. If I made a mistake on the air, I could count on Fred to tap me on the shoulder and point something out without going on the air with it."
Players' weekend coming up
For the second straight year, Majord League Baseball will celebrate "Players Weekend." In games from August 24-26, instead of just having their last name on their back, players can have a name of their choosing.
Perhaps the most inventive name belongs to rookie reliever Paul Fry. He's using "Papa Frita," which is french fries in Spanish. Fry said he thought about the name for a few days, and after considering "small," or his Twitter handle, "Fry Guy," decided to go with his instincts.


text:
America's Team Decodes the Language of Patriotism
Angela Carroll March 27, 2017
Art and CultureFeature StoryVisual Art0 Comments
Abdi Farah's America's Team at Platform Gallery reviewed by Angela N. Carroll
For many athletes, playing a sport is the gateway to success, a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to pursue higher education, or a one-in-a-billion opportunity to make millions playing professionally.
Dr. Gregory J. Kaliss explains this phenomenon in his essay, Men's College Athletics and the Politics of Racial Equality. "The notion of meritocracy, deeply embedded in American culture, seemed best realized in Athletic competition, an arena many hoped could be free from the racial prejudice that abrogated millions of American's opportunities in business, politics, and social life," said Kaliss. At Baltimore's Platform Gallery, artist Abdi Farah explores the insidious pathology of American sports culture, especially racialization of sports in a solo exhibit of drawings, paintings, and fiber works in America's Team.
"How do you make figurative work that is not about identity? Does that work edify or dehumanize? I'm interested in the ways it may dehumanize," said Farah in an exhibition statement. The show, which displays deconstructed team banners and portraits of black athletes, seeks to explore the way sports unites Americans as a country, but also the way sports related pathologies influence the perception of our nation, community, and individual identity.
Farah believes that "so much of what we do in recreation, like football, is a kind of simulated warfare." In America's Team, the artist interrogates the violent history of the Confederacy by appropriating paraphernalia from Mississippi and Louisiana sports teams.
The artist's commentary speaks directly to the rhetoric of the "America First," our current administration's (and followers') desperate attachment to the notion of winning and putting America first. This is particularly ironic and personal because Farah achieved national fame in 2010 as the first season's winner for the Bravo reality television show Work of Art. Farah's intimate understanding of the difference between the perception of winning and the actuality of it seems to parallel America's insistence on "winning" and of being perceived as a "winner." Winning as a fraught concept forms the primary framework for the collection.
Teen Titan
In America's Team, beautiful photorealistic charcoal and oil portraits are installed beside monstrous deconstructed banners. The juxtaposition presents a disturbing layered conversation about the culture of team sports and the ways they mix political and social ideals: capitalism, social hierarchy, competition, playing your role. Sports culture informs the socializations of civil interactions, and thus are widely embraced and proudly celebrated as a profound reflection of American ideals.
Charcoal portraits "Name on the Front," "Mr. Football," and "Teen Titan," centers the physicality of athlete's bodies by capturing postures that accentuate their musculature. In contrast, "Weary King," a portrait of a football mascot, counters this aesthetic and reveals the hierarchies of teams — someone plays the game, someone supports the player. A sweaty man emerges mouth agape from the neck of a thick lion suit. His physicality is masked beneath the costume. His expression is tired.
Weary King
The banners "Indescribable Beast," "Terrible Fans," "Twice Conquered," and "Trojan Pride" make more overt critiques about the ways identity is represented in sports paraphernalia. What is a mascot? Much of America's Team uses real and imagined mascots to engage a deeper analysis about identity, history, and the culture of othering.
Indescribable Beast
"Terrible Fans" and "Twice Conquered" review the iconography of the noble savage, a disembodied caricature of Native Americans. The decapitated head of an "indian chief", with full head regalia, and occasional war paint, is a distressingly common icon in sports paraphernalia, so common that the horrid implications become invisible, quickly dismissed as just a mascot. Contemporary and colonial relations between the US government and sovereign nations are marred by perpetual conflict, broken treaties, destruction of sacred lands, and segregation within federally mandated reservations. Both "Terrible Fans" and "Twice Conquered" reveal the troubled, mocking tradition of flattening indigenous tribes by presenting them as mascots.
A logo on the jersey of your favorite team could indoctrinate a detached and idealized association with indigeneity. All the noble traits of idealized indigeneity like bravery, strength, savagery, spirituality, are compounded into a banal generality, a unifying symbol, a mascot. The rub rests in the propagation of these symbols as empty, rhetorical signifiers devoid of any real cultural or historic significance. This lie perpetuates the presumption that "native" mascots are non-offensive.
Terrible Fans
In "Terrible Fans," two Washington Redskins logos are sewn into the top of a repurposed Fairview Indians banner. Black and white tassels dangle from the banners center and edges. The center of the banner, typically reserved for the mascots head, is a gaping hole. The simple geometry of the rectangular banner and the circular Redskins logos create an abstracted monster face, mouth open and screaming.
I could not help but wonder what the severed head of a cartoon "indian" represents in the imagination of sports enthusiasts. The terror expressed by the mask feels more kitsch than horrifying; which may also speak to the subliminal violence of some sports paraphernalia.
Twice Conquered
"Twice Conquered" repeats three abstracted renderings of the state of New Jersey and wraps them in a neon silver vinyl banner from imagined team, the Piscataway Iriquois. Each banner highlights a victorious championship win beneath the head of a cartoon Iriquois "warrior." The title of the imagined team, obfuscates two real and culturally distinct Northeastern Native American tribes into one generalized "native" ideal. As if adding further insult to injury, Farah pushes this obscuring by splattering puke pink paint across the banners; a gesture that recalls the fanaticism of rival school sports teams.
"Trojan Pride" and "Indescribable Beast" make prominent critiques about the underlying propaganda of sports banners. In "Trojan Pride," a broken pole limply bares a deteriorating banner. A Spartan head, an icon often attributed with Greco-Roman colonial expansion, is detached from its golden halo. The head sits awkwardly outside the halo, and drowned in a sea of Trojan Pride script. The "Trojan Pride" waves drift out beyond a thread bare banner, which dangles frailly on the wall.
Twice Conquered and Trojan Pride
In "Indescribable Beast," a nondescript, semi-invisible mascot engulfs the banner. The mascot is formed from the body parts of other mascots, and archival photographs from confederate football games in Mississippi and Louisiana. Rather than render a legible, benign character, Farah creates an actual beast, a jumbled mass of sharp teeth, wings and claws stitched across a faded confederate flag. The patchwork banner is an outlier in the exhibition. The Frankenstein aesthetic employed exemplifies layered intentions, histories, customs in a more direct way than the other featured works. It would be exciting to see a collection that expanded on the ideas Farah begins to assess in this piece.
On the whole, America's Team feels like an experiment, and some pieces function as better representations than others of the massive subject the exhibition attempts to unpack. Though the collection is small, more than a few of the works offer challenging assessments of the identity constructions implied in sports iconography, offering a rich and largely unexplored direction in contemporary art.
Name on the Front
Author Angela N. Carroll uses illustration, citizen journalism, documentary film, words, and experimental animation as primary mediums to contribute to and critique the archive. Music and meditation are her medicine. She is an artist-archivist; a purveyor and investigator of culture. Follow her on IG @angela_n_carroll or at angelancarroll.com.
America's Team by Abdi Farrah is on display at Platform Gallery through April 29, 2017.
Photos courtesy of Platform Gallery by Tommy Bruce.
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Angela Carroll
Angela N. Carroll uses illustration, citizen journalism, documentary film, words, and experimental animation as primary mediums to contribute to and critique the archive. Music and meditation are her medicine. She is an artist-archivist; a purveyor and investigator of culture. Follow her on IG @angela_n_carroll or at angelancarroll.com.
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