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Composing Adaptive Music for Video Games Using Elias
Composing adaptive music for video games is an art in and of itself. This blog and video tutorials will discuss the main paradigms for composing adaptive music and detail the most advanced one using a new software called Elias.
Dale Crowley
"But I'm just a soul whose intentions are good
Oh Lord, please don't let me be misunderstood"
- Bennie Benjamin, Gloria Caldwell, and Sol Marcus
"To be great is to be misunderstood"
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
Imagine you are a proud adventurer walking through a forest. Tranquil forest-y music is playing. Then you spot a cave, and you decide to enter. The music changes to a tense tremolo string theme. Then, all of a sudden, out of the darkness jumps the biggest monster you have ever encountered and battle ensues. The music grows gradually more fierce and frantic until you are within an inch of your life. Being a proud adventurer, however, you succeed in slaying the beast and the music changes to a victory theme.
How is this kind of music written, and how is it implemented in video games today? Welcome to this first in a series of articles about composing adaptive music for video games. In this first article, I am going to talk about the two main approaches to writing adaptive music, horizontal and vertical. I discovered a really interesting new tool called Elias that will help to illustrate my points and allow me to show you some concrete examples.
To demonstrate Elias, I composed an adaptive score which I call "Elias Space Theme." Here is an MP3 version of the theme, which was recorded directly from Elias:
Introducing Elias
Sometimes, something so innovative comes along that it is misunderstood. Such is the case with Elias Software's Elias Engine and Elias Studio. I first started using Elias Studio last year when it was just announced and in version 1.0. I immediately fell in love with its intuitive interface and powerful features. I was able to turn a linear composition into an adaptive score ready for a video game in less than an hour. Other middleware products that I have used have taken me weeks to learn how to do something like Elias can do right out of the box. Elias is not designed to be a replacement for middleware such as FMOD or WWISE, but rather as a complement to them. It has two main features, Elias Engine and Elias Studio. The best part - Elias Studio is free for composers to download and use and we can start creating adaptive scores that sound rich, complex, and natural, as if we had a conductor and a full orchestra in front of us. Elias Engine can be licensed by game developers and has a very friendly fee structure for indie developers that scales up for larger projects. There is a new Unity plugin, and it can be used on both Mac and Windows. It is the first audio middleware product that I am aware of that was created for composers by composers.
Let's pause for a moment and take a look at Elias in this overview video:
Elias is a tool that composers and game developers can use to manage complex scores that play the appropriate music at the appropriate time based on the events and actions in the game. It is a win-win for composers who put so much thought and creativity into their music; for game developers who want to create great games and for gamers who would get an experience just as immersive as a movie score.
Elias is designed to handle live music rather than programmed or procedural music. It is able to adjust seamlessly and adapt between parts of the musical score in a way that is imperceptible to the listener. Elias behaves like a conductor, and the game tells Elias when to move smoothly between parts of the score. Elias manages when and how the parts change. Some parts change immediately, and other parts change at musically appropriate bars and beats.
In my estimation, having worked with Elias for many months, it fully achieves this goal and surpasses it beautifully. It is lightweight; cross-platform; stable and easy to use and implement for both composers and game developers.
What about that misunderstanding? Well, when most people look at Elias they tend to think it is a loop engine, similar to Ableton Live. Indeed, it has a similar, familiar layout but that is where the similarity ends. There are two main ways of thinking about adaptive music composition for video games; vertical and horizontal. In horizontal composition, the music is often written in short 1-4 bar chunks that can be elegantly switched around and interchanged. For example, if two bar chunks are used, then for every two bars a new fully mixed set of two bar music would be played. A more common approach is the vertical layering, which has two main flavors. Vertical layers are analogous to stem mixing in standard DAW's with the main difference being that not all tracks are meant to be played simultaneously. The two flavors are additive and interchange. In the additive approach, layers are added one on top of another, and in the interchange approach, layers are swapped out. Elias employs the latter approach, and this turns out to be one of the most flexible and versatile ways to write game music.
However, Elias goes one step further and allows you to set the way in which these layers are switched and the timing for each track. For example, if you have chords changing every 2 bars and a melody line that is 8 bars long, then you can switch chords every 2 bars, and your melody line every 8. The secret sauce is in how these layers switch - which can be exact (or "strict" in Elias terms) or fluid, which is determined heuristically by the Elias engine. I will explain this further in another article.
In addition, Elias currently has two modes; objective and exploration. In objective mode, the intensity typically builds from low to high, for example in a game situation where a battle gets gradually more chaotic and intense. In exploration mode, layers are played randomly and interchanged with one another to allow for tremendous amount of variation with a relatively small number of "tracks."
The interface is clean and elegant with a lot of features buried beneath the surface. Once you open Elias Studio, you can easily add tracks and then simply drag audio files into the interface and arrange them.
There is a global settings dialog which lets you modify the overall settings for the project, such as reverb settings; whether you want an "Objective" or "Exploration" theme, and so on.
There is also a settings dialog containing modifications such as fades and "agility" which tells Elias how and when to switch between layers. There is also a reverb setting that can be different for each track if desired.
Also pictured here to the right is the "stinger" tracks which lets you set up any number of stinger types and variations for your song.
There are a full set of tutorial videos on their website, and I encourage you to watch those as they go into great detail about all the wonderful features of Elias Studio. There is also a special type of track called "Stingers" which lets you add stingers such as cymbal crashes; orchestra hits, or drum rolls at any point in the composition, such as on level changes.
Elias in Action
Let's now take a deeper look at Elias in the next video:
The vision for this composition came from watching the TV program Cosmos, and from playing video games such as Master of Orion, Elite Dangerous and MassEffect. I wanted the theme to have an idée fixe, or theme that would be played by various instruments and synths as the theme evolved over time, along with variations for the different scenes. I wanted it to be ethereal, infinite, and accompany the beauty of flying through space and entering various solar systems. This was not designed to be battle music, or haunting in any way, so I decided on a major chord harmony that evolved through the circle of 5ths. This allowed the music to move through six different keys and return to the beginning, analogous to a Shepard Scale which is used frequently in video games. The Shepard Scale is a kind of musical illusion that gives the infinite staircase feeling you might be familiar with from Super Mario 64.
In terms of tonality, or timbre, I wanted the composition to be alive with full orchestra, but also to have an ambient evolving synth bass. So, imagine if you will a full orchestra jamming with synths and you'll get the picture.
To learn more about the composition, let's take a look at the Pro Tools Session that I used to mix the song:
This article is an overview of the two main types ways composers write adaptive music for video games, horizontal and vertical. In the videos I go into detail about the most advanced type of writing adaptive music, the vertical interchange method. One tool designed to help composers write and implement this type of music is Elias.
Elias is an elegant and powerful tool for creating complex adaptive scores for video games. It could even be used for scoring videos and films as well. Other middleware solutions are very complicated to learn and even more complicated to master. None of them currently offer an easy solution to do the types of things that Elias can do out of the box. Elias is lightweight, non-destructive and can switch between musical ideas on the fly and make musical transitions seem effortless. Elias is designed to handle live, non-quantized music and play it back with incredible variety, smoothly.
It is free for composers to use and has a very flexible licensing plan for developers. There are opportunities for composers to create themes and then sell them through the Elias website, and there is also a collection of amazing themes available now on the website.
Elias is now in version 1.5, and is constantly undergoing feature upgrades and has evolved in many exciting ways in the time that I have been using it. The developers have recently received significant funding, and are working around the clock to add better functionality and new features, such as the recent Unity integration. They are very approachable, friendly, and willing to listen to new ideas and consider adding new features all the time. Best of all, they are here to stay and have created an amazing tool that I have really enjoyed learning and using on my projects.
In the next article I will go into writing adaptive music for a virtual reality game called "Stampede" which is written in Unity for Oculus and other upcoming VR headsets.


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NEW YORK: R. Ramaraj, chief executive of the Chennai-based Sify Ltd, rang the opening bell at the Nasdaq stock market here Tuesday to mark five years of listing for the Internet and network services company.
The event also coincided with the launch of the global infrastructure management services by the company that offers an Internet backbone in 72 cities in India.
"In conjunction with this event, we will be participating in a series of investor meetings in order to establish a dialogue with US investors as part of our ongoing efforts to build shareholder value," Ramaraj said.
Since its listing in 1999, Sify has grown at a compounded annual growth rate of 46 percent, with revenues jumping from $14 million in 1999-2000 to $61 million in 2003-04, the company said.
Over 50 percent of its income is from enterprise services and infrastructure managed services in the US.
"The successful listing on the Nasdaq in October 1999 played a critical role in Sify emerging as the leading Internet and network services company in India, attracting the best talent, clients and customers," Ramaraj said.
"This event comes at the same time as the launch of our Global Infrastructure Management Services, for which we already have a number of significant customer wins in the US," the Sify chief executive added.
Others present at the Wall Street bourse for the opening bell included Sify's president and chief operating officer George Zacharias and chief financial officer Anil Ahuja.
"Sify has had a remarkable journey from the time of its listing. They have built a world-class management team, infrastructure and processes," Ghanshyam Dass, Nasdaq's director for South Asia, said.


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You are here: Home / Features / A View from the Capital / Wilderness Days Yield to Surge
Wilderness Days Yield to Surge
June 23, 2011 by Ted Leavengood · Leave a Comment
Six years ago to the day, the Washington Nationals sat atop the National League East with a three game lead over the Braves. They would remain in first place in the summer of 2005 until July 26th. Since the end of July 2005, the Nationals have been lost in the wilderness, searching for team defense, starting pitching, a leadoff hitter, heck, just about the whole shebang.
Wilderness days may be coming to an end in Washington, DC. The Nationals have reached .500 and are in third place in the NL East, something that has not been said in June since that great run in the first year of the team's move from Montreal.
They have found their team defense, that's for certain. Based on team fielding percentage, double-plays turned and whatever indicator you may wish to trot out, the Nationals are in the top five defensively in the NL. The double play combination of Ian Desmond and Danny Espinosa has to rank with the best in the game, at least for the last month or so. They look like keepers.
There is a lot of baseball left and the dog days are still ahead. In 2005 the knees of Livan Hernandez gave out and Nick Johnson began what was the first of many trips to the disabled list at the end of June. But this year the anchor of the team offensively is coming off the DL, not going on it.
Ryan Zimmerman has probably rushed himself back to the lineup before he is really game ready. As his throws from third base have shown, he is still feeling the effects of abdominal surgery. He has thrown 15 feet wide and high of second base on routine double-play balls and missed first base by almost as wide a margin on deep throws from third.
But Wall Street can rest easy. Zimmerman will regain his form. A bail out is not required. Defense is going to be the strong point for this team moving forward. Wilson Ramos has emerged as one of the best defensive catchers in the league under the watchful eye of Pudge, and while the outfield is not exemplary, neither is it shabby.
In 2005 the Nationals had a pitching threesome of John Patterson, Esteban Loaiza and Livan Hernandez. The team had a chance to win in every game those three took the mound and Chad Cordero–the Chief–was an All-Star. Washington had maybe the best pitching in the league at the break. Hard to remember, even harder to believe, but just the same, true.
Six years later and the team ERA is even lower. It is a down year for offense, as if the college bats were in use in the bigs. But the Washington staff is deeper overall and definitely holds more promise for the future.
Jordan Zimmermann is showing why Mike Rizzo turned down every trade offer for the young man in the off-season. He is near the top of the league in ERA–3.08–and also among the leaders in fewest walks allowed and most strikeouts per nine innings. Drew Storen is reminiscent of Chad Cordero in his efficiency in the ninth inning and he has emerged as one of the best closers in the NL, much as the Chief did in 2005.
Which is where Ryan Zimmerman comes in again. As good as the Nationals have been in the field and on the mound, they have been every bit as bad with the stick. Their team batting average was the worst in the league until their recent offensive surge. "Surge," one of the great Washington, DC terms employed whenever things are going poorly.
Losing your mojo? What you need is a surge, baby!! And it is not cheaper in Canada, it is available over the counter, right here in DC. Ask any politician.
And that is what Ryan Zimmerman is going to deliver to the Nationals: a surge in offense. He is trying his best to keep up with the rest of the infield with the leather, but when he has the bat in hand, his game is much closer to game ready. Since his return from the DL on June 14, Zimmerman has had a hit in every game–until last night when he went 0-for-3 with a walk. The rust is there, but by the second half of the season, Zimmerman should be slugging the long ball along with Michael Morse and Danny Espinosa.
Will the Nationals be sellers or buyers at the trade deadline? It is the mantra of the trade rumor blogs, but Mike Rizzo recently said that the Nationals will not treat this trading deadline any differently than those in the past. If there is an offer that will improve the team, they will pull the trigger, but the Nationals are still building for next season.
In 1912 the Washington Nationals turned the corner from being the worst team in the American League to being among the league leaders. Clark Griffith built a winner in his first year with great team defense and a scrappy offense behind the best pitcher in the game, Walter Johnson. One hundred years later and the formula should look much the same. Great young pitching, defense and a consistent ability to score runs should make the Nationals into contenders going forward.
Will the wilderness years yield fond memories? Remembering Carlos Baerga writing his telephone number on baseballs and tossing them to the best looking young women behind the dugout will always be there for me. But would I trade those years for a winning team. Name your price. Just bring on the surge, Mr. Zimmerman. The Washington Nationals are here to stay, and you can put that one on the board, baby.
Filed under A View from the Capital, General · Tagged with Abdominal Surgery, Braves, Desmond, Dog Days, Double Play, Espinosa, Fielding Percentage, July 26th, Leadoff Hitter, Livan Hernandez, National League East, Nick Johnson, Nl East, Outfield, Play Balls, Pudge, Ryan Zimmerman, Strong Point, Washington Nationals, Watchful Eye, Zimmerman

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Money 101 - Personal Finance Workshops for Teens & Twentysomethings
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You are here: Home / For Teens & Young Adults / Taking Stock of Your Financial Future, Part 2
Because planning and saving for distant financial goals isn't easy, it's best to break this process down into a series of smaller and more manageable steps. Take retirement for instance, many people want to know if they're on track, and yet, very few can confidently assess their overall level of preparedness. There's a perfectly sensible explanation for this: it's practically impossible for anyone to determine how much money it'll take to support a given standard of living indefinitely. But take heart, the good news is that there's a clever way of estimating how much money the retirement lifestyle you've had your eye on will cost. Now, the problem with putting a price tag on something as overwhelming as retirement is that there are many changing variables to consider and countless ways for the messy economic calculus to go horribly awry. Unless you've got a properly calibrated crystal ball that can peer deep into the foggy faraway future and accurately discern dynamic variables like inflation, future investment returns, personal longevity, the precise trajectory of health care costs and tax rates, there's just no telling how much money you'll need to live well in retirement. Throw in wildly variable living standards and the long-term cost of supporting them, and it's jarringly apparent that retirement numbers resemble snowflakes; no two are exactly alike.
Fortunately, when it comes to eliminating a lot of the uncertainty in guesstimating how much a dignified retirement will cost, there's a simple back-of-the-envelope approach to crunching the numbers that dispels much of the economic confusion. In fact, if you follow the simple multi-step procedure I'm about to outline, you'll have a very accurate and reliable estimate of your retirement number. This time and labor intensive process–which I call the price tag estimator–will produce a lifetime savings target that's likely to meet your unique personal requirements. That's the good news. The bad news is that it takes considerable effort on your part to produce worthwhile results. Start by gathering and organizing a bunch of old receipts. Haven't got any old receipts to work with? Fine, stockpile them until you've got one or two years worth of living expenses to analyze. The idea is that you want to create a thorough and excruciatingly detailed record of your day-to-day, week-to-week, and month-to-month spending behavior. Naturally, this means carefully tracking and tabulating expenditures on everything from housing and transportation to phone and cable bills, groceries, entertainment and, of course, restaurants. Once you've correctly quantified and categorized your personal spending and have an all-in-one figure representing much it costs to support your standard of living for a year, multiply the grand total by a factor of, say, twenty-five. By all means, if you want to live dangerously (and aren't terribly concerned about the possibility of running out of money before running out of time) then, by all means, feel free to experiment with a smaller number–though I'd caution against using a multiplier of less than 20.
So long as your inflows and outflows don't dramatically change in future years, this monstrous sum is what you'll need to squirrel away over the course of your working life to achieve a lofty and largely self-sustaining financial orbit without ever again having to rely on the economic support of a paycheck. Rest assured, when your net-worth approaches this impressive magnitude, you'll have your proverbial cake and be able to eat it too. Once you've allowed ample time for the enormity of your thoughtfully calculated retirement savings target to sink in, take stock of your emotional pulse. Is your retirement number a scary number? It should be… The Number, by Lee Eisenberg, offers a detailed yet refreshingly down-to-earth step-by-step overview (this is essential reading for anyone who's interested in more closely exploring this worthwhile topic) of how to size-up the nest-egg you'll need to drop out of the rat race and figure out how strong a balance sheet it'll take to indefinitely support a given lifestyle. Believe-it-or-not, establishing good savings habits and a constructive wealth ethic early on in life is essential to the success of this process. Sacrifice and shrewd economic planning throughout one's 30s and 40s can, through the magic of compounding returns, make all the difference between merely getting by or living it up many decades from now. The takeaway point? Retirement is expensive. So, when it comes to feathering your nest and saving for the eventuality of your golden years, brace yourself for a sobering dose of high-voltage sticker shock. Even if the prospect of retirement seems absurdly remote and the idea of saving for it now seems ridiculously premature, make no mistake, old age looms menacingly somewhere down the calendar like the financial equivalent of Mt. Everest. For reasons that'll be painfully apparent a half century or so from now, the ongoing work of planning and saving for it shouldn't be delayed another day.
Well, I've got good news and bad news. What'll it be first? Okay, we'll start with the bad news… Although saving aggressively, early and often is absolutely necessary to the lifelong struggle to reach retirement, the unsettling reality is that regularly saving may not, by itself, be enough for you to accumulate enough wealth to retire comfortably. But don't despair; before resigning yourself to a bleak and incredibly remote future wherein you're old and gray, shivering for warmth beneath a pile of blankets and lounging before the drafty chill of an empty fireplace while clutching a bowl of cold oatmeal—here's the good news. Are you ready? Thanks to capitalism's buoyant long-term record (as shown by 80+ years of stock market history) it's possible for individuals with modest means, a decent savings ethic, and a multi-decade investment time horizon to bridge the yawning divide between what they can comfortably afford to save on a paycheck-to-paycheck basis and what they'll one day need to retire in style.
To prove that the good news scenario just alluded to isn't a cruel hoax, we'll analyze and trace the economic choices of three made-to-order retirement crash test dummies. Consider this unorthodox narrative a fun thought experiment. Using fancy mannequins to illustrate important financial concepts and compare side-by-side the long-term results of three different and distinct saving and retirement funding approaches will, in theory, bring a welcome touch of levity to an otherwise dreary and emotionally charged topic. Because of the whimsical (and hopefully, entertaining) nature of the three-way retirement race that's about to get underway, and since the long-term welfare of our experimental subjects and whether or not they reach their retirement savings goals is unlikely to elicit much concern (after all, they're inanimate objects and, as such, are ideally suited to weather even the harshest of future economic conditions) we can, with near clinical detachment, dispassionately focus on the outcome of this fascinating fiscal experiment. The economic results, which will slowly and progressively manifest over 40 long years so as to simulate a real person's professional tenure, will enable us to more clearly see how each crash test dummy's financial strategy pays off. Sit tight; this will be an informative lesson in fiscal physics you won't want to miss.
To lay the groundwork for this three-way retirement race, let's begin by clearly establishing the respective similarities and differences between each of the crash test dummies in how they manage their money and what they do with their long-term savings. Luckily, they're all equally diligent savers, have identical incomes and, in lockstep, set aside equal amounts of money for their golden years. At the risk of prematurely giving away the moral of this riveting story, we'll soon see that how much money each crash test dummy sets aside each paycheck will, at the far end of 40 years, have surprisingly little influence in determining the magnitude of their end of career nest-egg. Remarkably, it's what they do with their hard-earned money that's the single biggest factor in their future wealth. So that we won't have to impatiently wait around four decades for the results of this fiscal experiment to materialize, we'll take the easy way out. We'll accomplish this by strapping each of our intrepid prosthetic contestants into a fancy electronic chair. Shortly thereafter, we'll flip a switch in the time control room and, presto, dispatch each economic crash test dummy to the distant past. Borrowing from the storyline to James Cameron's hit film The Terminator, in a spectacular haze of special effects, our experimental subjects will miraculously emerge from out of thin air 40 years ago and will be indentured to a world of gainful and blissfully uninterrupted employment.
Of course, each crash test dummy works tirelessly and with grim machine-like determination toward the realization of a shared goal: a million bucks in retirement capital. Now, to achieve this lofty financial goal, each saves $145 from each and every paycheck they'll earn over the course of their 40 year-long careers. Because dummy # 1 is preoccupied with the safety of his money, he dutifully stuffs every saved dollar into his mattress at home. Dummy # 2, who isn't quite so risk averse, puts his retirement money into certificates of deposit that yield rock-steady 4% annualized returns. Unlike dummies # 1 and # 2, however, dummy # 3 is something of a financial dare devil; he consistently plows his retirement cash into a broadly diversified mix of stocks. Although the value of dummy #3's savings seems to violently fluctuate over any one-to-five year period, this volatility eventually disappears and produces a notably higher annual return of 11.15%. Interestingly, this number wasn't blindly plucked from out of thin air. According to Ibbotson Associates Inc., a research firm, this rate of return corresponds to the stock market's average annual return from 1926 to 2002.
Now that the ground rules for this far-fetched fiscal experiment have been clearly defined, let's sit back in the time-control room, kick up our feet and enjoy a refreshing beverage or two. We'll allow the pages of the calendar to fly by. Time will accelerate on its not-so-merry way, but we'll be sure to stop the clock exactly 40 years from the day that our crash test dummies first begin to earn a paycheck. Of course, calculating the results will require crunching the numbers. Since each is paid twice a month, or 24 times a year, a 40 year career produces a whopping lifetime total of 960 paychecks, which, when multiplied by $145 (remember, this is the dollar amount each saves per paycheck), yields a baseline nest-egg of $139,200.00 for each retirement contestant. Dummy # 1, who misused his savings as glorified mattress stuffing, clearly misses his million dollar savings target. Inching to retirement at this sloth-like pace, I estimate that he'd need to work a not-so-grand total of 247 years before he'd have enough moolah to stuff his mattress with a million bucks—and this hypothetical doesn't even take into account inflation's sinister wealth withering effects. It's a good thing that a crash test dummy's plastic parts are sturdily constructed and don't easily break down. Were this not the case, dummy # 1 wouldn't reach his retirement savings goal at all. Recent advances in healthcare and rising life expectancies notwithstanding, however, an actual flesh-and-blood person may be unable to withstand such a lengthy career. What about dummy # 2? Because his money grows at a considerably faster non-zero clip, he ends up with a lot more money after 40 years: $343,340.00. Regrettably, dummy # 2 still falls well short of his million dollar savings target. Although dummy # 2 easily beats dummy # 1 to the retirement finish line, it still takes him 63 years to do so. Moreover, if inflation were factored into dummy # 2's long-term economic results, the purchasing power of his nest-egg would dwindle to just $163,330. Ouch! How about dummy # 3, that swashbuckling financial yahoo? Certainly, he endured greater volatility in the short-term value of his savings to achieve significantly higher long-term returns. But, the million dollar question is: are the stock market's returns great enough to propel him to his savings goal within a biologically normal 40 year career span? Amazingly, because dummy # 3's savings compound at a far more impressive 11.15% annualized clip, his bank account not only reaches the million dollar threshold, it surpasses it; amazingly, with $2.64 million to spare.
At first glance, dummy # 3's outsized fortune seems suspiciously large. One might rightly argue that these numbers don't make sense. After all, how can dummy # 3's 11.15% annual rate of return, which is roughly three times greater than dummy # 2's 4% rate of return, produce nearly 7.7 times more wealth over four decades? Admittedly, the asymmetry of their economic results may, to the uninformed observer, look suspicious. Nevertheless, the figures have been triple-checked and they're all correct. The moral of this story is that the wealth-building power of higher compounding returns acting over a multi-decade period are extraordinary! In fact, the mechanics of compound interest are so remarkable that Albert Einstein dubbed this mathematical phenomenon the "most powerful force in the universe." Even with inflation's wealth withering affects taken into account (estimated at 3.22% per year), dummy # 3 still retires in style with the purchasing power equivalent of a million bucks.
So, as you can clearly see, when it comes to planning and saving for distant financial goals like retirement, the simple act of saving (though still vitally necessary) isn't necessarily enough. Although dummy # 1's mattress-minded ways certainly protected his fortune from loss, he paid dearly for the illusory peace of mind it provided. Ironically, dummy # 1's pathological aversion to financial loss is largely responsible for his disastrous long-term economic results. Similarly, though dummy # 2's retirement savings earn a significantly higher rate of return, it's not nearly high enough for him to amass a million bucks in 40 years. Unlike dummies one and two, however, dummy # 3's results are positively astounding. In his case, it's as though a financial magician reached into a cavernous top hat, and, with considerable effort, extracted a wheel-borrow brimming with crisp and tightly bundled hundred dollar bills. What's not readily apparent in dummy # 3's case–because 40 years worth of stock market history was conveniently glossed over in the blink-of-an-eye–is that the gut-wrenching volatility he endured in the stock market was anything but pleasant. To be sure, if dummy # 3 had a real stomach and actual nerves to match, he surely would've lost his cookies—and on many occasions. At times, the stock market treated Dummy # 3 so harshly that, were he an actual person subject to emotional whims and reflexive knee-jerk reactions of a sane person, he would've been sorely tempted to pull the proverbial rip cord and bail out of the stock market altogether. Needless to say, in those dark and difficult times, nobody would have questioned his judgement for doing just that. Fortunately, we see that dummy # 3's patience and indifference to volatility are generously rewarded.
Now, a few words of caution are in order. Just because a statistical accounting of the stock market's performance from 1926 to 2002 yields an average annualized return of 11.15% doesn't mean that equities can be safely trusted to produce similar returns over any future span of time. Nor, for that matter, does it mean that the stock market actually delivered a return of 11.15% during any 12 month period during that lengthy 77 year interval. Bear in mind, 11.15% is just an average. In other words, for half of those 77 years the stock market produced returns that were better than the 11.15% average. For the other half, it posted annual returns that were worse–in some cases much worse. Over one or more decades, however, the stock market tends to respond favorably to capitalism's buoyant influence and humanity's boundless ingenuity when faced with a profit motive. So, despite its erratic short-term volatility and violent mood swings, over any multi-decade period, the price chart of any well-known and closely followed index (the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Wilshire 5000 and S&P 500 are notable examples) tends to trace a nice smooth upward sloping line. It's worth emphasizing, though, that during its long and rocky history the stock market has witnessed many a calamity, including: the threat of nuclear holocaust; two world wars; a presidential assassination; the great depression and just about any other disaster that a thinking species can throw at it. And yet, despite these horrific events and recurring systemic shocks, the stock market has risen seven out of every ten years going all the way back to 1928. Interestingly, in this time, the stock market has experienced 57 up and 24 down years. To be sure, you won't find these odds, or the prospect of recurring dividends, in Vegas. The upshot is that the longer one remains invested in the stock market, the less risky investing in it becomes.
Paradoxically, although stocks have generated outstanding long-term returns, it's unwise to own just stocks. Why mimic the overly rigid financial mindsets of dummies 1, 2, or 3 when you can combine the best elements of all three? Though dummy # 1's overly cautious and conservative approach to managing his savings ultimately lands him in the poor house in retirement, don't be mislead by his disastrous results. There's a place for cash in any long-term savings portfolio. It's a good idea to keep some handy at all times so that, should the stock market tank, you can take advantage of the opportunity to snap up high-quality cash generating businesses at irrationally depressed prices. Similarly, although the slow plodding performance of investments like bonds aren't exactly thrilling, their steady performance brings a worthwhile measure of stability to partly counteract the gut-churning volatility of an all-stock portfolio.
In short, it's best to have a little cash here, a few safe and stodgy investments there, and the bulk of one's retirement savings in stocks. The bottom line: when it comes to planning for distant financial goals (like retirement), it pays to make informed choices and have a plan. Luckily, with enough time on your side, you needn't save a lot of money on a regular basis to wake up a millionaire one day. The important thing to remember is that it's never too early to start saving and you can't afford to manage your wealth too conservatively. Don't learn what dummies one or two learned the hard way. When it comes to achieving faraway financial goals, it pays to think beyond the mattress.
compound interest says
web site is great, let alone the content!
bpmedlin says
Thank you for those kind words. This has been an ongoing labor of love. I could tweak, fine-tune and polish article content forever–and enjoy doing it… Someday, it'll shine. How did you come across this site?
Only 20% of Americans feel confident in their ability to make good investment decisions.
-- Boston Research Group
In a survey by USAA, 86% of teenagers rely on their parents for financial guidance. Meanwhile, 49% of parents rate their own financial knowledge is "okay" or "terrible."
-- Money Magazine
Adults in this country with a net-worth of $1 million or more: 1.2%. High-schoolers who expect to become millionaires by age 40: 39%.
This year, more people will file for bankruptcy than will graduate college; more Americans will file for bankruptcy than will divorce.
-- Natalie Ghidott, In Too Deep
Approximately 40% of families live off 110% of their incomes.
-- The Observer
On average, adolescents spend roughly $264 a month.
-- Coinstar, Inc.
One-in-five workers making $100,000 or more lives from paycheck to paycheck.
-- Careerbuilder.com
Median student-debt carried by college graduates: $16,432.
-- Kiplinger
Ninety-seven percent of workers over the age of 45 regret how they spent their money, in light of how much they could have saved.
-- Oakland Tribune, Money Mondays
It can take decades to pay off a $3,000 credit card balance by making only the minimum monthly payment.
-- My Vesta Organization
American households, on average, have saved only $40,000 for retirement.
-- Merrill Lynch, Retirement Preparedness Survey
Only seven states (Alabama, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Kentucky, New York, and Utah) require students to demonstrate a minimum level of proficiency in personal finance before graduating high school.
-- NCEF, Survey of the States
Sixty-four percent of consumers ages 18 to 24 don't know what interest rate they're paying on their credit card(s).
Personal bankruptcy filings in the United States jumped 40 percent in 2007.
-- Washington Post
Only 25% of Americans feel confident in their ability to manage their personal finances.
-- Fleet Boston
Seventy-percent of Americans live from paycheck to paycheck.
-- ComPsych
Forty-two percent of employees ages 25 to 34 don't invest in a 401K.
-- Vanguard
Young adults, ages 18-to-24, are the fastest growing group of bankruptcy declarers.
--Barron's
Though 80% of college upperclassmen rate themselves as "financially knowledgeable," many will still make mistakes that could tarnish their credit history.
-- BusinessWeek
From a survey of employees from 1,000 different companies, 28% reported that they are "one major setback away from financial disaster."
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Looking to update the look of some of your favorite dresses? Trying layering!
I love mixing up my wardrobe to make things look really new/fresh. We often think to layer over a dress by adding a cardigan, or even a pull over top but sometimes it's fun to layer under a dress. I've just added a simple white button down that I've had in my closet forever under the dress, topped it with a warm jacket et' voila, done.


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A cleric has called on the Nigerian Christians to obtain their Permanent Voter Cards (PVCs), saying it is the power they have to put their choice leaders in office.
Pastor Moses Oyedele of the Living Faith Church, Durumi in the FCT, while delivering a sermon at the assembly on Sunday, made the call. He said the PVCs would enable the Christians elect leaders of their choice in the 2019 general elections.
Recall, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has announced August 17 as the deadline for the Continuous Voter Registration – CVR in the country.
The sermon quoted in parts as "The objective of the PVC is that, every registered voter gets his or her card on time so as to allow him or her exercise his or her franchise during the elections.
"Already, there are complaints over the collection of the cards, as many of the registered voters are unable to get their PVCs.
"As the nation's general election draws closer, I appeal to the body of Christ who are eligible to vote to register and get their voter's card. This will enable them to vote God-fearing leaders and of proven integrity, in the interest of national development.


They visually convey levels of importance. The Tried and True Method for Pay for Essay in Step by Step Detail.
Referencing and avoiding plagiarism Referencing is the process of acknowledging the sources you have used in writing your essay, assignment or piece of work. Introductions and Conclusions | Writing Advice Introductions and conclusions play a special role in the academic essay, and they frequently demand much of your attention as a writer.
Sweating over another paper? This makes it all more human and humane.
Having emphasised that essays are hard work and take time it should also be stressed that it can be very stimulating and rewarding to work through a number of ideas in depth and detail. Sounds easy, doesn' t it?
Paper editing is the way to ensure the highest grade for your work. The most important idea in your essay is your central idea, which is called a thesis.
For example, if you are writing a psychology paper on the role of emotions in decision- making, you would look for psychology journal articles that connect these two elements. Description embedded in an argument paper,. These function as mental triggers and can help spark new ideas in you, which is important during brainstorming sessions. What details of the setting or of other people could show the emotion?
Most of you will write one or two " core" essays for your college applications. University assignments are a big challenge, but we can guide you. Subpoints, on the other hand, are minor details such as statistics, or examples that support the main points. Use the names ( or invent them) for the other people in the story, including your brother, teacher, or coach.
Org is one the leading writing companies on the market and can prove its long. Formal essays are characterized by " serious purpose, dignity, logical.
The term might sound simple, but because this concept is so important in many types of writing or speaking, it' s highly recommended that you make sure you understand exactly what it entails. Typical moves of analysis are to highlight significant details of the evidence and to name patterns that might otherwise be undetected. A good introduction should identify your topic,. " you should start searching for the relevant information.
Essay - Wikipedia An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author' s own argument — but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of a paper, an article, a pamphlet, and a short story. For the example essay prompt above, one thesis statement might be:.
This is because the purpose of the. " - Application essay guru, Sharon Epstein talks us through how to answer this question.
There are 13 stages of production in total listed below. The concrete detail— explaining what you mean, reinforcing the truth of the fact, showing how or why it is important and not straying off of the main thought.
What Are Supporting Details? Analyse, Explain, Evaluate.
Analysis: A successful essay shows your understanding of how the author builds an argument by: Examining the author' s use of evidence,. But in all cases, all of the points below need to be covered in an introduction, and in most papers, you don' t need to cover anything more in an introduction. Conclude with why this story is important. How to Write Great Supplemental College Application Essays. Writing Application Essays: Frequently Asked Questions * * Important note: Expectations for application essays vary widely. Paragraph: a group of sentences that focus on a single idea.
How to Write an Event Essay About a Memory, Place or Experience. You are most likely to get a profit when it' s.
Writing a narrative essay Each paragraph should have a topic sentence that expresses the main idea of the paragraph. The Five Paragraph Essay - Study Guides and Strategies Developing a 5 paragraph essay: preparation and writing. Mind Maps for Essay Writing ( Guide + Examples) - Focus 4) Use colors, icons and images whenever possible. 100% Original papers, ready in 3 hours.
More information on directive words is contained in the. Paragraph Development - Organizing Your Social Sciences.
In academic essays, the problem usually arises from a current misunderstanding of an important issue. Headings and subheadings represent the key concepts and supporting ideas in the paper.
It is important to set the larger context. SAT Essay | SAT Suite of Assessments – The College Board Reading: A successful essay shows that you understood the passage, including the interplay of central ideas and important details. The introductory paragraph accomplishes three purposes: it captures the reader' s interest, it suggests the importance of the essay' s topic, and it ends with a thesis. Another concerns non- native. An essay has been defined in a variety of ways. This is an important.
Important Solutions to Pay for Essay Simple Step by Step Detail | SE. QUT cite| write - Writing an essay.
Important Solutions to Pay for Essay Simple Step by Step Detail. Why is a main idea important? Why do students cooperate with different essay writing services? Get help with all aspects of your assignment, from research to.
Have you used words that convey your emotion or perspective? They are not significant.
You could be having fun instead. Never underestimate the importance of well- structured outline, regardless of the type of paper you have to write.
By Lauren Bradshaw. It provides an entire life history, starting from birth, - by the time you reach the important bit, your reader will have lost interest.
It could have been given for an important occasion or just for no reason at all. How to Write an Expository Essay: Examples and 25 Topic Ideas Imagine that your friend has asked you about something and you need to give him as many details as possible analyzing how something works.
Don' t give details and in- depth explanations that really belong in your body paragraphs. We are on time with papers we write; we know how important it is to write assignments on time.
Why are details important in an essay. Essays have traditionally been sub- classified as formal and informal.
A good essay is often compared to a story: In many cases it' s an anecdote of an important moment. It also shows an effective use of textual evidence.
In addition, the writer should keep in. # 5: Focus Your Essay on Relevant Details.
Supporting details are pieces of information which add additional facts to explain and bolster an opinion, claim, or belief. For this reason you sign in for it at any given moment.
Now that you know a little about what online essay writers do, there are a number of important reasons why you should only trust experienced academic writers to. In fact, your essay will be more coherent and more likely to score higher in Analysis if you focus your discussion on just a few points.
Guide to essay writing One of the most important skills you will learn and develop during your university years is writing, in particular essay writing. Metaphor, Morality, and Politics, Or, Why Conservatives Have Left Liberals In the Dust.
A well- written title can help someone searching for an article on your topic area to find your paper and provides a clear statement to the. How to Write a Movie Review: A Step- by- Step Guide - Edusson.
The Best Way to Write a Superior Essay. TIP Sheet WRITING A DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY. Buy an essay now with 20% OFF using the code new20! Don' t spend so much time or space on the details that you forget to explain the significance of this memory.
What makes a good title? Topics, Main ideas, and Topic sentences - Pearson Identify and select topics.
Essayswritingonline. Concrete Detail And Commentary - SlideShare.
Topic or argument requires that you establish the key facts and important issues concerning the topic or argument by looking at them in close detail. Things You Should Know About Pay for Essay.
It is essentially a skeletal. Paragraph 1: Motivation.
Historical documents. Why the future doesn' t need us.
The term " supporting details" can be defined as additional information that explains, defines or proves an idea. Every body paragraphs uses specific details, such as anecdotes, comparisons and contrasts, definitions, examples, expert opinions, explanations, facts, and. In fact, telling why this moment was pivotal in your life is an excellent conclusion. If supplemental essays are good gauges for demonstrated interest, this particular type of essay is the most important.
Format for a Research Paper - A Research Guide for Students An outline for a research paper is a visual reminder to include all of the pertinent details of your research into your essay or paper. Basic Mind Map Structure.
Importance of Constructing Good Paragraphs. Paragraphs are the building blocks of papers.
How to Write an Essay/ Parts - Wikibooks, open books for an open. Are there any unnecessary details in your description?
The first 10 are pre- production. What use might your final research paper have for others in this field or in the general public?
The thesis controls the entire essay — all your main points will be a development of it, and all the minor supporting details will illustrate it. Although it may be only in school that you are asked to write a specifically descriptive essay, description is an important element in many kinds of writing.
You don' t have to mention every single detail that makes the argument effective. However, there are many details that have to be attended to while writing.
When you write an essay. Indicator cards to get testimonials is a way to organize your own.
One definition is a " prose composition with a focused subject of discussion" or a " long, systematic discourse". Principles of Organization - Capital Community College But a really important part of effective writing— and effective thinking, too— is clear, logical organization. Without well- written paragraphs that flow logically from one idea to the next and that inform and help support in some meaningful way the central research problem being investigated, your paper will not be viewed. - Elite Editing Blog.
It is important to consider the wider purpose of a title, because choosing the right title can be crucial on a number of levels. For your essay, choose the details that you want to highlight in order to best answer the question at hand.
Cases it' s essential. If you choose a clear, recognizable pattern ( for a single paragraph, and also for a whole essay), you find it easier to select details and choose transitions, and you also help your reader discover relationships that.
These essays will focus on revealing who you are and why you are unique. 4 things to do before you start writing an essay - OxfordWords blog.
How much detail to provide. This is why pre- production is so important, it is where the most work is.
Supporting details aren' t just meant to give more information about a situation – they' re also meant, literally, to support your point,. When working with written evidence,.
Supporting details: those sentences that explain the topic sentence c. Even in the event the student is at a posture to deal with his time in a way, they could comprehend there is a big multitude.
It is important that writers do not just list events or summarize experiences, but that they also explain what makes their experiences significant and how they relate to the essay' s thesis statement. April ( This article is derived from a talk given at the Franz Developer Symposium.
10 Tips for Writing the College Application Essay | Best Colleges. An obvious recommendation is to read, and follow, the instructions to authors published by the journal ( typically found on the journal' s website).
The aim of description is to make sensory details vividly present to the reader. Students should elaborate on campus organizations or programs that fit certain goals, and specific.
What are headings and why are they important? - English Grammar Rules & Usage Whether you' re writing a research paper, making a sales pitch, or defending yourself in court, you should never underestimate the importance of providing the factual details to support your claim.
SAT Essay Tips: 15 Ways to Improve Your Score - PrepScholar Blog. As tempting as it might be to just launch into the process of writing, there are important steps to take before actually setting pen to paper ( or fingers to. 22 essay question words and how to. Dear Student, why do you want to attend our school?
- Wiley Online Library Thirdly, provide details of the study design to assist the reader. For example: Emotions.
Notes about Commentary ( CM) It is your opinion, interpretation, insight, analysis, personal response, feelings ( your own in a personal paper,. Restate Subtopic Two; Supporting Details or Examples; ( Transition).
The author of an essay promises to clarify. Most academic institutions make writing an important part of the curriculum; and this applies to all majors, too.
One will better understand the material or story without actually having to go through all the supporting details. The Way to Develop into Better Scholar. Pedantic souls and, therefore, nerdy about the exactness of the language they speak, read and write – are the best candidates to entrust with details, especially written. Using Evidence Effectively | Library Once you have found the appropriate type of evidence, it is important to select the evidence that supports your specific claim.
Writing an Academic Essay - NUS It is now time to craft your essay. You can usually postpone background material to.
Writing a Statement of Purpose | Center for Academic Writing We spend our time trying to eliminate ourselves from other academic writing, from research proposals or from term papers. Does each paragraph of your essay.
Having the structure of the paper in place is a good start. The application essay is about you and what you think about yourself and the field you want to study.
Now that you know how to create a basic mind map, let' s go over how you can use mind maps for essay writing. When answering this essay question, use specific details.
Our most powerful 21st- century technologies – robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech – are threatening to make humans an. Significance of the Problem - BCPS Why is it important to our understanding of the world?
When the teacher said essay bout 12 times and on that 12th times you realize what she said. Research & writing for assignments.
Mention courses and professors of interest. Writing a Good Introduction - Columbia CS. At a high level, what is the problem area you are working in and why is it important? The answers below are.
Topic sentence: the sentence that tells what the paragraph is about. The following are important aspects of all body paragraphs: A clear topic sentence; Specific evidence or supporting detail; Examples; Unity and cohesion.
Our paper editors will help! It' s more important to show that you' re able to pick.
For more details,. Include the reason it. How to Write a Descriptive Essay - WriteExpress Have you provided enough details and descriptions to enable your readers to gain a complete and vivid perception? Tell us about the present and why it was memorable.
To reference successfully, it is essential that, as a matter of course, you systematically note down full details of author, date, title and publication details of any material you use at the time you use it. In properly exploring the essay question; for instance, you might think about ' breaking down an issue into its main features and looking at them in detail'. Order essay writing services here and become the real master of your time. ) In the summer of 1995, my friend Robert Morris and I.
Why risk and get lower grades because of a few mistakes? To write a great, well- structured essay, you need to have a good hold on question words and understand what they require you to do in your essay writing.
Have you left out any minor but important details? Why is it Important to Write Essays?
The Writing Process - Body Paragraphcs - Aims Community College Because the body paragraphs present the important facts and information from an essay, having well- written body paragraphs is essential in writing a successful essay. Differences in text format guide.
Provide some details to help the reader see the setting. You should make certain that the advice in your research paper is organized, in order for the readers wont have any trouble reading.
After you have answered the most important question " What is an expository essay? The Introduction is one of the most important elements of any great research paper, and interestingly enough, often written LAST.
Look for details such as the name of filmmaker and his/ her motivation to make that film or documentary work, locations, plot, characterization, historic events that served as an inspiration for the. The language of the question, especially the directive ( task) words, will indicate the type of essay and suggest an appropriate structure to follow in your essay. Why is soil and water conservation important essay for 10. Why are details important in an essay.
Third Supporting Paragraph. Detail regarding each of these three points should be added to produce a convincing argument as to the usefulness of the research.
Writing a research article: advice to beginners | International Journal. Topic: the one thing a paragraph is about. Before you start, it is important to understand what type of essay you are required to write. NEW CUSTOMER DISCOUNT!


text:
Q: get a subview back after placing it into the view so in my app, i click a button and i dynamically add a UITextField:
myRect = CGRectMake(4, viewYPos, 80, 25);
UITextField *myTextField = [[UITextField alloc] initWithFrame:myRect];
myTextField.borderStyle = UITextBorderStyleRoundedRect;
myTextField.font = [UIFont fontWithName:@"Trebuchet MS" size:12];
myTextField.returnKeyType = UIReturnKeyDone;
myTextField.delegate = self;
[myTextField addTarget:self
                action:@selector(textFieldShouldReturn:)
      forControlEvents:UIControlEventEditingDidEndOnExit];

[attributeScrollView addSubview:myTextField];
[myTextField release];

now, how do i reference this text field? is there a way to pull it out of the view and place it back into a new textfield variable?
my only thought is to create an instance nsarray variable so i can keep their reference.

A: Make myTextField an instance variable instead of local. Then, don't release it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Government Page 2
Biden's FCC Nominee Is Dangerous to Free Speech in America
Contains Opinion of the Writer I wrote on Wednesday about Steve Bannon's attorneys wanting to release documents surrounding Bannon's Jan. 6 case, and the media agreed the documents should be released. https://trumpdispatch.com/2021/12/01/is-doj-violating-steve-bannons-first-amendment-rights/ The DOJ wants the release of the documents stopped...
Is DOJ Violating Steve Bannon's First Amendment Rights?
Contains Opinion of the Writer Real America's Voice, Just the News reports the defense attorneys for Steve Bannon want the documents surrounding his Jan. 6 case released. The media agrees, arguing that the government's proposed order to block the release...
Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE ...
Hillary Warns There is a Threat to America
Hillary Clinton says there is a plot to threaten our democracy and our way of life. The ones plotting against America must be held accountable. https://twitter.com/SebGorka/status/1463585378095542275?t=wURo41Ac0XHY8y1DcZ0-iw&s=09 She is right. There is a threat to America, but it is not, as...
Actress Anna Marlowe Endorses Sarah Huckabee Sanders for Governor of Arkansas
I had the privilege of interviewing accomplished conservative actress Anna Marlowe. She was born on September 6, in Salonika, Greece. Anna is known best for her roles in Microwave Massacre (1979), Sledgehammer! (1986), and Beyond Evil (1980). You can...
Several Senate Democrats Questioning the Build Back Better bill
Contains Opinion of the Writer According to Senator Marsha Blackburn, as many as 6 Senate Democrats are considering their vote on the $1.75 trillion signature Build Back Better legislation, which passed the House last week on a party-line vote....
Contains Opinion of the Writer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5JiUBuN-0s The not-guilty verdict of Kyle Rittenhouse prompted several protests across the country this weekend. But is that surprising? These people look for reasons to protest, so the verdict was the perfect opportunity for them. NOTE: Kyle...
Rittenhouse Verdict
Today, we are a witness to true justice with the verdict of the Kyle Rittenhouse case. No more words are needed. I must admit that I was worried about all the threats the jury was getting, but justice prevailed! https://www.facebook.com/100070112163664/videos/pcb.177312737949131/1294242857693067
MAPs: A New Definition for Pedophiles
Contains Opinions from the Writer Pedophiles are evil individuals who prey on children. Many years ago, sexual abuse of children was never talked about, families pushed the 'secret' into a corner never to be recognized, or the pedophiles convinced the...
Contains Opinion of the WritU.S. The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that "a well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." Our...


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year Under to to to and than to to to yrs.
1 Source: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, Washington, DC, Black Elected Officials: A Statistical Summary, annual (copyright).
2 Source: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, "Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress", Report 94-767 GOV.
3 Source: National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials, Washington, DC, National Roster of Hispanic Elected Officials, annual.
4 Some members do not provide date of birth.
5 Represents consecutive years of service.
6 Includes District of Columbia delegate.
7 Does not include District of Columbia delegate.
8 Does not include District of Columbia or Virgin Islands delegate.
9 Includes District of Columbia delegate but not Virgin Islands delegate.
10 Includes members elected to fill vacant seats through June 14, 1993.
11 Includes District of Columbia and Virgin Islands delegate.


Update, discussion and direction to staff on how to proceed with implementation of the Fish and Wildlife Biological Opinion dated April 30, 2010 as amended December 14, 2010 and authorization for Mayor Heather Carruthers to sign attached letter responding to FEMA's April 14, 2011 letter.
Discussion of proposed Residential Solid Waste Rates for Fiscal Year 2011/12. The proposed rate would increase from $396/residence to $432/residence (this rate increase includes $9 which would raise $300,000 per year, for two years, toward a Solid Waste Master Plan). There would also be an increase in Tipping Fees from $120/ton to $130/ton and the Commercial Disposal rate; the proposed increases would be effective 10/1/2011.
A public hearing for an ordinance amending Section 23-76 of the County Code to clarify the business tax prerequisites for mobile traveling junk dealers.
A public hearing to consider a resolution by the BOCC to approve a fee for development order extensions applied for under HB7207.
Update on the Legislation session by the County's Washington lobbyist, Carl Chidlow of Cardenas Partners, LLC.
Approval of a resolution setting July 20, 2011, 3:00 p.m. at the Harvey Government Center, Key West for a public hearing for a proposed abandonment of the entire rights of way of Towhee Lane, Pelican Lane, Heron Drive, Flamingo Drive, and Limpkan Lane, as shown on Page 2 of the plat map of Boca Chica Ocean Shores, Geiger Key, Monroe County, Florida s recorded in Plat Book 5, Page 49 of the Public Records of Monroe County, Florida.
A report to the Board regarding expenditure of Boating Improvement Funds (BIF), derelict vessel removal procedures, and channel marker maintenance.
Discussion of operation of a wholesale commercial fishing business and building permits for Carlos Seafood, 6001 Peninsular Ave., Stock Island as required by the Board of County Commissioners.
Discussion and direction related to amendment of the County's flood plain ordinance in light of House Bill 407.
COMMISSIONER RICE - Approval to waive purchasing policies and procedures and negotiate with a contractor to design and install a security camera system on the bridges in Duck Key.
COMMISSIONER RICE - Approval to authorize purchase and installation of a bus shelter on the US 1 right of way at Duck Key.
Ratification of grant submission to FY 2011 Transportation, Community, and System Preservation Program of FHWA for a feasibility study to explore the viability of obtaining tolling authority on US 1, forecast potential revenues and operational costs, and evaluate the possibility of utilizing a portion of the revenues for wastewater/re-use/stormwater projects.


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