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Having the Feel of Room Get away Games
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Relieve Stress by Playing Space Escape Games


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Imported Apparel and Its Impact
From attire to accessories, the right combination of textile, color, and pattern allows us to express our personalities, ambitions, and, most importantly, our sense of style. In New York City, the largest retail market in the country, the desire to shop is fueling a growing apparel market, accounting for more than $15 billion in annual sales. While going to a favorite store to search for a particular item may be easy to do, it is the result of a long, concentrated process—and the Port of New York and New Jersey plays a pivotal role in this process. More than 900 fashion companies are headquartered inRead More →
In: Econ Insight, Industry News/Advisory
Econ Insight Episode 26: Using Integrated Geospatial Data Analysis to Understand Cross-Harbor Freight Activity
The office Alexander Heil, Chief Economist for The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, has just released Econ Insight podcast Episode 26. Wherein Port Authority transportation analysts Jeffrey Brauner & Ahmed Ismail cover the integrated geospatial data analysis being performed at the agency to better understand cross-harbor freight activity and its relationship to regional markets. Listen to the podcast here: ow.ly/egjD30hx9mb * * * For more information on the Port of New York and New Jersey, please visit: www.portnynj.com. Follow the Port of NY & NJ on Twitter: @portnynj. Follow the Port of NY & NJ on Instagram: @portnynj. Follow the Port of NY& NJ LinkedIn Users Group: https://www.linkedin.com/groups/3822045.Read More →
In: Econ Insight
Industry Report Shows Large Uptick in Port Jobs, Income
At a press conference held last week, the New York Shipping Association (NYSA) released its 2017 report, The Economic Impact of the New York-New Jersey Port Industry. The seventh iteration of this study, the document examines the Port of New York and New Jersey's economic activity in 2016, and concludes that "The significant economic contribution the Port of New York and New Jersey makes to this region [was] demonstrated once again" during that year. The document shows that, in the two years since NYSA's previous Economic Impact report, which covered 2014, the port has significantly increased the number of jobs it offers, as well asRead More →
In: Econ Insight, Industry News/Advisory, Trade Stats
Cost Reductions Announced at Port NY & NJ
Port officials today announced cost reductions for use of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Effective May 1, 2016, the container charge for containers whose destination lies within 260 miles of the port has been reduced by 5.3 percent from $94.00 to $89.00 in all trades except in the Bermuda Trade, which retains its rate of $25.00. The new rates further a trend to reducing operational costs at the Port of New York and New Jersey while welcoming new business and demonstrating loyalty to the old. Cargo containers whose destination lies within 260 miles of the port comprise approximately 60 percent of all containersRead More →
In: Costs, Econ Insight, Events
RFP Issued for New Master Plan at Port NY & NJ
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced on Monday April 11, 2016 that it would undertake a comprehensive review of the Port of New York and New Jersey's more than 3,000 acres of cargo facilities to better evaluate and plan for future growth, improve operations, and enhance revenue plus opportunities for job creation. The agency simultaneously issued a publicly advertised Request for Proposals (RFP 45736) as part of its search for a planning consultant to develop a long-range Maritime Master Plan to guide the port's future growth and development over the next 25 to 30 years. The Port of NY & NJRead More →
In: Capital Investments, Econ Insight, Events

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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No Laughing Matter: Richard Pryor's Grandson Accused Of Domestic Violence By Ex-Girlfriend
Apr. 3 2014, Published 7:27 a.m. ET
A 19-year-old Pennsylvania woman said that her ex-boyfriend Randise Pryor, the 23-year-old grandson of comic icon Richard Pryor, beat her so severely she needed to visit the emergency room.
Pryor, 23, was charged with simple assault and harassment in the Feb. 27 incident with his ex-girlfriend, Wilkes-Barre native Karly Mason, as she went to his home to retrieve her belongings nearly two weeks after their Valentine's Day split.
"He took my head and smashed it against the wall," Mason, who'd been dating the comedy heir since Sept. 2013, told the ENQUIRER. "I didn't try to fight back and started to leave, but then he pushed me into the bathroom and continued to punch me."
In court papers filed Mar. 1, Mason said Pryor treated her "like crap" and "just wasn't a nice person" in the five months they'd been a couple.
Mason told the ENQUIRER that her fling with Pryor was pretty much doomed from the get-go, as it lacked the give-and-take dynamic necessary in any relationship.
"He stayed with me every night," she said. "He didn't have anywhere else to stay and didn't have a job or money. He neglected me, and I felt like he was just using me for a place to stay, for my car, and because I had a job and was making money.
"If he didn't have cigarettes or food, he would blame me."
For more on this story, check out this week's edition of the ENQUIRER.


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Rights and Responsibilities of Participants in Networked Communities (1994)
Chapter: 6 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTERESTS
PDF FREE Download Paperback $27.00 Add to Cart
« Previous: 5 ELECTRONIC VANDALISM
Suggested Citation:"6 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTERESTS." National Research Council. 1994. Rights and Responsibilities of Participants in Networked Communities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4814.
Intellectual Property Interests
Protection of intellectual property interests, whether by copyright, trade secret, patent, trademark, export law, or even encryption, is no simple matter even in traditional communications media. Restrictions on photocopying are violated routinely, though certain types of photocopying are protected by law under fair-use provisions. Pop music is created through "sampling" of other compositions, a practice of debatable legality that has parallels in electronic communications. National approaches to property protection differ, while the status of international copyright law is somewhat murky1; and some U.S. laws related to intellectual property are so arcane that users may not even be aware of their existence or applicability.
International agreements such as the Universal Copyright Convention set minimum standards for copyright laws, but nations still have divergent views of what copyright means, according to Steven J. Metalitz, vice president and general counsel for the Information Industry Association. For example, U.S. tradition holds that "copyright is a limited monopoly that's given to encourage and give incentive to creation," while Europeans view intellectual property as "an extension of the author's personality," Metalitz said. In an effort to promote strong international standards for intellectual property rights, the United States in 1989 signed the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works; virtually every major nation is a signatory of that convention. See U.S. Department of Commerce, Globalization of the Mass Media, National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), Special Publication 93-290, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1993.
Within this sphere of uncertainty, electronic networks generate special concerns, and indeed the Internet itself is playing a significant role in changing the nature of publication.2 For example, in the research community, professional societies are investigating ways to offer their journals through the Internet, and some have already begun to do so. Many researchers would like to effectively circumvent the traditional publication process, which can lead to years of delay, and make their work available on the network for free. In other instances, many individuals hesitate to use the Internet at all, fearing—with some arguable justification—that material they created may be appropriated by others without permission.
The research community is not the only one affected. The on-line availability of various publications raises questions regarding the limits of electronic redistribution of print articles in general. In June 1994, the ClariNet Communications Corporation, publisher of an Internet newspaper, was asked by Knight-Ridder Tribune and its Tribune Media Services Division to cease its electronic publication of syndicated columns written by Dave Barry and Mike Royko, due to concerns about too much information piracy occurring on "the net." It seems that a subscriber to ClariNet, the electronic newspaper, sent a copy of a Dave Barry column from the ClariNet, presumably by e-mail, to a nonsubscriber mailing list, where it then reached a Knight-Ridder employee who reported it to executives at Knight-Ridder. In July 1994, the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights of the administration's Information Infrastructure Task Force released a draft report on how copyright law and practices may need to be updated in an age of highly interconnected electronic networks. The report proposes, for example, that existing law be clarified to ensure that copyright law protects the creator of works that are disseminated through electronic networks.3
Although intellectual property is traditionally the domain of copyright, patents, and trade secrets, most of the discussion of intellectual property
For example, a recent CSTB study, Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1994), found that "there is … broad appreciation that a robust market for networked information and resources is fundamental to the success of the evolving National Information Infrastructure." Nevertheless, it is "much less certain … how intellectual property protection can or should evolve to fit the networked environment" (p. 160).
See Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure, a preliminary draft of the report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights, Information Infrastructure Task Force, July 1994. A revised version will be developed after public comment and input are received.
matters in a networked environment is related to copyright, and discussions at the February 1993 forum reflected this weighting. Both scenarios in this chapter are university-based because the university is a domain in which the clash among competing values and rights (e.g., the value of the free and easy availability of knowledge and information versus the right to receive compensation for one's intellectual work) is often played out most clearly.
BACKGROUND: COPYRIGHT PROTECTION
The Copyright Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-553) protects "original works of authorship" that are "fixed in a tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated either directly or with the aid of a machine or device."4 The owner of a copyright has exclusive rights to (1) reproduce the copyrighted work; (2) prepare derivative works; (3) distribute copies to the public by rental, lease, or lending; (4) perform the work; and (5) display the work publicly.5 These and other provisions are delineated in the United States Code Annotated, Title 17, Sections 101-120.
Copyright protection clearly applies to certain types of electronic materials. The 1980 amendments to the Copyright Act of 1976 expressly protect computer programs as literary works. The original expression of information in databases can be copyrighted, though the facts themselves cannot, a position reinforced by the Supreme Court decision in Feist v. Rural Telephone (see Chapter 3). This case eliminated copyright protection for white pages telephone directories, and some believe that it has had a significant impact on the business and practices of on-line database providers.
Original and creative text can be copyrighted as well, although enforcing this protection can be onerous. An example raised by attorney Lance Rose in the November 1992 workshop is that long e-mail messages could probably be protected under copyright law, but for practical reasons (i.e., the legal costs) there may be no legal recourse for violations. Other original and creative intellectual creations whose status is ambiguous under current law include the "look and feel" of an on-line service and a short e-mail message created by one person but posted publicly by another.
For users and system operators, it can be difficult to identify
U.S. Department of Commerce, Globalization of the Mass Media, 1993.
copyrighted materials, because current legal practice does not require posting of a copyright notice (though notice is still required to qualify for recovery of certain damages). Thus, the burden is on the user to know the law. Nevertheless, at least some network operators, notably commercial information services, strive to keep copyrighted materials off their networks. Commercial software is fairly easy to identify and remove, but graphics are more difficult, according to Stephen M. Case, president of America OnLine. (Even if images are copyrighted, it is relatively simple to strip copyright notices from them in such a way that there is no indication that they are protected by copyright.) Case takes this responsibility to heart, even though he employs contractors to review system files.6
A 1993 federal court case, Playboy Enterprises Inc. v. Frena, described in Chapter 3, underscores the need for caution, as it held that a finding of copyright infringement did not require an intent to infringe. In another case involving the posting of copyrighted video games on a public system with the knowledge and encouragement of the system operator, a federal court granted a temporary injunction in favor of the copyright holder on the grounds that it was unlikely that a fair-use defense would be successful.7
SCENARIO 1: DATABASE AGREEMENT IS VIOLATED
The library of a large university connected to the Internet subscribes to an electronic database (accessible via a gateway on the library system) and an electronic journal (to be distributed to subscribers by electronic mail). The database owner provides access for up to six users at a time, for a flat fee to be paid by the library. A student exceeds the six-user limit on the database.
As Case observed, "… the reality of it is the customer is a whole [lot] less accountable for anything on the system. They are paying money to us. They are calling us when they have problems. … [T]hey are going to hold us accountable. Similarly, from a practical standpoint, any company that believes we are committing an infringing action will hold us liable." Case's point also applies to music as well.
Sega Enterprises Ltd. et al. v. Maphia et al., 1004 U.S. Dist. Ct. for the Northern District of California, March 18, 1994.
Issue: Licenses, Copyrights, and Enforcement Responsibilities
Forum participants generally agreed that the database subscription agreement, or license, should be enforced by the university, not the provider, in Scenario 1. Karen Hunter, vice president and assistant to the chair of Elsevier Science Inc., said her company asks its licensee universities to "reinforce the notion of copyright" and to stress the ethics of database use with faculty and students. Hunter's chief concern is not how but whether the university tries to enforce its agreement. The six-user limit in the scenario presumably applies to a price, she noted; if the university cannot keep the system secure, then the price needs to be renegotiated.
Robert A. Simons, general counsel and secretary for DIALOG Information Services, said universities have a duty to comply with their subscription agreements; the question is whether their controls are reasonable and, if a student somehow bypasses reasonable controls, whether the university has violated the contract. Such an incident probably would not concern the provider, he said, unless it occurred frequently and the university obviously was not exercising any control.
If a faculty member violated the user limit, then the infraction would become more serious, because a faculty member may be viewed as an agent of the university, Simons said. "[For] faculty members, I think there is an even higher duty, not only on their part but particularly on the university's part to educate them as to what is right and what is wrong," he said. "I think the university has an affirmative [duty] to publish 'do's' and 'don'ts' with respect to its network system, much as it has the duty to post a sign on its photocopy machine in order that it not be deemed a vicarious or contributory infringer."
Peter W. Martin, a Cornell Law School professor and former dean, said the university should have a rule and a disciplinary mechanism for dealing with the student in Scenario 1. University rules and regulations traditionally address issues that "get at the core of the academic enterprise" and also affect the university community, and this situation meets those criteria, he said. "[T]he traditional mind-set would be to say to any third party …, 'That's an internal matter for us; you can't force us to discipline.' And unless a faculty member or library administrator or some other student cares and sort of launches a disciplinary proceeding, it won't happen." At Cornell, Martin said, administrators would care enough about the contractual agreement with the database provider that they would initiate a disciplinary proceeding.
Nancy M. Cline, dean of university libraries at Pennsylvania State
University, was concerned about the need to be responsive to copyright issues and said that expectations of behavior can be conveyed through policy guidelines, faculty contracts, and student codes of conduct; once such expectations are conveyed, the personal responsibility for appropriate use rests with individuals. Beyond that, she was concerned about the prospect of being asked to enforce certain types of contractual provisions having to do with access, pointing out the difficulty of doing so as well as the concern for privacy rights. Her purchasing decisions are based in part on the expectations and obligations tied to particular products. For example, Cline can enforce concurrent user limitations but has difficulty predicting the number of users (a total some providers request to assure profits). It is difficult to "predict safely some of those boundaries without jeopardizing the nature of scholarship," she said.
In that vein, she warned against focusing strictly on tight access controls—whether through strict limitations on the number of users or through the imposition of "per-access" fees that would effectively exclude the majority of students—without considering the purposes of education and research. Universities should not be "blocking off access [to knowledge] and controlling it so rigorously through contract or other types of containment processes … that it would change the very nature of scholarship and research. … There's a vitality to a lot of research that is predicated on people being able to discover and find and use things that may not necessarily come to them through the usual channels." She continued, "There is a great deal of discovery that goes on in a university context that is serendipitous. People wander into things and thereby branch out and discover a new technique, a new application, whatever. … I would hate to see a graduate from microbiology go out into the workplace never having been able to use MEDLINE8 or some of these other [network] resources just because he or she was the twenty-first student in a 20-workstation contract." She further argued that limitations on access to certain materials reduce the likelihood that those materials will be used and that if people cannot readily use these materials, there may be no need for these materials to be generated in the first place.
Panel members could not offer an ideal mechanism for restricting use. Simons said counting individual users is almost impossible and makes little sense: "Publishers were almost unanimous in agreeing that counting noses or heads is not the same as counting workstations. …
MEDLINE is an electronic bibliographic database produced by the National Library of Medicine.
It's almost impossible, and it's an impractical approach to try to count noses. It's as if one is saying that without a copyright issue, I'm going to post something with a thumbtack on a bulletin board, but only if you allow 20 people to look at it, and not 21. … That doesn't make much sense in either a copyright environment or a commercial environment." On the other hand, the number of workstations with simultaneous access to the relevant files could be restricted. But Ronald L. Plesser, an attorney specializing in new information technologies, questioned whether physical access should be limited. He noted that many universities issue personal identification numbers that can be used at various workstations. He said that pricing strategies for handling such situations will evolve in the marketplace.
Pamela Samuelson, a professor of intellectual property law at the University of Pittsburgh, expressed concern about requiring users to know and abide by all the details of many different licensing agreements. She agreed that universities should foster discussions and establish guidelines regarding appropriate behavior on electronic networks, suggesting that universities help foster a consensus about what is "reasonable within that environment."
Plesser and Simons said current copyright law works fairly well in the electronic environment, though improvements are certainly possible. Plesser said the breakdown comes in enforcement. There are two problems, he said: how to know when someone takes proprietary electronic material and plagiarizes it or alters it, and how to identify the perpetrator so that he or she can be held liable for damages or payment. "We've got to create maybe some new mechanisms of enforcement, collection, [and] payment," he stated.
Emphasizing the distinction between licensing and copyright protections, Plesser said licenses may be issued both for copyrighted works and for databases that may not be copyrighted, and so copyright law is not always relevant to property protection. "The fact that you can't copyright [material] or may not be able to enforce the copyright does not necessarily mean you can't license it, control the use, and control the issue," he said. "So I think the law comes from two places." He noted that the Feist case (described in Chapter 3) raised some of these issues.
Simons predicted that a mechanism will be developed whereby users may obtain duplicates of copyrighted electronic materials for a fee; a notice specifying acceptable and unacceptable uses of the materials could be placed on copyrighted material so that users would be sure of the restrictions. A system of this nature would transform electronic networks used for information access into an electronic
bookstore, he suggested. ''Once we do that, those publishers and authors who are currently worried about placing their valuable data into this morass … will say, 'Aha, it's now a marketplace where I can go and buy and sell my wares. …'"
Issue: Fair Use
Computer and network technology increases the ease with which electronic text can be copied, distributed, and altered. Thus, David Johnson wondered "if the copyright statutes that arose out of the print mechanisms are themselves becoming hopelessly outdated." He went on to note that we may need to "give up on an effort to protect particular artifacts of electronic text as if they were property and instead focus on how to control access to information through particular channels"; the proper route, he said, was to address "the repetitive distribution of information through channels like libraries and universities and institutions" and what that type of distribution would do to the nature of life in the affected communities.
Licensing agreements for the use of electronic documents alter a university's approach to discipline significantly, by effectively imposing a new definition of fair use,9 according to Martin. As a condition of providing service, the provider has nearly unlimited power to place any restraints whatever on usage as long as the university agrees to them in advance, he said. Martin described the agreement as overriding fair-use provisions, in that "the leverage is there for the provider to assert through license his own view of what is appropriate distribution of that information, without regard to what fair use under the copyright laws would allow." Martin further argued that "what's new about [the networking environment] and its licensing framework via the universities is that universities cannot, as they
Fair use is an exception to the rights of a copyright owner. These provisions (Title 17, Section 107) allow use of a work for limited purposes. Fair use is judged according to (1) the purpose of the use (i.e., commercial or private), (2) the nature of the original work (i.e., fiction or fact), (3) the extent of the portion used (i.e., brief or substantial), and (4) the effect of the use on the economic value of the original work. See M.F. Radcliffe, "Intellectual Property and Multimedia: Legal Issues in the New Media World," Multimedia 2000: Market Developments, Media Business Impacts and Future Trends, M. De Sonne, ed., National Association of Broadcasters, Washington, D.C., 1993, pp. 121-148. The recently issued preliminary draft of the report of the administration's working group on intellectual property rights points out that the last of these provisions has repeatedly been held to be the most important in determining the applicability of fair use, a point that is certain to grow in significance as networks make possible much larger markets for such work.
could with print materials, put up signs next to the copy machines [describing appropriate use] and then leave faculty and students to their own judgments, protected by fair-use provisions."
Samuelson, however, said that fair use is determined not by publishers but rather by law. "And I think it's really important to note, especially when you are dealing with university contexts, that there has to be some room for fair use that the community can participate in and not really rely on publishers to define what the scope of use is." Copyrighted electronic materials are covered by the fair-use provisions in copyright law, according to Samuelson; notions of fair use have been extended to the electronic environment in at least two precedent-setting legal cases.10
In general, Samuelson said, users are becoming increasingly sensitive to the boundaries of fair use, and a consensus is evolving that caution should be exercised in reproducing and widely distributing the material of other authors without explicit permission. She suggested that copyright law would remain as "a kind of net" but that new mechanisms for handling these issues will evolve as the Internet is used-increasingly for commercial services. She went on to predict "a kind of transition from today's environment, in which people basically exchange information without the expectation of the commercialization of that environment, to an environment where commercialization is a more routine [mechanism for distribution]."
Providers indicated that the question of who should determine fair use is difficult to answer. Hunter said publishers are not so much "dictating" fair use as trying to fill a legal void. Part of the problem is that, although the copyright guidelines of the National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (an advisory commission established in the late 1970s to address copyright issues as they related to new technologies) address fair use in library photocopying, there appears to be no legal precedent for electronic networks. "I think [fair use] will be defined by … negotiation and use and a lot of other things, but I don't think it's fair to say that the law provides for fair use in the electronic environment," Hunter
Samuelson cited Galoob Toys v. Nintendo of America and Sega v. Accolade. In the first case, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held in 1992 that Galoob's enhancement of Nintendo's Game Genie video game did not infringe on Nintendo's copyright, on the grounds that the Galoob enhancement did not incorporate any part of the Game Genie software but rather operated on the data bytes generated by that software (thus the enhancement was not a derivative work based on Game Genie) and that the Galoob enhancement did not harm the market for Game Genie (and was thus protected as fair use). Sega v. Accolade is described in Chapter 3.
said; "I don't think we have that yet." The confusion also was noted by Plesser, who represents trade associations and private companies.
Issue: Effects of Property Protection Concerns on Authors and Contributors
Some forum participants suggested that concerns about property protection keep potential contributors out of the electronic environment. In running a legal information institute at Cornell that distributes materials on the Internet, Martin finds that many individuals are afraid to contribute because any contribution they make can be appropriated by others: "They consider it like dumping some valuable watches into Central Park—[they] will be gone." He also discerned considerable confusion over the application of copyright law on electronic networks, particularly with regard to how copyrighted information may be used without the author's permission. Plesser agreed that many academics refuse to put their software, texts, or other materials on the Internet, for fear of losing "the value of their creation."
Hunter said the provider community is divided on this issue. "There are a lot of publishers who are very reticent about the whole network environment," she said. "There are others who say it's a reality, it's the future, and we have to get in and test it." (In the period since Hunter made these remarks, such tests have increased in number.11) She likened the situation to a story about the designer of a new campus who constructed the building but postponed laying down sidewalks for about six months, to "see what paths people generate. That's the kind of world we're in. I think we're trying to see how … [people] want to use the information."
Cline, on the other hand, said some groups of faculty are collaborating on the Internet with great intensity, having established community understandings about network use. Acceptance of the technology has gone so far that some institutions accept electronic publications in tenure evaluations, she said. She acknowledged the legitimacy of concerns about the quality of material "published" electronically, but she did not believe that such publications, suitably juried or reviewed, would be handicapped in comparison to print publications.12
See, for example, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council, Realizing the Information Future, 1994.
Of course, maintaining the standards of review may be problematic if the ease of publication and distribution translates into less care in preparation because of the lower barriers to becoming a publisher or distributor.
SCENARIO 2: FOREIGN USER COPIES ENCRYPTION SOFTWARE
A university is connected to the Internet. Under a joint effort of its alumni relations and industrial liaison programs, the university also provides library and Internet access for Company X, a small start-up business founded by university alumni, in return for stock options in Company X. To facilitate private communications, the university provides RSA-based public-key encryption software13 on its host computers, encourages the software's use, and maintains databases that facilitate the lookup of the public-keys of all users using the university as a node. Someone from Iraq accesses the university computers and downloads the software [which is not approved for export to Iraq].
Issue: Obligations to Monitor
Martin, as the owner of an Internet mailbox that may be accessed from foreign locations, said he feels no duty to monitor users who browse through his system. He is not concerned about someone adding or manipulating files because he controls those types of activities.
Other participants felt obliged to monitor their systems. Hunter said providers have some obligation to inspect their materials for violations of law. In the case of journal publication, inspection may be a responsibility of the editor or reviewer of articles to be published. Simons views the export issue as so important that his licensing agreements often require publishers to refrain from using any material that would constitute "encryption data" under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations or U.S. Department of Commerce rules.14 Otherwise, it would be possible to inadvertently "export"
"RSA" refers to a highly secure public-key encryption scheme. Software implementations are available in the United States and elsewhere, although the software is subject to U.S. export control laws.
As listed items on the U.S. Munitions List, certain highly capable cryptographic technologies are regulated by the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) administered by the Office of Munitions Control in the Department of State. Specifically, export of such technologies (and directly related technical data) is forbidden. In addition, under the Export Administration Act, the Department of Commerce controls the export of dual-use items, i.e., items that have substantial use that is both military and civilian. Certain computer products with encryption capabilities are regarded as dual-use, notwithstanding a general relaxation of controls on many computer and communications technologies in March 1994. The definition of "export" is subject to some debate.
such data and thus break the law, he said. He suggested that according to certain views of export control, the mere presence of foreign nationals in attendance at an unclassified domestic conference could be considered an export of technical data.
Lance Hoffman wondered whether faculty and universities understood their obligations at all. He cited his experience in teaching a class on encryption that includes students who are foreign nationals; all assignments are done on-line. This combination of factors raises the possibility of inadvertent "export" of materials that could be considered encryption data, which are treated as munitions and barred from export by U.S. law (the International Traffic in Arms Regulations). Hoffman said he doubted that university counsels are familiar with this law.
Issue: Obligations to Turn Over Records
Participants said the university would be obliged to turn over certain records to authorities as specified by law. Alan McDonald, a special assistant to the assistant director of the Technical Services Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), said an FBI request for transaction records would require cooperation from the university, like any other service provider. The situation probably is covered either by the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) or the general process of federal criminal procedure; the FBI might obtain a subpoena under United States Code Annotated, Title 18, Section 2703, he said.
Plesser agreed that the university would have to comply with the ECPA, assuming that the university, for billing purposes, kept records of which materials were accessed and that law enforcement authorities requested that information. The action required would depend in part on whether the request was for transactional or content data, a distinction that is difficult to make in the scenario, he said. (This issue is discussed further in Chapter 7.)
"The university can't just hand [the data] over on request," Plesser said. "They have to make sure that there is a legal process and that
it's quite defined, and that they are not notifying the person to whom [the information] relates."
The protection of intellectual property proprietary interests is problematic even outside the networking context. Concerns for such protection have become more widespread with the advent of easily available copying technologies such as photocopiers, tape recorders, and video cassette recorders (VCRs). Seen in this light, computer networks are yet another technology to facilitate copying.
At the same time, computer networks have properties that set them apart from other copying technologies. For example, computer networks make easy the large-scale redistribution of copied information. With photocopiers and VCRs, a separate copy must be made for each new recipient. However, on computer networks it can be as easy to send a copy of an electronic document (a book, a musical recording, a photographic reproduction of a painting) to a thousand people as to one person, and sending it to one can be trivial indeed.15 Moreover, while the laws of physics impose definite limitations on the extent of analog copying, digital copies can be made with perfect fidelity; thus digital copies can be made ad infinitum, vastly increasing the potential scope of redistribution through the remote access capabilities enabled by networks. While a photocopy of a book or a pirated video cassette recording or even a floppy disk must be physically carried from place to place to transfer information, a computer network can transfer information without such restrictions. Thus, laws and regulations based on impeding the movement of physical objects across geographical boundaries are increasingly difficult to enforce in a networked environment.
Previous copying technologies such as tape recorders and photocopiers have resulted in a legal regime based on the concept of fair use; much of the debate today revolves around the extent to which now-traditional concepts of fair use can be sustained in a networked environment. In addition, electronic digital technology changes the economic calculus. Before digital media and the network, the limited number and quality of copies and the limited distribution of those copies made individual copying insufficiently significant economically
Of course, such a statement does not take into account the struggles that many users encounter in their daily travails with user-unfriendly technologies and interfaces.
to merit enforcement. Digital reproduction and network distribution enable much broader circulation of higher-quality reproductions at the same expense of money and effort and thus have very different economic consequences and implications.
Finally, digitally stored information can be altered with relative ease. The same technology that enables perfect reproduction also allows changes to be introduced in reproductions with relative ease. A few keystrokes can modify an electronic document; absent the use of technology to guarantee that no changes have been made, such changes are undetectable.16 For example, digital photographs can be modified to show scenes that never existed, and the viewer will never know that they have been modified. Coupled with the ability to send anonymous or pseudonymous transmissions, the potential to alter information in largely undetectable ways raises new concerns and reinforces old ones about maintaining the integrity of information and protecting the rights of the creators of such information.
Technology is now available that can authenticate the integrity of digital data. It is possible to digitally "sign" a given bit stream (file) in such a way that any modification to the file while in transit, on a bulletin board, and so forth can be detected with very high confidence. However, it is also true that digital signature technology is not widely used today.
Next: 7 PRIVACY »
Rights and Responsibilities of Participants in Networked Communities Get This Book
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This book describes a number of social and legal issues as they relate to various members of electronically networked communities. After a brief introduction to relevant legal precedents and to the manner in which societies develop norms for social behavior, the book explores right and responsibilities related to free speech, vandalism, property interests, and privacy.
FRONT MATTER i–xii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1–5
1 THE NATURE OF ELECTRONIC NETWORKS 6–16
2 NETWORKS AND SOCIETY 17–30
3 LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ELECTRONIC NETWORKS 31–54
4 FREE SPEECH 55–68
5 ELECTRONIC VANDALISM 69–84
6 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTERESTS 85–98
7 PRIVACY 99–112
8 COMMON THEMES 113–120
A Network Technology 121–136
B Workshop Schedule and Session Descriptions 137–141
C Forum Statement of Purpose and Agenda 142–145
D Keynote Speech: Networked Communities and the Laws of Cyberspace 146–157
E Biographical Sketches 158–160


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Can I walk in without a scheduled visit time?
Yes. You are welcome to walk in and wait during our regular hours. You can check the walk-in wait time on our website.
How far in advance can I schedule a visit time?
You may sign up for an online visit time up to 24 hours in advance.
If the InstaCare office is closed, can I schedule a visit time for the next day?
Yes, you may schedule a visit time for the next day, or, you can connect with a doctor 24/7 via a phone or video visit through Cone Health Connected Care. You can register for a phone or video visit at any time.
InstaCare accepts cash, credit cards, debit cards, flexible spending account cards, and checks.
Does InstaCare file insurance claims for patients?
No. Insurance claims cannot be filed for services received at InstaCare visits.
What age patients does InstaCare treat?
The medical staff at InstaCare is qualified to treat nearly all ages — from children ages 12 months and older, and teens, to adults and seniors.
Where is the InstaCare office?
InstaCare Greensboro is located at 2800 Lawndale Drive, Suite 109 in Greensboro, across from Target. You may enter our door directly from the parking lot. Find us on the map.
InstaCare Burlington is located at 1238 Huffman Mill Road in Burlington, on the first floor of the campus of Alamance Regional Medical Center in the Grand Oaks Center. Find us on the map.
InstaCare Greensboro – Ample parking is available just outside of the InstaCare entrance.
InstaCare Burlington – Parking is available in front of the Grand Oaks Building. Once you walk through the front doors, you may check in to your left.
Who will provide my care and treatment at InstaCare?
Board-certified physician assistants and nurse practitioners who are qualified to treat both adults and children are our providers.
What is the connection between InstaCare and Cone Health?
InstaCare is a subsidiary of Cone Health, and all InstaCare staff members and providers are employees of Cone Health. This means InstaCare operates under the same high standards as all Cone Health facilities and locations. Should you need additional care or a follow-up visit, you will have access to the comprehensive network of Cone Health primary care doctors and specialists.


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Home / Eulogies / Police and Fire Eulogies / Eulogy for Police Officer
Eulogy for Police Officer
These police officers' funeral eulogies & eulogy verses are ideal if you, as a a fellow officer/commanding officer, have to speak at the funeral. Four are written for men and two for a woman but they are interchangeable. One of the eulogies is also suitable for an officer who has died in the line of service. There are also specific eulogies for an officer who has died after a long illness and ones for an officer who has died after a sudden/unexpected death.The eulogies of duty and loyalty and the commitment of a good police officer. They speak of sympathy for the family and of how much the deceased will be missed in the force.
Number of Speeches
Speech Suitability
A fellow officer or commanding officer of the deceased.
Speaking Time
Total speaking time for the 5 Speech(es) is 15 minutes
Number of Poems
SKU: EUPOC Categories: Eulogies, Military Speeches, Police and Fire Eulogies Tags: Eulogy, Military, Police
Giving a eulogy for police officer is challenging. We can help so don't struggle for words.
Our funeral eulogies are ideal if you, as a commanding officer or fellow officer, have to speak at the funeral. Four are written for men and two for a woman but they are interchangeable.
One of the eulogies is also suitable for an officer who has died in the line of service. There are also specific eulogies for an officer who has died after a long illness and ones for an officer who has died after a sudden/unexpected death.
The eulogies speak of duty and loyalty and the commitment of a good police officer. They speak of sympathy for the family and of how much the deceased will be missed in the force.
Each eulogy for police officer is complete in itself but you may want to use selected paragraphs from the pack. Our funeral verses offer you the opportunity to end your eulogy on a dignified and memorable note.
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The ASU School of Life Sciences Master's of Science in biology is a flexible, research-intensive program designed to prepare you to be competitive in a changing job market. You'll receive hands-on training and craft an individualized study program focused specifically on your research interests.
Do you have an adventurous spirit? This program is highly recommended for those who want to pursue a degree that encompasses a greater breadth of research or explore a career path that falls between traditional program boundaries. You'll develop foundational research skills, as well as design and complete your own research project.
ASU has been named as one of the top 100 most powerful global universities for research and teaching. Our students receive unparalleled support from their mentors and advisory committees during their time in the program.
Our master's in biology program will equip you with problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. You'll be prepared for a variety of careers including professional research positions in medical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology fields. Other career paths include teaching positions at high school and community college levels, further studies in a PhD program or medical school, or working in other industries in biological research and development.
The Master's of Science in biology offers students with a sense of adventure a place to explore the life sciences through multiple lenses. With only one core course and more than a dozen exciting research areas, you'll be able to craft a science niche of your very own. This degree requires the completion of 30 credit hours comprised of core and elective courses, research hours, and a thesis.
The Master of Science in biology program admits one group of students each year to begin study in the fall semester.
For the BS/MS program only, applications are accepted on a rolling basis for admission at any time. Top candidates are usually interviewed prior to admission to the program. Before applying, we encourage you to read our Tips for Applying.
Applications are accepted Oct. 1 - Dec. 15 to begin the program the following August. There is no guarantee that applications received after Dec. 15 will be reviewed. We will notify you of your admissions status by April 15.
Note: Your application is evaluated based on your entire application package.
Choose from more than one dozen major research areas including urban ecosystems, plant ecology, entomology, biomedical sciences, neuroscience, and more.
I must say that I like the flexible requirements we have for this degree program because it lets me choose what I want to learn! I can build the skills I want and I usually don't have to sit through lectures I don't need.
The Master's of Science in biology program supports research in your specific area of interest. You'll work with an advisor and your search committee to develop a program of study that includes the required coursework and research training but also focuses on your particular study area. To complete the program, you will be required to submit and defend a thesis by presenting your work in a public lecture, followed by an evaluation by your committee.
With a flexible curriculum, you will be able to create an adaptable and general master's degree that encompasses both traditional and interdisciplinary approaches in any area of biology. You'll take one core course, electives, research a thesis. Because our program is adaptable, you may choose from electives in areas that are outside of biology. 30 credits are required.


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Originating in 2005 and based in Los Angeles, Aquarium Drunkard is an eclectic audio journal focused on daily reviews, interviews, features, podcasts and sessions. Digging globally, AD bridges contemporary sounds with psych, jazz, avant-garde, folk, garage, funk and beyond. For heads, by heads.
After 14 years of music and culture writing, we've never had a 'donate button' or a pledge drive, but maintaining independent media requires support. To that end, we've launched a Patreon page. By pledging, you will not only receive bonus audio, printed ephemera, and records, but you'll make a statement about what matters to you. If you've ever been inspired via these pages, please consider backing us.
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The Last Picture Show (1971)
June 5, 2016 June 5, 2016 This or That Edition
What editions are available?
Theatrical Cut (118 min.)
Director's Cut (127 min.)
Peter Bogdanovich's The Last Picture Show is an important American film and a cinema classic. In 1992 Bogdanovich re-edited the film with additional footage and since then only the director's cut has been available on home video. Sony released the director's cut on DVD and the Criterion Collection did their signature special edition on the Blu-ray release. Bogdanovich states the following in one of two commentaries on the Criterion Collection Blu-ray:
"We were told to get the picture down to two hours. And when it was about two hours and ten minutes I said, "We're in deep danger now of losing things we shouldn't loose." I said "well, just keep on cutting, we gotta get it under two." Well, it was only my second picture, so I didn't have any, you know, cloud about it, I just tried to cut things that I thought could go without hurting the overall picture. So this is one of them, although it didn't hurt the picture, but I thought we could live with out it. If we had to, so we did. We got down to little tiny cuts too, like that scene in the movie theater that was really only about a couple of seconds that were cut out. But I did that because we were looking for seconds, we were adding up seconds to get it under two hours. It was really frustrating. That's one of the reasons I always thought the picture was a bit jerky in it's original form. It always seemed like it wasn't complete to me."
Source: Peter Bogdanovich's commentary recorded exclusively for the Criterion Collection in 1991
The director's preferred edition: Director's Cut
Comparison of the editions with courtesy of Movie-Censorship.com
Director's Cut Theatrical
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A Chance for Citizens to Contribute
by: Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Cousins Dennilyn Outerbridge-Zuill (left) and Zaynah Durham (center) teamed up with BIOS intern and event mentor Susie Hill on February 7th as volunteers with a BIOS-sponsored marine microplastics collection event, part of a larger, ongoing project to learn more about debris on Bermuda's beaches. The girls, who helped fellow volunteers sieve 2,800 gallons (10,800 liters) of sand, also earned community service credit required by Clearwater Middle School.
Bermudian Tiana Outerbridge first learned about marine plastics washing up on coastal shores and harming marine life from a Netflix documentary, which she said left her "totally dismayed" and feeling like "we must make a better effort of taking care of the earth." She found that opportunity this month, when BIOS educators offered local residents a chance to pitch in and learn more about ocean microplastics, pulverized plastic pieces smaller than cupcake sprinkles. As a pollutant, these accumulated bits can harm aquatic life and, potentially, human health.
Outerbridge, a 41-year-old registered nurse, joined the BIOS-sponsored microplastics collection effort on February 7th with her two teenage daughters and an 11-year-old niece, along with seven other volunteers. Their work, sifting beach debris as part of a larger, ongoing plastics study on Bermuda's beaches, earned each participant the title of "citizen scientist."
Registered nurse Tiana Outerbridge (right) and her daughter Zhuri Durham, a Cedarbridge Academy student, became "citizen scientists" through their volunteer work at BIOS. Outerbridge became aware of the marine debris issue after watching a documentary and wanted to involve her family to learn more. "The girls were surprised at the amount of trash that has washed upon our shores as well as the size and amount of microplastics in the sand," Outerbridge said.
As a winter wind blew that hazy Sunday morning at Cooper's Island Nature Reserve, the gathered volunteers and their BIOS mentors divided into smaller teams to sift debris from four tidal points at Well Bay and Long Bay beaches. After an hour of shaking sand through sieves, volunteers swept the accumulated bits of confetti-like green, blue, orange, and white microplastics into a container, then carefully poured the contents into clear bags.
While sieving, volunteer Claire Fox said "it was heartbreaking to see how much of the sand was actually tiny pieces of plastic. But it was also an inspiring experience because understanding the impact is a critical step in tackling the microplastics problem."
In total, the volunteers sieved a total of 2,800 gallons (10,800 liters) of sand. Afterward, the bagged debris was brought back to the lab at BIOS, where it will be dried, sorted, and categorized by size. Event coordinator and BIOS director of education and community engagement Kaitlin Noyes said that collections like these will be conducted monthly by citizen science volunteers, as well as local students, at the two beach locations. After a year, results will be tallied and shared with the Bermuda Marine Debris Taskforce.
Citizen scientist and Clearwater Middle School student Dennilyn Outerbridge-Zuill learned that microplastics come from a variety of sources, including from larger plastic debris that degrades into smaller pieces. In addition, microbeads, a type of microplastic, are tiny pieces of manufactured polyethylene plastic that are added as exfoliants to health and beauty products.
During the beach collection, curious walkers and cyclists stopped to ask Noyes questions. She explained how the seemingly harmless multicolored bits of plastics, which take hundreds or thousands of years to decompose, can be mistaken for food by marine life. Their chemical components also may make their way into the food chain and become ingested by people.
Microplastics come from a variety of sources, including larger plastic debris ranging from fishing nets to water bottles that degrade into smaller pieces. In addition, microbeads, a type of microplastic, are tiny pieces of manufactured polyethylene plastic that are often added as exfoliants to health and beauty products, such as cleansers and toothpastes.
Global estimates of microplastics indicate that nine to 15 million tons of microplastics, fragments measuring between five millimeters and one micrometer, are embedded in the seafloor alone (not counting more buoyant pieces found on the ocean's surface and along coastlines, such as in Bermuda).
Claire and Mark Fox, who attended with Mark's mother, Susan Fox, volunteer for various non-profit organizations in Bermuda, including BIOS. During the event on Feb. 7th, they collected larger pieces of debris found on beaches, which they recorded in the Marine Debris Tracker app. Residents who wish to participate in the debris collection and identification may download the app on their phones to directly contribute to ongoing research at BIOS.
Volunteers at this month's event ranged from middle school students to retirees. Claire Fox, a past participant of several BIOS educational programs for older teens and young adults, joined with her husband and mother-in-law. "My background is in marine science, so I have an understanding of how time-consuming data collection can be, especially for scientists working with a small team," she said.
For Fox, it was an opportunity to learn more about the methods used to quantify marine debris, particularly microplastics. "I think that it can be easy to ignore the microplastics on our beaches and discount the impact that they have on the environment until you stop to take a closer look," she said.
Fellow volunteer Caroline Alexander, a BIOS Bermuda Program alumnus completing her dissertation on Bermuda's microplastics through remote studies at the University of Bristol in the U.K., showed her mother, a yoga instructor, the proper protocols for collecting microplastics.
"She was surprised by how much of a workout it is to sieve the sand for microplastics," Alexander said. "She never liked science in school but feels strongly about pollution and littering in Bermuda and she doesn't shy away from a trash pick-up. I think she enjoyed the experience as it was something different and fun to do."
Volunteer Pam Amaral (left), a BIOS development officer, and BIOS intern and event mentor Shane Antonition collected sand that they sieved for marine microplastics. "I'm personally driven by the threat posed by microplastic pollution," Antonition said. "There is an urgent need to study the scale of microplastic pollution, in addition to its potential impacts, so we can inform effective solutions to combat it."
Picking out plastics from sand, and making sense of it, is trickier than it seems. Last summer Noyes and a team of BIOS interns developed a detailed collection protocol that allows data about microplastics to be consistently compiled and compared across Bermuda's beaches. This standardized data stream builds a record of accumulation of microplastics in Bermuda over longer time scales, providing a snapshot of how much microplastic has, and continues to be, deposited on the island's beaches.
One team member, Shane Antonition, a BIOS Ocean Academy intern and a mentor at the event, said he saw the volunteer opportunity as another chance to refine the sampling methodology for monitoring beach debris. He streamlined operations and helped ensure a high degree of confidence in the data collected by citizen scientists by restricting the collection to designated tide lines, in addition to taking photographs and GPS points. He will also help oversee the continued categorizing and data collection back at the BIOS laboratory.
He said he was "thoroughly impressed with how effective the members of the public were with following the methodology. I saw no issues and we got the beaches sampled in fantastic time."
Outerbridge, whose initial introduction to the marine debris problem through Netflix proved so alarming, said she felt buoyed and informed after participating as a citizen scientist. "We found something to do as a family that makes a difference in our world," she said.
Locals interested in joining the BIOS mailing list to receive updates on future citizen science events may register at oa@bios.edu


The reboot of Vacation that is currently shooting in Atlanta has made it's way into Charlotte. They will be shooting tomorrow. The movie stars Ed Helms (Rusty), Christina Applegate (Debbie), Leslie Mann (Audrey) and Chris Hemsworth (Stone Crandall, Rusty's "irritatingly successful" brother-in-law) to name a few.
Here's the synopsis: Following in his father's footsteps and hoping for some much-needed family bonding, a grown-up Rusty Griswold (Ed Helms) surprises his wife, Debbie (Christina Applegate), and their two sons with a cross-country trip back to America's "favorite family fun park," Walley World.
Sleepy Hollow as well as Secrets & Lies are not on location today.
And speaking of local favorites….1900 Restaurant and Lounge will be hosting a Bring Back Film party on Wednesday, October 29th. The party begins at 7pm. They are raising awareness not money and there is no cover charge.
The old story of a man, a dream & a struggle to the death with killer furniture. The lost 70's cult classic is coming to the stage, live in 3-D this fall!
In 1973 George Barry wrote, directed, and produced Death Bed: The Bed That Eats. It would not be officially released until 2003 (then on DVD) but would go on to become a cult classic through a pirated edition in Europe.
Wilmington's own inventor Jock Brandis worked on Death Bed as a Gaffer and made The Bed actually "eat." Patton Oswalt made the rediscovered film famous through his material lamenting that someone put money into Death Bed but he can't get his work made. Jock is actually the guy Oswalt is making fun of for making The Bed.


Dealing with computationally-intensive calibration processes is still common in distributed hydrological modelling despite the computing power growth. Computational time for one single distributed hydrological simulation may easily consume more than one minute, and the calibration process can require thousands of simulations. The use of surrogate models that are low-cost and representative of the calibration problem is an interesting avenue to reduce the calibration computational time. The first part of this study explores three possibilities to construct reduced-fidelity surrogate models from the HYDROTEL model, a computationally-intensive hydrological model. The relevance of these three types of surrogates and their combination within a calibration process is evaluated according to the best compromise between representativeness and a decrease of CPU time. In a second paper, surrogate models are implemented within an existing efficient calibration process to significantly reduce the computational time.


In the midst of a rise in hate crimes and domestic extremism, such as the recent white supremacist attack in Portland, the Trump administration is cutting down on programs aimed at combating domestic extremism.
Helping people fill personal needs doesn't always sound like a viable way to fight extremism. But last year, the Obama administration took a chance on it, allotting $10 million in grants to groups that aim to stop extremists through prevention and personal intervention, a process dubbed Countering Violent Extremism.
Picciolini's group found out in January, just a few days before the new president was inaugurated, that Life After Hate had been given a $400,000 grant to develop an online way to reach out to teens at risk of joining extremist groups. The idea was to hook those teens up with former members of violent extremist groups who grew disillusioned, dropped out and now are ideal counselors for at-risk youth who are reaching the same crossroads.
Although the grants were supposed to be disbursed within 30 days of the announcement of the winners, there has been no official word from the Trump administration on when or whether those funds will appear in mailboxes. Several groups, Life After Hate among them, have said publicly that they have heard nothing more about whether to expect the money.
But a study by the George Washington University's program on extremism says the number of white nationalists and self-identified Nazi sympathizers on Twitter has multiplied more than 600 percent since 2012.
While this year's money is in limbo, the Trump budget for fiscal 2018 has wiped out the entire $50 million CVE program at a time when, its supporters argue, the need for preventive and rehabilitative measures is higher than ever.


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Biblica approached Mission to set up and manage a high-availability WordPress site to deliver translations of Biblical quotes. Biblica wanted to keep their site on WordPress, but were experiencing performance issues due to the amount of traffic they received. The existing infrastructure was not architected to be highly-available and was susceptible to multiple single points of failure. They also had limited visibility into the performance and health of the infrastructure and resources in use as monitoring was limited to basic ping checks and up/down status monitors. Along with a lack of insight into their infrastructure, their support and development pipelines were unavailable or unreliable.
These collectively affected the organization's ability to assess and respond to issues quickly. Ultimately, Biblica's largest concern was simply the ability to tolerate and perform under sudden traffic spikes while translating the bible into 26 different languages to more than 85 million people per month.
Biblica worked closely with Mission and was dependent on their AWS expertise to develop a working plan that allowed them to deliver a successful project. While this implementation is a new deployment into AWS, it was a significant increase in resources as compared to the existing resources used in Biblica's current environment. This increase concerned Biblica in that the size of infrastructure and amount of resources in service poses new challenges with managing and securing resources-at-scale.
Mission met this challenge by utilizing best practices in governance and risk management provided by AWS features and services and clearly communicating everyone's role within a shared responsibility environment.
Utilized best practices in governance
Improved site performance issues
Secured infrastructure
Biblica, the International Bible Society, is a worldwide ministry that has been helping people engage with God's Word for over 200 years. Formerly The International Bible Society, Biblica was founded in 1809 and is the worldwide publisher and copyright holder of the New International Version of the Bible (NIV).


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Posted: 30th November 2020
Category: Therapy and Self Help / Subject: Green Living / Topic: Climate Change
Climate change: Temperature analysis shows UN goals 'within reach'
Article Source: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-55073169
Accessed from the world wide web at 17:00 hrs 30.11.20.
A new analysis, seen by the BBC, suggests the goals of the UN Paris climate agreement are getting "within reach."
The Climate Action Tracker group looked at new climate promises from China and other nations, along with the carbon plans of US President-elect Joe Biden.
These commitments would mean the rise in world temperatures could be held to 2.1C by the end of this century.
Previous estimates indicated up to 3C of heating, with disastrous impacts.
But the experts are worried the long-term optimism is not matched by short-term plans to cut CO2.
For more than a decade, researchers from the Climate Action Tracker have kept a close eye on what countries' collective carbon-cutting pledges mean for our warming world.
After the failed Copenhagen summit in 2009, the group estimated that global temperatures would rise by 3.5C by the end of this century.
But the creation in 2015 of the Paris climate agreement, which was designed to avoid dangerous warming of the Earth, made a considerable impact. As a result of the international deal, countries slowly started to switch away from fossil fuels.
In September this year, the group concluded that the world was heading for warming of around 2.7C by 2100.
This figure was still far above the 2C goal contained in the wording of the Paris pact, and nowhere near the more challenging 1.5C target that scientists endorsed as the threshold to destructive warming in 2018.
Their new "optimistic analysis" now suggests a rise of 2.1C by 2100.\
So what's really changed?
The past three months have seen some key developments.
In September, China's President Xi Jinping told the UN that his country will reach net zero emissions by 2060, and that its emissions will peak before 2030. According to the CAT researchers, this could reduce warming by 0.2 to 0.3C by the end of the century.
Japan and South Korea have both followed suit, pledging to reach net zero by 2050. South Africa and Canada have also announced their own net zero targets.
The other significant change is the election of Joe Biden in the US.
Tackling climate change is a major part of his agenda. He has promised to bring the US to net zero emissions by 2050. That move would reduce global temperatures by 0.1C by 2100.
"We now have north of 50% of global emissions covered by big countries with a zero emissions by mid-century goal," said Bill Hare from Climate Analytics, who helped lead the Climate Action Tracker analysis.
"When you add all that up, along with what a whole bunch of other countries are doing, then you move the temperature dial from around 2.7C to really quite close to two degrees."
"It's still a fair way off from the Paris Agreement target, but it is a really major development," he told BBC News.
Potential difficulties
The CAT researchers say they have taken a fairly conservative approach but they readily acknowledge that their optimistic analysis comes with some major caveats.
The biggest problem as they see it, is that the near-term plans to cut carbon by 2030 are just not up to the job.
"Countries have not yet adjusted their short-term actions to be on a pathway towards the long-term target," said Niklas Höhne, from the NewClimate Institute, who also works on the Climate Action Tracker.
"Long-term targets are easier, they are far away. But short-term actions are happening right now and they affect citizens, they affect voters. And that's why this is much more difficult," he told BBC News.
The countries that have signed up to the Paris agreement are expected to lodge new carbon-cutting plans for 2030 by the end of this year.
It's expected that a number will do so, including the UK and the EU.
But there are several countries who are still reluctant to set goals, and many poorer nations are still looking to invest in coal.
"There are countries that still remain bad actors, including Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Australia, Russia, and a few others," said Bill Hare.
"And we also have a pipeline of coal plants in the region where I'm working now in Asia. It has not collapsed, it has not gone away, so yes, there's much to be concerned about. And there's much that can go wrong."
What about the response to Covid-19?
According to observers, the response of countries to the Covid crisis is a huge opportunity to focus their short-term spending on renewable energy and increased decarbonisation.
"The pandemic opened a window to not only get countries to outline their long-term goal, but to actually move onto the right path so that they can actually achieve the long term goal," said Dr Maisa Rojas, who is the director of the Center for Climate and Resilience Research at the University of Chile in Santiago.
"Are we going to harness that opportunity? My impression is that many, including the EU, are harnessing it."


As a landlord, you have the right to expect full payment of the rent on time, so long as the premises you have rented are in good condition.
The tenant should let you know when they are leaving town for an extended period of time.
A tenant should request repairs in a timely manner and in writing.
A tenant must abide by all the provisions of the signed lease agreement.
A tenant must provide 15 days written notice before moving, unless the lease specifies another time frame.


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Nashville police identify both victims killed in Thursday fatal shootings
One victim was killed outside his home on Claiborne Street, and another was accidentally shot by a friend, police say.
Nashville police identify both victims killed in Thursday fatal shootings One victim was killed outside his home on Claiborne Street, and another was accidentally shot by a friend, police say. Check out this story on Tennessean.com: https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/crime/2017/11/09/nashville-police-investigating-4-thursday-shootings-2-them-fatal/851151001/
Natalie Allison, USA TODAY NETWORK - Tennessee Published 9:47 p.m. CT Nov. 9, 2017 | Updated 4:40 p.m. CT Nov. 10, 2017
Nashville Crime Stoppers allows people to anonymously submit tips to crimes they may have information about. Here are several ways you can submit a tip to Crime Stoppers. Ayrika Whitney/USA TODAY NETWORK - Tennessee
Police were investigating a fatal shooting on Nolensville Pike on Thursday night.(Photo: Natalie Allison / USA TODAY NETWORK - Tennessee)
Metro police are investigating four shootings Thursday night, at least two of which were fatal.
Police identified one victim as 74-year-old Ruxin Wang, who was killed outside his home on Claiborne Street shortly before 4 p.m.
Wang had gone outside to retrieve his trash can when he was shot, according to Metro police. Witnesses reported seeing several young men, possibly juveniles, fleeing from the scene after shots were fired. They were described as wearing black hoodies and khaki pants and running toward the J.C. Napier public housing development.
Detectives are still investigating a motive into the fatal shooting, but have leads on suspects.
Second man pronounced dead after Thursday night shooting
In Nashville's second fatal shooting Thursday, a 20-year-old man was killed after police say he was shot by his friend in an apparent accident.
On Friday afternoon, authorities identified the victim as Tyler A. Payne, of Nashville.
According to police, Payne's 20-year-old friend admitted to shooting Payne while inside a house in the 2000 block of South Lyle Lane. The friend told police "he began handling a gun that he thought was unloaded," according to a news release, and pulled the trigger.
Payne was shot in the head.
The man was attempting to transport Payne to Southern Hills Medical Center when he pulled into a parking lot in the 3900 block of Nolensville Pike and called 911.
Ashraf Ayoub, owner of Discount Tobacco and Beer, said he went outside to ask the driver of the vehicle to move after noticing it was blocking the business's driveway Thursday evening. He then realized the car was carrying a gunshot victim.
Ayoub said the driver of the vehicle was shouting that the other man had been shot and began trying to perform CPR on his friend, to no avail.
"Then he was crying and screaming," Ayoub said, describing the moment when the man realized Payne had died.
The victim was pronounced dead at the scene, according to police.
Police say the shooter has been cooperative. No charges have currently been filed.
Two other shootings reported
At 9:09 p.m., just around the corner from where the Claiborne Street killing occurred, officers were then called to a Shell gas station at 10 Fairfield Ave. for another shooting.
One gunshot victim was transported from the gas station to a hospital, officers said. The victim's condition wasn't immediately available.
Earlier in the evening, police in West Nashville responded at 6:15 p.m. to a shooting at Kroger, 5705 Charlotte Pike, according to dispatchers. Additional information from Metro police wasn't immediately available.
Read or Share this story: https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/crime/2017/11/09/nashville-police-investigating-4-thursday-shootings-2-them-fatal/851151001/
Police: Thieves did $6,000 in damage to steal $300


Well, I finally purchased my first stock…. ok so this is a little in retrospect, seeming I have already bought this in October and I'm only just now posting it. I've also made another post about another share purchase.
New website, so new posting.
Air New Zealand Details – Why Did I Buy?
The dividend yield was extremely high (over 10%) which I knew was normal for this airline as they pay out a high percentage of profits. This is only a medium term hold for me. I want to make a certain percentage (20%) and then take my original stake back, effectively giving me 20% "free" shares in the company. With these 20% of shares I will hold on my original stake I will keep them for a long term view, for the high dividend.
Here are some examples of pros and cons when dealing with an airline stock.
Overall, I believe that Air New Zealand is a great share to own, especially at the price I was handed it. It has limited growth, but pays a healthy dividend yield which should maintain its levels depending on oil price. If oil price remains the same for 5+ years I will be very happy. What happens when oil price blows out to $100 a barrel again. It would be a sell from me then.
Please discuss below if you have had any dealings with the company or their shares, I would love to hear your thoughts.
Congrats on the buy BHL! That is definitely a high dividend yield. Just o of curiosity, what is the payout ratio for the company? We typically use a threshold of 60% on our website and that helps identify companies that are creeping towards paying an unsustainable dividend.
Thanks, appreciate it! Typically AIZ payouts are less than 50% of profits, however, last year there was a special dividend because their profit was the highest one to date. This year is also looking good, although, not as high as last year. AIZ provide monthly updates on flight sales etc and they are typically on-par or only slightly less than last year, leading me to think that this Financial Year will be a great one. Thanks, Caleb.
Congratulations! Why do you feel like this was a bargain? What were some of the metrics?
Hi Evan. They had a high div yield with a typical payout of only 50% of net profit. It was well undervalued by Morningstar and it's also a solid blue chip. A little over 50% of the company is owned by the New Zealand government, so I doubt this company is going broke any time soon. Cheers.
Congrats on buying your first shares. I have never held a stock with 10% yield. My cutoff yield is around 5% for common stocks and around 7% for REITs. Anything above those yields are normally too risky. In addition to the earnings payout ratio, you should also look at Free-Cash-Flow payout ratio as most companies would pay their dividends out of FCF.
Thanks for the heads up. I am still new to this so I am currently learning, I will take what you have said on board and look for something similar. All the best.


I needed several decorative wall hooks to organize my craft room. I want something fun, yet versatile, since I have a pile of conference lanyards, craft aprons, and race medals in need of some serious organizing.
I headed to my workshop and made the perfect wall organizer using my all time favorite pieces of kitsch – plastic pink lawn flamingos!
Made three flamingo hooks. This one displays the running medals Husband earned by placing in his age group. He's awesome!
1. Paint the wood plaque with pink craft paint and allow it to dry.
Tip: Some of the corner edges of my wood base were not sanded smooth when I bought them. I hand sanded them smooth with sandpaper and wiped the excess sawdust from the base with a cloth before I started painting.
2. Mask off the edges with painter's tape.
3. Paint the edges of the wood base with black craft paint and allow it to dry.
Painting with two thin coats of craft paint are better than one thick coat of paint.
4. Mark where you want to cut the front from the back of the lawn flamingo with painter's tape. This guide will make it easier to cut the flamingo in half!
5. Use the Dremel and cutting disk to cut the flamingo in half along your painter's guide.
I used sandpaper to hand sand the plastic burs the Dremel left behind from the cut edge of the flamingo.
Tip: I reinforced the internal seams with Gorilla Glue because I want the foaming glue to expand into the plastic seam. I also covered the glued areas with Gorilla Tape for extra insurance to make sure both halves of my flamingo stay together.
It may not be pretty but it works! Besides no one will see it when we are finished with the project.
6. Attach the screw or bolt to the wood base. The bolt or screw is the hanger that is going to do the heavy lifting so choose accordingly. If you don't plan on hanging anything on your wall flamingo or something light like an apron, you can use a screw. I am using a heavy bolt because I plan to hang heavy racing medals from my flamingo hooks, not to mention I already had bolts in my hardware stash that are the length of cut flamingo's back.
Note: The light pink paint wasn't quite doing it for me at this stage of the game. I sanded some areas on the front of the plaque and repainted the base with darker pink craft paint it give it more depth. That's why it magically changes color in the tutorial photos.
7. Glue the flamingo head to the metal bolt/screw and wood base with the Gorilla Super Glue. I ran a bead of super glue along the side of the screw where it meets the inside back of the flamingo and where the cut flamingo meets the wood base.
You want to lightly tack painter's tape to the flamingo head and a flat surface like a table to keep it in position while it dries.
Why am I using Gorilla Super instead of traditional Gorilla Glue you ask? Simple. You see how traditional Gorilla Glue expands while it dries to create a strong bond in Step 5? I am fairly terrible at neatly applying foaming Gorilla Glue so it the glue won't show after it foams and dries. There is a clear Gorilla Glue that might solve this problem. I'll probably give it a try once I go through my current bottle of brown Gorilla Glue.
8. Make the hanger by screwing an aluminum soda pop can tab to the back of the wood plaque.
9. Hang it up and hang it up!


Discussion in 'Amps and Cabs' started by jay24, May 5, 2016.
hey guys, I was looking at the Reeves Custom 12 and I noticed that it has two el84s but only uses one 12ax7 for the preamp and has a full t/m/b tone stack.
Almost all the amps I've seen has more than one preamp tube. How does that work?
Are there any disadvantages/advantages tonally and functionally to using only one preamp tube verses more?
I do understand one tube is used for the phase inverter. Is that all you need to make a preamp section?
Just curious how it worked and was hoping someone can explain to me simply, if there is a simple answer. Tried looking it up but couldn't find any answers. I did come across someone mentioning an amp had to be utilizing solid state components if it only has 1 preamp tube. Not sure if that's true or not.
It's a single ended amp no phase inverter.
doctorx, RussB and slybird like this.
The above is correct. Single ended amps do not have phase inverters. Phase inverters are needed for push/pull, but not for single ended.
ah okay, I understand now, that's what it meant when Reeves described the amp has having a parallel single ended design. Basically a single ended amp with two power tubes. Thanks for the info!


Masquerade (H) is part of ILNP's "Ultra Chrome" class of chromatic nail polishes; formulated to apply directly to the nail without the need for a base color.
The color appeared much darker in person. It is more of a purple and green rather than a pink. The photo makes it look pink. It is still a lovely color, it is just not what I was expecting.
This is my go to polish for people to notice my nails. I wear this when I am going out dancing and it always gets compliments from people and it looks incredible. People can't stop looking at your hands when you have Masquerade on.
This nail polish is really great! My manicures last for a couple of weeks with very minimal chipping and stay with lots of shine.
ILNP does it again! Another great polish!
Duochrome and holo together? Sign me the heck up! Beautiful, complex colour.


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Focus School - Northampton Primary Campus (Private)
468a Billing Road East, Northampton, Northamptonshire NN3 3LF
northampton.primary@focus-school.com
http://northamptonprimary.focus-school.com/
This is an independent/private school for pupils aged from 7 to 11. The school is registered as a school of Special Religious Character.
Age - School (5-18)
St. Andrew's College (Private Special) (1.38 miles)
St. Peter's Independent School, Northampton (Private) (1.59 miles)
Red Cross Medical Loan Service (2.51 miles)
Northampton High School (Private) (2.94 miles)
Overstone Park School (Private) (2.96 miles)


First, employers who are located in Bloomington can be required to formulate and visibly post company policies regulating sexual conduct. Such policies should include items such as contact information for reporting harassment incidents, process for filing claims, and any corrective or preventative measures should a claim be proven.
The laws of the state of Indiana and federal law have both formed agencies with the authority to investigate sexual harassment claims. These agencies conduct investigations at a given Bloomington work site in order to verify if a complaint that they have received is true or not. Employers are also barred under these laws from taking action in retaliation against an employee who has claimed sexual harassment, such as firing them or denying them a promotion.
Investigating and proving a sexual harassment claim might be difficult without consulting someone with expertise in the relevant laws. The federal officers who investigate claims of sexual harassment are, unfortunately, frequently too busy to give much attention to any one claim. Thus, hiring an attorney in Bloomington can be the safest way to file your claim within the deadlines for sexual harassment claims that Indiana has defined.


Clients often ask about how weather affects our work. My pollyannaish answer is that all weather has a benefit. It is in how you look at it. And through the years we have had to contend with all sorts of different weather conditions.
We have a timeless image of a couple kissing under an umbrella during and engagement session. We have a fun image of a wedding party on the porch of an old house while I held the umbrella for James to shoot. We have had a bride start her ceremony under the sky and finish it under a tent. In all cases these images have become favorites not only to the clients but to future clients who are pointing out what drew them to us.
One morning the fog rolled in, and stayed in, for our scheduled family portrait. Luckily we have photographed this particular family over the years and they were open to a session wrapped in fog. We improvised, used the environment we were given, and the results even surprised us.
So please know that if adverse weather happens, which on a coastal town is more the rule than the exception, we do our best to find the magic in it.


Kayak vs Google Flight - What is your favorite travel search engine and why ?
Internationally I use travelocity too.
I've heard raving reviews about ScottsCheapFlights. I'd love to pull the trigger but I need just a little more to push me over the edge.
10/10 for the free version, I have a separate folder just for these and though the sales are 1-2 days, popular destinations usually will have sales every couple weeks. I've used it already for a couple trips and it's been great, the only issue with the less popular destinations is that you have to be sure you want to go somewhere at the drop of a hat and be work out the specific dates for the absolute cheapest flights. Otherwise, would definitely recommend.
Do it, I've booked flights to Bangkok on EVA for $550, just picked up flights to Iceland for $252, and London for $350.
If I had more PTO I would have already purchased more.
What's your favorite public place to visit and why?