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Carrying too much weight increases the risk of prostate complications. A study has shown that obesity increases the chances of developing clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. It also optimizes the potential for prostate cancer.
Eating fruits and vegetables
Fruits such as watermelons, tomatoes, guava, pink grapefruits, and papaya have lycopene, which is a potent antioxidant. Vegetables such as cabbage, Brussels, broccoli, and cauliflowers are also good choices in promoting prostate health.
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Minimize stress
Reducing stress reduces the size of your prostate. To deal with stress, your body raises the level of certain hormones which include cortisol and adrenaline. If the degree of stress is high, the level of cortisol remains high, and this maximizes the chances of prostate inflammation. To avoid this, it is wise to have full control of your life and the level of stress by adopting stress-managing practices like yoga, tai chi and other forms of exercises.
Smokers are at a risk of getting prostate cancer more than the non-smokers. The more you smoke, the higher the odds of getting cancer which is more aggressive or has already spread beyond the prostate. It is, therefore, wise to do away with smoking.
Take selenium-rich foods
Get foods such as tuna, wheat germ and sea foods and beef liver, eggs, kidneys, cashews mushrooms just to mention a few. Selenium minimizes the risk of prostate cancer.
Increase the level of soy in your diet
You can get it from sources such as soy flour, soy nuts, and tofu.
If you are dealing with an aging and unhealthy prostate, consider implementing the above seven steps to better your prostate health each day.
Do Supplements Like Glucosamine and Chondroitin Help Knee Pain and Arthritis?
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About the Author: Mark Delano is the Managing Editor and handles all day to day operations for HealthyMale.com. He is a personal fitness trainer, nutritionist and avid mountain biker who also enjoys exploring the trails of Arizona. Besides his everyday duties at HealthyMale, Mark is also a guest columnist for several blogs related to men's health.
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Nasal vowels are pronounced by passing air through the nose and mouth, in comparison to oral vowels, for which air passes only through the mouth.
Any vowel plus M or N at the end of a word is a nasal vowel.
A vowel plus m or n anywhere else in a word is nasal if the m or n is followed by another consonant. When it's followed by a vowel, the first vowel and the m or n are both "voiced" – that is, pronounced separately, rather than as a nasal vowel.
You might not know it, but there are nasal vowels in English. The difference is that in English, the pronunciation of m or n is what causes the vowel in front of it to nasalize, whereas in French, the m or n is silent, serving only to nasalize the vowel.
You can practice the four sounds with the phrase un bon vin blanc.
There's no vowel called the "nasal e." The spellings en and em are sometimes pronounced [ɑ̃] and sometimes [ɛ̃] – see those lessons for info.
In much of France, [œ̃] has disappeared – it's pronounced [ɛ̃] instead.
Tout d'abord, merci pour votre effort. Ce cite est excellent!
Isn't it true that pain, vin can be pronounced either with the nasal i or nasal a?
Il y a une leçon sur chaque voyelle nasale, avec des fichiers de son. Vous pouvez aussi entendre la différence dans la phrase un bon vin blanc ci-dessus.


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From the November 2020 Issue Subscribe
The Texanist: Do Texans Have a Beef With Alberta, Canada?
A resident of "The Texas of Canada" is having second thoughts about retiring to the Lone Star State.
By David Courtney
Illustration by Zohar Lazar
Q: Hi! My husband and I are contemplating a move to Texas, maybe just outside of San Antonio. Our plan was to buy some land and start a business there when we retired, but, well, I've been hearing some rather disconcerting things about the attitude toward Albertans from native Texans and it really breaks my heart. I've heard that Albertans are not being welcomed and are in fact being given the cold shoulder when they decide to visit. Out of all the regions in Canada, northern Alberta is most like Texas in both attitude and friendliness, which is why we chose Texas as our retirement state of choice. Is what I'm hearing true or are these perhaps just nasty rumors?
Chris S., Whitecourt, Alberta, Canada
A: Hi! Thanks for the very troubling letter. The Texanist is confused and perturbed by the state of affairs you describe in your missive and would like to know where you're getting your information. What, exactly, is the source of this distressing hearsay? This is the first time the Texanist has heard that his fellow Texans have some kind of beef with folks from Alberta—and a portion of his bread is buttered by way of keeping tabs on such things.
Now, if your home province were known as the California of Canada or the Oklahoma of Canada or the Mid-Atlantic Region of Canada, that would be one thing. Texans do, after all, have well-established beefs with each of those territories, although, between you and the Texanist, they are mostly the good-natured and jocular types of beefs. But as you hint at in your letter, Alberta is actually known as the Texas of Canada, a fact that one would think would endear the "Texans" of the Great White North to the Texans of the United States.
The Texanist does, though, feel compelled to note that your home province isn't the only place known as "The Texas of [FILL IN THE BLANK]." There are many other geographical entities that make similar claims, for a variety of reasons. It is sometimes said that New Hampshire is the Texas of New England, because it has loose gun laws and no income tax. Mongolia is supposedly the Texas of Asia, thanks to its horseback herding traditions and wide-open spaces. Shymkent, Kazakhstan, is reportedly known as the Texas of Central Asia, due to its location in the south-central portion of the country and its plentiful cattle. Bavaria is often referred to as the Texas of Germany, probably owing to its pride in a history of independence and a love of knocking back cold ones. Nigeria is considered by some to be the Texas of Africa—brashness and oil seem to be the salient factors at work there. And Queensland, a state in northeastern Australia, is said to be the Texas of that island continent, thanks to its natural beauty, warm weather, and abundance of agriculture. (The "Texans" who hail from Texas, a small town tucked away in the southeastern corner of Queensland, might, for obvious reasons, have an especially strong claim in this regard. Their town, by the way, is so named in honor of a nineteenth-century land dispute that was regarded as similar to the nineteenth-century "dispute" between the United States and Mexico, a.k.a. the Mexican-American War.)
Alberta's claim to Texanity, the Texanist has learned, is not all that dissimilar to many of those listed above. It has an abundance of diverse lands with mountains, prairies, deserty badlands, and pine forests; it is home to a prominent ranching culture and a vigorous oil and gas culture; and Albertans are said to be friendly folks, which you seem to prove out well enough.
The Texanist figures there's enough commonality there to not pose any problems for Albertans thinking of taking up residence in Texas, and he can't imagine what the source of the supposed friction would be. He's racked his brain and come up with nothing. But while performing his due diligence on this topic, the Texanist came across an article from last December that appeared on the Canadian website Global News, about Canadians transplanting themselves in Texas. It turns out that you are not the first of your countrymen to be struck with the idea to move here. Some 20,000 of them live in the Houston area alone. It seems that oil and gas jobs are a big draw. Nowhere in this article—and it was a three-parter—did the Texanist come across any mention of shade being thrown at these newly Texanized Canadians. (Though he suspects that too many of his fellow Texans might find too much hilarity in adding the occasional "eh?" to the end of their sentences when conversing with your compatriots.)
More Colorful Texas Sayings Than You Can Shake a Stick At
By Anne Dingus
Meanwhile, in Texas: A Plumber Finds Cash in a Church's Bathroom Wall
By Sierra Juarez
Fish Fell From the Sky in Texarkana, and No One Is Reel-y Sure Why
By Emily McCullar
The Quirky History of the Osage Orange, Texas's Ugliest Fruit
By Allegra Hobbs
But in an effort to perform a little extra due diligence, the Texanist reached out to Dallas Flexhaug, the author of the article, whom you may be familiar with as a longtime anchor on the Global News Morning show, in Calgary. Dallas (so named courtesy of her dad, an Alberta cowboy who thought it had like a nice Western ring to it) explained to the Texanist that her story didn't say anything about Texans' negative attitude toward Canadians for the simple reason that she detected nary a whiff of one while on her reporting trip here. Quite the opposite, she told the Texanist. "We got service with a smile everywhere we went!" she says. "Never ran into any eye rolls or bad attitudes when we told people we were Canadian."
Thus, with all his due diligence done, the Texanist is left to conclude, with a relief-filled wipe of the brow, that your fear of anti-Alberta prejudice residing deep in the hearts of Texans is unfounded. You either received some bad information or were the victim of some serious leg-pulling. Texas's motto, after all, is "Friendship," not "Vitriol" or "Maleficence." The Texanist assures you that if you retire here, the Texas you'll find will be the Texas of your dreams. Or, at the very least, a much better choice than the Texas of Central Asia. Or the Texas of anywhere else, for that matter.
Have a question for the Texanist? He's always available here. Be sure to tell him where you're from.
https://www.texasmonthly.com/being-texan/the-texanist-texans-have-beef-with-alberta/?utm_source=texasmonthly.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=sharebutton
The Texanist: Why Doesn't Texas Have an Official State Pastry?
The Texanist: What's the Best Texas Christmas Song?
The Texanist: Where Did All These Bright Green Parrots Come From?
The Texanist: Is Freezing Brisket a Mortal Sin?
The Texanist: If You're Not a Fan of Fruitcake and Canned Chili, What's So Great About Corsicana?
The Texanist: Now That the Longhorn-Aggie Rivalry Is Back, Can UT and A&M Alums Stay Friends?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Here's our Top Picks for the Weekend of April 13th & 14th, 2019! Go on a tour of the Bear Hollow Basin, help at a park or creek clean-up, see a dance performance about electricity, check outs some edible isotopes and make DNA bracelets or taste some honey at UC Davis' Picnic Day, go to a workshop on climate change, meet artist Sarah Golden (illustrator of the "1,001 Things to Do in Sacramento with Kids" book), get something written in Chinese calligraphy, build a robot, learn about magic from around the world, see the movie "Penguin Highway", make a family art project, learn how to speak Hmong, meet children's author Linda Joy Singleton, taste rare teas, go to a Dog Show, drink some butterfly pea flower tea, paint a unicorn, take a free yoga or meditation class, see Jason Sia play the piano, see a cool indie band called Baseball Gregg, watch college track & field, women's crew, field hockey, tennis, and more! Weather is forecasted for mostly sunny 76/51 for Sat. and partly cloudy 69/47 for Sun. Have a cool and adventurous weekend!
Watch track & field, and then have a family race. UC Davis Track & Field hosts the Woody Wilson College Open at Toomey Field, all day. 9am – 5pm.


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Let's Be Movie Stars
With starring roles in one of TV's hottest shows (New Girl) and a hilarious new movie (Let's Be Cops), Jake Johnson & Damon Wayans Jr. have Hollywood at their feet. Meet the new Kings of Comedy.
Davy Rothbart
"Let it ride!" shouts Jake Johnson, leaning over a blackjack table at Hollywood Park Casino in Inglewood, on the south side of Los Angeles. He flashes an impish what-the-hell look at his colleague and close friend Damon Wayans Jr. and nudges a towering stack of blue and yellow chips forward while a crowd of onlookers clamor their approval. Generally, Hollywood Park's musty casino floor is where hope goes to take an extended nap, but Johnson and Wayans are on a hot streak, and their energy has sparked the room from its slumber. Johnson downs the rest of his Jack and Coke and swivels around to slap hands with a couple of casino regulars who've come over to see what the ruckus is all about. "Come on," he cries. "Let's do this!"
The dealer flips cards around the table. Wayans has 15, Johnson has 16, and the dealer shows a 2, with her hole card a mystery. A young guy to Johnson's right takes an ill-advised hit and goes bust. Wayans looks to Johnson for advice and Johnson shakes his head slightly, telling him to hold, and then holds tight himself. "That's right," murmurs one of the regulars, perched close behind. Here's the moment of truth—if the dealer turns up a couple of face cards, everyone wins; if not, Johnson and Wayans have flushed a few hundred bucks down the drain. A hush falls over the crowd as the dealer reaches for her hole card and turns up a red queen. Now at 12, she's forced to hit, and slowly turns up the next card—another red queen—el busto! The room erupts in wild whoops of joyous celebration.
Wayans trades high fives with the other winners at the table, while Johnson fist-bumps the guy behind him and turns back to sweep up his winnings.
Wayans elbows his friend, grinning. "Good call, dude."
Johnson nods. "Life is good."
Remarkably, as Johnson, 36, and Wayans, 31, wind their way through the casino—the poker tables, the sports book, the bar, the all-night diner—they're bothered by almost no one. It may be that a casino in South Central L.A., full of tourists and hard-nosed locals, is not a hotbed for fans of New Girl, the hit Fox show featuring ZooeyDeschanel that helped establish Johnson and Wayans as stars. But there's also something about the vibe they radiate—not Hollywood types preening for the camera, but just a couple of buddies out on the town, chopping it up, trying to make each other laugh—that deflects attention.
If they stand out, it's because they're dressed like members of the Rat Pack, amid a sea of sweatpants and fanny packs. Still, they hardly draw a second glance as they steer their way back toward the blackjack tables for another go-round.
That's all likely to change very soon. Having already won over viewers on one of TV's hottest comedies, their new action-comedy caper, Let's Be Cops, a raw, rollicking romp that recalls '80s hits like Beverly Hills Cop and Lethal Weapon, opens in theaters nationwide this month. Johnson and Wayans play a pair of old friends who've rounded the bend into their early thirties without making a dent in their chosen careers: Johnson is a former college quarterback derailed by injury, while Wayans, who dreams of becoming a video game designer, is held down by self-doubt and a soul-crushing boss. The two men are close to throwing in the towel on big-city life and retreating to their Ohio hometown. On a lark, they hit a costume party dressed as cops, and after being mistaken for real cops, soon get drunk on the power of wearing badges and uniforms. When they get mixed up with a gang of gunrunners and drug smugglers, they must put their skills as fake cops to the test.
According to Johnson, the movie has been "blowing the roof off" at test screenings, and that's no surprise—he and Wayans anchor a cast of comedy all-stars, including Rob Riggle (SNL, The Daily Show), Keegan-Michael Key (Key and Peele), and smart, sexy Natasha Leggero. Like the Jump Street reboots (which share a hard-R rating), Let's Be Cops weaves action set pieces deftly with authentic, character-based humor, while offering a fresh twist: a buddy cop flick about guys who aren't really cops.
Dressing up as LAPD felt "badass," Johnson says. He mentions Nick Miller, his character on New Girl, who can be painfully indecisive. "I'm actually an act-first, think-second kind of person, so it was nice to finally play a character who gets in trouble for his actions rather than his lack of action."
"To me," Wayans says, "the message of the film is that you should never write yourself off. You should never tell yourself, 'Oh, I didn't make it by now—I should just give up.' "
Johnson chimes in: "It doesn't matter if you get a late start. You just need to get started."
Johnson speaks from experience—he was a bit of a late starter himself. The Chicago native dropped out of school in 10th grade ("mostly to smoke cheeba," he says), and worked full-time for an uncle making neon signs. After a year of "being a loser," he returned to high school and went on to study theater at the University of Iowa and NYU's Tisch School of the Arts. By age 26, though, he was back in Chicago, trying to figure out his next move.
That's when a friend in L.A. promised him a job—working at the Hollywood Park Casino. (It's no accident that Johnson has requested this location for the day's shenanigans.) "I had this old lime green Hyundai Accent that I'd bought from a friend of my dad's," Johnson recalls. "I put on a tape of Elton John's Greatest Hits and headed west."
But in Cali, Johnson found himself living in a Hollywood dump, working a graveyard shift at the casino, and partying way too much. He wanted to work his way into film and TV, but after a year the only role he'd landed was in a Tampax commercial. Then he met Erin, the girl who would eventually become his wife. "She kicked my ass and got my head in the game," Johnson explains. "She pointed out that I was an actor without a head shot, just hanging out in bars."
Erin hooked him up with a catering job, which was a step up; at least he was no longer working nights and could make it to auditions. Soon, little breaks came, partly through partying with friends. One night, boozing hard with pal Derek Waters, Johnson tried to explain the crazy story of soul singer Otis Redding's death. "I was so drunk, it took me 45 minutes to tell that story," Johnson confesses with a smile. His wobbly storytelling became the inspiration for a Web series called Drunk History, which featured cameos from laugh titans Jack Black and Will Ferrell, among others, and eventually blossomed into a popular Comedy Central show.
Johnson nabbed blink-and-you'll-miss-me roles in an Ashton Kutcherrom-com and Russell Brand's Get Him to the Greek. Then one day he was called in to audition for a new show about a bunch of guy roommates and a girl who moves in with them, which someone had described as kind of an updated version of Friends. Johnson laughs: "I had no idea what I was getting into."
Soon, bigger movie roles came his way. He starred in Drinking Buddies, a thoughtful indie set in a Chicago brewery, where he played the love interest of both Anna Kendrick and Olivia Wilde (poor guy); director Joe Swanberg encouraged Johnson and his costars to guzzle real beers on set. Next, Johnson played a magazine writer investigating an oddball (Mark Duplass) who claims he can travel through time in Safety Not Guaranteed, which became an unexpected hit.
Johnson and Wayans had hit it off on the set of New Girl, and when they were offered the chance to costar in Let's Be Cops, they called each other to discuss it. "I told him, 'I'm in if you're in,' " Wayans remembers.
Johnson couldn't wait to team up. "Some actors seem cool," he says, "but when you really get to know them, you realize you're not on the same page. They just want to be stars, and working with them can be unbearable. Damon and I, we're not worried about being the biggest stars; we just want the project to work. If we make something great, we know we'll both end up looking good."
While Let's Be Cops is Johnson's first headlining role in a studio film, he says there's no pressure. "It's got a big-budget feel but was made for not that much. I mean, look, they hired me and Damon instead of big movie stars, so they saved themselves some money right there. This isn't X-Men. It's more like The Little Engine That Could."
If Johnson and Wayans felt pressure surrounding the film, it was during production. On set, they estimate, as much as 90 percent of the dialogue was improvised. Each night, together in one of their hotel rooms, they pored over the script, riffing off each other and challenging each other to conjure up new and improved material. Johnson learned to rely on his costar's humor barometer to measure the success of his jokes. "If everyone around us is laughing but Damon says, 'It was just all right,' then I get pissed off because I know he's right and we've got to do it again. If no one's laughing, but I hear Damon laughing, I know I'm onto something. We're a team, and I trust his voice above anyone's."
For Wayans, the shoot's most harrowing moment came during a scene in which he has to tackle a naked sumo wrestler who's burglarizing a hardware store. "I had junk in my face!" Wayans cries, spooked by the memory. "I mean, I was looking right up his butt—I could see out his mouth!"
Johnson finds this absolutely hilarious.
"In the movie, those are his real balls, right?"
Wayans explains that an early cut of the film actually included them, but they had to be enhanced later with CGI.
"Thank God for small balls," he says, laughing and shaking his head. "They would've been rolling around all over my forehead. Can you imagine? Scarred for life!"
Back when Johnson was still puffing weed in his uncle's neon workshop, dreaming of Hollywood, Wayans was already immersed in showbiz; as a kid, he would hang out with his dad, Damon Wayans Sr., on the set of the pioneering sketch comedy show In Living Color, created by uncle Keenen Ivory Wayans, and featuring family members Kim, Shawn, and Marlon Wayans, plus their friends Jim Carrey, Jamie Foxx, and Jennifer Lopez. Surrounded by some of the funniest people in the industry, Junior—no big surprise—developed an itch to be onstage, with plenty of talent to burn.
But the one guy he could never impress was his dad. "He was like a hard-ass soccer coach," Wayans explains. "Total ball buster."
At 23, Junior started doing stand-up comedy, and a couple of years later joined his dad on tour. "There was one Def Comedy Jam where I really killed and got a standing ovation," Wayans says. "I came offstage and was feeling great." His dad asked him, How do you think you did, son? "Knowing him, and his level of expectation, I toned it down—I didn't want to seem cocky. So I was like, 'I don't know…eight and a half?' He just shook his head and said, 'Seven,' and walked off."
Even as the son found success in likable TV roles—Brad Williams on Happy Endings and Coach on New Girl—he never earned his dad's raves. "He'd toss me a compliment here and there, but he'd never really give it up," Wayans says. "He'd just be like, 'That's pretty good, man.' Super low-key. I figured that was the most I'd ever get out of him."
A few months ago, though, Wayans Sr. joined Junior and Johnson in San Francisco for a few advance screenings of Let's Be Cops. "The lights came up, and something in him had shifted," Wayans says. "After all these years, he finally started saying all these nice things. He was like, 'That shit's really funny!' Of course, he's still my same old dad, so he had to tell me about a couple corny parts, too, but at the end of the night, we were all back at the hotel drinking Champagne, and he said, 'You know what? You did good work.' "
Back at the blackjack table,Johnson starts chatting with one of the casino regulars who'd cheered him on earlier, a guy from the neighborhood named Ivory Nims, a former gangbanger with the Inglewood Crips. Despite his criminal past, Nims seems like a pretty nice dude, and at 31, he's not so different, ultimately, from the characters Johnson and Wayans play in Let's Be Cops: He has dreams of buying a Lincoln Town Car and becoming an Uber driver but doesn't quite have the know-how, initiative, or scratch to pull it off. Johnson and Wayans chop it up with Nims, taking pleasure for a while in getting to know a stranger who's not a superfan and has no agenda. Soon the pals are moving on, but as they continue to test their luck with the cards, Nims' girl slips away with a scrum of photographers.
"Damn," says Nims. "The camera leaves, and my girl disappears."
Johnson claps him on the back: "Welcome to Hollywood."
Soon, the buddies are in a booth drinking beers and doing their best to crack each other up, which seems to be their constant M.O. Eyeing an ancient shoeshine man, they dive into a lengthy riff, imagining that his presence here has preceded the casino's construction, that it was actually built around him. They imagine the conversation that might be taking place at a neighboring table, filled with elderly Japanese tourists. Johnson even goes into a bit about a secret tryst he's having with Wayans' dad ("You'd be surprised how much he loves chocolate-covered strawberries!"); Wayans burns him a look, but he can't help laughing.
There's one idea that's funnier to them than any of the others: the thought of sharing a dramatic scene where both of them are asked to genuinely cry. "We've got to put it in our next contract!" Johnson says gleefully. "One unabashed, nonironic crying scene!"
For both, the hope is that Let's Be Cops leads to more movies together. With their engaging personalities, heartfelt performances (even in a comedy), and superb chemistry on and off the screen, it's easy to imagine the film dealing their careers a royal flush. Perhaps a movie about fake cops will turn Johnson and Wayans into real movie stars.
"I don't want to be one of those actors who go from one project to the next," says Johnson. "I'd like to do big movies here and there, a couple smaller indies, and also take time off to enjoy life." With his friend Joe Swanberg, Johnson just cowrote and starred in an upcoming indie called Digging for Fire, based on a real-life experience: Digging a garden in their backyard a couple years back, Johnson and his wife discovered human bones and a gun. The movie imagines what might have taken place. "Working with friends is what it's all about," Johnson says. "Damon and I, we're pretty much the same guy. We'll never be those serious actors with black turtlenecks doing Shakespeare in the Park. We just want to keep doing fun stuff that we believe in."
Wayans nods in agreement. "One thing I learned from watching my dad was the importance of putting in hard work," he says. "Every day I try to learn something and improve my craft." With his downtime between acting and performing gigs, Wayans also likes to practice martial arts—muy Thai and tae kwon do. "I also want to get better at cards," he says. "But this was definitely my best visit ever to a casino. Usually I play five hands, lose 'em all, and go broke."
For his part, Johnson is leaving his old stomping grounds a few hundred bucks ahead. "I think I'll buy a gift for my wife," he says, trading his chips in for cash. The lime green Hyundai he used to drive when he first landed in L.A. and worked at the casino is long gone. His ride now: a shiny black Lexus SUV. He hops in and heads for the gate. Wayans gives him a wave. "Drive safe, man," he calls. "And if you get pulled over, just tell 'em you're a cop."
Photos by Ture Lillegraven
Tags: actor Entertainment movies


Blanket Fort Games Blog » Blog Archive » Influence Featured on RPS!
I realize we've been letting this blog go fallow, but there wasn't a lot of new content to post. There is now!
Also, look for future posts about our experience at MineCon.
I didnt found any forum so i decided to write here. I downloaded the demo, but when i start the screem start flashing(black and white) and i hear some music. Is it a problem, because i use win7 64bit?
We use Win 7 64-bit, so I don't think that is the problem… It makes my screen flash momentarily, but then the company logo comes up and then the gamespy logo (you can click through these). After that the title screen.
My screen just keep flashing, even if i push some buttons. Got the latest vga driver, xna, directx, etc. so dont know what is the problem.
Could you tell us what graphics card you are using? It sounds like an issue with your graphics card, or an incompatability.
geforce 8800gts, i got no problem with other games.


eMints are the minting instances and authorities within the fairCASH system, performing the coinages/mintages of eCoins, their inital distribution and final clearing.
Our system allows for the operation of multiple eMints as it is able to separate and isolate eMints from each other. It makes the technical risk-management handling of eCoins, certificates, or responsibilities much easier within the fairCASH monetary system.
The whole responsibility for eCoins is restricted to a sole eMint! Due to the fact that several eMints for several currencies will coexist, all of them are isolated from each other and from the technical fairCASH system itself. The fairCASH organization has no control, access, or even knowledge about the minting keys of any eCoin floating into the system, and is in this way proven innocent in a possible involvement of the business of creating, releasing, revoking or clearing monetary objects.
On the other side, customer convenience is a killing issue. To assure, that customers can have their bank account on other banks than the eCoin issuing, one they don't have to wait more than a few seconds for transferring their giral money back and forth to eCoins (from their bank accounts), the eMint can be a business entity for all financial banking institutes in the same currency area.
Transferability in-between withdraw and deposit at the eMint ATM.
As depicted in this figure, the eMint appears for the users of the fairCASH system as an Internet service of a global ATM, able to route money between the eCoin and the account subsystem.


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You are here:Home » Aaron Oil
Aaron Oil
Who do you call when petroleum products spill, must be recycled or are mixed with contaminants that need to be removed? During the massive BP oil spill in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico, it was Aaron Oil.
"We process a lot of the materials that are generated from the cleanup of oil spills," founder and CEO Dan Cowart says. "We don't actually clean them up. We provide a lot of the logistics, transportation and processing of the different products and different materials that are generated from the cleanup of oil spills."
Aaron Oil collects oils, oil filters, oily water, sumps, solids, tank bottoms from petroleum (fuel) products, sludge from used oil and fuel sources and antifreeze, as well as other petroleum fuel products that have been contaminated with used oil, water or solids. The company removes excess water, solids, ash and light ends that reduce fuel performance or increase the risk of equipment malfunctions, environmental contamination and unnecessary air emissions. Its maritime operations treat contaminated bilge water that is carried in the hulls of ships to provide ballast. The company also is a brown water fuel/gas oil supplier in Gulf Coast markets.
"The differentiation between us and most companies in our industry is that we don't handle hazardous waste," Cowart explains. "All our material is just used oil or petroleum fuel reclamation, as well as crude oil-type reclamation from exploration, production and transportation-related pipe materials from outside the refinery."
Cowart estimates that Aaron Oil has approximately 10 to 15 competitors in oil recycling and several in maritime petroleum reclamation. "We're a middle-sized company," Cowart says. "What I believe differentiates us is we have one of the most experienced management teams by far. We've never stopped investing and continuing to look at better ways of doing what we do. We continue to employ the latest technology. The biggest challenge I see in most businesses is to do the research and to know what the next technology is going to be, and to make sure that it has enough payback time before the next technology that makes that technology obsolete. Our company operates by the highest environmental, health and safety standards in the world (ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001)."
Proprietary Systems
Aaron Oil's engineers have been designing automated processing facilities and writing software in-house since 1984. "This is one of those businesses that there's not a lot of off-the-shelf stuff that is available," Cowart notes. "We have a very robust data system that is updated every 15 seconds with real-time information from all the automation. So we get real good information to make decisions that really don't require humans to input data. Over the years, it has become a very sophisticated information and data system that we rely on throughout the organization."
Each oil reclamation project is unique. "Every batch and everything that we do is different," Cowart emphasizes. "Some people refer to each truckload and batch that is processed as a 'science project,' because you have a slightly different blend of different materials in each batch."
Motor Oil Pickup
Aaron Oil's single processing plant is on 10 acres of its 20-acre site in Saraland, Ala. The company also has several hubs where oil for recycling is collected and shipped to the processing plant. "On the oil and petroleum side, we have four different types of processing," Cowart says. "We have three different types of wastewater processing. Our core business has been used motor oil recycling, but we also handle a number of petroleum fuel and crude oil materials from major oil companies and different terminals around the country."
The company's fleet of collection trucks for used motor oil services covers the Southeast from Atlanta to Jacksonville, Fla., and west to Houston. Aaron Oil also has vacuum tankers and bobtail vacuum trucks. "Our trucks are unique in that all vacuum trucks are double compartments," Cowart points out. "We have the ability to separate solids and liquids onboard. You'd have to have two vacuum trucks normally to do that." The company also has unique vapor recovery and degassing technology that converts recovered volatile organic compounds into electric power with virtually zero air emissions.
The custom-manufactured trucks were designed by Aaron Oil with proprietary systems and software that perform many operations automatically, such as shutting off pumps when the truck's tanks are full and then issuing invoices. The trucks have automated logging systems, GPS and video systems for use in insurance claims and training.
Fuel Oil
Unlike competitors that make lubricants from recycled oil, Aaron Oil produces various fuel oils, such as ones for power plant and diesel fuel, from its recycled oil. "With all of our research and our experience, we still believe that making a high-quality fuel oil is where the demand is," Cowart insists. "The lubricants industry says it is grossly oversupplied at least through 2020 or 2021. Today, most companies in the refinery industry are losing money."
That is not the problem for Aaron Oil. Cowart says the company's revenue has consistently grown year-to-year, and Aaron Oil has been listed in the Inc. 5000 for the past six years as one of the fastest-growing companies in the nation. For the future, the company is exploring using robots to clean its tanks and employing driverless vehicles when the technology is perfected.
The company has been collaborating with the University of South Alabama on providing the oil recycling industry with an education arm to ensure that the industry's knowledge and experience is captured and transferred to the next generation. Aaron Oil also is working with the National Oil Recycling Association to create educational programs for the industry. "It's a very fast-paced world right now," Cowart stresses. "I think change is probably the greatest challenge every business has. We definitely don't want to have our heads in the sand."
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What I got from this week's TGIM is the importance of understanding that everything you do has the potential of significantly improving your life. This is why it's important for us to give 100% of our energy to those tasks in order to maximize their potential benefits. At the end of the day, whatever you do for others always affects yourself in one way or another. Might as well make sure you're doing something you can be proud of.


Abstract: The electron-positron pair production due to the dynamical Schwinger process in a slowly oscillating strong electric field is enhanced by the superposition of a rapidly oscillating weaker electric field. A systematic account of the enhancement by the resulting bifrequent field is provided for the residual phase space distribution. The enhancement is explained by a severe reduction of the suppression in both the tunneling and multiphoton regimes.


It hit my inbox at 4:45 p.m., the league apparently thinking I was on my way to the first of five vodka martinis looking for a three-day weekend.
Didn't someone say this is White Russian history month?
The Pac 12 release might as well have been wearing a fake mustache as it tried to look inconspicuous hiding between two pieces of spam as I was deleting reams of useless sports information from my inbox.
February too often unleashes unification bouts I won't pay for, free skate programs starring the Chinese, NCAA bracketology updates, Stephen A. Smith talking college football, golf tournaments Tiger Woods has never won at Riviera, NBA All-Star "rising stars" promos and start-up spring football leagues.
I don't need to see MVP Mike Trout watching basketball games, court side in Philadelphia, any more than I need to see MVP Julian Edelman presenting a Grammy at Staples Center.
It's the reason last year, at this time, I was in Spain.
The good news for corporate types at Pac 12 offices worried about paying overtime is this year's football year in review, minus any negative news, could have been printed on a refrigerator post-it.
In fact, if not for the state of Washington, in the revenue sports, the conference might be filing for competitive bankruptcy.
Washington State and Washington ended up as the only football schools ranked in the final Associated Press poll. The Cougars led the way at No. 10, followed by the Huskies at No. 13.
This is important going forward knowing that Washington, at this moment, is also the Pac 12's only ranked team in college basketball.
The facts stated in the Pac 12 football release, actually, told you all you needed to know.
The Pac 12 review listed ONE player named to the AP's first-team, All America squad. It was linebacker Ben Burr-Kirven, LB, Washington.
What wasn't revealed spoke volumes. There were no USC or UCLA players named to the first, second or third teams.
Washington State, the conference's highest ranked team, did not win its division.
"Year in review" was released 24 hours after National "Pining" Day produced another ho-hum haul of recruits.
Oregon and Washington appeared to have banner days while most of the league seemed to sag.
USC coach Clay Helton was heckled by a student on campus this week while doing a radio show. The Trojans lost five-star recruit Bru McCoy to Texas and offensive coordinator Kliff Kingsbury to the Arizona Cardinals.
UCLA, coming off a 3-9 campaign, signed a class so thin it was immediately pumped with bacon fat and vitamin B-12.
"We'll take anybody, anywhere," Chip Kelly told the L.A. Times about the school's lowest rated class in a decade.
"Year in Review" did not reflect much on a 3-4 bowl record in which three teams from the better-half North, Stanford, Oregon and Cal, combined for 28 points.
It didn't mention South champion Utah collapsing in the Holiday Bowl, or Cal being involved in the worst bowl game ever played (Cheez-It).
It didn't recap a scandal-filled fall in which the conference's main office was thrown into turmoil over its officiating practices.
"Pac in Review" glossed over the conference getting only 39 invites to this month's NFL Combine, less than half the number being represented by the SEC.
Or, news that five of California's top high school prospects are NOT signing with Pac 12 schools.
SEC teams, sensing blood in the water, are now recruiting fertile ground once owned by USC. Places like Mater Dei, which is coached by a former USC player and has long served as a Trojan pipeline.
"Review" wasn't intended or inclined to mention three Mountain West schools, Fresno State, Utah State and Boise State, finishing ranked in the AP ahead of all Pac 12 schools outside of Pullman and Seattle.
Is it all gloom and doom? Perhaps not.
USC fans paying attention should have taken note of former Oklahoma coach Bob Stoops announcing this week that he wants back into coaching.
Stoops was named coach and GM of new Dallas franchise in the spring league XFL, which debuts in 2020.
If USC starts 3-3 next year, or 2-4, and Helton gets fired on Columbus Day, it should be the duty of every Trojan booster to make sure Stoops never reaches the XFL.
The tough question has been answered: Stoops wants to coach again. He is only 58, still in his prime, the way Urban Meyer, 54, is still in his prime and will soon want to get back in coaching.
UCLA is so excited about 2019 it has moved its opener at Cincinnati up two days, to Aug. 29.
Can't wait for Coach Kelly's first post-game presser.
Seriously, though, Oregon could be poised for a monster year in 2019 and Washington is going to be Washington.
Can we thank the Washingtons enough?
That's it for Pac 12 "football year in review," released 4:45 p.m. on Feb. 7.
Look for its release around dusk on July 4.


£10 billion working capital scheme to support short term loans to small and medium sized businesses brought in to protect viable firms from worsening recession.
The government today unveiled a scheme to secure some £20 billion of short term lending to support SMEs with a turnover up to £500 million.
The move brought a glimmer of a smile to the lips of most small business groups, but a political row erupted about whether the £10 billion working capital scheme was enough.
Unveiled by the Department for Business, the £10 billion working capital scheme is aimed to ensure viable, growing companies are able to get their hands on the credit they need to continue trading during the downturn.
We're making provision for loan defaults … there will be some risk, but less risk than some might imagine because the firms we will be supporting are not high risk.
In addition to this scheme aimed at medium-sized enterprises, the government announced an Enterprise Finance Guarantee Scheme securing a further £1.3 billion of bank funding for smaller businesses with a turnover up to £25 million.
Finally, a Capital for Enterprise Fund will include £50 million from the government supplemented by £25 million from the banks to buy shares in growth businesses that need to convert debt into equity.
… it must be followed up by longer-term measures to support small businesses and stimulate the economy, including tax cuts and similar strategies to boost struggling sectors.
Meanwhile the Federation of Small Businesses reported that more than a third of its 210,000 members had to dip into savings to the tune of £900 million in order to survive recent months without credit. It also reported that overdrafts had been reduced by £100 million in October/November last year.
The onus is now on bank branch managers to actively promote this money to its small business customers to ensure their survival and the revival of the economy.
The Conservative party argued, however, that much more was required to support credit to SMEs. It reiterated its proposals of a week ago that a £50 billion stimulus package was in order.
Others including the Liberal Democrats wondered why additional guarantees were being offered to the banks on top of the huge sums taken from tax payers' pockets at the end of last year.
Whatever the specifics some kind of action in the face of a dramatic downturn is clearly required to support UK small and mid-sized businesses. Whether it will be enough, remains to be seen.
Details of the relevant support schemes can be found at the Business Link website.


Infomarine On-Line Maritime Directory - Mantanovich - Katsaros S.A.
We are a comercial and technical company, dealing with measuring and control equipment and automation. Our company established in Piraeus, where we run a sales store and a fully equipped service station. Our activities, cover the section of level, flow, temperature, pressure and so on.
Among our customers, are the biggest industries, refineries, shipping companies and shipyards of our country.


Gangotri is mostly considered as a town for Hindu Pilgrimage rather than a tourist spot. To some extent, this is correct as well but things have started to change here recently. The number of tourists arriving in Gangotri is now increasing by each passing year. There was once a time when the only tourists in Gangotri were the devotional kind. But now you will also find adventure enthusiasts and bike riders here. The Gaumukh trek from Gangotri is considered as one of the most visited ones and attracts thousands of people each year. The steep climb and picturesque drive from Rishikesh to Gangotri is fast becoming a favourite among biker groups. To accommodate the increased number of visitors, new hotels and guest houses are getting erected each year. So yes, tourism in Gangotri is flourishing and it is a great spot that you can consider for your next trip.
For a brief Introduction, Gangotri is a town in Uttarkashi district in the state of Uttarakhand. At an altitude of 3,100 meters, It is a major Hindu pilgrim town on the banks of the river Bhagirathi; and is known as the origin point of River Ganges. According to Hindu mythology, it was here that Goddess Ganga descended from heaven to earth; into the locks of Lord Shiva's hair. The entire town and the local life is centered around the Gangotri temple, originally built by the Nepalese general Amar Singh Thapa in the nineteenth century. Due to its altitude and location, the town is now also a popular tourist spot. How can you plan a visit to Gangotri is what I will be discussing in this article.
Let me begin by first talking a little about the mythology and the location of a few places in and around Gangotri. It will give you a little knowledge about the place; help you understand the area; and plan your trip in a much better manner.
Being a pilgrimage town, there are several stories from Hindu Mythology that are related to Gangotri. The most famous and respected one, however, is of how the River Ganges was brought down to earth. The river originates from Gangotri glacier and the spot that is considered as the origin point is called Gaumukh (or Gomukh). It is located about 19 kilometers from Gangotri and can only be reached by foot. The water stream that originates from Gaumukh is called River Bhagirathi that merges with Alaknanda River at Devprayag to form the river Ganga. In hydrology, Alaknanda is considered the source stream for Ganga because it is bigger in size and carries more water. However, In Hindu faith and culture, the Bhagirathi is considered the source stream of the Ganges and this is where the entire story of the origin of Ganga resides.
It is said that there once lived a mighty kind called Sagar who had 60,000 sons. King Sagar once decided to perform a massive Ashwamedha Yajna, by the end of which he would have to slay his horse and all of his 60,000 sons. This Yajna, if performed correctly, was bound to make him powerful; so powerful indeed that it even got Lord Indra worried. Insecurity of losing his throne made its way in Indra's heart and he took it upon himself to not let the Yajna be completed.
The slaying of the horse was a crucial part of the ritual. So in an attempt to disrupt and ruin things for King Sagar, Indra stole his horse and hid it in a Sage Kapil's Ashram. When King Sagar realized that his horse was missing, he assigned the duty of finding it to his 60,000 sons. A massive search took place by the end of which the horse was found. But in doing so, King's sons interrupted Sage Kapil's mediation and got him furious. When the sage opened his eyes in anger, all of the 60,000 sons perished immediately and turned to ash. The sage also put on a curse that their souls will not find salvation until their ashes are washed away by the heavenly river Ganga.
Years passed and King Sagar died. His grandson, King Bhagirath, took over the throne and vowed to himself that he would find salvation for the souls of his 60,000 uncles. He performed deep penance and meditation to goddess Ganga asking her to descend down to earth from heaven. After years of continuous and intense penance, Ganga finally made its way to earth, granting salvation or 'Moksha' to the 60,000 doomed souls of King Sagar's sons. She manifested herself in the form of a river and made way towards earth. Lord Shiva received her into his matted locks to minimize the immense impact of her fall which would have caused widespread devastation. This is why the river was named as Bhagirathi; after king Bhagirath who brought her to Earth. Ever since then people have been immersing the ashes of their departed ancestors in the waters of this holy river.
Gomukh, also known as "Gaumukh" or "Gomukhi" is the terminus or snout of the Gangotri Glacier from where the Bhagirathi River originates. It is like a giant hole in the glacier with water flowing out of it. See the picture below. The name "Gomukh/Gaumukh" literally means "Mouth of a Cow." According to the legend, the snout in ancient times looked exactly like the mouth of a cow, and hence the name.
Gangotri is located in the state of Uttarakhand at a distance of about 300 kilometers from Haridwar, 280 kilometers from Rishikesh, and 500 kilometers from Delhi. Gaumukh is located a further 19 kilometers from Gangotri inside Gangotri National Park. The motorable road ends at Gangotri and the last 19 kilometers to Gaumukh can only be covered by foot.
If you are a little religious then the answer to this question is an obvious one. Gangotri is a major pilgrimage town and visiting here for a trip will give you plenty of opportunities to visit temples not only in the town but also en route. The entire stretch from Haridwar to Gangotri is marked by places that are religiously important in Hinduism. For the adventurous kind, the trek from Gangotri to Gaumukh will be a great chance to walk through the wilderness while enjoying great views on the way and tracing the origins of River Ganges. On the way, you can also stop at Rishikesh to enjoy some white water rafting. Campsites too are a common site on the route.
Even if you do not fall in either of these categories, a trip to Gangotri will still give you some time in peace and tranquility. You will find tourists in Gangotri but not so much that it would feel crowded like in Shimla and Manali. Visiting here during summers means pleasant weather, fewer people and mesmerizing vistas all around. Gangotri is one of those places that are very well known but still considered an offbeat destination. So if you are someone who tends to avoid crowded places then Gangotri is a perfect destination for you.
A one-line answer to this question is that yes, Gangotri is very safe to visit. But much of it really is in your own hands and will get driven by the decisions you make. The road from Rishikesh to Gangotri is a 280 kilometers long drive on long winding roads of Himalayas. It gets both steep and narrow and is really bad at some places. Monsoon wreaks havoc in this area and landslides in July and August can wash away entire sections of the road. But at the same time, people here are very humble and the crime rate is almost next to none. There are several hotels here and it is a highly religious place as well. Your phone too will remain connected no matter which network you were on.
So in short, as long as you drive sensibly, keep a close watch on the weather, do not take any unnecessary risks, do not wander alone in the wilderness and do not get in any altercations, Gangotri is a very safe place to visit.
Reaching Gangotri is not a difficult task at all. The place is well connected by a road that remains open for the most part of the year. Depending on your own preference, you can either drive here by your own vehicle or board a Bus; or you can even rent a private taxi as well. The only time when you may not be able to reach Gangotri is during winters after it starts to snow. The road gets blocked after heavy snowfall in December, January and February; and entire Gangotri town get shut down.
For the sake of explaining the route and itinerary, I will assume Delhi as the starting point. However, even if you were coming from a different city, the explanation below would still help you understand the route and plan your own itinerary. No matter where you were coming from, only the route till Rishikesh may be different, rest of the journey will still be the same (unless you were traveling from somewhere within Uttarakhand).
The route of the journey will be as mentioned below.
Starting from Delhi, you will first travel through the busy towns of Ghaziabad, Meerut, and Muzaffarnagar to arrive at Haridwar. Journey until here mostly be a smooth one on a well-laid highway. After Haridwar, the road gets narrow and turns into a single lane highway until Rishikesh, resulting in slow traffic. After Rishikesh, you will start driving uphill and the climb will really be a steep one. Until Chamba, the road will remain in excellent condition with a few bad patches in between and the drive will be very scenic. After Chamba though, the road will start to deteriorate and from here on, will be a mix of good, bad and ugly until Gangotri. The scenery will however still remain mesmerizing with Ganga following you throughout the journey.
Traveling this way, the entire journey will be of 500 kilometers and will take you at least 18 to 20 hours to complete. This is ideally a 2 days journey with a night halt at either Rishikesh or Chamba.
If you do not wish to enter Haridwar and Rishikesh, you can take an alternate route via Dehradun.
Until Roorkee, you will follow the same highway via Meerut but rather than going towards Haridwar, you will reach Dehradun and drive up towards Mussorie. From Mussorie, you will then continue on the road towards Uttarkashi via Suwakholi. In terms of length and time, both these route are almost the same. Traveling this way, you can break your journey in Dehradun or Mussorie; and drive to Gangotri the next day.
Public transport is available for Gangotri and is, in fact, the most common way for tourists and devotees to travel. If you want to reach Gangotri by Bus, then the first place you should plan on reaching is either Haridwar or Rishikesh. Both these places are very well connected and finding a Bus for either of the towns will not be difficult. There is a daily Bus that leaves Haridwar and Rishikesh for Gangotri which will be your next mode of travel. This bus leaves at around 6 in the morning and reaches Gangotri by evening.
If you could not board this bus then you would have to break this journey in two parts. From either Haridwar or Rishikesh, you will first catch a bus for Uttarkashi which is a journey of about 6 to 7 hours. From Uttarkashi, you will then either board a Bus for Gangotri or can also find a shared taxi. There are several buses available on both these routes (Haridwar / Rishikesh to Uttarkashi and Uttarkashi to Gangotri) throughout the day so finding one will not be a problem at all. The only thing to keep in mind is that buses start from both the towns in the first half of the day. From Rishikesh, you may not find a bus for Uttarkashi after 9 PM and the same applies for Uttarkashi to Gangotri bus as well.
If you were coming from Delhi, then there is a direct Bus from ISBT Delhi for Uttarkashi which you should look for. This will save you the hassle of changing Buses at Haridwar or Rishikesh.
If you were traveling from Dehradun, then too you do not need to reach either Haridwar or Rishikesh. There is a direct bus from Dehradun to Uttarkashi which you can board.
Assuming Delhi as the starting point, the entire journey will cost you about Rs. 1000 to Rs. 1200 as Bus fare. Delhi to Rishikesh is about Rs. 500 per person depending on the type of Bus (Volvo will cost more). Rishikesh to Uttarkashi will cost you about Rs. 300 and then another Rs. 200 for Uttarkashi to Gangotri.
Shared taxis are available on the route above from both Rishikesh and Uttarkashi. The benefit with shared cabs is that they ply in the latter half of the day as well. So if you missed the Bus, you can always look for a shared cab. Travel time will be about the same but fares of shared taxis could be slightly more. You can also get shared cabs for Uttarkashi directly from Dehradun as well.
Private taxis are available for Gangotri from both Rishikesh and Uttarkashi. It will cost you about Rs. 5000 from Rishikesh and about Rs. 1500 from Uttarkashi, depending on the type of cab you chose.
The nearest airport to Gangotri is Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun which is located around at the distance of 250 kilometers. Once you land in Dehradun, you can travel to Gangotri by either Bus or taxi as I explained above.
The nearest railway station to Gangotri is located in Rishikesh at a distance of 243 kilometers. Once you reach Rishikesh, you can either board a Bus for Gangotri or Uttarkashi or rent a taxi as I explained above.
You cannot reach Gangotri in winter. The temple is closed after Diwali and by December, the entire town is deserted as locals move to lower areas. You can visit Gangotri anytime after April but the temple is opened only in May.
Due to its elevation, weather in Gangotri remains pleasant for the most part of the year. Summer here is equivalent to the spring season of the plains when the daytime temperature does not exceed 20 degrees Celsius. Winters, however, are extremely cold and the entire region receives a lot of snow in the months of January and February. The temperature at night during winter can drop several degrees below zero. The temple and most of the hotels here remain closed as people move to lower areas for a few months. Monsoon again is a time when the weather can turn extreme. The 2013 Kedarnath floods are an example of such extremity. Landslides caused by incessant rains at this time are common in this region. For more information on the topic, please read A Month by Month breakdown of Weather in Gangotri.
The average temperature of Gangotri is 15° Celsius Maximum and 2° Celsius Minimum. Warm and woolen clothes are a necessity throughout the year in Gangotri. During peak winter, the temperature ranges between -10 Degrees minimum and 2 Degrees Maximum. In summer, however, the temperature remains pleasant with a minimum of 2 to 5 Degrees at night and around 15 Degrees during the day.
The months from April to June are considered to be the best time to visit Gangotri. The gates of Gangotri temple open during the start of summers. Weather at this time is pleasant with clear skies and sunny days. These are also the best months for planning to visit with your family. Monsoon arrives towards the end of June and the following months of July and August are a bad time to visit Gangotri. It rains a lot here and sometimes enough to keep you indoors in the hotel throughout the duration of your trip. If the weather turned extreme, landslides can keep the roads closed for several days. But if you are ready to take the risk, the scenery at this time is at its best with beautiful lush green vistas all around.
September again is among the best months. Monsoon would have passed but all the greenery would still be there. In a way, September offers all that monsoon has to offer but without the risk of any rain. October is the month of Autumn and all that was green turns golden orange at this time. November overall is a bad month to go because the vistas at this time are dry and dull. Weather will be very cold and there won't even be any snow around. So for a family trip, April, May, and June are best. For photography, September and October will be a good time. If rain makes you uncomfortable, you should avoid July and August. If cold is not your cup of tea, do not go between October to March. For enjoying some rafting as well, plan in either April or May.
What clothes to pack for Gangotri will depend on the month you arrived here in. From November to March you cannot reach Gangotri at all. For traveling in April and October, you should pack heavy woolens and a warm windproof jacket. Ensure that your jacket also has a hood to protect your head and face. Thermals too will be required at this time, especially for the lower part of the body (something that you can wear under your trousers). Warms Gloves and socks will also be a must for a trip in these months. For traveling in May, June, and September, pack some light woolens and a heavy windproof jacket. If you were visiting in July or August, you should bring clothes that can dry faster; like polyester. Irrespective of the time of your travel, gloves, warm socks, caps, and a heavy jacket will be a must.
Below are some of the other necessary items that you should be packing for this trip.
Trekking shoes (recommended for trek) or Shoes with good grip.
I have actually covered this topic in details in a different article but for a quick overview, below is a list of places of tourist interest in Gangotri.
Apart from visiting all of the above-mentioned places, the two other things to do in Gangotri would be trekking and camping. The 17 kilometers trek from Gangotri to Gaumukh is among the favorite ones located in Uttarakhand and can easily be completed in 2 days. Some other treks that you can venture upon are towards Dayara Bugyal, Kedartal, and Dodital. While the trek to Gaumukh can be done on your own, please make sure that you are hiring a local guide and making proper arrangements for the other ones. These are not just some casual treks that you can venture upon. All these treks will take some planning and are a few days affair. I did not notice any campsites in Gangotri but there was one in Harsil. If you went trekking then overnight stays during all these treks will be in camps.
There are a few hotels in Gangotri and you will have no trouble finding one as per your taste. Gangotri receives a lot of pilgrims and devotees due to which, budget hotels also are available here. Whether or not to book in advance will depend on your time of arrival. If you were reaching here during Yatra season then I will strongly recommend that you book and confirm your stay before starting from home. This will be more applicable towards the month of May and during Kanwar Yatra. Gangotri at both these times gets a little crowded and without booking, you may struggle to find a place to stay for the night. For budget travelers, the GMVN tourist lodge will be a great choice. Please note that all these hotels shut down during the winter season and only remain open from May till October.
I noticed one campsite in Harsil, above 25 kilometers before Gangotri, but I did not find a campsite in Gangotri itself. The arrangement for a campsite can, however, be made on request by any of the local tour or trek organizers.
There is no Bank or ATM in Gangotri. The nearest one is located in Harsil.
There is no fuel station in Gangotri. The nearest one is located in Uttarkashi, about 100 kilometers away.
There are no mechanics available in Gangotri. You can find some help in Harsil but do not really count on it. The only place where you will definitely find a mechanic is Uttarkashi.
There is a government hospital in Harsil which will be the nearest medical assistance available. A larger and better hospital would be in Uttarkashi. I would strongly suggest that you bring some basic medicines along; like for cold, fever, flu, stomach ache, headache, etc.
BSNL has the best mobile network in Gangotri followed by Airtel. If you were carrying a BSNL phone, you will have network even for a couple for kilometers on the trek towards Gaumukh.
There is electricity available in all the hotels in Gangotri. Every basic facility that you will need as a tourist will get provided. Gangotri is a known tourist destination and the hotels here are well equipped to receive a large number of tourists and pilgrims.
Starting from Delhi, the road remains in excellent condition until Haridwar after which, it turns into a single lane highway till Rishikesh. Though the condition of the road will be good; but it may get narrow and crowded at some places. You will start driving uphill after Rishikesh but the road will remain good still till Chamba. After Chamba however, it starts to deteriorate a little and can get extremely bad at some places. During monsoon, rain can really do some damage on the roads here.
You can drive to Gangotri by any vehicle as long as it is well maintained. I have in fact seen the locals here drive around in a Maruti 800 or Alto. There are only two things that you need to take care of. First one is that your vehicle is well serviced and ready to handle the steep climb. Second is that during monsoon season, there could be a lot of slush on the way; so a car with high ground clearance will preferably be better. In terms of a motorcycle, you can plan your trip even on a 125 CC bike but if you were doing that, it would be better to ride as light as possible and solo.
Being a Hindu pilgrimage town, the majority of the population in Gangotri are Hindu priests or Brahmins. There is also a fair amount of Nepali people here looking for job opportunities as guides and porters. The livelihood of the locals here depends almost entirely upon pilgrimage and tourism. Hotels, Dhabas, tea stalls, small shops selling items of religious value or souvenirs; and helping pilgrims with performing religious rituals is how the people here make a living.
Hindi is the most commonly spoken language and understood by all in Gangotri. Locals also speak Garhwali and Kumaoni dialects. Some people related to tourism industry can speak a little bit of English as well.
Gangotri is just a tiny town and you do not need local transport to move within. Porters are available to carry your luggage if you intended to go on a few days of trekking.
There is no special dish as such that is specific to Gangotri but you will find simple north Indian dishes available here. Some hotels can serve south Indian and continental food as well.
You can either eat at your own hotel or the small dhabas.
There is no shopping option here really. It is just a tiny village that is religiously important and popular among trekkers. So most of the items you can find here are small trinkets of religious significance.
Yes, it snows in Gangotri from December to March.
Gangotri remains open from May till October. The town may get opened in April but the temple doors are opened only in May and closed after Diwali.
This will entirely depend upon where you were coming from and what was your mode of travel. But assuming Delhi as the starting point, I will recommend a minimum of 5 days for visiting Gangotri.
If you were coming from Delhi, then below is how you can plan your journey.
If you had 6 days in Hand, then you can travel like this.
If you can add one more day, then you can do some sightseeing n Gangotri as well.
That will mostly be all that you need to know about planning a trip to Gangotri. It is a greatly scenic, peaceful and charming destination that definitely deserves a visit. I hope the information above was of help. If you have any questions; or need any other details; please feel free to ask in the comments section below; or at our Community Forum; and I will be glad to answer.


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The invention relates to an illumination device in which a holographic device (HPi) separates the polarizations of an incident beam. The resulting polarized beam is transmitted to a holographic device (HLi) focusing the beam at various points of a screen. This screen may be a liquid-crystal screen (LCD).
This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 07/862,537, filed on Jun. 23, 1992, filed as PCT/FR91/00904 on Nov. 15, 1991.
The invention relates to an illumination device and its application to a display device. It is especially applicable to polarisation splitting, to focusing and to spectral splitting of a light beam as well as enlargement of a beam by anamorphosis.
Especially, it finds one particular application in display using a monochromatic and trichromatic liquid-crystal screen.
The projection of coloured images can be achieved either from 3 monochromatic valves or from a single valve fitted with colour filters.
The electrooptic effect in the liquid crystal requires working with polarised light and leads to a loss of 50% of the light emitted by the source to which it is necessary to add the absorption of the polarisers.
The useful surface of each pixel is reduced because of the space occupied by the transistor and the control electrodes. This factor constitutes the principal limitation for devices using small-size and high-resolution cells (spacing of the pixels <100 μm) which will be required for HDTV needs.
Projection solutions using a single valve have the advantage of being implemented in particularly simple devices. On the other hand, they lead to a loss of luminosity by a factor of at least three for each of the three chromatic components, a loss imposed by the spatial distribution of the colour filters. Since the non-negligible absorption of these filters is incompatible with the use of intense light sources, projection devices having one valve are therefore currently limited to the projection of small-size colour images.
This is why the invention relates to an illumination device characterised in that it comprises a holographic polarisation-splitting device illuminated by a non-polarised light source and a holographic focusing device receiving a polarised beam from the holographic polarisation-splitting device and enabling this beam to be focused.
Such an illumination source is applicable to the display of a liquid-crystal device which requires a polarised light.
as is illustrated in FIGS. 8a and 8b, angular ΔΘo =7.5° (in air) and spectral Δλ=40 nm pass-bands are obtained in structures, of approximately 10 μm thickness (d) and having an index variation Δn of approximately 0.03, operating in reflection mode (HR type) or operating in transmission mode (HT type). They are consequently compatible with trichromatic sources of the arc-lamp type (Δλi =10 nm; the typical diameter of the 3 mm sources collimated with the aid of a 30 mm focal-length condenser and opened to f/1 corresponds to an angular divergence ΔΘo =6°).
The polarising holographic functions have the same angular and spectral pass-band properties.
The "slanted" holographic functions (grating inclined at an angle φ in the thickness) enable the chromatic dispersion to be limited (δΘ.sub.λ ≈1 mrd/nm).
Photopolymeric materials exist, such as those known under the Du Pont de Nemours trademarks or the Polaroid photopolymers (DMP-128), which have a resolution sufficient for recording structures in reflection mode (Λ<1 μm) with photo-induced index variations which can reach 10-1, which permit the superposition of several holographic functions in one and the same film. We have shown previously that an index variation of 3.10-2 per spectral component is sufficient for providing an angular and spectral pass-band suited to one of the three components of the source and without affecting the other two.
The importance of photopolymeric materials in relation to standard materials of the bichromated gelatine type, apart from the simplicity of the process, resides in the possibility of sensitising it indiscriminately throughout the entire visible range. Consequently, the holographic functions in these materials will be able to be recorded, with the aid of a tunable laser for example, for each of the three respective operating wavelengths. The absence of wavelength change, between recording and reading, considerably limits the aberrations of the holographic components.
Such holographic devices may therefore be used in order to produce polarised-light illumination devices focusing several colour components at one or several points.
Such illumination devices will be described in the following, in terms of application to display using liquid-crystal screens.
The liquid-crystal screen LCD normally possesses several image elements (pixels). The holographic focusing device is recorded so as to transmit, in exchange for the polarised beam which it receives, as many beams as there are image elements, each of these beams being substantially focused at the centre of an image element.
The light beam Fi of the source has to make an appropriate angle of incidence with the plane of incidence of the holographic polarisation device HPi. Likewise, the polarised beam transmitted by the device HPi has to make an appropriate angle with the holographic focusing device HLi.
The position of the holographic polarisation device HPi in relation to the direction of the beam Fi emitted by the source and in relation to the holographic focusing device HLi, is determined by the recording conditions of the hologram. Likewise, in FIG. 1, the holographic device HPi operates in transmission mode but it could operate in reflection mode. Likewise, the holographic device HLi, which operates in transmission mode, could operate in reflection mode.
This device combines, on a prism PR of approximately 45° angle, the holographic device HPi and the holographic focusing device HLi.
The screen LCD is placed virtually on the matrix HLi in order to limit the geometrical extent of the image of the source S to a size close to the useful surface of the pixel, taking into account the angular divergencies already mentioned (Δθ=±2°) (in the medium of index n).
The polariser HPi is a holographic component of the type described in FIGS. 4a to 4c. It may be recorded onto a film of photosensitive material directly deposited onto one of the faces of the cube. Its operation in the previously described device permits the reflection of the light polarized perpendicularly to the plane of incidence (⊙ notation) centred about the chromatic component of the source at the wavelength λi for which the component has been recorded and in the vicinity of the recording angle. It also operates for another wavelength λi --angle of incidence Θ.sub.ι pair for which the Bragg relationship remains satisfied, taking into account the recording conditions.
ΘB =45° at λ=0.55 μm: average operating angle.
It should be specified here, as regards the anamorphosis, that the incident beam Fi may form an angle of incidence in the plane of the device HPi different from 45°. Since the holographic grating is recorded so as to satisfy the reflection conditions, an anamorphosis of the beam is obtained on reflection.
d=7 μm : thickness of HLi.
The source S uniformly illuminates a holographic polarisation device HPi. The beam Fi enters into the prism PR perpendicularly to the entrant face. One polarisation component is retransmitted virtually without being deviated whereas the other component is reflected. The reflected beam is transmitted to the holographic focusing device HLi which focuses it onto the various image elements of the screen LCD. Moreover, the screen LCD is actuated by means, which are not shown, for displaying an image.
The device of FIG. 6 is a variant of the preceding devices in which the light reflected by the polarisation device HP illuminates a portion (half, for example) of the focusing device HL and of the screen LCD.
The light which is not reflected (polarisation parallel to the plane of incidence) and which is transmitted by the polarisation device HP illuminates the other portion of the focusing device and the other portion of the screen. All the light from the source may therefore be used.
It is possible to provide a half-wave plate λ/2 which rotates the polarisation of the light illuminating one of the portions of the screen. In FIG. 6, this half-wave plate is placed in the path of the beam transmitted by the device HP. The screen LCD is then electrically actuated in a uniform manner over its entire surface. Advantageously, the half-wave plate may be a passive liquid-crystal cell operating in the (chromatic) waveguide mode. This half-wave plate could be placed in the path of the reflected beam instead of the beam transmitted by the device HP. Preferably, this half-wave plate could also be placed so as to be perpendicular to the beam, for example as in the case of FIG. 9 which will be described subsequently.
It is also possible not to provide the half-wave plate. In this case, the two portions of the screen are therefore illuminated by light beams of orthogonal polarisations. It is then possible to actuate the two portions of the screen in a reverse manner.
FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of the device of the invention in which the matrix HPL is a hologram operating in reflection mode (HR type) and simultaneously having polarisation properties.
The screen LCD being always placed against the component HPL, functions HM2, of holographic-mirror type, are introduced into the device. The device of FIG. 7 uses a prism PR operating in total-reflection mode on one of its faces. The other face comprising, in succession, from right to left, a holographic matrix of polarising microlenses HPL a holographic mirror HM2 and the screen LCD. It should be noted that the device HPL could also be a polarising holographic device without recording of microlenses.
The collimated illuminating beam is totally reflected by the face M of the prism PR which produces, if desired, an anamorphosis to the 16/9 format for example. This reflection may be performed by a hologram HM1. The beam traverses HPL a first time, without being diffracted, at an incidence such that there is Bragg incidence for HM2 and non-Bragg incidence for HPL. It is then totally reflected by HM2, HM2 having been recorded in order to reflect this beam at the Bragg incidence for HPL. That portion of the wave polarised perpendicularly to the plane of incidence is then efficiently diffracted by HPL in order to be focused onto the pixels of the screen LCD. The component HM is then traversed a second time without diffraction since this time it is at a non-Bragg incidence.
A structure has been presented here in which the polarising function is produced on the lens function. It will be noted that it may be produced indiscriminately in HM2 or once again on M as in the device of FIGS. 2 and 3, if this component is holographic.
In this type of single unit construction, the holographic properties (angular and spectral selectivities) enable the use of dichroic mirrors to be avoided.
FIG. 9 shows an alternative embodiment of the device of the invention. This device comprises a first polarisation-splitting device HPD1 disposed inclined (at 45°, for example) in relation to the screen LCD and enabling half of the screen LCD to be illuminated. It receives an incident beam RGB along a direction parallel to the screen LCD. It reflects towards the screen LCD one of the polarisations R1 of the incident beam at a determined wavelength (wavelength corresponding to red, for example). It retransmits without deflection the other polarisation R2 of the beam of the same wavelength (red) as well as the light at all the other wavelengths (especially those corresponding to green and to blue).
The screen LCD receives the beams R1 and R2 by way of a focusing device HL which, as has been described previously, focuses the light onto the various image elements of the screen LCD. However, it is also possible not to provide a focusing device HL. At the exit of the screen LCD a third polarisation-splitting device HPD3 allows light of a certain polarisation to pass and reflected (non transmission) light of perpendicular polarisation and this is carried out as a function of the image displayed by the screen LCD.
In addition, the two portions of the screen receiving the two beams R1 and R2 may be actuated in a reverse manner. Alternatively, it is possible to provide a plate λ/2 which rotates by 90° the polarisation of one of these beams. For example, as is shown in FIG. 9, the plate λ/2 is placed between the first polarisation-splitting device HPD and the second polarisation-splitting device HPD2.
The overall size of the system of FIG. 10 is approximately 3L×3L×1, L being the size of a device such as D1 in the direction of the beam BGR and 1, the dimension D1 perpendicularly to the plane of FIG. 10.
By operating at several wavelengths (trichromatic operation), the holographic device H1 deflected the entrant beam having a wavelength located in a narrow band, green for example. The beams possessing other wavelengths are not deviated (beams FB and FR). However, the cube CU possesses a dichroic plate LBR reflecting these beams FB and FR towards the other display devices D'2 and D'3.
In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 11, the dichroic plate LBR is downstream of the device H1 (in the cube CU), but it could also be upstream of the device H1.
According to a variant of the invention, it is possible to introduce a convergence or divergence function into the polarisation-splitting devices such as the devices HPD1 or HMD (or HPD2) of FIG. 9. The purpose of this convergence or divergence function is to compensate for the possible illumination inhomogeneities due especially to the fact that the screen LCD is illuminated in two portions and that the beams for illuminating these two portions travel different paths.
According to another variant of the invention, all the elements of the device of the invention are not produced according to holographic techniques. For example, the dichroic splitters and the polarisers may be produced according to conventional optical techniques whilst providing a compatibility with elements produced holographically.
As may be seen, a chromatic splitter SCG is provided which filters the wavelengths corresponding to green in order to transmit them to the device D'1. The other wavelengths are reflected towards another chromatic splitter SCB which reflects the wavelengths corresponding to blue towards the device D'2 and which transmits the other wavelengths corresponding to red to the device D'3 by way of a mirror SCR.
A significant gain is also expected in the efficiency of the holographic polariser compared to the wide spectral-band dielectric dichroic polarising cube.
the light yield for projection to be increased by exploiting the properties of the volume holograms which enable high diffraction efficiencies, which can reach the theoretical limit of 100%, and levels of polarisation reaching 1/1000 in the reflected and transmitted beams, to be obtained.
a complex optical function to be integrated in thin films of thickness less than 100 μm, which function produces both the polarisation HP of the illumination source, the selective focusing HLi, in each of the pixels of the matrix, and the chromatic splitting of each of the three chromatic components λi, red-green-blue of the source.
holographic focusing means for receiving one of said first polarized light beams and said second polarized light beams output from said holographic polarization beam splitting means and for focusing said one of said first polarized light beams and said second polarized light beams onto detector cells of a display device which is oriented in a plane parallel to a plane containing said holographic focusing means, said holographic focusing means having a matrix of microlenses, each microlens focusing a part of one of said first and second polarized light beams onto a detector cell.
FR2665773B1 (en) * 1990-08-10 1993-08-20 Thomson Csf Device for projection of images using two orthogonal polarization components of light.
FR2669126B1 (en) * 1990-11-09 1993-01-22 Thomson Csf image display system provided by a spatial modulator with energy transfer.
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin vol 31 No. 3 Aug. 1988 "Three-Beam Optical Detection For Magneto-Optic Storage Using Holography"; pp. 12-13.