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Matthew T. Harris
E-mail: matthew.harris@agg.com
BiographyExperienceCredentialsRecognitionNews & Insights Jump to
Matt is a partner in the Corporate & Securities and Real Estate practice groups, and is the leader of the firm's Private Equity practice. Matt works with private equity and real estate funds, institutional limited partners, family offices, investors, entrepreneurs, operators, and developers to bring deals together from both a legal and business perspective.
Clients rely on him to guide them through critical business milestones such as the formation of joint ventures, acquisitions, dispositions, private offerings, and syndications. He is experienced in the drafting and negotiation of complex partnership/operating agreements for corporate and real estate investments and executes upon a variety of transactions and financings.
Matt's private equity practice is enhanced through positions he has held at operating companies and investment firms. He served as general counsel and chief credit officer for a privately held business with operations in over 40 states. He was also previously associated with a large, international Atlanta-based law firm. Prior to law school and business school, Matt worked in the financial sector at Morgan Stanley and SunTrust Capital Markets Inc. He pulls from all of this experience for his clients' benefit, providing the guidance businesses need to make important decisions for the best possible outcome.
Strategic Alliances & Joint Ventures
Hospitality, Hotels, & Resorts
Oil & Gas Distribution
Represented Sharp Residential, one of the largest private home building companies in Atlanta, in its sale to Toll Brothers, Inc. (NYSE: TOL) for approximately $100 million.
Represented a private equity fund in its sale of a portfolio company for approximately $250+ million to a strategic buyer.
Represented a private equity fund in their lead co-investment in a take-private transaction in the hospitality sector valued at approximately $1.5 billion.
Represented a private equity-backed healthcare operating company as part of a global roll-up strategy in numerous transactions ranging from approximately $5 million to $125 million.
Represented a leading multi-billion dollar private equity fund in numerous transactions in the hospitality sector, with purchase prices ranging from approximately $15 million to $100 million.
Represented a large family office in numerous transactions in the manufacturing sector.
Represented a real estate private equity fund in multiple $100+ million hotel transactions.
Represented, in two separate transactions, sellers of healthcare services businesses in sell-side transactions (one for approximately $65 million and one for $70 million).
Represented a founder-led business in the franchise sector with approximately 500 locations in its sale to family office for approximately $70 million.
Represented a leading private equity fund in its acquisition of an industrial refrigeration company for approximately $20 million.
Represented a custom manufacturing business in its sale to a strategic buyer for approximately $100 million.
Represented general partners in connection with the formation of multifamily, commercial office, preferred equity, and residential real estate funds.
Represented an investment vehicle in the acquisition, financing and syndication of a portfolio of multifamily properties to foreign and domestic investors.
Represented Fortune 100 company in its equity and convertible note investment in a distribution company.
Represented a $150 million private equity fund focused on the medical office sector in its formation, capital raising, and joint venture investments.
Represented a private equity fund in its formation of multiple private REITs and related stock offerings.
Represented a retail real estate focused operator in a complex partial disposition of partnership interests.
Represented a state pension fund as the anchor investor in a distressed residential mortgage opportunity fund.
Represented energy/logistics operating company as outside general counsel handling all legal matters, including financings, general contract negotiations, and special capital projects.
Represented one of the largest multifamily developers in the country in acquisitions, dispositions, and financings.
Healey Weatherholtz Properties – Equity Financing Negotiated in Award-Winning Turner Field Redevelopment
iMedX – Private Equity-Backed Purchase a Milestone for Health Information Technology Company
MedProperties Holdings, LLC - AGG Successfully Addresses Corporate and Healthcare Legal Issues
Rich Products - Working With Chinese Counsel on Regulations Key to $90 million Deal
Cornell University, Master of Business Administration
Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Master of Business Administration
Mercer University, Juris Doctor
Vanderbilt University, Bachelor of Arts
State of Georgia – 2006
Cornell University Real Estate Council
State of Georgia Bar Association
Marist School, Class Alumni Representative
Best Lawyers in America®, Real Estate Law, 2022-23
"Rising Star," Georgia Super Lawyers, 2011, 2014-19
"Legal Elite," Georgia Trend, 2014
AGG Attorney Recognition in The Best Lawyers in America® Increases by More Than 50 Percent in 2023 Edition
August 18, 2022 | Rankings & Recognition | Arnall Golden Gregory LLP
Arnall Golden Gregory Attorneys Recognized in 2022 Best Lawyers in America Guides
August 19, 2021 | News Releases | Rankings & Recognition | Arnall Golden Gregory LLP
8th Annual Gleneagles Group Family Conference
November 2019 | Speaking Engagements


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Category: Media
SUPRVA HEALTHCARE GROUP, INC. PLANS TO ACQUIRE MEDICAL OFFICE BUILDING IN CALIFORNIA
Liverpool, New York, June 11, 2021 – Supurva Healthcare Group, Inc. (OTC Pink: SPRV) (the "Company") announced today that it has signed a Letter of Intent to acquire a Medical Office Building ("MOB") in Northern California. John D. Murphy Jr., the Company's CEO stated that the majority of the medical office building is leased to
All For One Media (AFOM) in Focus as Tween Sensation 'Drama Drama' Goes Global
All For One Media Corp (OTC US: AFOM) shares have started to find some interest in 2021 after being left-for-dead in 2020 following the indefinite suspension of one of the company's initial major media projects, "Drama Drama", which is the name of both a major motion picture and an all-girl musical group targeting the tween
ALKM – Alkame Jarred Blueberries Production Expected To Generate Significant Revenue
LAS VEGAS, NV – June 10, 2021 – Alkame Holdings, Inc. (OTC PINK: ALKM), a publicly-traded health and wellness technology holding company, is pleased to announce that its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bell Food and Beverage, Inc. continues its Production Commitment to Pacific Flavors International Inc., a leading international food supplier and exporter of Oregon Blueberries over
V Group, Inc. Keeps Creating Value for Shareholders
Carlsbad CA, June 10, 2021 – V Group, Inc. (OTC Pink: VGID) is pleased to update the public and shareholders to the progress of the latest incubation projects. V Group, Inc. has been diligently pursuing the Company's goal of incubating revenue-generating companies and spinning them off into their own public entities to the benefit of
Astro Aerospace to Complete eVTOL 1:2 Scale Prototype by Q1 2022 – Full-Sized eVTOL Vehicle Expected Q1 2024
Morgan Stanley research expects eVTOL industry growth to reach $1.0 trillion by 2040, $9 trillion by 2050 Dallas, Texas, June 10, 2021 – Astro Aerospace (OTCQB: ASDN) ("Astro" or the "Company"), a developer of eVTOL aerial vehicles and drones, and Horizon Aircraft ("Horizon"), a developer of advanced hybrid electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL)
Small Cap Energy Stocks for the Next Leg (VKIN, PDCE, SWN, PBF, CPE, SM)
The price of energy is on the rise. But it isn't a normal commodity bull market. It's always risky to say "this time is different" when dealing with financial markets. But this time IS different. At least, for energy commodities. Why is it different? Because we have never been in a state of the global
SIBANNAC, INC. RETURNS 102,233,482 RESERVED SHARES BACK TO THE TREASURY
Scottsdale, Arizona, June 10 – Sibannac, Inc. (OTC Pink: SNNC), a Nevada corporation (the "Company"), announced the following: On February 10, 2021 the Company entered into a debt financing Agreement with Continuation Capital, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("CCI"), to capitalize the product and branding efforts being spearheaded by Liftetime Branding on behalf of the
Gourmet Provisions International Corp. (GMPR) Announces Jose Madrid Salsa Selling in 150+ Grocery Stores
Pittsburgh, PA, June 9, 2021 — Gourmet Provisions International Corporation (OTC Pink: GMPR) today announced their Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Jose Madrid Salsa (JMS), with their 28 Gourmet Salas, are available NOW in 150+ Grocery, Convenience & Liquor Stores throughout Ohio. Jose Madrid Salsa, "The Healthy Fundraiser," started selling its Gourmet Salsas in 1993
Green Stream Subsidiary Chuck's Vintage to Sponsor Polo Hamptons 2021
COMPANY DESIGNATES MADISON STOCK TRANSFER AS NEW TRANSFER AGENT NEW YORK, NY, June 9, 2021 – Green Stream Holdings Inc. (OTC PINK: GSFI) ("the Company") (http://www.GreenRainSolar.com) announces that its wholly-owned subsidiary Chuck's Vintage (https://chucksvintageoriginal.com), an iconic brand and retail location renown among celebrity elite and fashion enthusiasts alike, will be a sponsor for
Dyadic International (NASDAQ: DYAI): A Unique Approach to World Vaccination (DYAI, AZN, MRNA, NVAX, PFE, JNJ, BNTX)
The vaccine story is set to take yet another twist and turn in the months ahead as the Biden administration faces the literally world-shaping task of playing a material leadership role in helping to vaccinate the entire world against Covid-19. This comes after better-than-expected results in the pathway to bringing something rapidly closing in on

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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UNHOLY John Carroll Catholic School Allows Teachers to SIN by Saying 'F*** Trump' with Gestures
An unholy Catholic school is under fire after one of their own was captured sinning and swearing up a storm over President Trump.
Nik Hatziefstathiou » for Your Content - September 13, 2020 0
Kim Jong-un holds 'military parade' in 'celebration of Biden after Congress'
Though it doesn't make much sense—North Korea is holding a military parade 'after party' for congress, Your Content is learning. Developing now... Details to...
Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Wolf says National Guard to have large 'presence' in state on Jan. 20
Governor Tom Wolf announced today that approximately 450 Pennsylvania National Guard (PNG) members have been put on state active duty to support safety and security...
7 More People Charged in Federal Court Following Events at the United States Capitol
Seven individuals have been charged in federal court in the District of Columbia in connection with crimes committed at the U.S. Capitol in Washington,...
U.S. Attorney William McSwain Resigns
Philadelphia's top cop has resigned, Your Content is first to report. United States Attorney William M. McSwain, who has served as the chief federal law...
Man who stole Pelosi's podium arrested with horn man for chaos at the Capitol


The world of Jeff Lemire & Dean Ormston's Dark Horse Comics Eisner Award-winning Black Hammer is set to expand this October with Sherlock Frankenstein & The Legion of Evil, a four-issue miniseries by Lemire and artist David Rubín. The spinoff series stars Lucy Weber, the daughter of the Black Hammer, searching to learn more about her father, which leads her to the villains confined in Spiral City's asylum.
With the first issue about a month away, CBR has a special look at Rubín's expressive character designs for the heroes and villains of Sherlock Frankenstein, along with insight from the artist.
"The universe created by Jeff and Dean in Black Hammer is a very rich one and full of possibilities, I feel lucky to have been able to contribute and expand it with my work," Rubín, who illustrated issues #9 and #12 of Black Hammer, told CBR. "The most fun and enriching has been to design a lot of the supervillains, they are always the most fun to draw in any story, and they bring something new and faithful to the universe created by Dean and Jeff."
The designs seen below include colorful (and colorfully named) characters Captain Night and Dr. Day, The Horseless Rider, Wingman (young version, who has passing resemblance to a DC Comics hero), Wingman (old version, considerably less reminiscent of said DC hero), Tenter Hooks, Black Stallion, Sultrix and the pun-tastic Concretestador.
"The characters I most enjoyed were the new Cthu-Lou, which is a lot of fun to draw with all those crazy tentacles," Rubín said, "his monsterhy-daughter, and the Freedom Fighters team; drawing old school superheroes is also wonderful!"
First announced this past July at Comic-Con International in San Diego, Sherlock Frankenstein & The Legion of Evil is said to be the first of multiple Black Hammer spinoffs planned, written by Lemire and illustrated by various artists.
"While working on Black Hammer I found myself having more and more ideas for other types of superhero stories," Lemire said in the press release announcing the miniseries. "The main Black Hammer story continues to be the spine of these ideas, but I found them branching off into new directions and new characters as well. It occurred to me that there was a whole history here, a whole superhero universe all of our own, that I could explore and create within."
Black Hammer debuted in 2016, and this past July won the Eisner Award for Best New Series. Sherlock Frankenstein & The Legion of Evil #1 is scheduled for release on Oct. 18 from Dark Horse Comics, with a main cover by Rubín and a Local Comic Shop Day variant by Mike Allred, in honor of the Nov. 18 occasion, seen below.


Fire Heads- S/T LP ~SAINTS / EX HUSSY!
Fire Heads- S/T LP. Brand new album from Fire Heads (formerly Fire Retarded) who've toughened up their sound to a slashed-knuckle punk rock rumble on this new record. For those not in the know, Fire Heads are a garage-punk band outta Wisconsin featuring a couple members of The Hussy, Cave Curse and Dumb Vision. Fire Heads is clearly the work of seasoned professionals, dudes who have spent years working toward being in a band as tight, taut and blazing as Fire Heads since they got their first musical instruments as teenagers. They're like an amped-up Saints for the most part, executing these twelve tracks with authority and confidence, completely disregarding the fact that the majority of the world has moved on from rock bands. "Forgot It Now" is snapped into an aggro punk strain that would sit pretty easily next to fellow Midwestern shred lord Timmy Vulgar. The song is teetering on the edge and ready to blow bolts at any time and almost every song on this LP yields a similar power. If you've never heard Fire Heads before, this is a good place to start. Recommended.


I just finished reading a neat, new, short (128 pages) book called Prime Numbers and the Riemann Hypothesis by Barry Mazur and William Stein.
Full disclosure: Barry was my thesis advisor and William is a friend of mine, and also a skater.
But anyhoo, the book. It's really great, I learned a lot reading it, even though I'm supposed to know these things already. But I really didn't, and now I'm glad I do.
The book doesn't require a Ph.D. in math to read, though. It is in fact aimed at a person who may have forgotten what the definition of a prime number is. So, there's a description of the sieve of Eratosthenes as well as the classic proof that there are infinitely many primes.
And, it's a great combination of authors. True to form for Barry, there are elegant, "pure thought" explanations of deep truths, as well as ample sprinklings of philosophical ruminations. And true to form for William, there are tons of computations that are carried out and expressed graphically, which really help in illustrating what they're talking about.
The book is set up in three parts, conveniently set up so that people who don't know calculus know when to close the book (although they could also take a detour and read The Cartoon Guide to Calculus instead), or for people who aren't comfortable in functions of complex variables to skim the last two parts.
Do you know what? The more I think about it, the more I realize that this book does exactly what most general audience books dare not do – including mine – which is to say, they use formulas, and graphs, and generally speaking ask the reader to work hard, in the name of enlightenment, beauty, and wonder.
Technical work for the reader such as this is, normally speaking, something of a third rail. Not in this book. In this book the authors run straight for that rail, set up a game of catch, and invite you to join their picnic in the rain, electric shock be damned. They're having so much fun that you can't help yourself.
If I have one complaint it's all the pictures of white male mathematicians. Yes, I get that they did this work, and this work is amazing, and some of them are my friends, but as an educator I want to be aware of the stereotype threat that this sets up for other readers. I'm still planning to recommend it to people (please read it!) but it would have been even better if it focused on the ideas more and the people less. My two cents.
Grand review, guess I'll buy that!
I too just wrote a blurb about this volume yesterday ( http://tinyurl.com/jh77gwr ), and also love it, but would stress that it is best suited for someone already deeply interested in number theory or specifically the Riemann Hypothesis. Unlike several of the recent "popular" volumes on RH, this one is much more mathematically intense.
At ~150 pages, that's about as short one can get from a math text published by university press. By the sound of it, it's probably one of those serious read. Better check it out.
Wow! I feel ahead of the curve, so to speak, because I preordered. I like prime numbers and am interested in the RH (the Derbyshire book lost me at the end), but I have very limited math background (Calc I & II). We'll see how it goes. BTW, what is a good basic number theory book, and also can you recommend a book for getting "some familiarity with complex analytic functions," as the authors state is required for Part IV?


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December 27th, 537 – Agia Sofia is inaugurated.
HISTORY, Greek NEWS
by Gct
Built on the initiative of Emperor Justinian; it is one of the great structures and landmarks of Christendom, serving as a Greek Orthodox cathedral. It was also the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople until 1453.
The church of Hagia Sophia (literally "Holy Wisdom") in Constantinople, now Istanbul, was first dedicated in 360 by Emperor Constantius, son of the city's founder, Emperor Constantine. Hagia Sophia served as the cathedra, or bishop's seat, of the city. Originally called Megale Eklesia (Great Church), the name Hagia Sophia came into use around 430. The first church structure was destroyed during riots in 404; the second church, built and dedicated in 415 by Emperor Theodosius II, burned down during the Nika revolt of 532, which caused vast destruction and death throughout the city.
Immediately after the riots, Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–65) ordered the church rebuilt. The new building was inaugurated on December 27, 537. Architects Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletos most likely were influenced by the mathematical theories of Archimedes (ca. 287–212 B.C.).
The vast, airy naos, or central basilica, with its technically complex system of vaults and semi-domes, culminates in a high central dome with a diameter of over 101 feet (31 meters) and a height of 160 feet (48.5 meters). This central dome was often interpreted by contemporary commentators as the dome of heaven itself. Its weight is carried by four great arches, which rest on a series of tympana and semi-domes, which in turn rest on smaller semi-domes and arcades. This complicated structural system was prone to problems: the first dome collapsed in 558, to be rebuilt in 562 to a greater height. Earthquakes and earth subsidence have also taken their toll on the building over the centuries, although the surviving main structure is essentially that which was first built between 532 and 537.
The interior of Hagia Sophia was paneled with costly colored marbles and ornamental stone inlays. Decorative marble columns were taken from ancient buildings and reused to support the interior arcades. Initially, the upper part of the building was minimally decorated in gold with a huge cross in a medallion at the summit of the dome. After the period of Iconoclasm (726–843), new figural mosaics were added, some of which have survived to the present day.
After Mehmet II's conquest of the city in 1453, Hagia Sophia was converted to a mosque (Ayasofya Camii), which it remained until the fall of the Ottoman empire in the early twentieth century. A view of Hagia Sophia during the conquest is conveyed in a woodcut by Pieter Coecke van Aelst, depicting the procession of Süleyman the Magnificent through the Hippodrome. During this period, minarets were built around the perimeter of the building complex, Christian mosaic icons were covered with whitewash, and exterior buttresses were added for structural support. In 1934, the Turkish government secularized the building, converting it into a museum, and the original mosaics were restored.
On July 10 of this year, the Turkish Council of State, at the request of an Islamic association that had appealed against the 1934 decision, revoked the decree that had transformed Hagia Sophia into a museum. In support of the request, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan signed a decree to convert the museum into a mosque. He said it was "a grave mistake" that the place was no longer used for worship. This opened a new chapter in the history of the ancient basilica.
The first prayer session of the Muslim community took place on Friday, July 24. For the occasion, the mosaics of the Christian era were covered with black cloth or darkened with tricks of light and shadow. The prayer was led by the imam, who climbed the steps of the minbar and delivered the Friday sermon, holding an Ottoman sword with his left hand, which seemed to be that of Muhammad II. He explained that this "is a tradition" of mosques and that it is a symbol of conquest. Holding it in the left hand, and not in the right, excludes – according to a traditional meaning – a declaration of war against non-believers.
President Erdoğan attended the ceremony. He first visited the tomb of Muhammad II, "the Conqueror," and then he himself started the prayer – a unique event that does not normally happen in any Muslim country – by reading a sura from the Koran called "of victory" or "of conquest."
In fact, the date of July 24 was not chosen by chance. It is the anniversary of the Treaty of Lausanne of July 24, 1923, in which the Turkish borders were revised with respect to the previous Treaty of Sèvres (of 1920, after the end of the First World War), and those of Greece and Bulgaria. Turkey was required to renounce all claims on Cyprus, Syria and Iraq. The political significance of the date is clear: Erdoğan intends to reaffirm the power of his country and reshape the borders of present-day Turkey. On August 20, the Turkish president signed another decree that transformed the church-museum of the Holy Saviour in Chora into a mosque. The monument dates back to the 5th century and is a real jewel for the Byzantine mosaics and frescoes that can be admired there, including that of the famous Madonna, the Virgin of Tenderness. It was transformed into a mosque in 1511 and then into a museum by Atatürk in 1934.
Tags: Agia Sofia, Greece news, Greek news, greek news now, Hagia Sofia, inaugurated
Greece doubling territorial waters in the Ionian Sea. The Aegean Sea up next.
Greece responds to Turkish demands that the islands be demilitarized
Gct December 27, 2020
January 5, Eve of the Theophany of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ
GCT Team January 5, 2021
Cyprus- Foundation laying ceremony for CYCLOPS training facility
Holy Synod rejects government decision to close places of worship on Epiphany
Qantas plans to resume international flights in July 2021
Agia Sophia's conversion into a mosque was the crown of 2020, says Erdoğan
Gct January 5, 2021
Greek celebrities under fire for New Year party in 'Covid free' Dubai
GCT B January 4, 2021
January 5 marks the Eve of the Theophany of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.…
The ceremonial groundbreaking event for the Cyprus Center for Land, Open-seas, and Port Security (CYCLOPS),…
The Holy Synod of the Greek Orthodox Church on Monday said it will open churches to the faithful during the Epiphany celebration on January 6.
Qantas is selling seats on international flights for July 2021! Australia's largest airline has been…
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan kicked off the New Year with a provocative reference to…


Travel with Steve through all the steps of building the Stargazer from start to finish.
This video will show you how I built the USS Stargazer Star Ship from "Star Trek The Next Generation" step by step until the finish.
This is our first in a series of build videos of models, props, costumes, creatures, make-up effects and more.


 Android App Development Services | Android App Development Services in Navi Mumbai | Bookmarks On!!
Radiance Vision SEO is providing the best Android App Development Services in Mumbai, Thane, Navi Mumbai & Vashi locations. We provide Android, Windows and Blackberry mobile application development services.


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Timeline of Syrian Chemical Weapons Activity, 2012-2022
U.S. Cites Arms Control Compliance Concerns
OPCW Confirms Two Chemical Incidents in Syria
(March 1, 2022)
Germany Investigates Firms for Chemical Exports
(October 1, 2022)
Colorado Chemical Weapon Stockpile Site on Target to Meet Destruction Deadline
Fact Sheets & Briefs
Contact: Daryl Kimball, Executive Director, 202-463-8270 x107; Kelsey Davenport, Director for Nonproliferation Policy, 202-463-8270 x102.
In July 2012, Syria publicly acknowledged that it possesses chemical weapons. For a number of years preceding this announcement, the U.S. intelligence community assessed that Syria has a stockpile of chemical weapons, including blister agents such as mustard gas, and nerve agents such as sarin and VX. Syria has the capability to deliver these agents using aerial bombs, ballistic missiles, and artillery rockets. An Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons-UN joint investigative team found Syria and the Islamic State responsible for numerous chemical weapons attacks in Syria over the past several years.
Below is a timeline of significant events related to Syria's chemical weapons program from July 2012 to the present.
Skip to: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
July 23, 2012: Syrian Foreign Ministry spokesman Jihad Makdissi confirmed for the first time that Syria has chemical weapons, stating that these weapons would never be used against the Syrian people, but only against "external aggression."
August 20, 2012: President Barack Obama articulated his red-line regarding the use of chemical weapons in Syria. Obama said his calculations on a military response would change significantly if the United States sees "a whole bunch of chemical weapons moving around or being utilized."
August 23, 2012: An official in the State Department confirmed that "Syria has a stockpile composed of nerve agents and mustard gas" and that the U.S. government monitors Syria's chemical weapons activities "very closely."
December 23, 2012: The first allegation of chemical weapons use was reported. Seven people were allegedly killed in Homs by a "poisonous gas" used by the Assad regime. The coverage included the report of side effects such as nausea, relaxed muscles, blurred vision, and breathing difficulties.
January 15, 2013: A secret State Department cable from the U.S. consul general in Istanbul said there was compelling evidence that the Syrian military had used a chemical weapon known as Agent 15 in Homs on December 23, 2012.
January 16, 2013: Tommy Vietor, a spokesman for the National Security Council, said that the alleged incident of chemical weapons use in December was not consistent with information that the White House has about Syria's chemical weapons program.
March 19, 2013: Alleged chemical weapons attacks were reported in Syria's two main cities, the Khan al-Assel neighborhood of Aleppo and the Damascus suburb of al-Atebeh. About 25 people reportedly were killed and dozens more injured. The Assad regime claimed that Syrian opposition forces used chemical weapons in the fighting there.
March 20, 2013: The Syrian government requested the United Nations conduct an investigation of the March 19 attack on Aleppo, claiming that opposition forces used chemical weapons and killed 25 people.
President Obama said in a press conference with Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu that "the use of chemical weapons is a game changer," in Syria.
March 21, 2013: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon announced the United Nations will conduct an investigation on the possible use of chemical weapons in Syria, in conjunction with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). Prior to the announcement, France and the United Kingdom sent letters to the Secretary-General, calling for investigations into three alleged incidents of the use of chemical weapons in Syria.
March 24, 2013: Syrian opposition activists reported that Syrian forces used chemical weapons from multiple rocket launchers at the town of Adra, northeast of Damascus, alleging two deaths and 23 injuries. Doctors described that the weapons used were phosphorus bombs that harm the nervous system and induce imbalance and loss of consciousness.
April 13, 2013: Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) said that the Syrian army dropped two gas bombs on rebel-controlled Aleppo, killing two people and wounding 12. Opponents of the Syrian government accused the army of using chemical weapons.
April 17, 2013: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stated that Syria has impeded the UN investigation by failing to agree to the scope of the UN inquiry on chemical weapons use.
April 25, 2013: A letter sent to Sens. Carl Levin (D-Mich.) and John McCain (R-Ariz.) from the U.S. intelligence community said that the Assad regime may have used the nerve agent sarin "on a small scale" in Syria, but that the United States needs more evidence to provide "some degree of certainty" for any decision-making on further action. The letter also said that the Assad regime maintains custody of the chemical weapons in Syria.
April 26, 2013: President Obama remarked that the United States and the international community will work together to gain "strong evidence" of the Assad regime's use of chemical weapons.
April 29, 2013: A helicopter dropped canisters allegedly containing chemical weapons on the town of Saraqeb. Eight people claimed symptoms such as nausea and breathing problems, and one of them later died.
June 4, 2013: French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius asserted that there was "no doubt" that the Syrian regime used sarin in multiple cases. Fabius said that the French government confirmed the use of sarin by testing specimen taken from Syria. A UN report also said that there are "reasonable grounds" to have confidence in Syria's use of chemical weapons four times in March and April, although the report cannot specify the chemical agents or verify who used them.
June 13, 2013: The White House said that the U.S. intelligence community has "high confidence" that the Assad regime attacked opposition forces by using chemical weapons multiple times over the past year. In the statement, Ben Rhodes, deputy national security adviser for strategic communications, said that physiological samples from multiple sources show exposure to chemical weapons. The evidence of use is recognized as "credible" in the statement.
August 14, 2013: Assad agreed to allow the UN inspection team into Syria to investigate three possible uses of chemical weapons. The team's mandate only allows it to establish whether or not chemical weapons were used, not who used them.
August 21, 2013: Syrian opposition activists claimed that a large-scale chemical weapons attack occurred at the suburbs of the Ghouta region, where Syrian forces had been attempting to expel rebel force. Reports said that thousands of victims of the attack have been counted in the Damascus suburbs, whose symptoms were typically body convulsion, forming from mouths, blurry vision and suffocation. Although the number of victims has not been clarified yet, it is estimated to exceed 1,000 people, many of whom were non-combatants.
The United Nations Security Council also held an emergency meeting regarding the attack. The meeting produced a statement demanding further clarity of the incident.
August 23, 2013: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's spokesperson expressed the intention of the UN to conduct "a thorough, impartial and prompt investigation" on the alleged chemical weapons attack in Syria on August 21.
The OPCW Director General, Ambassador Ahmet Üzümcü, expressed grave concerns about the latest attack in Syria, and said that the OPCW experts were already in Syria with the UN investigation team.
August 25, 2013: The Syrian regime announced that it will let the UN inspection team investigating past incidents of chemical weapons use visit the Damascus sites in the following days.
August 26, 2013: The U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said in his press briefing that all information the U.S. has, including reports of the number of victims, their symptoms, and the firsthand accounts from humanitarian organizations, strongly indicate that chemical weapons were used in Syria. He also said that Syria attempted to cover-up the incident in the days following the attack.
Syrian President Bashar Assad announced that his army did not use chemical weapons in the August 21 attack in Damascus. Assad recognized the allegation of his use of chemical weapons as "politically motivated," in his meeting with Russia's Izvestia daily.
A convoy transporting the UN investigation team of chemical weapons was attacked by snipers in Syria. No UN personnel were injured, but they were unable to visit all of the sites affected by the attack.
August 28, 2013: The United States has concluded that the Assad regime conducted chemical weapons attacks against civilians, President Obama said in "PBS NewsHour." Obama said he had not yet made a decision whether to take a military action in Syria.
A second UN Security Council meeting was held.
August 29, 2013: The British Parliament voted against supporting military action in Syria. Before the vote, a report from the Joint Intelligence Committee released a report which stated that chemical weapons were used in the August 21 attach, and that it was "highly likely" that the Assad regime was responsible.
August 30, 2013: The White House released the U.S. Government Assessment on the use of chemical weapons in Syria on August 21. The report says that the intelligence community has "high confidence" that the Syrian government used chemical weapons against the opposition elements in Damascus. Secretary Kerry, in an address, also said that the regime used chemical weapons "multiple times" over the past year. Kerry said discussions on military action are underway. The U.S. Government Assessment included this map of Damascus and the areas impacted by the alleged August 21 chemical weapons attack.
August 31, 2013: President Obama made a statement saying that he would seek an authorization for the use of force from Congress for a limited military strike in Syria. Given the evidence of chemical weapons use by the Assad regime in the August 21 attack, Obama said he supported limited action in order to deter further chemical weapons use and uphold international norms.
September 2, 2013: France released its declassified intelligence assessment, which concluded that the Assad regime used Sarin gas in the August 21 attack, and in two earlier attacks in April. The report also said France assessed that the use of chemical weapons by the Assad regime violated the 1925 Geneva Protocol.
September 9, 2013: Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov announced a Russian proposition whereby Syria would agree to place its chemical weapons under international control and dismantle them and the United States would agree not to conduct a military strike on the country. Prior to the Russian announcement, Secretary of State Kerry, speaking in the United Kingdom, suggested that if the Assad regime turned over all of its chemical weapons to the international community "without delay", a military strike could be averted. Speaking to media outlets after Secretary Kerry, President Barack Obama said that the United States would consider the plan.
September 10, 2013: Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al-Moallem said that the Assad regime welcomed discussion on Russia's plan to give up Syria's chemical weapons and join the Chemical Weapons Convention. President Barack Obama, French President Francois Hollande, and British Prime Minister David Cameron discussed how to implement the plan through the UN Security Council, with France beginning to draft a resolution based on the Russian proposal, but with stipulations that force be authorized if Assad fails to implement the provisions of the resolution.
President Obama, in an address to the nation, also requested that Congress postpone a vote on the use of force while the diplomatic path proposed by the Russians is pursued in the UN Security Council. However, he also reiterated his commitment to pursue military action if a deal on securing Syria's chemical weapons is not reached.
September 12, 2013: The Assad regime sent a letter to the United Nations Secretary General which said that Assad signed a legislative decree providing the accession of Syria to the Chemical Weapons Convention. In the letter, Assad said Syria would observe its CWC obligations immediately, as opposed to 30 days from the date of accession, as stipulated in the treaty.
In Geneva, Secretary of State John Kerry met with his Russian counterpart, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, to begin discussions of the Russian proposal for securing the Assad regime's chemical weapons.
September 14, 2013: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov reached an agreement on a detailed plan for the accounting, inspection, control, and elimination of Syria's chemical weapons. The plan requires Syria to provide a full declaration of its stockpile "within a week" and provide the OPCW and the UN access to all chemical weapons sites in Syria. The plan calls for the OPCW inspectors to complete their initial inspections by November and calls for the destruction of the stockpile of chemical weapons and chemical agents by the first half of 2014. The United States and Russia secured approval of the plan by the OPCW executive council and then a UN Security Council resolution. The agreement outlined states that "in the event of non-compliance, including unauthorized transfer, or any use of chemical weapons by anyone in Syria, the UN Security Council should impose measures under Chapter VII of the UN Charter.
September 16, 2013: UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon delivered a report on the UN investigation into the use of chemical weapons in Syria. The report concluded that chemical weapons were used against on August 21 on a "relatively large scale", and that the victims included civilians. The report cited evidence of the nerve agent sarin both in the environment and present in victims of the attack. It was outside of the report's mandate to assign blame for who used the chemical weapons.
September 20, 2013: In accordance with the terms of the agreement negotiated by the United States and Russia, Syria submitted a declaration of its stockpiles of chemical weapons to the OPCW.
September 27, 2013: The Executive Council of the OPCW adopted a timeline for destroying Syria's chemical weapons. Hours later, the United Nations Security Council unanimously voted to adopt a resolution that endorses the OPCW timeline for destroying Syria's chemical weapons arsenal. The Security Council Resolution says that the body will impose measures under Chapter VII of its charter if Syria does not comply with the resolution, or uses or authorizes the transfer of any chemical agents.
October 1, 2013: A joint team of OPCW and UN officials arrived in Syria to begin destruction of the country's declared chemical weapons stockpiles and facilities.
October 6, 2013: Officials from the OPCW and UN team said that destruction of Syria's stockpiles of chemical weapons began. The officials confirmed that the Syrians will actually complete the destruction work, while the UN and OPCW team will monitor and verify the activities.
October 27, 2013: Syria submitted the details of its plans for "total and verified destruction" of its chemical weapons stockpile and production facilities to the OPCW. This declaration follows an initial declaration submitted on Sept. 20.
October 31, 2013: The OPCW confirmed that Syria destroyed, or rendered inoperable, all of its declared facilities for mixing and producing chemical weapons. The OPCW was able to inspect 21 of the 23 sites where these facilities were housed. The remaining two sites could not be visited due to security concerns, but inspectors said that the equipment was moved out of these sites and destroyed.
November 15, 2013: The OPCW Executive Council approved a plan for the elimination of Syria's stockpile of chemical weapons. The plan call for transporting the weapons outside of Syria and destruction of the chemical agents in a country that has yet to be identified. The "most critical" chemicals are to be transported out of Syria by December 31, 2013 and the remainder by February 5, 2014. The plan calls for the destruction no later than June 30, 2014, and the destruction of certain priority chemicals by March 15, 2014.
The Executive Council also announced that the OPCW was able to verify that 60 percent of Syrian declared, unfilled, munitions for chemical weapons delivery had been destroyed. Syria committed to destroying all of its unfilled munitions by January 31, 2014.
November 30, 2013: The OPCW announced that Syria's chemical weapons will be destroyed on a U.S. ship using hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a process that breaks down chemical agents using hot water and other compounds to neutralize the agents.
December 12, 2013: The UN team led by Ake Sellstrom investigating incidents of chemical weapons use in Syria issued its final report to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon. The report found that chemical weapons were likely used in five of the seven attacks investigated. The nerve agent sarin was likely used in four of the attacks, one of which was the large scale attack on a Damascus suburb in August.
December 31, 2013: Syria missed the deadline for sending all of its chemical weapons out of the country. This deadline was set by a UN Security Council Resolution approved in September.
January 7, 2014: Syria delivered the first load of chemical weapons to its port city Latakia. The chemical weapons were then loaded on a Danish ship that sailed out into international waters. China and Russia are providing protection for the ship, which will eventually transfer the cargo to the US ship, the MV Cape Ray, to be neutralized using hydrolysis.
January 9, 2014: The German government announced its willingness to assist in the disposal of the chemical waste byproduct that will be created from the hydrolysis process.
January 16, 2014: Italian Transport Minister Maurizio Lupi said that Gioa Tauro, a port in southern Italy, will be used to transfer Syrian chemical weapons to the US ship, the Cape Ray, that will neutralize the chemicals using hydrolysis.
January 27, 2014: A second shipment of Syrian chemical weapons was loaded onto Danish and Norwegian ships at the Syrian port of Lattakia. The U.S. ship that will receive the chemical weapons and then neutralize them using hydrolysis, the Cape Ray, left port. The chemicals will be transferred to the Cape Ray at the Italian port Gioa Tauro.
February 6, 2014: Sigrid Kaag, head of the UN/OPCW mission for destruction of Syria's chemical weapons, addressed the UN Security Council a day after Syria missed a second deadline for handing over its critical chemicals and said that she did not believe that the Assad regime was deliberately stalling the removal process. However, she urged Syria to speed up the shipments in order to meet the destruction deadline of June 30.
February 10, 2014: A third shipment of Syrian chemical weapons was loaded on a Norwegian cargo ship. In total, 11 percent of Syria's chemical weapons were shipped out of Syria.
February 14, 2014: The OPCW announced that two companies, one in Finland (Ekokem OY AB) and one in Texas (Veolia), were awarded contracts to dispose of the effluent created during the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons.
February 21, 2014: The OPCW executive committed met to consider the Assad regime's new proposal for shipping out its chemical weapons. After failing to meet a Feb. 5 deadline to remove all of its chemical weapons and precursor chemicals out of the country, the regime proposed a 100 day extension. The OPCW executive committee, however, said that it can be accomplished more quickly. The 100 day extension also will not allow the Cape Ray enough time to destroy the chemical weapons by the June 30 UN Security Council deadline.
February 25, 2014: The Assad regime delivered a shipment of mustard gas to the Syrian port of Latakia to be loaded onto ships.
March 4, 2014: The Assad regime submitted a revised proposal to remove its chemical weapons from Syria by the end of April 2014. Two additional shipments of chemical weapons also reached the port of Latakia and were loaded onto ships. In total, more than 35% of the country's chemical weapons have been removed.
March 7, 2014: The Executive Council concluded its 75th Session and noted in its report the "increasing pace" of removal of Syria's chemical stockpile and requested the Syria continue "systematic, predictable and substantial movements" to complete the shipments.
Another shipment of priority 1 chemicals was reached the port of Latakia, bringing the total amount of chemical agents removed from Syria to 29 percent of the total stockpile.
March 19, 2014: The OPCW said that two additional shipments of Priority 1 and Priority 2 chemicals were delivered to the port of Latakia and loaded onto cargo vessels during the past week. Syria has now shipped out more than 45 percent of its stockpile.
April 4, 2014: The 12th shipment of Syrian chemical weapons reached the port of Latakia, according to the OPCW.
April 11, 2014: Reports emerged of an attack using chlorine-gas bombs in Kafr Zita, a village controlled by opposition forces in northwestern Syria.
April 14, 2014: The Syrian government delivered its 13th consignment of chemicals to Latakia, which was removed today from the port on cargo ships. As of this delivery, the OPCW said that the Assad regime has shipped out 65 percent of its total stockpile of chemical weapons, including 57 percent of the Priority 1 chemicals.
April 18, 2014: Additional shipments of chemical weapons reached the port of Latakia between April 14-18. The OPWC said in an April 18 statement that in total, the 16 shipments constitute about 80 percent of Syria's stockpile of chemical weapons.
April 22, 2014: Another shipment reached Latakia port, bringing the total of the chemical weapons stockpile removed from Syria to 86 percent.
April 24, 2014: An additional shipment to Latakia brings the total to 92 percent.
April 29, 2014: The OPCW announced that it would send a team to investigate the April 11 attacks that the Assad regime used chlorine gas.
May 1, 2014: Syria missed the revised deadline to remove all of its chemical weapons stockpile from the country by the end of April. Approximately 8 percent of the declared stockpile, largely sarin precursor chemicals, remains in Damascus.
June 8, 2014: The Norwegian ship Taiko departed for Finland and the United States to deliver Syrian chemical weapons for destruction.
June 17, 2014: The OPCW's fact finding mission in Syria to investigate the use of chlorine gas concluded that it was used in earlier attacks. The team was unable to visit all of the locations due security issues.
June 23, 2014: OPCW Director General Uzumcu announced that the last 8 percent of Syria's declared chemical weapons stockpile was shipped out of the country from the port of Latakia on the Danish ship Ark Futura. Uzumcu says the chemicals should be destroyed within four months.
July 2, 2014: Over 600 metric tons of chemical weapons were loaded on to the Cape Ray at the port of Gioia Tauro in Italy.
July 21, 2014: The OPCW announced that all of the chemical weapons have reached the various facilities in Finland, the United States, the United Kingdom, or the Cape Ray for destruction. At the time of the announcement nearly 32 percent of the total stockpiles had been destroyed.
July 24, 2014: The executive council of the OPCW also announced that seven hangars in Syria that were part of the country's chemical weapons will be destroyed and five bunkers will be permanently sealed.
August 13, 2014: The OPCW announced that 581 metric tonnes of a precursor chemical for sarin gas have been neutralized on the Cape Ray. Operations to neutralize the blister agent sulfur mustard have now begun.
August 19, 2014: The Cape Ray completed destruction of 600 metric tons of Syrian chemical weapons and precursor chemicals. The OPCW announced that the ship will now transport the effluent to Finland and Germany for disposal at land-based facilities.
September 10, 2014: The OPCW confirmed that chlorine gas is being used in Syria. While the OPCW did not assign blame for the attacks, US Secretary of State John Kerry said that the use of helicopters to drops the chlorine gas "strongly points" to the Assad regime as the perpetrator.
March 6, 2015: The UN Security Council adopted a resolution March 6 condemning the use of chlorine as a weapon in Syria's civil war and threatening action under Chapter VII of the UN Charter if chemical arms are used again.
April 16, 2015: Doctors testified at the UN Security Council about recent chlorine gas attacks in Syria. Human Rights Watch estimated that over 200 were killed by recent chlorine attacks.
May 8, 2015: Reuters reported that the OPCW confirms traces of sarin and VX gas at a military facility in Syria that were not declared. The samples were taken in December and January.
August 7, 2015: Security Council Resolution 2235 was adopted, creating an investigative unit to determine the responsible parties for reported chemical weapons attacks in Syria.
November 6, 2015: A press release from the OPCW fact-finding team claimed with "the utmost confidence" that the Islamic State used sulfur mustard in an attack on August 21, 2015 in Marea, in northern Syria.
January 4, 2016: The OPCW announced in a press release that the last of the declared Syrian chemical weapons material, 75 cylinders of hydrogen fluoride, had been destroyed by Veolia Environmental Services Technical Solutions.
August 10, 2016: Hospital officials reported a chemical weapons attack using chlorine gas in Aleppo.
August 24, 2016: The third report of the OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism was released, finding that the Syrian government was responsible for chemical weapons attacks in Talmenes in April 2014 and in Sarmin in March 2015. The report found that the Islamic State was responsible for an attack using sulfur mustard in Marea in August 2015.
September 7, 2016: Allegations were made that toxic chemicals, likely chlorine gas, were used in Aleppo.
October 21, 2016: The OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism issued a report finding that the Syrian regime was responsible for a third attack using chlorine gas in Idlib province on March 16, 2015.
November 11, 2016: The OPCW Executive Council adopted a decision that condemns the use of chemical weapons in Syria and calls upon parties responsible for use, as identified in the OPCW-UN Joint Investigate Mechanism reports, to desist from further attacks using chemicals. The decision called for additional investigations at Syria at sites identified by the UN-OPCW reports and inspection of facilities in Syria.
December 13, 2016: Allegations were made that chemical weapons were used in the Islamic State controlled areas of the Hama Governate, northwest of Palmyra.
April 4, 2017: Chemical weapons were used in an attack that killed dozens of people in Syria's northern Idlib province. Initial reports suggest the attack used sarin gas, a nerve agent. The attack is believed to have been perpetrated by the Syrian government, due to the type of aircraft in the area at the time. The OPCW announced that it is investigating the reports. Syria denied it was responsible.
April 5, 2017: The UN Security Council called an emergency meeting to discuss the chemical weapons attack in Idlib.
April 6, 2017: The United States used Tomahawk cruise missiles to target an air base in Syria. The Assad regime is believed to have conducted the April 4 chemical weapons attack from that base.
April 11, 2017: The United States released a declassified report that confirmed victims were exposed to sarin in the April 4 attack.
April 12, 2017: Russia vetoed a UN Security Council Resolution that condemned the April 4 chemical attack, called upon Syria to provide full access to investigators, and expressed determination to hold perpetrators accountable. Russia said that blame for the April 4 attack was prematurely attributed to the Assad regime.
April 19, 2017: The OPCW said there was "incontrovertible" evidence that the April 4 attacks used sarin or a sarin-like substance.
June 26, 2017: The White House issued a release saying it identified "possible preparations for another chemical weapons attack by the Assad regime." The statement said that Assad will "pay a heavy price" if he conducts an attack using chemical weapons. U.S. Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley said in a separate statement that by supporting the Assad regime, Russia and Iran would also be accountable for any further use of chemical weapons.
June 30, 2017: The OPCW fact-finding mechanism confirmed that sarin was used in a chemical weapons attack in Khan Sheikhoun on April 4, 2017.
October 24, 2017: The UN Security Council failed to adopt a resolution to extend the mandate of the OPCW-UN JIM for another year before it expires on November 17. Eleven members voted in favor of the resolution, China and Kazakhstan abstained and Boliva and Russia voted against it. The resolution did not pass because of Russia's veto.
October 26, 2017: The seventh report of the OPCW-UN joint investigative mechanism found the Assad regime guilty of using sarin nerve agent in the April 4 attack in Khan Sheikhoun and the Islamic State responsible for the use of sulfur mustard at Umm Hawsh in September 2016.
November 6, 2017: The OPCW Fact-Finding Mission reported that sarin was more than likely used as a chemical weapon on March 30, 2017 in the south of Ltamenah.
November 8, 2017: U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, U.K. Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian and German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel released a joint statement condemning the use of chemical weapons in Syria as described in the seventh JIM report and calling on the UN Security Council to act to continue the investigations.
November 16, 2017: The mandate of the OPCW-UN JIM, responsible for determining the culpable actor for chemical weapons attacks in Syria, expired after both resolutions introduced at the UN Security Council to extend it failed. The resolution sponsored by the United States received 11 votes in favor, 2 against and 2 abstentions and failed because Russia vetoed it. The Russian resolution received 4 votes in favor, 7 against and 4 abstentions.
November 17, 2017: A UN Security Council resolution introduced by Japan to extend the JIM's mandate for 30 days received 12 votes in favor but failed because of a Russian veto.
January 23, 2018: France launched the International Partnership Against Impunity for the Use of Chemical Weapons, a new initiative that seeks to increase information sharing about reported chemical weapons attacks and publically lists individuals and entities sanctioned for their involvement in chemical weapons use. Russia then called a last minute UN Security Council meeting, introducing a new proposal to extend the Joint Investigative Mechanism (JIM). The United States rebuked the proposal on the grounds that it was merely intended as a distraction from the launch of the new partnership.
February 1, 2018: The third chemical weapon attack in 2018 in Douma, Damascus is reported. The two earlier attacks were reported on January 13 and January 22. Reports assess that chlorine gas was used in all attacks. At a UN Security Council briefing on February 5, UN High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Izumi Nakamitsu stated that reports from the OPCW Fact-Finding Mission on these alleged attacks are pending.
April 7, 2018: Reports surfaced of a major chemical weapons attack in Douma, a suburb outside of Damascus, Syria, killing at least several dozen civilians. This followed smaller chlorine gas attacks that were reported in Douma on March 7 and 11. Human Rights Watch has documented 85 chemical weapons attacks since 2013 in Syria. The OPCW announced that its Fact Finding Mission is investigating the incident to determine which chemical weapons may have been used.
April 10, 2018: The UN Security Council voted on three resolutions to address chemical weapons use in Syria. Russia vetoed a U.S.-sponsored resolution which would have created a UN Independent Mechanism of Investigation with a one-year mandate to investigate the responsible actors for chemical weapons use in Syria. A Russian resolution which would have created a similar body but would have allowed the UN Security Council, not the investigative body, to ultimately determine accountability failed to receive enough votes to pass. A second Russian resolution, which urged the OPCW Fact Finding Mission to investigate the incident and offered Russian military protection for investigators, also failed to receive enough votes to pass. The OPCW had already announced earlier that day that it was planning to deploy a Fact-Finding Mission to Douma.
April 13, 2018: The UN Security Council met for the fourth time that week to discuss chemical weapons use in Syria. Russia and Bolivia continued to urge the United States against taking unilateral military action as the United States, France and the United Kingdom seemed to make the case for a strike. "Should the United States and our allies decide to act in Syria, it will be in defense of a principle on which we all agree, U.S. UN Ambassador Nikki Haley said.
France, the United Kingdom and the United States launched precision strikes on three Syrian chemical weapons facilities. In a televised address to the nation, President Trump explained that the purpose of the strike was to "establish a strong deterrent against the production, spread and use of chemical weapons." He continued "To Iran and Russia, I ask: What kind of a nation wants to be associated with the mass murder of innocent men, women and children?" Syrian state television reported that its air defense system had shot down 13 of the missiles, although the United States later denied that any missiles had been engaged. Russian Ambassador Anatoly Antonov said in a statement shortly after the announcement of the strike: "We warned that such actions will not be left without consequences."
April 14, 2018: The OPCW Fact-Finding Mission was in Syria investigating the April 7 chemical weapons attack to verify that the attack occurred and to identify which chemical agent was used.
France released its national assessment of the April 7 chemical weapons attack, concluding that "(i) beyond possible doubt, a chemical attack was carried out against civilians at Douma on 7 April 2018; and (ii) that there is no plausible scenario other than that of an attack by Syrian armed forces as part of a wider offensive in the Eastern Ghouta enclave."
The UN Security Council met to discuss the situation in Syria. The United Kingdom stated that the legal basis for its joint strike was humanitarian intervention. Russia and Bolivia condemned the strike, which they asserted was a violation of the UN Charter. Russia also introduced a draft resolution which condemned "aggression against the Syrian Arab Republic by the US and its allies," but it only received three votes and failed to pass. France, the United Kingdom and the United States announced their intention to introduce a draft resolution on political and humanitarian tracks to resolve the conflict.
April 21, 2018: The OPCW Fact-Finding mission team visited one of the sites in Douma to collect samples for analysis in connection with the April 7 attack.
May 16, 2018: The OPCW Fact-Finding mission reported that "chlorine, released from cylinders through mechanical impact, was likely used as a chemical weapon on 4 February 2018 in the Al Talil neighborhood of Saraqib."
June 13, 2018: The OPCW Fact-Finding mission reported that sarin was "very likely used as a chemical weapon" in Ltamenah, Syria on March 24, 2017 and that chlorine was "very likely used as a chemical weapon" at and around Ltamenah Hospital on March 25, 2017.
June 27, 2018: A special session of the OPCW conference of states-parties voted to grant the OPCW the mandate to investigate and attribute responsibility for chemical weapons attacks in Syria confirmed by the Fact-Finding Mission.
September 12, 2018: The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, established in 2011 by the UN Human Rights Council reported that the Syrian government used chlorine as a weapon four times from January to July 2018.
March 1, 2019: The OPCW Fact-Finding Mission released a final report concluding that a toxic chemical, likely chlorine, was used as weapon on April 7, 2018 in Douma, Syria. The OPCW had issued an interim report on the incident in July 2018.
May 19, 2019: The United States alleged that the Syrian government used chlorine in an attack in the Idlib area.
May 28, 2019: Responding to news of the unauthorized disclosure by a former OPCW official of an internal document related to the organisation's investigation in Douma, the OPCW Director-General launches an independent investigation into possible breaches of confidentiality.
September 26, 2019: The United States announced the results of its investigation into the May 19, 2019 attack and concluded that the Syrian government used chemical weapons.
January 20, 2020: Russia held an open United Nations Arria-formula meeting on the OPCW Douma report. In his remarks to the press, Russian Permanent Representative Vassily Nebenzia said there is "high probability" that the March 2019 Fact-Finding Mission report on the OPCW investigation in Douma was "fabricated."
U.S. Acting Deputy Permanent Representative Cherith Norman Chalet condemned Russia for a "blatant attempt to use a Security Council meeting to weaken the credibility of the OPCW and its findings on the Douma attack" and reaffirmed U.S. support for the March 2019 Fact-Finding Mission report.
February 6, 2020: The OPCW released the findings of its independent investigation into possible breaches of confidentiality which commenced after a former OPCW official released a document alleging that the March 2019 Fact-Finding Mission report was fabricated. The OPCW concluded that the dissenting official and a colleague, who knew of the document ahead of its release, had "failed to protect confidential information related to the Douma FFM investigation" and the information was "misused to call into question the Organisation's competence and credibility."
OPCW Director-General Fernando Arias reaffirmed the March 2019 Fact-Finding Mission report's conclusion that a chemical weapon was used in Douma in April 2018.
April 8, 2020: The OPCW releases the first report by its Investigation and Identification Team (IIT), which attributes responsibility for a series of chemical weapons attacks in March 2017 to the Syrian Arab Republic's Air Force.
May 12, 2020: A closed-setting Informal Interactive Dialogue (IID) is held via teleconference between members of the United Nations Security Council and high-ranking officials from the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to discuss the use of chemical weapons in Syria. The dialogue focuses on the OPCW's April 2020 report that blames the Syrian air force for three chemical incidents in the town of Ltamenah, Syria, in March 2017.
Russia and China boycott the IID. Russia's ambassador to the United Nations, Vassily Nebenzia, condemns the meeting's closed setting as contradictory to "the slogans of openness and transparency of the Security Council." China does not comment on the meeting.
July 9, 2020: At the 94th Session of the Executive Council of the OPCW, the council passed EC-94/DEC.2 "Addressing the Possession and Use of Chemical Weapons by the Syrian Arab Republic." The decision was in response to the 8 April 2020 Investigation and Identification Team (IIT) report. It gave Syria 90 days to declare any chemical weapons and CW facilities - in particular, those related to the March 2017 CW attacks - and resolve all outstanding issues regarding its initial declaration of its chemical weapons stockpile and program.
July 20, 2020: OPCW Director General Fernando Arias sent a letter to the Deputy Foreign Minister of the Syrian Arab Republic, H.E. Dr. Faisal Mekdad, to outline the obligations of the Syrian Arab Republic under ED-94/DEC.2 and to indicate the readiness of the Secretariat to assist the Syrian Arab Republic in fulfilment of these obligations.
October 14, 2020: The Director General of the OPCW, H.E. Fernando Arias, released a report stating that Syria had not made progress on any of the measures detailed in EC-94/DEC.2 within the 90 day timeframe.
April 12, 2021: The OPCW releases the second report by its Investigation and Identification Team (IIT). The IIT concluded "there were reasonable grounds to believe that, at approximately 21:22 on February 2018, a military helicopter of the Syrian Arab Air Force under the control of the Tiger Forces hit eastern Saraqib by dropping at least one cylinder. The cylinder ruptured and released chlorine over a large area, affecting 12 named individuals."
The U.S. State Department expressed its support for the findings of the report in a press release: "The United States concurs with the OPCW's conclusions cited in this report" and "support the impartial and independent work of the OPCW."
April 16, 2021: Russia held an open United Nations Security Council Arria-formula meeting following the release of the OPCW's IIT report. During the meeting, which was titled "Protection of Developing Nations Against Political Pressure: Upholding the Integrity of International Non-Proliferation Regimes," several speakers questioned the work of the OPCW's Fact Finding Mission and Investigation and Identification Teams.
Russia's ambassador to the United Nations, Vassily Nebenzia, alleged that his Western colleagues were "attempt[ing] to mobilize public opinion against Syria authorities with a sole purpose. And it is not about upholding non-proliferation regime. It is all about regime change."
April 20-22, 2021: At the second session of the 25th Conference of the States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention, the member states passed a decision that suspended Syria's rights and privileges under the Convention. This means that, until Syria completes the measures laid out in EC-94/DEC.2, Syria is not able to vote or hold any office in the Conference or Executive Council.
January 26, 2022: The Fact-Finding Mission of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons published a report concluding there were reasonable grounds to believe that on September 1, 2015 in Marea, Syria, a chemical blister agent was used as a weapon.
February 1, 2022: The Fact-Finding Mission of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons published a report concluding were reasonable grounds to believe that an industrial chlorine cylinder was used as a chemical weapon on October 1, 2016, in Kafr Zeita, Syria.
Updated by Julia Masterson and Leanne Quinn


This is a list of National Football League quarterbacks by total career passing yards. This list includes the top 50 quarterbacks who have the most career passing yards during the regular season.
Note: Y. A. Tittle passed for 33,070 yards in his professional career. However, 4,731 of those yards came in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). The NFL does not recognize statistics and records accrued in the AAFC. As such, his career passing yards total in the NFL stands at 28,339.
Active players are in bold; minimum 60K yards.
Ten players are recognised as having held the record as the NFL's career passing yardage leader. The longest record holder was Fran Tarkenton who held the record for 19 years.
^ Collins was traded during the 1998 season; he played four games for the Panthers and seven for the Saints.
^ DeBerg was traded during the 1993 season; he played three games for the Buccaneers and eight for the Dolphins.
^ Hadl was traded during the 1974 season; he played six games for the Rams and eight for the Packers.
"NFL Passing Yards Career Leaders". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Pavlick, Ed (1980). "Pro Football Records Should Include the AAFC" (PDF). The Coffin Corner. Professional Football Researchers Association. 2 (7). Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Roberts, Jerry (2015). Pass Receiving in Early Pro Football: A History to the 1960s (illustrated ed.). McFarland. p. 137. ISBN 078649946X. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ a b "Y.A. Tittle". NFL.com. National Football League. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ "NFL Passing Yards Career Playoffs Leaders". ProFootballReference.com. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
^ Bryan Frye (March 9, 2016). "History of the Career Passing Yards Record". Grid Fe. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
^ "Arnie Herber stats". Pro football reference.com. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
^ "Sammy Baugh stats". Pro football reference.com. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
^ "Bobby Layne stats". NFL.com. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
^ "Johnny Unitas stats". Pro football reference.com. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
^ "Fran Tarkenton stats". Pro football reference.com. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
^ "Dan Marino stats". Pro football reference.com. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
^ "Brett Favre stats". Pro football reference.com. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
^ "Peyton Manning stats". PFRef.com. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
^ "Drew Brees stats". PFRef.com. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
Drew Christopher Brees (; born January 15, 1979), is an American football quarterback for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). After a successful college football career at Purdue University, he was chosen by the San Diego Chargers with the first pick in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He left college as one of the most decorated players in Purdue and Big Ten Conference history, establishing two NCAA records, 13 Big Ten Conference records, and 19 Purdue University records. As of 2018, he remains the Big Ten record-holder in several passing categories, including completions (1,026), attempts (1,678), and yards (11,792). For his many career accomplishments and records, Brees has been hailed as one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time.Brees earned the starting job with the Chargers in 2002 and made the Pro Bowl in 2004. Nine months after suffering a dislocation in his right shoulder joint and a tear of the labrum and rotator cuff, Brees signed with the Saints as a free agent in 2006. He had immediate success in New Orleans, eventually leading the Saints to their first Super Bowl in Super Bowl XLIV, resulting in a 31–17 victory over the Indianapolis Colts.
This is a list of National Football League quarterbacks by total career regular season pass completions. This list includes all quarterbacks who have completed at least 2,500 passes.


FishWatch provides regularly updated, easy-to-understand information on why choosing sustainable seafood is a smart decision. NOAA Fisheries developed this content to help spread the word about the science behind U.S. sustainable seafood.
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Learn what makes U.S. seafood sustainable—from the ocean or farm to your plate.
Hand out these business cards for a quick and easy way to point people to FishWatch.
Do you need recipe cards to hand out at your next event? Check out the list of recipes by region below. We can provide you with the art files for printing these handy giveaways for your next sustainable seafood event. Please email fishwatch@noaa.gov with a list of the recipe cards you're interested in.
For more great recipes, check out our recipe index.
Add information on sustainable seafood to your website with the FishWatch web badge!
The FishWatch web badge is an eye-catching way to link directly to the FishWatch website. Once you have added the badge to your web page, there is no technical maintenance. NOAA Fisheries will update the content automatically. To use the web badge, simply copy the line of code below and paste it into your web page. You can adjust the width and height of the IFRAME to suit the design of your page. If you need help adding the badge to your web page, please contact your webmaster or service provider.
Use this badge to celebrate seafood month and inform consumers!
NOAA Fisheries has developed a public API (Application Programming Interface) for use by web developers to utilize FishWatch data.
Learn more about the FishWatch API.


For faculty and staff reserving a room, it's best to call Conference Services at 244-3562 first to see which rooms are available and we will pencil you in tentatively until you make the request in the portal.
Please use the conferences portal at http://srez-web.aum.edu/StarRezConference to make your request. Multiple entries for the same event can be completed on one form.
You must secure the space through the Conference Services website.
As a department sponsor, you are required to be present during the entire event.
The group sponsored must be for an educationally related purpose to your department.
You assume all responsibilities for the external client, including ascertaining the client's needs for tables, tablecloths, chairs, podiums, trashcans and signage, and, if the event is outside, power.
It is the pleasure of Conference Services to provide the following for your client as our resources permit: Tables, tablecloths ($10 each), chairs, podiums, trashcans and signage (paying clients have priority over sign boxes).
It is your responsibility to arrange all A/V and IT needs directly through Rachael Mann in ITS at rhicks1@aum.edu or 244-3352.
Schedule the client's catering directly through Chartwell's, AUM Catering Services. You can reach Jan at catering@aum.edu or 244-3133.
Schedule any security and bus parking needs directly with Campus Police Chief Mitchell at bmitch8@aum.edu or 244-3464.
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You assume all responsibilities for communicating the coordination of cleanup of the rented space with Facilities or Sodexo. Contact hayden.hutchings@sodexo.edu (for Taylor Center or athletics complex) or kwilli15@aum.edu (for Library Tower or classrooms).
No glitter, candles, silly string, confetti or tape on walls.
If AUM Conference Services is called on to make any arrangements with the client, appropriate fees will be assessed, including room rental and administrative fees.


The latest car driving games offer certified car fans the chance to live out their behind-the-wheel fantasies without the expense of shelling out for a real car or even learning how to drive it.
The latest motorsport and driving simulators on Xbox, Playstation and Wii reach incredible levels of realism in the comfort and safety or your own home and online.
At a fraction of the price you'd have to pay for a car and time on a race track, a virtual video game alternative can provide car-based fun of any conceivable type, be it on the track, road or rally circuit.
The 10 driving games we include here are available on a host of different consoles, so we used a PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One and a Wii U as we played each title, trying multi-platform games on more than one games system where possible.
We were looking for realism in the games – not just in graphics and sound but also in terms of how cars are handled. It was important that games deliver an enthralling single player experience as well as convincing multi-player action.
The Forza franchise monopolises our top three with its games taking up two places on the podium. The latest of the Playstation-exclusive Gran Turismo series, its sixth edition, settles for second as it faces fierce competition from the Xbox-only rival.


Office to Resi – how long will it last?
The current South African economic outlook has many similarities with that of 1990's Zimbabwe, where inequalities with the distribution of wealth caused national unrest, several industries to collapse and the Zimbabwe dollar to lose value.
Google has been given the green light by planners for their occupation in the S2 office building at Argent's King's Cross Central scheme.


text:
Influence of processing on the flavour formation of oat and rye: Dissertation
Raija-Liisa Heiniö
BA3408 Food solutions
Research output: Thesis › Dissertation › Collection of Articles
The use of whole grain foods, such as oat and rye, beneficial to one's health, could be substantially extended if their flavour properties and flavour stability were better known, and they could be modified in a controlled way. The aim of this study was to specify how the flavour of oat and rye is formed, and which processing factors influence it. The understanding underlying the perceived flavour formation of grain was considerably improved through this thesis. This study showed that the relatively mild flavour of native grains was considerably adjusted by applying different processing techniques, such as milling fractionation, sourdough fermentation and baking, germination and subsequent heat treatment as well as extrusion cooking. The flavour components were unevenly distributed in the rye grain with the innermost endosperm being the mildest, and the outer bran layers being the most bitter and intense in flavour. The shorts fraction in the middle of the rye grain that had high bioactivity proved to be most interesting in further applications of new products by having a cereal-like flavour without any obvious bitterness. The importance of the grain fractions on the flavour was still obvious when the fractionated rye flour was used in baking bread. Sourdough baking and germination were used to increase the amounts of phenolic compounds, most of which are beneficial to one's health. In addition, the phenolic compounds considerably influenced the perceived flavour. The sourdough fermentation of rye resulted in sour and intense flavour notes. Heat treatments, such as baking or extrusion cooking of sourdough-fermented rye, further modified the flavour without losing the sourness. The identity and overall acceptance of sour rye bread, when evaluated by consumers, were affected by the acidity and the salt content, even though the effect actually depended on the wheat to rye flour ratio used in the bread. The determination of the various simultaneous interactions between the process parameters was a novel approach. A new, short germination procedure was applied to oat and rye. The germinated oat dried at high temperatures was perceived to have flavour characteristics of roasted, sweet and nutty, and in this study these sensory characteristics were clearly related to particular volatile compounds, such as dimethyl sulphide and isobutanol. An important discovery was that the roasted flavour in oat was gained without any apparent Maillard reaction. Germination and drying extended the shelf-life of crushed oat in comparison with native oat, and the development of the undesired sensory attributes, such as bitterness and rancidity, were closely related to the accumulation of free fatty acids and volatile compounds originating from lipid oxidation. Studies on the flavour formation of germinated rye are exceptional. The statistical data treatment used to relate the perceived flavour of processed oat and rye to the flavour-active volatile substances proved to be successful in linking the results of these techniques, and useful information for developing new cereal products was obtained. In conclusion, the flavour attributes of grain were highly varied. To tailor these attributes according to consumer expectations, appropriate processing techniques need to be chosen to attain the desired flavour characteristics, e.g. roasted or sour. New tools for developing novel palatable whole grain foods with high bioactivity, such as breakfast and snack products, were introduced in this thesis.
Poutanen, Kaisa, Supervisor
G5 Doctoral dissertation (article)
sourdough fermentation
sensory profiling
volatile compounds
http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2003/P494.pdf
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Influence of processing on the flavour formation of oat and rye: Dissertation'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
rye Agriculture & Biology
oats Agriculture & Biology
flavor Agriculture & Biology
sourdough Agriculture & Biology
baking Agriculture & Biology
rye flour Agriculture & Biology
breads Agriculture & Biology
germination Agriculture & Biology
Heiniö, R-L. (2003). Influence of processing on the flavour formation of oat and rye: Dissertation. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2003/P494.pdf
Heiniö, Raija-Liisa. / Influence of processing on the flavour formation of oat and rye : Dissertation. Espoo : VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2003. 76 p.
@phdthesis{8e183d3a94974d48814d05bc6a12b77d,
title = "Influence of processing on the flavour formation of oat and rye: Dissertation",
abstract = "The use of whole grain foods, such as oat and rye, beneficial to one's health, could be substantially extended if their flavour properties and flavour stability were better known, and they could be modified in a controlled way. The aim of this study was to specify how the flavour of oat and rye is formed, and which processing factors influence it. The understanding underlying the perceived flavour formation of grain was considerably improved through this thesis. This study showed that the relatively mild flavour of native grains was considerably adjusted by applying different processing techniques, such as milling fractionation, sourdough fermentation and baking, germination and subsequent heat treatment as well as extrusion cooking. The flavour components were unevenly distributed in the rye grain with the innermost endosperm being the mildest, and the outer bran layers being the most bitter and intense in flavour. The shorts fraction in the middle of the rye grain that had high bioactivity proved to be most interesting in further applications of new products by having a cereal-like flavour without any obvious bitterness. The importance of the grain fractions on the flavour was still obvious when the fractionated rye flour was used in baking bread. Sourdough baking and germination were used to increase the amounts of phenolic compounds, most of which are beneficial to one's health. In addition, the phenolic compounds considerably influenced the perceived flavour. The sourdough fermentation of rye resulted in sour and intense flavour notes. Heat treatments, such as baking or extrusion cooking of sourdough-fermented rye, further modified the flavour without losing the sourness. The identity and overall acceptance of sour rye bread, when evaluated by consumers, were affected by the acidity and the salt content, even though the effect actually depended on the wheat to rye flour ratio used in the bread. The determination of the various simultaneous interactions between the process parameters was a novel approach. A new, short germination procedure was applied to oat and rye. The germinated oat dried at high temperatures was perceived to have flavour characteristics of roasted, sweet and nutty, and in this study these sensory characteristics were clearly related to particular volatile compounds, such as dimethyl sulphide and isobutanol. An important discovery was that the roasted flavour in oat was gained without any apparent Maillard reaction. Germination and drying extended the shelf-life of crushed oat in comparison with native oat, and the development of the undesired sensory attributes, such as bitterness and rancidity, were closely related to the accumulation of free fatty acids and volatile compounds originating from lipid oxidation. Studies on the flavour formation of germinated rye are exceptional. The statistical data treatment used to relate the perceived flavour of processed oat and rye to the flavour-active volatile substances proved to be successful in linking the results of these techniques, and useful information for developing new cereal products was obtained. In conclusion, the flavour attributes of grain were highly varied. To tailor these attributes according to consumer expectations, appropriate processing techniques need to be chosen to attain the desired flavour characteristics, e.g. roasted or sour. New tools for developing novel palatable whole grain foods with high bioactivity, such as breakfast and snack products, were introduced in this thesis.",
keywords = "oat, rye, processing, germination, sourdough fermentation, sensory profiling, flavour, volatile compounds, multivariate analysis",
author = "Raija-Liisa Heini{\"o}",
isbn = "951-38-6042-6",
series = "VTT Publications",
publisher = "VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland",
address = "Finland",
school = "University of Helsinki",
Heiniö, R-L 2003, 'Influence of processing on the flavour formation of oat and rye: Dissertation', Doctor Degree, University of Helsinki, Espoo. <http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2003/P494.pdf>
Influence of processing on the flavour formation of oat and rye : Dissertation. / Heiniö, Raija-Liisa.
Espoo : VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2003. 76 p.
T1 - Influence of processing on the flavour formation of oat and rye
T2 - Dissertation
AU - Heiniö, Raija-Liisa
N2 - The use of whole grain foods, such as oat and rye, beneficial to one's health, could be substantially extended if their flavour properties and flavour stability were better known, and they could be modified in a controlled way. The aim of this study was to specify how the flavour of oat and rye is formed, and which processing factors influence it. The understanding underlying the perceived flavour formation of grain was considerably improved through this thesis. This study showed that the relatively mild flavour of native grains was considerably adjusted by applying different processing techniques, such as milling fractionation, sourdough fermentation and baking, germination and subsequent heat treatment as well as extrusion cooking. The flavour components were unevenly distributed in the rye grain with the innermost endosperm being the mildest, and the outer bran layers being the most bitter and intense in flavour. The shorts fraction in the middle of the rye grain that had high bioactivity proved to be most interesting in further applications of new products by having a cereal-like flavour without any obvious bitterness. The importance of the grain fractions on the flavour was still obvious when the fractionated rye flour was used in baking bread. Sourdough baking and germination were used to increase the amounts of phenolic compounds, most of which are beneficial to one's health. In addition, the phenolic compounds considerably influenced the perceived flavour. The sourdough fermentation of rye resulted in sour and intense flavour notes. Heat treatments, such as baking or extrusion cooking of sourdough-fermented rye, further modified the flavour without losing the sourness. The identity and overall acceptance of sour rye bread, when evaluated by consumers, were affected by the acidity and the salt content, even though the effect actually depended on the wheat to rye flour ratio used in the bread. The determination of the various simultaneous interactions between the process parameters was a novel approach. A new, short germination procedure was applied to oat and rye. The germinated oat dried at high temperatures was perceived to have flavour characteristics of roasted, sweet and nutty, and in this study these sensory characteristics were clearly related to particular volatile compounds, such as dimethyl sulphide and isobutanol. An important discovery was that the roasted flavour in oat was gained without any apparent Maillard reaction. Germination and drying extended the shelf-life of crushed oat in comparison with native oat, and the development of the undesired sensory attributes, such as bitterness and rancidity, were closely related to the accumulation of free fatty acids and volatile compounds originating from lipid oxidation. Studies on the flavour formation of germinated rye are exceptional. The statistical data treatment used to relate the perceived flavour of processed oat and rye to the flavour-active volatile substances proved to be successful in linking the results of these techniques, and useful information for developing new cereal products was obtained. In conclusion, the flavour attributes of grain were highly varied. To tailor these attributes according to consumer expectations, appropriate processing techniques need to be chosen to attain the desired flavour characteristics, e.g. roasted or sour. New tools for developing novel palatable whole grain foods with high bioactivity, such as breakfast and snack products, were introduced in this thesis.
AB - The use of whole grain foods, such as oat and rye, beneficial to one's health, could be substantially extended if their flavour properties and flavour stability were better known, and they could be modified in a controlled way. The aim of this study was to specify how the flavour of oat and rye is formed, and which processing factors influence it. The understanding underlying the perceived flavour formation of grain was considerably improved through this thesis. This study showed that the relatively mild flavour of native grains was considerably adjusted by applying different processing techniques, such as milling fractionation, sourdough fermentation and baking, germination and subsequent heat treatment as well as extrusion cooking. The flavour components were unevenly distributed in the rye grain with the innermost endosperm being the mildest, and the outer bran layers being the most bitter and intense in flavour. The shorts fraction in the middle of the rye grain that had high bioactivity proved to be most interesting in further applications of new products by having a cereal-like flavour without any obvious bitterness. The importance of the grain fractions on the flavour was still obvious when the fractionated rye flour was used in baking bread. Sourdough baking and germination were used to increase the amounts of phenolic compounds, most of which are beneficial to one's health. In addition, the phenolic compounds considerably influenced the perceived flavour. The sourdough fermentation of rye resulted in sour and intense flavour notes. Heat treatments, such as baking or extrusion cooking of sourdough-fermented rye, further modified the flavour without losing the sourness. The identity and overall acceptance of sour rye bread, when evaluated by consumers, were affected by the acidity and the salt content, even though the effect actually depended on the wheat to rye flour ratio used in the bread. The determination of the various simultaneous interactions between the process parameters was a novel approach. A new, short germination procedure was applied to oat and rye. The germinated oat dried at high temperatures was perceived to have flavour characteristics of roasted, sweet and nutty, and in this study these sensory characteristics were clearly related to particular volatile compounds, such as dimethyl sulphide and isobutanol. An important discovery was that the roasted flavour in oat was gained without any apparent Maillard reaction. Germination and drying extended the shelf-life of crushed oat in comparison with native oat, and the development of the undesired sensory attributes, such as bitterness and rancidity, were closely related to the accumulation of free fatty acids and volatile compounds originating from lipid oxidation. Studies on the flavour formation of germinated rye are exceptional. The statistical data treatment used to relate the perceived flavour of processed oat and rye to the flavour-active volatile substances proved to be successful in linking the results of these techniques, and useful information for developing new cereal products was obtained. In conclusion, the flavour attributes of grain were highly varied. To tailor these attributes according to consumer expectations, appropriate processing techniques need to be chosen to attain the desired flavour characteristics, e.g. roasted or sour. New tools for developing novel palatable whole grain foods with high bioactivity, such as breakfast and snack products, were introduced in this thesis.
KW - oat
KW - rye
KW - processing
KW - germination
KW - sourdough fermentation
KW - sensory profiling
KW - flavour
KW - volatile compounds
KW - multivariate analysis
M3 - Dissertation
SN - 951-38-6042-6
T3 - VTT Publications
PB - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
CY - Espoo
Heiniö R-L. Influence of processing on the flavour formation of oat and rye: Dissertation. Espoo: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2003. 76 p.


These are deep links through to individual episodes in the feed for Sportsday, provided to help you share audio for this podcast.
October 1, 2018: Eur simply the best!, More misery for Mourinho, and don't blame it on the special one!
September 18, 2018: Brighton stun Southampton, Klopp warns PSG, and Poch likens Champions League to cows!
August 23, 2018: Woodward's personal flyover, Kodija rescues & Cipriani set for England again?
August 22, 2018: United put their faith in Woodward to solve crisis, Lampard picks up his first home win with Derby and McClaren edges closer to the sack at QPR.
August 9, 2018: Deadline Day... 'Redline day'!, Kepa's a keeper! and heartbreak for Grealish!
August 6, 2018: More Mourinho misery, Sarri hints at Courtois exit, and Pep says the best is yet to come!
June 14, 2018: The World Cup Wait Is Over, Is Football Coming Home & Does Martial Want A Move?


text:
Q: What is a good UI approach for a WPF dash-board-with-several-windows kind of application? I am developing a WPF desktop app for a small business. It will have a dashboard with 4 buttons that should show a corresponding window/form.
Examples -

*

*Manage Entries

*Admin

*Reports

*Help

Each of these has a separate form with lots of controls and stuff.
Is it best to have each of these as a separate window (including dashboard) and show them when a button is clicked in the dashboard?
Or is it possible to have just one window with these 4 buttons on top, and swap the contents below depending on the button?
I am kind of new to WPF apps so I don't know whats possible and what is the best-practice.

A: What you will find with WPF is nearly anything is possible from a UI perspective.
It is definitely possible having one window and swapping the contents below depending on the button. A pattern I like is PRISM which has some interesting patterns and best practices on achieving composite windows in both WPF and Silverlight.
You could also look at the MVVM pattern, which is becoming really popular with WPF. Josh Smith has many great articles for this.
Also, if you are really new, have a look as User Controls, as this allows you to easily modularize certain sections.
What I found with myself was with my first few WPF applications, I approached it from a Winform's mindset - but then after really getting a second look at Binding, these other patterns really began to shine.

A: One best-practice approach is to use Composite Application Guidance. Basically it is an application design approach which contains a shell and multiple views which are arranged inside it. Microsoft has released a CAG library called Prism through CodePlex, and has provided tutorials and documentation for it on MSDN.
CodePlex Link: Composite WPF and Silverlight
MSDN Link: Composite Client Application Guidance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Agnès Fienga is a French astronomer working at the Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides.

She is active in the field of planetary ephemerides generation and is member of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). She collaborated with Dr. E. Myles Standish in researches on the asteroids and their impact on the orbital motions. Fienga is also interested in testing gravitational theories from planetary motions. She has recently processed Cassini ranging data, finding an anomalous feature of motion in Saturn's orbit, according to the results by Dr. Elena V. Pitjeva.

According to the NASA ADS database, the h-index of A. Fienga is 9, with a total number of citations (self-citations excluded) equal to 208.

References

External links
 Dr. Fienga webpage at IAU
 A. Fienga @ UTINAM

21st-century French astronomers
Women astronomers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia