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November at the Kabukiza Theatre
Daily: Nov 01 (Wed) - Nov 25 (Sat), 2017
On sale: from Oct 12 (Thu), 2017 10:00AM(JST) 2017:10:12:10:00:00
Box Seat: 20,000/
First Class: 18,000 / Second Class : 14,000/
Upper Tier A: 6,000 / Upper Tier B: 4,000
*English supporting guide available to rent.
[Annual Kaomise Grand Kabuki] in TOKYO
A 'Kaomise' is an annual performance which has continued from the 17th century. It used to be held every year to show all the actors who are going to be on stage during the following twelve months. The Kaomise kabuki performance at the Kabukiza Theatre has been held every autumn since 1957, and has become an event that is particularly associated with that season in people's minds. In this month's performance, you can see masterpieces of the classics and a so-called 'New Kabuki' ('Shin Kabuki') play performed by splendid actors ranging from young stars to top-ranking veterans.
KOI TSUKAMI
[Fight with a Carp]
Takimado Shiganosuke, in reality the Spirit of a Carp
/ Takimado Shiganosuke
Ichikawa Somegorō
The play 'Koi Tsukami' includes a fight scene performed in real water between the hero and the spirit of a carp.
Princess Kozakura, the daughter of the Tsuri family, yearns for the handsome Takimado Shiganosuke. One day, when she is trying to keep her mind off him by catching fireflies, Shiganosuke appears in front of her. They return to the mansion and go into an inner room. However, another Shiganosuke arrives at the mansion carrying the heirloom sword of the Tsuri family named 'Ryūjinmaru'. Shinomura Jirō, the chief retainer of the Tsuri family is confused to see the two Shiganosukes, but the sword he is carrying is the actual heirloom sword. Katada no Gyōbu who is a direct retainer of the emperor's chief advisor arrives and summons Princess Kozakura. However, Shiganosuke uncovers his evil plot and punishes him with 'Ryūjinmaru'. When he does so, the power and virtue of the sword causes the shadow of Princess Kozakura and a carp to fall upon a paper sliding door of the inner room. The first Shiganosuke is, in fact, the incarnation of the spirit of a carp from Lake Biwa which bears a grudge against the ancestors of the Tsuri family. The carp swallows Princess Kozakura in a single mouthful. However, back at Lake Biwa, the real Shiganosuke appears and fights with the giant fish, eventually defeating it and saving Princess Kozakura's life.
ŌSHŪ ADACHIGAHARA
[ Adachigahara Plain in Ōshū Province]
Abe no Sadatō
Sodehagi
Abe no Munetō
Hachiman Tarō Yoshiie
Nakamura Kinnosuke
Taira no Kenjō Naokata
Hamayū
Nakamura Tōzō
This great classic originally comes from the end of Act III of a multi-act jidaimono, a history play set in the Heian era (12th century).
General Minamoto no Yoshiie has suppressed the rebellion of the Abe clan in Ōshū province. However, the emperor's brother Tamakinomiya has been abducted and his guardian Taira no Kenjō Naokata and his wife Hamayū are to bear the blame for that. Naokata must commit ritual suicide by disembowelment if he cannot locate Tamakinomiya whereabouts today. Naokata has two daughters. The elder daughter, Sodehagi, was disowned for having an illicit affair with a masterless samurai with whom she eloped ten years ago. That samurai turned out to be Abe no Sadatō. Now, hearing of her parents' difficulties, Sodehagi returns to their house, though she is now a blind beggar woman. She holds on tightly to her daughter Okimi's hand. Outside the door she apologizes to her parents by reciting a ballad. After her parents withdraw to an inner room, Abe no Sadatō's brother Munetō appears. Urged by Munetō to kill Naokata, she is at a loss and finally kills herself. Naokata also kills himself taking responsibility for having been unable to find Tamakinomiya. Yoshiie appears and finds out that Katsura Chūnagon who has come as an imperial envoy is, in reality, Sadatō. He parts from Sadatō promising to meet again on the battlefield.
YUKI NO YŪBE IRIYA NO AZEMICHI - Naozamurai
[ Naojirō and Michitose ]
Kataoka Naojirō
Michitose
Kurayami no Ushimatsu
Ichikawa Danzō
The masseur, Jōga
The thief Naojirō has been betrayed and is on the run. His lover, the courtesan Michitose, becomes ill from grief at not being able to see Naojirō.
The first scene is set at a soba noodle shop. It is a cold spring night in the Iriya district of Edo (the old name for Tokyo).
Naojirō encounters the masseur Jōga who visits Michitose every evening to treat her.
Thanks to Jōga's kindness, Naojirō can risk one last meeting with his lover, but he has never revealed his true identity as a thief to her and as far as she knows, he is a wealthy merchant.
On a freezing, snow-bound night, in the final romantic scene accompanied by the sensuous tones of the Kiyomoto narrative singers, the two lovers Naojirō and Michitose meet. However, many pursuers appear and struggle with him. Realizing that the situation is hopeless, Naojirō cries out to Michitose that they will never meet again in this world.
Written by the famous playwright Kawatake Mokuami, please enjoy this 'sewamono' play (a play which portrays the lives of the ordinary people living in the pre-modern period).
[ The Treasury of Loyal Retainers ]
Acts 5 and 6
Hayano Kanpei
Okaru, Kanpei's wife
Ono Sadakurō
Fuwa Kazuemon
Bandō Yajūrō
Ichimonjiya Osai
Kataoka Hidetarō
There are few plays more popular in kabuki than 'Chūshingura' or 'The Treasury of the Forty-Seven Loyal Retainers'. This is the story of a true incident in which a samurai lord attacked another in the shōgun's palace and was immediately sentenced to ritual suicide and his domain confiscated. After much hardship, forty-seven of the lord's retainers avenged their lord's death. When the event occurred, it was a sensation because it proved that despite a century of peace, samurai values had not disappeared completely. But when the event was dramatized, censorship and the fact that so little was actually known about the historical event forced the play to depend on easily understandable melodrama. Of the 47 retainers, there were some luckier than others. However, the fifth and sixth acts of the play concentrate on one of the unhappier retainers of the clan. The young samurai Kanpei was having a secret tryst with the lady-in-waiting Okaru just at the time of the incident that leads to his master's downfall. He was about to commit suicide to atone for his misdeed, but Okaru persuaded him to run away with her to her home in the country. Now living as husband and wife in Okaru's home village, they hope someday to find a way to reinstate Kanpei as a samurai and help him to serve in the vendetta that will restore their master's honor. This, however, eventually comes about under the most tragic circumstances.
NINOKUCHI MURA - From KOI BIKYAKU YAMATO ŌRAI
[Ninokuchi Village] - From [The Courier From Hell]
Kameya Chūbē
Sakata Tōjūrō
Magoemon
This is a 'sewamono' play portraying in a realistic way the lives of ordinary people in the Edo period. In danger of losing his lover, Umegawa, the money courier Chūbē breaks the seals on a package of money entrusted to him after being taunted by a rival, even though the use of such money is punishable by death. In this scene, it is winter and they are on their way to commit lovers' double suicide. But before they meet their end, Chūbē wishes to take Umegawa to his hometown. The couple go through the snow-covered landscape when Chūbē's father Magoemon passes by. Chūbē and Umegawa hide their selves but Magoemon slips and Umegawa runs out to help him. Though knowing his son is there, and though this might be the last time they can see each other, they cannot meet because, if they do, Chūbē will also be punished. In the end the captures voice is heard and Magoemon tells them a short cut praying their life will continue a little bit longer..
GENROKU CHŪSHINGURA -Ōishi Saigo no Ichinichi
[Ōishi Kuranosuke's Last Day]
Ōishi Kuranosuke
Isogai Jūrōzaemon
Hisanaga Naiki
Ōtani Tomoemon
Omino
Nakamura Kotarō
Hosokawa Naiki
Matsumoto Kintarō
Horiuchi Den'emon
Araki Jūzaemon
In the modern period, from 1934 to 1941 even as Japan was at war in China and then plunged into World War II, Mayama Seika (1878 - 1948) painstakingly reworked 'Chūshingura' ('The Treasury of the Forty Seven Loyal Retainers') into a cycle of ten plays known as 'Genroku Chūshingura'. These focus on different incidents and different characters in this revenge classic adding historical details reflecting the Genroku period. 'Ōishi Saigo no Ichinichi' is a particularly popular work from this cycle which is often performed independently. Although it is the last play in the cycle, it was the first to be written and its success inspired the completion of all the others. In this play, Ōishi Kuranosuke is shown torn between his strict samurai duty that has made their mission a success, and the desire to let a young couple meet one last time before they must die. The masterless samurai of the Akō domain have successfully completed their unauthorized vendetta and are being housed at the mansion of a samurai lord while their fate is being decided. The vendetta has caused a sensation and a young boy comes to meet the men as they are imprisoned. The boy turns out to be a woman in disguise, Omino, hoping to meet her betrothed, Jūrōzaemon, who is one of the group. But until they know whether they will be able to have honorable deaths by ritual suicide or die by execution like common criminals, the leader of the group Ōishi Kuranosuke, cannot allow her to meet her fiancé.


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Baenid turtles
My master's research focused on the evolution of baenid turtles, with an emphasis on the assemblage preserved in the Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. Baenids were the most abundant and diverse pond and river turtles of the Late Cretaceous in North America, though they went extinct around 20 million years after the non-avian dinosaurs disappeared. I found that the baenid assemblage of Utah was twice as diverse as that of Alberta at the same snapshot in geologic time, ~76 million years ago. This is interesting because it has always been assumed that a reduced gradient in temperature between the equator and poles would have permitted 'cold-blooded' animals to range over broad latitudinal (north-south) ranges. That was not the case with baenids, and hints that ecosystems during greenhouse climates were more complex than previously thought.
Through my research on baenids, I discovered three new species: Arvinachelys goldeni, Neurankylus hutchisoni, and Neurankylus utahensis. Arvinachelys is unique in that it is the only turtle known that possessed two bony external nares (nasal openings), whereas all other turtles have only a single external naris with only a fleshy partition between the nostrils. The other two turtles were giants, with Neurankylus hutchisoni possessing a domed shell that was nearly 1 meter (3 feet) in length! Based on its size and shell shape, it may have been the giant tortoise of the Late Cretaceous.
Lively, J.R. 2016. Baenid turtles from the Kaiparowits Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of southern Utah. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 14(11): 891-918. DOI:10.1080/14772019.2015.1120788. [published online 15 December 2015]
Lively, J. R. 2015. A new species of baenid turtle from the Kaiparowits Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian) of southern Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35(6): e1009084. 16 pp. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2015.1009084.*
*Media coverage of this project can be found here.
One hundred years without a head: the first skull-shell association of Thescelus.
The evolutionary biogeography of Late Cretaceous Baenidae.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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One of the most important periods within the academic year for student organizations is the point of transition from one executive leadership board to the next. During this process, student organization leaders should rely heavily on their advisors for support throughout this transition, and ensure that new executive leaders are made aware of position responsibilities BEFORE they take office. Also, leaders should allow some time before the end of the semester to allow for the new e-board members to ask any questions they may have and "learn the ropes" before the semester comes to a close. Below are some useful resources that will help student organizations transition with more ease.


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Tag Archives: Benn Dorer
Travis Kalanick's Not-So-Fond Farewell; It's Bottoms Up for George Clooney; Glassdoor Drops Another List and You Better Hope Your Boss is on it
Posted on June 21, 2017 by Ronit Fried
Goodbye and farewell…
Looks like Travis Kalanick's "leave of absence" is now a permanent one as he finally took the hint from investors and officially resigned as Uber's CEO. But not before the aforementioned investors placed a lot of pressure on the embattled CEO to step down. And who can blame the investors. Scandal after ugly scandal emerged from the $68 billion, privately held company and it seemed as if Kalanick wasn't up to snuff when it came to dealing with them. In an email to employees, Kalanick talked about his love for Uber and decided to step down "so that Uber can go back to building rather than be distracted with another fight." How very gallant of him. While Kalanick still remains on the board of Uber, the business is now being run by fourteen people who once upon a time reported to him. Talk about irony.
Aye tequila!
Image courtesy of Juan Gnecco/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Some guys have all the luck and George Clooney is one of them. If you think he's just an actor with a pretty face then you are so very wrong. Turns out the Hollywood hunk also has his own tequila brand – along with two other partners – called Casamigos, which was just bought for $1 billion by liquor company giant Diageo. The name Diageo might not ring a bell for you, but the name Smirnoff should, and that is just one of the many notable brands that belongs to the Diageo family. Curious who George's other partners are? Mr. Cindy Crawford, aka Rande Gerber and Mike Meldman. Annoyingly enough, Clooney and Gerber were just trying to come up with their very own "house" tequila for the properties they own in Cabo San Lucas. But a very lucrative opportunity knocked that had them expanding the brand beyond Cabo, and just last year 120,000 cases of the stuff was shipped out. This year the company expects that number to climb to 170,000. And with a price tag between $45 to $55 a bottle, Clooney and company get to live large without having to rely on other their other talents, including acting and such. As for Diageo, you can bet that this acquisition had less to do with Clooney's movie star charm and more to do with the fact that tequila volume in the U.S. more than doubled from 2002 to 2015.
There's a list for that too…
Glassdoor has regaled us with yet another list. This time it's to let us know who the top CEO's in the world are, according to employees And you can bet Travis Kalanick did not make the cut. The Clorox Company's Benno Dorer takes the top spot. What? Were you expecting a tech CEO? Well too bad because Dorer earned a 99% approval rating from his employees. Another name from the list you might recognize is Elon Musk who takes the eighth spot. Interestingly enough, his 98% employee approval rating came not from Tesla, but his other company, SpaceX. Wonder what that's about. Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg makes it onto the list at number ten, also with a 98% approval rating. But sadly that's a sharp drop from his number four spot in 2016. Google's Sundar Pichai grabs the 17th spot while LinkedIn's Jeff Weiner comes in at number 35. The biggest bummer on the list just might be Apple's Tim Cook. Last year he held the number eight spot, but this year he drops to spot number 53. In all fairness, however, he still scored a 93% approval rating.
Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged Apple, Benn Dorer, Cabo San Lucas, Casamigos, Cindy Crawford, Diageo, Elon Musk, Facebook, George Clooney, Glassdoor, Google, Hollywood, Jeff Weiner, LinkedIn, Mark Zuckerberg, Mike Meldman, Rande Gerber, Smirnoff, SpaceX, Sundar Pichai, tequila, The Clorox Company, Tim Cook, Travis Kalanick, Uber | Leave a comment


This is my sixth year in Hill Country Middle School. I taught at the Dallas Community College for two years and Crockett High School of Austin ISD for six years. I am originally from India and this is my 14th year in Austin. My husband and I have been blessed with two boys.


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First cut to ATM interchange fee comes into force
By Ieuan Hughes2018-06-29T11:10:00+01:00
The Association of Convenience Stores (ACS) has condemned the decision by ATM network Link to reduce the interchange fee for cash machine operators, with the first cut coming into force on Sunday (July 1).
Link confirmed in January that over the next four years the network is set to reduce the interchange fee - the fee paid by banks to cash machine operators - by 5% from 25p to 20p.
The decision has raised concerns that cash machines in rural and isolated communities could be lost as a result of the changes.
Figures released this morning (June 29) from consumer group Which? suggest that the upcoming interchange fee cut is already having an effect, with as many as 1,500 cash machines being removed since November last year.
ACS chief executive James Lowman said: "Cash machines in convenience stores are an essential service for the millions of consumers that rely on cash, as well as other local small businesses and market stalls that don't have card payment facilities. Link's decision to press ahead with cuts to interchange fees is already leading to retailers having to make difficult decisions about the future of their cash machines, potentially leaving rural and isolated communities without access to cash.
"Retailers cannot be expected to subsidise the network, especially when the big banks, who are profiting from the interchange fee cut, are closing branches in their thousands and abandoning consumers across the UK. The Payment Systems Regulator must intervene if consumers' access to cash continues to be affected."
During a debate on the future of ATMs and discussion of Link's plans to cut interchange fees in March, Exchequer Secretary Robert Jenrick MP said: "We set the PSR (Payment Systems Regulator) up in 2015 with a specific statutory objective to ensure that the interests of the users of payment systems - not those of the banks - are promoted, with robust powers to enforce that. We expect the PSR to step in and act if needed. I have spoken to the PSR and to Link, and the PSR understands the importance that the Government place on free access to cash, and the strength of feeling in Parliament and the country."
The ACS has also renewed its calls for the government to remove free to use ATMs from the business rates rating list. The association's 2017 Local Shop Report shows that 58% of stores in the convenience sector have a cash machine, with 45% of these stores offering the service free of charge.
Lowman added: "In many cases, the business rates bill for through-the-wall cash machines can run into several thousand pounds and can be higher than the total rates bill for the store where the machine is located. Free access to cash is an essential service and should not be subject to business rates. We urge the government to look closely at ways to ensure that free access to cash is maintained."
ATM network Link confirms 5% interchange fee cut
Cash machine network Link has confirmed that it is pushing ahead with plans to reduce the interchange fee for card transactions from 1 July 2018.
Rural ATM threat
Cuts to the Link cash machine interchange fee are concerning, says James Lowman.
ACS and SGF raise concerns with MPs over ATM removals
The ACS and SGF have raised concerns with MPs over the potential impact of the removal of ATMs on local consumers, especially in rural areas.


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Shelby Kutty is an Indian-born American cardiologist, a professor of pediatrics and internal medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He holds the Helen B. Taussig endowed professorship at Johns Hopkins and is Director of the Helen B. Taussig Heart Center at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Prior to this, he held the title of assistant dean for research and development and vice chair of pediatrics at the University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine.

Education
Kutty was educated in India where he obtained his MBBS and a postgraduate medical degree before proceeding to Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne  and the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada where he trained in pediatric cardiology. He received his residency training at the Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida and then enrolled for his fellowship training at the Cleveland Clinic. He trained in cardiac MRI at the Boston Children's Hospital and secured a master's degree in Healthcare Management from Harvard University and later obtained a PhD.

Clinical career and leadership
Kutty specializes in cardiovascular imaging for children and adults with congenital heart disease, including echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and preventive cardiology. Kutty left the UNMC College of Medicine in 2018 after an 11-year tenure as a clinician-scientist following his appointment at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to lead Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology. He played a role in the development of the Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Heart Center at Johns Hopkins Medicine in 2019, and participated in clinical programs in materno-fetal cardiac health, adult congenital heart disease, community cardiology, and cardiac catheterization at Hopkins.

Research and Scientific career
His research focuses on investigating myocardial function, right heart disease, and new ultrasound applications. he has led multi-center clinical trials and serves on the editorial boards of international cardiology journals. His work on microbubble contrast agents, ultrasound-mediated cavitation, and targeted ultrasound therapies was funded by the American Heart Association and the National Institute of Health from 2011 to 2018. In 2020 and 2021, Kutty's team was awarded grants from the National Institutes of Health to lead data science approaches to manage Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and post-acute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Honors
Kutty was honored with the Arthur Weyman Investigator Award (2010) by the American Society of Echocardiography for his work in cardiac imaging and the Harvey Feigenbaum lectureship award in 2020. He was the recipient of 2019 Distinguished Scientist Award from the university of Nebraska Medical Center.

Selected publications
 Kutty S, Jones PG, Karels Q, Joseph N, Spertus JA, Chan PS. Association of Pediatric Medical Emergency Teams With Hospital Mortality. Circulation. 2018 Jan 2;137(1):38-46. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029535. Epub 2017 Oct 4. PubMed ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5839663.

References

External links

American cardiologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian emigrants to the United States
Harvard University alumni
Indian expatriates in Canada
Indian expatriates in Australia
Johns Hopkins University faculty

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home » Catalog Essays » The Open Source Seed Initiative My Account | Cart Contents | Place Your Order
The Open Source Seed Initiative
Frank Morton
How do we create an ethical boundary around a participatory commons of crop plant genetics?
Ever since my children introduced me to the Linux community and the open source software model, I have imagined that someone just a little smarter than me should be able to figure out how to adapt the same model for seeds and the traits they embody. I didn't know it, but a public bean breeder from Minnesota named Tom Michaels had proposed just such an idea in a peer reviewed journal in 1999. Jack Kloppenburg, rural sociology professor from University of Wisconsin (Madison), and author of First, The Seed (1988), had read the Michaels article, and by time I met Jack in 2010, he was in the process of gathering up like minds to create a working group around the concept of open source seed. The first meeting of this group in the spring of 2011 in Madison included me, Jack and Tom, Steve Jones (public wheat breeder at Washington State), Bill Tracy (public sweet corn breeder from Wisconsin), as well as scientists and rural social activists from southeast Asia who had their own versions of seed sovereignty issues quite distinct from our own.
The following year we met again in Minneapolis as a much larger group with more public breeders (Jim Myers and Patrick Hayes of Oregon State, Irwin Goldman of Wisconsin), graduate level students in plant breeding, a non-profit organization (Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy), and Tom Stearns, president and founder of High Mowing Organic Seeds in Vermont.
It was during this meeting that the ghost of Keith Aioki, legal professor at Oregon State University Law School and a legal scholar on the intersection of seeds and intellectual property law, rose up from his recent death to remind us that open source software is fundamentally different than seed genetics. Aioki had delivered this opinion at an environmental justice forum at University of Oregon in 2003, and again at the first OSA Seed Growers Conference in 2004, but it had not fully convinced me. Now, Aioki's reasoning was coming from the mouth of Jeffery Endelman, a brilliant grad student from Steve Jones' program (and now a research geneticist at Cornell). He put it simply. Software is the result of a written code, and the person who wrote it has copyright law backing up the ownership claim to that code and the software programs that result from it, including derivations thereof. This is what makes open source software protection "viral," affecting everything to which that software is applied, and it is what makes ownership of code verifiable. One can easily and accurately read it, just as well as a poem, a lyric, or a book. If you wrote it, it's yours, and you may control it and the use of it, including making it freely available to all.
Seeds are not this way. A person did not write the DNA code. The code is mostly non-coding nonsense (that is, it creates no protein products), the precise code varies from one individual seed to the next, or the functioning of the same code might vary from one individual to the next, depending on past history or current variations in the environment. If software functioned this way, you wouldn't want it flying airplanes. So, the seed/software analogy quickly falls apart, and the well established copyright law underpinning OSS code is of no help protecting seed sovereignty. After Jeffrey's claification to us old buzzards, there was a big "Oh heck!" hanging in the air. But...!
The corporate seed industry has other ways to accomplish restriction of use in seeds that they sell.
First, the US Congress and other industrialized nations have agreed upon a varietal licensing system called Plant Variety Protection (PVP), by which governments issue certificates declaring ownership rights to entities for plant varieties that are deemed "original, uniform, and stable across generations." PVP certification (at present) allows the protected variety to be used for further breeding and other research, seed saving by farmers for replanting (but not for resale), and for licensing to others in exchange for royalties. The downside of PVP (from a breeder's point of view) is that it may only be used to protect finished, stable varieties, not the individual traits they contain or the breeding populations they are derived from. Further, the cost of the PVP certification process (in time and money) makes it more useful for those with deep pockets and legal representation than for individual breeders or innovative farmers, for whom cash and time are limited resources. These costs have risen dramatically over the last decade, to around $10,000 per variety. For me, PVP would seldom return the cost of acquiring it.
Utility Patents are now the corporate means of choice for keeping competitors away from genetic resources. This approach was not granted by Congress but by the Supreme Court, which ruled in 1980 that genetic engineering created gene sequences that were truly "novel," and were therefore subject to patent protection. In a controversial opinion in 2001, the Court extended this patent protection to natural "novel traits" of plants (without providing any guidance to the meaning of "novel"). Since then, corporations have used their legal resources to claim absurdly vague ("pleasant taste" of melons) and supremely natural aspects of plant expression ("heat stress resistance" and shades of color) as corporate property. My 2013 catalog essay Patents on Common Vegetables (Holy Crap! You can Patent That?) explores the reach of these abuses of patent law and some of the ongoing outcomes.
And then there are the uses of contract law to keep buyers of seeds from using the inherent genetic potential of those seeds for more than one generation. "Shrink-wrap" agreements in software correspond to "Bagtag" agreements in seeds. The "shrink-wrap protection" model essentially says that when you open a shrink-wrapped software package you agree to a finely printed, thickly worded "contract" between you and the seller of the shrink-wrapped package. Seed companies like Seminis (owned by Monsanto) and Monsanto, et al. use this same kind of "contract" with their customers to prevent any use of their bagged seed other than for growing a single food-use crop– that is, no use in breeding, seed saving, replanting, research, trials, or any other use not specifically allowed. Anything may be shrink-wrapped or bagtagged, regardless of its originality, because the claim on the item is that it belongs to (because it was manufactured or produced by) the entity that wrote the contract that you are agreeing to upon opening. Seminis has bagtagged 'Amish Paste' tomato seed, clearly not original to the corporation, to prevent others from using the seed for anything other than growing paste tomatoes for market. This may or may not be legal– only a court case would decide, but it is certainly in conflict with the concept of "public domain," which specifies that all seeds in the public domain may be used without restriction.
The OSSI group considered these different "protection" models, with the help of attorneys and advisors, hoping to turn the shrink-wrap model around, an Aikido move to use the attackers' momentum to show them the floor. We considered a bagtag that specified everything that a person may do with the seed (the inverse of the Seminis tag), and just one restriction—one may not restrict the future uses of the seed in any way. This had a very satisfying feel to it, that we could turn the power of contracts around to create freedom rather than restrict it. The sad part of this approach was that it made OSSI look and behave just like our philosophical opponents. We might have endured this embarrassment were it not for the legal conclusion that every exchange of a packet of seed would have required an exchange of a 7-page contractual document, if it were to stand up in court. The seed sellers in the group were sure this would create more problems than it would solve, and that it would be commercially unworkable, even in the US where we agree to tiny unreadable contracts every time we use our computers. Our allies from the Global South rejected the entire notion of contracts of any kind being associated with seeds. For them, no one owns seeds or genetics in any sense, other than by growing them. Once out of a grower's hands, the seeds are free of any restriction and any claim of propriety is a false claim. For indigenous farmers worldwide, seed belongs to cultures, not to companies or individuals.
So this is where the OSSI working group had arrived by August of 2013. The original working group had expanded, and the interested parties now included Organic Seed Alliance and a number of graduate-level students of organic plant breeding. Some members of the group had begun to express a wish that breeders rights (to receive royalties on new varieties and inbred lines used to make hybrids) be written into the OSSI agreements. If "freeing the seed" meant there was no way to be paid for creating new varieties, how could anyone dedicate their lives to helping create a free seed commons? Trying to accommodate this legitimate concern complicated the language of our original intention– to create a free seed commons that was cost-free to participants. It also completely alienated indigenous farmers, who wanted nothing to do with the formalism of plant breeding as a profession.
Many OSSI thinkers were discouraged by these complicated legal and sociological entanglements, and the possibility of a legally defensible, contract-based open source seed system looked like a lost cause. But Jack Kloppenburg, Irwin Goldman, and some of Irwin's students were not done. I had already pointed out that it was unlikely any of us would use a violation of OSSI contract agreements to actually take a Gene Giant Corporation to court. Going to court costs money, even for the righteous, and I had opined that it would be more likely that I would use such violations as an opportunity for public shaming of offenders rather than getting legal judgements against them. Shaming a bully for taking stuff and claiming ownership does not require a legal violation, only an ethical one. Creating an ethical boundary around the practices of an intentional commons is not so difficult. It mostly just requires that everyone understand what is within the commons, what the rules of participation in the commons are, and a loud chorus of public indignation whenever the rules of the commons are violated. I suggested to Jack, sitting at the head of the table, that I didn't need an airtight contract to make a case against a corporation for ethical violation of a public declaration—that being, I wish my work to be shared, not monopolized.
By March 2014, Jack and Irwin and a group of their students had decided that ethical boundaries were good enough boundaries, and moral indignation was as good as a lawsuit, maybe better. They announced to the group that they had pirated the OSSI ship and were taking her to destiny. Rather than get lawyered up and contracted out, OSSI would work by invoking a pledge that spoke a moral intention. The intention is that the use of seed bearing the Open Source Seed Pledge never be restricted, and that anyone reproducing or transferring the seed or its derivatives will pass this pledge onto those who receive it.
On April 17, 2014 (International Day of Struggles in Defense of Peasants' and Farmers' Seeds), on the campus of the University of Wisconsin, Jack and Irwin, Irwin's graduate student Claire Luby, and Tom Stearns, delivered an address announcing the release of 36 Open Source varieties, 27 of them from Wild Garden. The event got media attention around the world, all of it positive, and the response was beyond expectations. OSSI was slammed with requests for seed, a confirmation that there is a passion inside people around the very concept of seed access, and the primary necessity of unfettered seed in sustaining a free and independent culture.
The weakness of this approach is that once the seed becomes detached from its pledge, it falls prey to all the insecurities of any seed in the public domain. It is difficult to impress upon others the burden to carry a message. Even getting our customers to denote our OSSI seed in their catalogs is a stretch—they don't have space, they don't have symbol fonts, they don't have time to tell customers what open source seed means, they don't wish to carry my water, they don't want one more thing to do...and I get that. There is no profit for my reselling customers in educating the public about seed sovereignty. But I can put it in our catalog, and that itself plants a seed of the idea, the first essential act in cultivating anything new. We have been emulated before.
OSSI will present another release of freed seed this spring, and I understand that more breeders are coming forward with more material from more species. At some point there will be enough OSS varieties that it will be practical to present them altogether in an online catalog, at which point they will take on a life all their own, and then their open nature will never be detached from them.
This story is still being written. The best account of it thus far was published in May 2014 in the Virginia Quarterly Review, an extensive article written by Lisa Hamilton, "Linux For Lettuce."
Highly recommended reading. http://www.vqronline.org/reporting-articles/2014/05/linux-lettuce
White Pinnacle
White Pinnacle (Iberis/Candytuft)


A new trade networking event based around the ski market is to launch this autumn.
The London International Ski Travel Exchange (LISTEX) will be held at London's Rowing Club, Putney on 29 and 30 October.
It will bring together buyers and sellers from the ski industry including tour operators, resorts, lift pass companies and ski schools, as well as offer forums to discuss issues in the industry.
"We are hugely excited to be launching LISTEX in 2012, a year when the eyes of the world are on London. This is the very first trade specific event for the ski industry in the UK, which remains a key international market for the majority of overseas resorts," said its co-founder and director James Gambrill.
The show launch comes after the Ski & Snowboard Show announced it will recognise the snowsports trade this year with an awards show.


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Commercial Dispute Resolution > Tough rent reviews: it pays to be prepared
Tough rent reviews: it pays to be prepared
Published by: Michael Madden at 18/11/2015
Steadily rising rents for commercial property are causing a spike in disputes over rent reviews. Michael...
Steadily rising rents for commercial property are causing a spike in disputes over rent reviews. Michael Madden, managing partner at Winston & Strawn in London, explains the rights of landlords and tenants in pushing for a fair deal.
Total returns from commercial property were up 15.3% over the year to September 2015 according to data from IPD, a rental analysis firm. Although good news for investors, this level of return is bound to cause tension between landlords keen to extract value from rising prices and tenants anxious to prevent their costs from escalating.
Commercial property leases may not expire for as long as 15 or 20 years, and contain provisions for regular rent reviews subject to prevailing market conditions. In a rising market, landlords will be keen to trigger these provisions: not only will they want to secure additional income from higher rents, but also to use these higher rents to justify increased capital valuations.
For tenants, rent reviews or lease renewals can be an unnerving experience. While landlords will initially seek to negotiate a higher rent, these discussions can often proceed to a more formal legal dispute if an agreement cannot be secured. And while some tenants may take the commercial view that the time and expense involved in a dispute over a rent increase is not justifiable, many will want to make their case more forcibly, especially in the current economic climate obsessed with operational cost-cutting.
We are already beginning to encounter more of these disputes. Although essentially a valuation exercise, the sums at stake can be significant; a major city rent review can involve a dispute over millions of pounds. Such cases can swiftly become polarised, leading to lawyers being engaged, thereby potentially introducing a whole new level of complexity and process.
THE UPPER HAND
Generally landlords will come to such reviews much better prepared than tenants. They will be armed with comprehensive market data on comparable properties with which to fight their corner, as well as access to a variety of professional expertise – both on market rents and on more technical questions, such as the state of the property, its facilities, how easy and cost-efficient it is to fit out the property, and how it compares to other similar properties.
While tenants will no doubt avail themselves with excellent real estate advisors, they often find themselves on the back foot in these disputes, especially where, as is very common, real estate is perceived as the means to an end in a business and does not perhaps gain the senior management attention of other parts of the business. This article is aimed at encouraging tenants to take a more proactive approach to rent reviews both for their own business needs and those of the tenant community as a whole.
The difficulty for tenants in these disputes is that, as alluded to above, the playing field is not even in one key respect. For landlords, the dispute is not just about income (or increasing rental value). Landlords can score a double benefit in an increase in capital value associated with a higher rental income. The landlord, therefore, has much more to fight for than the tenant.
This underscores the importance for tenants to take early action to be in a position properly to negotiate such reviews, and to protect themselves against the significant costs consequences that can arise from a contested review. Unprepared tenants, who do not appreciate such subtleties, may be browbeaten into agreeing to paying rents higher than the market justifies, and incrementally increasing the pressure on other tenants to do the same.
Equally, when negotiations falter, the parties must decide when to trigger the arbitration clause in the lease; in a rising market, it may be in the tenants' interest to proceed to this stage quickly, before market rents rise further.
If negotiations cannot be completed successfully, landlords and tenants will eventually have to fall back on the legal process. In major reviews the lease almost invariably directs that the dispute should be resolved through arbitration. It is very rare for the leases to provide any further guidance on how the arbitration is to be conducted, which means that if the parties cannot agree on the process it is down to the arbitrator to decide.
Where the lease provides for the review to be determined by an expert the parties can expect a shorter and cheaper process, although, where the sums at stake are significant, an expert will ordinarily seek the parties' submissions on the rent and engage with their valuation experts on issues claimed to affect the rental valuation.
Unless agreed otherwise, experts are not required to set out their reasons for their rulings. Indeed, they are generally reluctant to do so because, unlike arbitrators, they can face legal action from the parties if they are unhappy with the decision. Consequentially advisers to such experts generally advise them not to disclose the detail of their decision-making processes.
So how can a tenant protect itself against the costs of an arbitration where the landlord is deploying a full armoury of resources at the review with the aim of achieving the double benefit of a rental increase?
CALDERBANK OFFERS AND OTHER TACTICS
Having obtained accurate valuation advice there is a lot to be said for a tenant making an early Calderbank offer. That is an offer made "without prejudice save as to costs" which has the effect of shifting the risk of incurring substantial costs to the landlord. A Calderbank offer (which is a tactic available to both landlord and tenant) involves making an offer to settle the rent review at a particular level of rent. The other party is free to decline the offer, but in the event that the arbitrator's eventual determination is less favourable to it than the original offer made, it will be liable for both sides' costs.
Making a Calderbank offer reduces the risk of incurring substantial costs. Nevertheless, the terms of the offer must be considered carefully. An offer too generous to the other party may be accepted, tying the tenant or landlord into a determination with which they are unhappy. At the other extreme, an unrealistic settlement offer will not reduce the risk of a costs award, given the lower likelihood of the arbitrator making a decision that triggers such an award.
Another tactic that a tenant can adopt is to deploy procedures aimed at securing an early determination of the review. This may be particularly useful in a rising market where a tenant will be keen to have the rent reviewed against the prevailing market conditions at the review date. Landlords on the other hand may be content to allow the review process to take a more relaxed course, as post-review-date evidence may come to light that shows a stronger market than was perhaps perceived at the review date. Tenants will need to be astute to avoid getting distracted by 'legal' or 'procedural' issues and instead keep the parties focused on the essential nature of a rent review being a valuation exercise.
The first hearing for directions will often be a crucial moment in the dispute, providing tenants with the option of dictating the timetable and pushing the landlord to an early determination. However, tenants are often underprepared for such hearings, thereby enabling the landlord to set the agenda and gain the upper hand right from the beginning of the arbitration.
OTHER FORMS OF RESOLUTION
Mediation has yet to play any significant role in major rent reviews. This may be because of the imbalance of commercial imperatives affecting the parties, or simply a failure by arbitrators to encourage the parties to consider such an approach, or indeed a lack of appropriately trained and experienced mediators. English civil procedure has for some time recognised the importance of encouraging parties to mediate and has imposed costs sanctions on those who unreasonably refuse. Unfortunately, the Arbitration Act 1996, which would govern most rent review arbitrations, contains no such incentives or sanctions. However, Section 61 of the Act provides that while the arbitrator should apply the general principle that costs should follow the event, it does permit the arbitrator to depart from this should the circumstances render it inappropriate. Such a circumstance could be an unreasonable refusal to mediate.
Another fetter to mediation may be the absence of an ongoing commercial relationship between the parties. This may appear to be an odd comment at first blush, especially where a normal commercial lease is for a term of 20-25 years. However, the property market is no longer dominated by a relatively small number of large property companies that build long-term relationships with tenants. New entrants have different agendas and motivations. Property investors that trade their assets more regularly, with a view to maximising investment returns, may be less inclined to build such relationships with their tenants. For them the imperative is to increase the capital value and they often appear determined to pursue this irrespective of the cost to the landlord and tenant relationship.
There are other options available to the parties for encouraging a more focused and perhaps realistic approach by the parties to the rent review process. Unfortunately, these are matters which require agreement between the parties at the time of the review, which is a time where they are ordinarily less inclined to adopt a cooperative approach. One example is the flip-flop arbitration. If the parties agree to adopt this modification to the arbitration process the arbitrator is not allowed to decide a rent. Instead, he or she has to choose one of the two competing figures. Such an approach operates as a disincentive on either party to adopt an extreme figure and should provide a better environment for settlement.
If an early resolution of the rent review cannot be achieved, parties must ensure that they take full advantage of the procedures available to them in the arbitration process to ensure they get the right result. Tenants should consider seeking disclosure of documents from landlords, especially if the landlord has recently acquired its interest. Moreover, prior to acquiring the reversion, the landlord will undoubtedly have taken advice on the likely rents that could be achieved on review. Such advice might be used to challenge the rents being sought by the landlord subsequently. Similarly, reports might have been prepared for the landlord on the quality of building services at the building which again a tenant might find useful.
Where parties wish to rely on lettings of comparable properties, they may find access to the detail of such lettings frustrated by confidentiality agreements between the parties to those comparable lettings. If so, they may have to rely on the use of the witness summons to secure access to the evidence. This can be a dangerous process to adopt due to the uncertainty surrounding such evidence.
If, as appears to be the case, commercial rent reviews are on the return, tenants in particular need to plan ahead to avoid being caught out at the early stages of such reviews. Early planning, including securing clear expert valuation advice and identifying and securing the right team of other professionals is essential. Thereafter, putting in place and implementing a clear strategy, backed by a well-pitched Calderbank offer, and making full use of the range of procedures available, should ensure that parties are best placed to achieving the right result from any review.
Michael Madden is the managing partner of Winston & Strawn's London office. He leads the firm's commercial litigation presence in London and has extensive experience as the lead partner in disputes involving corporate mergers and acquisitions and joint ventures in various industries. His wide-ranging disputes practice includes international and domestic contracts, finance transactions, tax, and real estate where he is a recognised leader in rent review disputes and real estate arbitrations.
Shanghai gives green light to arbitration institutions in free trade zone
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The tyranny of choice discussed
Paula Hodges QC, the current president of the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) and leader of Herbert Smith Freehills' global arbitration practice, delivered the keynote address at CDR's Autumn Arbitration Symposium in October 2019. The following is an abridged summary of her remarks.
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Efficiency and arbitration in constructive harmony
Construction clients favour arbitration as their preferred means of dispute resolution, but there is plenty of room for improvement, as a study by Queen Mary University of London and Pinsent Masons reveals.
Arbitration's current and future challenges
International politics and the courts are putting arbitration under increasing pressure, presenting it with problems, but also opportunities for change, according to speakers led by Lord Neuberger, at a Chartered Institute of Arbitrators event.
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Korea wins free trade agreement arbitration
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TANAKH > Parshat HaShavua > Bereishit > Vayera > Avraham and the Angels
Avraham and the Angels
Rav Ezra Bick
This week's parsha shiur is being sponsored by
Mr. and Mrs. Mark W. Saks
PARASHAT VAYERA
By Rav Ezra Bick
The story of Avraham and the angels is so full of incidental lessons - the mitzva of visiting the sick (God visiting Avraham, Rashi 18:1), the mitzva of welcoming strangers (Avraham running about to feed the "men," cf. Shabbat 127a), the permissibility to tell a "white lie" (God changing the account of what Sara said about Avraham's age, Rashi 18:13), the modesty of Sara (Rashi 18:9) - that we are wont to ignore the perplexing nature of the story itself. For what purpose did the angels come to visit Avraham? The obvious answer is to inform him of the impending birth of Yitzchak. But this merely forces us to go one step deeper with our question.
1. Why is it important to inform Avraham that Sara will give birth in one year? God has promised him that he will have children since the beginning of Lekh Lekha. Neither Rivka nor Rachel, who were both barren, received prior notice of their impending pregnancy. Somewhat more generally, what is the importance to us, the readers, of the fact that there was a year's advance notice?
2. More specifically, just a day or two earlier God had already told Avraham the same thing. When commanding Avram to perform mila, God changed his name to Avraham and Sarai's to Sara, adding, "I shall bless her and also give you from her a son" (17:16). A few verses later, God tells Avraham explicitly, "But Sara your wife will bear a son for you, and you shall call his name Yitzchak ... and I will establish my covenant with Yitzchak, who Sara will bear for you AT THIS TIME IN THE NEXT YEAR" (17:19-21). This is nearly identical to the message of the angels. (The Ramban surmises that Avraham had not told Sara this piece of news, perhaps because he immediately performed mila, and then was ill. Hence the purpose of the angels' visit was to inform Sara of what Avraham already knew. Aside from the inherent unlikelihood of Avraham "forgetting" to tell his wife that after thirty years she is about to bear a son, I think the Torah itself indicates that this is not so. God changed Sarai's name to Sara. From that point on, she is only called Sara, including by the angels when they ask about her. It seems clear that Avraham had already told her of her new name; how could he not have told her of the birth of Yitzchak, which is bound up with the new name?)
3. Finally, why angels? As we pointed out, God Himself had told Avraham the same news. What's more, God has appeared to Avraham at the time the angels come to his tent. It surely appears very strange that God has sent angels to tell Avraham (or Sara) the good news when He Himself is in the midst of speaking to him. No sooner do the angels leave, then God continues His conversation with Avraham. In general, I think we are justified in not expecting someone like Avraham, to whom God spoke often, to have to rely on angels for the message of God. In the Torah, other than Avraham, we find angels speaking only to people who have not merited a more direct communication from God, such as Hagar, Lot, or Bil'am. (This does not include prophetic dreams, such as Yaakov in Beit-El). I think we feel that it is indicative of Hagar's relatively lower status that she is visited by an angel rather than by God. This is true generally in Tanakh as well. Prophets are spoken to by God, while others have extraordinary experiences of meeting an angel. Avraham twice is spoken to by angels - here, and later at the climax of the akeida.
4. This brings us to an additional question which we have perhaps avoided in the past. Just how are we supposed to understand the role of angels, here and elsewhere? The angels speak in God's name (according to most commentators, the phrase "shov ashuv" - "I will return to you in a year" [18:10] is fulfilled when "God remembered Sara as He said, and God did unto Sara as He spoke" [21:1]). They are basically manifestations of God's will - how, then, are we to understand the difference between God speaking to Avraham at the end of Lekh Lekha, and an angel speaking to him at the beginning of Vayera?
I think the answer to these questions, as well as the key to understanding parashat Vayera in general, is rooted in the last section of Lekh Lekha. Brit Mila, the physical induction of Avraham into a covenant with God, introduced by the words, "Walk before Me and be perfect," constituted a transformation of the basic relationship of Avraham to the natural world. In Lekh Lekha, Avraham reacts to the surrounding world according to the rules of nature and society, even as he is aided by God. He fights a battle with his private army. God helps him by granting him victory, but nevertheless he has to fight, using his own powers. Avraham lives on Earth, even as, when he has a problem, God speaks to him from the heaven. But after brit mila, Avraham is no longer merely a saintly inhabitant of Earth, a relatively better member of human society. Now, he walks with God. This is clearly indicated by the opening verse of the parasha. The Abrabanel perceptively deduces from the absence of Avraham's name in the opening verse - "God appeared to him in Elonei Mamre," rather than "God appeared to Avraham in Elonei Mamre" - that this appearance is an immediate continuation of the mila, despite the new parasha (compare the Ramban at the end of 18:2). But there seems to be no purpose for this appearance, no message from God to Avraham. The answer is that in this case, the appearance is its own purpose. After the mila, God visits Avraham to spend time with him, in fellowship, for Avraham now belongs to the society of God and not that of men. Every previous appearance of God to Avraham was to tell him something specific. Here it symbolizes the fellowship of God and Avraham. Mila has changed Avraham's status from that of a righteous individual to that of "yedid Hashem," a part of the spiritual community. He is "ba'al brit" Hashem rather than "ba'al brit" Aner, Eshkol, and Mamre.
Now we come to the visit of the angels. Chazal say that when they meet Avraham they are called "men," whereas when meeting Lot they are referred to as "angels," because Avraham was used to angels, so they appeared to him as men, whereas for Lot it was a novelty. Generalizing somewhat, I think this means that the presence of angels in Avraham's company, from this point on, is the presence of his fellows, his natural environment. "Walk before me and be perfect." Walking before God, as the retinue of the king, is what we imagine angels do. Avraham lives midst the angels now, so angels appear to him as men.
What is the difference between the announcement by God of Yitzchak's birth in Lekh Lekha and that of the angel here? Notice the introduction - "I shall return to you in one year (ka'et chaya) and behold, a son, of Sara your wife." The angel doesn't merely predict the birth, he states that his presence will be with Avraham and it will be manifestated in the presence of a son. In other words, the presence of angels, of God, of a heavenly environment in Avraham's house expresses itself naturally in creation and rejuvenation. Not "I will give you a son," but "behold, a son." Sara ("a greater degree of perception is granted to woman") picks up on this immediately. "After I am worn, shall I experience rejuvenation?" (see Rashi). In Avraham's case, it will be very unusual to have a child at such an advanced age, but for Sara, it requires transcendence of time, a return to her youth. Avraham has a child "in his old age" (21:2 and 21:7), but Sara has actually become young again. Not having directly experienced mila, though included in its results (her name is changed too), Sara laughs in amazement at the thought. The usual flow of time has become meaningless in Avraham's house. The angels do not come merely to INFORM, they come to PRODUCE the effect itself (just as they destroy Sodom, and, according to Chazal, they cure Avraham). In other words, the presence of angels here symbolizes the spirit of God and its workings, not as a miracle from afar to correct a difficult situation, but rather as a total transformation of the conditions of Avraham's life in this world.
All of parashat Vayera reflects this new transcendent state of Avraham.
1. As the angels leave Avraham, God states, "Shall I conceal from Avraham that which I am going to do?" Avraham has become a partner of God's in running the world, a companion, one who shares in the responsibility. "Avraham will become a great and mighty nation and in him, ALL THE NATIONS of THE EARTH WILL BE BLESSED." Can God act in Sodom without telling Avraham?
2. Avraham argues with God about God's role in the world - "The judge of all the earth, shall He not do justice?" Avraham is no longer merely an inhabitant of the lower world, but one who is engaged in defining how it should be run from above.
3. Why was Sodom destroyed? The Torah does not elaborate what was so unusually terrible about Sodom, other than a hint that they did not appreciate guests. Surely, there were other cities around the world that were not particularly hospitable that did not suffer this incredible plight. I think the answer is rooted in Avraham's new state - hence the same angels who visit Avraham destroy Sodom. (Rashi deduces from the singular tense used whenever one of the angels fulfils a mission that each act was performed by a different angel - one to cure Avraham, one to destroy Sodom, and one to announce the birth of Yitzchak. This does not contradict my point that the narrative connects Avraham's receiving the announcement of Yitzchak's birth and the destruction of Sodom precisely by sending the angels to do both. On the contrary. If, for reasons of metaphysical angelogy, each angel does one specific and distinct task, why do they travel together? Why do the angels who destroy Sodom and save Lot visit Avraham in the company of the one who has the job of informing him of Yitzchak's birth? Clearly, they are on one long continuous mission.) Sodom is destroyed because Eretz Yisrael does not suffer evil. Compare:
The last generation, your children who will come after you, and the stranger who will come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of that land (of Israel) and its sickness, which God has laid upon it. Brimstone, and salt, and burning all the land, not sown, nor growing, nor producing any grass, like the overthrow of Sodom and Amora, Adma and Tzvoim, which God overthrew in his rage and anger. And all the nations shall ask, why... And God rooted them out of their land. (Devarim 29:21-27)
The destruction of the people is not emphasized as much as the destruction of the land. Why is Sodom destroyed by angels who are coming from visiting Avraham after his mila? This, too, is a reflection of the elevation of Avraham above the natural order. Eretz Yisrael, the land given to Avraham, is no longer a normal land, obeying the natural laws of nature. It is the earthly home of the companions of God, a land which itself cannot suffer wickedness. The same angels (i.e. the presence of God) who, by their presence in Avraham's house, rejuvenate Sara and Avraham via Yitzchak, bring down brimstone and fire by their presence in Sodom.
4. "When God destroyed the cities of the plain, He remembered Avraham, and He sent Lot out of the overthrow, when He overthrew the cities in which Lot dwelled" (19:29). In Lekh Lekha, Avraham saves Lot by attacking the kings who have taken him captive. In Vayera, he saves him once again simply because God, remembering his companion Avraham, separates Lot from his environment, a pale reflection of Avraham's separation from his environment.
5. Avimelech takes Sara to his palace, as Pharaoh had done earlier. In the first case, a plague (which we of course know comes from God) afflicts Pharaoh, and he hurries to return Sara. This time, God Himself comes to tell Avimelech to return Sara. The midrash and the commentators can barely restrain their astonishment that Avimelech merits the word of God. I think the focus should not be the merit of Avimelech, but rather on the relationship of Avraham and God. Someone has caused Avraham a very serious and personal problem. God intervenes personally to set it right. God adds - "Now return the man's wife, for he is a prophet, and he will pray for you and you will live" (20:7). In relation to the inhabitants of the land, Avraham has almost magical powers to intercede with God and cure the sick. God is telling Avimelech, "You have a problem, but Avraham has 'proteksia' with Me; he is one of My own, so he can help you."
6. The akeida - well, that is already another stage, but we are running out of time, so I'll leave that for you to work out on your own.
Vayera is a new parasha because it is a totally new stage in the life of Avraham. It is rooted narratively, however, in the end of Lekh Lekha. The brit of Avram concludes the story of a righteous man; the visit of the angels to Avraham commences the story of heavenly man, what Chazal call "merkava li-Shekhina."
Further questions and points to ponder:
1. On one other occasion, at the end of the akeida, an angel appears to Avraham. Although Chazal claim that angels appear as "men" to Avraham, there he is called an "angel." Why? Notice that the angel there speaks to Avraham "from the heavens."
2. Rashi 23:23 - "Vayihiyu chayei Sara." Connect to the shiur.
3. 23:4 - "ger ve-toshav anochi imachem." 23:6 - "nesi elokim ata betocheinu". "All the nations got together and cut cedars and made a great platform. They seated Avraham on it on high and were praising him, saying, 'Nesi elokim ata betocheinu,' you are our king, you are our nasi, you are our god" (Bereishit Rabba 43:5). What is Avraham's social position in Canaan?
4. "'From my flesh I behold God' - Had I not done so (performed mila), from where would God have appeared to me?" (Bereishit Raba 48:2. cf. ibid 48:3-5).
5. "Avraham said, Until I did mila, passersby would come in to me; now that I have done mila, are the passersby not going to come to me anymore? God said to him, Until you did mila, humans would come to you, now I Myself (bi-chevodi, in My glory) will come and appear to you, as it is written, Vayera eilav HaShem" (Bereishit Raba 47:9).
6. The Netziv explains that the difference between God's announcement in Lekh Lekha and the angel's announcement in Vayera is that God said "at this time in the other year (bashana ha-acheret)," which does not necessarily imply the very next year; the angel said "at this time next year (ka'eit chaya)." How else can we explain the difference between the two phrases?
f04-07vayera.rtf
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Intro to Issurei Hana'a – (Masekhet Pesachim Second Perek)
Rav David Silverberg
SALT - Tuesday, 14 Marchesvan 5776 - October 27
Heilakh - 4a


text:
Раю ()— деревня, расположенная в жудеце Васлуй в Румынии. Административно подчинена городу Мурджени.

География
Деревня расположена в 250 км к северо-востоку от Бухареста, 49 км к юго-востоку от Васлуя, 107 км к югу от Ясс, 90 км к северу от Галаца.

Население
По данным переписи населения 2002 года в селе проживали 720  человек.

Национальный состав

Родной язык

Примечания

Населённые пункты по алфавиту
Населённые пункты жудеца Васлуй


Poetrepository: Playing With Poetry -- With FIRST Graders!
Hey, I recognize that photo!! Hats off to the versatile poetry teacher reading a book!
I LOVE that they imagined a pepper with its face that far into a book. They're hilarious!! And what a smart wee thing - as I revise, I shall take her 'boring words deleted' idea to heart!


text:
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text:
FOR RSS May 15, 2015
Jon Street
FedEx Package Delivered to Apple Store Contained Hazardous Substance: Officials
They started feeling "dizzy and nauseous."
Authorities in California say they've figured out what made four Apple store employees so sick that they had to be taken to the hospital, but it's still unclear as to whether illness could strike anyone else.
Mario Tama/Getty Images
The San Jose Mercury News reported that workers at Apple's Monterey, California, location started feeling "dizzy and nauseous" Wednesday after a FedEx truck delivered a package containing organic peroxide, a hazardous chemical.
Someone called 911 and four people were taken to a nearby hospital. Eight more were examined on site, Monterey Fire Chief Gaudenz Panholzer said.
Hazmat crews arrived on the scene to inspect the package and, because of the potential threat, the entire area of the Del Monte Shopping Center was evacuated for more than two hours.
Consumerist reported the substance leaked to the outside of the package and the spill likely occurred in transit. Panholzer told the Monterey Herald that the package was contaminated at a FedEx distribution center, although he did not say which one or if it contaminated other packages within that facility.
Officials still don't know whether any of the packages that were delivered by the same truck might have been affected.
"There were several packages in the truck, but they are not making any further deliveries since they were made aware of the situation," Panholzer told the Monterey Herald.
Three more packages from the truck were delivered after those to the Apple store, all of which were in Monterey. It isn't clear how many deliveries proceeded the Apple store drop-off.
Inspectors later disposed of the substance in a dumpster outside a P.F. Chang's restaurant. The patio of the eating establishment was closed as a result but the inside remained open.
A FedEx representative has indicated that the company is working with law enforcement officers to determine how the incident happened and what might have prevented it.
"Our immediate concern is for the well-being of those involved. We are cooperating with authorities investigating the cause of the incident," a company statement read.
(H/T: The Consumerist)
Follow Jon Street (@JonStreet) on Twitter


text:
Shaun Evans (født 6. marts 1980 i Liverpool) er en engelsk skuespiller, der kendes fra ITV's krimiserie Unge Morse (), hvor han spiller hovedrollen som den unge Endeavour Morse.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra England
Personer fra Liverpool


text:
Just a small collection of stuff I always need in my C++ projects.
Nothing fancy.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
John Ratzenberger Goes Back with 'A Bug's Life' [Exclusive]
John Ratzenberger Goes Back with A Bug's Life [Exclusive]
Movieweb Contributor
in DVD, Blu-ray Release Dates
The Cheers alum and Pixar fixture talks about this new BD release, his charitable foundation and that mysterious new toy in Toy Story 3
After spending 11 years in a place where everybody knew his name on the hit sitcom Cheers, John Ratzenberger carved out a legacy all his own in another medium: animation. The actor who portrayed the lovable mailman Cliff Claven is the only person whose voice appears in all 10 of the hit films from animation powerhouse Pixar, starting with his voice role as Hamm on Toy Story and every other film including the upcoming Up, which hits theaters on May 29 and the highly-anticipated Toy Story 3 as well. The second film in the Pixar canon was A Bug's Life, which is finally making the move to Blu-ray on May 19. I had the chance to speak with Ratzenberger over the phone and here's what he had to say.
I believe you're the only actor to appear in every Pixar film, so how did this whole relationship with Pixar kind of start for you?
John Ratzenberger: That's really a question for John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton, because they were at the helm when I first started with Pixar all those years ago in the first Toy Story. I don't know. I've never asked them, I've never questioned them. If it works don't fix it, has always been my philosophy.
This film, A Bug's Life has references to films like Three Amigos! and The Magnificent Seven...
John Ratzenberger: (Laughs) You said Three Amigos!? Well it started with Seven Samurai and then The Magnificent Seven, yeah.
So was it kind of odd just to see those references in an animated film, when you first read the script?
John Ratzenberger: I didn't read the script. I didn't read the whole story. They were smart, they weren't sending scripts around. Because I had already worked with them, it was just a simple phone call because, when you're involved with Pixar, don't forget the people in charge, the directors, they know that film better than anyone and you don't really have to ask a lot of questions. That's the nice thing about working with Pixar, is they never sit on their laurels. They could've relaxed a long time ago, but they don't. They try to outdo themselves every single time.
Can you talk a little about the recording process and working with Lasseter and Stanton? How would you compare them to anyone else?
John Ratzenberger: You mean compared to anyone else in Hollywood or in Pixar?
Just anyone in Hollywood.
John Ratzenberger: Well, they're better prepared than most directors, because they know every punctuation marks in the scripts, because they usually work on the scripts for, oh, two years, before they get to me. They're just very very prepared and they know what they need or want and they're open to suggestions too, which is wonderful.
You play P.T. Flea in this one, so what is the process like to prepare for a voiced performance, as opposed to a live-action performance?
John Ratzenberger: Well, live-action, you're walking across the room or jumping out of a hayloft or riding a bicycle or something, so you have to bring your total package into play. With this it's more imagination. You're seeing it happen in your head instead of making it happen. It's just like shifting gears in a sports car, you're just picking gear-shifts.
This was the second Pixar film, and they hadn't quite had the reputation that they have now, so what were your first thoughts when you first saw the film?
John Ratzenberger: Oh, it hasn't changed for, what is it? How many films now, 10?
Yeah, 10.
John Ratzenberger: It takes your breath away, it really does. P.T. Flea is my favorite character that I've played so far.
Pixar really is batting 1,000, so do you think they're even capable of making a bad film?
John Ratzenberger: Well, if they rest on their laurels and put their feet up, but they just never do. They always try to break new ground, whether it's depicting wind through the sand or the waves of Finding Nemo or the fabric floating in The Incredibles. They always try to concentrate on one thing, like this has always been the Holy Grail in this aspect, so let's try to conquer it, and they do. That's what keeps them so young and fresh.
You've been doing both these voice roles and live-action roles for awhile so do you have any preference between the two?
John Ratzenberger: No, not really. It depends on where the location is, for the live-action. It's nice to go to nice places. I think my next film I'm going to Michigan, so I'll be doing a lot of fishing I think. I just enjoy working in this sandbox of Hollywood. I've directed and acted and written. I just love it all, just picking up different toys in the sandbox and I'm very privileged and blessed to be a part of it for such a long time.
Can you talk a bit about the foundation you started, Nuts, Bolts and Thingamajigs?
John Ratzenberger: Well, if people just go to NutsAndBoltsFoundation.org, they can find out about it there, because I could go on for hours about it. All over the country, there is a need to teach young people to, really, get them out in the backyard, building treehouses, fixing bicycles, because you become a better, more well-rounded, Renaissance personality if you actually know how to do things with your hands. If you can fix the screen door or replace your old garbage disposal, even change the tire on a car, a lot of people don't even know how to do that. We're literally running out of people who know how to do those things, the essential things like plumbing, carpentry, stone masonry, we're literally running out of them, so unless that turns around soon, we're going to hit an industrial tsunami within six years. So that's why I started the foundation and we sponsor camps nationwide to teach young kids. If you want to go to the website, it will explain all that.
Excellent. That sounds great.
John Ratzenberger: Well, thank you.
So Up is coming out in a few weeks and Pixar always likes to throw those teasers in for the next film. It was released that there was a little teddy bear character that was going to be in Toy Story 3, so is there anything you know about that character at all?
John Ratzenberger: Oh, I know a lot about him. I'm not going to tell you (Laughs). No, all in good time. The way they do things, I just sit back and marvel. But yeah, it's fun. You're going to enjoy that one too.
So is there anything you can say about anything else you have in the works?
John Ratzenberger: I have a film... well, the ink isn't dry on that contract yet, but I was offered to do a movie and I think in the next couple of days I can be talking about that.
Well, that's about all I have for you, John. Thanks so much for your time, and the best of luck with your new projects.
John Ratzenberger: All right. Thanks Brian. Take care.
You can finally see John Ratzenberger's P.T. Flea character and the rest of these bugs in 1080p when A Bug's Life hits the shelves on May 19, and you can see Ratzenberger's Construction Foreman Tom character on the big screen when Up hits theaters on May 29.