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Posted inCriminal Justice
Public defenders ask court to toss 3,000 cases stemming from city begging ordinance previously found unconstitutional
by Nick Chrastil May 22, 2020 May 22, 2020
From December 2019, a handcuffed man is led toward the New Orleans jail. (Michael Isaac Stein/The Lens)
The Orleans Public Defenders asked the New Orleans Municipal Court this week to toss out over 3,000 open cases stemming from a city ordinance that outlaws begging, along with any pending fines and fees.
The local law was declared unconstitutional in a 2013 ruling from Orleans Parish Criminal District Court Judge Arthur Hunter. The ruling was later upheld by the state's Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal and the Louisiana Supreme Court after the District Attorney's office appealed.
It appears that the city has mostly stopped enforcing the begging prohibition since 2013, but there are still outstanding cases from charges filed prior to Hunter's ruling. According to the public defenders' motions, nearly 1,000 of them have attachments — meaning a person could be arrested for the outstanding charge.
"We need to get rid of them, because there are 1,000 people who could get picked up at any given time by NOPD," said Lauren Anderson, the Supervising Attorney at Municipal and Magistrate Court for the public defenders, who filed the motions.
She said that open charges didn't simply disappear after the law was ruled unconstitutional.
"It doesn't mean those cases automatically went away," she said. "They're just sitting there."
Anderson filed two motions, one that would quash begging charges that are still in the system but have not yet gone through court, and another that would waive outstanding fines and fees for people who already plead guilty to the crime.
A spokesperson for the NOPD said that they do not "actively enforce this ordinance."
A spokesperson for the city said that while they had "not been served with the motions referenced," and therefore were not in a position to comment, the law outlawing begging has not been enforced for "many years"
"The City Attorney's Office has not actively prosecuted begging charges for many years. To the extent a defendant makes an appearance on a 'begging' charge, the charges are generally dismissed."
The motions are part of a broader local movement to have outstanding warrants and fines and fees for low-level offenses tossed from Municipal Court. Anderson said the begging ordinance was low-hanging fruit.
"These 3,077 cases that we filed motions on is just a start. The reason we did begging is because it's unconstitutional, and there is absolutely no reason somebody should go to jail for that. They can't actually be charged with it, and they shouldn't be paying the city money for something that's unconstitutional."
In October, the City Council voted unanimously to pass a resolution urging local law enforcement officials to dismiss charges for low-level and "quality of life offenses, which are typically associated with homelssness and poverty" and asked the Municipal Court Judges "to recall all municipal and traffic court warrants for outstanding charges to allow defendants a significant opportunity to reach compliance and fully resolve cases."
They also passed an ordinance that requires the court to first determine if a defendant has the ability to pay before assessing fines and fees. The ordinance also prohibited the imprisonment of any person due to their inability to pay court fines and fees.
In 2013, New Orleans District Judge Arthur Hunter ruled that the ordinance outlawing begging was unconstitutional. The District Attorney's office appealed his ruling to the 4th circuit, which upheld his ruling, and then to the Louisiana Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case.
When the Supreme Court ruling came down, a spokesman for then-Mayor Mitch Landrieu said that the city would look into changing the ordinance in some way, and said it would stop being enforced.
The law remained on the books, but Anderson said that for the most part begging charges are no longer being used to make new arrests. Instead, it has been functionally replaced by other low-level offenses.
"Begging was basically replaced by obstruction of a public passage, or the other of the thousands of other cases at Municipal Court that are mostly lifestyle crimes — sleeping on the sidewalk, trespassing, public intoxication — mostly things that mentally ill people or homeless people are charged with," she said. "Which is why the city council did the resolution last fall to get rid of all those cases."
But the City Council doesn't have the authority to make those reforms for cases that have already been charged, and the resolution simply voiced the council's opinion, rather than implement legal change. Anderson said the reforms in that resolution won't come to pass without the cooperation from the City Attorney and the Municipal Court.
"When they did that resolution, it was kind of like building a house with no door," she said. "It was an idea, but no way to actually accomplish it. Municipal Court has made no effort to get rid of those cases, the City Attorney has made no effort to get rid of those cases."
Anderson said starting with the cases based on the begging ordinance was a way to get the ball rolling on the broader process of wiping the slate clean on the rest of municipal warrants and fees.
"The theory of starting with this is trying to show the judges, you know, this is probably the most outrageous thing, because this is an unconstitutional charge," Anderson said.
Nick Chrastil
Nicholas Chrastil covers criminal justice for The Lens. As a freelancer, his work has appeared in Slate, Undark, Mother Jones, and the Atavist, among other outlets. Chrastil has a master's degree in mass... More by Nick Chrastil


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Russia says 'some progress' being made in talks with Ukraine
"Some progress has been made," Foreign Ministry spokesman Maria Zakharova said during a press briefing, referring to three rounds of talks with Kyiv. PHOTO: REUTERS
https://str.sg/we5s
MOSCOW (AFP) - Russia said on Wednesday (March 9) that negotiations with Kyiv to resolve the Ukraine conflict were making headway and underscored that Moscow's troops were not working to topple the Ukrainian government.
"Some progress has been made," Foreign Ministry spokesman Maria Zakharova said during a press briefing, referring to three rounds of talks with Kyiv.
Ukrainian and Russian officials have been meeting on the Belarus-Poland border for talks to end fighting.
Ms Zakharova said another round of talks will be focused on humanitarian corridors to evacuate civilians.
She also said Moscow does not intend to occupy Ukraine or overthrow its government.
The army's aim is "not to occupy Ukraine, or the destruction of its statehood, or the overthrow of the government", she said. "It is not directed against the civilian population."
President Vladimir Putin has said he sent in troops to Ukraine in order to "de-Nazify" the country.
Since Russian troops went in on Feb 24, they have advanced into the country and shelled Ukraine's main cities, forcing thousands to flee.
Moscow said it is not to target civilian areas, despite widespread evidence otherwise.
During the briefing, Ms Zakharova accused Kyiv authorities of blocking efforts to evacuate civilians.
"Information about humanitarian corridors is deliberately not communicated to the population," she said.
"Persons wishing to leave for Russia are forced to evacuate in the Western direction," she said.
Russia and Ukraine have agreed a day-long ceasefire on Wednesday around a series of evacuation corridors to allow civilians to escape fighting.
Moscow said this week it would set up evacuation corridors, but Kyiv said the proposed routes were unacceptable because some led to Russia.
Ms Zakharova claimed that around two million Ukrainians want to be evacuated to Russia.
The United Nations refugee agency, UNHCR, has estimated the total number of Ukraine refugees at as many as 2.2 million.
Follow The Straits Times' live coverage on the Ukraine crisis here.
Russia-Ukraine talks make some progress on corridors, Kyiv says
Russia, Ukraine agree to ceasefire to allow civilians to escape fighting in areas including Mariupol

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Many of the images seen here are available as limited-edition prints. To inquire about a specific image, click the 'inquiry' button below the image and you can send me a message.
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GSW Spring Graduation 2018
Published 2:47 pm Monday, May 21, 2018
AMERICUS — The following area residents were among approximately 335 students who graduated from Georgia Southwestern State University during the Spring 2018 Commencement Ceremony held on Friday, May 4 in Convocation Hall of the Student Success Center.
Lindsay Kirk of Americus, bachelor of business administration in accounting; Fei Liu of Americus, bachelor of business administration in accounting cum laude; Madison McMinn of Americus, bachelor's degree in art; Brenton Bazemore of Americus, bachelor of science in computer science magna cum laude; Janak Chapagain of Americus, master of science in computer science;
Kalyan Reddivari of Americus, master of science in computer science; Emily Abell of Leslie, bachelor of science in education in early childhood education magna cum laude; Owen Dillard of Andersonville, bachelor of science in education in early childhood education; Kristen Johnson of Americus, bachelor of science in education in early childhood education; Aimee Robinson of Americus, bachelor of science in education in early childhood education magna cum laude;
Natalie Stephens of Cobb, bachelor of science in education in early childhood education; Silvio Valladao of Americus, bachelor of science in education in exercise science and wellness summa cum laude; Madison Whittaker of Americus, bachelor of science in education in exercise science and wellness magna cum laude; Jessie Mims of Americus, bachelor of arts in English; Jessica Jarriel of Americus, bachelor of fine arts in fine arts;
Shayna Turner of Montezuma, bachelor of science in geology summa cum laude; Dominique Mitchell of Americus, bachelor of arts in history; Meghann Perry of Americus, bachelor of science in information technology; Courtney Harmon of Americus, master's degree in business administration; Misty Harry of Americus, master's degree in business administration;
Stephen Moore of Americus, master's degree in business administration; Tracy Taylor of Ellaville, master's degree in business administration; Kristina Aldridge of Ellaville, master's degree in education; Steven Blythe of Americus, bachelor of business administration in management; Michael Collins of Americus, bachelor of business administration in management;
Christina Smith of Americus, bachelor of business administration in management; Allison Stewart of Americus, bachelor of business administration in management magna cum laude; Tariq Stratford of Cobb, bachelor of business administration in management; Laci Martin of Ellaville, master's degree in nursing, Darla Braxton of Ellaville, master's degree in nursing;
Calvin Defenbau of Americus, master's degree in nursing; Julie Horn of Americus, master's degree in nursing; Heather Kemp of Americus, master's degree in nursing; Kristin Murrah of Ellaville, master's degree in nursing; Brandi St John of Americus, master's degree in nursing;
Shae Stephens of Marshallville, master's degree in nursing; Rose Lowell of Plains, bachelor of arts in music with teacher certification; Larry Splane of Americus, bachelor of science in nursing; Mitchell Easom of Americus, bachelor of science in nursing; Elyse Gowen of Americus, bachelor of science in nursing;
Leslie Greene of Ellaville, bachelor of science in nursing; Sarah Hardin of Americus, bachelor of science in nursing; Emily Harrod of Americus, bachelor of science in nursing; William Hunter of Ellaville, bachelor of science in nursing; Cynthia Lavaud of Americus, bachelor of science in nursing;
Jessica Price of Americus, bachelor of science in nursing; Matthew Hulen of Americus, bachelor of science in nursing magna cum laude; Peggy-Claire Israel of Smithville, bachelor of science in nursing; Joon Lee of Americus, bachelor of science in nursing; Marie Thomas of Plains, bachelor of science in nursing cum laude;
Braxton Crews of Ellaville, bachelor of science in biology; Maria Benites of Americus, bachelor of science in political science summa cum laude; Angela Baughcum of Americus, bachelor of science in psychology; Emily Gruman of Americus, bachelor of science in psychology cum laude; Andrew Patrick of Americus, bachelor of science in psychology; Tristian Wiggins of Ellaville, bachelor of science in psychology; Hannah Williams of Ellaville, bachelor of science in psychology; Javin Butler-Roberts of Leslie, bachelor of science in sociology.
More education
SGTC Aircraft Structural graduate lands dream job at Warner Robins Air Force Base
Tredarrian Colbert named SGTC 2023 GOAL Winner
Sheppard named new Electrical Systems Technology Instructor at SGTC Crisp County Center
Synovreportsus-Americus donates to SGTC Instructor of the Year


Seven types of bees native to Hawaii are now officially endangered species in the US.
As of October 31st, bees were under the protection of the Endangered Species Act – the first time bees have made it into the list of US endangered species. As Biological Sciences applicants may be familiar, bees are responsible for pollinating commercial fruit and vegetables across the UK, responsible for around $30 billion each year.
This news follows action from the White House in previous months, where the administration released the National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators. This strategy plan aimed to combat the dwindling populations of bees – from 5 million in the late 1940s to 2.7 million today.
Geography applicants should consider the benefit that bees bring in pollinating crops and their use in commercial agriculture, while Economics applicants should consider how preservation and protection of natural resources should be balanced with productive, economic output.


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Tag / africans
top ten list 2014
"every society selects for something", africa, africans, american nations, arabized world, asabiyyah, biology 101, biology and behavior, biology matters, clannishness, different peoples is different (duh!), europe, europeans, father's brother's daughter marriage, fulani, germans, guilt vs. shame cultures, hajnal line, hausa, homicide, igbo, inbetweeners, inbreeding, iraq, iraqis, kissin' cousins, manorialism, mating patterns matter, medieval england, medieval europe, medieval france, medieval germany, nature and...we dunno!, nigeria, nigerians, not a democracy, ostsiedlung, outbreeding, relatedness matters, reverse renaissance, subsaharan africa, subsaharan africans, switzerland, the bamileke, the franks, the outbreeding project, the swiss, top ten, violence, what's this hbd business all about anyway?, yoruba
here's a top ten-ish selection of my posts from this year, selected by me (this blog is not a democracy! (~_^) ). they weren't necessarily the most read or most commented upon posts, but just the ones that i like the best and that i'd like people to read. ymmv!
a BIG thanks to all of you who do read the ol' blog! and many, many thanks for all the informative and insightful comments. (^_^) …and for some of the crazy comments, too. (~_^)
– big summary post on the hajnal line – "so, apart from indicating patterns of nuptuality in late medieval and modern europe, hajnal's line also represents the extent of both manorialism and The Outbreeding Project on the continent. both of these together set up a very new and different sort of social environment for western europeans — a new, and quite unique, social environment which exerted some very different sorts of selection pressures on the populations, particularly on social behaviors, but perhaps on other traits as well."
– medieval manorialism's selection pressures – "medieval society in northern europe (ca. 400-1500 a.d.) produced some quite unique selection pressures which very much shaped the characteristics and personalities of 'core' europeans…."
– die ostsiedlung – "from a sociobiological point-of-view, probably the most underappreciated event in recent western european history. that and the reconquest of spain."
– mating patterns of the medieval franks – "by the 800s, second cousin marriages amongst the franks were considered 'scandalous.' bishops actively enforced the bans in their dioceses and neighbors willingly squealed on their cousin-marrying neighbors to the bishops. by the 800s-1000s, there is good evidence that both the frankish aristocracy and the lower classes avoided close cousin marriage." — see also: kindreds, communes, feuds, and mating patterns in medieval france – "beginning in the 1000s, there are indications — the rise of lineages and the appearance of communes — that the french kindreds were starting to break apart. however, feuding continued in france into the 1200-1300s, so clannishness did not disappear in france overnight."
– the transition from shame to guilt in anglo-saxon england (and "core" europe) – "feelings of guilt were probably selected for over the course of the middle ages in northwestern europe starting in the early part of the period." — see also: more on the origins of guilt in northwestern european populations – "the center of the guilt culture in northwestern europe — the core region which (historically anyway) has been characterized by the least corruption, the highest levels of trust, liberal democracy, free societies, low levels of internal violence, high levels of human accomplishment, the invention of capitalism, the advancement of science, the development of the ideas and ideals of the enlightenment, and pretty much everything else we call western civilization today — is the core where The Outbreeding Project began the earliest in europe."
– sneak preview: violence, punishment, outbreeding, and swashbuckling pirates in medieval england – "over the course anglo-saxon period…the death penalty did come to be more widely applied to cases of homicide, but for most of the period there weren't really very many executions of killers…. more laws demanding the death penalty (or castration) for killings were issued and enforced during the anglo-norman and angevin periods… [but] executions actually remained comparatively low during large parts of the norman period…. as far as i can tell, criminals were executed right and left during the tudor period. the use of capital punishment really ramped up during the 1500s." — see also: homicide rates in various regions of thirteenth century england – "[I]t is possible that every person in England in the thirteenth century, if he did not personally witness a murder, knew or knew of someone who had been killed."
– a study in swiss – "my guess is that the swiss are some of western europe's 'inbetweeners' as far as outbreeding goes. i guessed that they probably got involved in The Outbreeding Project later than some other western europeans — the ones in and closer to the center of my 'core' europe. and they didn't experience manorialism either (unless some of them on the swiss plateau did?)."
– reverse renaissance? – "perhaps the arabized world underwent a *reverse* renaissance process thanks to the introduction by the arabs of the most inbred form of cousin marriage — father's brother's daughter (fbd) marriage — to the populations of the middle east/maghreb…." — see also asabiyyah and asabiyyah ii – clannishness and the abbasid caliphate.
– fbd cousin marriage and clans and tribes in iraq – "i think a long term inbreeding society selects — or *can* select — for what i call clannishness. and iraqis have got that in spades. they've got clans and tribes, nepotism, and an obvious inability to handle liberal democracy. not that that's some sort of goal in and of itself. i'm just sayin'."
– cousin marriage in sub-saharan africa – "there is also a wide variety of mating patterns in ss africa. some populations avoid cousin marriage altogether. we've already seen this with the bamileke of cameroon and the igbo of nigeria. also the turkana of kenya and quite possibly the amhara of ethiopia (not 100% sure about them — need to double-check). a notable group which apparently avoids cousin marriage is the zulu. but plenty of other ss africa groups do practice cousin marriage like, as you'll see in the table below, the kongo and luba in the democratic republic of congo, the ashanti in ghana, the sotho-tswana in south africa, and the kpelle of liberia." — see also: the bamileke of cameroon and fulani, hausa, igbo, and yoruba mating patterns.
– the american revolutions – "that there were four american revolutions is a result of the fact that four (five?) somewhat different english populations settled in different regions of north america. the cultural and attitudinal differences between these regions persist to this day because, undoubtedly, there are genetic variations between the populations — probably average genetic differences in the frequencies of genes related to behaviors, personality, and even intelligence. these regional differences also persist because, since the very founding of the united states, like-minded people have been self-sorting themselves within the country so that they group together — and that sorting process has *not* been slowing down."
– it's not nature and nurture… – "…it's nature and…*we dunno*…miscellaneous/unknown/noise?" — this post's actually very important. READ THIS POST! think about it for a while and let it sink in. and make sure to follow the links!
– my "what is hbd" series: what is human biodiversity (hbd)? – "human biodiversity (hbd) is very simply the diversity found among and between human populations that has a biological basis." — see also: what human biodiversity (hbd) is not; examples of human biodiversity (hbd); why human biodiversity (hbd) is true; hbd and racism; and hbd and politics.
– and finally: you and me and hbd – "if you accept that humans exhibit biologically based diversity, then you'd better be prepared to accept ALL of it."
different mutation rates in different human populations
africa, africans, australians, biology 101, biology matters, bushmen, china, chinese, dai, dinka, french people, genes, genetics, han chinese, han?, karitiana, mandenka, mbuti, mixe, mutation rates, papua new guinea, papua new guineans, san, sardinians, what's this hbd business all about anyway?, yoruba
well this seems important! via race/history/evolution notes, an abstract from the society for molecular biology and evolution 2014 conference (in puerto rico! – teh scientists are always good to themselves whenever they can be (~_^) ):
Evidence for different mutation rates across human populations
Ron Do, David Reich
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
Although mutation rates (per base pair) have clearly changed across primate evolution, many analyses continue to assume that all present-day human populations have the same mutation rates. Recently, William Amos analyzed 1000 Genomes Project and Complete Genomics sequences and found evidence of significantly higher divergence rates on African than on non-African lineages since separation (W. Amos, PLoS One 4, e63048). The detected pattern was strongest in genomic regions of high polymorphism rate, a pattern that the author hypothesized was due to 'heterozygote instability', whereby gene conversion events surrounding heterozygous sites increase the mutation rate. To further test this observation, we measured the relative accumulation of mutations in lineages drawn from two different populations, using 25 deep genome sequences generated according to the same experimental protocol using the Illumina technology. We carried out pairwise comparisons of five sub-Saharan African (Dinka, Mandenka, Mbuti, San, Yoruba) and eight Non-African populations (Australian, Dai, French, Han, Karitiana, Mixe, Papuan, Sardinian) on all divergent sites. We observed statistically significant differences in the relative accumulation of mutations for many pairs of African and Non-African populations. Among the strongest differences is significantly more lineage-specific mutations in Mbuti than in Han Chinese (R=1.044, standard error (SE) =0.0015). On average, we observed about 1% more mutations on African lineages compared to Non-African lineages. We also observed some significant differences across non-African populations, with the Han Chinese who have experienced extreme expansions in population size associated with agriculture having more mutations than the Karitiana, a hunter-gatherer population from Amazonia who did not experience such expansions (R=1.015, SE=0.0014). The results are consistent across both European and African segments of the human reference sequence, so are not an artifact of reference sequence bias. Taken together, these results support the view that per-base pair mutation rates may be dynamically and substantially changing across humans.
wrt to greater number of mutations in african lineages: polygamy (and, therefore, older fathers)? life in the tropics?
(note: comments do not require an email. old san juan. (^_^) )
cousin marriage in sub-saharan africa
africa, africans, biology 101, biology and behavior, biology matters, central africa, different peoples is different (duh!), east africa, father's brother's daughter marriage, inbreeding, kissin' cousins, mating patterns matter, mother's brother's daughter marriage, outbreeding, polygamy, relatedness matters, south africa, sub-saharan africa, trainspotting, west africa, what's this hbd business all about anyway?
whenever i'm kinda tired and slightly braindead, i usually start trawling the streets google books or online journals for any info/data on mating patterns in human populations. (unless i rewatch star wars for the umpteenth millionth time, obviously.) it's my own, personal form of trainspotting just with less trains. and more mating patterns.
so i thought i'd share with you what i've got to date for sub-saharan (ss) african populations. this is faaar from being a complete list, nor is it systematic in any way. it's just the stuff that i've happened to come across so far, so don't read anything into the list like "overall there seems to be more inbreeding or outbreeding" or whatever.
first of all, there are a LOT of ss african populations! thousands. so, you know, it'll take some time to get info on them all! here's a map of the broad ethnolinguistic groups of africa that i've stolen from wikipedia — remember that there are hundreds if not thousands of subgroups within these broad groups:
needless to say, with such a wide variety of peoples, there is also a wide variety of mating patterns in ss africa. some populations avoid cousin marriage altogether. we've already seen this with the bamileke of cameroon and the igbo of nigeria. also the turkana of kenya and quite possibly the amhara of ethiopia (not 100% sure about them — need to double-check). a notable group which apparently avoids cousin marriage is the zulu. but plenty of other ss africa groups do practice cousin marriage like, as you'll see in the table below, the kongo and luba in the democratic republic of congo, the ashanti in ghana, the sotho-tswana in south africa, and the kpelle of liberia. (fun fact that's stuck in my brain for some reason — some of oprah's ancestors were probably kpelle.)
the most common form of cousin marriage in ss africa is mother's brother's daughter (mbd) marriage which isn't too surprising since that is the most common form of cousin marriage in the world. there's an interesting twist to it in ss africa, though, thanks to all of the polygamy which is also very common in ss african societies. here from robin fox [pg. 195]:
"This latter form of marriage [mother's brother's daughter] is common in Africa and in patrilineal societies generally. Often, in Africa, it goes along with marriage to the wife's brother's daughter, as shown in diagram 4.2. A man either marries his wife's brother's daughter or passes the privilege on to his son (at least this is one way of looking at it). In many societies it is simply a straightforward privilege to marry the mother's brother's daughter."
so, yeah, in case you were wondering, that would make the kids of these two wives (wife number one/aunt and wife number two/niece) both half-siblings and first cousins once-removed. and the children of wife number one are the first cousins once-removed to their father (and mother). and the children of wife number two are second cousins to their father. i think. i'll let you think about it for a while. (~_^)
there is some father's brother's daughter (fbd) marriage (the type favored by the arabs) in some areas of ss africa — most notably amongst the hausa and fulani in northern nigeria, and the songhai and soninke in mali — but these are all muslim groups who i would guess picked up fbd marriage from the arabs/north african groups that introduced islam to them. youssef courbage and emmanuel todd think otherwise [pg. 43]:
"So-called Arab marriage, accepting union with any first cousin, but preferably with the father's brother's daughter, is not characteristic of sub-Saharan Africa. It is widely practiced only by the Fulani, nomadic herders of the northern fringe, immediately south of the desert, at a level so much higher than the Arab norm that it probably had an independent origin. It is also characteristic of some sedentary groups in the same area (Soninke in Senegal, Mali, and Mauritania; Songhai in Mali; Hausa in northern Nigeria). In West Africa, marriage is usually either exogamous or characterized by a preference for cross-cousin marriage, that is, between the children of a brother and a sister, a practice that has nothing to do with Islam."
i don't know if that statement about the fulani practicing a greater amount of fbd marriage than the arabs is correct or not. i shall have to try and find out. (here might be a good place to start.) i think it's more likely that, being that the fulani have obviously been in contact with the arab/muslim world for quite a long time, they picked up the practice in that way. the afghanis and pakistanis also practice quite a lot of fbd marriage even though they're at the edge of the "arabized" world, albeit at the other end of it, so i doubt that distance from arabia matters much here. it's the contact with the greater arab world that counts.
two ss african groups that do seem to have adopted fbd marriage independently are the sotho-tswana and venda of south africa. need to learn more about those two groups. (note that the fbd marriage recorded in the table for the tutsi in rwanda refers only to some of the elites, not the general population.)
additionally, as in christian europe (especially medieval europe), some ss african groups prohibit marriage between in-laws — which is interesting. one example are the yao of malawi. they, however, happen to have a preference for cross-cousin marriage.
again, the other mating practice that is very common in ss africa is polygamy. i've said a few times here on the blog that you'd think that that would narrow the gene pool/relatedness between individuals in a group just as cousin marriage does. it might not always, though, because polygamy is not one thing either (can nothing ever be easy and straightforward?! (~_^) ). the lozi of zambia, for instance, apparently practice (or did traditionally) a sort of rapid serial polygamy, with wives being shuffled rather quickly on to the next husband, so that wouldn't really narrow the genetic relatedness in the population at all, afaics. quite the opposite really. on the other hand, some groups practice sororal polygamy with the men making sure to marry sets of sisters, so that would narrow the relatedness in the group more so than a more basic form of polygamy in which men married women more randomly. the conclusion wrt polygamy, i think, is that each group will have to be evaluated on an individual basis. (*sigh*)
problem number one: for my purposes, since i'm interested in evolution and the selection of behavioral traits, i need to know how long populations have been inbreeding or outbreeding for, since natural selection does take some amount of time (but not necessarily millions of years). that's difficult to work out for ss africans (and most of the world for that matter) without historic records or reams of genetic data which we haven't got yet. it might be possible to reconstruct some of the history of mating patterns for some of the groups in ss africa from colonial accounts, especially those of missionaries who also acted as early ethnographers in many ways. we shall see. it would certainly be interesting to know for how long some of these groups have been inbreeding or outbreeding. as we've already seen, for instance, wikipedia claims that the igbo had a "quasi-republican" form of government in the 1400s with some sort of one-man-one-vote system. that's not a system you find in heavily inbreeding societies — at least none that i can think of. what if it's connected to the igbo outbreeding? dunno. Further Research is RequiredTM — and most likely it'll have to be genetic.
problem number two: don't have a whole lot of info on the rates of cousin marriage (or not) for most of these populations either. that's also an extremely important detail to know. here are the few groups that i do have some numbers for:
– the fulani of burkina-faso: 65.8% first and second cousin marriage rate
– the fulani, mandinka, and wolof in gambia: 65% of first marriages of men are to a cousin – that's an average of the three populations, and i don't have a breakdown for each group
– the fouta-jallon (taramabli-dionfo) of guinea: 25.9% cousin marriage rate
– the yoruba of oka akoko in nigeria: 51.2% cousin marriage rate
– the lobedu (sotho) of south africa: 30% cousin marriage rate
so, there's a variety in the rates, too. again, not surprising.
i think that's it by way of the intro, so without further ado, here is my table. oh, the populations highlighted in yellow are those which include more than ten million people. and many of these groups spill over into other countries, of course, apart from the ones in which i've listed them [click on table for LARGER view – should open in new tab/window]:
i think that's it for now! stay tuned. (^_^)
– A Companion to Ethics
– Consang.net – Table 1 – Consanguinity in Africa [pdf]
– Contingent Lives: Fertility, Time, and Aging in West Africa
– A Convergence of Civilizations: The Transformation of Muslim Societies Around The World
– Culture and Customs of South Africa
– Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
– The Family Estate in Africa: Studies in the Role of Property in Family Structure and Lineage Continuity
– Joking, Affinity and the Exchange of Ritual Services Among the Kiga of Northern Rwanda: An Essay on Joking Relationship Theory
– The Making of the Pentecostal Melodrama: Religion, Media and Gender in Kinshasa
– Man in Africa
– Milk, Honey, and Money: Changing Concepts in Rwandan Healing
– Nomads who Cultivate Beauty: Wodaabe Dances and Visual Arts in Niger
– The Problem of Context
– Reproduction and Social Organization in Sub-Saharan Africa
– Seven Tribes of British Central Africa
– Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives
– The Social Basis of Health and Healing in Africa
– Structure and Sentiment: A Test Case for Social Anthropology
– Women and Marriage in Kpelle Society
– Women of Tropical Africa
previously: the bamileke of cameroon and fulani, hausa, igbo, and yoruba mating patterns and the turkana: mating patterns, family types, and social structures and ethiopia notes and
flatlanders vs. mountaineers revisited
(note: comments do not require an email. the yao of malawi. people will do the silliest things!)
fulani, hausa, igbo, and yoruba mating patterns
africa, africans, biology 101, biology and behavior, biology matters, cousin marriage, different peoples is different (duh!), father's brother's daughter marriage, fulani, hausa, igbo, inbreeding, kissin' cousins, mating patterns matter, mother's brother's daughter marriage, outbreeding, reader's digest summary, relatedness matters, west africans, what's this hbd business all about anyway?, yoruba
the war nerd says of some of the populations in nigeria:
"Nigeria's three parts were simply nailed together by the British for their Imperial convenience: The North is a Muslim theocracy dominated by the Hausa and Fulani; the West, where the Yoruba kings (Oba) ruled city-states; and the East, where the Igbo operated on something a lot like ancient Greek assemblies, with every freeborn man entitled to a voice."
hmmmm. doesn't that sound interesting! more…
"The Yoruba were the first to meet the whites and take up Western education. They dealt with the British town by town; to the Yoruba, your town was more important than the broader ethnic identity. The Igbo came late to British rule but took to education very quickly. The Igbo get called 'the Jews of Africa' because they're good at book-learning and business.
"And then there were the Northerners, the Hausa-dominated Muslims of the dry inland territory. In a way, you wouldn't be far off thinking of the great Nigerian divide in California terms: the coasts vs. the hot inland redneck zone. The North, in Nigerian terms, is usually called 'Hausa,' or 'Hausa-Fulani,' but it includes the Kanuri of the Northeast, who are the most remote from the coast and the fiercest opponents of anything coastal, Christian, or modern. These were all war-forged Sahel caliphates, with no tradition of local loyalties like the Yoruba, or egalitarianism like the Igbo. They had the traditional Sahel-Muslim organization, top-down all the way: Sultan gives orders to Omda, Omda gives orders to Sheikh, Sheikh gives orders to commoners. And commoners obey."
so we've got clannish/tribal northerners — the fulani and the hausa. and then we have the city-state yoruba and the "egalitarian" igbo.
i'd just like to point out that:
– the fulani prefer first or second cousin marriage and specifically father's brother's daughter (fbd) marriage. they're pastoralists. there are good chances i think that, like other groups elsewhere, the fulani adopted the fbd marriage of the arabs when they converted to islam (starting in the 1400s?), but perhaps they simply practice fbd marriage because they're pastoralists.
– the hausa also prefer cousin marriage, but it seems cross-cousin marriage, so we're talking father's sister's daughter (fzd) or mother's brother's daughter (mbd) marriage. they are also largely muslim, but don't seem to have adopted the fbd marriage of the arabs like their neighbors the fulani. islam has been present in hausa lands since the 1200s, but it wasn't until the 1800s that it had fully penetrated the population.
– cousin marriage doesn't seem to be very prevalant amongst the yoruba [pg. 74] — definitely they don't seem to *prefer* any particular form of cousin marriage [pg. 102]. some subgroups of yoruba do have very high cousin marriage rates — the people in the town of oka akoko were found to have a consanguinity rate of 51% which included uncle-niece marriages [pg. 4]. notably, oka akoko is in a mountainous region. another case of mountaineers marrying closely? dunno. Further Research is RequiredTM!
– the igbo avoid cousin marriage altogether. no form of cousin marriage is permitted. no idea how far back this goes, but it would sure be interesting to know. if wikipedia is to be believed, the igbo had a "quasi-republican" form of government in the 1400s (see also here). wouldn't it be cool if that system was connected to mating patterns?! dunno though. we shall have to wait and see if any further info presents itself.
oh, and btw — polygamy is present in all of these groups — and probably has been for a long, long time.
perhaps there's something in all this, perhaps not, but these groups do seem to fit the usual pattern — closer mating patterns=more closed societies, broader mating patters=more open societies. dunno. just sayin'. Further Research is RequiredTM!
previously: the bamileke of cameroon
(note: comments do not require an email. jaja of opobo.)
the bamileke of cameroon
africa, africans, biology 101, biology and behavior, biology matters, cameroon, cameroon western highland groups, different peoples is different (duh!), emmanuel todd, flatlanders, individualism, individualism-collectivism, mating patterns matter, nationalism, outbreeders, polygamy, relatedness matters, the bamileke, voluntary associations, what's this hbd business all about anyway?
been meaning to do a follow up post on the bamileke of cameroon since … well, since last november! always on top of things here at the hbd chick blog. (*^_^*) so, at long last, here we go….
oh. in case you don't recall or didn't realize, i've been trying to track down other outbreeders around the world — populations which have avoided close relative marriage (closer than second cousins) over the long term (say 30 or 40+ generations) — to see what they're like: what their family structures are like, what their social structures are like, if they're corrupt or nepotistic or have a lot of infighting between families/clans, etc. i'm interested in finding out if there are any general behavioral traits common to outbreeders. same for the inbreeders, too, actually.
the bamileke are outbreeders. they avoid all marriage with anybody on their mother's side of the family (their matrilineage), and also tend to avoid marriage to third cousins or closer on the father's side [pg. 149]:
"The matrilineage is comprised of all the people descended through women from a common female ancestor. Since all female descendants of the matrilineage are considered his sisters, a man must not marry within this group. No specific taboos exist against marriage within a patrilineage, although most Bamileke who share a common male ancestor four generations back [i.e. a great-great-grandfather-h.chick] will not intermarry. Whereas members of a patrilineage live close to each other and regularly commune with each other, those of a matrilineage are not close and may, in fact, belong to different chiefdoms."
the bamileke, however, like many african groups, practice polygamy which probably narrows the genetic relatedness in the population. i don't have any figures on how much polygamy is practiced there.
don't know for how long the bamileke have been avoiding close cousin marriage, but i suspect that it is at least a few hundred years. the bamileke first came up here on the blog in a previous post, flatlanders vs. mountaineers revisited, in which we saw that they are some of the cameroon highlanders many of them living in very mountainous regions of cameroon, but yet their mating patterns — i.e. avoiding close cousin marriage — don't seem to fit the broad pattern of highlanders or mountain folk typically inbreeding. apparently, however, the bamileke are fairly recent arrivals in the highlands, having migrated from the (flat) adamawa plateau somewhere around the 1600s [pg. 261 – links added by me]:
"As for the Bamileke, their ancient history is closely linked to that of the two previous groups. All came from the north, from the region today occupied by the Tikar. Their migration probably began in the seventeenth century and took place in successive waves."
so, it could be that the bamileke are long-term outbreeders (because they originally came from a flatlander region) who transplanted themselves into more mountainous regions beginning ca. four hundred years ago. they don't seem to have adopted a mountaineer economy — pastoralism for instance — but, rather, stuck to farming. what might have (ironically) saved them from eventually having to adopt pastoralism was the arrival of the germans who introduced coffee growing to the cameroon highlands. the bamileke quickly adopted the cash-crop system of coffee growing and trading with europeans. not sure about this, though — just a guess on my part.
it might be impossible to reconstruct the history of the bamileke people's mating patterns from historical records (which will have been written almost solely by europeans, of course). if i find any published accounts by christian missionaries in cameroon, they might include some info on the bamileke. otherwise, genetic data (runs of homozygosity) would probably be the best way to discover how in- or outbred the bamileke are. for now, all i can say is that currently (in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries) the bamileke are outbreeders. and judging by their history, there's a good chance that they've been outbreeders for a few hundred years, but that is just speculation on my part.
having said that, what are the bamileke like? what are their family types and social structures like?
traditional bamileke families do not appear to have been nuclear families, primarily because polygamy was (is) practiced, so that is unlike the outbred societies we've seen in western europe.
one subgroup of the bamileke, the bangwa (bangoua – in french), are described thusly [pg. 1]:
"Nor is Bangwa a 'lineage-based' society. Bangwa social life is not carried on in the all-embracing idiom of kinship, with personal loyalties and resources pooled in discrete unilineal descent groups. Kinship here is an individual business, with a person in the centre of a ramifying network of ties linking him with matrilineal and patrilineal kin, affines, creditor-lords, political superiors and so on. A Bangwa claims no clan or lineage membership, and no corporate group takes responsibility for any of his actions. Kinship is an aid to the business of making a living: tradiing, inheriting, acquiring a title, farming, ruling and marrying. And as the business of living is complex in Bangwa so is the kinship system."
these features — not having tight clans or even lineages, individuals having to take responsibility for their own actions — are very much like what we see in the long-term outbreeding european populations. don't know if the rest of the bamileke are like the bangwa in these regards, but i'm guessing yes, since i haven't read any descriptions anywhere of bamileke peoples engaging in blood feuds or having a wergeld-like system. this absence of tight clans/kindreds seems outbred to me.
however [pg. 351]:
"Customary political structures revolve around kinship, which the Bamileke define by dual descent — patrilineal ties typically determine village residence and rights to land, but matrilineal ties define ritual obligations and the inheritance of movable property."
so larger kinship groupings are not totally unimportant to the bamileke.
from the previous post (and from this article [pdf]):
"Although the group solidarity of the Bamileke is strong, individual achievement is highly valued. Members of the group are expected to exercise individual initiative in the pursuit of economic goals. Individual acquisition of economic resources including private property, money, and other remuneration is stressed. Other cultural characteristics of the group that have been invaluable to their entrepreneurial skills are discussed below….
"[T]he social status of an individual in this ethnic group is not rigidly fixed; individuals — male or female — can improve their condition in life and are expected to do so. Commercial and business success is one of the most highly valued routes to prestige and status. Bamileke women are also expected to achieve economic and comnercial success and there are few traditional limits placed on their economic participation….
"The traditional values of the Bamileke stress individual competition and overt displays of 'getting ahead'. Individual Bamileke are expected to compete and to surpass each other's accomplishments. The emphasis on competition is not limited to economic activities, but is a feature of personal relationships as well: within families, children are expected to compete with their siblings; sons and daughters are encouraged to surpass the achievements of their parents….
"[P]oorer relatives are not expected or allowed to lay claim to or live off the riches of wealthier family members….
"A final feature of traditional society which must be noted is the system of succession and inheritance. Of all the elements characteristic of Bamileke social organization, this feature has been fundamental and has had far-reaching implications for the rate and pace of Bamileke participation in economic growth, development, and change. Succession and inheritance rules are determined by the principle of patrilineal descent. According to custom, the eldest son is the probable heir, but a father may choose any one of his sons to succeed him. An heir takes his dead father's name and inherits any titles held by the latter, including the right to membership in any societies to which he belonged…. The rights in land held by the deceased were conferred upon the heir subject to the approval of the chief, and, in the event of financial inheritance, the heir was not obliged to share this with other family members. The ramifications of this are significant. First, dispossessed family members were not automatically entitled to live off the wealth of the heir. Siblings who did not share in the inheritance were, therefore, strongly encouraged to make it on their own through individual initiative and by assuming responsibility for earning their livelihood….
"A notable feature of the group is the complementarity between individualism and collective unity. Individuals are expected to make their own way in the world while retaining a strong ethnic identity and group association. This interact is one of the factors accounting for their economic success. Each individual, for example, is expected to contribute as much to the group as he receives in return. Thus, cooperation is essential. The group is perceived of as an interdependent system based on the strength of individual links….
"A principal Bamileke belief is that individuals are, in the final analysis, responsible for their own fate. One makes one's way in society on the basis of individual qualities. Status distinctions and rank are not rigidly fixed and there is always the possibility of advancement."
so here we have: individualism, extended family NOT being able to automatically rely on other members of the extended family, no precise inheritance rules (which is something emmanuel todd identifies as a trait of absolute nuclear family societies), and the collective unity of the larger group (NOT any family group). these are all traits that are found in outbred, "core" europe — although they are expressed somewhat differently in northwest europe vs. cameroon.
the bamileke also have a lot of voluntary associations, another characteristic common in outbred europe and not normally found in inbred populations — at least none of the inbred populations i've looked at so far [pg. 42]:
"The original function of these societies was to administer initiation rites, but in societies with a more complex economy and polity, both male and female associations grew in importance by assuming a plurality of administrative and commercial functions as well, such as tax collection, price control in markets, maintenance of public order, and organization of collective work. The *mandjon* societies of Bamileke men and women provide good examples of such traditional associations. The women's *mandjon* are presided over by the mother of the *fon* or chief — there are over a hundred such chiefdoms in Bamileke territory — and its members help each other in agricultural work. The *mandjon* used to meet on a weekly basis to organize such work. In addition to associations that fit into the political structure of Bamileke society, there are also many autonomous associations based on neighborhood. Aside from ritual functions (such as divination and faith healing) they also act as savings groups and associations for mutual assistance. More recently, Bamileke associations…have been adapted to the needs of urban living and have led to a proliferation of voluntary membership clubs that provide mutual aid, companionship for immigrants, and entertainment. The savings groups are maintained by members paying in fixed amounts at weekly meetings, taking turns in receiving the entire sum. Membership is not restricted to a single saving association and the Bamileke tend to join them as soon as they earn money."
interestingly, the bamileke are probably the most successful group in cameroon economically speaking — and they are also strongly nationalistic [pg. 65]:
"In the towns and cities, they are known for their skills at running small and large businesses and for their professional abilities…. During the years of the French colonial empire, the Bamileke were leaders in the nationalistic rebellion, especially the 1955 uprising that led to Cameroon's independence. Today the Bamileke are extremely influential in the Cameroonian commercial economy. They are also one of the major constituencies of the Union de Populations du Cameroun (UPC), the fiercly nationalistic political party."
i haven't found out anything yet on corruption in bamileke society — although there seems to be plenty of it in cameroon. can't imagine that they're very nepotistic since the members of extended families are not obliged to help one another out — nor is aid to be expected — but you never know. i will endeavor to find out more!
previously: guess the population! and the semai
(note: comments do not require an email. bamileke elephant masks!)
adamawa groups, africa, africans, bafia, baya, biology 101, biology and behavior, biology matters, burkina faso, cameroon, cameroon western highland groups, cousin marriage, different peoples is different (duh!), duala, east africans, embu, flatlanders, ghana, impact crater, inbreeding, inbreeding avoidance, kalenjin, kenya, kenyans, kikuyu, kisii, kusasi, luhya, luo peoples, mandara groups, mating patterns matter, meru, mijikenda, mossi, mountain people, mountaineers, murdock ethnographic atlas, outbreeding, relatedness matters, somalis, tallensi, the turkana, west africans, what's this hbd business all about anyway?, wrist knives (yes - wrist knives)
if you've been following along, you'll know that last year i posted about a bit of research by an anthropologist(?) by the name of joseph westermeyer the results of which suggested that peoples in lowland areas below 500m above sea level have a tendency to outbreed (i.e. avoid cousin marriage) while uplanders above 500m above sea level (and, perhaps, peoples in other marginal areas) have a tendency to inbreed (i.e. favor cousin marriage). (see also here.) westermeyer only looked at southeast asia, but i, too, seemed to be finding that pattern repeating in many places: balkans peoples – largely inbreeders, especially the ones way up in the hills; populations in the caucasuses – inbreeders; the auvergnats in france – inbreeders; heeland scots – inbreeders until quite late; afghanis – generally inbreeders, but more so in the mountains than in lowland areas; etc.
on friday, i posted about the wrist-knife wearing, ak-47 some sort-of big gun carrying turkana of east africa (kenya) who also appeared to confirm the pattern: they are a bunch of outbreeders (they avoid anything closer than second cousin marriage) and they live in a lowland region. and they're pastoralists to boot — teh anthropologists keep saying that pastoralism leads to close marriages (like with the arabs). not!
well. last night i came across this book — Reproduction and Social Organization in Sub-Saharan Africa (1989) — which just blows this flatlanders vs. mountaineers theory right out of the water! (yipee! it's almost like i'm doing real science! almost. ok, not really. but uncle karl would be so proud!)
in the second chapter, "The Components of Sub-Saharan Reproductive Regimes and Their Social and Cultural Determinants: The Empirical Evidence," there's a table on pages 74 and 75 indicating the presence or absence of cousin marriage for 47+ sub-saharan populations (data from murdock's Ethnographic Atlas), and, as far as i can tell, there's no rhyme or reason for why some groups inbreed and others don't. at least the pattern (if there is one!) doesn't appear to be connected to living in upland or lowland areas.
here is the table from the book (i've removed the columns that weren't related to cousin marriage):
so far i've only run through the outbreeders (mostly), but here's what i've got for where these different groups live. i've divvied them up by country and indicated approximately where each of the groups lives on the maps (topographic maps from wikipedia — click on maps for LARGER views — not sure who the Kru people from liberia are, so i've skipped them for now):
KENYA [source]
0-Kalenjin – uplanders
0-Kikuyu – uplanders
0-Kisii (AbaGusii) – uplanders
0-Luhya – uplanders
0-Luo – uplanders
0-Meru-Embu – uplanders
0-Mijikenda – lowlanders
0-Turkana – lowlanders
1-Arab groups [somalis, etc.] – lowlanders
0-Adamawa groups – uplanders
0-Bafia – uplanders
0-Baya (Gabaya) – uplanders
0-Cameroon Western Highland groups – uplanders
0-Duala – lowlanders
0-Mandara groups – uplanders
0-Diola (Jola) – lowlanders
(btw – check out the HUGE velingara circular structure to the right of where i typed "diola." impact crater? [pdf])
0-Kusasi – lowlanders (below 500m)
0-Tallensi – lowlanders
0-Mossi – lowlanders
see? that's eleven upland groups right there which are — if the data are correct — outbreeders not inbreeders. either the flatlanders vs. mountaineers theory is wrong, or the sub-saharan africans are some sort of exception to this rule.
again, most of the groups practice polygamy which does complicate the picture wrt genetic relatedness. i'll work the inbreeders into the maps one day soon. promise!
previously: this one's for g.w. and the flatlanders vs. the mountain people
(note: comments do not require an email. velingara circular structure.)


text:
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She Captured the Face of Modern Iran
Remembering the life Shirin Aliabadi, whose photography provided a sharp commentary on the lives of Iranian women.
By Haleh Anvari
Shirin Aliabadi, Miss Hybrid, 2008
Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai
Shirin Aliabadi, an Iranian multidisciplinary artist known for her colorful portraits of young women breaking the stereotypes associated with the country's strict moral and dress codes, passed away in her native Tehran in October. She was forty-five. Trained as an archaeologist and art historian at the University of Paris, Aliabadi had a returnee expat's quizzical eye, which gave her a fresh point of view to survey the changes in her native country during the reform years of Mohammad Khatami's presidency. At a time when Iran was experiencing a respite from the zeal of its early revolutionary days and the austerity of an elongated war with its neighboring Iraq, a growing younger population had helped elect Khatami for a second term in 2001, and began the process of changing the landscape of the country, especially in the capital, Tehran.
Shirin Aliabadi, Girls in Cars, 2005
In Aliabadi's Girls in Cars (2005), the artist recorded the urban phenomenon of nocturnal cruising in cars as a pastime of young Tehranis. Restricted in their interactions with the opposite sex in the public space, the middle-class youth used their cars to engage in a vehicular mating dance fueled by unspent hormones and cheap petrol, causing massive traffic jams in the streets in the north of Tehran. In an interview with Deutsche Bank's ArtMag, Aliabadi recalled her time capturing the images of young women all dressed up to be seen through the windows of their cars "as the best time I ever had stuck in traffic." Commenting in 2005 on this series of snatched photographs, she elaborated: "Every time my flash would go off in the street I would attract a lot of attention. The girls in cars were very curious and we would start a long friendly conversation about why I was taking the pictures, what was I going to do with them, where were they going to be published, etc." The photographs show a range of reactions from the women: some are playful, others tentative.
While Girls in Cars is essentially journalistic in style, Aliabadi's best-known work, Miss Hybrid (2007), is a selection of staged portraits of young Iranian women with bleached-blonde wigs wearing lurid blue contact lenses over their naturally brown eyes, proudly sporting nose-job plasters. Nose jobs, hugely popular in Iran, where women prize upturned European noses, had become a staple topic in the media coverage of Iran at that time. Aliabadi's blonde babes were staged to look defiant, blowing bubblegum or coquettishly nibbling at giant lollipops. By the time she created this series, foreign media had already discovered the lure of images of Iranian women licking ice cream or handling a dripping petrol nuzzle to accompany news about the country.
Shirin Aliabadi in an undated photograph
Miss Hybrid is regarded by Western critics as a celebration of resistance in the face of oppression in a country where, for over a century, the wrangling over modernity and tradition has been played out on the bodies of its women and their style of dress. Aliabadi herself was aware that this interpretation of fashion as resistance may be simplistic." I don't believe that you automatically become a rebel with a Hermès scarf around your neck, but in the context of the society in which we grew up, within an educational system that has different values to those in the West, the phenomenon of fashion turns into an interesting paradox," she said in 2013. "But ultimately, these young women's concern is not to overthrow the government but to have fun."
Shirin Aliabadi, City Girl, 2010
With Miss Hybrid, Aliabadi did more than point to a playful form of rebellion; she highlighted the painful truth that forced values may engender unexpected reactions. Her "Miss Hybrids" are the forerunners to the new subculture of palang ("leopard") women in Iran, who alter their faces through extensive surgery to mimic an exaggerated idea of beauty reminiscent, at best, of Barbie. In Miss Hybrid, Aliabadi successfully captured the dilemma of young Iranian women who, in an attempt to free themselves of their social restraints, manage to take refuge in another trap, that of consumerism and objectification.
Haleh Anvari is a writer based in Iran.
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Home | Our News | International cooperation: 2023 JPND Call
International cooperation: 2023 JPND Call
The EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) has launched the 2023 joint trans-national call for multinational research projects on 'Large scale analysis of omics data for drug-target finding in neurodegenerative diseases'. Pre-proposal deadline is 7 March 2023, 12:00 CET.
The FNR will support this Call through its INTER programme and will contribute up to 500,000 EUR.
The aim of the call is to establish a number of ambitious, innovative, multi-disciplinary and multinational collaborative research projects that seek to improve the understanding of the complex and multifactorial pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by applying multi-OMICs and Big data approaches in order to generate useful information for the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and drug discovery of neurodegenerative diseases.
Go to FNR-JPND programme page


Kaj Graham lives on the East Coast with her husband, offspring, furbabies, dragons, and several finned babies. She is thrilled to work along side her friends doing what she loves while being able to give back at the same time. Kaj believes that every one can help make a difference, it all adds up and together we can rock the World.
Is it a book? Is it a game? Can anybody really win?
I love kittens! You love kittens! However, they can drive even the sanest person crazy with their assholish ways. In-between these pages is some of the mean they are known for doing.
I am so happy I got to read this arc with my 9 and 11 year old as well as fur babies (though Miss Livie Lou Who said there where to many cats and not enough dogs...what can I say chihuahua's) The rest of us enjoyed reading about Xander's travel to save Esmerelda and since reading the kids have been asking to know more about Jamaica. They want to sail their one day like Xander did. They are really looking forward to reading book number two of the series and have been following the authors blog for sneak peaks... Thank you, Jeanne, for writing a family friendly story for thous of us in mixed human and furry families. There are few books both kids agree on and this one made the top of their lists. In fact my oldest is doing her book report on it.
I loved this book when it was published as Peacekeepers and I love it even more with the slight changes. It has a Amazingly magical story and plot. Larwin is a galactic fighter from another word where they have ruined all their natural resources so things like trees are like gold to him. He accidentally crashes his ship and ends up going through a star bridge (we call them wormholes) and ends up running into Nimri who's planet is full of natural resources. She is the tribes newest leader who is worried because she has yet to learn to use her myst and staff, and a Maddox (dragon) is coming to destroy her village, as well as her tribes rivals across the river are suspected of plotting a attack. All while she is confused about the feelings she has growing for Larwin who she believes is a Guardian (kinda like a god).
It felt like the kids and I waited forever for this book to come out! My daughter and her best friend compare the Purrtectors to the Warrior's cat series. I have not read that one but they love it. I appreciate how the author always manages to touch on subjects in a round about fashion. While offering good advice/ life lessons and a dash of education. My son loved the snake bird things in the book... while I admit they gave me the creeps. This book has a little of everything in it alchemy, vooddoo, witchcraft, mad scientists, creepy crawlies, comedy, and so on. If you want an unexpected adventure that will keep you guessing up until the last moments that is family friendly (ahhh or just an adult fun read).. this is worth a read.
We loved this short story. It had the kids laughing so hard. They loved how Xander kickboxed and Merlin liked water sports. They could relate to Xander as he faced his fears and tried to do so without admitting he had any. I think this is the purrfect family read.
I have loved every book in this trilogy. The only issue I have had is it it only 3 books long! I fell in love with these characters and am going to miss them. The books can be read as a stand alone but once you fall for them a few things you will know ahead of time. This series has magical giant cats, dragons, family bonds, star crossed lovers, people full of hate and adventure. It truly is magical. Not one time was I able to guess what would happen next or how the author would lead them out of a situation which had me on my toes. None of the books in the series I was able to put down. So warning do not open them unless you have time to get caught in a world far far away. My fingers are personally crossed for a spin off series!
We love this series. It is perfect for any cat loving family. We loved getting to know more about Mischief in this book and the kids could relate to her antics. As an adult I can see how the series gently touches on today's big issues. I also appreciate the accurate history of disasters during the story. If you like lizards, rats, or cats and slightly suspenseful plots this is the book for you.
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Three Types of Policy Abuse CFOs Should Care About
Fraud Trends |
Written by Mirit Elyahu
Policy abuse is soaring, with 75% of eCommerce merchants reporting an increase in the volume of policy abuse in the past two years. How do these grey area fraudulent activities affect online retailers' bottom lines?
Amateur policy abusers and those who are fraud-curious can now find countless practical – and affordable – guides to help them as they make their first steps in policy abuse. Riskified's Dark Web researchers recently came across a $1-step-by-step guide to scamming fashion eCommerce giant Asos for an order refund.
The very definition of the term policy abuse has shifted. It used to describe loyal customers trying to squeeze out a little extra promotion at a favorite store. Today, it often describes career criminals who specialize in refund-related fraud, sophisticated serial abusers carrying out item-not received (INR), empty box, and other shipping-related scams, and resellers circumventing merchants' product-limit policies. In addition, merchants combating policy abuse today are facing a rapidly growing industry of fraud-supporting services.
As eCommerce adoption boomed due to COVID-19, 75% of merchants also saw an increase in the volume of policy abuse from 2019 to 2021.
Friendly fraud has become one of the most common types of attacks impacting merchants globally, rising in the Merchant Risk Council's rank of most prevalent forms of payment fraud, from fifth place in 2019 to first place in 2021. Return and other policy abuse types, which have recently been categorized separately from friendly fraud, rose from seventh to fifth place. In a recent survey by Riskified, 46% of US merchants said that promo abuse had the biggest negative impact on their revenue in 2019.
There are several types of policy abuse that can be detrimental to eCommerce businesses – let's break down the three most common ones you should be paying attention to.
Refund and return abuse
According to the National Retail Federation, US consumers returned an estimated $428 billion in merchandise in 2020, with double the number of online returns compared to 2019. The pandemic played a major role in this increase, with stores' return policies easing up to streamline at-home shopping experiences.
The year at home turned almost everyone into online shoppers and, perhaps unavoidably, into serial or even abusive returners. In a 2020 Propellor survey, one third of customers said they've committed INR abuse at least once. Customers have gotten more creative in having their cake and eating it too. Merchants have seen a rise particularly in empty-box returns and INR claims, and the retail sector is experiencing wardrobing: people ordering clothing, wearing it briefly (think Instagram hauls), and returning it for a full refund when they're done.
In addition to paying abusive refund claims, eCommerce businesses waste time and money investigating and handling them. By the time an item actually is returned, it is often deemed out of season or aged, even if it's in good enough shape for resale. Other times, a return doesn't include the product at all and merchants end up refunding against an empty box.
On the other hand, merchants who add friction to the checkout flow in an attempt to stop this kind of abuse could discourage loyal customers from completing their purchases. Finding the correct balance is a challenge currently on many online merchants' minds.
Promo and referral abuse
Thirty percent of customers admitted to creating fake accounts to get extra rewards, according to the same Propellor survey. About half of all customers said they believe it's okay to do so, regardless of if they do or don't.
Some merchants see this as an acceptable behavior of enthusiastic customers, or write it off as part of the cost of doing business. But this abuse can have a much more significant impact on bottom lines, because it directly affects merchants' promotional strategies. Customer misuse of referral promos, coupons, sign-up discounts, and other types of promotion abuse can create inconsistencies in your marketing reports and spend.
With inaccurate reporting, merchants are unable to measure the effectiveness of the promotion and could also lose user retention on that campaign, based on how much of the stock went to abusers. Being unable to analyze past promos could impact strategy for future campaigns, likely resulting in a decline in customer acquisition and loss of revenue.
Reseller abuse
Resellers who circumvent item limits – usually by creating fake accounts to get more than the per-customer policy amount of products – negatively impact your customer acquisition and overall brand reputation.
Customers bypassing retailer policy regarding one-item-per-person aren't necessarily a cause for alarm, but they are a symptom of reseller activity. Typically, an item-limit promotion is intended to create hype and increase brand reputation. Resellers get in the way of this strategy.
When abusers hoard promo products, you end up with frustrated customers who are unable to purchase the products they want and tend to direct their anger at the brand for failing to police its sales. This undermines loyalty-building efforts in an increasingly competitive environment. It can also lead to inventory scarcity problems, as well as unnecessary and expensive competition with your own products. And the domino effect continues.
In an era when customers' satisfaction with a brand depends greatly on the ease of its policies, it's up to merchants to find the right amount of checkout friction to ban fraudsters while simultaneously welcoming new, legitimate customers.
Merchants need to deliver clear guidelines around store policies to prevent unknowns for their teams and their customers. Otherwise, retailers should invest in a fraud prevention solution that prevents customers from abusing store policy, while keeping friction away from the customer journey.
Riskified stops the abuse with Policy Protect. By using advanced machine learning and entity clustering capabilities to block abusers in real-time, Riskified is able to reduce friction for legitimate customers who have earned their perks. Request a demo here.
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Payment Declines: The $600 Billion Problem You Aren't Aware Of


text:
#ifndef DATABASEINFO_H
#define DATABASEINFO_H

#include "treewalker.h"
#include <qstringlist.h>
#include <qmap.h>

QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE

class Driver;

class DatabaseInfo : public TreeWalker
{
public:
    DatabaseInfo();

    void acceptUI(DomUI *node);
    void acceptWidget(DomWidget *node);

    inline QStringList connections() const
    { return m_connections; }

    inline QStringList cursors(const QString &connection) const
    { return m_cursors.value(connection); }

    inline QStringList fields(const QString &connection) const
    { return m_fields.value(connection); }

private:
    QStringList m_connections;
    QMap<QString, QStringList> m_cursors;
    QMap<QString, QStringList> m_fields;
};

QT_END_NAMESPACE

#endif // DATABASEINFO_H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Nike Boys' Vent GFX Shorts deliver cool comfort for both practice and play.
Minimise distractions during practice and play with the Boys' Vent GFX Shorts from Nike. Featuring a workout-ready design and overlapping side panels for freedom of movement, these shorts ensure you're ready to take your fitness game to the next level.


Give your friends Venus Envy! Get snared by this man eating plant film written by the king of B-movies and hosted by MR. LOBO! CINEMA INSOMNIA presents ED WOOD's VENUS FLYTRAP(1970), a rare edit of this film with never before heard Criswell narration! They say April showers bring May flowers, but this episode from our 10th anniversary season features "Tom Servo's brother", Larry Servo –performed by fan of the week Larry Lee Moniz! That's right, Mr. Lobo "riffs" on MST3K! 2 hours of slumber party fun brought to you through the miracle of ED WOOD-O-VISION and Edward D-colorization!
Previous PostPrevious Saturday's Classic Cinema Insomnia: A lost Ed Wood Classic!


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Hemingway's Guns
The Sporting Arms of Ernest Hemingway
Roger Sanger, Roger Sanger
Currently reprinting, should be available in mid December
CATEGORY: Gifts and History
Ernest Hemingway's friend AE Hotchner once described a 'yellowed four-by-five picture of Ernest', shown to him by Hemingway, 'aged five or six, holding a small rifle. Written on the back in his mother's hand was the notation, "Ernest was taught to shoot by Pa when 2.5 years and when 4 could handle a pistol".'
Firearms and shooting infused Hemingway's existence and thus his writing. He was a member of his high school gun club and went to war when he was eighteen. he hunted elk, deer, and bears in the American West and went on two extended African safaris, which figured hugely in his writing and changed his life. To the day of his death, Hemingway remained an avid hunter, first-class wingshot, and capable rifleman.
Following years of research from Sun Valley to Key West and from Nairobi, Kenya, to Hemingway's home in Cuba, this volume significantly expands what we know about Hemingway's shotguns, rifles, and pistols — the tools of the trade that proved themselves in his hunting, target shooting, and in his writing. Weapons are some of our most culturally and emotionally potent artifacts. The choice of gun can be as personal as the car one drives or the person one marries — another expression of status, education, experience, skill, and personal style. Including short excerpts from Hemingway's works, these stories of his guns and rifles tell us much about him as a lifelong expert hunter and shooters, and as a man.
Reviews for Hemingway's Guns
This intriguing book is effectively a biography of Ernest Hemingway, told through his extensive collection of shotguns, rifles and pistols. Though written for the American market, those with an interest in firearms of all types and the man himself will find much of interest within these 184 pages. There are over 100 photographs of Hemingway, his family and his collection from various archives, including some particularly hair-raising photographs of the great author shooting cigarettes from his associates' mouths and hands with rifles.
A comprehensive biography of the acclaimed writer through his collection of shotguns, rifles and pistols. It is a fine addition to the bookshelf for those with an interest in classic firearms or in Hemingway himself, whose hunting exploits featured prominently in his writing.
You're viewing: Hemingway's Guns £24.95


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Copyrights 16
Federal Legislation 7
Court Litigation 4
Intellectual Property 4
Reprography 4
Compliance (Legal) 3
Distance Education 3
Laws 3
Legal Responsibility 3
Online Courses 3
School Policy 3
Academic Libraries 2
Access to Information 2
Educational Policy 2
Library Surveys 2
National Surveys 2
Quarterly Review of Distance… 2
Association of Research… 1
Bulletin of the American… 1
College and Research Libraries 1
Council on Library and… 1
Journal of Educational… 1
Journal of Legal Studies… 1
Journal of the Society of… 1
School Business Affairs 1
Aaron, Lynn S. 1
Bamberger, Rob 1
Barron, Ann E. 1
Brylawski, Sam 1
Burgunder, Lee B. 1
Bush, Colleen G. 1
Carter, Alex 1
Chase, Mark E. 1
Gulitz, Elizabeth 1
Harer, John B. 1
Heathington, K. W. 1
Henderson, Madeline M. 1
Hohlfeld, Tina N. 1
Huber, C. Edward 1
Kranch, Douglas A. 1
Kromrey, Jeffrey D. 1
Loggie, Kathryn Ann 1
McDonald, Dennis D. 1
Ncube, Caroline B. 1
Rezabek, Landra L. 1
Rice, Richard L., Jr. 1
Roche, Catherine M. 1
Sanders, Wayne 1
Reports - Research 16
Journal Articles 10
Speeches/Meeting Papers 3
Tests/Questionnaires 1
Postsecondary Education 5
Researchers 1
Copyright Law 1976 16
Digital Millennium Copyright… 1
First Amendment 1
United States Constitution 1
Copyright Law 1976 X
Copyrights X
Showing 1 to 15 of 16 results Save | Export
The Selfie-Made Man: A Case Study in Law, Ethics, and Instagram
Burgunder, Lee B. – Journal of Legal Studies Education, 2016
Richard Prince a well-known appropriation artist, made headlines by pressing ever deeper into the gray areas of art, technology, and the law. Specifically, Prince took screenshots of personal photographs that were publicly displayed on Instagram accounts, included his own comments, enlarged and printed them on large canvases, and displayed them at…
Descriptors: Photography, Visual Aids, Social Media, Copyrights
Intellectual Property Rights of Faculty in the Digital Age--Evolution or Dissolution in 21st Century Academia?
Aaron, Lynn S.; Roche, Catherine M. – Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 2015
Unforeseen forces are at work in higher education today. The purpose of this article is to explore the issues involved in the changing landscape. Decisions are and will be made that impact the intellectual property rights of faculty. It is important to be cognizant of the factors involved and alert to possible ramifications. The basics of the…
Descriptors: Intellectual Property, Copyrights, Teacher Rights, Higher Education
Key Copyright Issues in African Distance Education: A South African Case Study
Ncube, Caroline B. – Distance Education, 2011
This report draws primarily on the results of the recently concluded African Copyright and Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project, which investigated copyright and access to learning materials in face-to-face, distance education (DE), and dual-mode tertiary educational institutions in Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa,…
Descriptors: Distance Education, Copyrights, Foreign Countries, Educational Resources
Fair Use Challenges in Academic and Research Libraries
Association of Research Libraries, 2010
This report summarizes research into the current application of fair use to meet the missions of U.S. academic and research libraries. Sixty-five librarians were interviewed confidentially by telephone for around one hour each. They were asked about their employment of fair use in five key areas of practice: support for teaching and learning,…
Descriptors: Copyrights, Research Libraries, Academic Libraries, Librarians
The State of Recorded Sound Preservation in the United States: A National Legacy at Risk in the Digital Age. CLIR Publication No. 148
Bamberger, Rob; Brylawski, Sam – Council on Library and Information Resources, 2010
This is the first comprehensive, national-level study of the state of sound recording preservation ever conducted in the U.S. The authors have produced a study outlining the web of interlocking issues that now threaten the long-term survival of the sound recording history. This study tells everyone that major areas of America's recorded sound…
Descriptors: Nonprint Media, Preservation, Risk, Access to Information
Who Owns Online Course Intellectual Property?
Kranch, Douglas A. – Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 2008
Faculty develop intellectual property needed for online courses while employed by an academic institution. That institution has a claim on the copyright because the instructional materials developed by the faculty members could be seen as "works for hire." On the other hand, both tradition and case law have seen faculty as the copyright…
Descriptors: Copyrights, Online Courses, Instructional Materials, College Faculty
Intellectual Property and Online Courses: Policies at Major Research Universities
Loggie, Kathryn Ann; Barron, Ann E.; Gulitz, Elizabeth; Hohlfeld, Tina N.; Kromrey, Jeffrey D.; Sweeney, Phyllis – Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 2007
This study describes an investigation of the intellectual property policies of a stratified random sample of public and private Carnegie Doctoral Research-Extensive Universities. University policies were examined to determine whether or not they included provisions for distance education materials or courseware, what provisions were made for…
Descriptors: Intellectual Property, Online Courses, Instructional Materials, School Policy
Behavior, Opinions, and Perceptions of Alabama Public School Teachers and Principals Regarding the Unauthorized Copying and Use of Microcomputer Software.
Rice, Richard L., Jr. – 1991
Unauthorized copying and use of computer software, currently protected by the Copyright Act of 1976 (U.S.C. 117), is believed to occur in public schools and on university and college campuses by administrators, teachers, and students. The study described in this paper was undertaken to ascertain the nature, scope, and extent of unauthorized…
Descriptors: Administrator Attitudes, Compliance (Legal), Computer Software, Copyrights
Ante-Publication Rights and Fair Use: Free Speech, Copyright and the Four Factors.
Sanders, Wayne – 1991
This paper explores the rights of authors before publication of their works, if those works are to be published at all, and how these rights might yield to fair use of the works by other authors. Firstly, the paper examines the interests at stake of the three main groups involved: authors, the public, and people who wish to quote or closely…
Descriptors: Authors, Copyrights, Court Litigation, Freedom of Speech
Libraries, Publishers and Photocopying: Final Report of Surveys.
McDonald, Dennis D.; Bush, Colleen G. – 1982
The six surveys on photocopying and publishing activity in America that are described in this report were conducted in 1981 to assess the effectiveness of the 1976 Copyright Act in balancing the rights of creators and the needs of users for copyrighted works. An indication of their statistical precision precedes detailed reports on each type of…
Descriptors: Copyrights, Interlibrary Loans, Libraries, Library Surveys
An Analysis of the Knowledge Levels of Media Directors Concerning Relevant Copyright Issues in Higher Education.
Chase, Mark E. – 1995
This study analyzes the copyright knowledge levels of media directors of selected higher education institutions. A questionnaire was mailed to 466 media professionals at higher educational institutions who were members of the Division of Educational Media Management in the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT). The…
Descriptors: Administrators, Copyrights, Demography, Fair Use (Copyrights)
The Awareness of Copyright Issues by Preservice Teachers.
Carter, Alex; Rezabek, Landra L. – International Journal of Instructional Media, 1993
Many educators are unaware of, or simply ignore the federal copyright guidelines in the 1976 Copyright Act. A logical avenue for raising levels of awareness of, and adherence to copyright laws is through teacher-education programs. This study examined the type, accuracy, and sources of information regarding copyright laws possessed by pre-service…
Descriptors: Copyrights, Federal Legislation, Guidelines, Information Sources
The Latest on Software Piracy.
Wodarz, Nan – School Business Affairs, 2002
Reviews federal copyright laws protecting computer software and what school districts must do to be in compliance with the law. (PKP)
Descriptors: Compliance (Legal), Computer Software, Copyrights, Elementary Secondary Education
Commercializing Intellectual Properties at Major Research Universities: Income Distribution.
Heathington, K. W.; And Others – Journal of the Society of Research Administrators, 1986
A study of the income distribution permitted from patent and copyright policies of major U.S. research institutions revealed wide variation in distribution patterns and policies, within and between patent and copyright incomes, but little information about the impact of recent federal patent legislation. (MSE)
Descriptors: Copyrights, Economic Factors, Higher Education, Income
Photocopying Damage Overstated; King Research Surveys Provide Use Figures.
Henderson, Madeline M. – Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 1982
Discusses report titled "Libraries, Publishers, and Photocopying: Final Report of Surveys Conducted for the United States Copyright Office," by King Research, Inc. Six surveys of library photocopying in general, specific recording by an interlibrary request log, publishers, and library users as they use copying machines are described.…
Descriptors: Copyrights, Federal Legislation, Libraries, National Surveys
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Peter (John) Milano (* 22. Dezember 1925 in Cleveland, Ohio; † 21. April 2012) war ein italienisch-amerikanischer Mobster der amerikanischen Cosa Nostra und Boss der Dragna-Familie in Kalifornien.

Leben

Frühe Jahre

Milano wurde 1925 als Sohn von Anthony "Tony" und Josephine Milano in Cleveland geboren. Bereits sein Vater war Mitglied der La Cosa Nostra und von 1930 bis zu seinem Tod in 1976 der Underboss der Cleveland Crime Family. Sein Onkel Frank "Ciccio" Milano war bis zu seiner Flucht nach Mexiko vor der Steuerfahndung im Jahre 1935, fünf Jahre lang das offizielle Oberhaupt der Familie in Cleveland und hielt sogar Sitz in der Kommission des National Crime Syndicates. Peter selbst hatte 3 Brüder; Frank, John und Carmen Joseph.

In den späten 1930er bzw. frühen 1940er Jahren zog die Milano-Familie nach Beverly Hills. Nachdem er seinen Highschool-Abschluss in der Tasche hatte, wurde der junge Peter Milano Teil der Glücksspieloperationen von Kosher Nostra "Mickey" Cohen, wechselte dann aber zur Los Angeles-Familie und wurde Vollmitglied in der La Cosa Nostra.

Aufstieg

Er stieg in der Hierarchie auf und wurde ein Caporegime des Clans. Er stellte darüber hinaus die Verbindung zur Cleveland Crime Family dar, wo sein Vater und sein Onkel tätig waren – ebenfalls Interessen an der Westküste der Vereinigten Staaten verfolgten und deshalb eng mit Los Angeles zusammenarbeiteten.

Im März 1973 wurde Milano, zusammen mit sechs anderen, wegen illegalem Glücksspiel in Los Angeles angeklagt. Die Anklage scheiterte jedoch im Kern als der wichtigste Zeuge der Anklage: John Dubcek in Las Vegas ermordet wurde. Allerdings wurde er einige Monate später, zusammen mit elf weiteren Personen, u. a. wegen Verschwörung, erneut angeklagt und erhielt eine Haftstrafe von vier Jahren.

1981 wurdeN führende Mitglieder der Los Angeles-Familie, darunter auch Boss Dominic Brooklier, auf Grundlage des RICO-Act zu langjährigen Haftstrafen verurteilt. Milano rückte dadurch an die Spitze der Familie und agierte als "acting boss" der inhaftierten Bosse. Als Brooklier 1984 starb, wurde er selbst offizielles Oberhaupt in Los Angeles und sein Bruder Carmen, bis dahin als Anwalt tätig, sein "Underboss".

1988 wurde Milano erneut angeklagt und zu sechs Jahren Haft verurteilt. Weitere Angeklagte waren sein Bruder Carmen, Charles Caci, Vincent Caci, Stephan Cino, Albert Nunez und Rocco Zangari. Am 4. April 1991 wurde Milano auf Bewährung entlassen und konnte danach weitere Anklagen vermeiden, obwohl z. B. seine Verwicklung in die Ermordung von Herbert Blitzstein 1997 angenommen wurde.

Literatur
 Bureau of Narcotics, U.S. Treasury Department: Mafia: the Government's Secret File on Organized Crime. HarperCollins Publishers 2007, ISBN 0-06-136385-5.

Weblinks
 Murder of Chicago Hood Foretells Power Grab by the Los Angeles Mob auf www.ipsn.org (englisch)
 Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator Website www.bop.gov (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

US-Amerikaner
Mafioso (Vereinigte Staaten)
Geboren 1925
Gestorben 2012
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia