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YOU WON'T BELIEVE HOW FAST THE US CAN KILL YOU WITH AI! CLICK HERE TO FIND OUT!
24th March 2019 2019Nick_Ward
The US Army recently had to assuage fears over their so called 'killer robots' after plans to upgrade their current Advanced Targeting and Lethality Automated System (ATLAS) in ground combat vehicles' weaponry emerged. The Defence Department aim to use ATLAS alongside tank crews to "acquire, identify, and engage targets at least three times faster" than is currently possible.
'Artificial Intelligence' (AI) weaponry is also presenting itself as a dilemma in a much broader context. As many countries continue to develop technologies, it is key to question the ethics of militaries adopting AI for their use.
Multipurpose Unmanned Tactical Transport used by the US
Death is inevitable in war, but death can either be relatively painless or mean slowly bleeding out on a battlefield. The US defence secretary Jim Mattis stated a core aim of the US military is to be as "lethal" as possible. AI weaponry has a greater lethality than is conventional; it can decrease the intensity and duration of pain before death, showing it can be moral using a Utilitarian 'moral balance sheet'. This idea can also be affirmed from Deontology using the categorical imperative that you shouldn't doom someone to a slow painful death as you yourself would not want it.
In the past it can be seen that militaries have developed technologies to use in (possible) warfare which have then had purposes away from war – as shown by the US military developing nuclear reactors. This shows there is a chance that good (pleasure) can come from the pain of war, in the form of improving people's lives. This good could encompass the lives of many more people than the pain of war. From a Utilitarian perspective, it can then be considered that the balance of good against bad in the 'Hedonistic Calculus' is tipped to be positive due to the extent of the good that ensues from innovation.
Furthermore, this idea of driving technology can be seen as virtuous, since Aristotle (the founder of Virtue Ethics) believed that there are intellectual virtues such as wisdom, the pursuit of which is fundamentally moral.
The virtue of justice is key to both Aristotle and the list of Cardinal Virtues. This can be used to justify that using weapons which can accurately kill the enemy and therefore end a war quicker can be virtuous and therefore moral if the aim for the war is just, such as to free civilians from oppressive rule.
AI has also begun to be developed for advanced targeting systems through machine learning, finding the 'right people to kill'. The US government currently regulates AI using Directive 3000.09, which may need to be amended if there is progress into "Explainable AI". AI weapons which have these targeting systems would decrease the chance of civilian casualties. This links with Just War Theory, which splits into whether it is just to go to war (Jus ad Bellum), covering the reason and intention for war, and the just way to act in war (Jus ad Bello), which states that there needs to be a distinction so only other combatants, not civilians, are targeted. Therefore, AI targeting systems can be classed as moral in war if used in this way.
An engineer developing weapons and defense would have a relationship with the soldiers in the military. It is the engineer's duty to create technology which helps the soldier. From the standpoint of Care Ethics, soldiers are dependent on the engineer for technology which can decrease the danger they are in, and are vulnerable if their weapons are outclassed by the enemy. Therefore, it would be moral for an engineer to create AI targeting as it would be considered good care.
Whilst a case can be made that AI weaponry should be developed, there exist good reasons why this technology should be adopted with caution at the very least. Advanced targeting technologies which are optimised to kill efficiently greatly increase the rate of deaths; both sides of a dispute implementing such weaponry will result in a greater number of deaths compared to if traditional weapons were used. According to the Principle of Utility, actions which cause the greatest happiness to the greatest number (and therefore the least pain) are moral. AI weapons on the other hand, could be considered immoral as they would take more lives, causing more relatives pain as they mourn their bereavement.
A country developing AI assisted weapons technology, even only with the intent of use for defensive purposes, could cause political tensions, as the military advantage this country would possess would disrupt the balance of power and deterrents. The USA's "3rd Offset Strategy" provides a clear example of this, seeking to maintain and extend their competitive, technological and operational advantages over the rest of the world. From the perspective of Care Ethics, the countries with inferior weapons will become dependent on the countries possessing AI technology. It would be unethical for a country to develop AI weaponry, as it would make others vulnerable and dependant on its decisions. This is a clear detriment to intercountry relationships.
AI assisted weapon technology directly contradicts the Aristotelian Virtue of courage. A person remotely operating a machine from a safe distance, instead of facing their adversaries on the battlefield in a fair combat is a sign of cowardice, an unvirtuous and thus unethical act.
Additionally, AI weapons would provide an unfair advantage to those countries owning the technology; using Deontology we could argue if one country wanted to develop AI weapons, they'd have to be prepared to live in a world where intelligent weaponry threatened them too. Using the Universality Principle the question should therefore be: 'would humans want to live in a world where everyone had the right to develop smart weapons, or worse, everyone already had intelligent weapons, with the ability to kill whomever they wanted?' Deontology would suggest this would result in an undesirable world, thus it is not moral for any country to pursue the development of AI weaponry.
We think in an ideal world it wouldn't be moral to develop AI weaponry. However, given that some governments will always seek a military position of power, it would be immoral to prohibit developments that would allow all countries to maintain a deterrent against being attacked.
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43 thoughts on "YOU WON'T BELIEVE HOW FAST THE US CAN KILL YOU WITH AI! CLICK HERE TO FIND OUT!"
cpa15cjl says:
27th March 2019 at 12:07 pm
Very interesting article!
Countries are all competing in developing more advanced weaponry and the best way to do that is to remove human error.
Imagine a military drone scanning and crossing off targets without a remote human pilot in control. This links to self-driving cars evaluating what the worst outcome could be; crashing and killing the driver or swerving and hitting a group of people at the traffic lights. Do we want AI evaluating how much our lives are worth?
Developments in other technology as a result of war was briefly mentioned.
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/13/elon-musk-at-sxsw-a-i-is-more-dangerous-than-nuclear-weapons.html This article highlights some of the differing opinions among tech giants on the issue of AI. Advancements in weapons AI will almost certainly result in a more automated world and brings in the ethical argument of AI putting people out of jobs. It is for this reason that some leading technology companies want to introduce laws to limit AI development. I think this is the best course of action, not stopping but setting limitations in place.
wagwan says:
Thank you very much! I think that's really helpful! I agree; I'm really not convinced that AI will do a good job of evaluating either the value of human life or who is actually an enemy.
Sad_Harold says:
3rd April 2019 at 11:12 am
Good job on the article, it was an interesting read.
I believe that this is a very tricky problem to solve as mentioned above they are multiple pros and cons with each having very severe consequences. However, my initial thought was as modern war is commonly fought in cities surround by civilians this sort of technology could be used in a positive way to reduce the number of civilians caught in the crossfire.
Harold, you make a good point. Wars these days are often fought in densely built-up areas, aren't they? So I see how it could reduce the death toll by being more selective in killing.
In my view, the key point you make is 'Advanced targeting technologies which are optimised to kill efficiently greatly increase the rate of deaths'. The development of the described technology would probably result in more wars, people seeing it as the easy way out, that it's now 'ok' because the innocent won't be killed. I think our focus should be on how to reduce war, if possible completely eradicate it.
However, my argument is somewhat idealistic. I think that, applying your arguments to the current political situation of the world, the arguments for developing the described technology are much stronger than the arguments for not doing so.
Yes, if only we lived in an ideal world. It's sad that we don't, but Jesus gives us a certain hope that one day all the suffering will be a thing of the past. There won't be wars in the New Creation! But yes, for now, focusing on reducing warfare would the best thing. The problem is that as long as there are people in the world, there will always be hatred and war. As G.K. Chesterton once wrote in response to the question 'What's wrong with the world today?' "Dear Sir, I am. Yours, G.K. Chesterton."
Joel says:
I regret that, once again, technology that could be used (and is used) to benefit humanity may be repurposed for our destruction. Call me and idealist, but the US is failing to show moral leadership on this issue in the name of 'national security'.
The US' flirtation with killer AI is putting us on a dangerous path to the next major Arms Race. And as with nuclear proliferation, I fear that we will be unable to close this Pandora's box now that we have started to lift the lid.
Joel, you're probably right! I reckon this is indeed beginning to look like the next major arms race.
voteforpedro says:
A thought-provoking article!
One of the arguments used is that technologies developed for military purposes have subsequently been used in non-military contexts, therefore 'good can come from the pain of war.' However, this good outcome is not predicated on war itself but on the allocation of resources to the pursuit of technological development. It is incidental that this allocation of resources should be stimulated by military objectives. Resources could be allocated to the development of AI technology without war being the reason to initiate the allocation.
The article also assumes a priori the validity of using Aristotelian virtues to determine the moral quality of an action. I don't agree that actions characterized by wisdom and courage are always virtuous or moral. Just because an immoral endeavour requires 'wisdom' in its execution does not justify it or make it moral. Similarly, if someone were to have the 'courage' to do something immoral in person rather than doing it remotely, that 'courage' would not make the otherwise immoral act moral. Having said that, I do think that the virtue of justice is a useful moral compass. Thus if the use of AI weaponry would aid the conduction of a just war, in the jus ad bello sense (for example, by reducing the number of civilian casualties), that would factor in favour of the use of AI weaponry.
You argue that on a utilitarian 'moral balance sheet', using AI in warfare would increase lethality and therefore reduce pain as deaths would be swifter. You later rightly recognise that, on such a moral balance sheet, this would need to be balanced against the fact that the use of AI would likely increase the number of deaths in warfare. It seems like the latter would outweigh the former, as presumably killing would rank as a greater evil than inflicting pain on such an analysis.
It seems an additional ethical consideration would concern the ethical values which an AI weapon is programmed to attribute to combatants and civilians. For example, would an AI weapon attribute absolute value to the life or safety of a civilian, therefore prioritizing that over any potential damage which could be inflicted on combatants? If an AI weapon was presented with a situation in which it could launch an attack likely to kill 10 combatants, but which was also likely to kill or harm a civilian, what action would it take? It seems this would depend on the ethical decision of engineers, taken before any combat situation arose.
Lastly, your initial decision is that 'given some governments will always seek a military position of power, it would be immoral to prohibit developments that would allow all countries to maintain a deterrent against being attacked'. The fact that some governments will seek to develop advantages in military power (by developing AI weaponry) does not necessarily warrant that all governments should have the freedom to develop AI weaponry to maintain a deterrent against attack. Just because some governments will attempt to produce nuclear armaments, should all countries be permitted to produce nuclear armaments in order to ensure that they all possess a deterrent against being attacked?
voteforpedro, I think you raise some really good points! Thanks very much. You rightly make the point that technological advancement off the back of war is merely incidental, due to the allocation of resources into research. Why do we need war to further technology? We should focus on allocating resources more suitably.
gpeters1 says:
Great thinking. Really a tough question that is very important. I think the question is actually much broader than AI and has been seen since the invention of the nuclear missile (although one can argue it goes back a lot further (the invention of gunpowder in 9th century China etc).
Personally, I would say Hiroshima and Nagasaki was a morally right thing to do. This is because it ended the war and based on the Principle of Utility (though you used this argument against this argument) causes more good for more people as I would argue it stopped the war and thus saved many more lives that it caused.
However, it is a risky business and I totally accept it can fall into the wrong hands. This can be devastating but is only a risk. There isn't much to counteract this argument other than it is a risk. I would ask the question: who is to argue who is the evil people as most often the evil see themselves as good.
This is a tough question and there is always gonna be differences. I would say the immediate need to help people who are being persecuted outweighs the risk that ai gets used badly. Although this is just my opinion, there are many different arguments!
You may have a very good point, that the Principle of Utility actually favours AI weaponry development. That's a good alternative way to view things.
benng202 says:
In an ideal world, where everyone lives in peace and harmony, and where no conflicts occur, it would be possible to not have any weapons or defence systems at all. However, the real world is full of conflict and strife, it's not a case where we can all join hands and sing "Kum bah yah". Countries must be able to defend themselves and the people who are under their care.
The tiny island nation of Singapore is well aware of this fact. Although it maintains good diplomatic relations with most, if not all, of the countries of the world, it is keenly aware of the fact that it cannot take these for granted and that no one owes Singapore a living. Singapore and Singaporeans have to find their own way to survive and prosper, turning challenges into opportunities. This is enshrined in its core values. Singapore continues to maintain mandatory conscription as a form of deterrence.
My initial reaction is to not develop the technology because it can kill more people more quickly which is horrifying. But with more thought the technology is going to be developed anyway so it would be best I think for all nations/powers to develop it in order to try and keep a status quo and not let one nation be in total control.
Unfortunately this will probably lead to higher death rates in war (which is a sign that humanity is not getting better as a race imo) and my thought is 'what's stopping people from making this technology target civilians as well?'
In summary I think it's bad and it's going to get worse.
I fundamentally agree with you that humanity is ultimately the biggest problem with the world, on a corporate and an individual level.
Excellent! I really liked the ethical reasoning you provided, particularly when you looked at the virtue of courage.
This is a tricky one (which makes it an excellent dilemma), advances happen, and are encouraged in all fields of human endeavour and warfare is one of them. Yet, after the advance is made, there is limited time where this advantage can be exploited before the other side catches up. In the early 20th century Britain's development of the dreadnought led to Imperial Germany's navy catching up since they focussed production on dreadnoughts too. Now the US have AI in their military, other nations will develop it too.
itsJAboi says:
Surely rather than using this sort of technology purely for killing, it could be used to incapacitate attacker? For developing technologies like this, it's difficult to say that it would definitely not cause death on both sides – who's to say that the technology could not be hacked or a glitch could occur causing it to target the 'wrong' people? Why not just incapacitate them in order to avoid more blood being spilled?
A very challenging moral issue as well. An idealistic view would be that we should be working towards reducing the death toll of war, rather than simply making the deaths more efficient, as this technology seems to look towards. However as is addressed in the article, it may in some cases be positive for those who need to be able to deter attacks in a defensive manner.
PhilippeLynx says:
Developing technology such as AI weaponry may be unethical for the countries which do not have it, but it can also be very beneficial in maintaining power balance.
Whether or not these improvements do not hold up to ancient moral tests, the fact remains that countries at war often do not fit the very same frameworks.
The possibility that I personally see in replacing human soldiers with machines is greatly reducing the impact of armed conflicts from each participating side. Potentially countries can focus on training engineers to keep up with the "war" grade technology of its rivals rather than continuously sending troops to their ends.
A future where human resources aren't spent on directly fighting and killing others will, in my opinion, shift the focus more on the development of such technology, which in turn would trickle down to the general population in lifestyle improvements.
skar says:
You raise a very interesting point. If AI weaponry is so good, all soldier (being inferior) would be replaced. The nature of wars would completely change, and with it, a number of other factors. You mention one, the development of new technologies by engineers; their performance essentially would decide the outcome of a war, as their inventions would win or lose the battles. There will still be winners and losers, but the bloodshed will be replaced with a spectacle of computers with weapons shooting each other.
rjuan33 says:
Interesting articles and you are right about the arising dilemma of AI weaponry. However let's not forget that there has been much less conflict since the invention of nuclear weapons and maybe military AI would prove to be so destructive that there will be no wars in the future out of fear of the AI.
Juan, thank you for your comment. And yes, I too believe that the more destructive a weapon is, the more off-putting it is for governments to start wars, due to the pure fear of the total destruction of all parties involved, or even worse, the destruction of only their military, while the contenders' are intact. That possible humiliation is probably a thing every general/person in power considers.
rjose33 says:
I agree with your point, ideally we shouldn't be making AI weapons at all, but there is no way to guarantee all countries will comply with this moral code. As for the point my brother Juan is making above, I think it's dangerous to compare AI weapons to nuclear weapons as the destructive power of nuclear weapons is a lot more apparent. As such, it is a lot easier for a country to secretly use AI technology as an edge on their military systems without the risk of mutually assured destruction that nuclear weapons pose.
Thank you for the comment. I too believe that a perfect world would not exist where all countries follow the rules. In such a world rules would become meaningless at one point. But when it comes to technologies that have the potential to kill, great caution has to be taken to ensure that all the laws are properly formulated.
Regarding the parallel with atomic weapons, I believe AI weaponry can be very devastating as well, especially if used in highly populated areas, but I have to agree that the scale of destruction of an atomic weapon is like no other. Yet still humanity can deem a technology too dangerous, even if it doesn't come close to the severity of atomic weapons.
BTS says:
This article is very thought provoking. I am intrigued by the scope of efficiency that the AI could capture but there is a certain risk of increased death rates when applying these weapons in the field. I am not sure if it would be great as a secret weapon in the hiding which is mainly existing for show of military power like the US does with nuclear weapons. I certainly hope it is just for show of power. However, a sergeant would want little harm to come to his soldiers, hence might push the government to allow use of ai technology to reduce harm to soldiers on the field in the same way drones are used at the moment.
KVtheProphet says:
1st May 2019 at 12:50 pm
The conclusion of the article really sums up the issue well. We can argue the morals of developing such technology and whether is should be used all we want, but there will always be someone in the world who is not concerned with the morals and will just do it. There obviously should be regulations, because the line between "deterrent" and something used for oppression can be thin, but I don't think full on prohibition is something that can be seriously considered, it would be and irresponsible thing to do.
KVtheProphet, I see your point. The argument that you make that regulations are necessary, but should not extend to full prohibition is, in my opinion, on point. The extend of the regulations in such a dilemma is key for the outcome of future events.
thatOneGuy says:
Very interesting article. The idea of AI weaponry is both terrifying and intriguing.
Though I can see the positive motivations as to why people would want to develop AI targeting systems, we already live in a world where tyrants and dictators have access to Weapons of Mass Destruction. Depending on how the AI system is trained to recognise a 'combatant' could lead to devastating consequences. The morals of developing a AI weaponry could be argued endlessly, but at the end of the day, the only thing that matters is the morals of the country or person developing the system.
I agree with you. Weather a government/dictator abides by an ethical code will determine if the AI technology follows the same principles. Even Azimov's rules of robotics are obsolete if the creator decides their invention should be able to breach them.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Can anyone help with the following problem: how to get TEFL jobs at age 72?
I have just returned from Mongolia, where I have been teaching English successfully. Before that I was teaching in Australia.
But every time I now answer a job ad, I am told I am too old at 72. In Mongolia I was described as "The best teacher in the school." (Mongolian graduate) An accountant from Cairo I taught said, "You are a truly excellent teacher." My age didn't bother any of them.
I have TEFL qualifications and a Master's Degree from Cambridge University. I am fit as a fiddle and swim half a mile each morning, cycle, walk etc. Yet I have been told "Too old at 60" by the Chinese. "Too old" by Saudi Arabia. Turned off by the Russians etc.
Is there anywhere in the world that still takes English teachers (native British) at the age of 72 and beyond? Surely there must be, or why would I have been allowed to qualify in this subject?
I've been giving your question a lot of thought and I'm afraid I don't know the answer.
I don't know which countries hire teachers at the age you mention. An alternative could always be to work for yourself. You would be your own boss; nobody to answer to other than your students. If this appeals to you, find out about the situation in the country before you go down this path.
I'm also moving this question into an open forum, so others can answer.
I taught in Mexico for a year, and we had teachers over 70 working there with no barriers or problems.
I am in Mexico as well, and I personally know an english Teacher who is 76 and teaching here with a lot of success.
Is all Spain as bad? I was thinking of teaching privately mainly in the Valencia region but if schools are that bad, how bad are individuals?
did you get a job? I would be interested in your experiences as I am 59 and will be attending a 4 week CELTA course in Feb 2k9 . I have applied for various jobs without any success.This could be for various reasons but if it is ageism ,is then I may have to reconsider my options, which will be a shame,as I enjoy both teaching and travelling.
I'm guessing here, but for some of those jobs it could be that you can't get a work visa. I know that is the case for some Asian countries. That being the case, it might be best to stick the the EU where visas aren't needed. Or how about VSO?


text:
Turkish opposition's predicament on Kurdish question
İhsan Aktaş
Recently, the opposition parties in Turkey have made some public remarks on the Kurdish question. Although political parties naturally express their opinions and visions on the country's principal issues, it is interesting that the main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) shows a strong interest in the Kurdish question.
Throughout the entire history of the Turkish republic, the CHP has always taken up an oppressive position towards not only the Kurdish issue but also individual rights and freedoms, including freedom of religion and conscience. This is why the CHP's voting rate in Turkey's southeastern regions has never exceeded 5% in recent years. Known as an oppressive political party that usurped the rights of the people, the CHP remains unlikely to pioneer the emergence of a political culture of negotiation and reconciliation.
The struggle of the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) government against the PKK terrorist group in Turkey, northern Syria and northern Iraq, when combined with the existential threat of the Gülenist Terror Group (FETÖ) and Daesh, led Turkey to engage in a struggle for survival against terrorist organizations.
Therefore, the AK Party adopted a nationalist electoral discourse during the local elections of 2019, while the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) took its side with the opposition Nation Alliance. Conducting an anti-governmental electoral campaign, the HDP surrendered itself to the PKK while making a pragmatic alliance with Turkey's Jacobin political parties. Instead of acting responsibly towards its voters in terms of the resolution of Turkey's Kurdish question, the HDP bore a grudge against President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who courageously initiated the Reconciliation Process in 2013 at the risk of losing nationalist votes.
AK Party's reforms
Since coming to power in 2002, the AK Party has made dramatic reforms in order to resolve Turkey's Kurdish question. During its two-decade-long political rule, the AK Party has treated the southeastern province of Diyarbakır and the Aegean city of Izmir on equal footing.
In fact, the southeastern regions received positive discrimination in terms of public investments. While fighting against the PKK's terrorism, the AK Party government put an end to the discriminatory policies of the former political regime of the Sept. 12 coup. In terms of positive initiatives, the AK Party;
Launched Turkey's first Kurdish language channel through the state broadcaster
Founded Kurdish institutes in several universities
Took significant steps in mother tongue education
Made investigations into unsolved political murders
Paid compensations for displaced people via the Return to Villages and Rehabilitation Project
Made a series of reforms in the field of human rights
At least 500,000 Syrian Kurds fleeing the persecution of Bashar Assad, Daesh and the PKK's Syrian branches, the YPG/PYD, took refuge in Turkey. As one of the most valuable and daring examples of conflict resolution in the history of modern Turkey, the Reconciliation Process, even after it failed, contributed to the weakening of separatist ideologies.
Today, Turkey is stronger than ever at the domestic and international levels. The AK Party government set Turkey on course as a steadily growing economy by working towards more democracy and more diplomacy. The People's Alliance aims to preserve the government's hard-won achievements in the domestic and international realms by making use of Turkey's soft power. Towards the general elections in 2023, the AK Party, rather than the CHP, will treat the unaddressed aspects of the Kurdish question through this emerging democratic political climate.
Source: Daily Sabah
Turkey allegedly requests F-16 jets and modernization kits from US
French students in queue for food aid amid pandemic


text:
Dangerous loopholes in climate change framework
On November 23rd, the 19th Conference of the Parties (COP 19) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) concluded in Warsaw, Poland. The overarching goal of the meeting was to work towards developing a new international treaty by 2015 to curb rising global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions – a goal that was only somewhat kept on track. Despite this mixed success, perhaps the most significant outcome of the conference was agreement over several key technical details surrounding the concept of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in the developing world (REDD+). The evolution of REDD+ at the Warsaw conference from a concept into a formally recognised mechanism has key implications for a post-Kyoto climate agreement, still roughly on target to be agreed upon and adopted in late 2015 and go into effect in 2020.
A brief history of REDD+
The concept of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is critical to any climate change mitigation strategy, as climate change is caused both by increased anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and changes in land cover from the conversion and degradation of forests. Deforestation and forest degradation are responsible for 15-18% of GHG emissions -more than the emissions created by the global transportation sector. Effective mitigation strategies to limit the magnitude and rate of climate change are dependent on stabilising and reducing global GHG emissions, as well as maintaining and increasing the capacity of carbon sinks such as forests, which capture and store carbon dioxide. Without keeping most of what remains of the world's tropical forests intact, there is no hope of stabilising the climate at a 2°C average temperature increase by the end of the century, which is thought to be the maximum average temperature increase that should be allowed in order to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.
REDD+ has evolved conceptually over time and has taken on several names. The concepts of land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) were first mentioned in UN negotiations in several articles of the Kyoto Protocol, adopted at the 1997 climate negotiations in Kyoto, Japan (COP 3). Article 3 of the Protocol, for example, discusses the need to "further elaborate policies and measures to protect and enhance sinks and reservoirs of GHGs". LULUCF was again mentioned in 2001 in Marrakech (COP 7), where several principles in the Marrakech Accords underscored the need for sound science and methodologies, and the importance of conserving biodiversity in any LULUCF activities designed to remove GHGs from the atmosphere.
REDD by name was originally proposed at COP 11 in Montreal in 2005, when Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica proposed the idea of issuing carbon credits for REDD in developing countries. In doing so, they defined REDD as a payments for ecosystem services scheme, built specifically on the notion that the developed world would pay developing countries for the delivery of carbon capture and storage from their tropical forests. These payments for carbon credits would "offset" emissions in the developed world. In 2007 at COP 13 in Bali, the Bali Road Map was adopted, and REDD was transformed into REDD+ by considering "the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries". At the COP 16 in Cancun 2010, the Cancun Agreements officially launched the idea of a REDD+ mechanism. REDD+ was further developed and discussed in COP 17 in Durban and COP 18 in Doha, though the most significant outcomes and agreements for REDD+ came several weeks ago in COP 19 in Warsaw.
The Warsaw Framework for REDD+
One of the most significant outcomes from the Warsaw conference was the "Warsaw Framework for REDD+". This framework resulted from seven key decisions regarding REDD+, including rules for creating performance-based financing mechanisms; monitoring, reporting, and verifying forest-related emissions; and ensuring safeguards. This framework allows REDD+ to become a functioning, formal mechanism recognised by the UNFCCC. While getting agreement on these issues is a significant step forward, the resulting decisions still leave plenty of room for questioning the effectiveness of REDD+ in a future climate agreement. This is because sustainable financing for REDD+ has not yet been secured and because the framework contains loopholes, which may not necessarily positively impact natural forests and biodiversity.
First, for REDD+ to work as a payments for environmental services strategy, financing for the mechanism needs to be both adequate and predictable. The first decision of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ recognises this need, as well as the need for payments to be granted based on results, contingent on the effective delivery of carbon capture and storage from forests. While this text is well written, it is also theoretical. Adequate and predictable funding for REDD+ has not yet been secured, though the text stipulates that funding may come from a wide variety of sources.
Second, the decisions leave the potential for REDD+ to not necessarily positively impact natural forests and their biodiversity, because the framework allows governments of countries to define the word "forests" for themselves. In the third decision of the framework, on "Modalities for National Forest Monitoring Systems", the text says that it will "enable the assessment of different types of forest in the country, including natural forest, as defined by the Party." This is a dangerous loophole, one that could result in government's defining forests as anything from historically intact rainforest (the normative case), to palm oil plantations, banana plantations or other monocrops such as fast growing industrial tree plantations, which may deliver some carbon storage benefit, but negate biodiversity conservation co-benefits that the concept of REDD was originally meant to deliver. This dangerous flexibility is a threat to both REDD+ and the effectiveness of a future climate agreement.
REDD+ in the Post-Kyoto Climate Agreement
The Warsaw Framework for REDD+ means that REDD+ is now a viable payments for ecosystem service strategy that is recognised by the UNFCCC and will likely be included as an offset mechanism in the post-Kyoto climate agreement. While REDD+ has the potential to deliver important social, environmental and biodiversity conservation benefits to the world by keeping tropical forests intact, the way in which it is implemented will determine how effective it is. The idea at the heart of REDD+ – to keep the world's remaining tropical forests intact by compensating land users for the opportunity cost of converting the land to other uses – is a noble one. However, the devil is, as always, in the details. Without adequate funding, and without strict rules for applying REDD+ financing to intact, natural forests, the prospect of REDD+ delivering true climate change mitigation benefits may be muted. While the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ moves the concept significantly forward in UN negotiations, its stipulations should be much more stringent to ensure that its true goals, and the end goal of the UNFCCC to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change, are met.
*Libby Blanchard [2012] is a PhD candidate in Geography at the University of Cambridge. Follow her on Twitter: @blanchardlibby. Picture credit: pupunkkop and www.freedigitalphotos.net.
How can the international community help Belarus?
Last Sunday represented a tipping point in the recent history of Belarus which has had an immediate effect on the lives of its citizens, including mine. Independent exit polls and observers representing the diplomatic community, verified by the crowdsourcing platform Golos, show that, had it been a fair and transparent election, the uninterrupted, 26-year-long reign […]
How COVID-19 holds a mirror up to our societies
Being a Chinese student at a British university in the middle of the coronavirus pandemic provides an interesting perspective on our different societies' approach to COVID-19, says Jingwen (Alice) Fan.
Towards a better, more global approach to traumatic brain injury
In 2014 Hafsa Durrani tragically lost both of her brothers in a terrorist attack at Army Public School and College in Peshawar, where the terrorists executed 148 people in the school's auditorium – 132 students, all the teachers, a lab assistant, a guard and the principal. Five years on, Hafsa, who is from a Pashtoon […]
Private money interests at the heart of Hong Kong protests
Another round of resistance was recorded over the weekend between protesters in Hong Kong and the Chinese government. Organisers of the previous Sunday's pro-democracy rally estimated that 1.7 million Hong Kongers poured into city streets. Much of the news commentary depicts a David vs. Goliath standoff in which Hong Kong can only lose. Yet this view overlooks an […]


On 31 January 2017, the Ministry of Justice launched the long awaited results of its review of the introduction of fees in the Employment Tribunals (the review document can be found here). It also, at the same time and within the same document, launched a consultation in relation to some limited proposed reforms to the current fee regime. The consultation period is set to close on 14 March 2017.
• ACAS early conciliation is effective in helping potential claimants resolve disputes and avoid Tribunal, with, where conciliation has not worked, many people still then going on to issue claims.
• it accepts that some claimants (estimated at between 3,000 and 8,000) did not pursue their claims because they say they could not afford the fees (albeit the Ministry of Justice does not accept that, in all of these cases, the claimant could not genuinely afford the fees and refers to some claimants, by way of example, not being willing to sacrifice other areas of "non-essential spending").
As a result of these issues, the Ministry of Justice has proposed some very limited reforms to the current regime, in addition to the changes already made in relation the "Help with Fees" scheme. The proposed reforms consist of an increase to the gross monthly income threshold for single persons for full fee remission from £1,085 to £1,250 and disapplying the fee regime entirely for certain claims relating to payments from the National Insurance Fund (which generally arise where a claimant's employer is insolvent).
Given the significant drop off in case numbers following the introduction of fees, those who believe fees are a barrier on access to justice have been widely critical of the review and the limited nature of the reforms being proposed. Politically, it is, however, extremely unlikely that anything significant will change once the consultation closes and the fee regime will almost certainly therefore continue in much the current form, with the changes referred to above constituting minor tinkering around the very edges only.


D-II school fans don't have the luxury of simply counting the number of Five star or ESPN 150 players their school inked. Two questions need to be asked and answered when defining Signing Day success.
1. Who was signed to replace what was lost at season end via graduation/eligibility end?
2. Who was signed to replace what was missing throughout the season?
Let's look at the Defensive side first. We lost one DB in Kelly Dawsey. We signed three DB transfers and five more high schoolers. Three in that group were All-State. That's a win. We lost one DE in Brandon McEachern and a top DL in Juan Pickett. We signed two FCS DE transfers plus one more high schooler. We signed three high school DT's; two of whom made All-State and one All-Region 4AAAAA. All told the Defense gains 6 transfers, 8 schoolboys and 6 All-State players on defense to replace three guys. We were very (keyword VERY) young on the defensive front last year. Beyond the two seniors we lost everyone else of note (except Bobby Liggins) is a Rising Junior/Sophomore.
Offensively we lost one RB and gained two transfers each potentially better than the one lost. We lost two receivers but this need was addressed in a big way last year. We replace our PK Davis Brackett with an All-State selection. We lose two OL starters but add 3 high schoolers. I doubt they'll be ready for 2013 but the 3 returnees will all be Seniors. The other two spots will be filled by guys already in the program. This is what i'm most curious to see in spring training. The O-line is a slight loss; break even at best.
All in all I would have liked to see more experience on the defensive front but overall the coaches did well considering the win/loss record hanging around their necks.
Signing Day 2013 (a.k.a College Football Fan Christmas) is in the books. It appears that once again the University of West Georgia coaching staff has put together a great group of young men. Head coach Daryl Dickey and recruiting coordinator Louis LeBlanc didn't have a lot to work with in terms of available scholarships. There were only 11 seniors on the 2012 squad, but most all were important contributors.
I'll try to break down the losses and what was done to address them, starting with the offense.
The receiving corp lost two big ones in All-Region TE Daniel Youssif and V.J. Hunt. Hunt went down to injury during the Homecoming loss to those guys down state. Both of these guys (I think) were four-year starters and will be sorely missed by the UWG faithful.
Receiving was largely addressed last year. TE Ricky Williams came from Fort Valley State with the size we needed in a valuable blocker. Dickey has four All-State receivers coming off redshirts next year in Chase Rierson (Calhoun), Ben Lamb (Calhoun), Quez Mahogany (Wilcox County) and Eastern Kentucky transfer P.J. Stone. Coming in via signing day is Michael Cheeks, of Mill Creek. Nick Burke and Spencer Jones also come off redshirt.
Also returning are Denarious Appling (praise the Lord), Bobby (over the middle) Burum, Joey Eliezer, Alex Macauley, Randall Snell, Kramer Hendricks and Tavarus Lewis. I love me some Youssif and Hunt, but this area is clearly both deeper and better going into next season.
Appling was injured in a car accident the evening after the first game last year and was out for the entire year. He returned six punts in that one game for a 20.83 yard average. The three players that spelled him post-injury averaged less than 3.5 yards between them. That is a 17-yard swing in starting field position for the offense.
Considering the Wolves lost three games by seven points or less (and DSU by nine), that swing is a significant statistic. I would go so far as to say than if we had not lost Appling to injury and QB Emmanuel Taylor to grades, the 2012 Wolves would have been GSC champions. The kick-return game is better with Appling's return, plus the addition of All Middle Georgia returner Kimball Magee, if needed.
Running Backs Coach Matt O'Brien loses All-Conference caliber David Bailey to graduation but gains a speedster in All-Conference JUCO transfer Derick Seward plus Air Force transfer ATH Alex Lakes, who was All-State coming out of Northgate High. Returning to the squad are 2nd team All-GSC starter Seth Hinsley, Quan Jones, Lane Thompson, Grambling transfer Walter Holsey and Niagel Curtis, who we haven't seen much from yet. Orlando Howard (Burke County) also comes off his redshirt year.
Bailey was as talented as anyone in the conference not named Matt Willis (West Alabama) but Seward, who averaged almost seven yards per carry in the tough California JUCO system could be better. I will be surprised if he doesn't break the 1,000 yard barrier. It remains to be seen whether Lakes will wind up in the backfield but if he does this could be the best running game in the Gulf South. The running game has improved over the last year.
Nothing new at QB with both Austin Trainor and Dallas Dickey returning. Redshirts John-Mark Rhodes (Whitewater) and Ty Shelnut (George Walton Academy) join Adam Holley and Brian Hickman in the battle for the No. 3 spot. QB play should be marginally improved simply because the guys all have an extra year of experience.
The offensive line is my biggest concern since they dictate how well we move the ball running or passing. Gone are two four-year players in All-American Jordan Ritchey and Ukandu Emeonye, who has battled back from injury to get on the field more times than I can count. Dickey managed to fill the void with several behemoths – 6'6, 298lb Reno Messler (Jackson County), 6'5, 290lb Jok O'Bar (Lakeview-Fort Oglethorpe) and 6'3, 260lb Harley Vaughan (Dawson County).
This is another area that was largely addressed last year, as there are already 13 O-linemen on the roster without counting the aforementioned trio. Dickey will look for 2-3 players to step into the main rotation with returning starters Brandon White, Cortez Hoskins, second team All-GSC William Wright and Somto Okeke. I will look for 6'5, 310lb Malcolm Aldridge (Burke County), 6'5, 309lb Spencer Whitehead (Newnan) and 6'4, 285lb Shaquelle Heard (Troup) to get first crack. I want to call this section a wash because of the losses, but the fact is there will be three seniors in the rotation which has to be good.
The entire linebacker group returns, led by second team All-GSC Bobby Liggins, and the secondary only loses one man. Sadly, that one man is a whopper in first team All-GSC corner Kelly Dawsey. He was the closest we've had to a shutdown corner since the glory days of multi-time All-American Marquis Floyd. His end zone interception preserved the win over then No. 1 Delta State in 2011. There is no overestimating the loss his graduation means, to the extent one should ever reference a student athlete graduating as a loss.
Immediate help has already arrived in the forms of DB transfers Carlos Hutton (Carson-Newman), Tev'n Hamilton (Eastern Kentucky) and Phillip Warren (Marshall). All three are already in class and going through conditioning with the returners. Five signees join the pack for next year, headed up by two-time All-State performer Kimball Magee, of Westside Macon. I watched his YouTube highlights, and this kid is a real baller. I won't be a bit surprised if he sees the field early.
The defensive line is another area hit hard by graduation with All-GSC DL Juan Pickett and Brandon McEachern moving on, both four-year starters. The only immediate help is from Jackson Bland, who did see the field at Morehead State and Will Costley, 6'5, 260lb DE from Texas Southern and College of the Sequoias. He's originally out of Wheeler High. I haven't found much info on him beyond a grainy Youtube reel. There's some depth in this group but they're all sophomores or juniors; not one senior in the bunch. Considering our run defense was gashed on the regular last year, this was an area that screamed out for immediate JUCO help. If the two new guys are on the field early this group could be a positive. For now the Defensive line has to go down as a minus.
All in all, the squad is primed for success in 2013. We'll have to at least get through spring practice to see what the transfers have brought to the table. There's certainly enough there to get back above .500. We'll have to see what the out of conference schedule looks like to get a good idea. Run defense is still a big concern for me but everything looks pretty good, I must say.


text:
Q: React Apollo: Uncaught (in promise) TypeError: Cannot read property 'refetch' of undefined I have a function that has a bit of a promise chain going on, but that's besides the point.
When I run a certain mutation's refetch, it gives me Uncaught (in promise) TypeError: Cannot read property 'refetch' of undefined.
The strange part is that if I remove a mutation before it, it will work. So here's the code:
Promise.all(this.props.questionnaireData.map(({ kind, id }): Promise<any> => {
    const responses = this.props.formData[kind];
    return this.props.updateQuestionnaire(id, responses);
})).then(() => {
    this.props.finishAssessment(this.props.assessmentId)
        .then(() => {
            track('Assessment -- Finished', {
                'Assessment Kind' : this.props.assessmentKind,
                'Assessment Id'   : this.props.assessmentId,
            });
            if (this.props.assessmentKind === 'INITIAL_ASSESSMENT') {
                this.props.getCompletedInitialAssessment.refetch().then(() => {
                    Router.replace(routes.LoadingAssessmentResults.to, routes.LoadingAssessmentResults.as);
                });

                this.submitEmailNotifications();
            } else if(this.props.assessmentKind === 'GOAL_CHECK_IN') {
                Router.replace(routes.MemberProgressDashboard.to, routes.MemberProgressDashboard.as);
            } else {
                Router.replace(routes.MemberDashboard.to, routes.MemberDashboard.as);
            }
        });
});

The error happens at this.props.getCompletedInitialAssessment.refetch(), to which I don't know why. However, when I remove this.props.finishAssessment(this.props.assessmentId), only then the refetch will work.
Basically:
Promise.all(this.props.questionnaireData.map(({ kind, id }): Promise<any> => {
    const responses = this.props.formData[kind];
    return this.props.updateQuestionnaire(id, responses);
})).then(() => {
        track('Assessment -- Finished', {
            'Assessment Kind' : this.props.assessmentKind,
            'Assessment Id'   : this.props.assessmentId,
        });
        if (this.props.assessmentKind === 'INITIAL_ASSESSMENT') {
            this.props.getCompletedInitialAssessment.refetch().then(() => {
            Router.replace(routes.LoadingAssessmentResults.to, routes.LoadingAssessmentResults.as);
            });

            this.submitEmailNotifications();
        } else if(this.props.assessmentKind === 'GOAL_CHECK_IN') {
            Router.replace(routes.MemberProgressDashboard.to, routes.MemberProgressDashboard.as);
        } else {
            Router.replace(routes.MemberDashboard.to, routes.MemberDashboard.as);
        }
});

will make refetch work. Otherwise it complains that it doesn't know what refetch is.
For Apollo, I'm using the graphql HOC, and it looks like this:
graphql(getCompletedInitialAssessment, {
    name    : 'getCompletedInitialAssessment',
    options : { variables: { status: ['Finished'], limit: 1 } },
}),
graphql(updateQuestionnaire, {
    props: ({ mutate }) => ({
        updateQuestionnaire: (id, responses) => {
            let normalized = {};

                for (let res in responses) {
                    let num = +responses[res];
                    // If the value is a stringified numuber, turn it into a num
                    // otherwise, keep it a string.
                    normalized[res] = Number.isNaN(num) ? responses[res] : num;
                }

                const input = {
                    id,
                    patch: { responses: JSON.stringify(normalized) },
                };

                return mutate({
                    variables: { input },
                });
            },
        }),
    }),
graphql(finishAssessment, {
    props: ({ mutate }) => ({
        finishAssessment: (id) => {
            const input = { id };

            return mutate({
                variables      : { input },
                refetchQueries : ['getMemberInfo'],
            });
        },
    }),
}),

What I've tried is even rewriting this to use async/await, but the problem still happens:
try {
    await Promise.all(this.props.questionnaireData.map(({ kind, id }): Promise<any> => {
        const responses = this.props.formData[kind];
        return this.props.updateQuestionnaire(id, responses);
    }));
    const finishAssessmentRes = await this.props.finishAssessment(this.props.assessmentId);
    console.log(finishAssessmentRes)

    if (this.props.assessmentKind === 'INITIAL_ASSESSMENT') {
        const res = await this.props.getCompletedInitialAssessment.refetch();
        console.log(res);
        this.submitEmailNotifications();
        Router.replace(routes.LoadingAssessmentResults.to, routes.LoadingAssessmentResults.as);
    } else if(this.props.assessmentKind === 'GOAL_CHECK_IN') {
        Router.replace(routes.MemberProgressDashboard.to, routes.MemberProgressDashboard.as);
    } else {
        Router.replace(routes.MemberDashboard.to, routes.MemberDashboard.as);
    }
} catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
}

I honestly don't know what's happening or why refetch wouldn't work. Would refactoring into hooks help? Does anyone have any idea?

A: From the docs

The config.props property allows you to define a map function that takes the props... added by the graphql() function (props.data for queries and props.mutate for mutations) and allows you to compute a new props... object that will be provided to the component that graphql() is wrapping.
To access props that are not added by the graphql() function, use the ownProps keyword.

By using the props function, you're telling the HOC which props to pass down either to the next HOC or to the component itself. If you don't include the props that were already passed down to it in what you return inside props, it won't be passed to the component. You need do something like this for every props function:
props: ({ mutate, ownProps }) => ({
  finishAssessment: (id) => {
    //
  },
  ...ownProps,
}),

Composing HOCs is a pain and the graphql HOC is being deprecated anyway in favor of hooks. I would strongly advise migrating to the hooks API.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
What WeWork Overcame to Be Worth $10 Billion
For the WeWork co-founders, alignment on values--both their own and the company's--comes before everything else.
By Ilan Mochari@IlanMochari
WeWork co-founders Miguel McKelvey (left) and Adam Neumann have worked together since 2008.
Courtesy Company
Editor's Note: Inc. Magazine announced its pick for Company of the Year on Monday, November 23. It's Slack! See which one Inc. readers chose as their favorite company of 2015. Here, we spotlight WeWork, one of the contenders for the title in 2015.
Seven years ago in Brooklyn, New York, Adam Neumann owned a baby-clothing company. In the same building, Miguel McKelvey worked as an architect for Jordan Parnass Digital Architecture. One of his big projects was designing stores for American Apparel. McKelvey had co-founded a social network called English, Baby! for people learning English as a second language.
As the entrepreneurs became friends, they discussed the vacancies in their building. They wondered: Would their landlord let them repurpose and resell vacant space as co-working digs? The landlord gave them the chance--at another of his Brooklyn buildings. And so--three years before the first WeWork opened--the co-founders ran what amounted to a rough draft of it, called Green Desk.
After one year, they sold it to their landlord for "a few million," according to multiple reports. With lessons learned--and money earned--from that experience, Neumann and McKelvey launched WeWork, which--in four years--has raised $969 million in funding at a $10 billion valuation. Investors include JPMorgan Chase, Harvard Management, and Benchmark Capital.
The company, which employs more than 800 people and boasts more than 35,000 members, has 56 locations in 12 major American cities, as well as London, Amsterdam, and Tel Aviv. WeWork does not disclose revenue, but documents obtained by The Information and cited by The New York Times peg the figure at $75 million last year, with $4.2 million in profits. (Neumann tells Inc. those numbers are not accurate.)
Regardless, what's staggering about WeWork is the sheer range of its clientele. It's not just tech entrepreneurs and sole proprietors. Merck, American Express, and Microsoft have joined in the past three years. Mark Gallagher, senior market manager for Silicon Valley Bank, says the bank joined for more "serendipitous" encounters with prospects and clients. "It's about how are we utilizing space to the best effect that meets our corporate and cultural goals as well as our clients'," he told Fortune.
What separates WeWork from other co-working spaces? The co-founders say it's the size, talents, and energy of its global community. "If you look at our app for one hour--without touching it, just reading it--you could look at your city, your country, the whole world, and see people minute by minute posting their specific needs--for a developer, a co-founder, whatever," says Neumann, 36. "And you'd see eight-to-10 immediate [responses] coming in, all with high-quality references. You can become multinational by the press of a button."
There are other perks, too: Instead of springing for your own payment-processing system, health care, or cloud storage, you can obtain any of them through WeWork at a lower cost, since WeWork's community--as a ginormous, well-heeled whole--is giving the vendors the economies of scale they require.
With each space it designs, WeWork aims to stimulate the informal interactions that stir innovation. It was one lesson McKelvey and Neumann learned while running Green Desk: The magic of co-working spaces stems from the cultivation of the community. It's why WeWork uses the phrase "platform for creators" to describe its purpose. "Empowering people to pursue their journeys. That's our first mission," says McKelvey, 41. "Put people into an environment where they can do that, and that creates the energy. People want to tap into that."
WeWork has become a growth platform for its two creators too. Once a week, they meet privately with a mentor--someone they won't name--to discuss their personal development. The lessons have come fast and furious. For example, WeWork's rapid expansion has been a refresher course in cash-flow discipline. Specifically, its Bryant Park (New York City) and Golden Gate (San Francisco) buildings "were not well maintained before we came in," says Neumann. Since then, the company has been even more exacting about due diligence, creating greater cushions in estimates and scheduling.
More recently, the co-founders learned about the burdens of a ballyhooed, $10 billion valuation. This summer, Commercial Building Maintenance Corporation, the contract service WeWork used to clean its buildings, fired cleaners who tried to unionize. When WeWork hired some but not all of those fired cleaners, there were protests outside WeWork's New York City locations. A series of New York Times articles questioned the company's community values.
By October, WeWork had reached an agreement that a local S.E.I.U. president called "unprecedented" in its generosity. It amounted to the addition of 150 full-time employees, with WeWork bringing its housekeeping functions in-house and hiring as many of the laid-off workers as possible.
"We always have to be able to learn--and communicate about it," says Neumann. "It's always on our minds. We need to act. Not just speak."


Have you looked at ANX at all? It's a port of the XNA API to SharpDX.
Additional information: HRESULT: [0x80070057], Module: [Unknown], ApiCode: [Unknown/Unknown], Message: The parameter is incorrect.
Any idea how I can get more details..I set the debug flag as you do in the creation (in fact I get this if running your code). I am using VS2012 RC on Windows8 CP. It's driving me nuts. how do I read the HRESULT? any ideas, thanks again!
You can get more info about the exception clicking in the "View detail…" link and then expanding the "Inner Exception" value, although you usually get the SharpDX call stack. Please note that this article is written under both VS2012 and Win8 RC, so maybe the problem lies in some driver implementation changes?
slemh, seriously, if you have nothing nice to say? Provide your source, don't just make a jackass remark and leave it at that. People like you who bring down the internet to a level of troll rather than a resource of knowledge.
Can you make a tutorial like this (basic setting up) for windows phone 8 platform?
Hello Gopi, if you check the source code (https://github.com/r2d2rigo/MyFirstSharpDX/blob/master/MyFirstSharpDX/MyViewProvider.cs) you can see that it is a temporary instance of SharpDX.DXGI.Device2 obtained through device.QueryInterface.


I really want it as a second language to the point of I can do it without much thought like I do with English.
Hi Sharna, I have just joined so am also new at this - I have been trying to learn sign language and i am currently doing my level 1 so just at the beginning as well. I have been going to a class but it would be good to be able to practice during the week.


Am Fam Physician. 2002 Sep 1;66(5):721.
Good health comes to those who wait. Patients with an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) who delay taking antibiotics for the infection are less likely to use antibiotics, states a study published in the Journal of Family Practice. The study included 129 patients with a new URTI who either stated that they wanted an antibiotic or were thought by their physicians to want one. The patients were randomly given either an antibiotic prescription with instructions to fill it after three days if their symptoms failed to improve or a prescription to be filled immediately. They were also instructed to take their temperature daily with a digital thermometer and to complete a daily symptom checklist. Body temperature was higher in the immediate-prescription group. There was no difference in symptom score between the two groups.
One might assume that birds of the same gender would flock together. However, according to a study published in Obstetrics & Gynecology, physician gender is less important to patients than other physician characteristics. The study researchers interviewed 67 obstetric patients during their postpartum hospital stay about physician gender preference and satisfaction with health care. Only one third of the patients preferred female physicians. Characteristics more important than gender to the patients were the physicians' interpersonal and communication styles, and technical expertise.
"Why didn't I think of that?" An examination gown designed by an Arkansas nurse may soon give patients in medical offices and hospitals peace of mind—knowing their backsides are fully covered. The garment, called the GSDL Gown, adds an extra bit of security by closing on the side with hook-and-loop fasteners instead of tieing at the back. So far, the comfortable gown has been greeted enthusiastically in one Arkansas medical office and is awaiting patent approval.
The world is growing up fatter. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is on the rise in the world's populations, according to a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Researchers evaluated survey data from the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia, and found that in all countries except Russia, children and teenagers are more overweight and obese today than they used to be. The researchers speculate that economic growth, occurring in all of these countries but Russia, has led to more nutrient-rich diets, leisure time, inactivity, and television watching, which have all contributed to the energy imbalance.
Headaches, depression, and irritability are a few of the signs that Americans are feeling more stress, according to findings of a survey conducted by Harris Interactive. Of 1,805 adults surveyed, 44 percent said they felt increasing tension over the past year, and many said they experienced physical symptoms in times of stress. Respondents reported having tension-type headaches (59 percent), tightness in the back, chest, or jaw (47 percent), and depression (63 percent). Not surprisingly, most people said stress made them irritable (81 percent), and nearly one half said this affected their relationships with others.


text:
Q: Can't get tty(1..6) in Linux mint 18.1 Cinnamon 64-bit I would like to know why I can't get the terminals tty1,tty2 etc while pressing Ctrl-Alt-(F1 ,F2) etc.I don't know why I can't get these terminals.Is it because my laptop is Toshiba Satellite C55-B5270?

A: As many laptops uses the function keys to adjust screen brightness, speaker volume and things like that, they often have a Fn key that you would also have to press to get plain function key behaviour.
Judging from photos of the Toshiba Satellite C55-B5270 keyboard on the net, this key is located to the right of the left Ctrl key.
There might also be a FnLk ("function lock") key, or similar, that you can toggle this behaviour with so that you don't have to press Fn every time.


Nevada is the first state to have a female majority legislature. But the historic milestone didn't come overnight — it's a combination of a state that already had high levels of female representation and a few strategic appointments after Election Day. Michelle Rindels explains the math.


100% of HIX's raw materials are sourced locally in India, and a batch of resin can last 5 - 10 years before needing to be replaced. This is a dramatic increase in lifetime relative to existing options which run for 6-12 months.
Both HIX-NanoZr and HIX-NanoFe are now commercial materials and over one million people around the world drink arsenic- and fluoride-safe water through use of these sorbents.
Brackish water desalination plants are mostly located inland and must resort to expensive concentrate disposal methods like deep well injection or evaporation ponds. Increasing the recovery of RO process would obviously reduce the volume of concentrate to be disposed of but cannot be implemented due to scaling of sulfate (CaSO4, BaSO4, etc.) and silica (SiO2) resulting in fouling of RO membranes. We have developed a Hybrid Ion Exchange-Reverse Osmosis (HIX-RO) process where tunable anion exchange resins can eliminate sulfate precipitation and silica fouling without addition of external regenerants or anti-scaling chemicals.


text:
Waynet Annual Meeting
Richmond Room, Landrum Bolling Center
Earlham College
Chris Hardie, President (Summersault)
Bill O'Hara Felker, Secretary (WHON/WQLK)
Randy Baker, (Richmond Power & Light)
Jim Buckler, (Richmond WorkOne)
Thomas G. Kirk, Jr. (Earlham College)
Bill Pendley (Potter's Wheel Bed & Breakfast)
Nancy Wilson (Reid Hospital & Health Care Services)
Dudley Fetzer (First Bank Richmond)
Rodger Smith (Richmond Community Schools)
Jane Holman (Executive Director, ex-officio)
…..and 17 WayNet.org members and guests.
President Chris Hardie opened the meeting at 7 PM with an evaluation of the past two years he has held the presidency. He highlighted some of the goals: improve board participation, improve funding, website enhancement such has improving the calendar policy and formalization of a photo policy, and conducting a survey of WayNet members.
Executive Director Jane Holman presented her annual report. She said as WayNet enters its seventh year, it has gone from a time when hardly anyone used the internet to a time now when nearly everyone does. She also cited improvements to the website during the past year, an increase in partnerships with other organizations and highlighted new features that are be expected to be added to the web site in the next few months.
The slate of board nominees was presented for the term of 2003 to 2005. They were: Dudley Fetzer, First Bank Richmond (new); Bill Pendley, The Potter's Wheel Bed & Breakfast; Jim Buckler, Richmond WorkOne; Thomas Kirk, Jr., Earlham College; Rodger Smith, Richmond Community Schools; and E. Thomas Kemp, Law Office of E. Thomas Kemp. They were approved by unanimous vote.
The slate of officers for the term of 2003 to 2004 was presented: President, Randy Baker, Richmond Power & Light; Vice President/Treasurer, Thomas G. Kirk, Jr.; and Secretary, Bill O'Hara Felker. They were approved by unanimous vote.
There being no additional business, the business meeting adjourned around 7:20 PM.
Following the business meeting, the Annual Best Web Site Awards were presented.
Featured speaker of the evening was Dr. Diane Roberts of the Uptown Innovation Center. She said the center will open the first week of November. The 10,000 square feet former Osco Drug Store will have ten suites, a couple of training rooms and a technological state-of-the-art conferencing center. Roberts said the center is expected to bring more people to the central business district.
The program ended around 8 PM with refreshments.
The next regular executive board meeting will be Thursday, October 16th at noon at Richmond Power & Light.
Bill O"Hara Felker


This home in Greensboro was experiencing some high humidity in their large crawlspace that had started to effect the upper floors. A small section of sagging floor was also fixed with an IntelliJack installation. This was most likely caused by both the high humidity and extra weight from the upper floor. The CrawlSeal Vapor Barrier was installed to cover every inch of dirt on the floor and 3/4 of the brick and block walls. Sealant caulk was also used around piers and walls to create a seamless fit. To keep the area even drier, a Tar Heel Dehumidifier was installed and each vent was sealed up and insulated. This home's crawlspace will now be free of moisture, will aid in keeping energy costs down and will create a more comfortable atmosphere all year round.


In Good+ to near VG [or better] condition: displays uniform age toning as typical for this age image. There may be light scattered spotting, possibly small minor edge repairs on the back with small pieces of archival tape.
Sheet measures c. 14 3/4" H x 10 3/4" W.


He is quiet, but when he speaks you listen and chances are he has something funny to add to the conversation. Jonah Gonzales kept his love for music a secret in high school, he was a talented baseball player, but when it came to college he dropped the glove for a guitar. Jonah worked hard to catch up to all his country artist peers, he started with voice lessons. Later he started going to see John DeFoore a guitar guru who has helped several artists like Kacey Musgraves, Miranda Lambert, and Ryan Beaver. DeFoore challenged him to write a song per week and now Jonah has a book full of songs.
Jonah graduated at 22 from UT Tyler with a GPA of 3.9 and a Bachelor of Science in Biology. He pursued his love for music and dominated all his pre-med classes, to say he's a hard worker is an understatement. Before you go judging this handsome Tony Llama wearing, guitar toting, Levi sporting guy as just another "bro" in country, you need to know this guy is a rockabilly poet. He was born way after his time. Jonah Gonzales is the classic underdog, who writes music non-stop. You can catch him playing around the Ark-La-Tex; his hair, unique voice, and music style is hard to miss. His music reminds me of Elvis Presley, Dwight Yoakam, and Johnny Cash.
Jonah Gonzales will go up against 34 other Hometown Risers across the country in June. He was asked to pick a song for the competition and he chose "Don't Let Today Drag Me Down" which he wrote for a sibling. It's not every day you hear a song that just stops you in your tracks. If you or someone you care for has ever struggled in the battle against depression, you have to hear this one. "And I carry these demons and scars on my heart. I'm tired of living every day in the dark. And I'm praying dear Lord if you hear me now, well don't let today drag me down." The song goes on to explain how, in many cases, people don't know when someone is struggling with depression. "This depression lingers like a spiteful ghost, and I hide my heartache behind a smile. And every day I play pretend just like a child." How can we stand behind and support our friends and family members who suffer from depression? We love on them. "In this world all you need is love, to pull you through and lift you up." Well said Jonah. We are cheering on Jonah Gonzales as he moves into the next round of Taste of Country's Hometown Risers contest in June! In the meantime, you can catch Jonah's new album "Shades of Blue" on Apple Music.


Stelladaee :: OhMyDoll : The game of virtual dollz - fashion game - dressing and seduction, styilst game !
stelladaee has 1 goodness points.
If you get votes from this doll, please return them to me, thanks!
Even though her outfits are a bit crazy, she has insperational lyrics and music. She expresses her self totally and is NOT afraid to show it! Imma little monster, and I'm proud of it!
It would be great if you help me reach my goals!


text:
Stacey Higginbotham Jan 28, 2010 (Jun 5, 2020) -- Blog Post
AT&T: We Really Do Suck in SF & NYC
Updated: AT&T (s T) this morning said its earnings rose 25 percent in the fourth quarter thanks to its wireless business, and told consumers, if not investors, what they wanted to hear by detailing plans to spend $18-$19 billion in capital expenditures, with a $2 billion increase aimed at the wireless network and backhaul. The carrier, which has the dubious honor of being the exclusive provider of the iPhone, has been the target of much ire on the part of its customers due to the poor performance of its network, especially in major cities.
Yet in Apple's (s aapl) own earnings call on Monday an executive at the iPhone maker said AT&T had shown it its plans for improving its network, and that Apple was pleased. It must have been, as yesterday Apple said that AT&T would once again provide a data plan for its latest gadget, a tablet called the iPad. For a detailed look at AT&T's past network improvements and how the iPad may affect its network, check out out our GigaOM Pro item from yesterday (subscription required).
So far, network performance hasn't been up to par, and AT&T included charts today in its earnings presentation detailing how far off the mark service is in Manhattan and San Francisco. Additionally AT&T released stats showing that in December 2008 more than one out of every 100 calls was dropped. Now almost one out of every 100 calls is dropped, but such calls are still heavily concentrated in a few major cities (or wherever a bunch of people with iPhones gather). Update: However an AT&T executive stressed on the earnings call, that according to third party data, its dropped call rate of 1.32% is only two tenths of one percent behind the national leader.
Fixing the problem will require more capital expenditures, and AT&T said it will spend $2 billion more in wireless network upgrades and backhaul to connect its towers and base stations to the Internet (although not all of that will be fiber). It's also adding more radio network controllers or swapping old ones out in certain areas to better use the spectrum, and is still deploying its HSPA 7.2 upgrades to deliver faster speeds and more capacity.
Such measure, plus the efforts AT&T made last year, will help, but carriers need to start looking at how to manage their networks holistically now that these large data-consuming devices are coming onto them. So while AT&T is bandaging its wounded network, and could succeed, carriers around the world need to think about how to manage data so they avoid such injuries in the first place.


Hormone therapy with tamoxifen is often given to patients with early stages of breast cancer and those with metastatic breast cancer (cancer that has spread to other parts of the body). Hormone therapy with tamoxifen or estrogens can act on cells all over the body and may increase the chance of developing endometrial cancer. Women taking tamoxifen should have a pelvic exam every year to look for any signs of cancer. Any vaginal bleeding, other than menstrual bleeding, should be reported to a doctor as soon as possible.
Hormone therapy with an aromatase inhibitor is given to some postmenopausal women who have hormone-dependent breast cancer. Hormone-dependent breast cancer needs the hormone estrogen to grow. Aromatase inhibitors decrease the body's estrogen by blocking an enzyme called aromatase from turning androgen into estrogen.
For the treatment of early stage breast cancer, certain aromatase inhibitors may be used as adjuvant therapy instead of tamoxifen or after 2 or more years of tamoxifen. For the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, aromatase inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials to compare them to hormone therapy with tamoxifen.


Coconut flakes coated in raw cacao, cinnamon, virgin coconut oil, and a touch of coconut nectar and pink Himalayan salt. Unlike cocoa, raw cacao is a pure, unprocessed and nutrient dense superfood that's rich in antioxidants, fiber and magnesium.
You can also feel good about superfood cinnamon, which is an antioxidant-rich spice that can have positive effects on blood sugar levels, digestion, and immunity. These chips are sweetened with coconut nectar, a raw and low glycemic-index sweetener that's rich in enzymes. All of their snacks are dehydrated at a low temperature to promote optimal nutrition and flavour.
Ingredients: Organic coconut flakes, organic raw cacao powder, organic coconut nectar, organic virgin coconut oil, organic ground cinnamon, pink Himalayan salt. Allergen free.
These are SO delicious! Love that they are only 1 gram of sugar per serving. Impossible to find snacks this healthy AND delicious.