The paper introduces government debt and monetary strategy (Inflation Targeting - IT) into the empirical literature about the relationship between Central Bank Independence (CBI) and inflation. According to Martin's (2014) model, CBI is not sufficient to maintain price stability in the long run and requires the adoption of IT as a monetary strategy. Using annual data from the period 1998 to 2010 we consider 87 countries (18 considered as developed and 69 as emerging). By using a panel VAR model we explicitly test a possible reciprocal influence between inflation and government debt. At a global level results show an indirect negative effect of Inflation Targeting and CBI on inflation through the government debt channel. A high level of CBI or the choice of IT as a monetary strategy has a significant negative effect on government debt and on inflation.
In a seminal paper Rogoff (1985) proposed that monetary policy be delegated to conservative and independent central banks in order to gain in credibility and reduce inflationary bias. Central Bank policy (Kydland and Prescott, 1977). The classic view ignored the role played by fiscal authorities in ultimately shaping the overall policy response to the implementation of CBI.
The empirical literature analyses the effect of Central Bank Independence on inflation levels and volatility. The relationship appears to be particularly complex. According to Alesina (1988) and Grilli et al. (1991), Central Bank Independence is associated with lower levels of inflation. Cukierman et al. (1992) show that legal independence is a significant determinant of price stability in industrial countries. Considering the effects of Central Bank Independence on financial markets, Alesina and Summers (1993) show that interest rate variability decreases with higher levels of Central Bank Independence and credibility. These studies influenced political debate over the question of central bank design. Many other empirical papers have found this inverse relationship between CBI and inflation by using different econometric approaches, different indices relating to legal definitions of CBI and various samples (Temple, 1998, De Haan and Kooi, 2000, Berger et al., 2001).
But at the same time a great number of scholars have concluded that no such negative relationship exists between CBI and inflation. Posen (1993) suggests that low inflation and Central Bank Independence are both caused by a strong demand for the former, and further argues that increasing Central Bank Independence will not in itself lead to lower inflation. Forder (1996) and Hayo (1998) argue that CBI and commitment to low inflation are jointly determined by social culture reflecting public opposition to inflation. Campillo and Miron (1997) find that after controlling for other factors that may determine inflation, Central Bank Independence is relatively unimportant for average inflation rates. Studying the implementation of CBI reforms in OECD countries, Daunfeldt and De Luna (2008) show that in most countries price stability was achieved before CBI reforms were implemented. Forder (1998) claims that if the factual errors in the measurement of CBI are corrected for, the relationship between CBI and inflation largely disappears.
To understand CBI, the literature opposes de facto and legal independence. De facto independence refers to a central bank's more or less real capacity to effectively utilize its instruments and to compellingly express its arguments in monetary and budgetary debates (Meltzer, 2009, Singleton, 2011, Blancheton, 2016). The history of relations between central banks and governments is highly complex and hard to gauge, being made up of human relationships. It takes little account of certain myths about the supposed independence of such and such an institution. According to Siklos (2008), measuring these factors is in fact very difficult. Legal independence is defined by the conditions of nomination and removal of the chief executive officer of the central bank, its independence in policy formulation, its objective or mandate and the stringency of limits on its lending to the public sector. Legal independence has been measured in many different ways since the 1980's (Bade and Parkin, 1982, Cukierman, Webb and Neyapti, 1992, Alesina and Summers, 1993, Eijffinger and Schaling, 1992, Crowe and Meade, 2008…).
In these debates the validity of CBI indices is contested because researchers using them must choose which aspects of independence to include and how much weight to give them. Using different measures of CBI, such as the turn-over rate of bank directors, leads to a rejection of the negative relationship. Negative relationships can only be explained by the inclusion of high-inflation countries in the sample or by introducing more control variables. Bruum (2000) and Bruum (2002), shows that accurate measurement of CBI is dependent on many elements that are not observable. According to Bruum (2000) the difference between de jure and de facto independence will be considered as a measurement error and could lead to erroneous results. Arnone and Romelli (2013) show that the relationship is sensitive to the methodology by which central bank indices are constructed. They find that legislative reforms that modify the degree of Central Bank Independence have a strong impact on changes in the inflation rate. They confirm the negative relationship for a sample of 10 OECD countries. Using analysis of latent variables and two additional indicators that capture the degree of de facto independence more appropriately, Posso and Tawadros (2013) show that greater independence is need to lower inflation. This empirical literature completely neglects the influence of monetary policy strategy and changes in government debt.
Some recent papers highlight the complexity of the relationship to a greater degree. Jacome and Vazquez (2008) establish a negative relationship between CBI and inflation for 24 Latin American and Caribbean countries between 1985 and 2002. But they observe that for some countries stabilization of inflation seems to have preceded CBI reform. Klomp and De Hann (2010) propose a meta-regression analysis of 57 empirical studies which shows that legal CBI indices have a negative relationship with inflation in OECD countries but the relationship is sensitive to the choice of CBI index.
In a recent paper Alpanda and Honig 2014 introduce the effects of Inflation Targeting on inflation in 66 developed and emerging countries between 1980 and 2006. They suggest that CBI is not a prerequisite for countries to experience significant declines in inflation following the adoption of Inflation Targeting.
In a seminal paper Sargent and Wallace (1981) analyse the consequences of interactions between fiscal and monetary policies in terms of inflation. A combination of strict control of the money supply and fiscal discipline guarantees government debt control and price stability. According to Sargent and Wallace, the budgetary authorities are obliged to work with deficits in order to deal with a necessity. If an independent central bank maintains strict control over the money supply to stabilize inflation in the short term, government debt grows. Should budgetary expansion and monetary austerity be prolonged, when the debt has reached a threshold considered to be unacceptable by lenders, the central bank will be forced to monetize a part of this debt. In this case, the desire to avoid low inflation at the outset leads to higher inflation in the long term. In this perspective, Alesina and Tabellini (1987) show the crucial role of public debt in democratic alternating governments.
In the 1990's, the Fiscal Theory of Price Level (FTPL) analyses systematically the consequence of interactions between fiscal and monetary policies in terms of price levels and public debt through respect for inter-temporal budget constraint (see for examples Leeper, 1991, Woodford, 1994, Canzoneri and Diba, 1996, Cristiano and Fitzgerald, 2000). The analysis of situations based on a non-Ricardian budgetary regime is particularly interesting. All else being equal within a budgetary regime of this type, the evolution of the primary balance is not compatible with a stable trajectory of debt. The presence of budget deficits can then testify to what budget policy decides without taking on board, a priori, long term respect for the sustainability of the public debt. Two scenarii may then prevail, depending on the behaviour, the degree of independence of monetary authorities, and the perception there of by the private sector.
If an independent central bank does not wish monetary policy to be just a simple correction of budget overruns, and subsequently if evolutions in monetary creation like those of the budget balance are determined independently of the evolution of public debt, respect for inter-temporal budgetary constraint can only come about by an adjustment of the general level of prices. Only a steep hike of the latter can effectively guarantee equality between the ratio of current debt to GNP and the sum of updated real values of budget balances, and the potential forthcoming creation of money (in terms of GNP). Under this radical configuration designated as the strong version of FTPL, the general level of prices is then determined by the conditions of balance of the market affecting the debt for each period. This is a quantitative theory of the debt.
Yet private agents may feel that the compatibility between respect for inter-temporal budget constraint by the State and this "exogenous" evolution of primary balance should ultimately by assured by forced recourse to the creation of money in the form of direct, or indirect, advances. If such were the case, the central bank, by then supplying the means for monetary adjustment, will subject its behaviour, de facto, to that of the Treasury. In this configuration, the future rate of inflation can no longer be determined on the sole base of criteria defined by the authority in charge of monetary policy. Its value depends in part on the conditions of "sustainability" of the public debt. Here, we are talking about a so-called low version of the FTPL.
Beetsma and Bovenberg (1997) explore strategic interaction between fiscal government setting public debt and a central bank controlling monetary policy. In the absence of political distortion an optimally designed conservative, independent central bank is sufficient to establish the second best. In the presence of political distortions or with coordination of monetary and fiscal policy, however, also a debt target is needed.
We choice as framework a more recent and realistic model. According to Martin (2015), the increase in debt and reduction in inflation experienced in the US and other developed countries in the early 1980s was plausibly the combined outcome of increased Central Bank Independence and lower tolerance of inflation by agents. In Martin's macroeconomic model the smaller anticipated policy distortions implemented by a more independent central bank would induce the fiscal authority to trade off higher current deficits for lower future deficits. In the long run, inflation would increase to accommodate higher government debt. Alternatively, imposing a strict inflation target would lower inflation permanently and insulate the primary deficit from political distortions.
We have chosen this theoretical framework to carry out an original empirical study concerning the link between inflation, CBI, monetary strategy and government debt. The originality of our paper is to highlight the relationship between CBI and inflation by taking into account the channel of government debt.
Yearly data are from 1998 to 2010 for 87 countries, 18 "developed" and 69 "emerging" countries. We consider the inflation rate, central government debt, Inflation Targeting, legal Central Bank Independence, GDP growth and budget deficit between 1998 and 2010. Table 1 presents the definition of variables and sources.
Net debt is calculated as gross debt minus financial assets corresponding to debt instruments. These financial assets are: monetary gold and SDRs, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts receivable (IMF, World Economic Outlook Database).
Growth of Gross domestic product, constant prices.
Annual percentages of constant price GDP are year-on-year changes; the base year is country-specific. Expenditure-based GDP is total final expenditures at purchasers' prices (including the f.o.b. value of exports of goods and services), less the f.o.b. value of imports of goods and services. [SNA 1993] (IMF, World Economic Outlook Database).
General government primary net lending/borrowing.
Primary net lending/borrowing is net lending (+)/borrowing (-) plus net interest payable/paid (interest expenditure minus interest revenue) (IMF, World Economic Outlook Database).
Table 1 : Definition of variables.
For central government debt, budgetary deficit, GDP growth and inflation we have used IMF sources (World Economic Outlook Database bank database). The time series are those for central government debt as a percentage of GDP.
The sample includes 26 countries – the great majority emerging countries – that adopted Inflation Targeting during the period under consideration (Table A2 in the Appendix). Emerging countries which have implemented this new monetary policy framework have done so because of the perceived advantages. They were searching for a nominal anchor that did not have the instability associated with fixed exchange rate regimes.
From the literature review, the CBI index appears to be a crucial variable. Legal CBI has been measured in any number of ways (Bade and Parkin, 1982, Cukierman, Webb and Neyapti, 1992, Alesina and Summers, 1993, Eijffinger and Schaling, 1992, Crowe and Meade, 2008…). We have used a recent database computed by Dincer and Eichengreen (2014). They compute an 'Extended' Legal Central Bank Independence index inspired by Cukierman et al. in order to take into account some criticisms highlighted in the literature. Cukierman et al.'s index is based on four characteristics as described in a central bank's charter. First, if the appointment of the chief executive is proposed by the central bank board rather than by the government, is not subject to dismissal, and has a long term of office. Second, the level of Central Bank Independence is higher if policy decisions are made independently of government involvement. Third, the central bank gains in independence if the central bank's charter states that price stability is the primary goal of monetary policy. Fourth, if the government's ability to borrow from the central bank is limited, then Central Bank Independence is increased. Dincer and Eichengreen have added other aspects of CBI emphasized in the literature to Cukierman's criteria. They add measures of limits on the reappointment of the CEO, measures of provisions affecting (re)appointment of the other board members similar to those affecting the CEO, restrictions on government representation on the board and the intervention of the government in exchange rate policy formulation. They take into account twenty-four criteria aggregated into nine groups. From these nine aggregated variables two indices are computed. CBIU is the unweighted average of the nine aggregated variables, and CBIW is the corresponding weighted average (the correlation coefficient equals 0.99).They compute CBI for 89 countries.
Summary statistics for all countries, developed countries and emerging economies are provided in Table 2.
Table 2 : Summary statistics.
We propose a distinction between developed and emerging countries in order to constitute two groups representing for the first a high level of credibility and for the second a low level of credibility. The level of credibility being different according to the group analyzed, it is coherent to suppose that the sensitivity of the economic agents to the public debt and to the inflation can be less strong for the developed countries than for the emerging countries.
Developed countries represent about 20% of the sample against 80% for the emerging countries. The mean inflation rate for the whole sample is 7.23%. It is much lower (2.09%) in the developed countries than in the emerging countries (8.08%). The growth rate is also lower (2.23%) in the developed countries than in the emerging countries (4.73%). On the other hand, the rate of government debt to GDP in the developed countries (64.50%) is almost 15 points higher than that in the emerging countries (50.38%). A higher budget deficit may also be observed in the developed countries than the emerging ones. Finally, the degree of Central Bank Independence is 0.50 for the whole sample and proves to be higher in the developed countries than in the emerging ones.
The spread of the data is greater in the emerging countries than in the developed ones except for the indicator of Central Bank Independence and the level of government debt.
Table 3 presents the correlation matrices for all countries, developed countries and emerging countries. The correlation between GDP growth and government debt levels is negative. Central Bank Independence is negatively correlated with the GDP growth rate, government debt levels and budget deficit.
Table 3 : Correlation Matrix.
For the developed countries, the correlations are somewhat different. In fact, there is a weak positive correlation between Central Bank Independence and inflation, growth rate, the level of government debt and the budget deficit. This initial result should of course be compared with Sargent and Wallace's analysis (1981) as well as that of Martin (2015).
On the other hand the level of government debt is negatively correlated with inflation and growth rate unlike the budget deficit, which is positively correlated with these two variables. The budget deficit and the level of government debt are, however, negatively correlated.
For the emerging countries, the results are fairly close to those for the whole sample. This result can be explained by the fact that the emerging countries represent 80% of the whole sample. It should however be noted that, unlike the case of the developed countries or of the whole sample, the budget deficit of the emerging countries appears to be positively correlated with the level of government debt.
Given the time-related nature of our data, it would seem necessary to test for the presence of a possible unit root. Given the model used, i.e. Panel VAR without a fixed effect on the constant, Levin, Lin & Chu's test appears to be the most appropriate to us. This test supposes that there is a unit root process common to the whole of the series, a hypothesis that is realistic when the econometric analysis is performed on stacked data.
The results, presented in Table 4, show that the unit root null hypothesis may be rejected at the 1% threshold. It would thus appear that the series are stationary.
Table 4: Unit root tests.
** Probabilities for Fisher tests are computed using an asymptotic Chi-square distribution. All other tests assume asymptotic normality.
Where i indexes country and t indexes time. Two endogenous variables are considered: πi,t, the inflation rate (based on the average consumer prices) and GDi,t the General government net debt. ITi,t, the Inflation Targeting regime, is a dummy variable. CBIWi,t represents Weighted Central Bank Independence (Dincer and Eichengreen (2014)). yi,t and defi,t are respectively the output growth and the general government primary net lending/borrowing.
The term ITi,t*CBIWi,t captures the extent to which the link between an Inflation Targeting regime and Central bank independency may have an impact on both general government debt and inflation. According to Martin (2015), β1,5 and β2,5 should be significant with a negative sign.
We estimate the model using an unrestricted Panel VAR with one lag interval for endogenous variables. We also consider one lag interval for GDP growth and deficit. Our panel data are derived from 87 countries from 1998 to 2010. In this model, we do not consider country-specific effects as our control variables already take these into account.
Table 5 : shows the econometric results for the panel VAR for each sample.
For the whole sample, the choice of a first-order autoregressive process would seem to be completely appropriate given the significance of the coefficients associated with the lagged variables. In the same way the control variables seem to be on the whole significant.
Our results show that the strategy of Inflation Targeting and Central Bank Independence have a significantly negative effect on change in the level of government debt, it is true for developed countries and emerging countries. On the other hand they do not have any direct impact on the rate of inflation. Growth has the expected negative effect on debt. On the other hand the budget deficit does not have the expected positive effect. Movements in interest rates on government bonds that have not been taken into account (due to lack of data) may explain this situation.
The level of lagged government debt has a significantly positive effect on inflation for all countries and emerging countries but a negative effect for developed countries. Thus, by reducing the level of government debt, an increase in the independence of the central bank or the adoption of an Inflation Targeting strategy have a significant, negative, indirect effect on the rate of inflation. The choice of a high level of independence or of an IT strategy would appear, based on these results, to discipline budget policy.
These results and their mechanisms are also found for the subsample of emerging countries.
On the other hand, for the sample of developed countries, the level of lagged government debt leads to a very weak decrease, significant at the 10% level, in the rate of inflation. We can explain this result by the fact that, the developed countries forming a group whose credibility is greater, economic agents are more insensitive to changes in public debt (the coefficient, although slightly negative, is very close to 0). Moreover, developed countries have in general a lower inflation rate than emerging countries. This result can reveal a specific relationship between the level of government debt and inflation for countries with low rates of inflation.
In the developed countries, Central Bank Independence is accompanied by stronger inflation. This result is explained by the model developed by Martin (2015) which shows that Central Bank Independence should lead to an increase in inflation unless it is constrained by an Inflation Targeting strategy.
The link between the choice of Inflation Targeting and the degree of Central Bank Independence does not have a direct effect on inflation when the whole sample is considered. On the other hand, for the two sub-samples, this effect is significantly positive. This implies that the choice of an Inflation Targeting strategy combined with Central Bank Independence leads to an increase in the level of government debt and in this way increases inflation.
In other words, although Inflation Targeting and the degree of independence do not have a direct effect on inflation, they do have an effect through the level of government debt. The choice of Inflation Targeting alone or a high degree of independence are associated with a lower level of government debt. Through this mechanism, the inflation rate is lower because it is positively linked to the level of lagged government debt.
The association of Inflation Targeting with a high degree of Central Bank Independence leads to the opposite effect from that hoped for by the countries that implement them: in reality, the inflation rate is higher in this scenario. The transmission channel is here again the level of government debt which proves to be higher when Inflation Targeting and a high level of independence are adopted at the same time. The link between inflation and the level of lagged government debt being positive, inflation tends to be higher. A plausible explanation resides on the fact that the credibility of the Central Bank increases when countries combine IT and high CBI and hence, permits a higher level of inflation. The higher credibility associated with IT and CBI leads to a greater insensitivity of economic agents to changes in public debt and inflation.
The original aspect of this paper is to introduce government debt and monetary strategy (Inflation Targeting) into the empirical literature about the relationship between CBI and inflation. Using annual data from the period 1998 to 2010 we analyse 87 countries (18 considered as developed countries and 69 as emerging countries). By using panel data and a VAR model we explicitly test a possible reciprocal influence between inflation and government debt.
Our results show that a high level of CBI or the choice of IT as a monetary strategy have any direct significant effect on inflation and can't highlight large empirical literature on the topic. But our paper provides the CBI and IT have a significant negative effect on government debt. An indirect link on inflation is possible on this basis: more precisely, a high level of CBI and an IT regime have a negative effect on government debt and lagged government debt has a significant positive effect on inflation.
This pattern is perfectly true for the sample of emerging countries. CBI or IT appears effective in promoting fiscal discipline. Imposing a strict inflation target or a high level of CBI appears effective in promoting fiscal discipline and insulating countries from political distortions. However, for developed countries, government debt rate induces a very low, but significant rate of inflation, which seems to reflect a particular relationship between government debt and inflation for countries with a low inflation rate.
These results appear consistent with Alpanda and Honig (2014) who suggest that CBI is not a prerequisite for countries to experience significant declines in inflation following the adoption of Inflation Targeting. Our results, also in line with those of Martin (2015) indicate that the choice of Inflation Targeting reduces inflation through the control of government debt. However, contrary to Martin's model, we show that CBI also appears to be a sufficient condition to ensure price stability.
Another result provided by our estimation is the fact that the combination of CBI and IT is positively correlated to government debt and inflation. The association of IT with a high degree of CBI lead to the opposite effect from that hoped for by the countries that implement them: in reality, the inflation rate is higher in this scenario. The transmission channel is here again the level of government debt which proves to be higher when IT and a high level of independence are adopted at the same time. The link between inflation and the level of lagged government debt being positive, inflation tends to be higher. A possible explanation can reside on the increase of credibility when countries combine IT and high CBI.
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Alpanda S., Honig A., 2014. The impact of Central Bank Independence on the performance of Inflation Targeting regimes. Journal of International Money and Finance, 44, 118-135.
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Berger H., De Hann J., Eijffinger S., 2001, Central bank independence: an update of theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15 (1), 3-40.
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Here's the latest from our friends in Osaka. Let's start with my favourite release for July - the Fiat 500F - #29 in the Premium range. Love it.
#30 in the Premium range will be the Lexus LFA Nürburgring Package. That car has already been done 10 years ago in the Limited range, so I'm presuming this will be a new casting.
In the regular line-up, we get the new #109 (replacing the VW Polo Police) - Suzuki Swift Sports. I like that one too.
And the new #85 (replacing the Toyota FJ Cruiser) is the Fuso Super Great Truck - I'll leave that one for the kids.
And the last one in the Dream Tomica range is the Jurassic Park Explorer that already has been mentioned here.
The Ferraris will have to wait until August, I think.


text:
Britain's heating climate will become increasingly uncomfortable - and deadly for some
Summer heat has been climbing since the last couple of decades of the last century: the five warmest summers on record have all been since 1976.
Science correspondent @SkyNewsThomas
Monday 11 July 2022 19:29, UK
Image: A man in the Sky Pool in central London as temperatures hit 32C (89.6F) on Monday
Temperatures have been steadily climbing for several days now, reaching 32C (89.6F) at Northolt, northwest London, at 3pm on Monday.
The same heatwave is affecting France, Portugal and Spain, where temperatures hit 43C (109F) near Seville on Sunday.
Look at a map of Europe and you can see a heat blob more than 1000 miles across.
The highest temperature ever recorded in the UK was 38.7C (101.6F) in Cambridge on 25 July 2019.
We're still well short of that, but there is a chance the record will be smashed later in the week.
Of course, it's mid-summer, so it's bound to be hot. But is it getting hotter more often?
Below are the peak temperatures of every year back to 1900, colour coded from cooler blue to hotter red.
There are days over 35C (95F) scattered through the 20th century, but there is an emerging trend in the last decade or so of reds and oranges showing consistently higher peak temperatures.
The warming trend really stands out when you look at average temperatures for the whole summer, not just the one-off hot days.
So a clear trend. But is it climate change?
Yes, says the Met Office. It looked at the summer of 2018, the joint warmest on record.
It found the chance of such a hot summer in a natural climate was just 0.5%. But because of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, that had increased to 12%.
Watch The Climate Show with Tom Heap
In other words, a record summer is almost 30 times more likely now as a result of climate change.
The warming trend will accelerate. By mid-century, the Met Office predicts a summer as hot as 2018 will happen every other year.
And if greenhouse gas emissions continue to climb as predicted, by the end of the century UK temperatures will peak at 40C (104F) or more once every three to four years.
'Don't shrivel up like a raisin' - heatwave tips
Such sweltering heat is life-threatening - particularly for the young and old - when temperatures remain high for several days.
Heatwave deaths currently average around 2,000 a year. By 2050 they're predicted to reach 7,000.
Living in Britain's heating climate is going to be increasingly uncomfortable for us all. And deadly for some.
uk weather

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Glide like a supermodel wearing heels with the help of these accessories.
She got to wear his far more comfortable sandals.
Worry about more important things.
Pumps fit for a pantsuit.
Have you ever tried running in heels?


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You are here: Home / Affairs / Emirates Diplomatic Academy hosts first Economic Diplomacy Seminar for UAE, Saudi Arabia
Emirates Diplomatic Academy hosts first Economic Diplomacy Seminar for UAE, Saudi Arabia
Abu Dhabi, For the first time in the UAE, the Emirates Diplomatic Academy, EDA, is hosting the Economic Diplomacy Seminar for the UAE and Saudi Arabia, aimed at strengthening the economic might of the two nations.
Held in partnership with Prince Saud Al-Faisal Institute of Diplomatic Studies, the event seeks to support UAE and Saudi entities in foreign markets, evaluate the level of global integration of their economies and promote the attraction of foreign direct investments, FDI, to support job creation in the two countries.
The event was attended by the Saudi Ambassador to the UAE Turki bin Abdullah Al-Dakhil; Dr. Mariam Ibrahim Al Mahmoud, Acting Deputy Director-General of EDA and Dr. Abdullah Al-Salamah, Director General of Prince Saud Al-Faisal Institute of Diplomatic Studies.
Addressing the gathering, Dr. Al Mahmoud said, "The UAE and Saudi Arabia have many common interests. They both view economic prosperity as a top priority, and share a vision to develop a knowledge economy and gradually increase the contribution of non-oil sectors to the GDP by 2030. In this context, we are proud to organise the first Economic Diplomacy Seminar for the two countries. The goal of this significant event is to boost the economic power of our nations."
She added, "In the current changing world order, economic diplomacy is crucial to wielding influence and to growth. I am confident that our distinguished panel of experts will propose pivotal ideas to help overcome global economic challenges."
The event will feature an impressive line-up of experts, economists, diplomats and academics. Participants will predominantly focus on the vital roles that ministries of foreign affairs and embassies play in economic diplomacy.
For his part, Dr. Al Salamah, said, "A deep-seated cognition of economic and commercial diplomatic skills, as well as know-how of international organisations, global economic and trade changes, and opportunities and challenges, are key strengths in diplomatic work today. This includes a comprehensive understanding of the vital roles of embassies and diplomatic missions in protecting national interests, promoting investments, and accessing new markets."
He added, "As our countries move towards a more diversified economy, it is crucial to bring together domain experts and diplomats, in order to gain a deeper insight into the various challenges, while also ensuring the effectiveness of diplomatic performances."
Running at Four Seasons Hotel Abu Dhabi on 8th and 9th December, the seminar highlights the UAE's and Saudi Arabia's economic prospects, as well as the importance of diplomatic missions in achieving the objectives of the two nations. Experts will also discuss the current and future trends in the regional and global markets, including geopolitical risks and climate change, and their impact on the world economy.
Furthermore, the seminar will examine the statistics and prospects of FDI in the UAE and Saudi Arabia, as well as review proposals of policies for diplomatic missions, aimed at driving development programmes and initiatives.
KSrelief Voluntary Medical Campaign to Combat Blindness Conducts 172 Surgeries in Morocco
شركة التقنية المالية Beehive بدبي تصدر تقريرًا عن أوضاع الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة
Saudi Arabia Announces 54% Increase in Number of New International Companies in 2019, in Record Year for Foreign Investment
Gold is heading for the worst weekly performance in two months
Malian Prime Minister meets Saudi Ambassador to Mali and a delegation from Chamber of Commerce and Saudi Fund for Development


text:
Cath Lab Recap: Fully Percutaneous EVAR; Aneurysms Within BVS
— Interventional cardiology news to note
by Nicole Lou, Staff Writer, MedPage Today February 9, 2017
The latest development in a decades-long patent war over stent grafts has a federal judge ordering W.L. Gore to pay some of the legal fees for C.R. Bard's defense. The dispute began in 1974, when a Gore employee filed a patent application but subsequently assigned his rights to Bard in 1980. (Mass Device)
Endovascular interventions for lower-extremity peripheral artery disease maintained their effects at 6 months, according to the LIBERTY 360° study presented at the International Symposium on Endovascular Therapy. These FDA-approved interventions included atherectomy, balloons, and stents. (Healio)
Aneurysms from bioresorbable vascular scaffolds? A review of the literature revealed nine patients who have had inter-scaffold aneurysms, most of whom receive no further intervention. (Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions)
Valvular heart disease may be underestimated in a population, according to a study in Heart showing 1.7% of people died of aortic stenosis, endocarditis, and rheumatic heart disease without having a documented history of these conditions.
For endovascular aneurysm repair, operators may do better to opt for a fully percutaneous approach rather than open femoral access, according to a meta-analysis showing that procedures were were just as likely to be successful while taking less time and having lower odds of complications. (Journal of Endovascular Therapy)
The Resolute Integrity and BioMatrix Flex stents -- durable zotarolimus- and biodegradable-polymer biolimus-eluting stents, respectively -- performed similarly over 3 years in unselected patients enrolled in the randomized SORT OUT VI trial. (JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions)
Remote ischemic preconditioning, given 2 weeks before carotid artery stenting, was tied to less ischemic injury after the intervention, according to a randomized trial in Circulation. New lesions were both smaller and fewer after preconditioning -- there was, however, no reduction in the stroke rate.


Originally sourced and delivered by Portal in 2006, the site has recently undergone a full refurbishment that not only involved the functional design to facilitate efficient work processes, but also created an environment that reflects the vibrant Sky brand, and encouraged collaboration and employee well-being.
The result was a tailored contact centre operation that effectively supports Sky's staff operational and cultural requirements.
Regular reporting on agreed KPI's.


This description is for the service performed here at the spa. The expected benefits of this peel; lightens the skin and evens skin tone, refines the appearance of wrinkles, hydrates the skin, stimulated collagen production. For acne, this peel prevents the breakout of new acne and decreases existing ones. Clears up bacterial colonization.


text:
/*
 * opengl_methods.hpp
 *
 *  Created on: Mar 10, 2014
 *      Author: claudiordgz
 */

#ifndef OPENGL_METHODS_HPP_
#define OPENGL_METHODS_HPP_
// $Id$
/**
 * @file file_operations.hpp
 * File Input Output Operations are placed here
 * @brief We need to read frag a vert files (GLSL)
 *
 * @author Claudiordgz
 */
// $Log$

#include "vgl.h"
#include <GL/glew.h>

#include <string>
#include <iostream>

/**
 * @class OpenGLProgram
 *
 * @brief The class that contains the our OpenGL logic
 */
class OpenGLProgram
{
public:
  /**
   * Constructor
   * @param dir The path to our media files (Frag and Vert)
   */
  OpenGLProgram(char *dir): dir_(dir),
			    program(0),
			    attribute_coord2d(0)
  {
  }
  /**
   * Main loop of execution
   */
  void run(void);

  /**
   * This function gets passed to
   * a callback
   */
  void _Display(void);

private:
  int Init(void);
  void FreeResources(void);

  /**
   * SetShader acquires the file descriptor for a shader
   * using the GetShader method
   * @param[in]     filename The input file (vert or frag in our case).
   * @param[in,out] shader a GLuint to receive the file descriptor to the shader.
   */
  void SetShader(GLuint &shader, const char *filename);

  /*
   * Places the Fragment or Vertex in a string
   * @param[in] file_name The input file (vert or frag in our case).
   * @param[in,out] returnVal The file we need
   */
  void GetShader(const char *file_name, std::string &returnVal);

  /*
   * Callback for glutDisplayFunc
   */
  void SetupDisplayCallback();

#ifdef GL_ES_VERSION_2_0
  const std::string open_gl_version = "#version 100\n";  ///< OpenGL ES 2.0
#else
  const std::string open_gl_version = "#version 120\n";  ///< OpenGL 2.1
#endif
  std::string dir_;			///< a pointer to the media directory in your drive (GLSL)
  GLuint program;		///< the program descriptor
  GLint attribute_coord2d;	///< the attribute coordinates descriptor
};

#endif /* OPENGL_METHODS_HPP_ */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Carl William Blegen (Minneapolis, -Athènes, ) est un archéologue américain.

Biographie

Il fait ses études à l'université du Minnesota (1904) puis à l'université Yale (1907). Membre de l'American School of Classical Studies at Athens d'Athènes, il est le directeur des recherches archéologiques de Corinthe dont il atteste l'occupation dès le Néolithique. Par ses travaux de Korakou, il devient un spécialiste de la Préhistoire grecque.

Secrétaire de l'École américaine (1912-1920) qu'il dirige en 1926-1927 et en 1948-1949, il enseigne à l'Université de Cincinnati de 1927 à sa retraite en 1957 comme professeur d'archéologie classique ; et de 1949 à 1971 il assure les cours d'archéologie de l'École américaine ainsi qu'au musée national d'Athènes.

Il fait de nombreuses fouilles en Grèce : Phlius (1925), Némée et Agiorgítika (avec Georges Mylonas) (1925-1928), Prósymna (1925-1928) et, en 1932, soutenu par l'université de Cincinnati, reprend les fouilles de Troie après Heinrich Schliemann et Wilhelm Dörpfeld et en poursuit l'exploration jusqu'en 1938. Il rattache la destruction de Troie VI à un tremblement de terre et identifie la cité homérique avec Troie VII qu'il date vers 1300-1260.

Directeur avec Konstantinos Kourouniotis du service archéologique grec (1939-1967), il fouille le palais de Nestor à Pylos en 1939 et découvre les premières tablettes en linéaire B trouvées en Grèce. Après la trouvaille de cinq tombes à Tholos avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui confirment l'importance du lieu, ses travaux qui continuent de 1952 à 1964, confirment l'existence d'un très vaste palais mycénien. La plupart de ses découvertes sont conservées au musée archéologique de Chóra près de Pylos, ainsi qu'au musée national archéologique d'Athènes.

Carl Blegen décède à Athènes, en Grèce, le 24 août 1971 à l'âge de 84 ans. Il est enterré dans le carré protestant du premier cimetière d'Athènes, avec son épouse Elizabeth Pierce Blegen. Carl W. Blegen a légué une grande collection de ses documents à l'École américaine d'études classiques d'Athènes.

Travaux

 Corinth in Prehistoric Times, in American Journal of Archaeology , 1920, p. 1-274
 Korakou, a Prehistoric Settlement near Corinth, 1921
 Prosymna: the Helladic settlement preceding the Argive Heraeum, 2 vol., 1932-1938
 The Palace of Nestor, 3 vol., 1966-1973
 Troy and the Trojans, 1963

Bibliographie

 J-L. Fitton, The Discovery of the Greek Bronze Age, 1996, p. 155-165
 Ève Gran-Aymerich, Les chercheurs de Passé, Éditions du CNRS, 2007, p. 612-613
Vogeikoff-Brogan, Natalia, Jack L. Davis, and Vassiliki Florou 2014. Carl W. Blegen: personal and archaeological narratives. Lockwood Press.(en anglais)

Liens externes

Archéologue américain
Naissance en janvier 1887
Naissance à Minneapolis
Décès en août 1971
Décès à Athènes
Décès à 84 ans
Personnalité inhumée au Premier cimetière d'Athènes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Become a kiteboarder and get hooked on this exhilarating sport! The 5-hour Addiction Package is best done over two days. It consists of two lessons.
Lesson 1 – First you will go through 'Kite Pilot', and 'Hit the Water' skills training. During your first lesson you will master critical skills.
Lesson 2 – After learning basic kite skills, the next lesson introduces the board into the mix. This 3-hour introduction will help you become a confident and independent kiter.


text:
Happy Birthday, Satish Kaushik
The popular Bollywood film director, producer, and actor, Satish Kaushik celebrated his 64th birthday this year on April 23.
Buy Images of Satish Kaushik at IndiaContent.in
Satish's upcoming direction venture is the biographical drama film Kaagaz produced by Salman Khan and Karan Johar under the banner of Salman Khan Films and Dharma Productions. The film which is a biopic on Lal Bihari Mritak's struggle for the living dead was announced for release in April 2020 but is postponed due to the COVID 19 pandemic. The film Kaagaz features Pankaj Tripathi and Monal Gajjar with Amar Upadhyay who plays the main antagonist. The film revolves around the glaring truth about the agony of people declared dead by ruthless relatives for stealing their assets.
Satish Kaushik Biography
Satish Kaushik was born on April 13, 1956, in Mohindergarh, Haryana. Satish graduated from Kirori Mal College in New Delhi in 1972. He is an alumnus of National School of Drama (NSD) in New Delhi and Film and Television Institute of India (FTI) in Pune.
Satish Kaushik started his career as an assistant director in Shekhar Kapur's 1982 drama film Masoom, in which he also debuted as an actor. He wrote dialogues for Kundan Shah's classic comedy film Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron (1982) and has co-written and anchored the record chart show, Philips Top Ten aired on Zee TV from 1994. He produced films including Kyon Ki (2005), Darna Zaroori Hai (2006) and Bumm Bumm Bole (2010).
Satish Kaushik Top Hits
The notable appearances of Kaushik include the role of 'Batuk Laal' in Ramesh Sippy's romantic drama film Saagar (1985) starring Rishi Kapoor, Kamal Haasan and Dimple Kapadia, 'Calendar' in Shekhar Kapur's superhero film Mr India (1987) starring Sridevi and Anil Kapoor in the lead roles, 'Kanshiram' in Subhash Ghai's crime drama film Ram Lakhan (1989) starring Anil Kapoor, Jackie Shroff, Madhuri Dixit, Dimple Kapadia, Raakhee and Anupam Kher, 'Mama' in David Dhawan's romantic comedy film Mr and Mrs Khiladi (1997) starring Akshay Kumar and Juhi Chawla in lead roles, 'Chanu Ahmed' in Sarah Gavron's British drama film Brick Lane (2007) starring alongside Tannishtha Chatterjee, Satish Kaushik and Christopher Simpson and 'Muthaseth' in Feroz Abbas Khan's socio-political satire film Dekh Tamasha Dekh (2014) starring alongside Tanvi Azmi and Vinay Jain.
His notable roles as a theatre actor were of 'Willy Loman' in the Hindi play, Salesman Ramlal, an adaptation of Arthur Miller's 1949 stage play Death of a Salesman. The top films he directed are the 1993 action comedy film Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja starring Anil Kapoor, Sridevi, Jackie Shroff, Anupam Kher and Johnny Lever, 1995 romantic drama film Prem starring Sanjay Kapoor and Tabu in dual roles, 1999 romantic drama film Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain starring Anil Kapoor, Kajol, Anupam Kher and Shakti Kapoor, 2009 film, Teree Sang starring Ruslaan Mumtaz and Sheena Shahabadi in her first role and 2010 Indian Hindi romantic drama film Milenge Milenge starring Shahid Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor.
The other notable films he directed are 2000 romantic drama film Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai starring Anil Kapoor, Aishwarya Rai and Sonali Bendre in the lead roles, 2001 romance film Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai starring Tusshar Kapoor alongside Kareena Kapoor, 2002 romantic comedy film Badhaai Ho Badhaai starring Anil Kapoor, Keerthi Reddy and Shilpa Shetty in the lead roles, 2003 romantic drama film Tere Naam starring Salman Khan and Bhumika Chawla in her Bollywood debut, 2005 romantic thriller film Vaada starring Arjun Rampal, Amisha Patel and Zayed Khan in lead roles, 2006 comedy film Shaadi Se Pehle starring Akshay Khanna, Ayesha Takia, Mallika Sherawat, Sunil Shetty and Aftab Shivdasani in lead roles, 2008 thriller film Karzzzz starring Urmila Matondkar and Himesh Reshammiya and 2014 horror comedy film Gang of Ghosts.
Satish Kaushik Awards
He won Filmfare Award for Best Comedian in 1990 for the film Ram Lakhan and in 1997 for the film Saajan Chale Sasural. He also won the Screen Videocon Award for co-writing and anchoring the show Philips Top Ten.
Satish Kaushik Personal Life
Satish is married to Shashi Kaushik. They have a daughter Vanshika Kaushik. They also had a son Shanu before Vanshika who died at the age of two. Satish along with Anupam Kher, who was his batchmate at National School of drama, founded the film company Karol Bagh Productions. In April 2008, Satish made a tweet that announced the completion of 25 years after his directorial film Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja and apologised to producer Boney Kapoor as the film was a box office failure.
Satish's favourite films are Upkar (1967), Mughal-E-Azam (1960) and Madhumati (1958). His favourite actors are Salman Khan, Anil Kapoor, Jackie Shroff, Amitabh Bachchan, Om Puri and Varun Dhawan and favourite actresses are Sridevi, Madhuri Dixit and Kajol. His favourite directors are Robert De Niro and Abhishek Chaubey.
Satish Kaushik Images on India Content Website
The India Content website has a good stock of Satish Kaushik images. The high-definition images on the website are available in three sizes – small, medium and large.
Tags: Satish Kaushik
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Fiber supplements like psyllium can aid your gut health by improving transit time, rebalancing your gut bacteria, and removing toxins from your gut. Looking to treat your candida with diet? Our experts cover what are the best candida supplements and what are the ones you.
Fatigue, bloating, recurrent thrush and urinary tract infections can all be symptoms of candida – but changing your diet can help fight the condition. Thinking of going on the Candida Diet to heal your gut and stop sugar and carb cravings. You also need to know, I FOLLOWED THE Anti Candida Diet.
Other candida specialists blame candida overgrowth on diet — specifically,.
Anti-Candida Supplements," next page) and prescription-strength antifungal . You can start the diet and the herbs at the same time. In our bodies the most common form of fungi is candida albicans, also called candida, yeast infection,. Much of the treatments come down to our lifestyle and diet which have an enormous effect on. Natural supplements used to wipe out candida.
In order to bring candida under control naturally, various methods may be employed. A low yeast, low carbohydrate diet, coupled with nutritional supplements to . Many of us may be unknowingly suffering from candida – a yeast. Diflucan or Nystatin or anti-fungal supplements like candisol, caprylic.
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Many of you will have come across information on candida albicans and. This article discusses the use of protein supplements in the Candida Diet in order to get adequate protein and calories in the diet while killing . Got questions about the anti-candida diet? When we start to clean up our diet, we starve Candida which releases toxins into. Herbs and Supplements to Fight Candida and other Fungi.
SBX brand supplement between meals will colonize your intestinal system . Candida treatment including Candida diets, medications,. Carefully selected to compliment your Candida Diet, includes products which are gluten free, organic . So, one needs to be careful when using nutritional supplements. Sometimes deficiency symptoms can be mistaken for Candida. NB Do not to use hydrochloric acid supplements with anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin or . It safely neutralizes fungal candida and converts it back to its harmless yeast . Jump to Supplements for Candida Overgrowth – Supplements for Candida Overgrowth. I CANT eat ANY sugar, even in fruits or anything . Some people have found that many chronic illnesses can be alleviated by limiting yeast-inducing foods.
The Candida Diet promotes low-yeast foods, primarily . The anti-candida diet (ACD) is often considered one of the most challenging. I can take supplements with Candida. You can usually find Molybdenum supplements in capsule form in your local health.
Candida feeds on the sugars in the food that you eat, producing waste . There are many versions of the anti-candida diet but most of them focus on the.


Discussion forum for Art Bell's new show on the internet, Midnight in the Desert. Come in and discuss the latest news on Art, the show and guests.
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My daughter is 11 and just finished up her first year of middle school. This past school year she gained so much more independence with her school management. I will admit that I felt she was ready for that independence the previous year, but the school wasn't. She was almost completely independent with her diabetes care at school, only having to check in with the health office at lunch time and that was more for accountability than because they actually provided any care for her.
It was liberating for both of us to see how she handled things. We did use nightscout, and now the Dexcom share, but only again as a safety net. It provided me with peace of mind knowing that she was caring for herself without my input, and for her it allowed her more personal freedom without worry. She knew that if she missed the Dexcom alarm that I was watching too. I didn't contact her unless a significant amount of time had gone by and a low blood sugar was not coming up, just to make sure she was okay.
This type of management works really well for us and allows her to gain some confidence, without feeling like I've just thrown her in the sea without a flotation device.
Successful independence is definitely the goal! 🙂 We do not have Nightscout or the Share and we manage just fine right now. Thankful for a school nurse that helps our girl to manage with an appropriate amount of independence at school, just like we are attempting to do at home. Thanks for the opportunity!
Our daughter just finished 2nd grade. With the help of our great school nurses, she has become more responsible for herself this year, asking to go to the health office when there is a class treat (which happens way too often, imo) instead of waiting for the teacher to send her to the Health Office. Earlier this year she learned that her teacher did not understand type 1 diabetes at all, despite the hour long meeting we had with her at the beginning of the school year. I'm glad the year is over, but more thankful that my daughter learned to speak up for and take more responsibility for herself.
I know! What is it with the classroom treats, anyway? My son has to call me when they have them (their rules, not mine–he would rather just quietly slip it into his backpack for later than make a big production out of it). Some weeks this year he was calling every day. I feel certain that if the other parents knew just how often their kids are getting candy they'd be annoyed too. I've mentioned it to a few, but probably not the ones who would be the most upset.
I really appreciate your comments and thinking on the topic of independence. We do not use Nightscout or Share because my needle phobic son cannot bear the "harpoon" inverters for CGMs. I am his night scout… But as he enters 8th grade I can say that heis almost entirely independent at school and out and about. At home a level of laxness takes over. I am still hoping for that school-like independence to carry over.
Another aspect of independence has been self-advocating around his Anxiety and OCD, both issues that came to us with Type 1 diabetes. He is treated and currently medicated to help with coping and to keep stress-related blood sugar lower, but he needs school staff and others to recognize that he deals with more than just a pump when he walks the halls at school. This part is harder than diabetes self management, but with so many people experiencing Type 1 AND anxiety, etc… It turns out for us to be an important piece of working toward independence!
I think this would be a great read, thanks for sharing.


I get to dog sit our neighbours dog quite a bit, and so I have many opportunities for a photo session with Jomi. And I have a pretty big collection of pictures of her, which I must make a huge collage of them.
I'm currently editing the images from a family shoot with the lovely guys from Sweets Workshop, and this is my favourite one so far. Taken at Delwood beach late afternoon.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Let $X$ be a separable, metrizable topological space.  A sequence of continuous maps $\{T_n:X\rightarrow X| n\geq 1\}$ is said to be universal if there exists $x\in X$ so that $\{T_n x:n\geq 1\}$ is dense in $X$.  Such an $x$ is called a universal element of $\{T_n\}$.  Let $\Omega\subset \mathbb{C}^n$ be a domain.  We let $H(\Omega)$ represent the set of all holomorphic functions on $\Omega$.  When equipped with the compact open topology, $H(\Omega)$ is a Frechet space.  Recall that a sequence $\{f_j\}\subset H(\Omega)$ converges to $f$ in the compact open topology if and only if $f_j\rightarrow f$ uniformly on compact subsets of $\Omega$ as $j\rightarrow \infty$.  We define \[\mathbb{D}^n:=\{(z_1,...,z_n)\in \mathbb{C}^n:|z_j|<1\,,j=1,2,...,n\}\] to be the unit polydisk and let \[\mathbb{T}^n:=\{(z_1,...,z_n)\in \mathbb{C}^n:|z_j|=1\,,j=1,...,n\}\] be the distinguished boundary.  Then $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$ denotes the space of bounded holomorphic functions on $\mathbb{D}^n$ equipped with the compact open topology.  Then we define the ball of $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$ to be
\[\overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)):=\{h\in H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n):\|h\|_{L^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)}\leq 1\}.\]
We will show the non-Euclidean analog of Seidel-Walsh theorem (see \cite{GethShap} and \cite{SeidWal})  for the polydisk in $\mathbb{C}^n$ and then give necessary and sufficient conditions for a sequence of automorphisms of the disk and the polydisk to have a universal element on the ball of $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$.
Since $\overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$ is a semigroup and not a vector space, one cannot use vector space techniques.  Instead, we show that the semigroup universality criterion in \cite{ChanWalm} is satisfied for certain sequences of composition operators (actually semigroup homomorphisms) on $\overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$.  On the unit ball in $\mathbb{C}^n$, \cite{Aron} studies whether a sequence of automorphisms on the unit ball in $\mathbb{C}^n$ admits a universal element.  On the polydisk, the main result in \cite{Chee} shows there exists a sequence of automorphisms of the polydisk with a universal element, but does not consider arbitrary sequences of automorphisms.  We give a natural condition on a sequence of automorphisms of the polydisk that ensures the associated composition semigroup homomorphisms admit a universal element.  The following theorem classifies automorphisms of the unit polydisk.  Let $S_n$ be the symmetry group of $n$ elements.  Recall the following theorem appearing in \cite{Rud}.

\begin{theorem}\cite{Rud}\label{thmrud}
Let $\phi$ be an automorphism of the polydisk $\mathbb{D}^n\subset \mathbb{C}^n$.  Then there exists $(\alpha_1,...,\alpha_n)\in \mathbb{D}^n$, $(\theta_1,...,\theta_n)\in \mathbb{R}^n$, and $p\in S_n$ so that
\[\phi(z_1,z_2,...,z_n)=\left(e^{i\theta_1}\frac{\alpha_1-z_{p(1)}}{1-\overline{\alpha_1}z_{p(1)}},...,e^{i\theta_n}\frac{\alpha_n-z_{p(n)}}{1-\overline{\alpha_n}z_{p(n)}}\right).\]
\end{theorem}

\section{Inner functions on the Polydisk}

Recall that on the disk in $\mathbb{C}$, an inner function is any bounded holomorphic function on the disk $g:\mathbb{D}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ so that \[\lim_{r\rightarrow 1^-}|f(re^{i\theta})|=1\] almost everywhere.  We can extend this definition to the polydisk in a natural way.  That is, we say a bounded holomorphic function on the polydisk $f:\mathbb{D}^n\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ is an inner function if
\[\lim_{r\rightarrow 1^-}|f(re^{i\theta_1},re^{i\theta_2},...,re^{i\theta_n})|=1\] almost everywhere.  We say an inner function $g:\mathbb{D}^n\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ is a good inner function (see \cite{Chee}) if
\[\int_{b\mathbb{D}^n}\log|g(r\zeta)|d\sigma(\zeta)\rightarrow 0\] as $r\rightarrow 1^-$.

The following proposition shows that if $f$ is a good inner function then for any automorphism of the polydisk, $\phi$, $f\circ \phi$ is also a good inner function.  That is, the action of the composition operator $C_{\phi}$ preserves good inner functions.

\begin{proposition}\label{prop1}
Let $g:\mathbb{D}^n\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ be a good inner function and $\phi:\mathbb{D}^n\rightarrow \mathbb{D}^n$ be an automorphism of the polydisk.  Then, $g\circ \phi$ is a good inner function.
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
First we will show if $g\in H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$ is a good inner function and $\phi$ an automorphism of $\mathbb{D}^n$, then $g\circ \phi$ is an inner function.  Then $|g^*(w)|=1$ for almost every $w\in \mathbb{T}^n$ where $g^*$ denotes the boundary values (radial limits) of $g$ on $\mathbb{T}^n$.  By Theorem \ref{thmrud}, we may assume $\phi(z_1,...,z_n)=\left(\sigma_1(z_1),\sigma_2(z_2),...,\sigma_n(z_n)\right)$ where \[\sigma_j(z_j)=\frac{\alpha_j-\lambda_jz_j}{1-\overline{\alpha_j}\lambda_jz_j}\] is an inner function on $\mathbb{D}$ for $\alpha_j\in \mathbb{D}$ and $|\lambda_j|=1$ and $j=1,2,...,n$.  Then an application of \cite[Theorem 1.2.4]{Saw} allows us to write $|(g\circ \phi)^*|=|g^*\circ\phi^*|=1$ almost everywhere on $\mathbb{T}^n$.  Thus $g\circ \phi$ is inner.

Now let $r<1$ be sufficiently large so that
\[r>\max\{|\alpha_j|:j=1,2,...,n\}.\]
Then the image $\phi(r\mathbb{T}^n)$ can be represented as \[\prod_{j=1}^n \mathbb{T}_{a_j(r),r_j(r)}.\]  Here, \[\mathbb{T}_{a_j(r),r_j(r)}\] is a circle centered at $a_j(r)$ with radius $r_j(r)$ where $a_j(r)\rightarrow 0$ and $r_j(r)\rightarrow 1$ as $r\rightarrow 1^-$.  For some fixed $M>\sup\{|J(\phi)(z)|^{-1}:z\in \overline{\mathbb{D}^n}\}$ we have,
\begin{align}
&|\int_{\mathbb{T}^n}\log|g\circ\phi(r\zeta)|d\sigma(\zeta)|\\
&=|\int_{(r\mathbb{T}^n)}\log|g\circ\phi(\zeta)|r^{-n}d\sigma(\zeta)|\\
&=|\int_{\phi((r\mathbb{T}^n))}\log|g(w)||J(\phi)(w)|^{-1}r^{-n}d\sigma(w)|\\
&=|\int_{\prod_{j=1}^n \mathbb{T}_{a_j(r),r_j(r)}}\log|g(w)||J(\phi)(w)|^{-1}r^{-n}d\sigma(w)|\\
&\leq\int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi}...\int_0^{2\pi}|\log|g(a_1(r)+r_1(r)e^{i\theta_1},...,a_n(r)+r_n(r)e^{i\theta_n})|\\
&-\log|g(r_1(r)e^{i\theta_1},...,r_n(r)e^{i\theta_n})||Mr^{-n}d\theta_1...d\theta_n\\
&+ \int_0^{2\pi}...\int_{0}^{2\pi}|\log|g(r_1(r)e^{i\theta_1},...,r_n(r)e^{i\theta_n})|-\log|g(Re^{i\theta_1},...,Re^{i\theta_n})||Mr^{-n} d\theta_1...d\theta_n\\
&+\int_{\zeta\in \mathbb{T}^n}-\log|g(R\zeta)|r^{-n}M d\sigma(\zeta)
\end{align}

Then using a continuity argument and using the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, one can make lines 5 and 6 sufficiently small when $r<1$ is sufficiently large and $R>r$ is sufficiently close to $r$.  Furthermore, using the assumption that $g$ is a good inner function, one can make the line 7 integral arbitrarily small if $r<1$ is sufficiently large.  Then the line 8 integral is arbitrarily small for all $r<1$ sufficiently large since $g$ is a good inner function.

Thus we have shown that \[|\int_{\mathbb{T}^n}\log|g\circ\phi(r\zeta)|d\sigma(\zeta)|\rightarrow 0\] as $r\rightarrow 1^-$ for any automorphism of the polydisk $\phi$ and good inner function $g$.

\end{proof}

The following proposition uses a result in \cite{Rud} about the density of inner functions continuous up to $\overline{\mathbb{D}^n}$ in the ball of $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$.

\begin{proposition}\label{denseprop}
Let $\overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$ be the ball of $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$ as defined previously.  Suppose $\lambda:=(\lambda_1,\lambda_2,...,\lambda_n)\in \mathbb{T}^n$.  Then there exists a collection of inner functions $\{G_{j,\lambda}\}_{j\in \mathbb{N}}\subset \overline{Ball}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$ so that
\begin{enumerate}
    \item $G_{j,\lambda}\in C(\overline{\mathbb{D}^n})$ for all $j\in \mathbb{N}$.
    \item $\{G_{j,\lambda}\}_{j\in \mathbb{N}}$ is dense in $\overline{Ball}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$ equipped with the compact-open topology.
    \item $G_{j,\lambda}(\lambda_1,\lambda_2,...,\lambda_n)=1$ for all $j\in \mathbb{N}$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
By \cite[Theorem 5.5.1]{Rud}, there exists a collection of inner functions $\{A_j\}_{j\in \mathbb{N}}\subset \overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$ that is dense in $\overline{Ball}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$ equipped with the compact open topology and $A_j\in C(\overline{\mathbb{D}^n})$ for all $j\in \mathbb{N}$.  To construct the sequence $G_{j,\lambda}$ we modify the sequence $A_j$ as follows.  By \cite{Chee}, (see also \cite{Heins}) there exists $\Psi_j\in C^{\infty}(\overline{\mathbb{D}^n})\cap H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$ so that for all $j\in \mathbb{N}$, $\Psi_j$ is inner, \[\Psi_j(1,1,...,1)=\frac{1}{A_j(1,1,...,1)},\] and $\Psi_j(0,0,...,0)=1-2^{-j}$.  We set
\[\Psi_{j,\lambda}(z_1,...,z_n):=\Psi_j(\lambda_1^{-1}z_1,...,\lambda_n^{-1}z_n),\]
\[A_{j,\lambda}(z_1,...,z_n):=A_j(\lambda_1^{-1}z_1,...,\lambda_n^{-1}z_n),\]
and $G_{j,\lambda}:=A_{j,\lambda}\Psi_{j,\lambda}$.  Then for all $j\in \mathbb{N}$, $G_{j,\lambda}(\lambda_1,...,\lambda_n)=1$ and $G_{j,\lambda}\in C(\overline{\mathbb{D}^n})$.  Let $f\in \overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)) $.  Then there exists a subsequence $A_{j_k}$ so that $A_{j_k}\rightarrow f(\lambda_1z_1,...,\lambda_nz_n)$ uniformly on compact subsets of $\mathbb{D}^n$ as $k\rightarrow \infty$.  So $A_{j_k,\lambda}\rightarrow f$ uniformly on compact subsets of $\mathbb{D}^n$ as $k\rightarrow \infty$.  Then $\{\Psi_{j_k,\lambda}\}$ is a normal family, so by passing to a subsequence if necessary, we may assume by the maximum modulus principle that $\Psi_{j_k,\lambda}\rightarrow 1$ uniformly on compact subsets of $\mathbb{D}^n$ as $k\rightarrow \infty$.  So $G_{j_k,\lambda}\rightarrow f$ uniformly on compact subsets of $\mathbb{D}^n$ as $k\rightarrow \infty$.  Thus
$\{G_{j,\lambda}:j\in \mathbb{N}\}$ is dense in $\overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$ equipped with the compact open topology.

\end{proof}

\begin{proposition}\label{prop3}
Let $\phi$ be an automorphism of $\mathbb{D}^n$, and $C_{\phi}:H(\mathbb{D}^n)\rightarrow H(\mathbb{D}^n)$ be its associated composition operator.  Then $C_{\phi}$ restricted to $\overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$ is surjective onto $\overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$.
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
Let $f\in \overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$.  Then it is clear that $C_{\phi^{-1}}f\in \overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)) $ and $f=C_{\phi}\left(C_{\phi^{-1}}f\right)$.
\end{proof}

\section{Universality Criterion for Semigroups}

We use the semigroup analog of the following theorem in a significant way, as vector space techniques are not applicable to the ball of $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$.

\begin{theorem}\cite{GethShap}\label{geth}
Suppose $T$ is a continuous linear operator on a separable $F$-space $X$.  Suppose there exists a dense subset $\mathcal{D}$ of $X$ and a right inverse $S$ for $T$ so that $\|T^n x\|\rightarrow 0$ and $\|S^n x\|\rightarrow 0$ for all $x\in \mathcal{D}$, then $X$ has $T$-universal vectors.

\end{theorem}

The following is a consequence of Theorem \ref{geth} as mentioned in \cite[pp. 283]{GethShap}.

\begin{corollary}\cite{GethShap}
Suppose $\mathcal{D}$ is a dense subset of $X$ and $\{T_j\}$ is a sequence of continuous linear operators on $X$ for which $T_j\rightarrow 0$ pointwise on $\mathcal{D}$ suppose for each $j$ the operator $T_j$ has a right inverse $S_j$ and $S_j\rightarrow 0$ pointwise on $\mathcal{D}$.  Then the set $\{T_j x:j\geq 0\}$ is dense in $X$ for a dense $G_{\delta}$ set of vectors $x\in X$.
\end{corollary}

This semigroup analog appears in \cite{ChanWalm} and is stated here for the convenience of the reader.
\begin{theorem}\cite{ChanWalm}\label{One}
Let $X$ be a separable, metrizable, complete, topological semigroup with identity element $e$.  Suppose $\{T_n:X\rightarrow X\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ is a collection of continuous semigroup homomorphisms.  If there exist dense sets $\mathcal{D}_0\subset X$, $\mathcal{D}_1\subset X$, and a sequence of mappings $\{R_n:\mathcal{D}_1\rightarrow X\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ so that
\begin{enumerate}
    \item $T_n\mathcal{D}_0\rightarrow e$ as $n\rightarrow \infty$.
    \item $R_n\mathcal{D}_1\rightarrow e$ as $n\rightarrow \infty$.
    \item $T_nR_nf\rightarrow f$ for all $f\in \mathcal{D}_1$.
\end{enumerate}
Then there exists $\{x_j\}\subset \mathcal{D}_0$ so that $x:=\prod_{j}x_j$ is universal for $\{T_n\}$.  That is, the orbit $\{T_n x:n\in \mathbb{N}\}$ is dense in $X$.
\end{theorem}

\section{Main Result and Proof}

Now we will study when an arbitrary sequence of automorphisms of the polydisk has a universal element.

This next theorem is a new result and improves \cite{Chee}, and is valid for the ball of $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$ for $n=1,2,...$.

\begin{theorem}
Let \[\phi_k(z_1,...,z_n):=\left(e^{i\theta^k_1}\frac{\alpha^k_1-z_{p_k(1)}}{1-\overline{\alpha^k_1}z_{p_k(1)}},...,e^{i\theta^k_n}\frac{\alpha^k_n-z_{p_k(n)}}{1-\overline{\alpha^k_n}z_{p_k(n)}}\right)\] be a sequence of automorphisms of the polydisk $\mathbb{D}^n\subset \mathbb{C}^n$.  If $(\alpha_1^k,...,\alpha_n^k)\rightarrow (\alpha_1,...,\alpha_n)\in \mathbb{T}^n$ as $k\rightarrow \infty$ then there exists an inner function $x$ so that $\{x\circ \phi_k:k\in \mathbb{N}\}$ is dense in $\overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$.

Furthermore, the universal element $x$ has the form
\[x=\prod_{j=1}^{\infty}x_j\] for some sequence of continuous (up to $\overline{\mathbb{D}^n}$) inner functions $\{x_j\}_{j\in \mathbb{N}}$.

\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
We first note that the theorem is actually stronger than is stated in that we only require a subsequence of $(\alpha_1^k,...,\alpha_n^k)$ to converge to $\mathbb{T}^n$ as $k\rightarrow \infty$.  So, without loss of generality, we may assume $(\alpha_1^k,...,\alpha_n^k)\rightarrow (\alpha_1,...,\alpha_n) \in \mathbb{T}^n$ as $k\rightarrow \infty$.
Then by Proposition \ref{prop3}, $C_{\phi_k}:\overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))\rightarrow \overline{\textit{Ball}}(H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n))$ is surjective, so has a right inverse, denoted by $C_{\phi_k}^{-1}$.
We let $\phi_{k_l}$ be a subsequence of $\phi_k$ with the following properties.
\begin{enumerate}
    \item $(\theta_1^{k_l},...,\theta_n^{k_l})\rightarrow (\theta_1,...,\theta_n)$ as $l\rightarrow \infty$.
    \item $p_{k_l}=p_{k_{l+1}}:=p$ for all $l\in \mathbb{N}$.

\end{enumerate}

We note that \[\phi_{k_l}^{-1}=\left(e^{i\theta^{k_l}_{p^{-1}(1)}}\frac{a^{k_l}_{p^{-1}(1)}-z_{p^{-1}(1)}}{1-\overline{a^{k_l}_{p^{-1}(1)}}z_{p^{-1}(1)}},...,e^{i\theta^{k_l}_{p^{-1}(n)}}\frac{a^{k_l}_{p^{-1}(n)}-z_{p^{-1}(n)}}{1-\overline{a^{k_l}_{p^{-1}(n)}}z_{p^{-1}(n)}}\right).\]
Since $\phi_{k_l}$ and $\phi_{k_l}^{-1}$ are not necessarily equal, we need to define dense (in the ball of $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$) sets $\mathcal{D}_0$ and $\mathcal{D}_1$ so that $C_{\phi_{k_l}}\mathcal{D}_0\rightarrow 1$ and $C_{\phi_{k_l}^{-1}}\mathcal{D}_1\rightarrow 1$ as $l\rightarrow \infty$. Then we can apply the semigroup universality criterion seen in Theorem \ref{One}.

One can show that for any $g\in C(\overline{\mathbb{D}^n})$, $g\circ \phi_{k_l}\rightarrow g(\lambda)$ uniformly on compact subsets of $\mathbb{D}^n$ as $l\rightarrow \infty$ where  \[\lambda:=(e^{i\theta_1}\alpha_1,...,e^{i\theta_n}\alpha_n)=\lim_{l\rightarrow \infty}\left(e^{i\theta_1^{k_l}}\alpha_1^{k_l},...,e^{i\theta_n^{k_l}}\alpha_n^{k_l}\right).\]  Furthermore, $g\circ \phi_{k_l}^{-1} \rightarrow g(\gamma)$ uniformly on compact subsets of $\mathbb{D}^n$ as $l\rightarrow \infty$, where \[\gamma:=(e^{i\theta_{p^{-1}(1)}}\alpha_{p^{-1}(1)},...,e^{i\theta_{p^{-1}(n)}}\alpha_{p^{-1}(n)})=\lim_{l\rightarrow \infty}\left(e^{i\theta_{p^{-1}(1)}^{k_l}}\alpha_{p^{-1}(1)}^{k_l},...,e^{i\theta_{p^{-1}(n)}^{k_l}}\alpha_{p^{-1}(n)}^{k_l}\right).\]

For $G_{j,\lambda}$ and $G_{j,\gamma}$ as defined in Proposition \ref{denseprop}, we define \[\mathcal{D}_0:=\{G_{j,\lambda}:j\in \mathbb{N}\}\] and \[\mathcal{D}_1:=\{G_{j,\gamma}:j\in \mathbb{N}\}.\]

Then if $C_{\phi_{k_l}}$ is defined as the composition operator on $H(\mathbb{D}^n)$, one can show that
\[C_{\phi_{k_l}}\mathcal{D}_0\rightarrow 1\] and \[C_{\phi_{k_l}}^{-1}\mathcal{D}_1\rightarrow 1\] uniformly on compact subsets of $\mathbb{D}^n$ as $l\rightarrow \infty$.  By Proposition \ref{denseprop}, $\mathcal{D}_0$ and $\mathcal{D}_1$ are dense in the ball of $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D}^n)$ equipped with the compact-open topology.  Thus we can conclude by Theorem \ref{One} that there exists a universal inner function $x$ for $C_{\phi_k}$.  Furthermore,
$x=\prod_{j\in \mathbb{N}}x_j$ for some $\{x_j\}\subset \mathcal{D}_0$, implying $x_j\in C(\overline{\mathbb{D}^n})$ for all $j\in \mathbb{N}$.

\end{proof}

\section{Acknowledgements}
I wish to thank Kit Chan for useful discussions and comments on an earlier draft of this paper.  I also wish to thank the anonymous referee for the helpful comments.

\bibliographystyle{amsalpha}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The track, called Sue (Or In A Season Of Crime), is under wraps until it is premiered this weekend but is said to be "jazz-oriented".
The song – also to feature on a forthcoming collection drawn from across his half century recording career – was recorded in New York in the summer with the Maria Schneider Orchestra, featuring eminent brass soloists.
It is his first new material since the release of his unexpected comeback album The Next Day, which came out last year after almost almost a decade away from the studio.
Despite his regular changes of style, he has rarely touched on jazz in his lengthy career. He collaborated with jazz guitarist Pat Metheny in the Eighties but the resulting single This Is Not America was not wholly jazz.


Sometimes I feel like the universe is working against me and some clients. This family had a session scheduled a while back but we had to reschedule because their oldest son scraped his face up pretty badly at school. We finally got to do the session tonight and half way through, it started pouring. 🙁 I still got some great shots and can't wait to finish up our session tomorrow! On my way home, it stopped raining and this most amazing rainbow came out just as I was coming out of the grocery store! I had to call home to tell Ryder to wake Mya up so that she could see it. I just couldn't keep it to myself. Of course my phone picture doesn't even begin to really show how magnificent it was! Everyone in the parking lot was taking pictures and oohing and aahing. Something about rainbows just leaves you feeling so happy and at peace. I couldn't wait to get home to put River to bed. 🙂 Man, I love my life! So stay tuned for more of this family coming up tomorrow!
I just loved this little boy. One year old is the best age!
This little guy was a ton of fun and kept me on my toes! He was full of energy!


text:
Славутицька міська територіальна громада — територіальна громада в Україні, у Вишгородському районі Київської області. Адміністративний центр — місто Славутич.

Площа громади — 20,33 км², населення —  осіб (2020).

Утворена 12 червня 2020 року зі Славутицької міської ради обласного значення.

Громада є ексклавом Київської області на території Чернігівської області, з усіх боків оточена територією Любецької селищної територіальної громади Чернігівського району.

Населені пункти
У складі громади 1 населений пункт — місто Славутич.

Джерела

Громади Вишгородського району
Засновані в Україні 2020


Rich in Olive Oil, plant extracts and hyaluronic acid of biotechnological origin, this cream provides the contours of the eye with nourishment, hydration and protection. The light and delicate cream, which is immediately absorbed, is perfect for both in the morning to relieve morning puffiness and in the evening, to maximize its benefits while sleeping. It is an excellent base for makeup, making it easier to apply and last longer.


text:
Essay on jOURNEY KINSHIP
Submitted By mhwh54
Our cultural mentor was sick with the flu this week and agreed to speak over the phone. I text him before our phone conversation and asked if we could talk about his childhood and family. He was a little hesitant but agreed, I assured him that we would stop at any point he felt uncomfortable. I prepared questions that would gain more information on our mentor's family structure, community and how he feels being the oldest of eight children. I requested more time for the interview process but due to his illness he requested that we speak a few times during the weekend to complete our conversations.
Description: Percy describes his family as upper middle class, mother Brenda was a registered nurse and father Fred is a retired contractor business owner. His father built there family home which he still lives in today. His mother Brenda died at the hands of a drunk driver when he was sixteen. Her death was a life changing event, which made him feel responsible as the oldest of eight for his siblings. He was born on a grand parent's farm in Wasco CA, but the family moved to town after an incident where Percy fell in the creek and family dog Brownie barked until his mother came out of the house and realized he was missing and pulled him to safety from the creek. Soon after that scare his father Fred built their family home in Bakersfield and the family started growing, his parents wanted to have at least eight children. There are four girls and four boys including Percy, who feels he has spent his life being a parent figure to them all. Presently there are two boys and four girls. The community they grew up in had many family members close by, four households of family members lived on the same street. Percy felt that his childhood was great and the extended family kept them all busy. In total there were over thirty people on that street related either maternal and or paternal, it was like a party every Sunday's when they shared family dinner. Being known as one of the Smith children always made him proud and they learned through their parents that community and their neighborhood was important. His father still lives in the same place and Percy places value on that community and is involved with rental property in the Bakersfield area. Percy said, "most of his true friends still live and or connected to the same community and that what real community is about". When he was a child playing outside with his sibling was the highlight of his life. Children in his family had no cares are worries but to just be happy. Percy's belief in Christ was built on his mother's teaching and her example of the love that she gave freely to all her children.
Growing up around his extended family made life simply and full of love. Within their family you had many moms and dads because all the grownup played a role in raising all the children in the family. Many of his spanking for disobeying were given by his maternal grandmother Ms. Lizzy who was the baby sister, cook and any other roles that needed to be handled while his parents were at work. Most of the businesses in the community were owned by residents and that made a big impression on Percy and that's why being a business owner is important to him. Many of his cultural tradition keeps him connected today to the community he grew up in.
Education was a normal part of his life, his parent were continual learners and expected them to be also. Percy was raised in a house where God and education was the focus. They have many professional in their family, his youngest brother is a doctor, two middle sisters are nurses, oldest sister is an educator and the baby sister is a lawyer. Percy himself, graduated from Bakersfield High School and went on to…
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What class is rotifer?
What class is rotifer? Rotifers belong to the superphylum Platyzoa. Rotifers are typically divided into three classes—Monogononta, Bdelloidea, and Seisonidea—although Acanthocephala (spiny-headed worms, thorny-headed worms) are sometimes placed with Rotifera as well.
What family are rotifers? Two classes of rotifers are recognized: class Pararotatoria, comprising a single small family Seisonidae; and class Eurotatoria, containing subclasses Bdelloidea and Monogononta (Segers, 2002; Wallace et al., 2006). Seisonids are exclusively marine and obligatorily sexual.
Is Rotifera protozoa? Rotifers are small multicellular organisms living in pond water that feed on other protozoa, bacteria and algae. This one is shown at about 400X using DIC microscopy and surrounded by 3 smaller euglena – flagellated protozoa. Rotifers are one of the most common animals found in pond water.
How do I identify my rotifer? As the name suggests (wheel animals/wheel-bearer), Rotifers are characterized by a ciliated corona located at the anterior end (head part of the organism). Currently, about 2000 species of the phylum have been identified.
What class is rotifer? – Related Questions
Is a Rotifera Heterotroph or Autotroph?
About 10–40 per cent of rotifers' food can consist of heterotrophic organisms of the microbial web. Field experiments have indicated that rotifer grazing should generally play a minor role in bacteria consumption compared to feeding by coexisting protozoans.
Is rotifer eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Is a rotifer prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Background. Although prevalent in prokaryotes, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is rarer in multicellular eukaryotes. Bdelloid rotifers are microscopic animals that contain a higher proportion of horizontally transferred, non-metazoan genes in their genomes than typical of animals.
Is a rotifer an omnivore?
Rotifers are primarily omnivorous, but some species have been known to be cannibalistic. Rotifers are in turn prey to carnivorous secondary consumers, including shrimp and crabs.
What type of microorganism is a rotifer?
Rotifers are a group of free-living, planktonic pseudocoelomates characterized by possessing a wheel of cilia called a corona at the anterior end. There is an alternation of parthenogenic and sexual reproduction in the life cycle of rotifers.
What is Corona in rotifer?
Most rotifers are aquatic micrometazoans that use their anterior crown of cilia, called the corona, for food collection and swimming.
Are rotifers cnidarians?
The Cnidarians (jellyfish and their relatives) represent the basal animals. The Lophotrochozoans (Phyla Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida and Rotifera) represent one of the major groups of invertebrates outside of the arthropoda.
Are rotifers Monoecious or dioecious?
Figure shows the anatomy of a rotifer belonging to class Bdelloidea. About 2,200 species of rotifers have been identified. Rotifers are dioecious organisms (having either male or female genitalia) and exhibit sexual dimorphism (males and females have different forms).
What kind of organism is a protozoa?
Protozoa are single celled organisms. They come in many different shapes and sizes ranging from an Amoeba which can change its shape to Paramecium with its fixed shape and complex structure. They live in a wide variety of moist habitats including fresh water, marine environments and the soil.
Is a Rotifera Heterotroph?
The 1,500 to 2,000 species in the phylum Rotifera, like other members of the kingdom Animalia, are multicellular, heterotrophic (dependent on other organisms for nutrients), and lack cell walls.
What does the word rotifer mean?
: any of a class (Rotifera of the phylum Aschelminthes) of minute usually microscopic but many-celled chiefly freshwater aquatic invertebrates having the anterior end modified into a retractile disk bearing circles of strong cilia that often give the appearance of rapidly revolving wheels.
Are rotifers unicellular or multicellular?
Rotifers are multicellular organisms (about 1,000 cells) with body cavities that are partially lined by mesoderm. These invertebrates have specialized organ systems and a complete digestive tract that includes both a mouth and an anus.
Are rotifers decomposers?
There are larger physical decomposers:
Mites, centipedes, sow bugs, snails, millipedes, springtails, spiders, slugs, beetles, ants, flies, nematodes, flatworms, rotifers, and earthworms. These grind, suck and chew materials into smaller pieces.
Why are rotifers not studied by microbiologists?
Microscopic organisms such as rotifers are not studied by microbiologists. These microorganisms typically cannot be seen without a microscope, although some can be seen with the naked eye (bread molds).
Why rotifers are considered as parthenogenetic organisms?
SYNOPSIS. The class Rotifera includes species which reproduce solely by apomictic female parthenogenesis and species which alternate this "asexual" reproduction with ordinary sexual reproduction. Rotifers are opportunistic or colonising organisms, which implies selection for rapid reproduction.
Is a Rotifera single celled organism?
Are rotifers single-celled or multicellular organisms? Rotifers are multicellular animals; instead, amoeba, euglena, and paramecium are single-celled organisms. Most rotifers are composed of an average of about 1,000 cells. Rotifers are small but fully functional organisms with several specialized organ systems.
Are rotifers bacteria?
Although the culture-dependent method indicated the bacterial community of rotifers was relatively similar to that of the culture water, 16S rRNA gene clone library analyses revealed a great difference between the two microbiotas.
What type of Coelom do rotifers have?
Roundworms (Nematoda) and rotifers (Rotifera) have a body cavity (coelom) where organs are found and that can serve as a hydrostatic skeleton. Their coelom is called a pseudocoelom because it is not completely lined by mesoderm. They have a true coelom that is completely lined by the mesoderm layer.
Are rotifers helpful or harmful?
Rotifers in the wild have little significance to humans. They may have some economic significance, however, because many species are cultured as a food source for aquariums and cultured filter-feeding invertebrates and fish fry. They also may be used as biological pollution indicators.
What is microscopic pond rotifer?
Rotifers (Rotifera) are microscopic animals with about 1,000 cells. Most are around 100-500µm long and are common in freshwater throughout the world with a few saltwater species. There are about 2,000 different species classified into three classes. "Rotifera" is derived from Latin and means "wheel-bearer".
How are cnidarians classified?
Cnidarians are classified into four main groups: non-moving (sessile) Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals, sea pens); Cubozoa (box jellies);swimming Scyphozoa (jellyfish); and Hydrozoa, a broad group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms. Cnidaria have no organs like hearts or lungs.
Are rotifers motile?
Few rotifers reach 2-3mm but most less than 1mm. Distribution: Mostly freshwater, but marine forms are known. Locomotion: Most are motile and quite active swimmers or crawlers. Food gathering: Rotifers are ciliary suspension feeders, with developed coronal cilia and grinding mastax.


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Q: VMs, Oracle VirtualBox I set up 3 VMs Oracle VirtualBox with ubuntu 14.04, and I want to use one of them as Management Node an the other 2 as  Compute Node.
Did anyone have idea about that?
Thanks in advance.
Soma

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